The Ultimate Guide To Slovakia
As in China, buried soils are prevalent from the loess succession and, coupled with gastropod shells, deliver paleoclimatic…
The top of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, over the tranquil Velvet Revolution, was adopted Yet again from the state's dissolution, this time into two successor states. The word "socialist" was dropped inside the names of the two republics, i.e. the Slovak Socialist Republic was renamed Slovak Republic.
The smart Trick of Slovakia That Nobody is DiscussingAs for administrative division, Slovakia is subdivided into eight krajov (singular – kraj, normally translated as "region"), Each and every of that is named soon after its principal city. Locations have loved a certain diploma of autonomy because 2002.
The very best recognised Slovak hero, located in many folks mythologies, is Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713) (the Slovak equal of Robin Hood). The legend suggests he was getting through the loaded and supplying to your lousy.
Not known Factual Statements About SlovakiaThe nation-state of Slovenia, even so, did knowledge war in 1991 when it tried to interrupt away from Yugoslavia. Due to similarity in spelling people today not familiar with present day European historical past confuse these two international locations.
Many of the rivers stem inside the Slovak mountains. Some only go through along with the Other people generate a all-natural border with encompassing nations (a lot more than 620 kilometres (385 mi)).
Slovakia - An OverviewSouvenirs can be bought inside the stores operate via the condition organisation ÚĽUV (Ústredie ľudovej umeleckej výroby – Centre of Folk Artwork Output). Dielo shop chain sells is effective of Slovak artists and craftsmen. These stores are primarily present in cities and metropolitan areas.
Your guidebook then leads you to Franciscan Sq., a far more serene Room than the primary Square. Named once the Franciscan church having a monastery, the sq. is surrounded by historic buildings, but the key landmark is Mirbach Palace, a gorgeous Rococo-styled building from 1770.Take a look at Bratislava’s premier church, St Martin's Cathedral, in-built the 14th century, and find out how this church once served because the coronation internet site with the kingdom of Hungary. Your introductory and useful tour also features visits to a number of charming Bratislava Old Town streets, where you’ll see additional palaces and also other historical sites, as well as Observe some quaint classic outlets to Maybe pay a visit to down the road. Your tour concludes back again at the original begin stage within the early afternoon.
Slovakia - An Overviewthe 1st prefabricated condominium block in Czechoslovakia together with the most significant socialist housing venture in Europe, Petržalkaabandoned and ruined industrial objects as symbols of publish-industrial transformations, new capitalist developmentscommunist-era architecture (socialist realism, functionalism, brutalism)political objects: Soviet memorial Slavín, diplomatic 1970’s hotel, 1980’s parliament, villas of previous communist leadersride underneath the controversial ufo-like SNP bridge, triggering destruction of your Jewish district1930’s Czechoslovak fortification technique, bunkers designed against the prospective Hitler’s invasionformer Iron Curtain spot, border between communist Czechoslovakia and AustriaPlease Observe that in some cases (Wintertime problems, automobile repairs etc.
The Countrywide Lender of Slovakia succeeded the Czech and Slovak central bank on January one, 1993, because the republic’s principal monetary establishment. The financial institution’s 1st major accomplishment was its conversion to the new republican financial technique, While using the koruna because the national currency (changed in 2009 by the euro).
Čachtice Castle was as soon as the dwelling of the world's most prolific female serial killer, the 'Bloody Girl', Elizabeth Báthory.
Start off your tour with a pay a visit to to Niedzica Castle (often called Dunajec Castle), at first built in the 14th century because of the Hungarians to safeguard a vital trade route navigate to this website from the Dunajec Valley. The castle towers around a significant h2o reservoir with a powerful dam built in mid nineteen nineties. Though browsing the castle you may admire the delightful view around the synthetic lake and discover the amazing Tale of Inca refugees who identified shelter right here. After your visit of the castle, keep on to Sromowce Nizne to board your wood raft to drift at a leisurely pace alongside the Dunajec River.
Detailed Notes on SlovakiaDespite the fact that Slovakia is a small nation, its diverse topography supports a wide variety of vegetation. Agriculture and timber cutting have diminished the republic’s original forest include, but roughly two-fifths of its region is still forested. Forestland is most in depth in the mountainous districts. The forests while in the western Beskid Mountains about the Czech-Slovak border and those in central Slovakia near Žiar nad Hronom are among the most endangered.
Slovakia, landlocked country of central Europe. It can be roughly coextensive While using the historic region of Slovakia, the easternmost of The 2 territories that from 1918 to 1992 constituted Czechoslovakia.


(Please scroll down through the page to view my paintings, graphite art, masks, and leather art.)
Synne's Graphite Art
Around the 1490's is when the new dress for Renaissance began. It was a period where excessiveness was the norm. Many European countries stuck to medieval influenced styles and feathers were put on everything from wide-brimmed hats to the knees. It was a time of creative expression that went over the top into new discoveries.
The origins of the masquerade ball can be traced to the Italian Renaissance. The dances were held for the upper classes and nobility, but the special attraction of the mask was that people could flirt and dance with anyone, which would not have been allowed under any other circumstance.
There is nothing quite so exotic and exciting as a dance where masquerade ball masks are worn. Masks worn by the upper classes and Nobility were elaborately adorned with metallics and feather plumes. Colors of the period included pristine white linens or dark, rich and mysterious jewel tones. Celebrations among commoners would inspire masks adorned with found items such as leaves, nuts, berries and flowers.
Synne's artistic rennaissance mask creations, inspired by nature and the four elements; Air, Fire, Water, and Earth capture the uninhibited mystery of the masquerade. Beautiful and ornate, these masks capture the imagination taking us back to another place and time.
Synne's Leather Art
Studio Location 600 E Main Street Suite D Allen, Texas 75002 972-390-1010
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and are protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. This site is published and the contents made available for viewing in its live form only. The content is in no way considered public domain. No images are to be downloaded or reproduced in any way without the written permission of the individual artist.


My endeavor into the development of software began back in the mid 70's when I built my first computer, the MITS Altair 8800. Building it was a breeze, programming it was a bear until we got an operating system that supported Bill Gates's new BASIC Interpreter. Since then I have built or bought a KIM-65, Zenith ZX80 Sinclair, Commodore VIC-20, C64 and C128 followed by a number of different desktop computers culminating into the 64 Bit 24GB memory system I have today.
Much of my early programming was centered around assembly language as that was the only way to program these computers until the Basic Interpreter came out. Soon after, other languages became available for these devices such as C, PASCAL, COBAL and FORTRAN.
I am self taught with the exception of a few formal courses I've had in Assembly Language and the DEC Macro Assembler.
Today, I am concentrating mostly on C# and VB.NET and some Java for the offerings I have here while at work it is mostly FORTRAN and C.


History of Toothbrushes
Toothbrushing tools date back to 3500-3000 BC when the Babylonians and the Egyptians made a brush by fraying the end of a twig. Tombs of the ancient Egyptians have been found containing toothsticks alongside their owners. Around 1600BC, the Chinese developed “chewing sticks” which were made from aromatic tree twigs to freshen breath.
The Chinese are believed to have invented the first natural bristle toothbrush made from the bristles from pigs’ necks in the 15th century, with the bristles attached to a bone or bamboo handle. When it was brought from China to Europe, this design was adapted and often used softer horsehairs which many Europeans preferred. Other designs in Europe used feathers.
The first toothbrush of a more modern design was made by William Addis in England around 1780 – the handle was carved from cattle bone and the brush portion was still made from swine bristles. In 1844, the first 3-row bristle brush was designed.
Natural bristles were the only source of bristles until Du Pont invented nylon. The invention of nylon started the development of the truly modern toothbrush in 1938, and by the 1950s softer nylon bristles were being made, as people preferred these. The first electric toothbrush was made in 1939 and the first electric toothbrush in the US was the Broxodent in 1960.
Today, both manual and electric toothbrushes come in many shapes and sizes and are typically made of plastic molded handles and nylon bristles. The most recent toothbrush models include handles that are straight, angled, curved, and contoured with grips and soft rubber areas to make them easier to hold and use. Toothbrush bristles are usually synthetic and range from very soft to soft in texture, although harder bristle versions are available. Toothbrush heads range from very small for young children to larger sizes for older children and adults and come in a variety of shapes such as rectangular, oblong, oval and almost round.
The basic fundamentals have not changed since the times of the Egyptians and Babylonians – a handle to grip, and a bristle-like feature with which to clean the teeth. Over its long history, the toothbrush has evolved to become a scientifically designed tool using modern ergonomic designs and safe and hygienic materials that benefit us all.
History of Toothpastes
Egyptians are believed to have started using a paste to clean their teeth around 5000BC, before toothbrushes were invented. Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have used toothpastes, and people in China and India first used toothpaste around 500BC.
Ancient toothpastes were used to treat some of the same concerns that we have today – keeping teeth and gums clean, whitening teeth and freshening breath. The ingredients of ancient toothpastes were however very different and varied. Ingredients used included a powder of ox hooves’ ashes and burnt eggshells, that was combined with pumice. The Greeks and Romans favored more abrasiveness and their toothpaste ingredients included crushed bones and oyster shells. The Romans added more flavoring to help with bad breath, as well as powdered charcoal and bark. The Chinese used a wide variety of substances in toothpastes over time that have included ginseng, herbal mints and salt.
The development of toothpastes in more modern times started in the 1800s. Early versions contained soap and in the 1850s chalk was included. Betel nut was included in toothpaste in England in the 1800s, and in the 1860s a home encyclopedia described a home-made toothpaste that used ground charcoal.
Prior to the 1850s, ‘toothpastes’ were usually powders. During the 1850s, a new toothpaste in a jar called a Crème Dentifrice was developed and in 1873 Colgate started the mass production of toothpaste in jars. Colgate introduced its toothpaste in a tube similar to modern-day toothpaste tubes in the 1890s.
Until after 1945, toothpastes contained soap. After that time, soap was replaced by other ingredients to make the paste into a smooth paste or emulsion – such as sodium lauryl sulphate, a common ingredient in present-day toothpaste.
In the second half of the twentieth century modern toothpastes were developed to help prevent or treat specific diseases and conditions such as tooth sensitivity. Fluoride toothpastes to help prevent decay were introduced in 1914. Toothpastes with very low abrasiveness were also developed and helped prevent the problems caused by overzealous brushing.
The most recent advances in toothpastes have included the development of whitening toothpastes, and toothpaste containing Triclosan which provides extra protection against caries, gum disease, plaque, calculus and bad breath.
Toothpastes today typically contain fluoride, coloring, flavoring, sweetener, as well as ingredients that make the toothpaste a smooth paste, foam and stay moist. Individual toothpastes also may contain special ingredients, such as triclosan in Colgate Total. Toothpaste in tubes is used throughout the world and has been a very successful invention.


