Saint Therese is a Catholic community located in Collinsville, Oklahoma.
The first Catholic Mass in Collinsville, Oklahoma, was officiated by Reverend John Gerhard Heiring in 1908 in the local Opera House. In 1914, construction of St. Stanislaus began on the corner of 13th and Main. It was dedicated on Christmas Day in 1915. Due to the close of the smelters and the loss of catholic families in Collinsville, St. Stanislaus was also closed. In 1944 it was condemned and torn down. Then in 1945 a new church was built on the corner of 15th and Main. It was named the Chapel of the Little Flower and was also called St. Teresa Catholic Church, and, it was dedicated December 30, 1945. The U. S. Marine Corps Veterans of the Fifth Division were instrumental in the building of the chapel by donating $1000. The chaplain of that Division, Fr. James McGuldrick donated his personal chalice for the new church. As the catholic community grew, however, a larger church was needed. The new St. Thérèse of Lisieux Roman Catholic Church was built and dedicated on October 1, 2000, as a Parish Church and Diocesan Eucharistic Shrine. It has now been 11 years since its dedication and the parish is flourishing.
Who was St. Therese?
Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897) is known as Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics. She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus. She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis. Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.
Article from Church Building (2002)


Shaheed Hakim Mohammed Said (1920-1998) established Hamdard Dawakhana Pakistan in 1948. Within few years, the herbal medicines products of Hamdard became household names. The phenomenal business success of Hamdard brands is a legendary part of the business history of Pakistan. The name Hamdard however acquired a still wider meaning, when Shaheed Hakim Mohammed Said founded Hamdard University in 1991. The establishment of a university which could enliven the intellectual traditions of the educational institutions of the Golden Era of Muslim Civilization, had always been his most cherished dream. In fact, it was the central point towards which all his endeavors were directed. The founding of the University was the culmination of a long dedicated and continued effort which spanned over his whole life. Apart from being a great educational leader, Shaheed Hakim Mohammed Said was also one of the finest exponents of Eastern Medicine, who had treated millions of patients the world over by the time of his martyrdom (Shahadat) in October 1998. In the fifty years of his active career as a practitioner of Greco-Arab medicine par excellence, Shaheed Hakim Mohammed Said also achieved international fame as a scholar and researcher in medicine. In recognition of his meritorious services and scholarly achievements he was awarded Nishan-e-lmtiaz (Posthumous) by the Government of Pakistan, in 2002.


Annie G. Fox
Lieutenant, US Army
First woman to receive a Purple Heart
Annie was an officer in the US Army Nurse Corps. She was on duty as chief nurse at Hickman Field, Oahu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. For her “outstanding performance of duty and meritorious acts of extraordinary fidelity…” she was awarded the Purple Heart.
On October 6, 1944, 1st Lieutenant Fox was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. The Report of Decorations Board cited the same acts of heroism as those cited for the Purple Heart. The last paragraph of the report reads:
“The Bronze Star Medal is in lieu of the Purple Heart awarded. . . Since Lieutenant Fox was not wounded in action. Cancellation of the award of the Purple Heart is also recommended.” The recommendation of the board was approved.
Learn more at the following links:
- Voices of Education Article
- National Archives and Records Administration


From the college library to the hereditary collection (by Ines Cerovac)
THE LIBRARY OF JESUIT COLLEGE IN RIJEKA: FROM THE COLLEGE LIBRARY TO THE HEREDITARY COLLECTION OF UNIVERSITY LIBRARY RIJEKA
Saint Ignatius of Loyola established The Society of Jesus during the first half of the 16th century, within the aegis of Catholic reforms and Counter-Reformation. From the Pope's approval of Jesuit Order in 1540 to its abolition in 1773, The Society of Jesus remained the main exponent of Tridentine Catholicism regarding the implementation of the latter’s basic provisions in practice: the education of new clergy, the mission of evangelization and of catechising the common folk. Catholic leaders came to conclusion that one of the causes of Reformation was the lack of formed and educated clergy. Thus, education became the most important instrument of Catholic reform and a necessary precondition for implementing the other goals of The Council of Trent.
Beside the three common monastic wows of poverty, chastity and obedience, Saint Ignatius of Loyola added the fourth wow, that of obedience to the Pope, so the latter could deploy Jesuits on missions to any part of the world. Subsequently, Jesuits were entirely in the service of Church and executed evangelization according to both Old and New Testament. They also constructed churches, established residencies, mission stations, colleges and universities. Traditional monasteries outside the settlements were replaced by city dwellings which became the seats of Jesuits' residences and their pastoral work. Later on, these centres became the seats of developing the educational colleges.
Jesuits were not originally founded as an educational order, but soon enough became one. Starting with 1548 they begun establishing the educational institutions not only for the members of clergy, but also for laity from all the social classes. This education was free of charge, financed through donations of municipal governments and aided by imperial privileges. Laity education was directed towards shaping the social elite which was destined to play an important role in spiritual, cultural and social life.
By the early 17th century Rijeka experienced a growing need for public and organized education. As The Society of Jesus already established Gymnasiums in Zagreb (1607) and Trieste (1619), in 1623 The Municipal Government of Rijeka started negotiations on founding a college and a seminary in Rijeka. It was necessary to devise financial means and find an adequate space for both teaching and pastoral activities. To this end, the City offered to provide an annual sum amounting to 200 forints, along with donating the old school, edifice (domus scholae publicae), garden and the church of St Rok and Sokol Tower. Emperor Ferdinand II gave Jesuits the annual donation amounting to 400 forints, along with the half of imperial court’s tithe. He also exempted Jesuits from all the import, export and realty taxes and gave them a right to cut trees in Imperial forests. Countess Ursula Thonhausen donated Rijeka’s College her properties at Veprinac, Kastav and Mošćenice along with the substantial financial means for building the college, church and seminary.
November 22nd 1627, St. Cecilia Day, marked the festive opening of Gymnasium with 150 students enrolled. Until 1633 gymnasium had all six grades. Hence Emperor Ferdinand III, in his chart dating July 31st 1633, gave Jesuit Gymnasium in Rijeka rights which ranked it equal with the academies and universities in Graz, Vienna and elsewhere in Europe. Another 100 year had elapsed until the Faculty was opened. The Faculty of Philosophy become operational in 1726, with its 49 attendees (hearers). Two years later, The Faculty of Theology opened, with 29 attendees.
The Constitutions of The Society of Jesus prescribes the following in the 4th chapter: If possible, the colleges should include a library. The Rector will decide as to who should be given the library’s key. Besides, everyone will dispose by and of himself of all the books he necessitates.
The above said refers us to a fact that library was to be found simultaneously with the start of school. Also, library’s books were inventoried, while the front pages of books were inscribed by ex libris containing the title of college and a year of record within the catalogue/inventory. The oldest handwritten record in the collection of books of Jesuit College in Rijeka dates from 1627. The library continued to be enriched with new titles for educational and pastoral needs until the Order was suppressed in 1773, as testified by ex libris dating from 1773.
On July 21st 1773 Pope Clement XIV promulgated Dominus ac Redemptor, the papal brief on the suppression of The Society of Jesus, designed to become valid only following a decision of the respective country’s ruler. On September 30th 1773 Empress Maria Theresa issued a decree on the nationalization of movable and immovable properties in possession of The Society of Jesus. Already by September 23rd , Rijeka Jesuit College was visited by the commission whose president, upon reading Empress' decree, demanded the Rector to hand over the record containing the list of College’s properties to the commissioner Julio Benzoni. The properties were nationalized and education became secular. Money gained by selling the real estates was used to establish two foundations: fondo convitto and fondo studi. The first foundation financed the boarding school, while the other was designated for funding the Gymnasium.
At the time, the facility within the College building which housed the library was sealed. Four years have elapsed before the founding of new commission which catalogued books and produces Inuentario e Catallogo della Bibliotecha e delli Libri delle Congregazioni. This inventory, made by city councillor Luigi de Orlando and Rijekan solicitor Anselmo Nepomuceno Peri, contained 1644 titles in 2570 volumes.
The books were inventoried into eleven subject groups, just as they were found at the shelves of College Library. Libri delle Congregazioni inventoried books belonging to various congregations in Rijeka: Confraternita del Crocefisso, Confraternita della Vergine Maria Addolorata, Confraternita Maggiore de Studiosi sotto il Titolo di Maria Vergine Purificata, Confraternita Minore de Studenti sotto il Titolo della Visitazione.
After Jesuit Order had been suppressed, The Nautical Study – which operated within Jesuit College in Trieste and was lead by Rijekan Jesuit Francis Xavier Orlando – got relocated to Rijeka, together with its books and instruments. Once in Rijeka, Father Orlando opened the city’s first Two Year College of Nautical Studies where he taught mathematics, nautical science and double-entry bookkeeping. Bi-annual Corso nautico went on until 1784 when Father Orlando passed away, upon which this College, along with its instruments and a larger portion of books, returned to Trieste.
Rijekan patricians Giulio de Benzoni (1779) and Giuseppe Marotti (1780) donated the city a large number of extraordinary valuable books from their own private libraries, conditioning their donation by the public accessibility of donated books. By the end of 1782 the Jesuit, Nautical and Benzoni-Marotti Libraries merged, forming The Municipal-Gymnasium Library with publicly accessible collection i.e. ad usum publicum – as originally demanded by the donors. The library was located (with some occasional relocations due to wartime conditions) within the facilities in the building of former Jesuit Seminary.
By the middle of the 19th century the conflicts between Italians and Croats in the city intensified. Hence Gymnasium, which in the year 1848/1849 started teaching classes in Croatian language, was subject to a growing pressure exerted by Municipal Government to return a part of the Library belonging to City – actually the Jesuit part of collection and Benzoni-Marotti donations. Negotiations begun in 1875 and were finalized on November 26th 1881 when books of the Municipal-Gymnasium Library were officially handed over to The City of Rijeka.
Biblioteca civica, Rijeka Municipal Library, was opened to public on December 5th 1892.
The Library survived many relocations, the changes of states and two Great Wars. Some authors claim that on April 21st 1945 the members of German SS military units, during their retreat, spilled a barrel of gasoline and set a fire in a building located at 1 Dolac St, where the Library was relocated following the previous German military order issued in September 1944. On this occasion, west wing burned to the ground, while eastern wing's ground floor was preserved. Library materials and documents located at the ground floor and the subterranean level were preserved. After the war Biblioteca civica returned to Ciotta St – with entrance at 12 Edmondo De Amicis St – and was opened to the public on December 15th 1945.
On October 14th 1948, The Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of Croatia issued a decision to allocate the lending collection of Biblioteca civica to Rijeka Municipal Library. Older books, along with those of scientific character, became a part of the collection of newly founded Scientific Library Rijeka. The latter took over the hereditary section of Biblioteca civica collection, along with its catalogues and inventory books, leaving the books intact at their former topographical location.
Building at 1 Dolac St, where the Library fortunately survived the death threat, became its permanent home after the burnt building was repaired during the second half of 1956.
Within the new building, Biblioteca civica acquired its own storage, protected by the special rules regulating the rights to access the facility and the use of actual materials. Its historical catalogues, both alphabetical and subject-related, were physically accessible to users through the Information Department of University Library Rijeka until 1999, when they became digitalized and accessible at http://www.svkri.uniri.hr//katalog/default.htm.
Previously mentioned topographic location meant that collection was placed on the shelves according to books’ format, rather than following the subject group or specific collections. It is important to accentuate this fact in order to explain why one can find a book from the 16th century next to the book dating from the 19th century on the same shelf, in case these are of the same format and were inventoried approximately at the same time. Also, neither the historical catalogues of Biblioteca civica nor the inventory records contain a remark/note on a previous book's owner. (In case of donations after 1882, a donor's name was recorded in the inventory book.)
In order to find the books belonging to Jesuit College which, following the above described changes, are still part of The Hereditary Collection of University Library Rijeka, we had to review the entire collection, volume by volume. The books in University Library Rijeka's collection dating from the 16th century were catalogued during 1998. This included the creation of list with remarks regarding the previous owners and donors. Electronic cataloguing modules were created for all the donors and owners. The result of the first phase of researching the Jesuit Collection can be found at http://www.svkri.uniri.hr/images/povremene_izlozbe/isusovacki/izlozba2002.html.
In August 2016 we begun to systematically review the entire collection of Biblioteca civica, singling out the books containing handwritten ex libris of College, missions, congregations, College professors and the editions marked by the emblem of The Society of Jesus. The cataloguing is performed continuously. The inclusive catalogue presently contains a a description of the so called ideal specimen. Work on the local local catalogue comprises creating the descriptions of specifics pertaining to binding, the state of actual specimen and producing the cataloguing modules for previous owners.
Some twenty ears ago, on the occasion of the 370th anniversary of educational activity of The Society of Jesus in Rijeka, professor Irvin Lukežić published a significant work in “Vjesnik” of State Archive in Rijeka, where he tackled a content of the only integrally preserved document of Jesuit Library Collection. This document is in fact the already mentioned Inuentario e Catallogo della Bibliotecha e delli Libri delle Congregazioni. The article also contains the copy of inventory, along with numerous biographic notes.
Referring to professor Lukežić’s recommendation, which says “We should exactly ascertain how many books from the old Jesuit collection remained preserved today in the collection of the mentioned library (University Library Rijeka) and afterwards we should publish the integral list of books of the Jesuit College”, I hereby draw the conclusion that we know what has to be done and endeavour to do it in a best possible way.


