Our live video stream will begin at approximately 4:00 pm.
Ready for the discussion!
Let us know if you have a question for the panelists. We'll do our best to send them to the panel.
Growing up in Mankato, I can attest that the U.S. Dakota War was not taught in schools-even there. It is time now for us all to learn about it.
This is jim Rock listening in.
yes, particularly used the video interviews, francis wakeman reciting Taoyatuda's speech engaged students.
In my district (Forest Lake-north of the cities), we have started to use Curt Brown's articles, but mostly so teachers themselves, can learn our history. In turn, they are more able to teach the children.
My students were interested why Taoyateduta would at once tell his young men that they were acting like children but then align with them and fight though he disagreed. It spoke to them because sometimes they fight for their peers, even if they disagree with the fight.
agree on Northern Lights text. it also has an iPad app now too.
I am so grateful that the MN Dept of Education now finally has MN Native American standards in place (Language Arts, Music, Science, and now Social Studies). I do agree that teachers need to read/study about our Native history in order to better teach.
we look at it in 7th and 8th grade as well and compare/contrast with the US Civil War.
My 6th graders, while they may have missed the nuances of the US Dakota War, are very interested in what is fair, and that was the hook for them. Some of them are going to pursue it for their history day project.
I teach aspiring teachers in a course called Indians of MN. Most of my students are from MN, not all, but the majority. I ask them, "how many of you have been taught this history in your K-12 education. I am lucky to get 1-2 who raise their hands. Every teacher across the US should be required to take and teach who the Indigenous people are and the history of colonization. When I worked in Iowa, we had these discussions as early as 3rd grade. As students get older more detail and truth can be included. By the time the students come to my class, they are often angry that they have not been taught these things.
I think 6th grade is fine, but it needs to be revisited again and again. Also, like Matthew Larkey stated, older students have an abillity to compare and contrast. For example, I teach that we had our own Trail of Tears as they learn about the U.S. Dakota War.
The Civil War is a center to most U.S. History courses at any grade level. In Minnesota, the Dakota Conflict was central to what was going on during the Civil War. It would be absurd to exclude talking about it whenever the Civil War is the topic here in Minnesota.
Yes, Curt says to teach 'perspective'. This is what is needed most in teaching MN Native American history/culture. In my district (Forest Lake) we encourage educators to use texts by Native authors in order to gain an authentic voice on a subject.
Lincoln's role should not be glorified. He did nothing when Native people were being swindled out of their homeland, their Garden of Eden which causes the war and he did nothing after when the Dakotas were exiled. The horror that devastated the Dakota existence for years can be attributed to Lincoln's lack of involvement. He is no hero to Native people.
Lincoln's "dilemma" in the decision he had to make is a fascinating topic for high school age abstract thinkers. An opportunity to connect with "personalization" of decision making. Add to that Lincoln's personal depression and it even fits into a Psychology Class.
Another great text to use in classrooms:
Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862- by Gary Clayton Anderson
As Native people we believe that those that resisted colonization are true patriots. We were battling this massive force that was gobbling up our homelands, who brought deadly diseases, and weapons of mass distruction. In most accounts the Europeans were treated well when they were encountered Native people. Warring came as a result of the theft and genocide.
Pairing the "Why Treaties Matter" Interactive Webb site would be nice nice way for students to "hunt and peck" their way through the treaties and characters involved. The students finding these facts on a site on their own is far more powerful than us telling them about the treaties in a lecture.
We will keep this discussion open after the video panel has concluded. Feel free to keep the discussion going.


I want to thank Selectman Marrone for bringing prayer back to the Town of Carver.
Personally I'm probably not the most religious person to be commenting on this, but I have great respect for the faithful, and for the founding fathers of this country. The Founding Fathers were men of faith, who were guided by their deep religious convictions. Our Federal and State governments have hundreds of years of precedence of saying prayers at the beginning of meetings and sessions. After the US Supreme Court recently ruled that legislative bodies such as the Board of Selectmen can begin their meetings with prayer, there was no hesitation on the part of Selectmen Marrone to bring this issue forward for a vote.


NONFICTION BOOK REVIEW
NEW YORK TIMES
THE PATTERN SEEKERS How Autism Drives Human Invention By Simon Baron-Cohen
At the end of the 20th century, scholars of human evolution proposed a thrilling idea: Humans were special and distinct from all other animals because of a sudden transformational change that occurred around 35,000 years ago. For millions of years our ancestors had trudged through existence with the same simple tool kit, yet in that special moment, there was a flowering of symbolism, of art, of complicated tool use. This was when the modern human mind was born. You could see its traces in the archaeological record.


A Pawn for a King: The Life of Ada de Warenne by Sarah Hinze and Joan Sowards
Coming Soon on Amazon.com USA and U.K.
A Pawn for a King: The Life of Ada de Warenne is an historical novel about a fiercely independent woman in medieval England who became mother of two of Scotland’s kings, and the grandmother of Robert the Bruce.
Countess Ada de Warenne, later known as the Queen Mother of Scotland, was born in 1123 in Surrey, England, daughter to an Earl. Ada always knew, as one of noble blood, she was destined to marry whomever her father, William de Warenne demanded, no matter her own wishes. Chafing at the chains that bound her, hating the idea that she was merely a piece of property to be handed to the highest bidder, Ada avoided potential suiters like a hare runs from the fox. That is, until she caught the eye of Henry, Prince of Scotland, and the son of her father’s enemy.
Ada knew she was merely a pawn for Stephen, King of Britain, and her marriage was part of the peace agreement between Scotland and England. As much as she hated being helpless to choose for herself, she knew it could have been much worse! Prince Henry of Scotland was at least young and handsome, and he had shown himself to be kind and virtuous, unlike others her father might have arranged for her to marry. But was there any hope at all for lasting love? Would her destiny always be out of her control? Or, as Countess Ada of Northumberland, could she do more than she ever dreamed of, and be a force for good for women in a man’s world?
Authors Sarah Hinze and Joan Sowards are two of Countess Ada’s 24th great-granddaughters. Through genealogical research, they became fascinated by their mutual ancestors’ influence on women’s rights through the centuries and felt inspired to share her courageous story.
“Let yourself be immersed, through their fun and fascinating prose, in the life and times of Ada de Warenne, a figure of immense importance in the history of Scotland. You will learn to love Ada and her family, to mourn with her through her many trials and sorrows, and to rejoice with her in her passions and triumphs. You will be encouraged by her courage and gain much from her example of a life well lived.” – David J. Larsen, Ph.D., Researcher and Writer


Ve'ahavta's Yom Kippur resource on the TRC
On Yom Kippur we seek to heal and repair relationships with ourselves and each other. This Yom Kippur, join us as we confront the past and repair broken relationships within our country.
In June 2015, the historic closing events of Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) brought attention to the troubled history between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Canada. We invite your synagogue to engage in the TRC’s recommendation to seek reconciliation through education, awareness and increased understanding of the legacy and impacts of the Residential Schools.
Reconciliation is not only the responsibility of the victims and perpetrators, but rather all Canadians who seek a just and prosperous future for our country.
As a result of requests from numerous congregations, Ve’ahavta's has prepared educational resources on teshuvah and the TRC.
If you plan to use the resources, please let Ve'ahavta know so they can get your feedback and profile your organization/synagogue's progress on social media.
Download the resource booklet here.


William Kentridge, Charcoal Animation October 6, 2006Posted by Lee Cherry in Uncategorized.
Charcoal animation technique built upon previous layers of imagery creating an unsettling sense of haunted history and lost memory.
As the story progresses, the image is altered, and some sections are erased, while others are covered, and new objects appear. The result is that each new frame contains traces of its past, and each new object metamorphoses from old landscapes. This animation retained somewhat through a living storyboard which allows great freedom in developing the concepts of history, memory, loss, and renewal.
Some of William Kentridge’s works are currently part of the collection of The Legacy Project. The goal of the legacy project is to artistically document the historical tragedies of the 20th century through scholarly research and innovative presentation of newly created frameworks of cultural expression.


Hachiko, Story Of The Dog That Never Gave Up (1923 – 1935)
Hachiko Was A Golden-Brown Akita Dog Born In 1923 On A Farm. He was picked up by Professor Hidesaburo Ueno who took him home to his house not far from Shibuya Station. Every morning as the professor headed off to work, Hachiko would accompany his master. Walking along with him as far as Shibuya Station. He would watch him buy his ticket and disappear into the station. Hachiko would then sit down in the small square. In front of the station and wait for his master’s return from work in the late afternoon.
This became a daily routine for a year until one day in May 1925, when Professor Ueno did not return. Unbeknown to Hachiko, his master had suffered a fatal brain hemorrhage and died. Leaving Hachiko waiting, watching trains arrive and hoping for a reunion that would never happen. Each day for the next nine years, nine months and fifteen days. Hachiko appeared precisely when the train was due at the station and awaited Ueno`s return. The story of the dog that never gave up gained a lot of attention from local and national news, inspiring many people to visit Hachiko at Shibuya Station to offer treats. During these years he was taken care of by the professor’s relatives but he never gave up the vigil at the station for his master.
Hachiko`s Legendary Faithfulness
became a national symbol of loyalty. That impressed the people of Japan as a spirit of family loyalty all should strive to achieve. Teachers and parents used Hachiko`s vigil as an example for children to follow. Eventually, Hachiko himself died on March 8, 1935. Each year on April 8, Hachiko`s devotion is honored with a solemn ceremony of remembrance at Tokyo`s Shibuya railroad station. Hachiko remains preserved and on display at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo.
I absolutely love this story and I think you will find it emotionally moving also. Bouvia
Like this post? Please, leave a message.


