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Discovery of Australia
Portuguese Naval records, Australia was discovered by
Cristovão de Mendonça in 1522, and Gomes de Sequeira in 1525.
See Map at National Gallery in Australia
More Australian Coast Maps of the 1500s, the Dieppe Maps
Book "Beyond Capricorn", by Peter Trickett.
Then and now
from the Greek karabos or Arabic qârib
Replica Boa Esperança
the present day direct descendant
There had been previous visits by Arab and SE Asian sailors.
By the end of the XV century the Ottoman Empire - the "Moors" - still terrorized Europe,
and had control over the Indian Ocean.
The Muslims were no friends of the Portuguese seaborne crusaders - not after the Moor invasion and occupation of Portugal, that had taken more than a century to repell.
Rui Soares, one of the Portuguese Ship's Captains at the battle.
Circa 1503: Portugal establishes feitorias (a trade/military fortress defending a safe harbour) for its fleets on the East African coast, on the route for its new fortified warehouses in India. There, the Muslims were no friends of the Hindus. In Goa, the Hindus were forced to submit to Islam or face death.
To oppose the Portuguese expansion in the East, Mahmud Begara, sovereign of Guzerate, in India, enters into an alliance with the Sultan of Egypt and in early 1507 an Egyptian squadron is sent to India.
March 1508: The egypto-guzerate forces surprise in Chaúl (Dabul) a small Portuguese fleet. After three days of combat two Portuguese ships manage to escape, while the remainder are taken, with casualties and hundreds of prisioners. Among the casualties is D. Lourenço, son of the Portuguese viceroy, D. Francisco de Almeida.
The news of the death of D. Lourenço in the battle of Chaul enrages D. Francisco de Almeida as if lightning had struck at his feet. For some days he locked himself in his chambers, refusing to see or speak to anyone. Later, he returned to his normal life, as if nothing had happened. But, from behind his impassive countenance, one perceived that he burnt like a volcano about to blow, the desire for revenge. "He who ate the chick has to eat the rooster, or pay for it", he said.
However, that year nothing could be done, with the "monsoon" about to arrive. During the wet season, he used the time to advantage, by successively careening all the ships that were in Cochim and fitting them, with sight to the operations planned for the end of the year.
When the "good weather" returned, the first thing the viceroi did was to order Pêro Barreto with a fleet of three naus, six caravels and two gales to block Calicut, as he had been informed that the Samorim, the city's ruler, was organizing an army to join the ones of Mir-Hocem, Commander of the egypto-guzerate squadron, and Meliqueaz, Captain of Diu. The truth is that when Pêro Barreto arrived in Calicut, the paraus of the Samorim had already gone the way of Diu.
In the Autumn of 1508, thanks to a happy coincidence, two fleets from the Kingdom arrived in India: the one from that year and the one from the previous year, that had wintered in Mozambique. Therefore, he had no lack of men, weapons and all other equipment necessary to equip the ships conveniently to go fight the moors.
But, before thinking of war was necessary to deal with business. Up to the 20th of November, D. Francisco de Almeida was held in Cochim, overseeing the loading of the return-trip naus. On this date he left for Cananor with nine naus, two of which were cargo vessels, and one bergantim. Having dispatched the two cargo ships for Lisbon, the viceroi was preparing himself to join Pêro Barreto when what he feared most happened: on the 6th of December, Alfonso de Albuquerque arrived from Cananor and required him to deliver the government of India!
D. Francisco de Almeida was in a dramatic situation of conflict. He knew he had no valid reason to disobey the King’s orders, but was not resigned to leave India without having avenged the death of his son by his own hands. Finally, the paternal feeling prevailed over discipline. Invoking futile reasons, adamantly refused to hand over the government before giving combat to the Turk (egypto-guzerate) raiders, now joined by local Muslim forces. In consequence, Alfonso de Albuquerque followed for Cochim and D. Francisco de Almeida, on the 12 of December, departed for Calicut.
Joining his fleet with the one of Pêro Barreto and besides a small nau and three caravelas that had to stay in the blockade of Calicut, The viceroi found himself with the following ships: five great naus, the “Flower of the Sea”, skippered by João da Nova, where the viceroi himself was embarked, the “Belém”, of Jorge de Melo Pereira, the “Espírito Santo”, of Nuno Vaz Pereira, the “Great Taforea” , of Pêro Barreto de Magalhães, and the “Great King” , of Francisco de Távora; four small naus, the “Small Taforea”, of Garcia de Sousa, the “Saint António” , of Martim Coelho, the ”Small King” , of Manuel Teles Barreto, and the “Andorinho” , of D. António de Noronha; four caravelas rodondas, skippered, respectively, by António do Campo, Pêro Cão, Filipe Rodrigues and Rui Soares; two caravelas latinas of Alvaro Paçanha and Luís Preto; the galés of Paio Rodrigues de Sousa and Diogo Pires de Miranda; bergantim of Simão Martins. In total, eighteen vessels provided with about a thousand and five hundred Portuguese and four hundred Malabar’s from Cochim and Cananor.
In those days it was a captains' custom to, before launching into an operation of responsibility, undertake an easier one with the triple objective to train their men, fortify their moral and, if possible, frighten the enemy. Still in Cananor, the matter is discussed between D. Francisco de Almeida and the captains. The plan to attack Calicut was set aside for being too risky. In its place, it was determined to attack Baticala, whose king was at war with Timoja, our vassal. But, upon arrival in the city, they found out that peace had already been settled. After having touched in Onor to embark provisions supplied by Timoja, that had his base there, the Portuguese fleet headed for the island of Angediva, in order to resupply with water.
On this island, D. Francisco de Almeida used the chance to advantage and again congregated the advice of the captains, during which was discussed the plan to adopt in the event of meeting the Rumes at sea. In accordance with this plan, the "Flor do Mar", with the viceroi aboard, would approach the vessel of Mir-Hocem. It was also decided that if, however, the fleet of Rumes were not found, the Portuguese would attack Dabul.
From Angediva, the trip turned very slow because the dominant winds were from the northern quadrants.
On the 29th of December they sighted Dabul and, the following day, the fleet crossed the bar and immediately anchored next to the city, beginning the landing. The fight was terrible, because the city, in contrast of what was assumed, was provided with more than six thousand resolute men, solidly entrenched in bastions well furnished with artillery. Moreover, there was in the port four great naus of Cambaia that also fought bravely. Nonetheless, the city and the vessels were taken, the enemy having lost in the battle over a thousand five hundred men. The Portuguese, lost sixteen men and had two hundred and twenty wounded.
D. Francisco de Almeida spent the night ashore and, the following day, authorized the looting. But, soon afterwards it started, seeing that the soldiers dangerously dispersed in the neighborhood of an enemy who still had many forces, ordered the city to be burnt and re-embarked.
Still in Dabul D. Francisco received two letters. One from Meliqueaz proposing peace and friendship and another from the captives of Chaul, that he had in its power, saying that they were being treated very well . Such manifestations of fear on the part of the enemy, strait after the victory in Dabul, had considerably fortified the moral of the Portuguese.
On the 5 of January, the fleet continued on its trip north. Passing Chaul demanded payment of taxes from the captain of the Nizamaluco, lord of the city. But he did not, at that moment, have the money necessary, being agreed that he would pay when the viceroi returned from Diu.
From Chaul, the fleet headed for Maim, on the island of Salcete, next to Bombay. Preoccupied with the lack of provisions, the galés, along the way, went assaulting the coastal villages with to get them. In one of these assaults, Paio de Sousa, captain of one of them, fell in an ambush and died there. His galley was given to Diogo Pires and his passed to a noble called Diogo Mendes.
Days later this galley was in danger of being lost. Having boarded carelessly one fusta of Diu that seemed weakly provided, Diogo Mendes was suddenly confronted with a large group of well armed and resolute Turks, who had hidden on their approach, and that now invaded his ship and determined to take her. In the end, the Portuguese managed to recover and all the assailants were killed. In the fusta did not find provisions nor anything of value, besides a Hungarian young woman of rare beauty that Diogo Mendes took to the nau of the viceroi and that, later, would come to marry a Portuguese noble in Cochim.
In Maim, finally obtained, by purchase, the provisions that our fleet so desperately needed. From there D. Francisco de Almeida sent a letter to Meliqueaz, that said thus:
But the passage from Maim to Diu revealed more difficult than it seemed, due to contrary winds. Not managing to make way along the coast, the pilots advised D. Francisco de Almeida to go out to sea. However, after a few days, and finding themselves completely lost, the pilots declared that, already was not possible to reach Diu before the "monsoon", and to consider returning to Cochim. As one can imagine, D. Francisco despaired and had brought to his presence the pilots of some "naus of Mecca" that had been captured during the trip. One of them soon declared he would take the fleet to Diu if his freedom was granted. The Vice-Rei readily accepted and, in accordance with his advice and despite the skepticism of the Portuguese pilots, ordered the course changed to Southeast. On the dawn of 2nd day of February, Diu, in all its opulence, was in sight!
Island of Diu
Let us now see what happens, however, in the enemy field. After the battle of Chaul, celebrated by the "moors" as having been a great victory, Mir-Hocem and Meliqueaz had become heroes in the eyes of all the Muslim of India. However, in their soul, neither of them shared the euphoria of their coreligionists. Soon after the battle Meliqueaz had sent a letter to D. Francisco de Almeida bragging the courage of his son and friends and guaranteeing that the Portuguese prisoners, whom he had in his power, would be well treated, as they had really been. However, calculating correctly that this would not be sufficient to calm the anger of viceroi, he took care to strengthen the fleet by providing four well provided naus furnished with artillery, one of which of great size, and orders to construct and equip more fustas. In turn, Mir-Hocem, feeling equally insecure, does not spare efforts to repair his fleet from the damage suffered in Chaul. However, and despite the financial aid received from the "moors" of Diu, his situation was not brilliant. It is certain that he saw his fleet increase with the arrival of the galeon that was left behind when he left the Red Sea; but he lacked people; from one thousand five hundred men with whom he left Suez, two years before, only remained little more than eight hundred.
To further increase the concerns of Meliqueaz and Mir-Hocem, from October it started to transpire in Diu that, after the "monsoon", in Cochim arrived numerous naus from Portugal, with many people of arms, which was the truth. From there both agreed to adopt the strategy to conserve the armies in Diu, leaving the initiative to the Portuguese.
With the conquest of Dabul and the arrival of the letter of D. Francisco de Almeida all doubts faded, if they still had any. Meliqueaz and Mir-Hocem understood that they did not have a way to prevent a battle without quarter with the viceroi. The first cursed the hour when the Turks had decided to choose Diu for base of operations; the second, feeling that his partner would not hesitate in delivering him to save the city, only thought of finding a dandy way of being able to escape for the Red sea. The truth is that D. Francisco de Almeida had lead the psychological war as a true master and, through it, already had half the battle won before arriving at Diu.
As soon as it transpired that the Portuguese fleet was nearby, Meliqueaz and Mir-Hocem had a meeting to decide what tactic to adopt. The Turk was of the opinion that they had to fight the Portuguese at sea to take advantage of the enormous numerical superiority that they had in rowing-ships: six Turkish gales and galeotas, about fifty fustas of Diu and as many paraus of Calicut, all very furnished with artillery and well provided with war hardened people. But Meliqueaz was categorically opposed , for he knew well that if things started to run badly, which seemed to be the most likely outcome, Mir-Hocem would not hesitate in beating in withdrawal for the Red sea, leaving him alone to account with the viceroi. Therefore, he insisted that they fought anchored, in order to benefit from the support of the artillery from the fort and the seaward fortress as well as what they had ordered to be placed on land, giving clear understanding to Mir-Hocem that if he left for sea neither his fustas nor the paraus from Calicut would follow him. But the astuteness of Meliqueaz did not stop there. With the excuse of his presence being indispensable in a war he was involved in the continent, he abandoned Diu, leaving to Mir-Hocem the prickly task of, alone, make the honors of the house to the viceroi! However, he was not a man to be outmaneuvered easily, as will be seen ahead.
On the 2nd day of February, in the afternoon, when the Portuguese fleet anchored to the east of Diu, Mir-Hocem ordered an attack by the rowing ships, which resulted in a duel of artillery without consequence, given that the engagement was at great distance and the swell made it difficult to aim. After some time, the enemy ships ceased their attacks and went to anchor close to the coast, in the shallows that separate the outer harbour from the inner harbour. Shortly afterwards, they were joined by the four naus of Diu, by order of Mir-Hocem. Would he have had in mind to sacrifice Meliqueaz’s fleet to break the impetus of the Portuguese, before entering action with his own ships, or would he be thinking about, in the following morning, to also come with these out of the shallows? We will never know!
Although absent from the city, Meliqueaz was kept up to date by couriers. As soon as he knew Mir-Hocem had ordered his fleet out of the shallows, he returned at a gallop and commanded that his naus and fustas, as well as paraus of Calicut, return to the inside. , The plans that Meliqueaz and Mir-Hocem had been deceiving each other, with failed in this way. The first was forced to remain in Diu during the battle; the second, was stopped from using the fleet of the other as a scapegoat.
That night, D. Francisco de Almeida congregated, for the last time, the advice of the captains to seat in the tactical plan to use the following day. Right from the start, the captains, unanimously, had asked for D. Francisco to give up the idea of being the first one to approach the vessel of Mir-Hocem, insisting that he remained in a position moved away from the combat in order to be able to direct the battle in its set. D. Francisco de Almeida acceded, being determined that the “"Flor de Mar"” would not board any of the enemy and would be limited, with cannon fire, to hinder the enemy rowing-ships that bothered the Portuguese vessels in charge of the boarding.
It will be opportune to relate that the problem of the position the commander in chief of a fleet has to occupy during battle always worried naval war theoreticians. In most recent times, the predominant thesis was the one that should have remained, out of the line of battle and wind[fire]ward (sotafogo) of it. Therefore, this was, necessarily, the solution adopted by the Portuguese in the battle of Diu which gave such good results.
In the council referred to above was also made what today we would call the distribution targets: the four great naus (besides the "Flor do Mar") would approach the four Turkish naus; the four small naus would approach the four naus of Diu; two caravelas redondas would approach the two Turkish caravelas; the others two would approach where it seemed to them more convenient; one of the gales would go in front of the naus sounding the channel; the another one, possibly, would have had order to remain in the immediacy of this, in order to help any ship that by misadventure ran aground; the two caravelas latinas would assist the “"Flor de Mar"” in its task to bar the passage to the enemy rowing-ships; the bergantim would remain in the neighborhood to transmit the orders of viceroi.
In spite of all, the problem that at that moment seemed most difficult to decide was of the crossing of the exterior port to the inner harbour through the narrow channel that connects them. Happily, among the captives that our fleet carried was a youngster of eighteen years who had already a few times to Diu and that taught the deep water of the entrance to the Portuguese pilots.
Finished the meeting and in consequence of the decisions made, most of the nobles and soldiers of the “"Flor de Mar" “ were distributed among the other vessels, mostly for the ones that had to go in the vanguard. Until high hours of the night the sailors and the carpenters had been strengthening the edges of the ships with gunwales and covering them with strong nets of cairo, of pressed mesh, while the soldiers prepared the weapons and they confessed and they sought absolution. Later, silence came and each one was alone with the anguish that precedes the day of battle. On the deck of the ships, the guards, looking intent, looked for any indication of approach from the enemy. But, in that night, nothing more happened.
At dawn on the 3rd of February, verifying that all the enemy ships continued put inside of the port, D. Francisco de Almeida ordered to deliver to each one of the captains this message:
By nine in the morning a gentle northeast started to blow , which was the most convenient wind for the Portuguese fleet. But D. Francisco de Almeida still had to wait for the tide. Forced to pass his fleet through a relatively narrow canal (150 m) and shallow (5 m), would not attempt it, certainly, without being with the incoming tide, to have the possibility to free any ship that might run aground.
Meanwhile, he ordered
the bergantim to again distribute among the ships the proclamation of
the rewards that would be allocated, in case victory smiled on the Portuguese,
as he hoped. This proclamation consisted, beyond the prizes attributed
to the captains, soldiers, sailors, bombardiers, etc., of the indemnity
to be granted to the wounded and the families of the deceased and the
promise of freedom to the slaves.
Finally, about eleven o’clock, having come together the ideal conditions of wind and tide, and having his people strongly motivated and anxious for action, D. Francisco de Almeida ordered a bombard to go off, which was the combined signal to initiate the attack. In all the ships, the trumpets and the drums filled the air with their martial tunes, at the same time that the garrisons came alive and made great commotion. On the enemy side, the naus and the rowing-ships had answered immediately in the same way. The great moment had arrived!
The Portuguese naus, already short scoped , aweighed anchors, released jibs and mizzens, and headed, in the order, for the entrance of the channel, preceded by the gale of Diogo Pires that continuously sounded.
The first nau to enter was the “Espírito Santo”, of Nuno Vaz Pereira, an old vessel, that leaked like a sieve and, therefore, was placed at the front, assuming that it could be lost, since the first ship to enter would be the one running the greatest risks. Effectively, as soon as the “Espírito Santo" and the gale of Diogo Pires entered the channel to the inner harbour they started to be shelled by the fortress, by the seaward fort and by the rowing-ships of the enemy, suffering heavy damage from all.
Both the Turkish naus and the ones of Diu were heavily armored and with the castles and decks covered with strong nets of cairo. Moreover, they had the topsides protected by fenders consisting by bags of cotton covered with wet ox skins, because of fires.
Moments before approaching the vessel of Mir-Hocem, the "Espírito Santo" let off all its portside cannons against the hull of the Turkish nau that was rafted to her starboard. The effect of this salvo, gone off at the shortest distance with cannons of thick bore, was devastating, opening a gap in the water line, through which water started to enter in great amounts, making the nau list dangerously. Trying to counterbalance the list, all its garrison transferred to the other edge. It is certain that the vessel straightened, but the water that had embarked also ran to this side and caused her to capsize, to the acclamations of the garrison of the "Espírito Santo"! Everything happened so quickly that few were the Turks that managed to save themselves from drowning.