Bon Accord Hotel is located on the Barrier Highway on the outskirts of the historic town of Burra in South Australia.
The hotel was built in 1874, and originally provided stabling for horse and trap. Large paddocks at the rear of the hotel were for horses to graze. In modern times horses have changed to cars and trucks, and use of the paddocks has changed with it.
Just spend $20 or more at the hotel.
Our large grounds give plenty of room for trucks, camper vans etc.
Showers and Toilets
We have comfortable outside showers and toilets as well as a coin operated laundry for your use.
Bon Accord Cottages
Bed and Breakfast accommodation. Two bedroom cottages are a short walk away from the hotel.
A number of powered sites are available for $25 per night.


The Anandam Rubber Co. Ltd. Incorporated in the year 1942 as a Public Ltd Company under The Travancore Companies Act 1114, having Registered office at Kottayam Taluk, Travancore. The Company incorporated as a plantation Company and acquired several Rubber and Tea plantations across South India namely, Anandam, Ennooramvayil, Ancheril, Elambramala and Pookkulam Estate. The main object clause of the Company also provides to carry on the business as an investment Company.
In the year 1944, the Company made public issue (IPO) of equity shares and got listed at Madras Stock Exchange Ltd., Chennai. From the beginning itself our Company maintains good compliance record at MSE.In 30th November 2015, the company also got listing approval from Nation Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE). The shares of the company start trading on NSE from 1st December 2015 onwards.
The Company gave excellent returns to its members both by way of good dividend and bonus shares.
The Company sold its last estate in the year 1989 and temporally existed from plantation business. From 1989 onwards the Company functions as an investment Company generating distributable profit as defined under section 205 of Companies Act 1956 and giving continuous dividend for last 15 years.
In the year 2010, the present promoters took over the Company after complying with all provision of SEBI Takeover Code and continue to function as an Investment Company.
The present board of the Company consists of persons having good experience in the fields of investment, Finance, Agriculture, Medicine.
The Seven decade old Company have not undergone any reorganization, reconstruction, Amalgamation or name change during its long journey.


MAJOR DARREN BALDWIN LEGACY FOUNDATION
In loving memory of a son, brother, friend, soldier, husband, and American hero
Then I heard the voice of the Lord saying “Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?” And I said, “Here am I, send me.”
Major Darren Ryan Baldwin was born in Chicago, IL and raised in Worthington, OH. He graduated from Worthington Kilbourne High School in 1993 and went on to graduate from The United States Military Academy in 1998.
His first assignment was as a Field Artillery Officer in Giessen, Germany, during which he was sent into combat in Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon. Following his deployment, Darren continued his military training in the Special Forces Officer Qualification School in Fort Bragg, NC. He was selected to serve in the U.S. Army Special Forces in 2003 as a Green Beret officer.
He completed three deployments in Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. He experienced traumatic brain injuries in 2005 while on his second deployment to Iraq. He returned to Iraq for his third deployment in January 2006. Following his last deployment to Iraq, Major Baldwin went on to serve as aide de camp to the U.S. Army Special Forces commanding general at Fort Bragg, NC. During his tour of service there, he traveled to many countries, meeting and working with many great personnel. After completing his tour, Darren served as a commander of a Special Mission Unit.
Major Baldwin was a Purple Heart medal recipient for his war-related injuries, and also received a Bronze Star medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters, a Meritorious Service Medal, two Army Commendation medals, one Army Achievement Medal, two National Defense Service medals, one Kosovo Campaign with Bronze Service Star, one Iraq Campaign Medal, one Global War On Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, one Global War On Terrorism Service Medal, one Army Service Ribbon, three Overseas Service Ribbons, and one Combat Infantryman Badge.
The traumatic brain injuries sustained in combat caused irreversible neurotrauma, which deteriorated his daily life, making it very difficult to walk, care for himself, and maintain work responsibilities. However, in lieu of his life-altering injuries, Major Baldwin remained a beacon of faith, hope, and strength to all who knew him. Major Baldwin passed away peacefully on December 23, 2021 with his loving and devoted wife, Bianca, at his side.
On September 14, 2023 with full military honors, Major Baldwin’s remains were laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery. Major Baldwin now rests in eternal peace with his military brothers and sisters in the most hallowed burial ground of our nation's fallen. His grave site can be found in Section 53 Site 2949.
THE MAJOR DARREN R. BALDWIN SCHOLARSHIP
To honor Major Baldwin’s legacy, Darren’s family members have established the Major Darren Baldwin Legacy Foundation, a 501(c)(3) charity to annually provide scholarships to two qualified seniors of Worthington Kilbourne High School. The Scholarship’s purpose is to inspire a generation of Worthington Kilbourne High School seniors to emulate Major Baldwin’s persona of striving to excel in studies, athletics, peer friendships, and leadership roles indicative of a young patriotic citizen of our great nation.


It Never Ends.. - LP Black
New album ”It Never Ends…” featuring death metal legend Dan Swanö – Edge Of Sanity, Bloodbath etc. – as a sessionvocalist. This happens 30 years after the release of their debut and only studio album this far. The Danish band played a pivotal role in the local death metal scene, being among the pioneers of the style in Denmark. Their “A Serenade Of Agony” album, also with Dan Swanö on vocals and members of pioneers Invocator, paved the way for a whole generation of Danish death metal bands to follow.