bulletin board areas of JA*Net is unfortunately no
longer maintained on this
web server. A new Japanese American community forum is
on the Nikkei Federation website.
Tokyo Community - for Little Tokyo, Los Angeles - issues, community
events, history, people, places, organizations, businesses, restaurants,
churches and temples, anything related.
Helpline - for posting requests for assistance with JA information,
services. Hopefully other community users of this website may be able to
respond if they know the answers.
That Bind - for discussions and issues concerning the future of the
Nikkei communities in North America and around the world.
American History - for discussion of the JA past and legacy. Post
questions about immigration history, the Internment (camps), JA war
veterans, family histories and interesting stories that anyone would like


Welcome to Anna or Ana?
A blog of confusion…trying to sort it out…hoping you can relate and maybe sort your own stuff out.
Anastasia, the greatest riddle of the fall of the last Czar of Russia: did the youngest Romanov daughter escape the brutal execution of her family, rescued by a Polish peasant ,only to spend the rest of her life trying to convince the world (particularly the remaining members of the shattered Romanov dynasty now in varying degrees of comfortable exhile) she truly was the Grand Duchess Anastasia, and not an imposter. Anna Anderson was an alias she used to escape Germany during WW II and come to America for a magical time that turned nightmarish as her unstable personality wore on the hospitality of even the most devoted relative or friend utterly convinced she was Anastasia.
The controversy was never solved before she died. Some claim it is stil not solved, despite DNA evidence showing this woman was not the Grand Duchess, but was, as suspected, a Polish peasant who’d suffered a trauma and became a perfect mimic, memorizing information–exactly how I don’t know because I didn’t buy the book and only read the free sample offered by Amazon’s Kindle…and how ‘Anna Anderson’ pulled it off is in the last chapter.
The book wasn’t good enough and was too expensive for me to pluck down something like $12.99 for the entire e-book when the only info I was interested in was the last chapter or 2. I’ll find it in a library.
Oh shit. The library. I have the books to replace but not the balls to replace them after all these years.


Court Reporters can Hear a lot of Junk, but we can Help Holocaust Survivors Preserve their Story
Messy divorces, murders, child custody battles, and slip and fall accidents are just a handful of cases court reporters can sit through.
When I was a reporter, sometimes I felt like I was just taking down meaningless drivel about petty arguments between two parties who essentially couldn’t stand breathing the same air as one another.
Honestly, after a bit, burnout set in and I came to feel like I was a piece of furniture in the corner of the room that nobody appreciated.
Then one day, an email popped up in my inbox that really spoke to me. In it, I learned the National Court Reporters Foundation had partnered with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in an effort to preserve history and were seeking court reporters to help.
Finally, I felt as if I could do something truly meaningful as a stenographer.
Instead of using my steno skills to caption television or record judicial proceedings in the courtroom, I could volunteer to help ensure future generations will know the personal stories of Holocaust survivors.
Boredom can Lead to Interesting Discoveries
Sometimes I get bored. Okay. I get bored a lot.
I start thinking of one subject and read up on it, which leads me to another subject, and another…
Well, you get the idea.
I got to thinking one day, who was the first court reporter? I don’t mean the first one who actually used a machine. I mean the person who literally took down the first verbatim record.
History of Court Reporting Coffee and Tea Classic White Coffee Mug
Surprisingly, I found out court reporting is old. I mean, OLD.
The first known scribe to record a speech in a form of shorthand was actually a slave named Marcus Tullius Tiro way back in 63 B.C. His master was of all people the great orator, Cicero.
Imagine being there with one of the great minds of history, listening to him speak before throngs of people and dutifully recording every word.
Now, that job would have been interesting. Well, except for the whole slave/master thing.
After learning that little historical tidbit, I was jealous.
Seriously, during my 11 year career as a court reporter, I never came across the first famous person or was involved in a single noteworthy trial. Family law and civil matters make up the bulk of what I did.
I had wanted to be a reporter (scribe) who would actually be recording something important, something that future mankind would appreciate, just like Marcus Tiro did at the dawn of history.
Then one day I got that email from the Journal of Court Reporting online magazine. The National Court Reporting Foundation was working with the United States Holocaust Museum Oral History Department.
Beginning in 1989, the Museum began recording the memories of survivors of the Holocaust and those who helped to liberate them. The NCRF is asking for volunteers to transcribe these audio and video recordings so the museum can have verbatim transcripts of these survivors so their memories will become searchable documents and be preserved in a hard format.
Hmm…I’d be recording history, and I would be doing something worthwhile. When could I start?
My Journey with Ruth Back to 1939
Within a few days, the head of the program had emailed me my first audio file. After reading over the transcript guidelines, I put on my headphones and began to take down the conversation.
This is how I was introduced to Ruth Ginsberg Geller.
I have always been fascinated by history, but not necessarily by well-known people. I’m not a famous person. Unless something spectacular happens, I never will be. I want to know how everyday people like me lived their day-to-day lives during their periods in history.
Perhaps this is why Ruth’s story so captivated me. She and her family, who were Jewish, were just everyday people until their lives got caught up into what would become the darkest time in history.
In the beginning, Ruth described her early childhood in Czechoslovakia. Her father was a fur merchant and traveled extensively procuring furs, while her mother worked in the family’s shop in Moravska-Ostrava, Czechoslovakia. Ruth and her older brother, Oskar, had a happy childhood up until 1939.
Ruth, who was six at the time, shared her memory about the day the Germans marched into the city. She described them marching and riding in Mercedes Benzes, a vehicle she vowed to never own later in adulthood.
She also remembered how a German soldier actually broke rank that day, scooped her up, and took her into a candy shop and bought her candy.
That story utterly shocked me because I always assumed that all soldiers hated the Jews. Did he now know she was Jewish? Did he not care?
Her father was away on business in London at the time. He had an uneasy feeling about how events were unfolding at home and quickly told his wife to bring the children to England.
In my mind, I had always assumed the Jewish people had to leave everything behind and were left with only the clothes on their backs.
However, in her interview Ruth described how her mother, Blanche, was actually able to pack up all of their belongings and send them ahead to England. And after using a good bit of charm on the German authorities, she and the children were able to leave Czechoslovakia.
Ruth and her immediate family escaped the horrors of what would happen to the rest of her family left behind. Both of Ruth’s grandmothers, two uncles, an aunt, and a baby cousin were killed in the gas chambers.
The trio arrived in London just in time for the Blitz. She recalled with fondness the time she spent in England. She also admitted that, even though it sounded strange to her now, she actualy looked forward going into the Underground during the raids because she had such a great time playing with all the children.
The Ginsberg family stayed in London until after the war, and then emigrated to America in 1946. Sadly, her father died not too long after. Blanche and Oskar opened up a five and dime in New York City, and Ruth went to college, married a doctor, and eventually settled in California.
From listening to her, it seems as if she’s had a happy life since. She talked a lot about her children, grandchildren, nephews, nieces, and even more extended family and how much they mean to her.
But I Learned so Much More than Just History…
If there is one thing I gleaned from Ruth during this recording, it is that family is everything. Material things come and go, but family is the most precious thing you can have.
Listening to Ruth describe her life was like looking through a window into the past. Reading or watching documentaries about events in wartime Europe removes the human factor because it’s just words on a page, or just historical facts wrapped in 30 minute or hour package. Listening to someone who actually lived it drew me in and put me right there in history with them.
If you want to hear or read Ruth’s story for yourself, an audio file and the transcript of the entire interview is available on Ruth’s page on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website.
After you listen to her story, there are thousands of audio and video files of other survivors in their library to learn about the Holocaust through the eyes of those who survived.
This experience has so touched me, I am going to transcribe more histories as my schedule allows. There are thousands left to be done.
I started this journey because I was bored, wanted to do something different, and also learn a bit of history. I feel blessed because in a way I am preserving memories that would otherwise be lost to the ages.
I may not be recording the words of a famous person, but I feel these people’s stories are much more important than any notable person in history. These people’s stories remind us that events caused by our leaders can dramatically alter the lives of everyday people.
Just like Ruth and her family once had a comfortable home, lots of food, and had no threat of danger to our lives, most of us sit in our comfortable homes with our bellies full, free from oppression in our present day. Memories like Ruth’s make us aware that our everyday lives could be changed forever by those in power in our time just as Ruth’s did in 1939.
What is the United States National Holocaust Memorial Museum?
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is the largest museum of its kind in the world. It contains Holocaust artifacts, photo archives, a library, and an extensive oral history collection.
More than 13,000 recorded memories are kept at USHMM, and 52,000 more are accessible through the Shoah Foundation in California.
The beauty of the USHMM is that it’s not only dedicated to remembering the Holocaust. It encourages and urges people worldwide to stop hatred and prevent any future genocide, Jewish or not.
How You can Volunteer to Transcribe a Holocaust Survivor’s History
Stenographers and students are all welcome to transcribe a survivor’s history. If you would like more information about transcribing a recording for the Holocaust Oral Histories program, please contact NCRA.
After contacting the Director of Research you will be sent either an audio or video file. After accepting a recording, the museum allows four weeks for volunteers to return the finished transcript in PDF format. .25 PDC’s are given for each transcript completed, and a maximum of 1 PDC can be earned during a three-year period.
NCRA also needs volunteers for the Veteran’s History Project. The Library of Congress has a large collection of American veteran’s memories they would like transcribed as well.


