The cost of controlling or rearranging the Sacramento, was largely borne, like the cost of controlling or rearranging many of other inconvenient features of California life, by the federal government.
This extreme reliance of California on federal money, so seemingly at odds with the emphasis on unfettered individualism that constitutes the local core belief, was a pattern set early on, and derived in part from the very individualism it would seem to belie…Charles Nordhoff complained of California in 1874 that “a speculative spirit invades even the farm house,” too often tempting its citizens “to go from one avocation to another, to do many things superficially, and to look for sudden fortunes by the chances of a shrewd venture, rather than be content to live by patient and continued labor.”
Yet the California community most deeply recalled by the author of this system was what he acknowledged to have been “a community of irresponsible strangers” (or in another reference, “a blind and stupid and homeless generation of selfish wanderers”), a community not of the “loyal” but of “men who have left homes and families, who have fled from before the word of the Lord, and have sought safety from their old vexatious duties in a golden paradise.”
Almost a century later (1960), Cary McWilliams…remarked on the almost total absence of conventional “rural” life in California, which would have been, if it were a country, the world’s seventh-largest agricultural producer. “The large shipper-growers ‘farm by phone’ from headquarters in San Francisco or Los Angeles. Many of them travel, nowadays, exclusively by plane in visiting their various ‘operations’…Their relationship to the land is as casual as that of the migratory workers they employ.” To live as farmers would have been, for the acquisitors of these operations, a bewileringly alien concept, since their holdings were about something else altogether: they were temporary chips in the game of capital formation.
…At the time the Hollister ranch was sold, in the late 1960s…roughly two and a half million acres of California still belonged to Southern Pacific. Almost half a million acres belongs to the Shasta Forest Company. A third of a million acres belonged to Tenneco, another third of a million each belonged to the Tejon Ranch Company, Standard Oil, and Boise Cascade…
All played a role in determining which of California’s possibilities would be realized and which limited.
Carey Mcwilliams…characterized the pervasive local hostility towards Asians as “a social and psychic necessity of the situation,” the “negative device” by which a state made up of newly arrived strangers had been able to acheive the illusion of a cohesive community joined against the menace of the foreign born.
Their rightful place in the California fable validated, Saxon and Billy settle in, determined to redeem the birthright of the “old stock” through the practice of scientific agronomy, which London himself imagined that he and his second wife, the woman he called his “Mate-Woman”, Charmian Kittredge, were perfecting on their own Sonoma ranch. London’s letters from this period speak of “making the dead soil live again,” of leaving the land “better for my having been,” of unremitting industry, transcendent husbandry. “No picayune methods for me,” he wrote. “When I go in silence, I want to know that I left behind me a plot of land which, after the pitiful failures of others, I have made productive…Can’t you see? Oh, try to see!- In the solution of great economic problems of the present age, I see a return to the soil.”
This was another confusion. His crops failed. His Wolf House, built to last a thousand years, burned to the ground before he and the Mate-Woman…could move in. His health was gone. He battled depression. He battled alcoholism. At one point in 1913, the year Wolf House was completed and burned, he had only three dollars and forty-six cents left in the bank…Jack London had died, at forty, of uremic poisoning and one final, fatal, dose of the morphine prescribed to calm his renal colic. In the last novel he was allowed to write…he had allowed his protagonist and author-surrogate to ask these questions, a flash of the endemic empty in a work that is otherwise a fantasy of worldly and social success: “Why? What for? What’s it worth? What’s it all about?”
The transformation of the Bohemian Club from a lively if frivolous gathering of local free spirits to a nexus of the nation’s corporate and political interests in many ways mirrored the larger transformation, that of California itself from what it had been, or what its citizens preferred to believe that it had been, to what it is now, an entirely dependent colony of the the invisible empire in which those corporate and political interests are now joined.
This was the same “average Californian” who, by the year…1886, had already sold half the state to Southern Pacific and was in the process of mortgaging the rest to the federal government. For most of the next hundred years, kept aloft first by oil and then by World War Two and finally by Cold War and the largesse of the owners and managers who would arrive in Gulfstreams for the annual encampment at Bohemian Grove, that average Californian had seen his “easiest failing” yield only blue skies.
By the year 2000, according to The Los Angeles Times, some hundred Orange County motels were inhabited almost exclusively by the working poor, people who made, say, $280 a week sanding airplane parts, or $7 an hour at Disney’s “California Adventure” park. “A land celebrating the richness and diversity of California, its natural resources, and the pioneering spirit of its people,” the web site for “California Adventure” read. Joan Irvine Smith told Art in California about the collection she bought with the proceeds of looking exclusively, and to a famous degree, forward. “I can see California as it was and as we will never see it again.” Here is one extreme example of the conundrum that to one degree or another confronts any Californian who profited from the boom years: if we could still see California as it was, how many of us could now afford to see it?
John Todd, a resident of Lakewood since its beginning and later its city attorney, wrote of the planning stage. “Everything about this entire project was perfect,” Mark Taper said in 1969 when he sat down with city officials to work up a local history. “Things happened that may never happen again.”
What he meant, of course, was the perfect synergy of time and place, the seamless confluence of World War II and the Korean War and the G.I. Bill and the defense contracts that began to flood Southern California as the Cold War set in. Here on this raw acreage on the flood plain between the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers was where two powerfully conceived national interests, that of keeping the economic engine running and that of creating an enlarged middle or consumer class, could be seen to converge.
“Naively, you could say that Lakewood was the American dream made affordable for a generation of industrial workers who in the preceding generations could never aspire to that kind of ownership,” he said one morning when we were talking about the way the place was developed…”They worked for Hughes, they worked for Douglas, and they worked at the naval station and shipyard in Long Beach. They worked, in other words, at all the places that exemplified the bright future that California was supposed to be.”
According to a June 1993 report on aerospace unemployment prepared by researchers at the UCLA School of Architecture and Urban Planning, half the California aerospace workers laid of in 1989 were, two years later, either still unemployed or no longer living in California. Most of those who did find jobs had ended up in lower-income service jobs; only seventeen percent had gone back to work in the aerospace industry at figures approaching their original salaries. Of those laid off in 1991 and 1992, only sixteen percent, a year later, had found jobs of any kind.
“We’re developing good citizens,” Mark Taper had said about Lakewood in 1969. “Enthusiastic owners of property. Owners of a piece of their country-a stake in the land.” This was a sturdy but finally unsupportable ambition, sustained for forty years by good times and the good will of the federal government.
“He knew his suburb’s first 17,500 houses had been built in less than three years. He knew what this must have cost, but he did not care.
The houses still worked.
He thought of them as middle class even though 1,100-square-foot tract houses on streets meeting at right angles are not middle class at all.
Middle-class houses are the homes of people who would not live here.”
This is in fact the tacit dissonance at the center of every moment in Lakewood, which is why the average day there raises, for the visitor, so many and such vertiginous questions.
What does it cost to create and maintain an artificial ownership class?