However, immediately after firing its artillery, the “Espírito Santo", with a greater draught than the Turkish naus, touched the bottom and was immobilized a few meters away from the nau of Mir-Hocem. Thinking that the Portuguese had purposefully grounded in that position to send their nau to the bottom with their artillery as they had done with the other, they hauled on the port iron's cable and grappled the nau of Nuno Vaz that, by the way, did not desire another thing. As soon as the two naus joined, the Portuguese jumped impetuously on the enemy ship and in a few minutes they had taken the forecastle and the deck. However, at the moment where it seemed that the Turkish flagship was irretrievably lost, one of the galleons, that was to port, shortened on the starboard anchor and boarded the "Espírito Santo" on the opposite side to the one grappled to the vessel of Mir-Hocem. In this way, it was our vessel stuck between two Turkish ships, seeing itself obliged to fight simultaneously with both. In result of this, part of the knights and soldiers who were in the vessel of Mir-Hocem had to return hastily to their vessel to defend from the attack of the galleon. During this, Nuno Vaz Pereira was seriously wounded by an arrow that crossed his throat and had to be evacuated in arms. From this moment, the garrison of the “Espírito Santo” was forced to adopt a defensive attitude, limited to repel the successive assaults of the Turks for both sides.
The second vessel to enter should have been the "Belém", of Jorge de Melo Pereira. But it took too long to hoist the anchor. Pêro Barreto, in the “Great Taforea”, passed in front and crossed the channel without incident, headed for the Turkish nau that was her target, the third, which grappled to starboard. But, as this also had one other moored to itself, Pêro Barreto and his friends had to deal with, at the same time, the garrisons of two vessels, which made for a drawn out combat.
Meanwhile, Jorge de Melo was furious for having been overtaken and couldn’t get enough of insulting the master! And, to try to recoup the delay, as soon as the iron pulled out, ordered the mainsail hoisted , besides the jib and the mizzen. The result was that the vessel gained speed and, before the sails could again be lowered, went past all the Turkish vessels and even the great nau of Diu, finishing up only managing to board, on starboard, the group of two naus of this city that were next! In this way was lost for combat with the Turks the best and most provided nau of our fleet.
The fourth nau to enter was the Great King, of Francisco de Távora. In its wake went the "Frol of la Mar", of João da Nova, with the Vice-Rei. Seeing what happened with the "Belém" and realizing that the "Espírito Santo" was in difficulties, it is probable that he ordered Francisco de Távora, that preceded him, and Garcia de Sousa, that followed him, to board the vessel of Mir-Hocem, which they did.
The arrival of the "Great Taforea" with fresh people made the combat in the Turkish flagship definitively hang in our favor. Although they continued to offer a desperate resistance, its occupants had been obliged to abandon the exterior and to take refuge below decks, where they all ended up being killed or made prisoner. Mir-Hocem, already wounded and seeing the nau lost, was transferred to a small boat that was moored by the poop and, using to advantage the confusion of the battle, crossed the channel without being noticed and escaped to the village of Rumes. There, he mounted a horse and ran away at a gallop for Cambaia, with more distrust of Meliqueaz than of the Portuguese. However, the "Small Taforea", of Garcia de Sousa, had also rafted alongside the Turkish flagship, helping to dominate the last spots of resistance.
The "Flor de Mar", when she reached the interior harbour, covered the short distance close to the battle line so that the Vice-Rei could appraise the situation. Passing the last Turkish nau, when starting to turn to starboard, her port artillery fired. Once again the effect of a salvo of thick bore at close-range was devastating. The Turkish nau suffered a gap in the starboard bow, close to the water line, and started to sink. However, it is natural that most of its garrison was saved, either by fighting against Pêro Barreto in the neighbouring nau or by having time to get across before the nau sunk.
At this point we cannot avoid thinking that the sinking of two Turkish naus, each one with a single salvo of artillery, came to give weight to reports by an officer (condestavel) in the nau of D. Lourenço de Almeida who, in the battle of Chaul, had said that was possible to sink the Turkish fleet by cannon. Either way, it seems certain that the Portuguese had learned the lesson. In Diu, all our naus that had been able to do it, before approaching the enemy, would let off, at pointblank, all its artillery.
Continuing underway, “Flor do Mar” went to anchor sensibly in front of the naus of Diu, in the middle of the channel, in order to bar the passage of the rowing-ships, that did not cease to afflict, with canons(pelouros) and arrows, the vessels as they entered, although with poor results. The truth is that Meliqueaz’s decision to give battle in the interior harbour instead of the outer one or at sea was extremely favorable for the Portuguese, inasmuch as the main force of the enemy, with its smashing superiority in rowing-ships, was practically annulled. In a channel barely two hundred meters wide, was only possible to the gales, galeotas, fustas or paraus to fight in a front of, at the most, twelve vessels, which, even then, had to be very close, which enormously facilitated the job of our artillery. On the other hand, the great amount of boats that they had behind them hindered the maneuvering of the ones that were more directly engaged in combat.
From the moment that the Portuguese naus started to arrive in the interior harbour, continuously letting off the starboard batteries, the enemy rowing-ships begun to suffer much damage and casualties and to be pushed inside. After the "Flor de Mar" anchored, the attacks of the rowing-ships had been practically concentrated on it, leaving all the other vessels from being bothered. Half blind and suffocated by smoke, the artillery of our flagship had their hands full, salvo after salvo on the gale, galeotas, fustas and paraus, of which more then a dozen had sunk and many more were seriously damaged. After the battle it was calculated that, in that afternoon, the guns of the "Flor de Mar" would have fired more then a thousand nine hundred cannonballs! For its part, the vessels and rowing-ships of the enemy were not behind. In some of the Portuguese ships they had been able to count, after the battle, more than five thousand arrows and hundreds of cannonballs!
Meanwhile, the "Santo António", of Martim Coelho arrived. Once Garcias de Sousa was deviated for the attack to the vessel of Mir-Hocem, he had the hardest bone to chew: the attack on the great nau of Diu. The difficulty in approaching this vessel was that, besides being very high-sided, she was completely enclosed with a kind of wooden roof, only being able to be entered by the artillery doors. But this was not easy, not only because of the firing of the cannons but also because of the seven hundred men who provided it. Most were skillful archers that continuously fired clouds of arrows on the assailants. No matter how hard they tried, the Portuguese had not managed to enter her.
After the “Santo Antonio” of Manuel Teles Barreto it is possible that the “Small King” entered the harbour, who, logically, must have approached the third nau of Diu, where, for certain, they did not find any great resistance since most of the garrison of this nau had to be in the neighbouring nau to fight the people of Jorge de Melo Pereira.
The last nau to enter would have probably been the “Andorinho”, of D.António de Noronha, that, obviously, would have gone for the last nau of Diu. Coming close to her by starboard, it is likely that, moments before the boarding, they also let off a volley of artillery at point blank, of that it came to result, shortly afterwards, its sinking, not being possible to know if the boarding did indeed take place, although it seems most likely that it did.
After the naus, entered the caravelas redondas. The first was António de Campo’s, headed for the Turkish galleon that had boarded the nau of Nuno Vaz Pereira on his starboard. Grappled and took it without difficulty, given that most of its garrison had already been deceased or taken prisoner in the vessel of Mir-Hocem.
The same did not happen with Pêro Cão’s caravela, that entered next. Having boarded the second Turkish galleon that was intact, they found serious difficulties. To complicate matters, the caravela, that had been poorly grappled, was freed and sent adrift, only with grooms (grumetes) and pages on board, leaving Pêro Cão and his friends, who were little more than twenty, isolated on the enemy ship, to give accounts to close to a hundred Turks. Shortly afterwards, Pêro Cão was killed, making the situation even more critical. It is natural that António de Campo, that was to the side, would have realized the difficulties the people on the other caravela found themselves in and, releasing the galleon that they had taken, readily went to their aid. After a hard fight, the Turkish galleon was also taken, while the first one, abandoned, went adrift to run aground on the beach.
The third caravela to enter was of Filipe de Rodrigues. By now all the Turkish naus of Diu were dominated, as well as the two galleons, to the exception of the great nau of Diu. Therefore, it is natural that he approached, from the opposite side to where the “Santo António” was grappled.
Finally the caravela of the narrator, Rui Soares, entered, followed, probably, by the two caravelas latinas and the gallena of Diogo Mendes. As soon as they entered, they realized that the battle was irretrievably lost. The paraus of Calicut had set in escape, leaving for sea through the other entrance of the channel that skirts the island of Diu. In turn, the Turkish gales and galeotas, as well as fustas of Meliqueaz, had also started to withdraw. Not having any nau or galleon to approach, Rui Soares, the narrator, set upon the rowing-ships as they beat in withdrawal and, putting himself self in between two Turkish gales, grappled them both and took them by assault, which earned him great praise from the viceroi.
By this time our sailors and soldiers were already in the dories killing the Turks and the "moors" that tried to swim for the shore.
But still, the great nau of Diu continued to resist. Seeing this, D. Francisco de Almeida ordered Garcia de Sousa, who was the one with most rested people, to go give aid to Martim Coelho and Filipe Rodrigues. But, in spite of all the attempts made by the three ships, it was not possible to penetrate the nau. Then, Garcia de Sousa ordered to move the ships away and gave order to sink the nau with artillery. Under continuous canon fire, the gunwales crumbled, the topsides opened gaps and the nau started to sink slowly. It only remained, for the tenders, to exterminate the occupants who jumped in the water.
The battle finishes with a thundering Portuguese victory! Without having lost a single ship, captured two Turkish naus and two from Diu. Two Turkish naus and two galleons had sunk, as well as two naus from Diu, besides having sunk several fustas and paraus, seriously damaged many more and captured two Turkish gales. Of the Portuguese, thirty two had died, among them the captains of two ships (Nuno Vaz Pereira and Pêro Cão) and more than three hundred were wounded. Of the eight hundred men who provided the Turkish fleet only twenty two managed to swim ashore. All the others had been killed or made prisoner. All together, the enemy had over three thousand dead and a even larger number of wounded.
By five in the afternoon, the wind had shifted, probably, to the north or the northwest and with the tide beginning to ebb, D. Francisco de Almeida decided to take the fleet to the exterior harbour, taking care of the fact that the land artillery continued to afflict his ships and that, on the other hand, he feared an attack during the night by fustas or fire ships. Although carried out already during twilight, the exit was done without incident. In the inner harbour, they only left behind the gales and some naus to hinder the "moors" from taking things from the naus that had been captured.
Once the fleet was safely anchored in the outer harbour, the garrisons of the ships noisily celebrated the victory until high hours of the night, while D. Francisco de Almeida congratulated them, one by one, hugging the nobles and the soldiers and comforting the wounded.
The next morning, still before sunrise, one fusta with a truce flag approached the fleet bringing the unconditional surrender of Meliqueaz and with it the delivery of the city of Diu. Having received the message, D.Francisco de Almeida demanded, as a prerequisite to any negotiation, the immediate delivery of the prisoners of Chaul. One hour later, the prisoners arrived aboard, to the sound of trumpets and drums, and, with tears of joy running down their faces, fell in the arms of their friends. They wore silk dresses and each one of them brought fifty gold xerafins that Meliqueaz ordered be given to them!
The signing of a peace treaty (that was written on a gold leaf) did not pose any difficulty. D. Francisco de Almeida declined the offer of the city of Diu since, in his understanding, would be very expensive to keep, limiting it to leave one garrison (feitoria). He demanded the delivery of the four galeotas of Mir-Hocem, the Turks who had managed to run away for land and the artillery of the sunken vessels, besides an indemnity of three hundred thousand gold xerafins paid by the "moor" traders that financed the refitting of the fleet of Rumes, from which one hundred thousand were distributed among the garrisons of our ships.
Meliqueaz accepted everything, managing, however, to replace the delivery of the Turks by their expulsion from his dominion. Having managed to prevent what he feared the most, the looting and burning of the city, be gladly accumulated the Portuguese with gentility. Rare was the day when he did not send to our fleet one fusta loaded with sheep, hens, eggs, oranges, lemons, cabbages, etc. To the nobles, he offered rich gifts. But D. Francisco de Almeida did not accept anything for himself, not even a string of pearls and a tapestry (brocade) that Meliqueaz gave him for his daughter, and that he sent to the Queen.
In exchange for the favors of Meliqueaz, the two naus that had been taken in the battle were returned to him. The Turkish galleons were probably sold, and the proceeds distributed among the garrisons of our ships. The two naus remained in Diu to load provisions destined for Cochim. Four galeotas were burnt. The two gales captured by the narrator Rui Soares were naturally taken to Cochim as trophies.
The spoils of the battle included three royal flags from the sultan of Cairo, that were sent to Portugal and are still today displayed in the convent of Christ, in the town of Tomar.
Regarding the Turkish captives, D. Francisco de Almeida was inclement, ordering most of them to be hang, burn alive or to be torn to pieces by tying them to the mouths of the cannons.
Having avenged the death of his son, settled affairs in Diu, and arranged for the dispatch of two vessels with provisions for Socotorá, D. Francisco de Almeida, on the 12th of February, began with the remainder of the fleet the triumphal return to Cochim.
The battle of Diu,
although overshadowed by the cruel treatment D. Francisco de Almeida inflicted
on the Turkish prisoners, is, undoubtedly, the most important of all Portuguese
Naval History and one of most important of World Naval History.
From a tactical point of view, it was a battle of annihilation that finds parallel only in Lepanto (1571), Aboukir (Nile-1798), Trafalgar (1805) or Tsuchima (1905). From a strategic point of view, it was not less important than any of these, much to the contrary, inasmuch as it assured the Portuguese, during almost a century, the freehold of the Indian ocean; it considerably lamed the power and prestige of the Turks, who were then the terror of Europe; it marks the beginning of a long period of domain of Asia by the Europeans, which only ended with the entrance of Japan in the Second World War.
Age of Discoveries
in History, the light of Reason shines brighter: Ancient Greece, Renaissance,
the Space Race, the Internet.
Circa 1300: protecting
Knowledge; like Aristarco and Ptolomeu's "Round Earth", they
turned their back on Europe and created:
"Portugal is their cradle and the world their grave" Popular saying
Chronology of the Portuguese Voyages of Discovery
Print this page | Age of Discovery | World Map | Battle of Diu | Forefather of the Beaufort Table | Naval administration | Longitude | XVIcentury Ships
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By October 13 Harold was approaching Hastings with about 7,000 males, many of whom had been half-armed, untrained peasants. He had mobilized barely half of Englandâs trained soldiers, but he superior against William as an alternative of making William come to fulfill him in a selected defensive position. The daring yet finally unsuccessful strategy is probably explained by Haroldâs eagerness to defend his personal males and lands, which William was harrying, and to thrust the Normans again into the ocean. It is feasible that some of the greater class members of the army rode to battle, however when battle was joined they dismounted to fight on foot.
It is possible Harold sacrificed the lethality of his best troops, the household huscarls, in order to preserve the cohesion of his largely militia shield wall. The decisive battle in the Norman Conquest of England fought on October 14, 1066, between the Norman-Fench military of Duke William II of Normandy and the English military underneath Anglo-Saxon King Harold II. The abbey was built on the hillside with the church placed on the ridge.
However, it was barred from utilising the image of the monarch or any reference of Jersey’s connection to the United Kingdom. V. L. Rybot, suggested using the island’s coat of arms as a substitute. This design was permitted â with the Germans apparently unaware that it was also the royal arms of the monarch â and the stamps have been first issued on 1 April 1941. The colors and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The three gold lions are identical to the royal arms of England.
King Harold is seen being killed, but his decisions and ineffectiveness at Hastings are utterly lost whereas «non-coms» are energetic within the fray. William is seen only fleetingly and, once more, not leading his troops. The motivations and context for the invasions are largely missing. On October 14, 1066, one of the consequential battles in European historical past was fought. The Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxon military of King Harold Godwinson within the Battle of Hastings. This was a key battle in the Norman conquest of England that led to William being referred to as âthe conquerorâ and to a lot else, apart from.
Clearly seen is Senlac Hill, up which the Normans charged, initially with no success. Today, it takes only a quick practice journey to journey north-west from Hastings to Battle. The alleged web site of the conflict itself is inside the grounds of the Abbey. Now a tourist attraction, it presents guests a view over the neighbouring village â full with a former pub known as The 1066 â from atop its ramparts. The entrance to Battle Abbey serves as the modern- day gateway to the battlefield website. Reviewing the best military history exhibitions with Calum Henderson.
A couple of years earlier, he and Godwinson had fought alongside one another in France in opposition to the Duke of Brittany. After their victory, Harold promised he would help William if he ever made a bid for the English throne. After the childless Edward the Confessor died in January 1066, it threw England into a crisis. Edwardâs brother-in-law Harold Godwinson ascended the throne, however there were no much less than a handful of different claimants believing themselves to be the rightful heir. The final throes of the battle, during the afternoon of that darkening October day, https://wedoyouressays.net/privacy-policy/ is notorious. Itâs stated that Williamâs archers have been desperate for a decision, and started to fire arrows high into the sky.
Harold appears to have tried to shock William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle strains had little impact; due to this fact, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Haroldâs dying, most likely near the tip of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his military. After additional marching and a few skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.
This delay had allowed the majority of the Norse military to form a shieldwall to face the English attack. Harold’s army poured across the bridge, forming a line just in need of the Norse military, locked shields and charged. The battle went far beyond the bridge itself, and although it raged for hours, the Norse military’s decision to leave their armour behind left them at a definite disadvantage.
Check out Battel Bonfire Boyes for more info and timings. At Ancient Origins, we believe that one of the most essential fields of information we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. And while some folks could appear content with the story as it stands, our view is that there exist numerous mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts that have yet to be found and defined. Vincent van Gogh, some of the well-known figures in 19th-century Western art history, continues to be surprising us.