Condemned: An Historical Account of Cruelty and Powerlessness (Book Review)
With the commencement of colonization and imperialism by Western powers including England from the 15 century onwards, generations of colonized and indigenous people were subjected to indescribable cruelty and deprived of their basic human rights, a situation that persisted for centuries. But the colonies were not sites for exploitation of the colonized alone; rather, even Britain’s many unwanted persons—petty and hardened criminals, political dissidents, and even juveniles found themselves ‘transported’ across the seas to far corners of the earth, where years of hard labour and torture amidst horrific living conditions awaited most.
Condemned: The Transported Men, Women and Children Who Built Britain’s Empire by Graham Seal (Yale University Press, London, 2021; 296 pp) is an account of the men, women and children who were ‘transported’ in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries (also of ‘migrant’ children sent ostensibly for better opportunities in life even in the 20th century) to different parts of the British Empire--mostly to the colonies, from the Americas to Bermuda, the Straits to Africa, Australia and the Andamans. The transports were not merely convicts or criminals (including juveniles) but also indentured servants, dissidents, political prisoners, indigenous people who revolted, and victims of kidnapping. The author puts together a fairly detailed picture of the system, and more so of the lives of the transports. For this he has relied on letters and documents, mostly first-hand accounts of their experiences, and also official records. Seal’s well-researched account is of course, of the cruelties and ruthlessness of the system which many hundreds of thousands had to endure but more so of the people themselves—some who found no escape but also many daring and enterprising people who not only survived the system, but found their way around it, and even prospered.
Transportation was relied on initially by the British to reduce the pressure on the country’s prisons and also to rid themselves of unwanted elements. After suffering what was almost always an unendurable journey (hundreds shoved below deck, mostly in chains, little food and water, no place to even lie down—resulting in disease and/or death for many), the transports found themselves, depending on the place where they were sent, either ‘sold’ to masters under whom they would serve their terms as slaves or indentured servants or having to serve out their sentences through hard labour enforced by those in charge of the colony/settlement. Purposes and the nature of work varied; while in the American colonies, the transports were ‘sold’ as labour and servants, in Australia they were used to build the colony. A lucky few (at least of those sent to America) who had the means could buy their way out of having to serve, and lead a tolerable, even happy existence so long as they stayed away from England for the duration of their transportation. Among these was one of my favourite instances in the book--Henry Justice a well-to-do barrister, convicted for the theft of sixty rare volumes from the Cambridge University Library, who used his wealth to buy his freedom and ended his life surrounded by an extensive library!
For the others, the period of their service was hard, in many cases brutal—from being denied proper food and clothing to being subjected to floggings and other punishments for the most minor of offences, the worst instances being in some Australian penal colonies (particularly Norfolk Island and Van Diemen’s land). One can’t but shudder reading or thinking about it, and yet thousands underwent this and many survived to tell their tale. There were some who didn’t have as bad a time if their ‘masters’ or the governors in charge happened to be kinder hearted, but most had to.
There were escape attempts of course, and mutinies on board ships—some succeeded but most escapees and mutineers were recovered and either sent to the gallows or in most cases, re-transported to serve out the rest of their (and perhaps, extended) sentences. For some, conditions were so insufferable, that they either committed crimes so as to be hung or even killed one another only to escape their fate. But many survived the brutality for years like Thomas Brooks, who after several failed escape attempts and twenty-seven years as a slave during which he bore floggings and punishments untold, managed to live on to old age and spend his last few years in relative contentment. Deviant soldier Michael Keane bore many thousands of lashes over the years, frequently delivered (though he did serve in battles and was injured as well), but emerged unbroken in spirit. Some others simply served their time, and went on to build lives for themselves in the places they were sent to.
While the system and its effects were unspeakably cruel, there were many who thrived in it as well—and I am not speaking here only of the traders who profited by transportation or the ‘spirits’ who kidnapped victims (children and adults) for this same purpose, for there were many colourful characters in Seal’s accounts who made the best of their situation. There were conmen and women among the transports; among these was Mary Carleton who married men and disappeared with their wealth, using her silver tongue to gain at least one acquittal. Another such, Sarah Wilson convinced many a South Carolinian that she was Queen Charlotte (George III’s wife)’s sister; and even after she was found out, she managed to escape and lead a fairly respectable life. Another Sarah, Sarah Bird, in Australia was no con but an entrepreneur who set up the first legal pub in Australia (and whose daughter went on to be the first female press proprietor), and who despite a bad marriage ended her life in prosperity.
Some of the transports were the real-life inspirations behind many a literary character, like John Coad, an otherwise god-fearing man who had the misfortune to be part of the Monmouth revolution (to replace James II) and who eventually found his way back home (after serving with a kinder master); Coad inspired Rafael Sabatini’s Captain Blood, while Moll King, flamboyant and notorious was the real ‘Moll Flanders’; Dickens’ Artful Dodger too may have had a real-life parallel in Samuel Holmes (transported to Australia in 1836).
Some colonies like the Bermudas saw criminal activities continue to thrive while others had rumoured secret gangs/societies (complete with gruesome rituals). Many of the transports (political prisoners among them) even inspired ballads and poems, some surviving centuries after and thousands of miles away from the places they lived or served in.
This was a very readable account of one of the many cruel practices of the Empire. The injustices and brutalities that the transports had to suffer make one wonder again at not only the system but at the people who implemented it in practice, for this was not a period when the rights of man were unheard of. The Magna Carta had been agreed to centuries earlier; and modern human rights owe much to 17th and 18th century European thought. Yet the transports, among them not merely hardened criminals but also juveniles and those transported for petty offences or political opinions, were not seen as bearers of any rights; perhaps not even as human beings.
About the Author
Dr. Mallika Ramachandran is a freelance editor and legal researcher. She is visiting Faculty at Centre for Post Graduate Legal Studies, TERI School of Advanced Studies, Delhi.
The author received a review e-copy of the book from Yale University Press UK via NetGalley.


Grim-visaged war hath smooth'd his wrinkled front;.
To fright the souls of fearful adversaries,. But I, that am not shaped for sportive tricks,. Nor made to court an amorous looking-glass;. I, that am rudely stamp'd, and want love's majesty. I, that am curtail'd of this fair proportion,.
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up,. And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover,. This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up,. More Poems by William Shakespeare. They had eleven children. Five of the daughters and one of the sons married. The younger Anne of York was the countess of Surrey and lived from to She married Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk.
- Richard of York killed in battle | History Today.
- Horticulture (The Green World).
- Shepherds of the Sea: Destroyer Escorts in World War II?
- Edward IV (1442 - 1483).
The children of Anne of York, countess of Surrey, all predeceased her. Share Flipboard Email. Jone Johnson Lewis has a Master of Divinity, and is a humanist clergy member and certified transformational coach. She has been involved in the women's movement since the late s. Anne of York and Henry Holland had one child, a daughter:. Anne Holland about - between and But Anne Holland died without any children. Second husband: Thomas St. Leger about - Leger January 14, - April 21, Leger's heirs inherited, by an Act of Parliament in , the Exeter estates which had been seized on her mother's behalf from her mother's first husband.
That Act gave a part of the inheritance to Richard Grey, one of Elizabeth Woodville's sons by her first marriage. Leger was promised in marriage to Thomas Grey, a grandson of Elizabeth Woodville as well as the son of the widower of Anne St. Leger's half-sister, Anne Holland. Leger eventually married, instead, George Manners, twelfth baron de Ros. Among Anne St. In those times, when king Henry was unfit to rule, his cousin and one of the most powerful nobles Richard of York stepped in and temporarily governed in his place. The rivals of the House of York, namely the faction lead b For the full review and more, visit my blog The Son of York tells the story of the transition from king Henry VI, whose reign has been particular unsteady as he suffered from a mysterious illness leaving him bed-bound and unfit to rule in irregular intervals, to king Edward IV.
This wariness was further increased as Richard proved to be an able leader and seemingly was more capable than the King himself. In this uncertain and heated environment Richard of York and his allies particularly his cousin the Earl of Warwick feel unjustly treated for their loyal service. In the Son of York, Richard regularly finds himself in the position to take arms against the Lancasters and the Queen in order to defend his position at court and his family.
Especially his two eldest sons Edward and Edmund are eager to prove themselves worthy of their House. In the erupting conflict, Edward earns a great reputation as a military strategist and diplomat when dealing with other noblemen.
the three sons of york | Tumblr
After both his father and younger brother Edmund are killed by the Lancasters, Edward directs his rage against his enemies and reaches out to defend his right to the throne of England. I really enjoyed the good narration of the historical facts, however the scenes described are rather short especially in the beginning. So, I felt like being on fast-forward through the historical events instead of being gripped by a well-laid-out story.
In particular, the dialogs seem too stiff and repetitive.
Mostly these feature the events that have been described only too briefly in the story which made them rather unrealistic considering the turbulent environment, especially when the young children talk among themselves and with their mother. In conclusion, I really liked the different perspective on the Wars of the Roses, which is an exciting time of British history.
The narration was really good, even though too brief in places, which prevented me to be drawn into the story. While especially the development of the characters and their relationships, as well as the dialogs were rather weak, I still liked the book and believe it to be a good addition to the historical fiction genre covering this part of history. May 30, Melanie Murray rated it liked it. I enjoyed this book. It was nice to read a story centred on Richard, Duke of York. May 28, Alexandra rated it really liked it Shelves: netgalley.
If you're a fan of Philippa Gregory's writing, then Son of York is definitely for you. Licence's prose is swift and cinematic - she paints clear pictures of scenes and characters that could very well lend themselves to the screen. Her writing is very present and has a good sense of flow, and I appreciated how Licence often imparts historical information via dialogue - having us learn the latest court intrigues and alliances that will My thanks to the author and NetGalley for an ARC of this book.
Her writing is very present and has a good sense of flow, and I appreciated how Licence often imparts historical information via dialogue - having us learn the latest court intrigues and alliances that will shape the Yorkists' fate alongside the characters. In this very present and absorbing narration, we see how political winds shift at the slightest provocations, sending the Duke of York's family headlong into war against combatants supporting the ailing Henry VI and his powerful French queen, Margaret of Anjou.
Eventually, the two families' battle over dynastic claims shifts from debate in council chambers to combat in the field, and the Duke's eldest son Edward finds himself growing into manhood against this hostile backdrop. We witness him go from a boy shunning his lessons, to a teenager entering into an affair with a young married woman no doubt a precursor to his philandering ways later in life , to an exile in France, all the way to the head of his household back on English soil, leading armies to support his family's claim to the throne.
All the while, Licence's exploration of the relationship between Edward and his brother Edmund - younger by a year and growing up in Edward's shadow - really piqued my interest. Looming large in our cultural conscience are Edward's relationships with his other brothers - the ill-fated George, Duke of Clarence, and the infamous Richard III.
Like father, like son: Richard Plantagenet and Richard III
Yet, Licence pays careful attention to another fraternal story, shading the contrasts between Edmund and Edward. She illustrates nicely how two young men of differing temperaments approach a politically precarious situation, and how varyingly they respond to questions of inheritance, leadership, and eventually armed conflict. Indeed, the novel very well could have been called Sons of York. However, this is ultimately Edward's story, and as a study of a young man stepping into adulthood, and the royal role he was destined to play, Son of York is an enjoyable read that is tough to put down.
May 16, Susan Johnston rated it really liked it. Princess Fuzzypants here: Perhaps it is because I am a princess that I am fascinated by the last vestiges of the Plantagenets as the War of the Roses winds to an end. So much lately has been written about Richard III that disputes the popular misconceptions that were first told and retold by the victors, the Tudors.
Knowing on which side his bread was buttered, Shakespeare did much to reinforce the defamations of character. But it never would have come to Richard had not his father and his brothe Princess Fuzzypants here: Perhaps it is because I am a princess that I am fascinated by the last vestiges of the Plantagenets as the War of the Roses winds to an end.
Share your thoughts and debate the big issues
But it never would have come to Richard had not his father and his brother risked so much to make sure that their claims to the Throne were not usurped. This historical novel is based on the youth of Edward IV and his family. Like so many historically based stories, it is left to the reader to decide how much is true and how much is pure fiction.
No doubt however, much of what is written is based on fact. King Henry, when he was not completely out of. It, was a joke of a monarch. He was completely manipulated by his queen and her minions. Whoever happened to have his body at the time was declared his successor. It was only when the queen decided to destroy the House of York that arms were raised against Henry and Edward ascended the Throne.