What happens when that class stops being useful?
What doe it mean to drop back below the line?
What does it cost to hang on above it, how do you behave, what do you say, what are the pitons you drive into the granite?
Lakewood exists because at given time in a different economy it had seemed an efficient idea to provide population density for the mall and a labor pool for the Douglas plant. There are a lot of towns like Lakewood in California. They were California’s mill towns, breeder towns for the boom. When times were good and there was money to spread around, these were the towns that proved Marx wrong, that managed to increase the proletariat and simultaneously, by calling it middle class, co-opt it.
…Yet there was in Run River something that was not true, a warp, a persistent suggestion that these changes brought about by World War Two had in some way been resisted by “true” Californians. Had not any such resistance been confined to the retrospect? Were not “changes” and “boom years” what the California experience had been about since the first American settlement? Were we still not willing to traffic our own history to get what the railroad could bring us?
Californians of more programmatic mind for many years presented these postwar changes as positive, the very genius of the place: it was conventional to mention the freeway system, the aerospace industry, the University of California Master Plan, Silicon Valley, the massive rearrangement of the water that got funded when Pat Brown was governor, the entire famous package, the celebrated promise that California was committed to creating and educating an apparently infinitely expandable middle class. The more recent programmatic attitude was to construe the same changes as negative, false promises: the freeways had encouraged sprawl, the aerospace industry had gone awry, the University of California had lost faculty and classrooms to budget cuts, Silicon Valley had put housing beyond the means of non-tech California, and most of the state was still short water.
During World War Two and the immediately postwar years, 1940 to 1950, the population of California did in fact increase 53 percent. During the next ten years, 1950 to 1960, the population of California did in fact increase 49 percent.
Yet such growth was in no way unprecedented. Nor, in a state that had seen its population increase in the first ten years of statehood by 245 percent, was it even remarkable…There had been, then, from the beginning, these obliterating increases, rates of growth that systematically erased freshly laid traces of custom and community, and it was from such erasures that many California confusions would derive.
“When we all went to the universities, when we abandoned what made us good and embraced what made us comfortable and secure, we lost something essential, knew we lost it and yet chose to lose…Material bounty and freedom are so much stronger incentives than sacrifice and character.” – Victor Davis Hanson
Notice, too, that the “destruction” of the San Joaquin Valley, as he sees it, began at the point when the small family farms on the east side of the Valley (the arid west side of the Valley, the part described by William Henry Brewer in the 1960s as a “plain of absolute desolation,” belonged to corporate growers) began giving way first to industrial parks and subdivisions and then to strip malls and meth labs.
There is a further possible mirage here: the San Joaquin Valley’s “beautiful century” could have seemed, to those actually living it, perhaps not entirely golden: “Here, in this corner of a great nation, here in this valley of the West, far from the great centers, isolated, remote, lost, the great iron hand crushes from us, crushes liberty and the pursuit of happiness from us”…That was Frank Norris, writing in The Octopus, on the slaughter that took place in 1880 at Mussel Slough, now Lucerne…just fifteen miles from Selma, the site of the farmhouse in which six generations of Victor Davis Hanson’s family have lived.
This was by no means to say that I believed all or even most Californians to be rich, only to suggest that the fact of having no money seemed to me to lack, in California, the immutable gravity that characterized the condition elsewhere.
Since the building and staffing of new prisons were major reasons why California no longer felt rich enough to adequately fund its education system, this second fact initially presented itself as an even deeper affront than the first, evidence that a “new” California had finally and fatally out the old. Then I remembered, then I realized.
We are seeing nothing “new” here.
We are seeing one more version of making our deal with the Southern Pacific.
Were are seeing one more version of making our bed with the federal government.
We are seeing one more enthusiastic fall into a familiar California error, that of selling the future of the place we lived to the highest bidder, which was in this instance the California Correctional Peace Officers Association.
Don Novey is the former guard at Folsom State Prison who became in 1980 the president of the California Correctional Peace Offices Association…”If Don Novey ran the contractor’s union,” a Republican strategist told the Times, “there’d be a bridge over every puddle in the state.”…The prison guards were the political muscle behind the 1994 “three strikes” legislation and initiative, the act that mandated a sentence of 25 years for any third felony conviction, even for crimes as minor as growing a marijuana plant on a windowsill or shoplifting a bottle of Ripple. The prison guards were the political muscle that had by the year 2000 made the California corrections system, with thirty-three penitentiaries and 162,000 inmates, the largest in the western hemisphere.
It was also 1994 when standardized testing reading skills among California fourth-graders placed them last in the nation, below Mississippi, tied only with Louisiana. It was 1995 when, for the the first time, California spent more on its prisons than on its two university systems, the ten campuses of the University of California and the twenty-four campuses of California State University.
Through most of my life I would have interpreted the growth of the prison system and the diminution of the commitment to public education as evidence of how California had “changed.” Only recently did I come to see them as the opposite, evidence of how California had “not changed,” and to understand “change” itself as one of the culture’s most enduring misunderstandings about itself.
From the 1870s to the 1920s…California had a higher rate of commitment for insanity than any other state in the nation, a disproportion most reasonably explained…”by the zeal with which California state officials sought to locate, detain, and treat not only those considered ‘mentally ill,’ but also a wide variety of other deviants- including, as state hospital physicians put it, ‘imbeciles, dotards, idiots, drunkards, simpletons, fools,’ and ‘the aged, the vagabond, the helpless.'”
In 1870, the federal census classified one in every 489 Californians as insane. By 1880, the rate had reached 260 and the asylums had passed capacity, the notion of sterilizing inmates gained currency. the idea being that a certain number could then be released without danger of reproducing.
What was arresting in this pattern of commitment was the extent to which it diverged from the California sense of itself as loose, less socially rigid than the rest of the country, more adaptable, more tolerant of difference. When Fox analyzed the San Francisco commitment records for the years 1906 to 1929, he found that the majority of those hospitalized, fifty-nine percent, had been committed not because they were violent, not because they presented a thread to others or themselves, but simply because they had been reported, sometimes by a police officer but often by a neighbor or relative, to exhibit “odd or peculiar behavior.”
“Are we on the right road,” my mother had asked again and again as we drove up 101. I had repeatedly assured here that we were, at last pointing out an overhead sign: 101 North.
“Then where did it all go,” she had asked.
She meant where did Gilroy go, where was the Milias hotel, where could my father eat short ribs now. She meant where did San Juan Bautista go, why was it no longer so sweetly remote as it had been on the day of my wedding there in 1964. She meant where had San Benito and Santa Clara Counties gone as she remembered them, the coastal hills north of Salinas, the cattle grazing, the familiar open vista that had been relentlessly replace (during the year, two years, three, the blink of the eye during which she had been caring for my father) by mile after mile of pastel subdivisions and labyrinthine exits and entrances to freeways that had not previously existed.
For some miles she was silent.
California had become, she said then, “all San Jose.”