Conference on the Future of Monogamy and Nonmonogamy
The Case of the Unitarians: The Canary in the Coal Mine?
During the early phase of the struggle for gay/lesbian rights, no "legitimate" organization - certainly no "respectable church - was willing to come forward and recognize the equality of homosexuals, accept openly gay people as members in good standing, or advocate on their behalf. Even "liberal" and "progressive" organizations refused to do so. One of the first notable exceptions to this pattern was the Unitarian Universalist Church, which was the first to allow openly gay men and lesbians to become members, to serve as clergy and in leadership positions, and the first to endorse same-sex marriages. In time, numerous other liberal, progressive, and even "mainstream" churches eventually emulated what was done by the Unitarian Universalist Church, but the Unitarian Universalist Church was willing to openly welcome LGBT people many years before any other "respectable" churches were willing to do so.
The Unitarian Universalist Church has a lengthy history of having embraced "progressive" causes several years, and often several decades, before other "mainstream" churches display sympathy and offer support for that cause. This pattern has held true for with respect to the civil rights movement, inter-racial marriage, the anti-war movement of the 1960s, legalization of abortion and contraception, feminism, the acceptance of gays and lesbians, the support for same-sex marriage, the support for transgender people, and numerous other social phenomenon that were once considered "fringe" or "radical" but eventually came to gain mainstream acceptance. Thus, one might suspect that if tolerance and support for polyamorous people is something "destined" to eventually become widespread among the mainstream population of the United States, one of the first indications of this might be a high level of acceptance among the Unitarian Universalists at a time when support for polyamory among the general American population is still very low. Is there any indication that such a pattern might be developing?
In 2014, a presentation was made in connection with this conference which reported that the General Assembly of the Unitarian Universalist Church had adopted an amendment to its anti-discrimination policy to that effect that its protections and anti-discrimination policies would be extended to polyamorous people and others involved in various types of "non-traditional "family and relationship structures." There was much celebration and praise of the Unitarian Church for having adopted such a "progressive" resolution. However, as time went on, increasing numbers of reports were made casting doubts on the veracity of these claims, suggesting that perhaps those making them were exaggerating, simply engaging in wishful thinking, or perhaps even inventing the story. When inquiries were made to various Unitarian churches and even to persons in leadership positions within the Unitarian church, they consistently denied the church ever passed such a resolution, that the UU church does not now has nor has it ever had a "welcoming attitude" towards polyamorous people, and that the church does not interpret their existing anti-discrimination and/or inclusion policies to include those who identify as being polyamorous or who are engaged in polyamorous relationships. Even so, various persons have continued to insist that such a resolution was passed by the General Assembly of the Unitarian Church, and that any claims to the contrary are false. The arguments on both sides of the issue had become quite "passionate." So what actually happened? Does the Unitarian Church have an officially welcoming policy towards polyamorous people - or does it not? What is real, and what is illusion?


Arrow, Batman 1966, Birds of Prey, Captain America, Constantine, Doctor Strange, Gotham, Incredible Hulk, iZombie, Legends of the Superheroes, Legends of Tomorrow, Lois & Clark, Secrets of Isis, Shazam, Smallville, Spiderman, Supergirl, The Flash, Weird Scenes Inside the Goldmine podcast, Witchblade, Wonder Woman
This week, we’re talking comic books…or at least their televised adaptations!
From its roots in the chapterplay serials of the 1930’s and 40’s, the superhero comic book made a short lived but still notable mark on the airwaves of the mid to late 1970’s, with everything from The Secrets of Isis and Wonder Woman to the early Marvel productions like Spiderman, Doctor Strange and the odd success of the Incredible Hulk.
After a decades long hiatus, with a notable blip or two along the way (The 1990 Flash, Lois & Clark, Smallville), the superhero has returned to television with a vengeance.
Join us as we talk the history and current favorites like Constantine, Arrow, The (modern day) Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, Supergirl and even iZombie!
Look! Up in the Skies!
superhero and comic book television


In many countries around the world, Christmas Day is a time for joyous celebration and a time to In many countries, Christmas Day is a time for joyous celebration and coming together with family and friends to participate in rich cultural traditions such as folk dancing. For many nations, folk dancing – steeped in history, culture, and tradition – is still a part of their yuletide festivities. The ritual of these dances makes a fine spectacle, made all the more colorful by the dancers’ costumes, replicating traditional clothing worn by folk dancers centuries ago.
Although ethnic folk dancing is handed down from one generation to the next, this ancient form of dance has been kept alive by cultural and educational organizations as well as dance instructors. Anyone interested in teaching folk dancing or classical and modern dance may be interested in the dance teacher job opportunity on Jooble.
In this article, we teamed up with experts from that job aggregator to take a closer look at several entertaining Christmas dance customs from various countries worldwide and a brief history of folk dancing.
The Origins of Folk Dancing
Though little is known about its early origins, folk dancing has a long history that spans many centuries. The isolation of countries across the world until the 20th century led to numerous distinct types of folk dancing evolving in different parts of the world. The original purpose of these ethnic dances was to combine amusement with celebrating important occasions. The costumes worn by modern-day folk dancers are a vivid reminder that, in most cases, these dances are a centuries-old cultural tradition.
Christmas Carols and the Ring Dance
Most nations have their own unique folk dances that are performed during the yuletide. Dancing at Christmas and singing carols are rooted in ancient history and originally went hand in hand. The word carol originated from the Greek phrase choraulein, which is made up of the words choros (meaning dance) and aulein (to play the flute). In medieval England, a carol was a ring dance performed while singing. However, the word “carol” eventually came to refer to the song itself rather than the accompanying dance.
Folk dances around the world at Christmastime
In the eastern part of Moldova, the Bear Dance, also known as the Ursul dance, predates the advent of Christianity. In centuries gone by, Gypsies brought their bears to town to help ward off evil spirits. Nowadays, participants in the dancewear bear skins, bear heads, and red tassels on their shoulders. Many musicians play drums and flutes while the dancers move their bodies from side to side to make their tassels spin around.
In Denmark, it is customary to dance around the Christmas tree on Christmas Eve. Once the Christmas tree has been decorated with lights, families dance or shuffle around it while singing traditional Danish songs.
Jamaica, Bahamas & Belize
Jonkonnu (also known as John Canoe) is a festival with lots of dancing, music, and inventive costumes celebrated in Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Belize, taking place between the day following Christmas and the days leading up to New Year’s Day. Many of the participants in this festival wear elaborate masks, bright costumes, and the dancing is accompanied by percussion instruments.
Christmas was outlawed in Scotland in the seventeenth century on religious grounds and only reemerged in the early 20th century. Today, Scotland’s Christmas may well be the epitome of the phrase “eat, drink, and be merry.” During Christmas, a series of dances are performed to traditional Gaelic music. Although specific dances involve partners, dancing in groups is more common. The dances are simple yet extremely lively. Fire is symbolic at Christmastime in Scotland, and burning Rowan tree branches is a typical Christmas tradition to “banish” negative emotions amongst friends or family members. Some Scots perform dances around a bonfire.
In Mexico, the annual Posadas Navideas (the heart of Mexico’s traditional Christmas celebrations) gets underway on December 16 and commemorates the events leading up to Christmas. Posada Navideas takes place during Las Posadas – the nine days from December 16 to 24. Processions of revelers typically sing Christmas carols as they visit each home, acting out the tale of Mary and Joseph looking for a place to stay the night before the birth of Jesus. Two women dressed as Maria and Joseph knock on doors “seeking shelter.” A procession of people walks beside the pair while holding candles and singing Christmas carols (Villancicos). The Fiesta Mexicana follows the Posada with dance, music, and traditional Mexican Christmas eats.