Thanks to the persistence of David Marshall, an enthusiastic fan of Brett Whiteley and the film WHITELEY, an important art history resource is now available online for the first time. David wrote to the documentary’s producers to learn more about how we accessed an ‘artist to artist’ audio interview between Brett Whiteley and Australia’s leading surrealist artist, James Gleeson, which was used in the film. Gleeson spoke to almost a hundred artists about their personal creative practice; these recordings were acquired by the National Library of Australia for their James Gleeson oral history collection: James Gleeson interviews Australia's major artists. However, the recording we licensed was not available to the public; in fact, it was the only one of 98 that had never been approved for release and posting online by the library. David continued to look into the matter, and as a result of his tenacity, the material is now available for all to hear! It was recorded on Friday the 18th of May, 1979, and contains a wealth of Whiteley gold.


The Election of Jeffersonian America: A Second Revolution? Ten state delegations voted for Jefferson, 4 supported Burr, and 2 made no choice. Thomas Jefferson called his election "the Revolution of " based on decentralized government and trust in the people to make the right. The United States presidential election of was the fourth United States presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday, December 3, In what is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of ", Vice President campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern.
Some years after the event, Thomas Jefferson described the election of ( which made him president) as “a revolution in the principles of our government”. The Revolution of The Presidential Election that Tested the Although voters did not vote directly for president, for the first time the. The election of pitted Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson against Federalist John Adams. The acts made it more difficult for immigrants to become US citizens, and . The Market Revolution - communication and transportation.
Some observers have regarded Jefferson's election in as revolutionary. This may be true in a restrained sense of the word, since the change from. In the election of , the Federalist incumbent John Adams ran against the This patriotic engraving was created just before the contentious election of , during the late s when the U.S. expected tensions with its Revolutionary. It is called the “Revolution” of because it is the first peaceful transfer of and the election of was a failure of the Electoral College in that Jefferson Why did Thomas Jefferson win the presidential election?. The "revolution of was as real a revolution in the principles of our . into confusion by defeating an election altogether, and making a President by act of . In the election, Thomas Jefferson, left, and Aaron Burr each That revolution, which had begun in and did not run its course until.
But in the absence of fully developed parties, the election of quickly devolved into a affection for the early ideals of the French Revolution, seeing Jefferson and the growing The first book, A Self-Made Man, was published this year. In the election of , therefore, the Republicans defeated Adams in a bitter and “The revolution of ,” Jefferson would write years later, did for American. Revolution of The U.S. presidential election in which Vice President Thomas Because the framers of the Constitution did not foresee the rise of political. The controversial tied election of was decided in the House of Representatives change, which has been characterized as the "Revolution of " President John Adams did make trips to Virginia, Maryland, and.
Results of the presidential election of , won by Thomas Jefferson with 73 electoral election of , sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of ," Vice campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern. The presidential election of was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that to organize their militias to seize the government if Jefferson did not prevail. A recent collection of articles, The Revolution of Democracy, Race, and the. Still, the Campaign Liar of did very well for a beginner. would no longer be able to pay the pensions of the scarred veterans of the Revolution, who would . The election saw America's first contested presidential children with one of his slaves and, enamored with French revolutionary ideas.
The Election of - Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney, did not understand the Federalists' fears of civic disorder and revolution. Adams.


The Benton County Sheriff’s Office Police Athletic League is an official member of the National Association of Police
Athletic Leagues, a national network founded more than 70 years ago.
Incorporated in 2009, B.C.S.O. PAL was founded by Chris and
Kimberly Sparks, and was organized by members of the Benton County Sheriff’s Office and other concerned citizens as a
community crime prevention program and was the first Police Athletic League in Northwest Arkansas.
PAL programs and facilities are available to all youth, regardless of their race, religion or financial situation.