ID illustration: 382171
ID publication: 3530
ID volume: 0
name recognized (basionym):
|Wilkes, C., United States exploring expedition during the years 1838-1842, under the command of C. Wilkes (vol. 15 (A. Gray), 16 (W.D. Brackenridge) and 17 (W.S. Sullivant, J. Torrey)), vol. 1: t. 89 (0)|
illustration contributed by:Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Illustration contributed by:Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
permalink to this page:
http://www.plantillustrations.org/illustration.php?id_illustration=382171full size (if available)


It is said to be originated from the Heian Period among court nobles who would celebrate the passage of their children into the middle childhood. The ages three, five, seven are consistent with East Asian numerology which claims that odd numbers are lucky. The practice was set to the fifteenth of the month during the Kamakura Period.
Over time, this tradition passed to the samurai class who added a number of rituals. Children—who up until the age of three were required by custom to have shaven heads—were allowed to grow out their hair. Boys of age five could wear hakama for the first time, while girls of age seven replaced the simple cords they used to tie their kimono with the traditional obi. By the Meiji Period, the practice was adopted amongst commoners as well, and included the modern ritual of visiting a shrine to drive out evil spirits and wish for a long healthy life.
The tradition has changed little since the Meiji Period. While the ritual regarding hair has been discarded, boys who are aged three or five and girls who are aged three or seven are still dressed in kimono—many for the first time—for visits to shrines. Three-year-old girls usually wear hifu (a type of padded vest) with their kimono. Western-style formal wear is also worn by some children. A more modern practice is photography, and this day is well known as a day to take pictures of children. In some cases, families observe the rite based on the traditional way of counting one's age, or kazoedoshi, where you are one-year-old at birth and then add a year on each succeeding lunar new year.
Chitose Ame (千歳飴), literally "thousand year candy", is given to children on Shichi-Go-San. Chitose Ame is long, thin, red and white candy, which symbolizes healthy growth and longevity. It is given in a bag with a crane and a turtle on it, which represent long life in Japan. Chitose Ame is wrapped in a thin, clear, and edible rice paper film that resembles plastic.


We were very lucky to have found Charlie and Runabout Restorations. Another boatyard (which no longer worked on
wooden boats) referred us to Charlie. He carried out a complete restoration of our 25’ Chris Craft triple cockpit
runabout. The job is so perfect that occasionally people think that the boat is a modern reproduction – but it is a 1938
Chris Craft brought back to life with a new engine. We had earlier replaced the original engine so restoring the original
engine was not an option for us, but Charlie reinstalled the original dashboard (with updated wiring) and a terrific new
engine. The workmanship is outstanding. The old varnish was completely stripped off, short boards used in repairing an
earlier accident were replaced, the chrome was redone (and a new cutwater was made to replace the original broken
one) and so many coats of new varnish were carefully applied that the hull is a mirror.


Located to the northwest of the Orlando metro area, Oviedo, Florida, has a rich and vibrant history that predates the Civil War. In 1859, Walter Gwynn purchased land from the state of Florida just south of of Lake Jesup and established a homestead for his family on the nearby shores of Lake Charm. As the Civil War ended, returning Confederate soldiers as well as migrants from northern climes bought land in the surrounding area and the thriving Lake Jesup Settlement grew.
When Dr. Henry Foster arrived from Clifton Springs, New York in 1870, he capitalized upon the benefits that the mild climate offered by planting orange groves and developing the land near Lake Charm as a resort for northerners like himself that sought refuge from the harsh winters of New England. In 1879, Andrew Aulin, the postmaster of the area and an immigrant from Sweden, renames the town Oviedo as a nod to the Spanish explorers who discovered and settled Florida; Oviedo is also a city in northern Spain and is a sister city to Oviedo, Florida.
Oviedo became part of Seminole County in 1913 and suffered a disastrous fire in 1914 which destroyed much of the downtown area. As the twentieth century progressed, Oviedo evolved from an agricultural area that depended upon orange groves and celery crops to a thriving community with housing developments, shopping attractions, parks, and nature preserves.
For more information about the history of Oviedo, Florida, visit the Oviedo Historical Society online at www.oviedohs.com
PARKS AND RECREATION
In 2011, Oviedo, Florida was named one of the Top 10 Family Friendly Cities in America by Family Circle magazine, reflecting the abundance of family friendly recreation activities available in Oviedo. From a manmade Snow Mountain at local Oviedo Mall in December to a Martin Luther King Day Parade to a Marshmallow Drop every Easter weekend, there is always something fun and exciting to do throughout the year in Oviedo.
Oviedo features eleven parks within city limits and also offers recreational youth athletics, adult athletics, and an indoor gymnasium and aquatic center. For more information, go to this website
Oviedo and the surrounding area are is home to numerous cultural attractions including the Winter Festival of the Arts, a fine arts festival in October sponsored by the Oviedo-Winter Springs Chamber of Commerce; see www.wsfota.org
for more information.
Oviedo is also home to the Seminole State College Oviedo Campus, offering beginning and continuing education programs; see www.seminolestate.edu
for more information.
Within a thirty minute drive of Oviedo lies Orlando, Florida, which offers a multitude of events, attractions, restaurants, and festivals.
An Independence Day Celebration is hosted by the city of Oviedo every July at the Oviedo Mall and features bounce houses, food and drink, local craft and artisan booths, and a fantastic firework display to end the night. Call 401-971-5575 for more information.
Every October, Oviedo, Florida hosts a Halloween Carnival of Screams and Haunted House at Riverside Park, 1600 Lockland Boulevard, which offers costume contests, hay rides, a scary haunted house, and food and music. Ticket sales benefit the local Oviedo Food Bank. Call 407-971-5575 for more information.
For more information about upcoming events in Oviedo, please click here