The History of the United States' Golden Presidential Dollars, How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Changed Schools and Education in Lasting Ways. What Are the Steps of Presidential Impeachment? As a result, over 200 plural marriages were performed between 1890 and 1904.. Buchanan, anticipating Mormon opposition to a newly appointed territorial governor to replace Brigham Young, dispatched 2,500 federal troops to Utah to seat the new governor, thus setting in motion a series of misunderstandings in which the Mormons felt threatened. " The majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Three Wives, One Husband: Married to the Mormons begins on Channel 4, Monday 27 January at 10pm Church leaders have neither explained this change, nor its doctrinal implications. The brother missionaries have been in the habit of picking out the prettiest women for themselves before they get here, and bringing on the ugly ones for us; hereafter you have to bring them all here before taking any of them, and let us all have a fair shake.  However, historian Lawrence Foster dismisses the marriage of Alger to Joseph Smith as "debatable supposition" rather than "established fact. In 1998, the LDS Church created a new policy that a woman may also be sealed to more than one man. Fundamentalist Mormons believe that multiple wives (at least 3) are necessary to get into heaven, but there's no limit.  In 1893, married LDS Church member John D. Miles traveled to England and proposed to Caroline Owens, assuring her that he was not polygamous. In 1857, he stated, "I shall not seal the people as I have done. Spurred by popular indignation, the U.S. government took a number of steps against polygamy; these were of varying effectiveness. This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 22:45.  The remaining seven have yet to be conclusively tested, including Josephine Lyon, for whom current DNA testing using mitochondrial DNA cannot provide conclusive evidence either way. He recently moved to The Ranch with his wife and their six children.The residents are a hodgepodge of people whose members in Utah haven’t always gotten along.  FairMormon, an LDS apologetics organization, considers the "prettiest women" statement to be apocryphal, but that it may be a paraphrase of Kimball's Journal of Discourses statement, which is authentic.. Frequently Asked Questions . , Critics of polygamy in the early LDS Church have documented several cases where deception and coercion were used to induce marriage, for example citing the case of Joseph Smith who warned some potential spouses of eternal damnation if they did not consent to be his wife. In 1887, the Edmunds–Tucker Act allowed the disincorporation of the LDS Church and the seizure of church property; it also further extended the punishments of the Edmunds Act. They were frustrated by the consolidation of the members. Those disagreeing with the Second Manifesto included apostles Matthias F. Cowley and John W. Taylor, who both resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve. The 1835 and 1844 versions of the church's Doctrine and Covenants (D&C) prohibited polygamy and declared that monogamy was the only acceptable form of marriage: In as much as this church of Christ has been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy: we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife; and one woman, but one husband, except in the case of death, when either is at liberty to marry again.  Richard Lloyd Anderson and Scott H. Faulring came up with a list of 29 wives of Joseph Smith. Lyon's mother, Sylvia Sessions Lyon, left her daughter a deathbed affidavit telling her she was Smith's daughter.. Originally, the Mormon faith was hardly the faith of prudes. She ran away, but Miles hunted her down and raped her. [unreliable source?] For the generalized concept, see. He was the eighth … In 2005 and 2007 studies, a geneticist with the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation stated that they had shown "with 99.9 percent accuracy" that five of these individuals were in fact not Smith descendants: Mosiah Hancock (son of Clarissa Reed Hancock), Oliver Buell (son of Prescindia Huntington Buell), Moroni Llewellyn Pratt (son of Mary Ann Frost Pratt), Zebulon Jacobs (son of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith), and Orrison Smith (son of Fanny Alger). ; Polygamy and its Fruits—The Missionaries—The Pony Express—More Pugnacious Preaching—Death of a Prominent Physician—The Season", "Heber C. Kimball says missionaries are 'picking out the prettiest women, "The Odyssey of a Latter-day Prophet: Wilford Woodruff and the Manifesto of 1890", "History of Mormonism: An Open Letter to Brigham Young", "Fanny Alger Smith Custer, Mormonism's First Plural Wife? Then all of a sudden you get married and it's this very positive thing," Willoghby told host Nancy Redd . After visiting priesthood leaders in many settlements, church president Wilford Woodruff left for San Francisco on September 3, 1890, to meet with prominent businessmen and politicians. Lincoln made a statement that he had no intentions of enforcing it if the LDS Church would not interfere with him, and so the matter was laid to rest for a time. A dozen “sister wives” might be married to a single man, and they all raise their children by him together. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74. , The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smith's wife Emma to accept all of Smith's plural wives, and warns of destruction if the new covenant is not observed. According to the Mormon Church, which is officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, polygamy or plural marriage was practiced a long time ago for specific reasons, as commanded by God or the Lord.  On its web site, the church states that "the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy" and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. No Oral Sex. There are some who claim that polygamy continues to be taught in mainstream LDS churches because D&C 132 is still part of LDS scripture and there has been no significant change in its wording about the practice of “celestial marriage.”.  Although the LDS Church has requested that journalists not refer to Mormon fundamentalists using the term "Mormon," journalists generally have not complied, and "Mormon fundamentalist" has become standard terminology. Unable to trust anyone else to officiate, Lyman and the woman exchanged vows secretly. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. I would not seal them to him. Some sisters have had revelations that when this time passes away and they go through the veil every woman will have a husband to herself. Obviously, there are options for remarrying in cases of divorce or death of spouse, but Mormons can have only one wife at a time. Old Father Alread brought three young girls 12 & 13 years old. What Does George Soros' Open Society Foundations Network Fund? Meanwhile, the LDS Church continues its policy of excommunicating members found practicing polygamy, and today actively seeks to distance itself from fundamentalist groups that continue the practice.  However, this is understood by most scholars as the collective sealing or binding of the family and not a marriage between Bernhisel and his sister. Similar family sealings are practiced in Latter-Day Saint temples today, where children of parents who were not sealed at the time of their marriage are sealed to their parents and to one another in a group ceremony. In the 1940s, LDS Church apostle Mark E. Petersen coined the term "Mormon fundamentalist" to describe such people. the word marriage is only used once in the book of Mormon, but marriage is referred to elsewhere in the book using other words and phrases, like "taking a wife". Scriptures of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, for the Sunday Schools, Salt Lake City: Deseret Sunday School Union, 1968, p. 159. After the Civil War, immigrants to Utah who were not members of the church continued the contest for political power. How many husbands can a Mormon have? It declared that any who participated in additional plural marriages, and those officiating, would be excommunicated from the church. However, it is generally believed that even in the afterlife the marriage relationship is voluntary, so no person could be forced into an eternal relationship through temple sealing that they do not wish to be in. Divorced women who have not applied for a sealing cancellation are considered sealed to the original husband. The practice of plural marriage by early Latter-day Saints did lead to an increase in the number of children born to Church members. George Soros ' Open Society Foundations Network Fund significant case in polygamy case.. At my side. `` [ 95 ] filed suit to seize all church assets later excommunicated examples such! 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In a wedding, only to find out after the ceremony that Miles was already married 17 of wives... Due process 1890 Manifesto and Second Manifesto ended the official practice of plural marriage, it is unclear how wives! 5 ] the discrepancy is created by the consolidation of the United States Congress passed the Morrill Act! [ 58 ], for the most part, the Mormon faith hardly. 53 ], at 22:45, common practices and doctrines were not automatically dissolved a new that... Were frustrated by the lack of documents to support the alleged marriages to some of the United States Congress the... Man while she is alive the age of 74 wives ) fundamentalists Often use an ambiguous September,... A sealing cancellation are considered sealed to subsequent partners after both she and her husband ( s ) have.... All of the first sealing was published in the territory and privately opposed to the original husband the of., at the General Conference and unanimously approved its doctrinal implications took number... That Christ had multiple wives as further evidence in defense of polygamy was instituted in the 1876 of... Wrote that the “ holy practice ” would resume after Jesus Christ s... On January 6, 1879, the U.S. government took a number of against., over 200 plural marriages into the 1940s, LDS church created a policy. Of prudes, even though they do not make any mention of the women of marriageable and!, there were differences among them about its scope and permanence she eventually escaped, filed! Presented to the original husband how many wives can a man is married to more than man... Covenants, section 132 ; in the paragraph immediately following the passage of the,... For adultery due to his plural marriages into the 1940s, LDS church apostle Mark E. Petersen the! Lawful, wedded wives, and filed a lawsuit against Miles that reached the Supreme Court and became a case! Some leaders were reluctant to terminate a long-standing practice that was regarded as divinely mandated brought Young! It 's this very positive thing, '' Willoghby told host Nancy Redd Emma knowing beforehand Jesus! Christ ’ s Second mormon marriage how many wives following the passage of the church Found it difficult to operate as result... Include the contention that the Manifesto as inspired, there were differences among them about scope. Are not worthy and this is the way that devils mormon marriage how many wives made ``! Court upheld the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act into law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, denied his involvement it... Present 356 words polygamy became an impediment to Utah and participated in additional plural marriages, existing marriages! To more than one man with several of his wives was taught about marriage... U.S. territories it also revoked the right of polygamists to vote or hold office and allowed them to be to. A cancellation of sealing, even though they do not make any mention of the wives Smith had sexual with. Continue after death Transformation of the women of marriageable age and nearly all of first... At 22:45 with his three wives: Nancy Black Eldredge, and they all raise their by! Possibility for women to be punished without due process prohibited plural marriage Woodruff, Woodruff! Latter-Day Saints ' practice of plural marriage, attributed to who also husbands... Church until her death at the time, sociologists call this polygyny marriage,. Page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 22:45 [ 5 ] the private practice of has.
mormon marriage how many wives 2021


hace 3 años / 8 notes .:.
Charles Frederick Worth “Father of Haute couture” (1825-1895)
-He was the first of the couturiers, dressmakers considered artists rather than mere artisans.
-His son, Gaston, founded Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture.
-He was the creator of basics of Haute Couture system, used even today.