In the autumn of 1990, work for the developing of the new Bar Association Act was started. The main problem was whether to proceed from the Estonian Bar Association Act of 1938 or take modern acts adopted in the Western countries as a basis. The ones favouring the first version won. It was decided that differently from the act of 1938 the texts of the act and the statutes were to be assembled into separate acts. On 10 December 1991, the Supreme Council adopted an act of the Republic of Estonia about the Estonian Bar Association.
On 19 and 20 February 1992, a general assembly of the advocates took place, where the Estonian College of Advocates ended its activity and the Estonian Bar Association was declared its legal successor. With this the Estonian Bar Association liquidated on 1 March 1941 had been restored.
In October 1992, the Estonian Bar Association was accepted as a full member of the International Bar Association (IBA), who together with the so-called European Bar Association has acknowledged the Estonian Bar Association as an independent trade association of advocates.
The activity of the modern Estonian Bar Association started in 1992, when the Estonian College of Advocates operating during the Soviet Republic of Estonia ended its activity and the Estonian Bar Association restored the Estonian Bar Association liquidated in 1941. Such changes became possible in relation to the re-independence process of the Republic of Estonia and the act of the Republic of Estonia on the Estonian Bar Association adopted in 1991. Starting from 1992, Estonian Bar Association is a member of IBA and starting from 1999 an observer member of the association uniting the bar associations of the European Union (CCBE), in addition to this Estonian Bar Association participates in several international forums and has close contacts with the bar associations of several other countries.
The need to keep up with time and specify the norms regulating the advocate’s activity the preparation of the new Bar Association Act was started in 1997. Riigikogu adopted the Bar Association Act on 21 March 2001.
As important changes, giving of a status of a person in public law to the Bar Association, establishing of a professional liability insurance requirement of the advocate and inclusion of judges and representatives of the Ministry of Justice in the activity of the bodies of the Bar Association should be mentioned. The separate chapters of the act deal with issues related to the acknowledging of the professional qualification acquired in a foreign country and the right of activity of the advocate of a foreign country in Estonia.
Proceeding from the Bar Association Act on 24 May 2001, the general assembly adopted the internal rules of the Estonian Bar Association. The activity of the Bar Association is also regulated by legal acts adopted in several general assemblies: code of ethics, statutes of the symbols, procedure for payment of the membership fee of the Bar Association, procedure for remuneration of the work performed by the advocates in the interests of the Bar Association and procedure of remuneration of state legal aid.
Bar Association is an independent legal person and acts through its bodies, which include the general assembly of the Bar Association convened once per year and other bodies elected by it for the organization of the activity of the Bar Association: chairman, Board, audit committee, professional suitability assessment committee and court of honour. Bar Association is an open organization. Every person meeting the requirements established to the advocates can become a member of the Bar Association.
Members of the Bar Association or advocates are professional and independent representatives and legal assistants. For the performing of his/her duties more extensive rights for the gathering of information, documents and evidence have been granted to the advocate by law, also safeguards to preserve the confidentiality of the client-advocate relationship and immunity of the advocate have been established. The freedom and independence of the activity of the advocate is one of the most important safeguards of human rights. The duties of an advocate include protection and legal counselling of the client in an honest manner within the limits of all legal and ethical possibilities, thereby being free of direct or indirect influence and preserving the information acquired from the client and by helping the client, confidential information received from the client and in relation to assisting the clint. Advocates are expected to have thorough legal knowledge, but in addition to this the profession of an advocate establishes also high legal and moral obligations to the clients, courts and other state authorities, other advocates and the public.
At present the number of advocates in Estonia exceeds eight hundred. The members of the Bar Association – attorneys-at-law, senior assistants of attorney-at-law and assistants of attorney-at-law – have passed a thorough qualification exam and been declared suitable for the profession of an advocate by education, knowledge as well as personal characteristics.
Advocates operate in law offices and provide different legal services: assist at administration, prepare document drafts and legal opinions, represent and defend clients in courts and administrative agencies in criminal and misdemeanour cases as well as in civil and court disputes, participate as experts at the preparing of legal acts, represent at negotiations and provide other similar services. Attorneys-at-law can also operate as trustees in bankruptcy and arbitrators and conciliators.
Additional information on the Estonian Bar Association and the law offices operating in Estonia can be obtained from the Board of the Estonian Bar Association or directly from the law office of interest.
The birth of the Estonian Bar Association is associated with 14 June 1919, when the first general assembly of attornies at law was held and the council of Estonian advocates was elected on the premises of Tallinn court chamber. Yet, the history of advocates’ activity in Estonia reaches back to far distant times.
10th –14th CENTURY
At the viewing of the development of law Tallinn town law, Riga town law and Estonian and Livonian law (knight law) must be differentiated on Estonian territory.
Together with the arrival of Germans, legal acts regulating administration of justice started to function on Estonian territory. For example, in the 13th century spokesmen, who were the assistants of the court parties, knowing and explaining legal customs and norms and who assisted the court in finding out the truth, performed in the court. In Germany such spokesmen were already known in the 8th century.
In the 13th century, the services of a spokesman both in civil as well as criminal matters were provided for a fee. The institution of a spokesman also spread on Estonian territory, according to which in 1257 Lybeck town law, also requiring spokesmen, was established in Tallinn. In 1270, the town of Riga started to use Hamburg town law, which expanded to South Estonia and the town of Haapsalu. Here also spokesmen were required. The institution of a spokesman was far more extensively treated in Tallinn town law, which for a second time was borrowed from the town of Lybeck in 1282. Also the old Livonian knight law mentioned spokesmen
According to all laws spokesmen could be grown up free persons with flawless and honest manners, except for women and ministers of religion. A person declared dishonest, outlawed or a person under the oath of church could not be a spokesman.
The spokesman was not required to have any education, he had to know the customs of the court and assist the court and the parties. If someone requested a spokesman the court had to appoint one. The spokesman received a reward, the size of which differed by different towns and spokesmen were called the knights of law and peace.
The aforementioned institution functioned on Estonian territory during the second half of the 10th century, when for the most part common law served as a basis for administration of justice.
During time legal norms became more complicated and Roman and canon law were taken into use, due to which ordinary citizens were not able to understand all laws. But there were people who studied laws and represented co-citizens in court and outside of it for a fee. For the first time such persons were mentioned in the decision of Pärnumaa Maapäev of the second half of the 16th century, where they were referred to as procurators.
In the end of the 16th century, the procurator and advocate got a concrete definition both in Riga and Tallinn regulations and laws, also in Estonian knight law, which set norms for their activity. There was a request of honest jurisdiction and an obligation to keep the secrets of the client confidential, not to demand too high a fee, acquire legal education and experience for work, also help the poor and widows free of charge. Prior to starting the procedure they had to take an oath before the town council and they could not be witnesses and offer advice to the other party or protect the other party simultaneously in one and the same case.
Estonian knight law (1555) defined the terms of simple, special and general authorization and the spokesman was requested to avoid offending the court or useless prolongation at the hearing of a matter in court. The secret of the client was protected.
In 1696, the Royal County Court published a pact, which stated that for the deliberate or vexatious prolongation of the matter by the advocate the latter was to be punished with an imprisonment of 8 days.
Larger and more principal changes took place in the Bar Association in Tallinn and Riga town laws during the Swedish reign in the 17th century, where increased requirements to the morals of an advocate have been established.
Starting from the end of the 18th century, advocates were required to have higher legal education.
In 1687, Tallinn City Council adopted new regulations of the Bar Association together with two annexes, which in addition to the provisions on the morals of the advocate also included rules for collecting a fee and the text of the oath given to the city council.
Since 1666, advocates were exempted from all taxes and duties of the city. The regulations were effective until the middle of the 19th century.
During Swedish reign the Bar Association belonged to the court and was liable for its activity to the court. Advocates were almost independent of administrative power. They did not yet have their own organization, as sworn officials they belonged to court figures. Advocates were admitted to service in towns through city councils, which was the highest court instance at the time.
During the Great Northern War Estonian territory fell under the Russian empire. In capitulation the former court administration and jurisdiction remained in force. Hence, also the laws pertaining to the Bar Association remained effective, although Russian rulers absolutely disliked advocates. Peter the Great called advocates tattlers (jabetnik), sole sellers (duðe pradavets) and even thieves (vor). Also, Kathrene I was very unfriendly to advocates. Nikolai I was also of the opinion that as long as he ruled, Russia did not need any advocates. Hence, the Baltic countries were the only part of Russia, where advocates could act and develop on a legal basis.
The changes introduced to the Russian court administration in the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century also had an impact on the court administration and regulations of the Bar Association of the Baltic countries, sometimes even hindering the development of the Bar Association.
Starting from1840, in Livonia the right to admit a person as an advocate belonged to the highest court, in Estonia to the higher county court, in Tallinn and Riga to city council.
The opinion of the state council approved by the tsar on 5 July 1840 established a requirement for the advocate that the person had to have graduated from a legal faculty of some Russian university with the master’s or doctor’s degree and passed a practical exam.
In 1845, a new law on the administration of the Bar Association was adopted, which was mandatory to all the members of the Bar Association of the Baltic countries both in the countryside as well as towns. The court reform of 9 July 1889 declared the law of 1845 invalid and the norms established for attornies at law in the internal state of Russia in 1864 were applied to the Baltic countries. The right to the renaming of the persons working as advocates into attornies at law was granted to the minister of court. Yet, the fact that Russian, which the local advocates did not command, became the language of the court turned out to be a major problem to local advocates. Using an interpreter was not allowed; all laws and judicial practice were in Russian. This is also the reason why many old advocates gave up their profession.
In the end of the 19th century the number of advocates in Estonia and Livonia was very small. There were no Estonian minded advocates, as the power in the court had belonged to the Germans. Starting from 1866, the Council of Sworn Advocates was in Petersburg and was not German minded. The Russian Bar Association Act was one of the most progressive ones in the cultural world of that time. The Bar Association was considered to be an independent corporation, operating by the chamber of court. This gave several Estonian later jurists a push to study law in Tartu University and other universities.
Only persons having graduated from a legal faculty of the university and having for at least 5 years worked in such a profession by the court, where they could acquire practical knowledge of the court procedures or who had during this time worked as assistants to a attorney at law, could become attornies at law.
Attornies at law had their own bodies, the general assembly, council and audit committee. The functions of the council were similar to the fields of activity of the present-day board of the Bar Association.
The revolution of 1917 ended the activity of the Council of Sworn Advocates in Petersburg.
The Temporary Government of the Republic of Estonia with its decision of 18 November 1918 for the first time regulated the first Estonian court institutions of the statehood. At the same time also the work areas of the court were established, the names of judges, court investigators, prosecutors were determined. Advocates, on the other hand, operated in Estonia without legal surveillance, as the surveillance of Petersburg Council of Sworn Advocates no longer functioned in Estonia and the surveillance of the German courts of the occupational era disappeared together with the disappearing of the occupational government. Such an uncontrolled situation lasted until April 14, 1919, when the first regulation concerning the Bar Association requesting all attornies at law and their assistants and private advocates to register themselves by 1 May 1919 by local peace assemblies was published in “Riigi Teataja” no. 24.
Russian time attornies at law, their assistants and other person with higher legal education could register themselves as attornies at law on condition that they “understood state language to a necessary extent”. All registered advocates gave a signature on the basis of an oath that they solemnly promised to be faithful to the Republic of Estonia and their professional duties. The names of the registered advocates, who had the right to proceedings in Estonian courts, were published in “Riigi Teataja”.
In order to bring back to life the Council of Sworn Advocates in Estonia, the Temporary Government changed the law of Russian court institutions and the number of advocates necessary for the establishing of a council was decreased from 20 to 10, as there were no more attornies at law in Estonia.
On 14 June 1919, the first general assembly of attornies at law was held on the premises of Tallinn chamber of court, on which a notice was published in “Riigi Teataja” that on 14 June 1919 a general meeting of the attornies at law of the Republic of Estonia was held for the election of the Council of Sworn Advocates, pursuant to which the following composition of the council was elected:
chairman – Jaan Teemant
assistant to the chairman– Martin Hirsch
Hence, 14 June 1919 may be considered the birth date of the Estonian Bar Association.
The first meeting of attornies at law took place on 28 June 1919, where the requirements for becoming a attorney at law were developed. These were the following: the candidate had to present a document on the graduation from a higher judicial educational institution and passing of the exam(s) and three recommenders (incl. patron), whereas he/she had to have at least five-year experience of professional work and had to have participated in at least ten civil or criminal cases. Those whose five-year service was over by 14. June 1919, had to provide three reports. This way a basis was established for the future development of the Bar Association. On 24 September 1919, a new text of the oath was adopted: “I swear to remain faithful to the democratic republic of Estonia and its legal government and to my conscience in an honest manner fulfil all the obligations, the profession of an advocate requires from me being aware of the fact that the law punishes for the violation of professional duties” (RT 1919, art 73).
The religious element, which had earlier dominated in the oath, was left out of the oath.
By 1 January 1920, 43 attornies at law and 15 assistants had registered themselves. In 1929, there were 124 attornies at law and 280 assistants. Too rapid growth of the Bar Association became an important problem. This brought along unemployment and material difficulties and unjust competition and abnormalities related to this, endangering the reputation of the Bar Association. This created a situation, where pursuant to the decision of the general assembly in 1928 one attorney at law could only have two assistants to ensure actual surveillance of their work. During the first three years the assistant had to work in the office of a patron and deal only with the matters given by the patron. If the assistant had acquired five years of service, within three weeks he/she had to present to the council an application for his/her admitting as a attorney at law or extension of the length of service, if all requirements had not yet been met.
In 1933, there were 213 attornies at law and 280 assistants, due to which the growth of the Bar Association had to be hindered once again.
One of the biggest and most difficult jobs of the council was surveillance of the professional ethics of the advocates and discussion of disciplinary matters.
The new Bar Association Act became effective in 1938 and remained in force until the spring of 1941.
The regulation signed by J. Lauristin, the chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, on 29 October 1940 established the statutes of the People’s Commissariat of the Court of the Soviet Republic of Estonia, on the basis of which it was the duty of the People’s Commissariat of the Court to organize the Bar Association and manage its activity in accordance with the regulations of the Bar Association and prepare the staff of the Bar Association. A. Jõekäär, the people’s commissar of court, started active work for the restructuring of courts, notaries’ offices and the Bar Association according to the Soviet model, pursuant to which on the basis of regulation no. 319 of the Council of People’s Commissars dated 25 February 1941 starting from 1 March 1941 the Panel of Attorneys of the Soviet Republic of Estonia was established. The given regulation requested the application and translation into Estonian of the regulation of the Bar Association of the Soviet Union approved by the Council of People’s Commissars of the Soviet Union on 16 August 1939 and liquidation of the present Bar Association together with its bodies starting from 1 March 1941. At the same time it was established that persons belonging to the former Bar Association may before the publication of the present regulation perform as representatives in courts in the given matters within the period of one month from the publication of the present regulation, after which authorizations issued for court procedures became invalid.
The people’s commissar of the court formed the Agency of the Bar Association Organization, which had to form a Soviet Panel of attorneys subjected to the state audit office in accordance with the regulations of 1939. According to the given regulations a member of the attorneys’ panel could be a person without a legal higher education, but who had worked in the court, prosecutor’s office or some other legal body for at least one year.
As it appears higher education, which was requested already since 1840, was of no importance, if one had experience in practical work.
The People’s Commissariat of the Court of the Soviet Union and the People’s Commissariat of the Court of the union republic had a right to remove the attorneys accepted to the panel and this right was actively used by the people’s commissars of the Soviet Republic of Estonia.
On 1 March 1941, the first general assembly of the members of the Attorneys’ Panel convened by the Agency of the Bar Association Organization took place, in which 114 advocates participated (473 applications for becoming a member of the panel were presented, 145 of these were satisfied).
World War II starting in 1941 and the German occupation put an end to the activity of the newly established Attorneys’ Panel. After the returning of the Soviet troops to Estonia in the autumn of 1944 the People’s Commissariat of the Court registered the remaining advocates and issued temporary certificates to them. Starting from 1947 purification stared in the Attorneys’ Panel, in the course of which the staff was changed mainly due to political reasons. The main reason was working in the Bar Association of the Estonian Republic, being on the territory occupied by the Germans during the war, belonging to a students’ corporation.
If in the end of the war 98% of the attorneys in the panel had higher education, then as the result of the activity of Court Minister Ussenko in 1959. Only 81 persons out of 110 advocates remained and only 2/3 of them had higher education. The same ratio also applied for 1953 and 1954.
In 1944-1951, at the request of the Court Ministry of the Soviet Republic of Estonia a total of 71 advocates were dismissed from the Bar Association. Often the reason for dismissal was not stated in the documents.
At the session of the presidium of the Attorneys’ Panel taking place on 22 January 1990 it was decided to declare the dismissal of 71 advocates ungrounded.
In 1965, there were 128 attorneys in the panel (10 of them did not have higher education), but gradually the number of attorneys started to increase and by the beginning of 1979 the number of attorneys reached 155 and by the beginning of 1990 there were 183 attorneys with higher education. The numerous clauses principle prevailed and every year the general assembly decided the number of attorneys to be admitted in the following year.
There is no need to tackle all the difficulties and negative circumstances in the activity of the Bar Association during the post-war period, which many colleagues still remembers quite vividly.