History of Antalya
Antalya Province is the most important and the largest tourism city in the south of Turkey. It is located in the west of the Mediterranean region. There are Taurus mountains on the back of Antalya. Antalya Province has become the sixth largest province of Turkey by growing rapidly in the field of tourism since 1980. İt is a pretty city economically based on trade, agriculture and tourism. From past to present, Antalya has hosted many famous civilizations in the history. The most ancient cities such as Lycians, Pamphilians, Lydians, Byzantines, the Romans Seljuk and Ottomans is all located in Antalya region. Most of Turkey s vegetable production is made in Alanya, Kaş, Kalkan and Patra.
The Hittite state, which is one of the most important periods of Antalya province, was established in the Middle Anatolia in the first place, but later reached to Antalya. İt is mentioned in the Greek mythology that due to the destruction of the Hittite Empire, there was migration of Akads to the region.
In the last Seljuk period, Anatolia went under the population of Ilhanians after 1300 during the Anatolian Turkish principalities and Antalya began to establish tribes and principalities in the Westends.
Karabıkıkoğlu whose name has been mentioned in the historical sources and rebellion in the year of 1511 is more known as Sahkulu Tekeli. He was the son of Sheikh Hasan , the caliph of the Shah Ismail's father and came from the village of Kizilkaya.
The year 1919 is one of the darkest years of Turkish nation. From the soldiers who went to the World War I only 1 in 3 were able to return. Those whom returned either with a lost their leg or arm. Antalya and its surroundings were given to the Kingdom of Italy with the Armistice Agreement signed after the war. During these periods, the invaders could invade any part of the province of Antalya as wished, freeing the military agencies and destroying the whole place.
The Great Offensive known as The battle of Dumplupinar started on the 26th of August with a small Turkish army. After the army captured Afyonkarahisar city, the news spreaded to Antalya. Turks started to get organized happily and on the 30th of August with the victory of Dumplupinar, the Greeks lost the battle. On the other hand, they gathered at night in the farms in Antalya. On September the 11th, the victory procession was held in Antalya and people celebrated this day with a great joy. The societies and the public have arranged lantern regiments at night until the morning.
After October 29, 1923, major changes occured in the city of Antalya as in the whole of the Turkish state. Antalya, which was a sanjak during the Ottoman period, became a province of Turkey during the Republican period. Antalya which grown gradually in 1923 has taken a turn after the proclamation of the republic and begun to grow with rapid migration. Since 1974, it has became the most developed tourism city in Turkey.