Antiquity was a period of great cultural, economic, and political growth centered in regions. In the modern world, this period is known as the Greco-Roman world. Read on Antichità Milano to learn more about the definitions of antiquity and its historical periods.
Antiquity is a period of time in history that dates back to the earliest civilizations. The Maya civilization was an example of an ancient civilization. The word ‘antiquity’ is derived from antiquite, from the Greek and Latin roots antiquite, antiquus. The journal is owned by an organization, a registered charity founded by British archaeologist O.G.S. Crawford in 1927. It is managed by a board of trustees, which includes Graeme Barker, Amy Boghard, Barry Cunliffe, Stephanie Moser, and Cameron Petrie.
Many ancient structures and artifacts were destroyed during the Middle Ages, but the people reflected on the splendor of the past. Among them were Benedict and Englishman Master Gregory, who wrote in the twelfth century. These artists and writers gave us an insight into the culture. Antiquity inspired the Renaissance and helped shape European art.
The spread of civilizations in the West is associated with the beginnings of antiquity. In classical antiquity, the dessert was crossed. It was also the first time that the first unified peoples were found, the Babylonians. During this time, the social organization improved greatly. The development of metallurgy also occurred. Antiquity was marked by a gradual emergence of civilization.
Ancient Maya culture and Greeks were able to understand geological time better than the modern Maya. The Romans and Anglicans fought over the concept of apostolicity and Catholicity, respectively. Both sides were convinced that their argument was superior. But who would win? Which is better, the ancient Maya or the Romans? There’s a good chance you’d prefer Antiquity Rare. You may find a bottle of this spirit at your favorite liquor store.
The term antiquity can refer to a very old object or to the idea of an antique. An antique is an extremely old object, usually hundreds of years old or older. Antiquity also refers to an ancient idea, custom, or way of life. In some cases, it even refers to the ancient times before the Middle Ages. The Heritage Dictionary defines antiquity as “the age or greatness of something.”
As archeologists began to discover the significance of antiquities, they also noted that many of the prominent ruins were being destroyed. They also urged the government to take action to protect these sites. Major public exhibitions also began to increase public awareness about antiquities and their history. There were even efforts to pass laws that would protect these sites from looters.
In ancient times they are sometimes referred to as Classical Antiquity. This period of history spans 1000 BCE to 450 CE. The term Antiquity was first used by Renaissance writers who differentiated between earlier times and more modern times. Classical Antiquity includes the ancient civilizations and the achievements of art, science, and philosophy. This is the most common time period when we talk about ancient antiquity.
Late antiquity begins after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. The Greeks dominated the Mediterranean Basin and spread their culture throughout different continents. The Roman Empire fell to Germanic invaders, who eventually established kingdoms in Roman provinces. The Roman Empire would soon descend into cultural stagnation and a four-century-long Dark Age. Nonetheless, some great cultural achievements of the Christian Period survive today. The most remarkable pieces are the magnificent Ravenna Mosaics, which were made during this time.
The ancient ruins of a long-decaying civilization attracted antiquarians looking for clues as to how ancient civilizations lived in the past. Historians tried to piece together the history of distant cultures.


New Step by Step Map For readThe politics of Andorra happen inside of a framework of a parliamentary consultant democracy having a unicameral legislature, and of the pluriform multi-celebration process. The prime minister could be the chief govt.
In the beginning of your war, roughly a thousand German nationals residing in Palestine often called Templers ended up deported by Britain to Australia, in which they have been held in internment camps right until 1946–forty seven. Even though some had been registered members in the Nazi bash and Nazi marches had taken location of their settlements, no evidence had been offered until 2007 that almost all supported Hitler.
The German ambassador still left the state, and actions of Management had been executed, such as the internment of German citizens in specified locations. Photos and reconnaissance airplanes belonging into the Colombian-German company Scadta, which used to just take aerial photographs of Colombian and German cities, were also handed to the United States.
With all the passage of your time, the co-title to Andorra handed to the kings of Navarre. Just after Henry III of Navarre became king of France, he issued an edict in 1607 that established The top of the French condition plus the bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra, a political arrangement that still holds.
Boredom never ever lasts long in Andorra la Vella, because of the town's range of pursuits for all audiences and preferences.
Farther on, it absolutely was constantly the same many times: the identical shaking and rattling, the same snow to the window, exactly the same immediate transitions from steaming heat to chilly, and back once again to warmth, the identical passing glimpses of the same figures inside the twilight, and the same voices, and Anna began to read and to be aware of what she read.
But After i read that unconscious confession on the murderous conspiracy to which he fell a victim, I remembered, with a thing like remorse, the exact same mom bore us.
Denmark formally remained neutral from the outbreak on the war. Germany invaded without having declaration of war as part of Operation Weserübung on nine April 1940, and confused Denmark in a couple of hrs of battling.
Small children between the ages of 6 and 16 are necessary by legislation to acquire comprehensive-time education. Education as much as secondary degree is offered totally free by The federal government.
If a family sales opportunities a placid existence, the Great Pyrenees can make an excellent pet. The Doggy is serene, devoted and well-mannered, but read an proprietor must have endurance during teaching because the Pet tends to be impartial and stubborn.
Figure out more details on the big selection of alternatives made available from Andorra la Vella to inspire your workforce in a Unique, distinctive way.
“Initially, we acknowledge that our club is found within a federally proclaimed catastrophe area and that our area infrastructure are not able to support these kinds of an activity although furnishing substantial aid and recovery attempts expected to carry on much outside of this thirty day period,” the club wrote inside a push launch.
I've read through your letter pretty meticulously → he leído tu carta minuciosamente de principio a fin
Andorra participated from the cultural movement of your Catalan Renaixença. Amongst 1882 and 1887, the very first tutorial faculties were shaped where by trilingualism coexisted Together with the Formal language, Catalan.


The Canuts - An age-old struggle for decent work
Lyon, last stop of the Silk Road
Lyon, the capital of the Auvergne-Rhône Alpes region, is one of the oldest cities in France, founded as “Lugdunum” by the Romans under the name of Lugdunum in the first century BC. As the oldest Christian city in the country, it is also a very important city for French Catholics.
Built at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, Lyon holds an ancient reputation as a commercial city, receiving traders from the prosperous markets of Switzerland and Italy. Even today, Lyon is considered a major city in France, renowned for its gastronomy as well as its ancient architecture and universities.
As a major European trading city, Lyon is often regarded as one of the last stops of the famous Silk Roads. These roads once connected the prosperous Chinese empire to European states, in a constant exchange of knowledge and goods, including the famous silk. Even though this network has always existed, it lived its golden age during the European Middle Ages.
Silk first reached in Lyon in the 15th century, when it was sold in its markets by Italian artisans. After noticing that the French elites loved this fabric, King Louis XI set out to found silk workshops in France. After a difficult start, these workshops eventually established themselves in Lyon, which became a major capital of silk production for the courts of Europe.
In 1801, inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard created a mechanism that revolutionized the production of silk: the Mécanique Jacquard, an ingenious machine that allows individual workers to create intricate fabrics.
This new machine, which greatly simplified silk works, permitted the emergence of a community of craftsmen which would leave a mark in the history of Lyon: the Canuts.
The legacy of the Canuts in Lyon
Lyon is a city spread over two hills around the Rhône: amongst them, the Lyonnais like to distinguish "the hill that prays" (Fourvière, to the West) from the "hill that works" (La Croix Rousse, to the Northeast). Indeed, if Christian churches and basilicas abound on the ancestral hill of Fourvière, Croix Rousse hill was once filled with the silk workshops, of the Canuts.
Nowadays, the Canuts no longer exist, and the Croix Rousse has become a bohemian district, much appreciated by the Lyonnais. However, its Canut heritage is still clearly visible, with its tall building, where the Canuts installed their 4-meter-high jacquard mechanics.
In this district filled with reddish houses, street names evoke this proletarian heritage, and a large square is named after the Canuts, with a statue of Jacquard at its center. In one of its alleys, there lies the "House of the Canuts" , a museum dedicated to these weavers who made Lyon’s fame in the 19th century.
The museum is directed by Philibert Varenne, himself the great-grandson of a silk worker, who seeks to maintain the memory of the Canuts and their skills. Its museum traces the history of Lyonnaise Silk, and holds a copy of a Mécanique Jacquard.
If Lyonnais are so protective of the Canuts’ history, it is because their social struggle and the way they united transformed the city and inspired several thinkers. Installing themselves in the Croix Rousse, a hill with cheaper rent, safe from river floods, they worked in very difficult conditions, working for 16 to 18 hour shifts for a very small pay.
Not unlike fair trade artisans in India, Canuts created self-help organizations, such as "Le Devoir Mutuel", founded in 1828. These organizations united artisans who received support in case of illness or unenmployment thanks to a monthly fee. Some Canuts also started to organized to negotiate better wages, take political action and defend the place of women in society.
In 1831, they founded the first worker’s newspaper, L’Écho de la Fabrique, where they thaught and discussed the best ways to defend their rights.
Vivid memories of the Canut’s struggle
In the mid 19th century, the Canut’s wages were decreasing. Furthermore, despite a liveral revolution in Paris, Canuts were disappointed to see that new legislation prevented them from organizing. To make matters worse, their buyers wanted them to give up their individual workshops and come to work in centralized factories. Despite repeated requests for an increase in wages, their demands are refused.
This indignation will lead to the famous Canuts Revolt of November 1831. Craftsmen demonstrate in the streets of Lyon under the slogan "Live free working or die fighting!". The rally was repressed by blood, but the memory of their fight remained and inspired thinkers such as Karl Marx and Flora Tristan.
Images from the ENS Lyon archives
Despite their audacity and their organizational capacity, the Canuts faded away, replaced by mechanization and synthetic products. Only a few Mécaniques Jacquard remain, preserved by museums or associations, and used for special products.
Despite their disappearance, the organization and initiatives of the Canuts peoples continue to inspire many social movements around the world.


Embark on a captivating journey to Cuzco, Peru, the ancient capital of the Inca Empire and a true gem of South America. Nestled in the breathtaking Andes Mountains, Cuzco enchants visitors with its rich history, vibrant culture, and awe-inspiring architecture. Wander through the cobbled streets of the historic city center, where Inca ruins blend harmoniously with Spanish colonial influences. Immerse yourself in the mystical allure of Machu Picchu, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, as you trek along the famed Inca Trail. Discover the vibrant traditions and colorful markets of the Sacred Valley, where indigenous communities preserve their ancient way of life. Let the warmth and hospitality of the locals embrace you as you savor the delicious Peruvian cuisine. Cuzco is a destination that will transport you back in time and leave you with memories to last a lifetime.