A dry and windy Island yet bursting with colour, Bonaire is a gem of a destination. The Tourism Board and STINAPA (Stichting Nationale Parken Nederlandse Antillen) work hard to ensure a balance between nature and the many visitors to the Island.
It’s brightly painted buildings, the shimmering turquoise bay, the giant pyramids of salt standing between the strikingly pink waters, the vivid green and yellow lotikeets and the flocks of Coral pink flamingo’s all leave a lasting impression of colour.
Just 24 miles (39 km) long by 3-7 miles (5-11 km) wide, Bonaire lies 50 miles north of Venezuela and outside the hurricane belt. It’s easterly trade winds blow year round with the higher winds prevailing generally from mid-December through August.
The average yearly temperature is 82 F (28 C), sea temperature 80 F (27 C) and rainfall approximetaly 22 inches. The main languages are Papiamento, Dutch and Spanish.
The local currency is the US Dollar.
Bonaire was part of the Netherlands Antilles until the country’s dissolution on October 10, 2010, when the Island (including Klein Bonaire) became a special municipality within the Netherlands.
History and Culture
Believed to have arrived around 1300, Arawak Indians from Venezuela were the first inhabitants of the Island. Alonso di Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci arrived in 1499 and claimed Boanire for Spain. The Dutch took possession in 1636. African slaves were brought to the Island in the late 1600’s to work on the plantations and harvesting the salt. Between 1799 and 1816 the Island was occupied on and off by various countries and individuals. The Island returned to the Dutch in 1816.
Salt production slowed with the abolition of slavery in 1863. However, in the 1960’s a US Company designed new solar slat works revitalising the industry.
Today salt production is a major industry on the Island along with tourism.
Flamingo airport was built in 1943 and today Bonaire is on the itinerary for many of the large cruise liners that travel around the Caribbean Sea.


Virginia Woolf has long been one of my favourite authors. Mrs Dalloway and To The Lighthouse are two novels that I could read over and over again.
During my search to find somewhere to live in London, I passed by two famous squares associated with Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury group. This seemed like a good sign at the time, yet I still came away from London without anywhere to live.
A number of memorials commemorating famous Bloomsbury inhabitants are found here. Virginia Woolf and her husband lived and worked here between 1924 – 1939. There is a sculpture of Virginia in the SW corner of the square, which was made by Stephen Tomlin in 1931.
This square became the focus of the Bloomsbury group, which first developed around the Stephen family. The Strachey family were also at the heart of the group. Many members of the family lived at No. 41 Gordon Square from 1919 – 1956.


Milk glass began in Venice in the 1500s. Originally it was called Opal Glass. I've been enjoying looking at vintage Christmas ornaments made from milk glass, many from the 1940s and 1950s.
This vintage milk glass bulb is a Christmas light bulb, not an ornament.
This vintage milk glass Christmas bulb was made in the shape of a Christmas ornament.
I love these Santa and house figural milk glass ornaments!
This Doll Head bulb cover is a reproduction.
This clown bulb cover is also a reproduction.


I know that I haven’t been posting a whole lot lately, but you know how it is… aren’t we all busy bees? Anyhow, last week, I was in Berlin and satisfied my fashionista heart by going to the German Historical Museum (or simply: Deutsches Historisches Museum) to check out their temporary exhibition about the fashion of Europe throughout the last three centuries. It’s called “Fashioning Fashion” and what you get for your 8 Euros (or 4 if you are a student) is tons of beautiful dresses with information on the fabrics, the making, and the people who wore them.
Most dresses back in the 18th century consisted of many layers, skirts, tight corsets, and butt padding. Yes, back then, a puffy behind was very trendy. Especially the French fashion with its feminine ruffles impressed me and I was shocked that most of these dresses didn’t even look that different from what you can see on Haute Couture runways nowadays. With a little less padding and fewer layers, I am sure you could still wear some of them today.
Fashioning Fashion will be shown until 29 July, so if you’re in Berlin at the moment, go and check it out!


The purpose of this site (under reconstruction) is to reveal to the widest extent possible the remarkable life and influences of Marie Zimmermann, an acclaimed American jewelry and metalworks artist of the first half of the 20th Century and still at auction today. Marie was a strong, determined individual who inspires us to this day, as she will future generations.
While this site is under development (with a goal of June 2015), if there is any information or sourcing you don't see here, please feel free to contact Bill Kiger, President, Friends of Marie Zimmermann at (570) 296-6753.
Thank You for your support and understanding.
"THE JEWELRY AND METALWORK OF MARIE ZIMMERMANN"
The American Decorative Art 1900 Foundation and Yale University Press, 384 Pages, over 500 photographs. Available at AMAZON.COM.
The National Park Service


Russell was a painter, specialist in crayon portraits and enthusiastic astronomer. He concentrated his efforts on the moon for an accurate record of the lunar surface. More: Broadsheet No. 4, Exhibition moonscope, 2007. Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
‘Top Star, Boysens, Johannesburg, 2010.’ The outdoor drive-in screen of the Top Star Cinema still standing on a mine dump that is being reprocessed around it. A reported $10 million worth of latent gold was recovered from this dump over three years.