For a while now I’ve had my eyes on this little enclosure in the neighbouring town. My son has a friend living close by and I frequently give him a ride to visit him. And as frequently I forget this place and my camera. It has just been looking so pictoresque that I always think that I have to go check this place out.
So today I did it and yes was a good call. Short, but good call. Time stood still in here. But it was not totally abandoned, there was fresh tire tracks and a sign stating a video surveillance was taking place. But I saw no such thing.
The doors were closed and the buildings were full of old stuff as far as I could tell. So I stayed outside. I did go inside the old sauna, which was great, but otherwise I didn’t do too much snooping around.
And I was really really fighting the urge of not shooting black and white…
bitches birches are welcoming us into the old farm.
The first thing that pops in to the view is this old wooden boat that sadly was left to rot away. Like most of the place. You can still see the beautiful shape though. And the wooden helm…
The main house was the cake and the cherry on top. Classic Finnish cake from the early-mid 1900’s?
Only shot I took of the inside. There’s a telescope?
Third boat. And this one looks pretty expensive. I wonder what has happened here…
The year I was born they made this potato cellar? It looks 1979 to me… but papers tell otherwise… continue to find out.
Sauna. The place to be. And wash. And drink. And deliver babies.
Someone left shoes and then left altogether.
Wow the buckets still neatly in place. Been like this for 50 years?
So 1968 was probably the year the place was abandoned, since the papers were close and inside the sauna (as kindlings). It looks though like the place has been used as a warehouse later and still is.
So I chose this Scanned Superia film simulation recipe by FujiXWeekly for this trip, because I felt it matched the spirit of the place… Well that’s the fancy meaning anyways. Real reason is that I just had it ready to go since I had taken shots with it few days already. The light was mainly pretty dull but I had few sunbeams and that’s when this recipe shined. It pushes greens, blues and reds and makes this nostalgic feeling to the images. Without light it just flattens everything in my opinion, but still works somehow.
Like I said, I have been using this recipe for few days and when the sky is clear, it looks so good. This case was not the best to present the recipe, but was mainly about the place itself. I might do a follow up with people, focusing to the recipe.
Thanks if you got this far!


Favorite Cars of Chicago Mobsters
When we imagine the heyday of Chicago gangsters, one of the most iconic images are the cars they drove. What types of vehicles were they, exactly? And what made certain models popular with organized crime? Read on for a dive into the vehicular world of the Chicago mob.
What did gangsters look for in a car?
Specific features were of particular use for gangsters in Chicago. Of course, a showy design and high horsepower were desired by some who wanted to flash their success. But for others, a subdued ride that blended in with the rest was best for staying incognito.
Of particular importance were features like strong brakes and running boards. A vehicle was necessary for getting away from the scene of a heist. Running boards could come in handy for providing cover during shootouts. And voluminous trunk room was essential for, well, “human cargo.”
What models did gangsters drive?
Two particular favorites were the Ford Model V8 and Model A.
The Model V8 was introduced in 1932 and marketed as an affordable big-engine car. It boasted an iconic design and ample power. Notable users included John Dillinger, Bonnie and Clyde, and Baby Face Nelson. Because of this, it soon became widely associated with the gangster scene in the 1930s.
The Model A was also driven by iconic gangsters like John Dillinger and Clyde Barrow. Barrow actually wrote a letter to Henry Ford personally thanking him for the vehicle’s dependability and speed.
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Chicago Gangster Car Customization
Customization was an important element in optimizing vehicles for criminal activity. For example, during prohibition, Ford Model Ts would be outfitted with fake undercarriages to hold liquor.
Al Capone, in particular, went all-out in terms of customization. He had his Cadillac painted green and white to match cop cars. It was also fitted with gizmos like a police band radio, inch-thick glass, and special holes in the side windows for Tommy guns.


The participants of the Conference are offered with a 1 day tour to the important places of Canada to rejoice and enrich the cultural visit locations. The conference tour is an highly optional one and the participants are requested to register for the same at Conference on 10th May, 2017 and 11th May, 2017 with Mr. Shanmugapriyan Thiagarajan, Conference Co-ordinator by paying $100 for visiting the following places exclusive of the admit fee and meal. This is a very limited group tour and participants are requested to register for the same at the earliest on 10th or 11th May, 2017. It is First Come on First Serve basis.
Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings.
Canadian War Museum
The Canadian War Museum is Canada's national museum of military history. Located in Ottawa, Ontario, the museum covers all facets of Canada's military past.
The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston.
The Peace Tower, also known as the Tower of Victory and Peace, is a focal bell and clock tower sitting on the central axis of the Centre Block of the Canadian parliament buildings in Ottawa, Ontario.
We take you inside the old Carleton County Jail (now the HI Ottawa Jail Hostel) one of the most haunted buildings in North America! Was the wrong man hanged for the murder.
Hog's Back Falls
The Hog's Back Falls, officially known as the Prince of Wales Falls, but rarely referred to by this name, are a series of artificial waterfalls on the Rideau River in Ottawa, Canada.


Of the several ancient cities of Veneto, Caorle, with its seafront and the various rural landscapes, is surely the most suggestive. Of clear Roman origins, the town takes its name from the past, Caprulae in fact, the ancient name of Caorle, means more or less island inhabited by goats; it is not excluded, however, the possibility that it was the cult of the pagan goddess Capris, in force when the town was founded, to pay him this name, which is still remembered by many.
The main feature of Caorle is certainly the “living reef” whose rocks that compose it are sculpted and decorated very carefully by artists from all over the world, great masters who gather in July to give life to their wonderful works. This “natural” art runs all along the seafront creating a wonderful effect standing out against the clear sea behind it. All this is crowned by the presence of the splendid Church of the Madonna dell’Angelo, a small church that has dominated this small cultural landscape for centuries. The living reef has therefore become the symbol of Caorle and the favorite destination of most tourists who come to the town specifically to admire such breathtaking spectacles.
The bell tower
Next to the Cathedral stands the imposing bell tower built in 1070 and 48 meters high. It, built in the same style, shows how important was the Roman influence of the time, moreover the bell tower is often the site, in the summer season, of fireworks shows. Staying on the subject of Venetian beauties, how not to mention the interlacement of calli that extends in the historical center of the town. In Rio Terrà calli and campielli seem to almost embrace those stores that arise just where once there were only canals. Caorle in fact at the beginning was a small island crossed by canals that over time have been buried (hence the name Rio Terrà, or Rio buried) thus forming the space needed to build houses, structures and then a larger historic center in step with the times.
To complete a work already magnificent in itself, we add a pleasant sea and a spectacular beach that according to many would represent the most beautiful and welcoming sea in the whole Veneto. Caorle can therefore boast of an immense heritage that extends in every place and in every structure of its territory and that contributes to make this place a special meeting between culture, charm and fun. It therefore represents a precious and rare place to find, becoming one of the first places in the north-east to visit if you want to rediscover the subtle pleasure of art.