Currently in New York it’s Wednesday. But this is no ordinary Wednesday.
Today marks an auspicious day for those who have followed a group of Witches in New Orleans. Today marks the finale of American Horror Story – Coven. This instalment of American Horror Story is probably the most talked about in terms of watchability and social media obsession. I have also been caught up in its spell with a few purchases of T-shirts showcasing the famous catchphrase “On Wednesdays We Wear Black”.
So the question of the finale is ‘Who is the Supreme Witch?’ … and ‘Is Fiona Really Dead?’
In several hours, Facebook and Twitter will go off with reactions to this highly regarded show. In the past months, we have endured quite violent and gruesome scenes that I’m sure are in context with themes of witchcraft and voodoo. I’m sure they are dramatised for effect though. What is exciting about the show is my own fascination with New Orleans and its Voodoo history and culture.
In American Horror Story – Coven, some of the characters are based on real people:
Marie Laveau, played by Angela Bassett was a Louisiana Creole practitioner of Voodoo renowned in New Orleans and a hairdresser. Her daughter, Marie Laveau II, also practiced Voudoun, as well as Voodoo. She and her mother had great influence over their multiracial following. In 1874 as many as twelve thousand spectators, both black and white, swarmed to the shores of Lake Pontchartrain to catch a glimpse of Marie Laveau II performing her legendary rites on St. John’s Eve (June 23–24).
Marie Delphine LaLaurie, played by Kathy Bates, was more commonly known as Madame LaLaurie, a Louisiana-born socialite and serial killer known for her involvement in the torture and murder of slaves. Born in New Orleans, LaLaurie married three times over the course of her life. She maintained a prominent position in the social circles of New Orleans until April 10, 1834, when rescuers responding to a fire at her Royal Street mansion discovered bound slaves within the house who showed evidence of torture over a long period. LaLaurie’s house was subsequently sacked by an outraged mob of New Orleans citizens, and it is thought that she fled to Paris, where she is believed to have died. As of 2014, the Royal Street mansion where LaLaurie lived is still standing and is a prominent New Orleans landmark.
The Axeman of New Orleans, played by Danny Huston, was a serial killer active in New Orleans, Louisiana (and surrounding communities, including Gretna, Louisiana), from May 1918 to October 1919. Press reports during the height of public panic about the killings mentioned similar murders as early as 1911, but recent researchers have called these reports into question.
As we say goodbye to the characters we have grown to love (or hate), I will be wearing Black. And yes, I will miss you Misty Day.
For those who will be wondering what to watch next, the new WGN series SALEM – about the Salem Witch Hunts – airs soon. Set in the volatile world of 17th century Massachusetts, ‘Salem’ explores what really fueled the town’s infamous witch trials and dares to uncover the dark, supernatural truth hiding behind the veil of this infamous period in American history. In Salem, witches are real, but they are not who or what they seem.


The Parthenon is an ecumenical archaeological symbol and so is the demand for the return of its marbles to their homeland, archaeologist Anna Marangou has told the Cyprus News Agency in an interview.
Replying to questions in her capacity as Vice Chairwoman of the International Association for the Reunification of the Parthenon Sculptures, she said that a process of consultations with the British Museum`s authorities to reach an arrangement for the return of the marbles to Athens in exchange for a permanent loan of antiquities.
The interview with Marangou took place in the context of a campaign which was launched recently by Cyprus News Agency for the return of the Parthenon Marbles, which has so far been signed by hundreds of people.
The Cypriot archaeologist thanked the Cyprus News Agency for its significant initiative 200 years after the marbles were removed from their natural environment.
As Vice Chairwoman of the International Association for the Reunification of the Parthenon Sculptures, she said, “I would like to thank CNA from the bottom of my heart for this initiative, which we consider very important. Let us not forget that we are also one of the great parts of Hellenism and the history of the Parthenon is of particular significance to us when one thinks of the great cultural heritage we have and its destruction after the 1974,” Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
“Therefore Cyprus could not have been absent from this effort,” Marangou pointed out.
From an archaeological point of view the return of the marbles is “self-evident because the Parthenon is an international symbol and when you visit it you see thousands of people from all over the world.”
The Parthenon, she explained, “is not just a symbol which belongs to Greece. The Parthenon is now ecumenical and when an ecumenical construction is missing its half, then we have an argument to put forward.”
The International Association, Marangou explained, is not asking for the Caryatid from Erechtheion at the Athens Acropolis back. “Of course we would like it back, if they (the British) gave it to us. What we want is the restoration of the monument as it was,” she said. It is a monument which consists of its columns and the parts that are missing are integral parts of the monument, she added.
The Erechteion had two porches. The roof of the north porch was supported on six Ionic columns, while below its floor the Athenians pointed at the mark of the thunderbolt sent by Zeus to kill the legendary King Erechteus. At the south porch, which was the most well-known, the roof was supported by six statues of maidens known as the Caryatids, instead of the typical columns. Below it stood the grave of Kekrops, another legendary King of Athens. A building inscription of the Erechtheion refers to the Caryatids simply as Korai (maidens), while the name Caryatids was assigned at a later time. The second Korai from the western section was removed by Lord Elgin in 1801 and is today located in the British Museum.
She also explained that Greece does not want to follow the legal route for the return of the marbles as lawyer Amal Clooney, who specialises in international law, human rights and the return of stolen antiquities has suggested.
What Greece wants is mediation and this will be a priority for the new Chairman of the International Association, who is a very important scientist, a Belgian, who is also an adviser of the Italian President on the return of stolen relics, who is also fluent in the Greek language, she added.
“The Greek government will ask the British government for the return of the marbles,” she said, adding that this is something which UNESCO can do only as an inter-state process.
When the proposal was put forward for this mediation, she noted, Britain typically replied that it has nothing to do with the British Museum, which has its own administrative structure and referred us to the British Museum.
According to Marangou the new International Association`s council intends to meet with the British Museum`s administration and put forward the argument giving many examples of the return of many other antiquities.
“What we want is for a win-win situation,” she pointed out, adding that the British Museum should return the Parthenon marbles and Greece will commit to granting the museum important pieces from its collections so that the British Museum will have a continuous relationship with the Greek government for its collections./ΙΒΝΑ


Some say that the original E.S. Hatch blood was bred by Hatch's friend Judge Leiper who got them originally from a man in Huntington, Long Island. They were supposed to be a Kearney Whitehackle, Kearney Brown Red cross. Leiper also bred a 4.12 ginger-colored cock from Duryea for several years. Hatch told Ed Piper that around 1900 he got some dark red, green legged fowl from a Mr. Cassidy (or Lynch) of Huntington, Long Island, NY, and later several times through the years got more of that blood. They were dead game, hard hitting and tough.
He bred a black red cock from Harry Genet of NY, breeder of the Genet Pyles over the Cassidy (some say Lynch) hens. This was the foundation blood and Hatch made many crosses and it is said that at the time he gave them to Mathesius none of the pure original stock was left. Hatch was well acquainted with Mike and Harry Kearney, Jim Thompson, Joe Crossin, J.W. E. Clark and Simon Flaherty. It is said they often loaned each other brood fowl.
When Jim Thompson died, Hatch got the choicest of his Mahoganies. When Mr. Clark died, Hatch got the best of what he had left. These came mostly Roundhead and were probably part Duryea, which contained Boston Roundhead blood. Hatch and T.W. Murphy were close friends and he had some of the Murphy blood. He crosses Foley's Gingers (that Murphy gave him after buying all Foley supposedly had). They quit and discarded them. He bred a Stegmore cock from Bradford, and then discarded those. Clarets and others from Dave Ward were bred. Blood from Morris O'Connell was added as well as good Morgan blood from Billy Clarkin. He bred fowl from Simon Flaherty.
Most of his cocks were yellow legged and dark reds. However, some came green legged and came all shades of red, some a dark red, some a rustly red, some a brownish red and others a sort of maroon color. They were strong, hard hitting cocks, not only dead game, but tough and could take a lot more than they could dish out as many of them were low headed, dumb and poor cutters.
In 1931, Hennie Mathesius went to work for Hatch and carried his fowl with him, which were Morgan Whitehackles, from Hill, of New Jersey, some Lowman blood and some Gull/Morgan crosses. Some of these were crossed on the Hatch fowl and though their progeny looked about the same, they fought better. They lost a little of their power, but became higher headed, better cutters and won a larger percent of fights. Some think they lost their extreme gameness, but I think this was the case only in some yards. Hatch gave all his fowl to Mathesius, who sold them to C.C. Cooke, of Oklahoma, who soon became partner of E.W. Law.