There is a little lighthouse located within Hat Head national park, just east of South West Rocks on the New South Wales north coast. It was designed and built towards the end of the 19th century. Designed by James Barnet and built by convicts incarcerated at the nearby Trial Bay gaol, in Arakoon. It was one of the last lighthouse built for architectural excellence. There's a little Bed and Breakfast that also runs tours. It's a great little piece of Australian history that's open and welcomes visitors from all around.
via 500px http://500px.com/photo/52050074


Learn about the companies from the Quarried stone Sector in India
Many of excavated stone such as granite, limestone, marble and sandstone are cut into numerous large slabs and then they are removed out of the quarry. These are found in various parts of the country - Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Quarries are also located at some places in Gujarat, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Also, they can be found in numerous other places in the country. The stone is obtained by the methods of digging, blasting and cutting.
The Indian stone industry has evolved into the production and manufacturing of blocks, flooring slabs, structural slabs, monuments, tomb stones, sculptures, cobbles, pebbles and landscape garden stones.
Dimension stones have left deep imprints on India’s architectural heritage. Several temples, forts and palaces of Ancient Indian Civilisation have been carved out of locally available stones. All major archaeological excavations have revealed exquisitely carved statuettes and carvings in stone.
The Indian green marble is found majorly in Kesariyaji near Udaipur, Rajasthan. This stone is famous all over the world, albeit with different names. It is exported to countries like Middle East, Europe, Africa, Australia and Asian countries.
Kompass is an online B2B portal offering a well-structured database and other business development services.


of First Baptist Church
First Baptist Church was organized in the summer of 1855, when Mark Perrin Lowrey, a fiery young associational missionary, and about a dozen other believers met under an oak tree at the northeast corner of Franklin and Childs Streets. Rev. Lowrey served as the first pastor, and on September 19, 1856, the newly-formed church of 19 members joined the old Chickasaw Baptist Association.
In 1857, Reverend A. H. Booth became pastor. He and a few other members purchased a lot located on the southeast corner of Franklin and Childs Streets for the first house of worship. Corinth would become, however, a major objective during the Civil War, and the one-room frame church was destroyed by Federal troops in 1862 during the occupation of Corinth. At that time the church had grown to 85 members, and they were without a meeting place for 12 years.
During 1874, a one-room white frame building with a bell tower and steeple was constructed on the lots which are on the southeast corner of Fillmore and Childs. The large bell that was hung in the bell tower is believed to have also hung in the first church.
In 1887, controversies over prohibition caused a church split, and the Second Baptist Church was formed by secession form the original church. A reconciliation of the two churches was achieved in October of 1889, and they began to meet together again as the Corinth Missionary Baptist Church, with Rev. W. L. Skinner serving as pastor.
A new larger brick church building was occupied in mid-1895, having been constructed on the same site as the previous building. Some of this brick structure is still visible at the site on Fillmore and Childs. The membership of the church had grown to 308 by the year 1900 when Dr. Austin Crouch became the fourth Pastor to serve at this location.
By the early 1940’s, however, it was apparent that this facility was quickly becoming overcrowded, and in 1944 property at Main and Fillmore was purchased to become the site for the new church. The congregation occupied the new sanctuary there on August 5, 1951.


Newcastle upon Tyne was the scene of the first organised dog show in June 1859, prior to which competitions of various sorts had been held in pubs and clubs up and down the country. The Birmingham show held in November 1859 was organised by Mr Richard Brailsford, gamekeeper. An organising committee of eminent gentlemen and sportsmen ensured the show, held in one of the galleries of the Horse and Carriage Repository, Birmingham was a successful event for the 80 or so dogs entered in the 14 classes.
Inspired by the popularity of this show the committee continued to make this an annual event and some of the gentlemen involved to became the founder members of the Kennel Club some 14 years later.
Modern day exhibitors expect very high standards at dog shows – large rings, good layout and facilities. In the early days sawdust was the norm for the floor, the dogs were paraded between the benches and held by stewards while being judged. Lady exhibitors complained if there was too much wet floorcovering because of their flowing skirts; the exhibits were often despatched by rail.


Joeph Yang 楊祖武 walked south out of Manchuria (northeastern China, outside of the Great Wall) at age 17. Left behind was his entire clan. His grandfather Yang Weizhen was a retired grain broker who was forced off of his estate to wander a begger when the Communists came. Joseph's and his grandfather's stories are told in the graphic novel FORGET SORROW, written and illustrated by his daughter Belle.
Joseph Yang was born in 1928. Within 3 years Manchuria was attacked and taken by the Japanese. After the latter's defeat in 1945, the Soviets came to pillage. The Soviets helped the Chinese Communists establish a base in Manchuria for their assault to take the rest of China. Joseph Yang managed to keep slightly ahead of the Communists on his trek through thousands of miles on foot, by refugee trains and boats. He was dragooned by the Nationalist Chinese to Taiwan in 1948. In Taiwan he met his wife Laning.
He managed to leave authoritarian Taiwan with his wife and daughter in 1964 for Tokyo where he had worked on his doctorate in international relations at Meiji University. In 1967, he came to America and eventually settled in Carmel. California, where he opened a painting and antique gallery. He has been represented by Hauk Fine Arts for 20 years.
Joseph Yang is a talented calligrapher, considered by the Chinese as the mother of all arts. He paints in ink and watercolor from memory the scenes of his childhood and youth.


FOLK MUSEUM COMPLEX, a project the late author long had in mind,
has been brought to fruition by The Martin Wickramasinghe Trust.
It consists of five main sections, viz;
1. The house in which Martin Wickramasinghe was born.
2. The Hall of Life.
3. The Samadhi, where his ashes have been interred
4. The Museum of Folk Culture.
5. The restored eco-environment.
The Birth Place
The house in which Martin Wickramasinghe was born
has been partly renovated, whilst preserving its original architecture.
A part of the the rear section of the house is thought to be nearly
200 years old.
Bedroom in the
of the author.
The Trust has recreated the rooms of the house, including the room
in which he was born, with original furniture and many of the late
author’s personal belongings strategically places so as to give
a visitor the impression that Wickramasinghe has left the house
for a stroll along the Koggala beach, and will soon be back.
The Hall of Life
The Hall of Life is like an extension of the house where Martin
Wickramasinghe was born. In it Martin Wickramasinghe’s life and
times are presented thorough photographs, paintings, sketches, souvenirs,
awards and memorabilia. Copies of published works and several pages
from hand written manuscripts are also found here. It is a place
where one can browse for hours reading the captions, his hand written
manuscripts, and thus try to build an image of the man and the author.
His ashes are interred in a grass covered mound to the right of
the house. It is surmounted by a wedge shaped rock from the Koggala
reef, where he spent many hours as a child, studying its marine
life. The Samadhi is symbolic of his rooted-ness in the rural culture
that nurtured his intellect and intuition.
The Museum of Folk Culture
The Martin Wickramasinghe Museum of Folk Culture, is a large, spacious
high-roofed building situated close to the entrance of the complex.
The museum currently holds over a thousand artifacts of Sri Lankan
rural life, providing a vast and unique storehouse of knowledge
of local folk culture and folk technology going back several centuries.
The museum, attracts many local and foreign visitors. The elegantly
displayed artifacts are a unique store-house of knowledge of our
local folk culture and folk technology going back hundreds of years.
The Museum includes many sections representative of folk technology
and way of life, amongst which Buddhist religious artifacts, folk
religious practices, the evolution of the Sinhala alphabet, writing
utensils, village agricultural, fishing, pottery, and metallurgical
technologies, folk dance and puppetry, including a unique collection
of masks, musical instruments and drums, folk games, artifacts associated
with traditional social interaction traditional lace making, costumes,
jewellery, and many other exhibits of interest.
The Restored Eco - Environment
Little remains today of the picturesque Koggala described vividly
in Martin Wickramasinghe’s writings. Yet the seven acres of land
round the birth place of the author, restored and transformed into
an enchanting rural landscape, is a haven for quiet contemplation.
There is an Ambalama surrounded by grass-covered knolls shaded by
trees. Here a tired visitor may relax and picnic in these restful
surroundings, seated on the comfortable benches proveded.
The Folk Museum is open everyday from 9.00
a.m to 5.00 p.m.
The Folk Museum Complex is managed by ”The Martin Wickramasinghe