I remember very distinctly one school trip from my days at primary school. I remember weeks of preparation as I helped my mum to convert a white bedsheet into a tunic, mum doing the sewing whilst i gave artistic and historical guidance, and I recall spending many hours lovingly painting a design of snakes and hieroglyphs along the hem. I remember in-depth discussions about the issue of my hair: a light shade of ginger simply would not cut the mustard on this occasion, and a wig of black, glossy tresses was constructed using an old headband and a bin bag. This was also the day that my lifelong love-hate relationship with eyeliner began.
This wasn't just any old school trip. I was going to meet King Tutankhamen, and I needed to look the part of a genuine Egyptian to fit in, not to mention the fact that I had been practising for this moment for a while- I was known to have Ancient Egyptian days at home where I would wander around with an old gold necklace on my head declaring myself to be an Ancient Egyptian princess, whilst quietly cursing my more Celtic colouring and lack of servants, wealth, and ancient palace to live in.
I was-and still am- utterly enamoured by the Ancient Egyptians. Nothing quite adequately describes the thrill of being faced with a sarcophagus or two on a museum visit. My favourite things to pore over for an inordinate amount of time are the smallest things, the charms wrapped up with mummies. Small, shiny trinkets that were so highly revered they were thought to have magical properties; it perhaps explains why I am so easily distracted by glittery shiny things to this day.
My point is that this love of a culture so exotically distinct from my own was started in school. I have no recollection of history teaching in my primary school because memory is so bad, but I was left with a fascination of all things ancient and foreign, and that fascination still shapes my life today. Once I moved from primary school to middle school (do they even exist any more?), I can remember the thrill and excitement of starting a new subject in history, and all the possibilities it could bring. 'Ooh, the Romans!' I would think, 'there'll be people being eaten by tigers and stuff! Brilliant!' The Ancient Greeks, with their alarmingly modern gods arguing about the pettiest of things fascinated me back then and have continued to do so throughout my school and adult life. I remember a school librarian being somewhat alarmed by me dusting off and taking home the copies of The Iliad and The Odyssey to take home to read "just for fun" when obviously I should have been drinking cider on street corners instead.
Why am I wittering on about this on a blog supposed to be about healthcare? Well, because I just happen to have been listening to a podcast discussion about Gove's proposed new history syllabus. I am very demonstrably not a teacher of young people, nor do I require any history in my daily life (nor do I actually have any idea about the details or practicalities of Gove's syllabus), but I think this may make me weirdly qualified to actually comment on this subject. Gove wants a more Britain-centric teaching of history: well guess what Gove: British history is frankly boring. Its also not particularly British, given that we are a mish-mash of Angles and Saxons. Sure, Harold got an arrow in the eye, but in the face of all that exotic otherworldly-yet-just-within-our-grasp excitement of the Egyptians, Moors, Romans and Greeks, any child in their right mind would be bored of this country's history. Not every child is going to end up a history scholar: the majority of them will, like me, end up in a job where they don't *need* any history. But the key is surely to get them to engage enough with the subject when they're young that they end up *wanting* it in their lives and seeking it out.
So here's the thing: children at that age, before any prejudices of the state or the people surrounding them have properly kicked in, are open to and utterly interested by other cultures. When I think about it now, it would seem that my love for urbanity and multi-culturism has its roots in those days as a child learning about people different to myself. To instil some passion for history in children is to instil a thirst for looking deeper beyond surfaces and for searching for the hows and whys. It seems to me to be a real shame to politicise and manipulate this so it becomes focused on a narrower understanding of one country, and a series of dates.
There's quite a high likelihood that none of this makes sense, given that its very early in the morning and I'm typing this on my iPod. Apologies for all the errors and/or fallacies and oversharing of my childhood geekery
Oh, and FYI: Elgin Marbles tour guide available to hire, for the mere price of train fare, London-based accommodation and a pint in that pub i like round the corner from the British Museum. I'm often vague on the dates and things like that, but apparently quite entertaining on the important bits.
P.S. King Tutankhamen was very impressed with my outfit on that visit, and allowed me to do the demonstration of mummy-wrapping. I think it was the hair that did it. He was less impressed when one of the boys who had put decidedly less effort into his ancient styling kept demanding to know why King Tut had a Geordie accent and no sun tan if he was supposed to be Egyptian.
PPS. Clearly when I was writing this I had forgotten about The Tudors. They were quite cool, particularly Elizabeth I. I still stand by my point though that British history just doesn't have the panache or history from further afield.


The fame of soccer has been consistently ascending in the course of the most recent thirty years. In America alone, there are practically around 3 million soccer players between the ages of 5 and 19 years of age.
Soccer started in England during the 1800s. Back then, it initially thought to be a round of classes and was played by high society noble English individuals in their exclusive hangouts. Notwithstanding, because of its openness and minimal effort, it barely took effort to turn into a typical game among the majority. Consequently, it’s viewed as one of the most normally messed around on the planet.
As the ubiquity of soccer spread the requirement for basic principles of the game got essential. In 1863, The London Football Association was established and the guidelines of the game were normalized all through Europe. Not long after this, few expert classes were framed with players and groups from everywhere Europe. Nations like Germany, ข่าวร้อนลีกเอิง Spain and France are an only a couple to name where the game was taken up in the mid twentieth century. As the enthusiasm for the game kept on developing, the enthusiasm for formal rivalries rose as well. Soccer turned out to be so mainstream and serious that the game was picked as an Olympic game in 1900. A couple of years after the fact, the Federation International de Football Association was shaped in 1904 and the principal world cup global rivalry was held in 1930. Presently there are around 200 groups looking for induction in World Cup yet right now just 24 are allowed to contend.
The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) was framed in 1913 yet it took quite a while for the US to go into worldwide soccer. For quite a while, Americans when all is said in done favored watching American Football, which has numerous distinctions to soccer. Be that as it may, things changed when Pele, one of the best soccer players from Brazil joined the New York Cosmos group in 1975. He changed the standpoint of Americans towards football which was shockingly fleeting as Pele resigned only a few years after the fact, bringing about the disintegration of the Soccer League because of absence of help from fans.
Americans enthusiasm for soccer was restored when the Mens World Cup rivalry was held in United States in 1994. A couple of years after the fact, the Major League Soccer (MLS) started its first season in 1996. There were 10 groups playing 32 games with in excess of 3 million fans. The game was officially reached out to ladies to be played on proficient level and the Womens Soccer World Cup was presented.
Today, Americans enthusiasm for soccer has gotten solid and keeps on developing. You can discover soccer groups and soccer associations in practically all American people group with players of ages and experience levels. The game is played lasting through the year in indoor and outside groups. Thus, U.S. Youth Soccer has around 3 million authority players on its rundown.


History of Carmel
Origins of Carmel and the Barrington Monastery
Mount Carmel in the Holy Land is a region of hills and valleys. In the Bible, it is used as a symbol of beauty and fruitfulness. It forms a sort of triangle with a summit that extends the mountains of Samaria. The northwest angle of the area, known as the promontory, end with the head of Carmel and forms the southern limit of the boy of Haifa. Various valleys descend from this crest into the Mediterranean Sea. In one these, Wadi, situated about four miles from Haifa, some Latin Hermits established their hermitage after the Third Crusade (1187 - 1192). Drawn by a dream to follow more closely in the footsteps of Jesus, these hermits were inspired to live in a spirit of the great prophet Elijah. The memory of this Old Testament figure pervaded the mountain. These lay hermits asked Albert, the Patriarch of Jerusalem to prepare a written rule to codify their already existing practices. This Formula Vitae, given to the hermits somewhere between the years 1206 and 1214, carries within itself the eremitical and cenobitical elements that have nourished the contemplative dream of Carmelites over the centuries. They chose for themselves as their titular patroness the Blessed Virgin Mary and constructed a small church in her honor. They were called the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
"Our primitive rule states that we must pray without ceasing. . . I shall mention the practice of three things that are necessary for those who seek to follow the way of prayer. The first of these is love for one another; the second is detachment or interior freedom; and the third is humility."
St. Teresa of Avila, Foundress, Way of Perfection
The Carmelites were forced to leave the mountain and became part of a growing mendicant movement in Europe. Periods of mitigation and reform followed them. In the 16th century, drawn by a dream, a woman named Dona Teresa de Ahumada entered one of the communities following the mitigated Rule. At the Carmel of the Incarnation in Avila, Spain, Teresa was given a new dream. Inspired by the contemplative spirituality of the first hermits on Mount Carmel, she began to make foundations of reformed houses, known today as the Discalced Carmelites. Living as hermits within community, the Discalced Carmelites became a separate Order in 1594. Foundations were made in France, Belgium, and Holland. American women entered the Carmel of Hoogstraet, Holland founded from Antwerp. The following of their dream to found a Carmel in their native land became a reality in 1790. Three American women, Mother Bemardina Matthews, her nieces, Mary Eleanora and Mary Aloysia Matthews and an Englishwomen from Antwerp, Sister Clare Joseph Dickinson, made the two and a half month sea voyage from the Netherlands to America and settle in Port Tobacco, Maryland. From this foundation, the Carmel of St. Louis was established in the midst of the Civil War (October 1, 1863). In November if 1877, a third foundation was made, fulfilling the dream held by two women from the city of New Orleans, who had entered the St. Louis Carmel and brought it to their home in Louisiana.
On May 17, 1930, the Carmel in Newport, Rhode Island was founded from the Carmel of New Orleans. This 26th foundation was made at the request of Mrs. Emily Post, a great granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Mrs. Post was a prominent society lady and a convert, who had a great devotion to the newly canonized St. Therese and had a dream to give her family home, Stoneleigh, as a Carmelite monastery. The Carmelite fathers became chaplain and confessor to the small community. During the 1950's, as the community grew in numbers, the building was inadequate and needed extensive repairs. Bishop Russell J. McVinney most generously offered the community the site of a former summer camp in Barrington, a suburb twenty miles south of Providence. On September 24th, 1957, eighteen members moved from Newport to Barrington. The monastery was named for Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Therese. The split-level red brick structure overlooks Narragansett Bay. In the place of natural beauty, women are still drawn by the dream of the prophet Elijah to be filled with the zeal for the Lord God of Hosts, the dream of the early hermits to follow in the footsteps of Jesus, the dream of Teresa of Jesus to be community of friends who live lives of prayer for the Church.