On Wednesday, Hockinson School District marked the 18th anniversary of 9/11 with moments of silence and reflection, stories of bravery and grief, and conversations between teachers and students.
Discussing the events of September 11, 2001 with students can be challenging because it’s a complex topic, and most were not born when the events took place.
Our district staff recognizes the importance of commemorating 9/11. Hockinson High School Principal Mr. Schoonover chose to honor the anniversary with the following school-wide announcement:
“Good morning, this is Mr. Schoonover. Today marks the 18th anniversary of the attacks on September 11th.
Please stand silently for a moment of reflection and respect. Most of you were not born on September 11th, 2001. But your parents will always remember that day.
Please join me in a moment of silence...
For the innocent men, women and children who lost their lives on an airplane, at the World Trade Center, at the Pentagon, and on the streets of New York City.
For civil servants, firefighters, police officers, and military personnel who have dedicated and lost their lives protecting our safety, our freedom and our democracy.
For the thousands of families and friends who still grieve their loss.
Thank you. While today marks one of the most difficult events in American History, I’d like to take a moment to celebrate America’s resilience, ability to work together, help one another and commit to respecting all people, no matter race, culture or creed. Let’s reflect what is best about America today.”


March 14, 2018 is the official 150th Anniversary of KCFD. The Kansas City Fire Historical Society is proud to present our 150th Anniversary Badge. The outline of the complete badge is the identical outline of the KCFD second issue badge (issued from 1904 to 1921) the smaller inset badge in the center is a downsized version of the KCFD first issued badge (issued from 1885 through 1904). The City of Fountains-Heart of America logo was officially adopted 1992 through the present. These badges are on sale through the KCFHS donation website for $125. Please help us in preserving our KCFD’s rich tradition.
The link to purchase the badges is here on the KCFHS donation page here. Purchases can be made with a credit card on that page. Please help us in preserving our KCFD’s rich tradition.
Local 42 has provided this information on our website to assist them the KC Historical Society in getting this information out to the KCFD Membership. This program was established by the KC Historical Society and any and all inquires regarding questions or purchases should be directed to Bill Young at 816.969.9548.


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The Grinding Gears of War Source: http://gmva.eve-kill.net/ X Axis is in months. Since the graph is a monthly chart, we’re only seeing the first 12 days of January; history hasn’t finished being written. After a summer lull, action picked up again in the fall/winter months with a massive spike in Isk destroyed during december, topping […]
Freedom, Forever Ladistier fell yesterday to combined Federal Defense Union Militia forces numbering roughly 200 active combat pilots. It was a proud moment for all of us that have worked so long to rid the Ladistier system of its Caldari occupiers. This has now brought the state of the war to a complete and total […]
We had a rather epic fight for the taking of Teimo last month; This probably marks the last serious effort of Caldari Militia resistance to our steamrolling of their systems. I will be posting a wrap-up blog post of the various events of the past month and a recapitulation of the entire year. Stay tuned! […]


The Alhambra plus the Generalife - Lions, Tigers, and Water Staircases: Oh My!The Generalife, one of the earth's most renowned gardens, Situated inside the Alhambra, houses many of the most effective fountain function on the earth. The Alhambra is found around the outskirts from the Spanish town of Granada. The Moors created Alhambra as a straightforward fort, during the 9th century, overlooking the town as well as the mountains. Whilst the Alhambra started being an alcazaba (fortress), it absolutely was expanded into an alcazar (palace) and afterwards was, slowly and gradually, produced into a medina (compact city). Ultimately, during the 14th century, the Generalife, with its remarkable fountain get the job done, was built next to the Alhambra.
The Generalife is easily probably the most charming Section of the Alhambra. The most crucial courtyard is named Patio de la Acequia this means Courtyard of the Drinking water Channel. It can be from the Generalife's fountain technique the Alhambra gets water. It is maybe this element that triggered the construction of one other fountains and water parts while in the Generalife.
A single fountain of the Generalife's gardens that hardly ever fails to shock would be the escalera del agua, or "h2o staircase”. H2o flows more than an intricately carved staircase and banister, which permit the visitor to truly stroll on drinking water. The escalera del agua is shaped by 3 landings separated by groups of stairs. In some unspecified time in the future in historical past, there was once a little oratoria at one stop of the fountain. This fountain was produced as the Moors wished drinking water flowing everywhere because of their desert heritage. The beauty of this fountain is just wonderful.
Quite possibly the most notable function of the Alhambra and also the Generalife is the Courtroom of the Lions or Patio de los Leones. The patio contains a fountain with twelve lions. It was a gift from a Jewish leader to celebrate the good relations involving himself as well as the sultan. The 12 lions characterize the twelve tribes related to Israel. The fountain initially functioned for a clock with another lion spurting h2o as the hour modified. There exists a poem carved at just one corner of your fountain that offers compliments on the sultan and directions on how the fountain operates. Even so, after a Christian invasion, the fountain's clock feature under no circumstances appropriately operated once more. It still remains among the finest h2o capabilities within the premises.
The perfection of the region was not very well recognized in the course of history. In truth, it wasn't until finally 1870 the Alhambra was thought of a countrywide monument. These days, however, more info the Alahambra is kind of well regarded. The fountains of the Generalife develop much more gorgeous with Every single passing yr. They may be deemed The most intricate and gorgeous constructions in architectural record. The Generalife's gorgeous mix of lush foliage and flowing water are wholly unforgettable.


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In this picture, our Memphis team is 149 miles from our Little Rock office at the banks of the Mississippi River that separates Arkansas and Tennessee. It is actually symbolic that we are standing in front of the bridge named after the Spanish conquistador Hernando Desoto, who was the first European to cross the Mississippi River. Like De Soto, our company was the first Turnkey Real Estate company to cross the Mississippi River into Little Rock, Arkansas to provide investment opportunities for investors all over the US and a few foreign countries too. I imagine Hernando de Soto was proud to say he was the first to cross the Mississippi and after 7 years of being in Little Rock and with few other companies following our lead, I can say we are proud to be the original Conquistador to explore and open up so many great single family and multi-family opportunities in Little Rock.
BTW, have you heard of Luis de Moscoso Alvarado? He was basically the next guy following Hernando de Soto’s lead in exploring across the Mississippi River. His lack of planning and experience lead to the demise of approximately 400 of his 600 men. Moral of the story, it is always good to align yourself with innovators who know the lay of the land. There are a few “Luis de Moscoso’s” operating in Little Rock, but only 1 “Hernando de Soto” and that is us. Our Little Rock team are life long residents of Little Rock with over 50 years of experience investing in their backyard. They know the lay of the land better then any out of state conquistador trying to learn the unique nuisances of each neighborhood.