American Friends of the Hebrew University
This year marks the 100th anniversary of when Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Martin Buber, Chaim Weizmann, and other visionaries founded the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. As we celebrate their legacy – the creation of a world-class institution, we also celebrate and thank AFHU’s Einstein Visionaries whose legacy gifts will enable the university and future generations to continue the vision of its founders for the next 100 years!
To RSVP, please contact Maura Milles at 212.607.8519 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
Event Co-sponsored by:


December 7, 1927 - September 24, 2021
It pleased the Lord to call home the soul of his obedient servant Esther Roslyn Anderson Fricke on September 24, 2021. Esther entered this world in the countryside of Chandlerville, IL on December 7, 1927 to the parents of Virgie Lena (McHenry) Anderson and Roscoe “Jack” Phineas Anderson. She was the 7th child out of 10 children. There are three siblings still living. Mildred Lucille (Anderson) Lutes, Mary Roberta (Anderson) Stroh, Randal Paul Anderson, Gerald (Andy) Anderson (living), Virginia (Anderson) Winklemann (living), Phyllis (Anderson) Leinberger, Eugene Anderson, Robert Anderson (living), and Roscoe (Art) Anderson. Esther married Gilbert Fricke on June 25, 1948 and Gib was called home by the Lord on August 17, 1982. Immediate family still in this world are Daniel Fricke, grandson Jacob Fricke, Rhonda Davis, grandchildren Korrie (Breanne) Davis, Nina (Bo) Lowder, great grandson Declan Walsh, and Richard (Diana) Younkers, grandchildren David, Christina and Darin (Jennifer), great grandchildren Ayden and Colleen Younkers. Esther graduated from Petersburg Harris Consolidated High School in 1945 and went to work upon graduating for the Schirding Bank and then the National Bank. During this time period, Esther also became a team member of the semi-professional basketball team the famous Oakford Farmerettes Team (which began as the Oakford Indees). Her sister Phyllis was also on the team and after returning home from WWII, their coach and booking agent was their older brother, Andy Anderson. The Oakford Farmerettes traveled the country racking up win after win and won the Illinois State Championship every year they were in existence. When Esther married Gib in 1948, she decided to hang up her working skirts and basketball tennis shoes and became partners with Gib in farming. They started their family in 1961 with the addition of Richard and went on to have son Daniel and daughter Rhonda and settle into family farming. Esther lived her life to be a farming partner, mother and to serve, and she served in several capacities while having a wonderful life. Esther loved the Lord and was a member of the Bethlehem Lutheran Church since 1948. She served in the Ladies Aid as President, Treasurer, Secretary and Program Chairman over the course of several years. Esther was the Treasurer of the Community Thrift Shop for over 20 years, President of the Menard County Homemakers Extension Council for over 5 years, 4-H Leader of Sandridge 4-H club for over 5 years, served on the Menard County United Way Board for over 4 years and was a member of Menard County Fair Women’s Program Committee for over 20 years. One of Esther’s favorite pastimes was golfing. She was an avid golfer until her stroke in 2004. She was a member of Shambolee Gold Club Board for two terms and the Womens Golf Association President for two years. Her other passion was supporting the Republican Party. Esther was elected to the Republican Central Committee in 1983 and became Chairman from 1989 to 2006. She was also employed by the Republican Senate Staff from 1994-2004 as their main telephone operator, and had the opportunity to serve on the Citizens Committee for George W. Bush Campaign in 1988. When Esther wasn’t busy with politics, she enjoyed her very large Anderson family playing cards and attending every event and pot luck she could. She also enjoyed attending her grandchildren’s multiple activities as they were growing, in college and sporting events beyond college. In her later years, her great grandchild Declan brought much joy to her life. Hurley Funeral Home in Petersburg is assisting Esther’s family with her final arrangements. Please visit hurleyfh.com to see her online obituary, leave condolences and share memories with her family. A graveside service will be held on Tuesday, September 28, 2021, at 11 am with Pastor Jeffrey Gross officiating. Esther is being laid to rest next to her husband at Rose Hill Cemetery in Petersburg, Illinois. Esther was very grateful for all those Earthly Angels that helped her in her later years in life when she could no longer do things for herself. Memorial contributions may be made to the Bethlehem Lutheran Church of Petersburg.
It pleased the Lord to call home the soul of his obedient servant Esther Roslyn Anderson Fricke on September 24, 2021. Esther entered this world in the countryside of Chandlerville, IL on December 7, 1927 to the parents of Virgie Lena (McHenry)... View Obituary & Service Information
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A long history of antisemitism in the former Soviet Union (FSU) caused large numbers of Jews to flee Russia and the fourteen former Soviet republics.
At the same time, rampant corruption in those countries caused Israeli consular officials to heavily scrutinize the veracity of documents provided as proof of Judaism, specifically, in the FSU… much more so than in the United States.
The Soviet Union had a long history of closed borders and subjecting citizens to exit visas (permission to leave the country), blocking Jews from emigrating for decades.
In the two decades that the Soviet Union has been gone, borders are open and thankfully, Jews have exercised their right to immigrate to Israel. That’s while 8,000 families were denied their right to repatriate to Israel in the same period, which could be up to 30,000 individuals.