Keansburg has a rich history and this page will highlight that. Spotlight Henry Hudson Landing, the era of resort living, the resilience after Sandy, and more.
This area will provide links for the visitor to learn more about the rich history of Keansburg.
The pages will be individual and with short descriptions that navigates the visitor to a more defined historical society page through keansburgnj.gov.
What can visitors expect today
Links to Dining & Entertainment
Links to Realesate & Redevlopment
Links to bayshore fishing
Links to event


Documentary TV series 'Tito – the Last Witnesses of the Testament'
Who was Josip Broz Tito
Fitzroy Maclean, the head of the British Military mission in Yugoslavia during the World War II declared: 'If anyone represents the child of the 20th century, our ebullient 20th century, than that's certainly Josip Broz Tito. We may like Tito or don't. Some people like him. We may like the 20th century. Some people don't like it. But they exist together – that man and that century', concluded Maclean.
Josip Broz Tito (1892 – 1980) was a well-known Yugoslav politician, statesman and military leader, the only major 20th century statesman who won the war against two great totalitarian regimes - against Nazi-fascism and Stalinism, and afterwards becoming the founder and the greatest authority of the Non-Aligned Movement, together with Egyptian president Nasser and Indian Prime Minister Nehru. After the World War II, Tito was the head of the State of Yugoslavia for 35 years undisputedly enjoying high international reputation.
Tito was the only leader of the anti-fascist coalition, who directly participated in war operations. Tito was the only communist who dared to disagree to Stalin, in 1948 he told the historical 'No' to Stalin. He initialized development stages of association's and work's self-management, so that Yugoslavia achieved the high level of Labour Law. Yugoslavia became out of the undeveloped agrarian country, the secondary developed European country. Yugoslav Army was considered for the third largest Army in Europe.
Tito interceded for the piece in the world, peaceful and active co-existence, not involving in domestic policy of sovereign countries, he encouraged anticolonial forces in Africa and Asia, as also the struggle of poor and opression of people for social and national emantipation.
He was the first communist leader who met Pope – Paul VI.Tito has been nominated for the Nobel prize for peace, he is one of the nominees who lost the Nobel Peace Prize award just for one voice.
About the importance of Josip Broz Tito speaks his funeral itself , that was the biggest statesman's funeral in the 20th century . According to the Eurovision's measures, Tito's funeral was the most watched TV broadcast after the first moon landing.
During the Tito's leadership, people of Yugoslavia lived a half of a century in constant piece, which was the first time in their millennial history. Ten years after his death started the murderous Balcanic war and Yugoslavia crumbled into the six States.
About TV series 'Tito – the Last Witnesses of the Testament'
Documentary TV series 'Tito – the Last Witnesses of the Testament' of film director Lordan Zafranović is an intimate story about the last witnesses Tito's testament and their lives and Tito's life in 13 episodes each of 56 minutes duration.
TV series is intimately based on exclusive stories from Tito's personal, political and stateman's life. Series doesn't pretend to show political pretension of Tito's evaluation and the historical scene in the 20th century. Close to the historical happenings conected to Tito, series aims to show Tito as an 'ordinary - unordinary man', without censorship and ideological commitment.
In series the time's challenges in which Tito lived aren't avoided, as also as all his answers, exactly the same as they were at that time. Documentary series project intetnion is Tito - the men of 'flesh and blood', less as undoubted splendor and charismatic cosmopolitan person of the 20th century.
The Last Witnesses of the Testament and epochs – the closest dependants, women, friends, associates and political antagonists talked about their stories honestly and openly with time distance, without secrets, ideology and myth, indirect – they talked about their destinies, especially experiences, adventures out of life and functioning with Tito. Animated memories evoke different kind of emotions out of theirs and Tito's turbulent personal and professional life. New interesting details from the stage of Tito's life in turbulent time of the 20th century are discovered, whose world and domestic historical circumstances have conduced forming of original pecurial and sometimes controversial Tito's personality, but Tito did backward a huge and very often crucial impact.
The history fact is, that Tito represents the only statesmen and soldier of 20th century, who conquered the two worst totalitarian regimes in history, Nazi-fascism and Stalinism and afterwards constituted the third world countries and the Non-Aligned Movement. Series especially edits to the role of Tito in some important, historically conditioned developments in Croatia: Bleiburg, Goli otok ('Barren island'), Hrvatsko proljeće ('Croatian spring')...
Although they belong to the past, Josip Broz Tito and the 20th century incontestable go together, not without the reason, they still induce significant interest of domestic and foreign world-wide publicity.
Dialogue Leader with Witnesses
Director's and Producer's agent Executive Producer
KINO DOKUMENT for HRT 2012
Synopsis - TV series 'Tito – the Last Witnesses of the Testament'
Episode 1 PROLOGUE
The first episode is the story about Tito's birth, his family, growth, education, first steps into the big world, first military experience at the Russian Front, first great love stories, first important friendships and first battles on the political 'Left' – until 1937. In this episode we meet the oldest Tito's associates, who we will be meeting through 13 episodes – we call them 'The witnesses of the Testament'. For the first time in this episode a very important witness of epochs opens up – Herta Hass, Tito's second wife, who talks about their great love from the first incidental meeting in Paris to their intimate mutual life and illegal activity on the political 'Left' in Zagreb at the time before the World War II. Although at that time Tito lives and works between Wien, Paris, Moscow and Prague, the center of his activity was contemporary Zagreb.
Episode 2 ILLEGAL
The second episode is about Tito's intriguing, love, political and cultural life in the period of 1936 to 1940. That was the time of illegal functioning of the Communist Party, Tito was in all respects great master and 'professor' of illegal itself. Tito had incredible danger-instinct, he was extremely skilled in avoiding deathrap and looking for new methods illegal activity and protection. Out of witness's declaration we find out, that after his coming out of the prison at the time of the greatest conspiration beside oorganising Party's activity and activity of preparing for forthcoming war of liberation, Tito met and spent time on daily basis with top Croatian artists and intellectuals in dr Silovic's lounge situated in Masarykova street, moreover he was their incontestable authority. As the existent member of lounge he enjoyed protection of Croatian Banus Šilović.
Episode 3 DAWN
In the third episode the witnesses of Tito's testament speak about the time of Tito's illegal activity of 1940 to 1941. That was the time of 5th World Conference that was taking place in Zagreb completely illegal, the time of military attack in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, many demonstrations, promulgation of Independent State of Croatia, consolidation of Croatian fascist organization's terror, consolidation of Intellectual's and Communist's Resistance Movement, organizing of Party's forceful consolidation under the leadership of Josip Broz, to the final public acclamation and avocation of the people of Yugoslavia to stand up against the enemy. At that time Tito and Herta Hass as a couple live together in their own house around Zagreb, in May 1941 their son Mišo Aleksandar was born, concurrently when Tito was leaving from Zagreb to Belgrade because of armed outbreak that has been started.
Episode 4 OUTBREAK
In the fourth episode we meet Tito during wartime after the pronouncements of the outbreak in 1941 to the beginning of 1942. We are following egregious action releasing prisoners from Kerestinec prison, the case 'Kupinić', apropos Tito's independence from unconditional obediance to Comintern. The time of famine and extreme poverty accompanies, that follows recruitment of consideration and power inside the partisan's movement. In the occupied State cames into existence the first free territory – Republic of Užice, with lot's of mistakes and misses in organizing partisan's battle. Tito leads unsuccessful negotiations with Chetnik's leader Draža Mihajlović on collectively juxtaposition to the occupant. At the end of the January, 1942 Tito got the second great military battle – that was a storied 'Igmanski marš' (Igman's March), which concurrently brought a huge human victims.
Episode 5 AGONY AND HOPE
In the fifth episode witnesses of the Testament talk about the time of a big human agony and dramatic war fate in concentration camps of death, in Ustasha prisons, on the battlefield. It's talked about tremendous suffering of young women in prisons, about dying of dear friends, about implementing death penalty in Partizan's forces with the goal of developing and preserving the reputation of partizan's movement. The suffering of children is terrible, from a rough childhood of Tito's second son, a boy who's left alone, without parents; to the stories of mothers that saved, but also buried their own dead children; to the fate of Kozara's children. I'ts also talked about the organization of Partizan's movement in Slovenia, the famous battle at Kozara, the Republic of Bihać, AVNOJ's II. assembly. On his war path, Tito is followed by an attractive assistant Davorijanka, who left her boyfriend (Jovo Kapičić) for Tito. Kapičić was Tito's companion and a friend. Partizan's drama section was also formed, more details about the war path of a famous actor Bobi Marotti are revieled, and there are also details on the politician Hebrang, writer Vladimir Nazor, Goran Kovačić and many other people.
Episode 6 BATTLE
In the sixth episode it's talked about a dramatic war year – 1943, through personal dramas and suffering of the whitnesses of Tito's testament; about facing death and the attempt of suicide of Tito's wife Herta Hass in a women's prison, about her exchange with high rated officer that was lead by Tito's companion Vlado Velebit, according to Tito's order. Tito did everything to save his wife from the prison. It's talked about arresting the Novosel brother and sister, a communists from a rich family from Zagreb and their dramatic fate and death of Ozren Novosel in the most notorious Jasenovac prison; about the horrors of Jasenovac camp, Neretva battle, Sutjesca battle, about a great writer Vladimir Nazor and affectionate care of a great artist, musician Oskar Danone for Vladimir Nazor, about a magnificient concert of a Military orchestra in Otočac.
Episode 7 CREATION
In the seventh episode in their intimate stories the witnesses of Tito's testament talk about AVNOJ's II. Assembly in Jajce, as of the beginning of creation of the new State Yugoslavia. During the AVNOJ's II. Assembly and parallel bombing a great revolutionary Ivo Lola Ribar dies, Tito and Herta Hass are getting divorced , on the partizan's cultural scene a famous acting with ballerina Mira Sanjina takes place. We find out about passionate 'Shakespeare's' kind of love between Tito and Davorijanka Zdenka Paunović, about storied Drop over Drvar 1944 on Tito's birthday; about dramatic salvation of Tito and Headquarters from Drvar across Italy (Bari) to the island Vis. In August 1944, Tito meets for the first time Churchill in Napoli (Italy), when Tito and his delegation visits Vatican.
Episode 8 VICTORY AND REVENGE
In the eighth episode the witnesses talk about activities of 1944 to 1945. Tito stealthily travels to Moscow, where he and Stallin negotiate terminal war operations. The musician and contestant Oskar Danon compose a hymn ''Hej Slaveni'' for the competition auxiliary in water-polo and swimming, where also acts Tito's partizans. The battles for libaration of Belgrade, Trieste, Sarajevo, Ljubljana, Zagreb and whole Yugoslavia are following. After the capitulation of Germany, in whole Europe comes the time of revenge and liquidation of defeated, often without a court. Defeated German's, Ustasha's, Domobran's, Chetnic's forces and many civilian retrocedes because of the delivery to Britons, but they bring them back to partizans. Anarchic, dramatic situation on the way from Bleiburg to Vojvodina is following, when many of soldiers of defeated armies, war losers and many innocent civilians perish. Mišo Broz finally meets his parents, the mother Herta Hass and the father Tito.
Episode 9 CONQUEST
In the ninth episode the witnesses of Tito's testament talk about very difficult years after the war, about complicated political and economic situation, During the liberation of the country there are also political liliquidations and revenges. Because of the enormous drought and negative consequences of compulsory redemption agricultural products to inhabitants, the famine threatens. New State faces defeat of project countrified active cooperatives. From Istria Italians emigrate; over the mountains there are actions of catching bands defeated armies; proceeding of Chetnic leader Draža Mihajlović takes place as also other war criminals; catholic cardinal Stepinac; diplomatic relations with Vatican are suspended. The witnesses of the testament talk about the relation between Tito and Dimitrov and about Federation of Balkans; about relation between Tito and Hebrang, Hebrang's liquidation; about the Resolution of Informbiro; about Tito's NO to Stallin; about the new horrors and human sufferings on the island 'Goli otok', where members of Informbiro as innocent victims are suffered.
Episode 10 BLOOMING
In the tenth episode the witnesses of Tito's testament talk about the beginnings of strong and comprehensive development of Yugoslavia, that is obviously a distance from the soviet model of political, social and economic development. It's talked about implementation of self-management, dissolution of countrified active cooperatives, enforcement of agrarian reform, the beginning of the development of atomic programme, establishing Zagreb's Trade Fair, Lexicographic Institute; art gets bigger place in society. Tito carefully cares of his family, in 1952 he's getting married with Jovanka. In 1954 Milovan Đilas – Tito's closest associate and companion resigns from the political scene because his articles about necessarity of democratisation of the society. In 1955 Hruščov apologizes because of the Informbiro. Tito starts to travel all over the world, he meets Queen Elisabeth, Churchill; Non-Aligned Movement is constituted. In 1960 Tito visits USA – Kennedy. From that time economic and social liberalisation is getting stronger. In 1964 yugoslav borders are opening to the west.
Episode 11 777 SEVEN
In the eleventh episode the witnesses of the testament talk about particular events, that evidence the most successful period of yugoslav social and economic development; about the year 1965 when ex partisan communist writer and seafarer Joža Horvat visits Tito before his journey in sailing ship around the world; about the year 1966 and Brioni's plenum, where it comes to the dismiss between Tito and Ranković, who was also Tito's closest associate and companion; about the year 1967 and the Declaration of Croatian language. It's talked about the role of great croatian writer Miroslav Krleža in creating movement 'Croatian spring'; about the time of attempts political alternation of generations. In 1968 'Prague Spring' happens. Tito bespeaks to De Gaule his intention of opposition to the Russians. We find out about Tito's role in creating yugoslav cinematography. In 1970 Nixon visits Zagreb. Relations with Chatolic church are established; admission of Kaptol in Banski dvori and admission of Tito in Vatican by Pope. There are stronger and stronger demands for the reform of federation.
Episode 12 DISRUPTION
In the twelfth episode the witnesses of the testament talk about the beginning of the seventies, when there is a shift of liberall and national oriented cadres in Yugoslav Republics, in Croatia – Savka Dabčević, Mika Tripalo and other staff of 'Croatian Spring' movement; in Slovenia Kavčić, in Serbia Latinka Perović, Marko Nikezić and Mirko Tepavac, in Macedonia Krsto Crvenkovski and many others. At the same time the witnesses point to Tito's reputation at the world political scene. Plenty of very important state's visits become reality. In 1974 Germany organizes magnificient welcome to Tito. The witnesses, who are talking are dissidents, political prisoners, convicts. It's talked about art, self-management, weakening Party's authority, critic of one-party system, Confederal Constitution from 1974 that affirms sovereignty of the republics; about promulgation of Tito as perpetual president, as also about the details from Tito's personal and family life.
Episode 13 DEATH
In the twelfth episode the witnesses of the testament talk about the end of the seventies, when Tito has the role of establisher on international stage and the greatest authority of the 'Third World', these enjoys incontestable committes and honour. At the same time he looses the governance in the country, with the goal of army-police establishment, that easily insulates Tito from the real impact on political development in the country as also from the members of his family and his wife Jovanka, from whom he was separated. Old, powerless and ill Tito passed that very badly. The witnesses talk about the death of his associate and friend Edvard Kardelj, that reminded Tito on many associates and friends, who Tito himself during his longterm political and state activity in different ways moved away from his life and presence. The last Tito's contribution to the Non-Aligned Movement is the conference on Kuba. At the end of Tito's life, he was sad and insulated, he died isolated and alone . At the end of this series the most important witnesses of the testament take out their inclusive vision and experience of Tito, whose funeral was the most magnificent funeral of one of the statesman in the 20th century that history ever recorded.
Written by:Olujka Jasprica, Producer