From the 11th century, some religious people, calling themselves Apostles, "Poor of Christ" or good Christians visited homes of good believers, blessed the bread, preached for families and gave comfort to the dying .....
In the 12th century, they organized themselves into independent churches.
From then on, this dissident religion, inscribed in the Christian faith, called "Catharism" by its detractors, is considered to be an heresy that compromised the all-powerful Roman Church.
Catharism was condemned under names necessarily pejorative and its practitioners chased by the Inquisition from the 13th century.
The Cathars, forced to flee, found refuge in remote places. At the edge of the Aude Cathar Country, the Tarn side of the Montagne Noire had such a role of retirement.
Thus Hautpoul, ancient castrum perched on its rocky spur, historical cradle of Mazamet, constituted a particularly lively place of resistance of the dissident Church.
Also known as a place of residence for the Cathar bishop of Albigeois in the 13th century, this medieval village is one of the few traces of the Cathar epic in the Tarn. Anne Brenon, renown specialist of Occitan catharism, also calls it "Montségur of the Black Mountain".
Richly illustrated panels (texts, copies of documents, photos, drawings ...) bring life to those religious people who have marked medieval Occitan society for three centuries.
Audioguides, tablets, and videos bring to life the museography and give everyone the keys to understand the Cathar tragedy.
Here no objects, statues or reliquaries can be seen since the "Cathars" rejected all materialistic items.
With simplicity and without concessions, thanks to the museum, good Cathar men and women find a name, their words are meaningful.
They also refused symbols and representations such as the Catholic cross. No original manuscripts are displayed because they are very rare and valuable, and preserved in several libraries in Europe.
The Museum of Catharism makes the town of Mazamet a pole of discovery for the Cathar history in the Tarn. It has no equivalent in France and Languedoc, a region where Catharism is rooted thanks to a favorable geopolitical context and a much more liberal and open Occitan society than the rest of the medieval society of the time.
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Discover 35 unmissable sites in Occitania, castles, abbeys, museums, caves, adventure parks, outdoor activities... there is something for the whole family.
And you will benefit from reductions and advantages thanks to the Pass card which will be given to you free of charge during your first visit to one of the participating sites. More info on www.vacances-occitanie.com


Wallpaper dates back more than 2,000 years. It began in ancient China as early as 200BC, where decorative rice paper was glued onto walls. The type of wallpaper used in homes today began when Louis XI of France commissioned a painter to create 50 rolls of portable paper so he could take it with him from chateau to chateau. In the early 1700s, Frenchman Jean-Michel Papillon, now considered the inventor of modern wallpaper, designed the first paper with a repeating pattern.
The 'golden age of wallpaper' was the 1920s, when more than 400 million rolls were sold, but it was only after the Second World War that the wallpaper industry was revolutionized, with the use of plastic resins to make it stain -resistant, washable and more durable. Thanks to advancement of today’s modern technology, Infeel wallcoverings are made from high-quality vinyl that is flame-retardant, stain-resistant, washable, and more durable offered in hundreds of styles in the look of leather, wood, metal, paperweave, marble, and vinyl. Vinyl wallcoverings entered the wall-coverings market in the late '50s, but it really didn't make an impact until the '70s and '80s. Infeel wallcoverings is an international brand leader and has helped to design homes and offices for over 10 years.
As with all decorating trends, innovative wallpaper prints are a reflection of the wider influence of fashion. It's no surprise that interior design companies are now rediscovering our elaborate Infeel wall coverings. With designs that range from vintage crystal to country cottage-style luxury wood, any wall can be instantly transformed.
Even our Infeel pattern prints are used today to make a feature in the home by covering just one wall, column or targeted area. Designers have used strong colorful Infeel prints for one main wall and kept traditional painted walls usually done a softer co-ordinating neutral hue, which only helps to accentuate the walcoverings even further.
Infeel wallcoverings are high-end exclusive designer durable vinyl coverings without that plastic look. Infeel wallcoverings popularity has grown along with the growth of Wallpaper over the last decade.
It can be pasted directly on laminated surfaces, glass surface, wooden surface etc. Best products for re-uphostry of existing furnitures like wardrodes, kitchen cabinets and many more.