Archive and Appropriation
The new double issue of e-misférica (volume 9, issues 1 and 2), guest edited by Marianne Hirsch and Diana Taylor, has just been released. I’m happy to have my review of Laura Mullen’s latest book Dark Archive (University of California Press, 2011) in the issue. Here’s a paragraph from the editorial introduction:
Why the archive now? How has the term become so ubiquitous and so capacious—encompassing the collection, the inventory, the library, the museum, and even the corpus of our scholarly projects, or the references we use? Why have archives, and archival practices become so central to our understanding of our historical moment and of ourselves as subjects of history? More than a repository of objects or texts, the archive is also the process of selecting, ordering and preserving the past. It is simultaneously any accessible collection that potentially yields data, and a site for critical reflection and contestation of its social, political, and historical construction. The archive is also a widespread social practice. We archive ourselves in action, in our files, and on our shelves, as well as on Facebook, YouTube, blogs, and in photos and videos, through every available medium. What is more, the archive is also fertile ground for artists and performers who use and at the same time critique its construction.


A Memento For Istanbul (Istanbul Hatırası Kitabının Ingilizcesi)
ÇOK SATAN İSTANBUL HATIRASI’NIN İNGİLİZCESİ!..
A thrilling tale which moves back and forth through time, from the early days of Byzantium to the thriving metropolis of Istanbul... A corpse is discovered at the base of the statue of Atatiirk in old Istanbul, an antique coin left in its hand... But it's not to be the last corpse and the bodies soon begin to pile up... And so the hunt for the killers begins... Seven murders, seven sovereigns, seven coins and seven ancient monuments, with one thread binding them all: the history of one of the world's most mysterious and most dazzling cities. "The sea was shrouded in a mist, our boat hidden from view. Istanbul was lost in the mist. Only the minarets of Sultanahmet Mosque, the dome of the Hagia Sophia and the turrets ofTopkapi Palace were visible above the haze. The city seemed unblemished and pure, unharmed and untouched, the white mist veiling anything and everything which could blight the view. It was like a vision from an ancient myth emerging for a fleeting moment before the light of the day... A newly founded city, a new start, shimmering in the grey light of dawn... Young, vibrant and full of hope... We were looking at the city from the sea. At King Byzas' legendary country, at Constantine's imperial capital, at the stone necklace of the walls built by Theodosius II, at Justinian's peerless Hagia Sophia, at Topkapi Palace, from which Mehmed the Conqueror ruled over half the known world, at the Lawmakers stunning Siileymaniye Mosque... From out at sea we gazed upon those kings, those extraordinary generals and captains, at the nobility and the citizens of repute and bearing, at the slaves and the Sufis and the saints... At the women: Pulheira, Theodora andRoxelana... From our vantage point out at sea we looked back upon heroics, cowardice, creativity and destruction, at intelligence, foolhardiness, compassion and cruelty... From out at sea we gazed upon the whole of man's madness and mystery, at the entirety of his daring and his exploits." (580 Sayfa)


mt. vernon wines
mt. vernon, virginia
A set of three wines updated for George Washington's Mt. Vernon. These labels originally featured George Washington's handwritten initials. In this update, the initials were softened and a watercolor wash effect applied to them to make them more handmade and human. Each bottle features a different period-appropriate pattern in the background. Inspiration was drawn from the textiles, colors and wallpapers found in George Washington's home.


A necklace is an article of jewellery which is worn around the neck. Necklaces are frequently formed from a metal jewellery chain. Others are woven or manufactured from cloth using string or twine. Necklaces have been an integral part of jewelry since the time of ancient civilizations and pre-date the invention of writing.
The oldest necklaces were made of purely natural materials - before weaving and the invention of string, durable vines or pieces of animal sinew left over from hunts were tied together and adorned with shells, bones or teeth or colourful skins of human prey animals, bird feathers, corals, carved pieces of wood, colorful seeds or stones or naturally occurring gems, or other beautiful or artful natural elements found nearby.
Jewellery had great status with India’s royalty; it was so powerful that they established laws, limiting wearing of jewellery to royalty. Only royalty and a few others to whom they granted permission could wear gold ornaments on their feet. This would normally be considered breaking the appreciation of the sacred metals. As the empire matured, differing styles of ornament acquired the generic name of sarpech, from sar or sir, meaning head, and pech, meaning fastener.
Most modern commercial jewellery continues traditional forms and styles, but designers such as Georg Jensen have widened the concept of wearable art. The advent of new materials, such as plastics, Precious Metal Clay (PMC), and colouring techniques, has led to increased variety in styles.
Other advances, such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kōkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite (a diamond simulant), has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population.