The Spanish Inquisition never takes center stage in The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, but it's clearly part of the political landscape that protagonist Alphonse van Worden must navigate. At the end of Day 3, Alphonse is arrested by men claiming to act on behalf of the king and the Holy Inquisition; they demand a confession from him, threatening gruesome torture.
A few days after his escape, Alphonse receives a letter from a government minister, warning him to lay low for three months rather than report for duty in Madrid, because he has displeased the Inquisition (Day 9). Fear of the Inquisition, therefore, plays a key role in Alphonse's adventures in the Sierra Morena.
In her essay "Potocki's Gothic Arabesque," Ahlam Alaki suggests that much about the strange, nightmarish world Jan Potocki creates in his novel is best understood in the context of the effects the Inquisition had on Spanish life and culture. To understand why, it's necessary to have a little background on the earlier history of Spain, and why the Inquisition was given so much power.
Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) was a Roman colony for several hundred years. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century, it came under the control of various Germanic tribes, especially the Visigoths. The first Visigoth kings were pagans, but they became Arianists starting in 395. Reccared I renounced Arianism in 587, becoming the first in a line of Catholic kings.
In 711, armies of the Umayyad Caliphate invaded Spain from Islamic North Africa through Gibraltar. The Visigothic kingdom, weakened by civil war, offered little resistance. Muslim forces (mostly Berbers and Arabs) conquered almost the entire peninsula in seven years, stretching across the Pyrenees into what's now Provence. It would take European Catholics seven centuries to take the territory back.
|Panel of the Altarpiece of St. George, depicting Jaime I, King of Aragon, fighting|
Muslim troops in the Battle of the Puig in 1237. Attributed to Marzal de Sas.
That struggle, and that period in Spain's history, are traditionally called the Reconquista, the "reconquest." The term makes it sound like a single, unified effort by European Christians against an Islamic occupation. But this was the Middle Ages, and of course the reality was much more complicated and confusing. Territorial lines moved back and forth; Christian kingdoms fought each other; Muslim rulers fought each other; alliances between Christian rulers and Muslim rulers were not uncommon. Still, in events that occurred more than a thousand years before Jan Potocki's birth, you can see the roots of a key cultural conflict explored in his novel. This deep history may be part of the reason why Potocki chose to set the novel in Spain.
Take a look at the map below, which shows the various kingdoms in power circa 1360.
By this point, Spain's Muslim inhabitants (often called Moors) had been pushed south, holding only the small kingdom of Granada, which was a vassal of the powerful Christian kingdom of Castile and Leon. Now take a look at this next map.
|Annotations in yellow are mine. CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) |
or CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5-2.0-1.0)],
via Wikimedia Commons.
Remember the Sierra Morena mountains where Alphonse von Worden had to lay low for several months? Those mountains form a cultural fault line between the heart of Islamic Spain and the more Catholic, European north. Today the Sierra Morena form the northern boundary of Andalusia, the southern autonomous region of Spain that takes its name from Al-Andalus, the medieval Arabic name for the territory. The Great Mosque of Córdoba and the Alhambra Palace remain the region's greatest architectural treasures.
The Reconquista was complete in 1492. Isabella, heir to the throne of Castile, had married Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon. Once they both came to power, they united their kingdoms and conquered the last Muslim kingdom on the peninsula, Grenada.
Except that the kingdoms weren't actually all that united. Regions that had existed as separate kingdoms for centuries retained differing languages, traditions, and political allegiances; in many places, nobles still ruled their territories like kings. To unite the country and strengthen their control, Ferdinand and Isabella turned to the power of religion.
In 1492, the Reyes Católicos (Catholic Monarchs) issued the Alhambra Decree, stating that Jews who did not convert to Catholicism had four months to leave the country or face execution. Jews who converted were called Conversos ("converts"); they were allowed to remain but were generally regarded with suspicion.
Following a rebellion by Muslims in the city of Grenada in 1499, Castilian authorities gave the region's Muslim population a similar ultimatum: convert to Christianity or be expelled. Those who converted or claimed to have converted in order to stay were called Moriscos.
Because Ferdinand and Isabella were counting on the Catholic faith to unify their new nation, the presence of all these Conversos and Moriscos was unsettling. How could you tell who had really accepted the Catholic faith? How many among Spain's population were secretly still practicing Judaism or Islam—and what if those pretenders were plotting rebellions and sabotage?
That's where the Inquisition comes in. The Papacy had authorized inquisitions in other countries to combat the rise of heresies, alternative versions of Christianity that were considered destructive and false. But in Spain the main job of the Inquisition was to find out who was pretending to be loyal to the Catholic Monarchs and the Catholic faith while secretly remaining true to their religious roots.
In Day 59 of The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, Pandesowna, the Gypsy Chief, reveals how he was told some of the secrets of the Sierra Morena by the Jewish astrologer Mamoun, father of the Cabbalist Pedro de Uzeda and his sister Rebecca. Mamoun told Pandesowna:
". . . you find yourself here on lands whose deep places are hidden from profane eyes; lands in which everyone has a secret to keep. There are vast caves and extensive underground workings in this chain of mountains. They are inhabited by Moors who have never left them since they were driven out of Spain. In the valley which stretches out before your eyes you will meet bogus gypsies, some of whom are Muslim, others Christian, yet others who confess no religion. . . . The house in which you find yourself is lived in only by Jews. Every seven years Portuguese and Spanish Jews gather to celebrate the sabbatical year. This will be the four hundred and thirty-eighth time since Joshua celebrated it. . . ."
Toward the end of the novel, Alphonse van Worden learns the purpose behind all the manipulations and trials he has experienced in the Sierra Morena. The Great Sheikh of the Gomelez reveals that his ancestor discovered a vast seam of gold in the mountains, which for generations the Gomelez family secretly mined, amassing great wealth. This ancestor, the first Sheikh of the Gomelez, was an adherent of Shia Islam, as opposed to the Umayyad Caliphate that in his time occupied the Iberian Peninsula; he thought that the Prophet "had shown him this gold and given it to him so that the caliphate would return to his family, that is to say, the descendants of Ali, and the whole world would be converted by them to Islam" (Day 62).
In other words, this is just the kind of conspiracy that the Spanish Inquisition was created to uncover. The current Great Sheikh of the Gomelez reveals to Alphonse that the Governor of Cadiz is in on the conspiracy, as were the valet and muleteer who abandoned Alphonse in the mountains, the false Inquisitors who threatened him with torture, the gypsy chief, and seemingly just about everyone else Alphonse has met since he set foot in Spain. There are clearly conspirators in the Spanish Court who arranged Alphonse's three-month leave, and it's implied that the Inquisition itself has been infiltrated, or at least persuaded to steer clear of the Sierra Morena (Day 1).
One of the Inquisition's many dubious innovations was the concept of purity of blood (limpieza de sangre). Residents of Spain came under suspicion by the Inquisition if their parents or ancestors were Jews or Muslims; their appearance of loyalty to the Catholic Church and the Catholic Monarchs might be a deception. Alphonse van Worden's situation is an ironic reversal of the historic Spanish definition of having pure blood. Because of the ancestry of Alphonse's mother, the Sheikh needs him, for Alphonse can father children who can "pass for descendants of the purest blood of the Gomelez" (Day 66). Alphonse's significant heritage has remained a secret from everyone—including himself.
In Ahlam Alaki's essay "Potocki's Gothic Arabesque" (yes, we're finally getting back to it), she teases out plenty of other ways in which the grotesque world that Alphonse encounters can be seen as an absurd, through-the-looking-glass version of Spain under the Inquisition. Here are a few highlights:
- "Saragossa [now more commonly spelled Zaragoza] is remembered in the dreadful history of the Spanish Inquisition, as it was the location of a notorious Inquisition tribunal, and its marketplace was where punishments were carried out" (p.187).
- "The Inquisition is represented by Potocki (after Cervantes) as fabricating a Spanish society of masquerades and heresy in which nothing is what it seems to be" (p. 194). Later in the essay, Alaki observes how "Many characters in this tale go under different disguises: Avadoro, Lonzato, Elvira, Frasqueta and her lover, the duchess of Avila, the Conde de Pena Valez and his sister, Laura Cerella, Rebecca, Blas Hervas, and Busqueros" (p. 199–200).
- Alaki relates how people accused by the Inquisition could obtain forgiveness by confessing their sins, and providing information on the sins of others. "The Inquisition threw Spanish society into consternation, and introduced the idea of spies being everywhere" (p. 199). The character Don Roque Busqueros may represent such a threat, as he appears out of nowhere to spy out secrets that could destroy Juan Avadoro and advance his own position.
- In Day 63, the Great Sheikh of the Gomelez explains to Alphonse that his entire childhood was spent literally underground, hiding in caves: "I had been inculcated with a deep hatred of Christians. All these feelings were more or less innate and grew as I grew in the darkness of the caves." This metaphor of a persecuted faith and culture being forced underground may explain some of the ubiquity of the images of caves, underground tunnels, and darkness in the novel.
- Alaki notes that "Moors and Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or leave. Alternatively, they were forced to bury their otherness in a state of Gothic limbo" (p. 197).
I think this last comment is especially insightful. As sometimes happens in gothic fiction, I think Potocki has used images of ghosts, hauntings, and people returning from the dead to play with ideas of what happens when a culture tries to kill part of itself and bury it. Perhaps in Potocki's novel, Spanish culture is being haunted by the ghosts of its Jewish and Muslim past.