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The first welded ship was the MS Carolinian that was built in 1930, just less than a century ago. But the first sign of welding in human history dates back to several millennia. Modern welding tools that we see today were invented in the 19th century.
But archaeologists have found pressure-welded gold boxes that are about two thousand years old. Some believe the first welding took place in Ancient Egypt in 4000 B.C. How did welding evolve from ancient times to the modern age? Let’s take a look back at the history of welding.
What is Welding?
Welding nowadays is commonly used to join metals or thermoplastics through a process called fusion. Metal parts are heated to the melting temperature so that they fuse together and form a strong bond between parts. This is done by using a variety of energy sources.
Gas flame welding or electric arc welding are commonly being used for years while laser welding or ultrasound welding are still developing their effectiveness. Even robots are being used to weld in places that are tough for humans to access. From ancient times, new methods of welding are being invented and improved.
Who Invented Modern Welding?
There is no certain name in the history who welded for the first time in human history. But modern welding took place in the early 19th century when Sir Humphry Davy produced electric arc using battery and carbon electrodes. But this wasn’t a continuous arc.
Edmund Davy invented acetylene in 1836 but humans need to wait for another 64 years until the first blowtorch was invented to use acetylene to weld metal. After a Russian scientist created a continuous electric arc, the first electric arc welding took place in the late 19th century.
The first fusion welding was documented in 1881; 45 years later, acetylene was invented. It was done by August De Meritens, who welded lead plates for battery using carbon electrodes. Oxyacetylene was first applied in welding in the early 20th century, and this is where modern welding started taking shape.
Breakdown of Welding History
So that you understand the propagation of development in welding, we will go all the way back to ancient times and show you how welding evolved over time to take the shape it has today. We will divide the history into distinct periods so that you know where welding took leaps. Here you go.
Most Ancient Welding: B.C. Period
How did welding start and progress during this period? This is the timeline of welding history in the B.C period.
This was the time when welding is believed to start in Ancient Egypt. The first metal that was hammered and welded is copper. Due to the flexibility of copper, it was the ideal metal back then to be bent and welded. At the end of this era, Tin was discovered and started being used commonly.
The use of bronze is considered to start in this era. The human civilization that started with copper, made its way through exploring bronze, silver, gold, and iron. In this period, humans first pressure-welded small gold boxes.
People were also able to shape metal into weapons, utensils, and jewelry in this era. Sumerian people used the hard soldering process to make swords, and Ancient Egyptians used pressure welding during this timeframe.
The use of cobalt to paint glass also started in this era by Persians.
Mercury was discovered around this time. Iron smelting also occurred then, but it became more common later in around 1200 B.C. There has been a sign of using metal soldering by Egyptians in 1330 B.C. They used solder and blowpipe to solder metal, and the sign of their works was found in the Mask of Tut-Ench-Amun.
By this time, humans started working with irons. They also started using furnaces to bend metals to prepare spearheads and swords. Catalan furnace was commonly used at that time.
Egyptians started manufacturing iron tools in around 900 B.C. Babylonians also started making weapons with iron at the same age.
Middle Age Welding: From A.D. Period to Middle Age
In middle age, there has been some notable progress in welding. What happened next? Read to know.
In this era, a Roman author called Pliny documented the process of gold brazing. It took place in 60 A.D. In 310 A.D., major progress came in when an iron pillar was made by welding iron billets in Delhi, India. Iron billets were forge-welded, and the pillar was about 25 feet tall and weighed about 6 tons. Similar structures were built in Rome, Scandinavia, and England between 300 and 400 A.D.
The venture of the Chinese of turning wrought iron into steel happened in 589 A.D. during the Sui Dynasty. Japanese also started making weapons like Samurai swords around that time. They used welding and molding to make such weapons.
This was the era when a monk called Theophilus wrote the process of fusing flux to braze silver. He also mentioned the application of Potassium Tarpate and Sodium Chloride at that time. Zinc was discovered later in 1375 A.D.
Forge was the welding base in this phase of welding history. Pounding hot metals until they bond was the most common welding process around this time. But this started to change in the next few centuries.
Welding in 16th and 17th Centuries
The first major progress of welding in the 16th century took place in 1540. This year, De la Pirotechnia was authored by Vannoccio Biringuccio where he described forging operation. His theories helped Renaissance craftsmen master the skills of forging.
The first cast-iron cannon was made in 1545. Parson Levett, a priest at Buxted, is known as the founder of cannon. This was a giant leap in using the welding process for making weapons.
In the same century, Benvenuto Cellini, a well-known goldsmith from Italy wrote about how to braze a silver or copper alloy through the soldering process. The term ‘weld’ was first used in 1599.
Development of Welding in 18th Century
A number of small but important developments happened in the history of welding in this century. Blast furnaces were used in this century for the first time. The progress of welding was slow but persistent to take it to the era of the industrial revolution.
Instances were in Ecuador that Indians during the pre-Columbian era used platinum in 1735. After 16 years, a Swedish chemist called Axel Cronstedt made pure nickel in 1751. Another 15 years later, a big invention in the history of welding happened.
English physicist and Chemist Henry Cavendish stated the properties of Hydrogen Gas. After few more years, Oxygen was discovered in 1774. Shortly after the invention of Oxygen, A French scientist called Lavoisier established oxygen cutting principles that have been developed over time.
Evolution of Welding in 19th Century
The 19th century was the time when welding started taking its modern shape. With a lot of inventions and developments, welding progressed faster in this century.
At the beginning of this century, Sir Humphry Davy made an electric arc using batteries and carbon electrodes.
Allesandro Volta made a breakthrough by discovering the voltaic cell at the beginning of this century. There wasn’t much development in these three decades but sponge platinum was welded through cold-pressing in 1828.
A major development in the history of welding is the invention of acetylene. Edmund Davy invented acetylene in 1836, as you might already know. But this wasn’t effective until the beginning of the 20th century as there wasn’t any blowtorch to use acetylene for welding.
After two years of this invention, Eugene Desbassayrs de Richemont got a patent for fusion welding. Soon, Michael Faraday discovered the voltage generation process in 1839 that helped to weld a lot afterward.
Another crucial development in welding took place in 1846 when James Nasmyth discovered an interesting thing. He showed that if welding surfaces are prepared with a bit of convex, the bond becomes much stronger than usual forge welding.
By the mid-19th century, several different types of electricity generators were made. Scientists like Oersted, Ampere, Faraday, Wheatstone, etc. played vital roles in making of these tools that were commonly used afterward.
James Joule discovered the resistance welding process in 1856 when he used internal resistance and electric current to produce heat and weld a bundle of wires. Electric welding was developed by Wilde in 1860 but he got to patent it five years later in the year 1865.
Friederich Wohler applied calcium carbide in 1862 to produce acetylene gas and it showed new hope in welding.
A different type of invention – the gasoline-powered torch came in 1876 which was developed by Otto Bernz Company. As we have already mentioned earlier, the fusion welding process was first recorded in 1881.
He used carbon electrodes in this process but the welding process advanced as two scientists, C. L. Coffin and Nikolai Slavyanov separately invented metal electrodes. In this case, carbon electrodes were coated with metal. But pure metal electrodes were invented by N.G. Slavianoff in 1888. Around the same time, two disciples of Auguste de Meritens won a patent for welding using carbon electrodes and an electrical power source.
In between 1889 and 1892, American scientist C. L. Coffin received four patents for flash-butt welding, spot welding, and bare metal electrode arc welding. He is considered the welding pioneer in the US.
Blowtorch was first used in 1890, and acetylene production started commercially in 1892. Famous scientist Henry LeChatelier discovered the combined ignition of oxygen and acetylene in 1895. Oxyacetylene we use today came from this invention. Copper electrodes were invented in the late 19th century.
Ultimate Progress of Welding: 20th Century
This was the time when welding started to get its final touch of development. All the major developments in the history of welding happened in this century. Let us introduce you to the most crucial events.
At the very beginning of the 20th century, commercial oxyacetylene torches were developed and came into the market. Soon after making welding torches, Thermite Welding, and oxyfuel welding, two different processes of welding became popular.
In the first decade, resistance spot welding machines were made in 1906. Oscar Kjellberg got the patent license for arc welding or shielded metal, which is still used in some cases, in 1907. Bernardor got a patent for the Electroslag procedure. Before this, welding thicker plates in one go was quite impossible.
In 1911, the first pipeline was welded using oxyacetylene. The first-ever commercial welding devices came in 1912. In the same year, the first automobile body was fabricated through spot welding, and it was a breakthrough in the industry.
Though AC welding was discovered in 1919, it wasn’t popular because of the unstable arc. Oxyfuel welding was much popular at that time. Superpowers felt the need to discover newer welding processes to make ships and other military tools because old methods weren’t secure enough.
Welded objects often got cracked and weren’t that reliable until the 1920s.
This was the time for some giant leaps in the history of welding. Automatic welding was invented in 1920. X-ray was also used for the first time to check the quality of the welding.
The first welded building was built in 1924. The first welded railroad bridge was made in 1928. It was used to transport large generators. Alternating Current welding started to get popularity in the early 1930s. Before this time, welding was done by batteries. Submerged arc welding was developed in 1930.
E.G. Budd welded stainless steel for the first time in 1931. Westinghouse, who made the first welded railroad bridge, first invented a controller to control resistance welding. Miller Electric made the first AC welding machine in 1936.
Gravity welding was introduced in 1938, and Germans started using welding to make larger ships. A big leap in aviation welding came in 1939 with the use of aluminum. Arc welding with Gas tungsten was patented in 1942. By this time, the Dip soldering process was also developed.
Arc welding with gas metal was invented in 1943. A large number of ships were built around 1945 that used welding instead of riveting. The process of shielded metal arc welding gone through development during the 1950s.
Shielded metal arc welding got much popularity during this time. Consumable electrodes and CO2 atmosphere were used in this process. Miller Electric introduced a machine that was used to weld by controlled AC waves.
This was used for ultimate precision in welding. So, this was a common welding method on aircraft and missiles. A.J. Stohr introduced Electric beam welding at this time.
In 1951, the introduction of DryRod Electrode helped control the moisture level of electrodes. A new process called flux-cored welding was launched in 1954. A big move in 1957 was the invention of plasma welding. It was patented under the National Cylinder Gas Company.
In 1956, Russians developed the friction welding system. Electroslag welding and electron beam welding was developed in 1958, which helped welding penetrate narrow spaces.
The base of laser welding was established in this decade, with the laser being introduced in 1960. Mercury space capsule was built by welding titanium sheets with the help of filler metal.
The Fuse-welder torch was introduced in 1963. Before this, a testing process to determine the feasibility of welding different materials called the Varestraint Test was introduced. Two years later, a CO2 laser was used for the first time to weld metal. In 1969, Russians used welding in space for the first time to manage SOYUZ-6.
Several new technologies for soldering were introduced in the early 1970s.
Modern Era of Welding
This is the era when welding got its most recent look. A lot of new technologies were developed that helped automate the welding process in different industries. Automobile, shipbuilding, space, and nuclear industries started to use newer methods of welding to produce more effective results.
Robots started taking responsibility away from humans in this time. More sophisticated equipment and computers were integrated with robots to make welding more efficient and safer for humans.
In 1991, a new welding system named Fiction stir was introduced. By the need of the 20th century, developed a method to increase the amount of flux that helped the welded material keep safe from oxidation.
In the first decade of the 21st century, welding took several different leaps like X-ray welding, Diode laser, and magnetic pulse. These were introduced in the early 2000s. In the years 2008 and 2013, two major developments took place that introduced gas metal and laser arc welding.
Welding in the Future
As of now, many industries are using automated welding processes. But still, there are combinations of robots and humans in many sectors where it will turn into a completely automated system in the near future.
New materials will be designed to improve the quality and strength of the welding. Space industries will use welding materials and processes that improve the durability and monitor the performance of the welding.
The history of welding came to date through numerous stages to match the requirement of every era. This still-developing process will take our civilization to places we have never imagined to go. Today, as we make every single weld we make, we humbly remember those great names and builders who made it possible for us to achieve something in minutes that couldn’t be achieved in days.