It tricked the English troops into breaking formation, opening themselves up to assault. Although there was extra combating, this was fairly standard for the interval. The second result was the gradual destruction of the surviving English earls and many of the English aristocracy. The last native English earl, Watheof, was beheaded after a revolt in 1075, and the lesser landowners had been slowly supplanted by Frenchmen, though many survived as tenants. Any likelihood of a peaceful begin to the reign disappeared the next yr. Early in 1067 William returned to Normandy, taking the English leaders with him to ensure their good behaviour.
And at any second, international forces could have carried out to William what Tostig and Hardrada had earlier carried out to Harold â invade from overseas. But on that afternoon nearly a millennium in the past, the sector would have been a maelstrom of chaos. And inside that chaos, issues appeared to be going terribly for the Normans. For hours, their attacks were pushed back, and ultimately a rumour spread that William had been killed. At the highest of the ridge, King Harold and the Anglo-Saxon army entrenched themselves, standing many ranks deep, shoulder-to-shoulder, and behind a wall of shields that made them seem impregnable.
Harold Godwineson â a strong Anglo-Saxon earl â met William and swore would recognise the dukeâs declare to the English throne when Edward died. Edward the Confessor fell ill late in 1065, and on his deathbed made Harold his heir. On hearing the news of Edwardâs demise and Haroldâs coronation, William sent a message to the pope, asking for his permission to invade England and take the crown. The Saxon and Norman armies were fairly evenly matched, which is why the battle lasted many of the day â unusually lengthy for a medieval battle.
He set sail for England and landed at Pevensey on September 28, 1066. The discovery in 1954 of a grave within the parish church of Bosham , containing the remains of a well-dressed Anglo-Saxon man, prompted speculation in some quarters that Haroldâs ultimate resting place had been found. But ignoring this on the grounds that different well-dressed men are identified to have died in Anglo-Saxon England(!), we have two more credible options. One is that Harold https://the-henry-raleigh-archive.com/contact/ was buried at Waltham Abbey in Essex, a church he had re-founded and richly endowed during his lifetime. Historian David Howarth thinks Harold was destroyed, not by end-to-end history-making marches, nor by superior armor.
The most hospitable, nevertheless, of all nations, they esteem strangers worthy of equal honor with themselves; in addition they inter-marry with their vassals. They revived, by their arrival, the rule of faith which had everywhere grown lifeless in England. Drinking in parties was a common apply, in which occupation they passed entire nights as well as days. They consumed their whole substance in imply and despicable houses, in distinction to the Normans and French, who stay frugally in noble and splendid mansions. For nothing is much less effective than rashness; and what begins with violence shortly ceases or is repelled. And with their kingâs demise, the English lost their leader and their will to maintain combating.
William the Conqueror is crowned William I, king of England, in Westminster Abbey. William the Conqueror’s invading military lands at Pevensey in Sussex, southern England. A view of the historic Waltham Abbey Church in Waltham Abbey, Essex. King Harold II, who died at the battle of Hastings in 1066, is believed by some to have been buried in the churchyard.
In open ground, with out the protection of the defend wall, the charging Englishmen had been doomed. The contrast between the inclinations of the two armies couldn’t have been higher. William was utilizing a classy construction for his forces, particularly tailor-made to supply him with command and management and enabling him to adapt to any changes in the forthcoming battle. In comparability, Harold had effectively surrendered management of his army to the vagaries of the day. His capability to manoeuvre, launch counter-attacks or even reinforce sections of his own line was non-existent.
Amongst his sources might have been Abbot Ralph of Battle (d.1124), who was a royal chaplain of King William and also knew Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury. It would seem probably that other monks of Battle Abbey would even have had tales to inform of the occasions that led to the founding of their abbey. In 1052, Godwin and his sons returned, and this time that they had more assist. Civil war was solely averted by negotiation, or rather by Edwardâs digital give up. The Godwins have been reinstated, Queen Edith returned to her husbandâs side, and Archbishop Robert fled. Robert was replaced by Archbishop Stigand, who was never accredited by the pope, one thing that Harold was later to regret.


Author: Jon Fraenkel, Victoria University of Wellington
In a perfunctory decree on 25 August, Tonga’s King George Tupou VI exercised his constitutional right to dissolve his country’s parliament. He gave no reason, but acknowledged having received the advice of the speaker, Lord Tu’ivakano. Yet this was no ordinary dissolution to bring a peaceful end to the life of a parliament. The purpose, as Tu’ivakano expanded, was to terminate a government that had allegedly ‘trespassed on the King’s powers’.


Such a popular and very exiting casino game like Slots has its own history. First slot machines were designed in 1981 by Pitt and Sittman, New York. They had 5 drums which displayed poker hands.
The Liberty Bell
Later, Charles Fey made first slot in his basement, the Liberty Bell. But it didn’t get success until Slots were put in the Las Vegas Flamingo Hilton hotel. The first Slot machine had different symbols, such as stars, horseshoes, diamonds and spades instead of famous fruit symbols. As for the Liberty Bell, it gave 50 cent payout to winner. They say that Restaurant in Reno “Liberty Belle Saloon” still has the first Slot machine designed by Fey. The Frey’s establishment was owned by his family.
Later Fey created the Operator Bell Slot machine, which actually featured standard fruit design.
In 1909 in San Francisco Slots became illegal. A year later it happened in Nevada. In 1911 California state banned Slots. It was even popular to be anti-gambling. Especially to be anti- slot machine. These were a black days in the Slots’ history.
"Bugsy" Siegel, organized crime figure, built the Flamingo Hilton; now it is the Las Vegas Strip. He invested in slots, but he didn’t take them seriously; they are considered to be a novelty for him.
Slots’ history of 60’s
During this time electronic slots were made. The main reason of it is that electronic slots are more secure than their mechanical counterpart. Then they became more widespread in different casinos and didn’t associate as novelties.
Slots’ History of 70’s
During this period different companies started to use microchips and generators of random number. And later all casinos went to this technology.
Nowadays you don't need to go to a stuffy casino for playing this game. One can easily play Online Slots. It is very interesting and comfortable. Besides, there are different kinds of this game. For example, Progressive Slots are considered to be the best to play on, because playing this kind of the game you have more chances to hit a jackpot.


DEVON COX, Ph.D., is an American-born writer and historian currently living and working in London. His debut biography, The Street of Wonderful Possibilities: Whistler, Wilde & Sargent in Tite Street, was nominated for the William MB Berger Prize in British Art History. He is currently working on a new biography of the artist John Singer Sargent (1856-1925).
For the outspoken American artist James Abbott McNeill Whistler it was ‘the birthplace of art’ and for his protégé Oscar Wilde it would always be a street of ‘wonderful possibilities’. From the 1870s to 1930s, London's Tite Street was the centre of the bohemian art world in Britain, producing some of the most iconic masterpieces in art and literature of the era from John Singer Sargent’s sumptuous Gilded Age portraits to Wilde’s controversial classic The Picture of Dorian Gray.
And yet, for all its beauty, this bohemian enclave had a shadowy side as well. This was a street where rent boys mingled with royalty, where music hall dancers married millionaires, where flower girls were plucked off the street to become celebrated models overnight. This was the street that saw Whistler bankrupted, Frank Miles sent to an asylum, Oscar Wilde imprisoned and composer Peter Warlock gassed to death.
Against the backdrop of conservative Victorian society, Tite Street became a safe haven for the avant-garde and for leading LGBTQ+ personalities including the camp Italian caricaturist Carlo Pellegrini, Oscar Wilde, Romaine Brooks, the suffragette Edith Elizabeth Downing and her lover Ellen Sparks as well as Radclyffe Hall, Gluck, Brian Howard and Glyn Philpot among many others.
Throughout its turbulent existence, Tite Street mirrored the world around it. From the Aesthetic Movement and its challenge to Victorian values through the Edwardian struggle for women’ s suffrage to the bombs of the Blitz in the 1940s, it remained home to innumerable artists and writers, socialites and suffragettes, musicians and madmen.
The Street of Wonderful Possibilities reveals this complex history, tying together private and professional lives to form a colourful tapestry of art and intrigue, illuminating their relationships to each other, to Tite Street and to a rapidly modernising London at the fin de siècle.
'What a group biography ... Cox bounces back and forth across Tite Street, rallying his subjects like characters in a high-class soap opera... an assured and dazzling debut.'
'A well-informed, nicely produced book about Tite Street in merrier, cheaper times, when it could claim to the be epicentre of art in England.'
-Nicola Shulman, Evening Standard
'This book is a fascinating and absorbing record of a time when Chelsea was at the edge of the avant garde.'
'Cox has done an admirable job of marshalling his material ... The book is well-populated with the voices of its protagonists and their critics, lending it a rich anecdotal texture and allowing the great egos of Tite Street to speak for themselves.'
-Thomas Marks, The Telegraph
'... with paintings by Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert and others from their Tite Street circle, The Street of Wonderful Possibilities covers the idol worship, arrogance, incestuousness and innovation emerging from this slice of the city.'
-Edwin Heathcote, the Financial Times
'This exceptionally handsome book - a biography of the street, its residents and their connections - elucidates some of [Tite Street's] possibilities. And pretty wonderful they are too.'
-Matthew Sturgis, Country Life
'Cox's beautifully written book is not only a scholarly and entertaining description of a vanished world but also a valuable work of reference.'
-Jane Dorrell, the Chelsea Society
'This well-researched, and eminently readable biography of one street in London, whose occupants make up a dramatic personae of outstanding talent over a period of 120 years ... The result, with a red ribbon tastefully tied around it, would make a lovely box of chocolates.'s.'
'Cox paints an ingenious group portrait of the artists, writers, critics, architects and luvvies who pursued the muse to Chelsea. The new houses being built to residents' specifications in Tite Street weren't just homes or studios but, Cox argues, expressions of aesthetic ideologies... in bricks and mortar.'
'... an engrossing, detailed and somewhat melancholy group biography.'
'... an important book.'
-Peter York, World of Interiors