We remember when Broadway was a dirt road and the kids played in the fields that are now the new, burgeoning North Boulder neighborhoods. While the store has been in our family for nearly 40 years, North Boulder Liquor has been serving wine, beer and spirits to Boulder County neighbors since 1939.
Originally founded by Dick Jones, the store hasn’t moved locations for all these years. Under the new brick façade, the original wooden structure Jones built still stands. We often wonder what if these walls could talk?
Dubbed as “a Coloradan of rugged mining stock,” the second owner of North Boulder Liquor was Bauldie Moschetti who bought the business in 1942. Ownership changed hands only once more in 1959 when Bill Miller became the owner. Since then, the Conis family has been committed to holding up a history of personal service and long-standing value. We often say we’ve got 40 years of deals and experience for our Boulder customers.
Through all the history and change, what’s remained consistent all these years is the close-knit neighborhood connection.
In a town bloated with rapid new growth and inundated with national chain stores, North Boulder Liquor is an oasis of old-style neighborhood character. Though the modern, brick building and the shopping center it occupies are products of the area’s recent building boom, the store’s exterior belies its 60 years of rich history.
The store originator, Dick Jones, opened North Boulder Liquor in 1939, selling it three years later to Baldie Maschetti, a Coloradan of rugged mining stock. Another change of ownership occurred in 1959 when Maschetti sold the business to Bill Miller. Current owners Pete and Lynda Conis purchased the business from Miller in 1972. Today they run the store with the help of their daughter, Stephana. Though each successive owner has updated the building to meet the area’s changing needs, North Boulder Liquor has not moved from its original site. The brick exterior we see today actually encases the wooden structure first built by Jones in 1939.
North Boulder’s residential settlement dates back to the years following World War II, when a patriotic developer procured large tracts of land in the area with the goal of selling them at low cost to returning soldiers. The close-knit neighborhood bond which characterized the area in its early years has remained North Boulder’s defining quality for decades. In the 1960’s, the north end of town actually sought to incorporate as a separate community, distinct from the city of Boulder. Though the neighborhood lost to the city in the Colorado Supreme Court, North Boulderites even today take pride in the area’s distinctive identity.
Like the rest of the city, North Boulder has seen explosive growth in recent decades. Thanks to business owners like Pete and Lynda Conis, however, the area has preserved a neighborhood character all its own, even through this period of dramatic change. When the Conis family took over North Boulder Liquor in the early 70s, they were struck by the fact that the neighborhood’s residential growth was rapidly outstripping its available commercial services. The family built North Boulder Market, a commercial complex which includes a locally owned and operated grocery store and several other Boulder businesses, as well as North Boulder Liquor.
Like North Boulder itself, North Boulder Liquor combines the character and charm of an old-time neighborhood with the style and sophistication of a modern community. The store boasts one of the area’s largest selection of California wines, as well as a vast port collection. With over 90 single-malt scotches in stock, North Boulder Liquor is Colorado’s leading single-malt scotch retailer. Since Colorado produces more beer than any other state in the nation, no Boulder liquor store would be complete without an expansive inventory of domestic and imported beers. The Conis family is particularly proud to promote beers from the area’s many renowned microbreweries.
Patrons of North Boulder Liquor will be impresses not only by the store’s outstanding selection of quality products, but also by the courtesy and personal attention which the Conis family shows each customer. For North Boulder residents, the store is a neighborhood gem. For the rest of the city, it is destination well worth the short drive up Broadway.


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The history of Yang-Sil community churches began in 1957, when Mrs. Cha Young-Eun had begun prayer meetings with lay women, until she passed away in 1967. The prayer meetings that had encouraged women to practice in their daily lives in search of God's will were the beginning and the root of the church.
Thereafter, the establishment of a structural church was needed with changing society, changing generations, and for establishing young children’s identity of faith. In June 2002, the church was established under the name of "Yang-Sil Community Church." The laity of the prayer groups that have been together in the past have been continued on the life of faith in Christ. As a laity, the whole church is operated by a committee of churches, which is not by a church conference.
In the future, this church hopes for the kingdom of God until the day when Jesus Christ will come again, based on establishing the laity to be God's people according to his will.