Countdown to the Collingwood Elvis Festival
VIPs for 2012
Jerry at the age of 12 played touch football with a 19-year-old Elvis Presley just days after the singer’s first record had been played on the radio in Memphis. That began a 23-year friendship between Schilling and Presley, during which Schilling worked with Elvis, travelled with him, lived with him, and became one of his most trusted confidantes. Schilling went on to become a tour manager for Billy Joel, and a personal manager for the Beach Boys, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Wilson, and the Sweet Inspirations.
Sam traveled with Elvis on road tours from 1973 until 1976 as Elvis’ friend and companion. In July 1976, Sam went to work full time for Elvis, as his personal bodyguard and tour advance man, providing security at Graceland, and on all the road tours, including hotel and airport security. Sam was originally introduced to Elvis by his sister, and Elvis’ longtime girlfriend, Linda Thompson.
Cynthia says that the highlight of her career and one that changed her life forever was getting the part of “Midge Riley” co-starring with Elvis in the MGM movie “Kissin’ Cousins”. “He was wonderful and more.” Cynthia considers herself very lucky to have worked with and to have become a friend of Elvis Presley.
I grew up in Memphis with Elvis, but did not meet him until 1969. We went to movies and football games together and that December, on Christmas Eve I became Elvis’ official jeweler. He invited me on tours with him but I had to bring along my jewellery case. Among the signature pieces I created for Elvis were the TCB ring, the Aloha ring, the Maltese Cross and the Lion necklace.


Popular entertainer, social media crusader, activist, and son late High Court Judge, Charles Oputa, popularly known as Charly boy, on Wednesday described pastors and politicians, who own private jets as “bastards.”
The veteran entertainer and convener of ‘OurMumuDonDo’ made the remark while frowning at the sorry state of Nigeria Airways. In a post via his Twitter handle, he shared some photographs juxtaposing other countries national carriers with the dead Nigerian Airways.
See what he posted below:-
Nigeria Airways Ltd was founded in 1958 after the dissolution of West African Airways Corporation (WAAC). It held the name WAAC Nigeria until 1971, when it was rebranded to the name it had until it ceased operations in 2003.