Moto Guzzi is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer and the oldest European manufacturer in continuous motorcycle production.
Established in 1921 in Mandello del Lario, Italy, the company is noted for its historic role in Italy’s motorcycling manufacture, its prominence worldwide in motorcycle racing, and industry innovations—including the first motorcycle centre stand, wind tunnel and eight-cylinder engine.
Since 2004, Moto Guzzi has been a unico azionista, a wholly owned subsidiary, and one of seven brands owned by Piaggio & C. SpA, Europe’s largest motorcycle manufacturer and the world’s fourth largest motorcycle manufacturer by unit sales.
The company’s motorcycles are noted for their air-cooled 90° V-twin engines with a longitudinal crankshaft orientation where the engines’ transverse cylinder heads project prominently on either side of the motorcycle.
A Legend, For More Than 95 Years
On 15 march 1921, the company “Società Anonima Moto Guzzi” was constituted in the offices of the notary Paolo Cassanello in Corso Aurelio Saffi, Genoa, for “the fabrication and sale of motorcycles, and all other activities pertinent or correlated to the metalworking and mechanical engineering industries”. the partners in the Company were the renowned Genoese ship owner Emanuele Vittorio Parodi, his son Giorgio and his friend Carlo Guzzi. Guzzi was a former comrade of Parodi’s in the Italia Air Corps, as was another friend Giovanni Ravelli, an aviator – like Parodi – who died, however, on 11 August 1919 during a test flight. It was in memoryof this friend that the spread-winged eagle motif in the Moto Guzzi badge was chosen.
Our First Bike
The company’s first motorcycle was the legendary 8 HP Normale. This was followed by successful models such as the 1928 Guzzi G.T., dubbed “Norge” to commemorate the expedition to the Polar Arctic Circle, and the Airone 250 (1939), which remained Italy’s best selling medium capacity motorcycle for over 15 years. In the meanwhile, the marque also notched up numerous racing successes. The first was in the prestigious Targa Florio in 1921, which marked the beginning of an impressive succession of victories: up until its withdrawal from motorsports in 1957, Moto Guzzi accumulated an enviable collection of accolades including, among other titles, an astonishing 14 world GP championships and 11 Tourist Trophies.
The years following the Second World War spawned models such as the Guzzino 65 (“Cardellino”), which was Europe’s best selling motorcycle for over a decade. This was followed by the legendary Galletto (1950) and the Lodola 175 (1956). In 1950, Moto Guzzi installed a state of the art wind tunnel at Mandello del Lario, making it the first constructor worldwide to do so. The company’s racing division was a team of brilliant minds, with engineers such as Umberto Todero, Enrico Cantoni and the Milanese Giulio Cesare Carcano, who would soon achieve legendary status for creating the 285 Km/h Guzzi Otto Cilindri.
- Air-Cooled 90° V-twin Engine
- Completely Designed in Italy
- 90+ Years of Heritage
- Racing Heritage
- Multiple Motorcycle of the Year Awards
- Unsurpassed Reliability
Save yourself some time by scheduling service right here. After you submit the form, we’ll be in touch to confirm your service appointment. It doesn’t get much easier than that.


Purchase College Company Information
- New York
- United States
State University of New York at Purchase (commonly known as Purchase College) is a public college in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. It is one of 13 comprehensive colleges in the State University of New York (SUNY) system. It was founded by Governor Nelson Rockefeller in 1967 as "the cultural gem of the SUNY system".


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Who Invented the Slot Machine? Slot Machines History By 1910, slot machines had gained popularity at many places. Company named Mills Novelty made some alterations to the Liberty Bell’s design andSoon the company tasted success and started producing its variants and by the time World War 1 occurred, it had covered Europe with its factories... World War 2 Memes. Best Collection of Funny World War 2… World War 2 Memes. Updated daily, for more funny memes check our homepage.World War 2 Memes - 3570 results. We Just Need To Start A World War Iii, World War Iv, World War V, World War Vi, World War Vii, World War Viii And Maybe Some Few Other.
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disposable income, they also served the
general population with articles for everyday living. These examples are but a few of the contributions made by the city’s less-visible but still essential citizens. Although they are often lost to the history books, it has become more possible to reconstruct who these residents were and what they were doing in part by knowing where they were located.
During the 1790s, Philadelphia was the political, economic, and intellectual center of the nascent United States. The exploits of the city’s most famous denizens—Benjamin Franklin, George
Washington, and the like—fill both general history books and academic texts. However, the lesser-known and sometimes completely anonymous inhabitants of America’s first capital were equally responsible for Philadelphia’s standing as a world-class metropolis, the “Athens of America,” by some accounts. Those with high social
Mapping Historic Philadelphia
Recreating Life In America's First City
Welcome to Mapping Historic Philadelphia. Over the coming months more maps and information will be added to our website. You can also visit The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia to learn more about this project.
andeconomic standing (and in many cases, public visibility) may receive most of the credit for turning the wheels of government, the economy, and the society. However, laborers, mariners,washerwomen, slaves, servants, bakers,and shopkeepers—who formed over half of the city’s residents—kept the wheels from grinding to a halt. Meanwhile, physicians tended to Philadelphia’s health and also contributed to furthering its education. While artisans made luxury items for those with


Why are Dalmatians known as Firehouse dogs?
It dates back more than a century, before fire trucks had engines. Dalmatians played a vital role when people had horse drawn carriages. As the firefighters raced to the fire, the dogs would run alongside the horses pulling the Fire Cart and Bark, which warned everyone that the truck was coming through. The dogs would even fend off other dogs from attacking the horses. Today Dalmatians are more of a mascot.
For Business & Residential Window Washing, Gutter Cleaning & Power Washing,
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Gujarat Tour Packages
Places Covered: Bhuj, Kutch, Dwaraka Dham, Vet Dwaraka, Somnath, Pravash, Diu, Gir Forest, Akshay Dham
Gujarat is one of the most adorable state on the western coast of India is the sixth largest state by area and the ninth by population. With capital city Gandhi Nagar and the largest city Ahmedabad it was the mystical kingdom of Lord Krishna and the birth place of father of nation, Mahatma Gandhi. It is the third richest state in the country which is bordered by Rajasthan, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and the Arabian Sea. The state has a long and rich history with the settlement dating back to the Stone Age and is quite famous for its famous remains of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization. Unique wildlife, colorful festivals, delectable cuisines, iconic temples, historic palaces and tombs and important pilgrimage sites make it a destination that one should visit once in a lifetime. So book your holiday packages to Gujarat now and enjoy a great holiday trip with your loved ones.


Press Release from LDS Newsroom:
"The temple was a place of learning for the Savior when He was on the earth; it was very much a part of His life. Temple blessings are available once again in our day."
- James E. Faust
Construction has begun in the “eternal” city for a new Latter-day Saint temple. Thomas S. Monson, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, along with Church and local community leaders, participated in the traditional groundbreaking ceremony for the Rome Italy Temple 23 October 2010.
President Monson underlined the uniqueness of the historical moment, the importance of which goes beyond the borders of Rome and Italy. He thanked the members of the Church for their commitment to follow the example of Jesus Christ.
“My heart is filled with gratitude,” said President Monson as he addressed the 500 guests in attendance. “Members throughout Italy, and the entire Mediterranean area, will be able to come here.”
In attendance at the morning ceremony was Mr. Giuseppe Ciardi, representing the mayor of Rome, Giovanni Alemanno, and other local government representatives.
"A ceremony that profoundly touched me for the sincere and heartfelt appreciation of those attending," said Senator Lucio Malan. "A positive day for Italy because those who profess to obey the laws of the state and the laws of God make the country in which they live a better place."
Other Church leaders in attendance included Elder William R. Walker, executive director of the Temple Department, Elder Erich W. Kopischke, president of the European Area and his counselors, Elder Gérald Caussé and Elder José A. Teixeira of the First Quorum of the Seventy.
President Monson surprised members of the Church when he announced that a temple would be built in Rome, Italy during the October 2008 general conference.
To read more about the Rome, Italy temple groundbreaking ceremonies, click here.


Year 1960. Space age technology, one of the most talked about issues of the Middle Ages, has been successfully concluded. The things that were worn for people were gaining importance. At the time, the tracksuits was not only a dress worn in the gym, but it was worn everywhere because of its comfort.
The tracksuits began to be widespread in the ‘ 70s. Of course, fashion followers and fashion designers have kept up with it. Some kind of tracksuits set.In 1975, it became popular. Cotton, polyester and the fabric used in the comfort of the very preferred as a garment has come to life. Since Velvet was popular in the late 1970s, instead of towels cloth, tracksuits began to be produced with velvet fabric.
In 1980 and later, the tracksuits began to gain its meaning in our day. Because of its comfortable and flexible structure, the sports community attracted a great deal of attention, the 1980s began to use trackball athletes. That’s how he became famous around the world.
Towels and velvet fabrics and velvet fabrics were produced in 1990 in close proximity. Made from nylon fabric with sea shells 3.it was changed once. Of course, shellfish is only the fashion of that year. Soon this fashion ended.
After the end of the trend, it became widely used again towards the end of the 1990s. Of course, nylon tracksuits were not used after a period of time, as it was done in the 1970s, polyester and Terry fabrics began to be reproduced.
Tracksuits are also a unique part of the music culture. In particular, the famous rapper Jay Z was among the musicians who often preferred tracksuits.
After that, it continued this way until 2010, and in 2010, it became popular again for athletics.
Today, it has been used in everyday life as well as sports wear used by people engaged in sports.