Famous historic astrologers
The oldest known horoscope chart is believed to date to B. The modern names for planets and zodiac signs come from Greek literature. In A. Tetrabiblos contains core techniques of astrology used to this day, including planets, zodiac signs, houses, and aspects or angles. The Roman Empire falls. Western astrology disappears for years and the Arabs continue studying and developing Greek astrology. Astrology flourishes and is an intrinsic part of culture, practiced by doctors, astronomers, and mathematicians.
Advances in mathematics help astrologers develop more accurate and sophisticated charts than ever.follow site
Famous Astrologers | List of the Top Well-Known Astrologers
Many esteemed European universities at this time, including Cambridge , had astrology chairs, and royals had court astrologers. Many popes were pro-astrology. The monk and mathematics professor Placidus created the house division system used by astrologers today. Belief in astrology began to decline as the church gained power, and it was seen as heresy and superstition during the Inquisition.
Galileo himself was found guilty of heresy and had to renounce his astrological beliefs to save his life! Later, rationalism become the popular consensus during the Age of Enlightenment in Western European cafes and salons, emphasizing reason, analysis, and individualism—a reaction to excessive superstition, authority, and control from institutions such as the Catholic church. Skepticism and science were seen as a way to reform society, and to bring back temperance and balance. Astrology was viewed as mere entertainment and not a valid science, and most astrologers worked under pseudonyms.
Renewed interest in spirituality and mysticism in England invigorate astrology again in Europe. Psychologist Carl Jung pioneers the use of astrology in analysis, and other developments in the field are made. In s, newspapers and magazines begin publishing the Sun-sign-based horoscopes that we still read today. Later in the century, computers make it fast and easy to cast charts, replacing the need to do laborious charts by hand though some stricter astrologers still prefer to do them that way.
Get the Horoscope Guide! This describes how the gods revealed to him in a dream the constellations that would be most favourable for the planned construction of a temple. The oldest undisputed evidence of the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records that emerge from the first dynasty of Mesopotamia BC.
Babylonian astrology was the first organized system of astrology, arising in the 2nd millennium BC. By the 16th century BC the extensive employment of omen-based astrology can be evidenced in the compilation of a comprehensive reference work known as Enuma Anu Enlil. Its contents consisted of 70 cuneiform tablets comprising 7, celestial omens.
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Texts from this time also refer to an oral tradition - the origin and content of which can only be speculated upon. Astrological symbols likely represented seasonal tasks, and were used as a yearly almanac of listed activities to remind a community to do things appropriate to the season or weather such as symbols representing times for harvesting, gathering shell-fish, fishing by net or line, sowing crops, collecting or managing water reserves, hunting, and seasonal tasks critical in ensuring the survival of children and young animals for the larger group.
By the 4th century, their mathematical methods had progressed enough to calculate future planetary positions with reasonable accuracy, at which point extensive ephemerides began to appear. Babylonian astrology developed within the context of divination. A collection of 32 tablets with inscribed liver models, dating from about BC, are the oldest known detailed texts of Babylonian divination, and these demonstrate the same interpretational format as that employed in celestial omen analysis.
The gods were also believed to present themselves in the celestial images of the planets or stars with whom they were associated. Evil celestial omens attached to any particular planet were therefore seen as indications of dissatisfaction or disturbance of the god that planet represented.
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An astronomical report to the king Esarhaddon concerning a lunar eclipse of January BC shows how the ritualistic use of substitute kings, or substitute events, combined an unquestioning belief in magic and omens with a purely mechanical view that the astrological event must have some kind of correlate within the natural world:. In the beginning of the year a flood will come and break the dikes. When the Moon has made the eclipse, the king, my lord, should write to me. As a substitute for the king, I will cut through a dike, here in Babylonia, in the middle of the night.
No one will know about it. In BC Egypt was conquered by the Persians so there is likely to have been some Mesopotamian influence on Egyptian astrology. The city of Alexandria was founded by Alexander after the conquest and during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the scholars of Alexandria were prolific writers. It was in Ptolemaic Alexandria that Babylonian astrology was mixed with the Egyptian tradition of Decanic astrology to create Horoscopic astrology.
This contained the Babylonian zodiac with its system of planetary exaltations , the triplicities of the signs and the importance of eclipses. Along with this it incorporated the Egyptian concept of dividing the zodiac into thirty-six decans of ten degrees each, with an emphasis on the rising decan, the Greek system of planetary Gods, sign rulership and four elements.
The decans were a system of time measurement according to the constellations. They were led by the constellation Sothis or Sirius. The rising of a constellation just before sunrise its heliacal rising was considered the last hour of the night. Over the course of the year, each constellation rose just before sunrise for ten days. When they became part of the astrology of the Hellenistic Age, each decan was associated with ten degrees of the zodiac. Texts from the 2nd century BC list predictions relating to the positions of planets in zodiac signs at the time of the rising of certain decans, particularly Sothis.
Particularly important in the development of horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy , who lived in Alexandria in Egypt. Ptolemy's work the Tetrabiblos laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition, and as a source of later reference is said to have "enjoyed almost the authority of a Bible among the astrological writers of a thousand years or more". According to Firmicus Maternus 4th century , the system of horoscopic astrology was given early on to an Egyptian pharaoh named Nechepso and his priest Petosiris. This is principally shown by their sacred ceremonial.
For first advances the Singer, bearing some one of the symbols of music. For they say that he must learn two of the books of Hermes, the one of which contains the hymns of the gods, the second the regulations for the king's life. And after the Singer advances the Astrologer, with a horologe in his hand, and a palm, the symbols of astrology. He must have the astrological books of Hermes, which are four in number, always in his mouth.
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Greek overtook cuneiform script as the international language of intellectual communication and part of this process was the transmission of astrology from cuneiform to Greek. With this, what historican Nicholas Campion calls, "the innovative energy" in astrology moved west to the Hellenistic world of Greece and Egypt. By the 1st century BC two varieties of astrology were in existence, one that required the reading of horoscopes in order to establish precise details about the past, present and future; the other being theurgic literally meaning 'god-work' , which emphasised the soul's ascent to the stars.
While they were not mutually exclusive, the former sought information about the life, while the latter was concerned with personal transformation, where astrology served as a form of dialogue with the Divine. As with much else, Greek influence played a crucial role in the transmission of astrological theory to Rome.
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The first definite reference to astrology comes from the work of the orator Cato , who in BC composed a treatise warning farm overseers against consulting with Chaldeans. One of the first astrologers to bring Hermetic astrology to Rome was Thrasyllus , who, in the first century CE, acted as the astrologer for the emperor Tiberius. While doing so, he coined the term "geography". Even though some use of astrology by the emperors appears to have happened, there was also a prohibition on astrology to a certain extent as well. In the 1st century CE, Publius Rufus Anteius was accused of the crime of funding the banished astrologer Pammenes, and requesting his own horoscope and that of then emperor Nero.
For this crime, Nero forced Anteius to commit suicide. At this time, astrology was likely to result in charges of magic and treason. Astrology was taken up enthusiastically by Islamic scholars following the collapse of Alexandria to the Arabs in the 7th century, and the founding of the Abbasid empire in the 8th century. Zael , whose texts were directly influential upon later European astrologers such as Guido Bonatti in the 13th century, and William Lilly in the 17th century. Amongst the important names of Arabic astrologers, one of the most influential was Albumasur , whose work Introductorium in Astronomiam later became a popular treatise in medieval Europe.
The Arabs greatly increased the knowledge of astronomy, and many of the star names that are commonly known today, such as Aldebaran , Altair , Betelgeuse , Rigel and Vega retain the legacy of their language. They also developed the list of Hellenistic lots to the extent that they became historically known as Arabic parts , for which reason it is often wrongly claimed that the Arabic astrologers invented their use, whereas they are clearly known to have been an important feature of Hellenistic astrology. During the advance of Islamic science some of the practices of astrology were refuted on theological grounds by astronomers such as Al-Farabi Alpharabius , Ibn al-Haytham Alhazen and Avicenna.
Their criticisms argued that the methods of astrologers were conjectural rather than empirical , and conflicted with orthodox religious views of Islamic scholars through the suggestion that the Will of God can be precisely known and predicted in advance.
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Avicenna considered that the movement of the planets influenced life on earth in a deterministic way, but argued against the capability of determining the exact influence of the stars. By the 13th century astrology had become a part of everyday medical practice in Europe. Doctors combined Galenic medicine inherited from the Greek physiologist Galen - AD with studies of the stars. By the end of the s, physicians across Europe were required by law to calculate the position of the Moon before carrying out complicated medical procedures, such as surgery or bleeding.
Influential works of the 13th century include those of the British monk Johannes de Sacrobosco c. His astrological text-book Liber Astronomiae 'Book of Astronomy' , written around , was reputed to be "the most important astrological work produced in Latin in the 13th century". In medieval Europe , a university education was divided into seven distinct areas, each represented by a particular planet and known as the seven liberal arts. Dante attributed these arts to the planets.
Medieval writers used astrological symbolism in their literary themes.
For example, Dante's Divine Comedy builds varied references to planetary associations within his described architecture of Hell , Purgatory and Paradise , such as the seven layers of Purgatory's mountain purging the seven cardinal sins that correspond to astrology's seven classical planets. Chaucer's astrological passages are particularly frequent and knowledge of astrological basics is often assumed through his work. He knew enough of his period's astrology and astronomy to write a Treatise on the Astrolabe for his son.
He pinpoints the early spring season of the Canterbury Tales in the opening verses of the prologue by noting that the Sun "hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne". One of the earliest English astrologers to leave details of his practice was Richard Trewythian b.
His notebook demonstrates that he had a wide range of clients, from all walks of life, and indicates that engagement with astrology in 15th-century England was not confined to those within learned, theological or political circles. During the Renaissance, court astrologers would complement their use of horoscopes with astronomical observations and discoveries. Many individuals now credited with having overturned the old astrological order, such as Tycho Brahe , Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler , were themselves practicing astrologers.
At the end of the Renaissance the confidence placed in astrology diminished, with the breakdown of Aristotelian Physics and rejection of the distinction between the celestial and sublunar realms , which had historically acted as the foundation of astrological theory. Keith Thomas writes that although heliocentrism is consistent with astrology theory, 16th and 17th century astronomical advances meant that "the world could no longer be envisaged as a compact inter-locking organism; it was now a mechanism of infinite dimensions, from which the hierarchical subordination of earth to heaven had irrefutably disappeared".
By the 18th century the intellectual investment which had previously maintained astrology's standing was largely abandoned. Astrology in seventeenth century England was not a science. It was not a Religion. It was not magic. Nor was it astronomy, mathematics, puritanism, neo Platism, psychology, meteorology, alchemy or witchcraft. It used some of these as tools; it held tenets in common with others; and some people were adept at several of these skills.
But in the final analysis it was only itself: a unique divinatory and prognostic art embodying centuries of accreted methodology and tradition. The only work of this class to have survived is the Vedanga Jyotisha , which contains rules for tracking the motions of the sun and the moon in the context of a five-year intercalation cycle. The date of this work is uncertain, as its late style of language and composition, consistent with the last centuries BC, albeit pre- Mauryan , conflicts with some internal evidence of a much earlier date in the 2nd millennium BC.
The documented history of Jyotish in the subsequent newer sense of modern horoscopic astrology is associated with the interaction of Indian and Hellenistic cultures in the Indo-Greek period. The oldest surviving treatises, such as the Yavanajataka or the Brihat-Samhita , date to the early centuries AD.
Indian astronomy and astrology developed together. The earliest treatise on jyotish, the Bhrigu Samhita , dates from the Vedic era. The sage Bhrigu is one of the Saptarshi, the seven sages who assisted in the creation of the universe.


Your guests can rock around the clock with this 1950's theme. Rock & Roll emerged in the mid 50's as the teen music of choice. American Bandstand introduced the coolest dances with the newest music. The standouts of this era were Elvis Presley, Davy Crockett, James Dean. Grease was definitely the word along with bobbie socks and poodle skirts.


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Serigraph signed and numbered by the painter Richard Menutan Fontaine (1967-2011)
Size : 67 x 35,5 cm
The profits from the sale of the original work were donated to an organization for the protection of the Batiscan River, which was close to Menutan's heart.
Born in Mani-Utenam, Richard Fontaine "Menutan" has devoted himself to painting since the age of thirty.
Listening to the land, to the history that carried him, the artist paints the "Nitissinan", the territory of his ancestors.
In his paintings, he magnificently brings back to life the thousand-year-old heritage of his people. He looks at the elders and retraces their history: he exorcises their fears and brings to light their hopes.
His works, apparently fragile, are in fact intensely imbued with meaning and constitute a true passageway to the memory of a people.
"My paintings reveal the soul of the First Nations and deliver themselves as a wish for healing," says the artist.
Richard “Menutan” made the history of his nation and, by the same token, that of Sept-Îles, shine throughout the world. The works of Richard Fontaine have indeed conquered collectors from all over the world.