n 1560 on the banks of river Tikhvinka a holy monastery was founded in honour of the Tikhvin icon of the Mother of God, the palladium of the Russian land and the guide of all the Orthodox Christians. Divine liturgies to celebrate the event were held at the principal churches of the state—Moscow’s Cathedral of the Dormition and Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod the Great. The service was attended by the royal family. In the spring and summer of the same year the monastery was put up. The buildings were wooden at first but sturdy and capacious, “in the likeness of great monasteries.”
The monastery would become the home of the greatest Orthodox sacrament, live through the times of both glory and disarray, be the frontier of defence from foreign intruders, while always remaining the beacon of pure spiritual light and a place of prayer that attracted pilgrims from all over Orthodox Russia.
he prehistory and history of the monastery as well as its future is associated inseparably with the miracle-working Tikhvin icon of Virgin Mary, Theotokos Hodegetria, which in Greek means “the guide” or “the Mother of God showing the way.” The Holy Tradition connects this image with an icon painted by St. Luke, the apostle and evangelist, during the earthly life of Virgin Mary. He sent the icon along with the text of his Gospel and the Book of Acts of the Apostles to Theophilus, the ruler of Antioch. Later, in V century the icon came to Constantinople where it was placed in the famous Blachernae Church that served as a sanctuary of Byzantium, the first Orthodox Empire.
But in 1383, seventy years prior to the fall of Constantinople “this Hodegetria icon was taken from that city by the divine intervention and transferred to Russia” as documented by the Russian chronicles. The icon of the Mother of God miraculously, “over the air” left Constantinople and appeared in radiant light to fishermen on Lake Ladoga near the ancient Russian capital, the City of Staraya Ladoga. Later The patriarch of Constantinople, having listened to several traders from Novgorod who gave evidence of the apparition, confirmed that the icon which appeared in Russia was that same image which left Byzantium “because of the pride, hatred toward brothers and deceitfulness” of the people of the empire.
The icon came to Russia soon after the victorious Kulikovo battle of the united Russian forces under the leadership of prince Dimitry Donskoy against the hordes of khan Mamai—the beginning of the end of Mongol yoke. The chronicle says that “in the year 6891 on the 26th day of June [July 9, 1383 in the modern Gregorian calendar] the Most Pure Hodegetria image appeared in the area of Great Novgorod called Tikhvin.” Priests and people gathered there, and during a devoted prayer the icon descended into their hands. Construction of a church got underway at the place immediately: that same day timber was cut, several levels of logs gave a start to the church walls, whereafter guards were appointed to the site. The congregation, praising Lord for the miracle, went away to their homes until tomorrow. However, at night the tired guards fell asleep. When they awoke they found neither the icon nor the started walls—not even the chips from the woodworking labours of the previous day.
Early next morning the people drew together. Everyone cried bitterly over the loss and then began looking for the icon. And—O, Holy Lord!—the icon was discovered on the opposite side of the river along with the unfinished church building and the prepared logs. And although the place was “swampy and uneven”, it was pointed to by the Mother of God. Therefore, the first church of the Dormition had to be erected nowhere else, which was done without further delay by the local congregation and with all the generosity of benefactors.
After the completion of the building, a church reader named Georgy, a man of known piety, was sent to notify the neighbourhood of the blessing service to be held at the newly erected church. In the vicinity of the church Virgin Mary with St. Nicholas the Wonderworker appeared to Georgy and commanded to put on the top of the temple a wooden cross—rather than a metal one—because it was a wooden cross on which Jesus was crucified. A chapel was built at the place of the conversation between Georgy and St. Nicholas, and later in XVI century a men's monastery was established. This occasion also gave grounds to paint what would become known as the Conversational icon of the Mother of God. The contemporaries, however, did not at first believe the story told by Georgy and resolved to install an iron cross onto the head of the church. But during the installation the labourer who performed the operation was taken from the building along with the iron cross by invisible force and placed safely on the ground. From then on all the crosses on the Cathedral of the Dormition have been made of wood.
The first church stood for seven years and was then destroyed by fire “from a candle at night,” while the miracle-working icon survived intact: it turned up in a juniper bush nearby. Three times the church was consumed in fires, and all the three times the icon survived miraculously and safely without damage. The fame of the icon’s miracles spread far beyond the local area and in 1507 by a decree of tsar Vasily III construction of a stone Cathedral of the Dormition was started. The new church was magnificent: five-domed and “wonderfully visible from everywhere to everyone.” It was in those days that the image began to be called the Tikhvin icon
he stone Cathedral of the Dormition, which decorates the monastery to this very day and is the main landmark of the city, deserves special mention. The church was modelled after the principal temple of the Russian state—Uspensky Sobor, Cathedral of the Dormition in Moscow’s Kremlin—which meant a lot in the spiritual tradition. The construction of the cathedral in Tikhvin, a grandiose edifice for such a far-off area close to the border, was a matter of national importance and prestige. The temple was a sign of the special attention the country leaders paid to the sacred object whose origin and acquirement linked Russia to the history of the Christian world.
Ioann IV Vasilyevich (Grozny, the Terrible), who venerated the Tikhvin icon with notable devoutness, visited the Cathedral in 1547 with Macary, then the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia. The young Great Prince would soon become the first Russian monarch to be anointed and crowned. The visit was part of the program of celebrations devised by Metropolitan Macary. The prayers of Ivan IV in front of the Tikhvin icon were to obtain the heavenly approval of the crowning. It was through the anointing and crowning of her tsars that Russia conclusively took over the status of the true Orthodox Empire from Byzantium. The new Christian nation emerged and rose high, and this new kingdom was founded on the firm belief and God’s commandments.
The tales of the miracle-working icon are told in the Story of the Apparition and Miracles of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, the most complete, “official” version of which was prepared in XVII century during the reign of Alexey Mikhailovich. The Story was written and compiled from the earlier sources by an icon painter at the Tikhvin monastery Rodion Sergeyev. The tsar assigned editorial responsibilities to Simeon Polotsky—the famous “labourer of the word,” spiritual writer, bishop and poet. This assignment indicated that the Story was a matter of state-level significance. The author, Sergeyev, was invited to the capital to finalize the document.
With such attention of both the state powers and common people to the monastery—“the home of the Mother of God”—it never experienced a lack of supporters. For instance, in 1584 tsar Fyodor Ioannovich donated a large 12,000 pound festive polyeleos bell. After the devastating fire of 1623 there was a call to donate icons for the burnt iconostasis of the Cathedral—people of all social standing, affluent citizens and common folk of Tikhvin and Novgorod alike extended their helping hand. In 1630 Mikhail Fyodorovich, the first of the Romanov dynasty, gave from his personal resources 3,000 sheets of “white iron” to cover the cupolas of the cathedral. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, the leader of the popular armed forces who liberated the country from the Polish-Lithuanian invasion, sent stonemasons to rebuild the belfry after a gunpowder store combustion there.
The casing, also called oklad or riza, for the icon made in 1718 of silver and gold with numerous precious stones was donated to the miracle-working image from 67 “best traders of the City of Tikhvin”: the eminent citizens asked the archimandrite of the monastery Ruvim to represent their case with Emperor Peter the Great. All extant descriptions of the monastery contain detailed, endless enumerations of the precious stones decorating the icon and its riza. The best of them were donations by Russian empresses.
oon after its foundation and especially during the Livonian campaign of Ioann IV the Tikhvin Monastery of the Dormition was involved not only in the mission of spiritual enlightenment but also served as a patrol and communication base. This involvement was due to its location close to the north-western border of the country.
By the end of XVI century the relations between Russia and Sweden became increasingly aggravated. On top of that, in the beginning of XVII century the entire country was thrown into the distress of what would later be termed Smuta—the time of internal disturbance, confusion and upheaval exacerbated by a series of foreign invasions. In those tragic days, one of the Orthodox bishops in the city of Pskov “died of grief,” having received the news of the surrender of Moscow and the siege of Holy Trinity and St. Sergius Lavra. Such were the years. The Tikhvin monastery was not the only place then that was besieged and went through other terrible hardships; nevertheless, it had more than its share of the wretchedness. The chronicler of the day saw the roots of the misfortunes in “self-reliance and sinful impurities.”
Thus in 1610 came the “Lithuanian devastation”: the cloister is robbed by the Lithuanian and Polish troops. From 1608 to 1613—battles with the Swedish forces led by Jacob Pontus de la Gardi who, for the alleged reason of providing aid to the interim Russian government of Vasily Shuisky, occupied the monastery and converted it into their barracks. Unable to suffer the shame, the people of Tikhvin attacked the Swedes and pushed them out of the cloister. The enemy came back reinforced and de la Gardi commanded that the monastery be demolished for the unheard-of defiance.
The end of summer 1613 was the time of heroic defence of the besieged monastery by a small Russian military squad and the armed residents of Tikhvin. In the most desperate hour, when the enemy was close to taking over, Heavenly Queen showed the strength of Her protection. On September 15, 1613 the monastery forces gained the final victory over the invaders: the decisive moment came when the besieged defenders came out on the cloister walls with the holy icon. The Tikhvin image of All-Holy Virgin Mary performed a miracle: according to the Swedish soldiers later taken captive, the entire Swedish squad saw countless numbers of Russian troops—a massive army—surrounding them from all sides. In awe they wavered and, driven by a nameless dread, fled in a state of complete disarray.
Thus devastated by the invaders, distressed by Smuta and betrayals, without a lawful monarch, without a regular army Russia—Holy Russia—was saved. And the rescue to our Fatherland came from no-one else but Heavenly Queen, the gracious force of Her image and the people’s belief in Her intercession for Russia.
The popular renown and veneration as a palladium of all Russia, the safeguard of Russian borders, came to the Tikhvin icon after the signing of the “eternal peace” treaty with Sweden in 1617 in the village of Stolbovo near Tikhvin. The papers were signed in the presence of a copy of the icon specially made for the peace negotiations; that image was named Warrantress of Peace. Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich did ask that the icon be brought over but “the priests could not get it loose from the pedestal”: the wonder-working image did not leave its home.
The intercession of the Mother of God and the miracles God showed through the holy Tikhvin icon never ceased on the Russian soil. In June 1812, archimandrite of the monastery Samuel blessed the Tikhvin territorial forces who, carrying a copy of the miracle-working icon, joined the Russian army during the Patriotic War with Napoleon. The copy accompanied the squad in many a victorious battle and later received the name “the Tikhvin Opolchennaya (“of the popular armed force”) icon of the Mother of God.”
In XIX century hieromonks of the Tikhvin monastery served to provide for the spiritual needs of the Russian Navy. In 1855 during a fight for the Sveaba fortress, hieromonk Cyrill kept on with a praying service on battleship Ezekiel even amid the most vehement bombardment, inspiring the sailors.
According to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar, a celebration service in honour of the Tikhvin icon of the Mother of God is held yearly on the day of its acquirement; the special order of the service was compiled back in 1658. The additional veneration day, local to the Tikhvin area, in honour of the Warrantress of Peace is established in the fifth week of the Great Lent.
The Tikhvin icon has had and continues to have such a reputation that its copies spread all over Russia in countless number. Few churches of the country do not have this Theotokos image.
fter the Bolshevik revolution
of 1917, in the lawlessness of mid-1920s, the Tikhvin Monastery was ravaged
and closed by the apostate God-
During the Great Patriotic War—World War II—the city of Tikhvin was a stage of fierce battles with the Fascist aggressors who sought to surround Leningrad with the second circle of blockade. Having occupied Tikhvin in November 1941, the Hitler army seized all the old icons from the monastery including the Tikhvin Mother of God. The icon was then transferred to Pskov, which too was under German control, and later in 1944 to Riga, Latvia, which became a Soviet territory shortly before WWII. The invaders wished to gain support of the Orthodox believers by “lending” the holy icon for the services in churches on the occupied land. But during their rushed withdrawal the Fascist troops did not manage to take the miracle-working image with them.
So it came to pass that the icon was taken possession of by vladyka Ioann, who would later become Archbishop John of Chicago & Minneapolis († 1982). From Riga, where vladyka John was then bishop, the icon was conveyed via Liepaja, then Danzig, Coblenz and Prague, whence it was taken into the American-occupied zone. Through the hardships of refugee camps and the risks both for his own life and the safety of the holy icon, His Eminence finally brought the image to the U.S. During all the years of his forced exile Archbishop John hoped for the return of the icon back home as soon as the country would be freed of the persecutors of the Christian faith; indeed, that was what he instructed in his will.
The next safekeeper of the icon, Archpriest Sergei Garklavs, had for 63 years been the most careful guardian of the revered sacrament. Adopted son of Archbishop John, father Sergei was a young man during the wartime and he carried the icon himself literally through the fire on his shoulders. Very Rev. Garklavs would be the man to accompany the icon to its home, the Tikhvin Monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God.
n April 21, 1995 residents of the city of Tikhvin wrote and signed a petition to Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Alexy II, requesting his blessing of the reopening of the Tikhvin Dormition Monastery—the monastery that gave birth to the city itself.
So in May 1995, with the blessing of ever remembered Metropolitan Ioann, the Tikhvin Men’s Monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God was registered. That same year the monastery received its first dwellers, who, along with a few pilgrims, started the much needed repair works. Before long, the first monastic vows were taken at the place. A year later, a service in honour of the Tikhvin icon was held at the Cathedral of the Dormition. The first Episcopal Celebration of the Divine Liturgy occurred in the monastery’s cathedral on July 9, 1997; the service was headed by His Eminence Vladimir, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and the Ladoga Region.
While the brotherhood of the monastery is still not large in number, great is their dedication to the holy place. “God permit,” said the Father Superior of the monastery hegumen Euphimy in 2002, “we will soon be able to express our gratitude in front of the holy miracle-working image of the Mother of God for Her gracious intercession and protection of our Fatherland.”
n spring 2003, the final agreement on the return of the Tikhvin icon to its home tenement was reached. In accord with the wish of Fr. Sergei Garklavs, the guardian of the icon, the first stopover on the return route from America would be Riga, Latvia; then Moscow, St. Petersburg and, finally, the Tikhvin Dormition Monastery. This itinerary was approved and affirmed by His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Alexy, under whose blessing and chairmanship a working committee in charge of the return had also been established.
For the brotherhood of the Tikhvin Dormition Monastery, for our parishioners and for many Russian Orthodox Christians 2004 was a special and long-awaited year, a blessed year. A lot was still to be done to receive the sacrament honourably, as well as to re-establish the life of the monastery. But we were already inspired and felt the favour and help of the Mother of God.
In 2003, on the eve of the celebration of Dormition held in August in all Russian churches, the original and thought to be lost icon casement doors returned to Tikhvin. Then another “small miracle” occurred: in March 2004, a service of intercessory prayer before the Tikhvin icon was held in St. Nicholas Cathedral in New York City. For the first time the clergy of Russian Orthodox Church Abroad performed a service in a temple belonging to the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate; this event gave an impetus to the process of unification of all Russian Orthodox faithful scattered and divided by the turmoils of the XX century.
* * *
In summer of the year 2004 of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Mother of God in
the image of the holy Tikhvin icon came back to Russia, to the home