Camino de Santiago
Posted on 19. Jan, 2012
Camino de Santiago
Historical Background: The Way of the Stars
The tale of the burial of St. James remains is tinged with legend. Tradition has it that two of St. James apostles, Anthanasius and Theodore, collected his body and head, after his execution circa. 44 AD, and took them by boat from Jerusalem to Galicia. After seven days at sea they landed on the Galician coast at Iria Flavia, near the present day town of Padron. From there, the remains were brought and buried in a forgotten location in the Lupario or Francos hillfort, not far from Santiago.
The Tradition continues that around 820, a hermit called Pelayo, who lived in Solovio-where the current Church of Saint Fiz of Solovio is sited in modern day Compostela-in the forest of Libredon, saw, over several nights, radiance and mysterious illuminations which looked like a rain of stars over a knoll in the forest. It also happens that the bones of Saint James were conveniently discovered when Spain’s Christian armies of the re-conquest verily needed them.
The light or star that revealed the existence of the apostle’s tomb became another of the symbols related to Santiago and the pilgrimage cult. But it is not just a star; the impression of the Road to Santiago has always been marked in the Milky Way as its direction also indicates that of the walker to Compostela, which is why this route became known as the Way of the Stars.
The Scallop Shell
Every shrine of renown has an insignia which pilgrims receive on arrival and take home with them when they go. The shell, linked with the Apostle’s arrival in Galicia, is the emblem of the pilgrim to Santiago and a symbol of virtue and good works.
The emblem par excellence of this Pilgrimage cult is the shell of vieira or scallop. Being light and small in size, the scallop shell was ideal for gathering water from a spring or improvising tableware at the side of the path. The pilgrims returning to their homes, which were often far inland, carried the small object back with them as a momento of their long journey to Santiago de Compostela, home of the remains of St. James the apostle.
Santiago de Compostela
This quietly enchanting ancient yet vibrant city of cobbled streets and stone arches is the destination of thousands of pilgrims, on foot and bicycle and horse-back every year… from every corner of the world. They come to travel the Camino de Santiago…they come in search of Spain, of adventure, of cultural enlightenment, of spiritual growth and most will return home with much, much more.
Its appeal is far reaching and its effect is deep and long lasting. The centuries-old pilgrimage to Compostela along the Road to Santiago, created from the very beginning an extraordinary spiritual, cultural and economical vitality: it has bred literature, music, art and history and, on account of it, cities and villages were born, hospitals and lodgings were built, commercial ways and new markets appeared, new roads and bridges were planned and cathedrals and churches, that elevated the Romanesque art to a magnificence not reached by other styles, were built.
In Santiago itself, at the site of the interment of the remains of the saint, a cathedral was constructed, sacked and a greater one still put in it’s place and subsequently the Romanesque structure was renovated, remodeled and redone 4 times with the addition of a new facade for each point of the compass.
The largest being on the Plaza do Obradorio, which encloses one of the great triumphs of medieval art – the Portico de Gloria. This portico was finished in 1188 under the direct supervision of Maestro Mateo and was the apex of Romanesque sculpture. This amazingly realistic rendering of human forms where Christ presides in glory above St. James our interlocutor to the savior and is flanked by the prophets on one side and the apostles on the other. The 24 elders of the Apocalypse surround all. It is a true architectural and sculptural masterpiece


1872- Ulysses S. Grant wins the presidency
March 10, 1876- Bell makes the first successfull telephone call by saying, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you."
1879- Edison invents lightbulb
May 21, 1881- The American Red Cross was established by Clara Barton.
Feb. 18, 1885- Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is published for the first time.
1886- Statue of liberty dedicated
Feb. 12, 1892- Former President Lincoln's birthday is declared a national holiday in the US.
1898- Spanish-American War
1901- President McKinley assassinated
1903- Wrights' flight


Allie is the pickle expert and she says her mawmaw's pickles are the BEST on the market! ha! Is that loyalty or what!
VLASIC is my first pickle of choice! Nothing like the crunch of a Vlasic pickle! I always loved the commercial on television of the little girl eating lunch with her dad. He was reading the newspaper and she asked him "Dad, you gonna eat that pickle?" Thinking about it always makes me smile!
My second pickle of choice is CLAUSSEN! If I can't have a Vlasic, then give me a Claussen pickle!!
here. Who ever knew that pickles were so important!!
Pickle History Timeline
|2400 BC: Archeologists and anthropologists believe that the ancient Mesopotamians pickled.|
|2030 BC: Cucumbers brought from their native India helped begin a tradition of pickling in the Tigris Valley.|
|Cucumbers are mentioned twice in the Bible (Numbers 11:5 and Isaiah 1:8) and history sets their first usage over 3,000 years ago in western Asia, Egypt and Greece.|
|350 BC: Aristotle praisd the healing effects of cured cucumbers.||Ancient Sources not only refer to the nutrional benefits of pickles, but claim that they have long been considered a beauty aid. Cleopatra attributed her good looks to a hearty diet of pickles.|
|Roman emperors, among them Julius Caesar, fed pickles to their troops in the belief that they lent physical and spiritual strength.|
The Dark Ages
|900: Dill has been introduced to Western Europe from Sumatra.|
|Since the Middle Ages, pickles were a common condiment and snack in England. Queen Elizabeth's chefs noted her liking of them, and Shakespeare peppers his plays with references not only to pickles, but new uses of the word as metaphor: |
“Oh, Hamlet, how camest thou in such a pickle?” (Act 5, Scene 1.) 'Tis a gentle man here a plague o' these pickle-herring! How now, sot!” (Twelfth Night, Act 1, Scene 5.)
“What say you? Hence, Horrible villain! or I'll spurn thine eyes like balls before me; I'll unhair thy head: Thou shalt be whipp'd with wire and stew'd in brine, Smarting in lingering pickle.” (Anthony and Cleopatra, Act 2, Scene 5.)
|Before Amerigo Vespucci set out to explore the New World, he was a pickle peddler in Seville, Spain. Since food spoilage and the lack of healthy meals were such concerns on long voyages, he loaded up barrels of pickled vegetables onto explorer ships. Hundreds of sailors were spared the ravages of scurvy because of his Vespucci's understanding of the nutritional benefits of pickles.|
Pickles were brought to the New World by Christopher Columbus, who is known to have grown cucumbers for the purpose of pickling on the island of Haiti.
|Cartier found cucumbers growing in Canada in 1535.|| |
|In the sixteenth century, Dutch fine food fanciers cultivated pickles as one of their prized delicacies. The area that is now New York City was home to the largest concentration of commercial picklers at the time.|
|As early as 1606, pickles were being produced at home and commercially in Virginia.|| |
|By 1659, Dutch farmers in New York grew cucumbers all over the area that is now known as Brooklyn. These cucumbers were sold to dealers who cured them in barrels filled with varying flavored brines the pickles were sold in market stalls on Washington, Canal and Fulton Streets.|
|Thomas Jefferson notes: "On a hot day in Virginia, I know nothing more comforting than a fine spiced pickle, brought up trout-like from the sparkling depths of the aromatic jar below the stairs of Aunt Sally's cellar."|| |
|Napoleon valued pickles as a health asset for his armies, so much so that he offered the equivalent of $250,000 to anyone who could develop a way to preserve food safely. The man who won the prize in 1809 was a confectioner named Nicholas Appert, who figured out that if you removed the air from a bottle and boiled it, the food wouldn't spoil. He'd have to wait for Pasteur to describe why by making the bottle airtight, no microorganisms could enter, and by boiling it, any microorganisms that existed were killed. Known today as the “boiling water bath,” Appert's discovery was one of the most influential culinary contributions in history.|
|1820: “A Treatise on Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons, exhibiting the fraudulent sophistications of bread, beer, wine, spirituous liquors, tea, coffee, cream, confectionary, vinegar, mustard, pepper, cheese, olive oil, pickles and other articles employed in domestic economy and methods for detecting them” was published by chemist Frederic Accum. It opened consumers eyes to the possibilities that common household ingredients were tampered with during production in order to improve their appearance or lengthen their shelf-life. This text revealed that pickles were commonly treated with copper to brighten their coloration. |
1851: The Scottish chemist James Young patents a way of creating paraffin, which will be used to seal home preserves, through a dry coal distillation.
1860: Louis Pasteur sterilizes milk by heating it.
1881: Alfred Bernardin invented the first metal tops to be used in commercial canning.
1893: Heinz, a new company to touted its “57 varieties” of pickles, preserves, and other jarred foods, introduces the pickle pin at the Chicago World's Fair. The pickle pin resurfaces at world fairs and expositions to this day, marking it one of the most successful marketing efforts in American History.
|1848: Failed German revolutions bring a large number of German immigrants, Potato Famine in Ireland brings Irish immigrants. From 1870 to1900, religious persecution brings large numbers of Jews from Eastern Europe. Political unrest and economic conditions bring a large wave of immigration from Greece and Italy. |
1858: John Mason designed and patented the first Mason jar. Made out of heavier weight glass than normal jars, these were developed to withstand the high temperatures necessary for processing pickles. When the patent expired in 1879, manufacturers of such jars continued to use the term “Mason” on their product. Lucius Styles Ball, who started the Ball Brothers Company in the early 1890s, was one such inventor. Alfred Bernardin invented the first metal tops to be used in commercial canning in 1881. These two companies joined forces as recently as 1993, to form the Alltrista Corporation, is the largest producer of Mason jars today.
1893: Pickle Packers International, a trade organization for workers in the pickling trade, was founded.
|1895-1910: Lower East Side pickle purveyors began operations on Ludlow Street |
During World War II, the U.S. government rationed pickles, and accounted for 40% of the country's pickle production.
1942: Vlasic Pickles, the polish-style cucumber pickle company, was born in Detroit.
1993: Ball, Kerr, and Bernardin jar makers join forces to form the Alltrista Corporation, today’s largest producer of Mason jars.
|1926: Mount Olive Pickles, based in Mount Olive North Carolina, was founded with the intention of brining pickles for other commercial picklers. Instead, they went on to establish one of the biggest names in the pickle industry.|
1985: Steven Trotter became the youngest man to conquer the crest of Niagara Falls in a pickle barrel actually, two plastic pickle barrels surrounded by rubber inner tubes.
In September, 2000, after the Philadelphia Eagles beat the Dallas Cowboys 41-14 in the blazing, September heat, many players attributed the win to the vim and vigor they gained from drinking pickle juice. "I may start drinking pickle juice when I'm just sitting home chilling," said defensive end Hugh Douglas.
|2001: The First Annual New York City International Pickle Day begins - a celebration of pickling traditions for all ages, cultures and culinary persuasions. .|| |
Well, what are you waiting for? GO! eat a pickle!