Murphy, North Carolina, is the county seat of Cherokee County located in the heart of the Appalachian Mountains. Murphy is an old town with its origin dating back to 1839. Downtown is beautiful with tree lined streets and many historic buildings restored to their original state. Murphy has restaurants, many unique shops, and other interesting establishments all within walking distance in the Biggest Casino / Gaming Facility in North Carolina. Out of all casinos in North Carolina you'll find Harrahs Cherokee Casino to be the biggest. It has 3280 gaming machines and 100 table games. You can reach South Point Casino by phone at (828) 497-7777 or by clicking this link: Harrahs Cherokee Casino to see its information page. Casinos in Murphy, NC Cherokee County's seat, Murphy, is named after Archibald D. Murphey, who was a well-respected member of North Carolina's legislature. Image courtesy of the North Carolina Office of Archives and History, Raleigh, NC. The Cherokee County Courthouse was destroyed by Union soldiers during the Civil War (1861-1865) and later reconstructed. Image courtesy of the Cherokee County Historical Museum Pictures Of Casino In Murphy Nc Spins on Starburst upon signup. Claim 100% first deposit bonus up to £100 at Royal Panda!18+, first deposit only, T&Cs apply. Casino bonus: min. £10, max. £100. Bonus/free spins winnings wagering Pictures Of Casino In Murphy Nc requirement: x35. Max. bonus bet: £5, can vary. Start Playing on Grand Rush Casino read review. 447. Free Spins. Play now Now $83 (Was $̶1̶1̶9̶) on Tripadvisor: Harrah's Cherokee Hotel, Cherokee. See 32,144 traveler reviews, 1,350 candid photos, and great deals for Harrah's Cherokee Hotel, ranked #1 of 27 hotels in Cherokee and rated 4.5 of 5 at Tripadvisor. Harrah’s Cherokee Valley River Casino & Hotel is the perfect place to get away and play, located in Murphy, NC – a short, easy drive from Atlanta and Chattanooga. It offers 60,000 square feet of the hottest slots and traditional table games like blackjack, roulette, baccarat & craps. The largest casino in Murphy, North Carolina according to gaming machines and table games put together, (828) 422-7777 . The Harrah’s Cherokee Valley River Casino is located at 777 Casino Pkwy, Murphy, NC 28906, USA. Visit the Harrah’s Cherokee Valley River Casino information page for more details on this casino. Review City . Please login or register to submit your comment. Guest Valley River RV Resort, Murphy NC. Our RV sites w/full hookups, 30/50 amp service, WiFi, luxury clubhouse, pool, pet wash, game room, fishing lake, and more. (828) 385-4220 (828) 385-4220 Reserve Now. Rates; Amenities; Activities. Local Attractions; About. Resort Map * Resort Guidelines; News / Blog; Gallery ; Contact (828) 385-4220; A Luxury RV Resort Nestled in the Heart of the Blue Ridge Welcome to Harrah's Cherokee Valley River Casino & Hotel! Visit our newly opened casino located just outside the town of Murphy, NC which is approximately two hours away from Knoxville, Chattanooga and downtown Atlanta.
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Armenia (map )– the land of rich 3500 year-old history, the mixture of ancient and modern, and the land of exciting
Armenia, Biblical country that was the first to adopt Christianity in 301 AD and according to the Bible, local
mythical Mountain Ararat is the resting place of Noah’s Ark, the pieces of which can be seen in the holy
city called Echmiatsin. One of the world’s ancient countries which is the house of the pre-Christian
Garni pagan temple built in 76 AD and many Christian churches stretching through the whole country for
cultural and historical tourism lovers.
One of the most famous countries housing some of UNESCO World Heritage sites exiting travelers tours to
Armenia and having Diaspora stretching through the whole globe.
Armenia has the longest 8 km-long ropeway called the Wings of Tatev stretching through the high mountains,
rich forests, and over the historical monastery called Tatev built in 9-th century.
Unique country proud of their cuisine, wine and cognac, traditional unique flatbread called lavash, rich fruits especially
world-known apricot, 5th century alphabet and of course with its map of Armenia looking like the “head of a woman”.
Armenia has special resorts for biking, hiking and trekking, paragliding, mountaineering, ski sports, snowboarding, rock
climbing, and many other sport types worth for adventurers planning tours to Armenia.
And at last, city of modernity, Yerevan, the capital city of Armenia, is the crossroad of the old and new attracts youth
and elders by its history, buildings, fountain games, summer nights, and hospitable people.
Armenia has famousness in the whole world by the inventors, singers, composers, artists, actors and painters that you
don’t even know that they are Armenians , follow us to the list below to recognize some of them.
Raymond Damadian - Inventor of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine
Luther Simjian – Inventor of ultrasound and author to more than 200 other inventions
Victor Hambardzumyan – Scientist, one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics
Cher (Cherliyn Sarkisian) – singer, actress, entertainer
Krzysztof Penderecki – Composer and conductor
Arthur Bulbulian – Inventor of oxygen mask
System Of A Down – Rock band
Jivan Gasparyan – Duduk player, composer
Charles Aznavour – Singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat
Levon Aronyan – Chess grandmaster
Arthur Abraham – Proffessional boxer
Alexis Ohanian – Interpleneur co-founder of Reddit
Oscar H. Banker (Asatour Saratian) – Inventor of automatic transmission
Emik Avakian – Inventor of motorized wheelchair
Hovhannes Adamian – Pioneer of color TV
Atom Egoyan – Stage and film director
Sergei Parajanov – Film director and artist
Christopher Ter Serobyan – Inventor of the dollar paint
Kirk Kerkorian – Real estate and movie studio mogul philanthropist


More than 18 years after the Netherlands became the world’s first country to legalize same-sex marriage, Northern Ireland has become the latest European jurisdiction to allow gays and lesbians to marry, Pew Research Center reports on their website.
Although Northern Ireland is a constituent of the United Kingdom, with its own parliament at Stormont, the change in its marriage laws ultimately came about due to action by the UK Parliament in London.
British lawmakers justified the change (which was accompanied by the legalization of abortion) because the Northern Irish parliament was suspended in January 2017 amid a stalemate between Northern Ireland’s parties.
Northern Ireland is the 18th European jurisdiction to legalize gay marriage. This number counts England and Wales together and Scotland and Northern Ireland as separate entities, since same-sex marriage became legal in the UK due to the enactment of three different pieces of legislation: first in England and Wales in 2013, then in Scotland the following year, and now in Northern Ireland.
Same-sex marriage is now legal across the vast majority of Western Europe. One prominent exception is Italy, which has historical ties to the Roman Catholic Church. In spite of these ties, Italy began recognizing same-sex civil unions in 2016. Switzerland also offers same-sex couples the option of civil unions, but not full marriage.


Beit Quadrangle occupies a prominent site to the west of the steps leading up to the Royal Albert Hall. Built in the period 1912 to 1931 it was previously used as lecture rooms and laboratories for the biologys and bio-chemical faculties of Imperial College. The project involved refurbishment and extensions to the south, east and west wings to form new en-suite residential facilities. Two additional stories were added to the east wing and a single storey to the west wing, with lightweight steel frames and concrete floors. New lift and stair towers were also added at two corners of the courtyard.


Located along the historic Oblate Trail, San Juan has been an important part of Rio Grande Valley history for over 100 years. Antique maps of the region refer to nearby locations along the Rio Grande River as San Juan del Rio Banco, San Juan del Rio Ranch, San Juan Hacienda and San Juan Plantation. Although folklore touts San Juan plantation owner John Closner as the inspiration behind naming our city “San Juan”, there were other entities within the region that hold the name San Juan within its title. Perhaps due to the deep religious meaning behind the worship of Saint John the Baptist, early local settlers chose to honor this saint by naming several locations after him. The Rio San Juan, for example, is a major tributary river south of the border that empties into the Rio Grande River approximately 45 miles upstream. The naming of several royal Spanish land grants included the name “San Juan” in their titles, such as San Juan de Carricitos.
Early Spanish Colonial settlers used to celebrate St John’s day on June 24th each year which coincides with the Summer solstice and has been a very important part of Christian religious celebrations for centuries. The town of San Juan began appearing on local maps around 1904 with the development of the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railroad that ran between Harlingen to Sam Fordyce (just beyond Mission). The town of San Juan was established in March of 1910 and was incorporated in December of 1917. As early as the 1850s, Oblate Fathers, such as Don Pedro Keralum were riding on horseback along their trails between Brownsville, Laredo and Corpus Christi, the priests made it a point to stop at all ranches along their routes. In 1908 a church was built on the grounds of the San Juan Plantation. The Oblate Fathers dedicated it to Saint John the Baptist. Our Lady of San Juan del Valle National Shrine was named for a town in Mexico called San Juan de los Lagos where the Virgin Mary appeared to an injured acrobat’s family in the 1600s and where the statue of the Virgin was procured for San Juan’s church back in the 1940s.
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In 1948, my grandparents bought the whole farm in front of the Royal Palace of Venaria, which at that time was in a complete state of abandonment.
I spent my childhood in this charmingold town, designed by Amedeo di Castellamonte, at that time at the Savoy court.
– More info: the history of the Venaria Royal Palace, from the official website of La Venaria –
In the old days our farmhouse was used to store ice. Hence the name chosen for the B&B, which can be read in two ways: “Yeah Evening” or “Giasera”, meaning “ice-storage” in local dialect.
In 2014, with my family, we decided to convert part of the property into a Bed & Breakfast in order to share a piece of history with others and revive the place.


It would actually be easier to write about our trip to the Agricultural Festival at the Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum in Afrikaans because few words are as satisfying as the word “plaasfees”. The Museum is about 40 kilometers out of Pretoria on the Cullinan road and showcases the history of the development of agriculture in South Africa from the Stone Age until 1945. It was a step back in time and an experience of farming as it used to be.
The first thing Gerhard did was to buy a bowl of “pap en kaiings”. I declined but I must say it was delicious and much less fatty than I thought it would be.
The museum consists of a farmyard, a house museum, a blacksmith shop and wagon shed. It is said that the house was already built when Willem Petrus Prinsloo, nicknames Willem Wragtag, bought the farm in 1889. The house brings lots of nostalgia with its riempiesbank and doilies and old, old photographs and of course, the coal stove in the kitchen.
The exhibitions included an old machine making hay bales. All you need is someone endlessly feeding the machine with hay. The machine compresses the hay into nice blocks and even runs a wire around it to keep it all together.
The machine runs on several linen bands linking all the moving parts. And of course, while we were watching, one of them broke. Thanks heavens for modern pistons.
There were several very old tractors. And most with billowing smoke as they ran.
There was plenty to do for kids with pony, camel and tractor rides and even rides on an old ossewa pulled by oxen.
Before we left we had a few obligatory cinnamon-sugar pancakes baked by a boeretannie in an apron. At the restaurant called Tant Miertjie se Kombuis they serve traditional meals like boontjiebredie and Tant Kotie se Winkel sure is the best place to buy a bottle of Mampoer or witblits.
But the thing I found most interesting was a version of a very old fridge. It is made of steel with birdwire around it. In the space between the wire and the cabin the farmers put coals. They then kept the coals wet and put the cabin in a draughty place outside. The top of the “fridge” also has space for water. Apparently, it worked like a charm. The boervrou could keep meat in there for quite a long time and even the butter was kept hard. No electricity required.


Arms of Tracy of Barnstable, Devonshire
and Stanway, Gloucestershire, England
The shield or escutcheon: Or, an escallop in the dexter between two bandlets gules.
Or: The color gold or yellow
No family in England can claim armorial bearings more ancient than those of the Tracys. The Tracy Arms were inherited by the brothers, Ralph, Lord of Sudeley and Sir William de Tracy from
their Norman ancestors about the middle of the 12th century.
The Crest is that of the Tracy family and, as the chapeau indicates, is ancient in its origin. The motto “Memoria Pii Aeterna” translates “The memory of the pious is eternal“, and is displayed below the Arms, but its origin cannot be traced.
The Tracy Crest is ancient and its form indicates that its users won their right to them by personal services in some crusade. There are but few of similar kind and origin in England.