A Brief History of Immigration Law
In 1819, Congress enacted the nation’s first significant immigration legislation and in 1864 immigration policy became under federal control rather than left up to each state. In 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act was established to prevent the entry of Chinese. By the late 1880s prostitutes, convicts, and those who were likely to become public charges (dependent on public assistance) were denied entry and provisions for expulsion were adopted. In 1891, the Bureau of Immigrations was established and administered all immigration policy.
The early 1900s brought millions of immigrants to the United States in search of new opportunities. Immigration laws were updated to quantify the number of immigrants permitted entry into the U.S. During this time political radicals, polygamists, psychopaths, illiterates, alcoholics, and those who could not speak English were denied entry. In the height of the World Wars, less than a half million foreigners migrated to the United States.
The 1950s saw a new, dramatic increase in immigration and in 1952, Congress set up the basic structure of our legal immigration policy. These laws established a set number of immigrants who would be granted legal status and the emphasis was placed on allowing a family to sponsor foreign family members, employers to sponsor skilled workers, and providing asylum for political refugees. In 1986, after decades of growing public concerns, immigration laws began to change with the implementation of making it illegal for employers to hire illegal aliens and gave amnesty to more than three million illegal aliens. Generally speaking, the 1990s was a period of a decline in efforts to control immigration. A number of fences and patrolled areas were controlling some immigration from the south, but the borders were not “closed.”
In 2001, as a result of the terrorist attacks of 9/11, immigration laws changed dramatically. Driver’s licensing and financial account requirements changed along with enforcement of employment verification processes. Because nearly 40 percent of illegal immigrants are estimated to have been in the U.S. legally, on a visa or green card that lapsed, laws regarding documentation and citizenship were bolstered. Both Border Patrol and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) had a dramatic rise in funding and employees to help enforce immigration laws at the border and with residents. Local immigration laws changed to include harsher punishments, including deportation, for immigrants involved in criminal activity.


The textile industry flourished in Nîmes from the eighteenth century. Number of houses from the nineteenth century were built with the fortunesmade by the families of textile manufacturers. Milliarède M., lawyer, son of a wealthy taffetassier was able to order the architect Louis Poinsotconstruction of his residence, built between 1900 and 1907 in a new district near the train station.
The location of the building at the corner of the plot can get a fairly large garden. The building block plan has several recesses, oriel window, porch,a square tower at the corner of two streets, which animate the facadesrichly decorated. Indeed, Poinsot use of a diverse ornamental vocabulary.
Stereotomy is varied: the bosses rustic foundation, bosses alternatingsmooth and rustic ground floor and partition walls for continuous smoothfloor. The tower, however, is treated stone smooth.
Frames bays are marked by strong projections to jambs and sills ceramicor balusters alternately. According to the descendants Milliarède, Poinsothas chosen Italianate aesthetics at the request of sponsor. The use ofstuds, roof terraces and the square tower can indeed be inspired bydifferent types of buildings of the Italian Renaissance. Borrowings inFrench classicism, also mark this architecture, especially the occultation of falling boxes of flowers and fruits and balustrades.
The set is a fine example of eclectic architecture in which the profusion offorms is enhanced by the combination of colors: the use of ceramics forcornices, sills, the presence of windows on oriel and the cage staircaseare characteristic of this aesthetic.
The interior, at least the hall entirely covered with stucco, marble andmosaic pavement, is certainly inspired by Italian interior. The ground floorhas fortunately retained substantially all of its decorations and the stairwell.The presence of intact sets reinforces the interest of this building, in afairly substantial body but which in many cases, the interiors have been greatly altered.
Louis Poinsot is probably not an innovator but part of a current thatdominates the architecture since the 1870s. He signed here a comfortablebourgeois family house treated with a composition of ambition and somearchitectural aesthetics.


James Lind: A Treatise of the Scurvy, 1753.
Of the Prevention of the Scurvy
A few quick excerpts …. ………….
“On the 20th May, 1747, I took twelve patients in the scurvy on board the Salisbury at sea. Their cases were as similar as I could have them. They all in general had putrid gums, the spots and lassitude, with weakness of their knees. “
“The consequence was that the most sudden and visible good effects were perceived from the use of the oranges and lemons; one of those who had taken them being at the end of six days fit for duty.”
“As I shall have occasion elsewhere to take notice of the effects of other medicines in this disease, I shall here only observe that the result of all my experiments was that oranges and lemons were the most effectual remedies for this distemper at sea. I am apt to think oranges preferable to lemons, though it was principally oranges which so speedily and surprisingly recovered Lord Anson’s people at the Island of Tinian, of which that noble, brave and experienced commander was so sensible that before he left the island one man was ordered on shore from each mess to lay in a stock of them for their future security. … Perhaps one history more may suffice to put this out of doubt.” ………………
The derogatory term “limey” was given to British Navy sailors because they were required to carry limes or lemons to prevent scurvy, starting in 1795.
From 1795-1865 there was not a single case of scurvy in the British Navy, however merchant ships continued to have many victims dying of scurvy.
It wasn’t until 1932 when the chemical structure of Vitamin C was discovered that “mainstream medicine” had a single chemical to explain the citrus/scurvy connection and began to acknowledge that Scurvy was a nutritional problem.
It sounds a bit silly looking back.
How could people ignore such evidence?
We call it common sense but we don’t always use it.
What health problems of today will have a similar ring in a 100 years or so?


The 750 ml decanter will be fitted with a special Four Roses bourbon, which was hand-selected during a tasting visit to the maker's bottling facility in Cox's Creek, KY by Secretariat owner Penny Chenery, The decanter honors the 40th anniversary of the Triple Crown win by Secretariat, one of the most popular thoroughbreds in racing history.
The ceramic decanters and bottles were created by the Secretariat team in the style of Seventies' era collectible decanters that became popular among whisky connoisseurs. The bourbon is poured through a detachable lid in the jockey's head.
In addition to the collectible decanters, Four Roses will produce 3500 commemorative Secretariat bottles containing Chenery's private bourbon selection. One side will list the horse's unmatched finishing times in the triple Crown races: Kentucky Derby, Belmont Stakes and Preakness Stakes. The bottle's neck sports a band of blue and white checks, the Meadow Stables' jockey silks.
Proceeds from the sale of the bottles and decanters will be dedicated toward preserving the history of the Kentucky Derby at the Derby Museum, and benefitting equine-related causes within the racing industry through the Secretariat Foundation.


Liberia - education
|Liberia was first founded by
slaves who had been freed by America, after the War of Independence, in
1847 and is the oldest republic in Africa. Because of the background of
those first founding inhabitants it is perhaps not surprising in the least
that the educational system was based on the American one so it is unique
on the African continent in that respect. Schools, both primary and
secondary, were set up to serve the needs of the children of the new
settlers during the 19th Century but funds were limited and little could
be spared for the education of the indigenous population in the country's
interior. A strong Christian faith amongst the newcomers meant that
churches were established with a firm foundation and these developed their
own schools too, eventually.
After the harsh treatment that the Liberians had experienced at the hands of the slave owners - a terrible title - it is hardly surprising that they were eager for their descendants to have a better start in life than they had had themselves and so educational standards were raised to ensure that those passing through the system were trained for white-collar work rather than manual labour so a new middle-class generation emerged, ready to work in the professions such as law, science, theology etc as well as more routine office careers.
Just before the First World War a cabinet minister was appointed to oversee a more centralised system of education but until the end of the Second World War around three quarters of Liberia's schools were still privately run or church controlled apart from a few colleges and secondary schools and the majority of the indigenous population was still waiting to receive the benefits of a sound education. However, economic growth after the war created greater disposable wealth enabled an extension of schooling to some of these people, but to this day there are still only a fraction of them who benefit fully from it.
Copyright 2008 liberiamediacenter.org


PAVLIDIS DARK CHOCOLATE MINI IN A PLASTIC BAG 360 GR
PAVLIDIS DARK CHOCOLATE MINI IN A PLASTIC BAG 400 GR
The black Pavlidis Health chocolate began to be manufactured in Athens in 1861 and was the first chocolate tablet in Greece. The recipe and packaging of this iconic chocolate remained the same from the day of her presentation until 2010, when the package was replaced by the new easily resealable packaging. Chocolates health mini in a bag.


Perhaps the most famous program ever broadcast in the history of radio.
Mercury Theater and Orson Welles became household words after the broadcast of H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds on October 30, 1938. Welles radical use of the radio medium to tell this story lead to national hysteria as people tuned into the middle of the program, which used fake news broadcasts, and believed that the Martian Invasion was really happening. People fled in panic from New Jersey. The authorities and CBS were jammed with hysterical phone calls. Deaths were reported. 6 million people had listened to the show: 1.7 million had believed it to be authentic news and 1.2 million had been genuinely frightened!


24 sep 2021 vanaf 14.00 uur, Maastricht
There was a time when Maastricht was brimming with industries like wool, leather and beer! Learn the fascinating stories of these industries and how they shaped the city.
Who : This tour will be lead by Lucy, and is for Maastricht enthusiasts of all ages.
When : Friday 24th September, 14hr. The tour will last approximately 2hrs.
Where : Our meeting point for this tour will be announced soon!


The 18th Amendment to the Constitution did not create a nation of teetotalers. Prohibition led many people to making their own alcohol beverages (and often selling them) in an unregulated environment. Sometimes it was funny, like when many breweries (struggling to survive on the sale of other products - not the funny part) sold cans of hopped malt extract or syrup as an additive to your home recipes - some including instructions to specifically NOT mix it with water, boil the concoction, and wait a few weeks before consuming. Sometimes Prohibition was dangerous as organized crime got a boost and unscrupulous illegal hooch dealers thinned their products with any number of substances.
On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act into law making beer up to 3.2% alcohol by weight (roughly 4.0% alcohol by volume) legal as of April 7, 1933. My grandfather owned and operated a neighborhood, 3.2-licensed bar for nearly a half century - starting in 1933. Most people will encourage you to hoist a beer to mark the occasion. As a nod to history I have a challenge for you; mark the occasion with a beer that would have met the parameters of the Cullen-Harrison Act. I am not suggesting you observe the day with a beer brand or style you don't enjoy, but save the strong, double, and imperialized stuff for another day. Retailers: if you'd like to mark this day with an event next year, I am a Certified Cicerone® for hire; feel free to contact me.


Jóia da Coroa, place of charm was once the former Alliança Goldsmith’s, considered the largest of the Iberian peninsula. The stories kept on the walls of the Jóia da Coroa date back to the 19th century, where Rua, now Rua das Flores, was called Rua Santa Catarina das Flores, here was the heart of the commerce of the city of Porto, where it was marketed Gold and pieces.
Classified as a National Monument, this building is part of a set of six, which go to Rua dos Caldeireiros. Here the officials entered the last floor where the furnaces and workshops of the Goldsmiths were.
This imposing building, full of historical details, received the Queen of England in the 50s, the Wife of Franco and Queen Amelia when she was hospitalized in Oporto.
Here was made the centerpiece that is exhibited in the Clude Football Museum of Porto, commissioned by its partners to Ourivesaria Alliança when it won against Arsenal.
The building was designed by the architect Francisco de Oliveira Ferreira, who also architect the Brazilian of Porto and Lisbon.
All windows, doors and mirrors are of the time and all are in crystal. The ceilings were all restored to gold leaf, all from the early twentieth century.
Welcome to the Jóia da Coroa, where the greatest luxury we can give you is “carry it” with us on a journey through time. Where the family and friends coexist here.
We want you to feel like a Princess, a Prince and enjoy this majestic space.


- On filling the heads of soldiers with propaganda to make them perform their killing the more easily, from Edward Rutherford in “The Rebels of Ireland” “How many?” “Three hundred thousand?” Pincher despised the Irish and hated the Catholics, but he was not a dishonest man. “That number” he ventured , “may be somewhat high, you know.”“No, I assure you,” said Barnaby (one of Cromwell’s men) “It is so. The whole army knows it.” And now Doctor Pincher understood. The army of Oliver Cromwell, having questioned the need to convert the Catholics, had been fortified by these reminders of the atrocities to avenge. And he sighed. Every army, he supposed, has to be told a story. -
During the struggle between the capitalists and the aristocracy, the proletariat was used by the latter to win the fight and then cast aside, pointing the way to a new direction for the workers – class consciousness and political action. Gustav Bang in “Crises in European History” writes,”The proletariat had been betrayed and they knew it. They began to perceive that only through independent action could they make any progress. For obviously any cooperation with the bourgeoisie ran counter to all common sense, since the interests of the two classes were diametrically opposite. The capitalists were given added political power without the slightest gain to the workers – the circumstances attending the latter would be no less oppressive and slave-bound. The capitalists, with the aid of the workers, had acquired new powerful political means that could be used with equal effectiveness against the workers below and the landed aristocracy above. The emancipation of the working class must be its own class-conscious work.” On which rests much of our case for achieving socialism.


Burnley Sub Aqua Club commemorated the WW1 Armistice Centenary by attaching a poppy to the bottom of the Diving Bell at Capernwray on Sunday 11th August 2018. Club members held a 2-minute silence as a mark of respect, at the Diving Bell.
Thank you to Naz Alam for sourcing the poppy, James Dennet for attaching the poppy to the Diving Bell, Simon Fryer for taking the picture and Martin Williams for posing! Nads was there too, just no photo’s with the poppy!
The quest to find a suitable poppy wasn’t as straight forward as it was in previous years. It seems that there has been a massive increase in local Town Councils using the larger event poppies (about 20″ across) to decorate their towns by attaching them to lamp posts. Try as we might, we could not get hold of the large event poppy. Even the Royal British Legion poppy sellers were completely sold out … so we had to make do with a car poppy (about 8″ across).
In the Community
On Wed 7th Nov, Naz was running around multiple towns to find suitable poppy and completely failed to find an event sized poppy, but a lot of good came out of searching. For those that don’t already know, Naz runs some local community groups (Colne Talk Facebook group, 18K+ members & the Visit Colne page) and often promotes the local community, events & local life. On his way to one of the popup Poppy shops recommended by the local community, he briefly stopped off at West Street School, Colne to take a picture of the Remembrance display on the school railings (cameras are always in tow) . As luck would have it, children from the school were just being taken to Colne Cemetery to place wreaths & crosses that they had made on all the local War Graves. So, the West Street School Remembers story was published. A little while later, the lovely ladies at the Earby Poppy Shop explained why there was no chance of buying an event sized poppy before the 11th & chatted to him for a couple of hours about WW1 – the Earby Poppy Shop story was the result! These stories brought extra spin-off work: Blacko Primary School, St. Bartholomew’s Church, St. Michael’s Church (Foulridge), Colne Cemetery, ‘Whalley Remembers’ event and, of course, the ‘Remembrance in Colne’ event … that accounts for Fri-Sun! Not all the stories have been published at the time of writing, but you will eventually be able to see them at http://www.colnetalk.co.uk/tag/remembrance/.
Unsurprisingly, Naz was intending to attend the Centenary Event in Colne (his local community work) – so he reluctantly declined the invites to our Remembrance Dive. This caused us a little problem in that he’s usually the one armed with a camera and Simon’s Go-Pro had just completely died. Luckily, Simon found his spare camera rig and somehow got it to work – the last we heard, it had been flooded and was also on the scrap heap!
The poppy was handed over to James on the evening of Sat 10th 2018, during a curry night at James’s new house. The Remembrance Dive was already planned for the next day, Sun 11th November 2018. Simon was also due to deliver Day #2 of AP Inspiration CCR re-breather training (MOD1) to Nads & Martin on the same day, so the two activities were merged.