Inside The Valley Relics Museum – Plan A Wedding Like No Other!
Behind this grey and very unassuming airplane hanger, tucked in near the Van Nuys airport in Los Angeles, California, lies thousands of memories and hundreds of years of colorful San Fernando Valley buried treasure just waiting to be discovered by YOU! Welcome to the one and only, Valley Relics Museum. A very unique and one of a kind location, this museum could be perfect for your next unique event or untraditional wedding celebration. Come a long as we show you around.
As you step through the double front doors, you are transported back through the nostalgia, historical significance, and impact ‘The Valley’, as us locals call it, had and continues to have on the city of Los Angeles as a whole.
The San Fernando Valley is located in Los Angeles County, California. It includes the cities of Burbank, Glendale, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, and Calabasas, as well as many smaller neighborhoods within the city of Los Angeles, such as Northridge, Arleta, Canoga Park, Chatsworth, Encino, Granada Hills, Lake View Terrace, Mission Hills, North Hollywood, North Hills, Pacoima, Panorama City, Porter Ranch, Reseda, Sherman Oaks, Studio City, Sun Valley, Sunland, Sylmar, Tarzana, Toluca Lake, Tujunga, Van Nuys, Valley Village, West Hills, Winnetka, and Woodland Hills.
Now you understand why Los Angeles is a BIG, little town!
Here is the man behind 22 years of collecting and hundreds of years of historical salvage, Valley Relics founder, Tommy Gelinas. A local, born and raised in the very area his collection now dwells, Tommy lives, breaths, and shares the culture of ‘The Valley’ in everything he does.
The Valley Relics Museum boasts its vast collection of historical artifacts pertaining to The San Fernando Valley and surrounding areas. The collection includes rare documents, photographs, vintage neon signs, postcards, flags, yearbooks, negatives, clothing, books, art, automobiles and BMX bikes from The Valley’s near and dear past.
In 2013, Tommy opened the first Valley Relics Museum in a Chatsworth warehouse. Outgrowing that space in just a few years, in November 2018 he moved the museum to its current home, which features over 25,000 items and is probably only a third of the collection.
As a nonprofit organization, The Valley Relics Museum is a 501(c)3 with an endeavor to preserve and protect our local history and it’s artifacts while educating the public on the rich history of The San Fernando Valley and surrounding areas. The museum functions and runs off of volunteer staff. This means, all hosted event incomes at the museum aid in continuing its mission of historical appreciation and preservation in the San Fernando Valley. When you host your wedding or event here, you are helping the local preserve its history for generations to come.
Every square inch of this space has something interesting to look at, read about, or take in. One of the reasons I love planning events in museums is because there is essentially a built in experience for your guests to enjoy from start to finish.
The Valley Relics Museum welcomes weddings, receptions, birthday parties, company parties, reunions, school dances, music video shoots, photo shoots and any other project or event. See more photos of events at The Valley Relics Museum on their Instagram. @valleyrelicsmuseum
The museum portion is chock full of well manicured display cases of curated historical artifacts, old Hollywood nostalgia, and mementos of the past that will keep your guests entertained from floor to ceiling. Literally! Don’t forget to look up and see additional signage and a large collection of BMX bikes hanging, safely, from the rafters.
From every angle there is something to appreciate at The Valley Relics Museum. While the car collection can be moved and displayed in the parking lot, some of the collection is stationary and can not be moved. And frankly, why would you want to move it?
Isaac Lankershim, the namesake behind one of the San Fernando Valley’s major streets, was a German-born American landowner and pioneer in California born in 1818. In the late 1860s, Lankershim moved to Los Angeles and purchased 60,000 acres fir $115,000 (roughly $2,437,592.52 today) together with other businessmen from San Francisco the two men bought the land from Don Pío de Jesús Pico (aka Pio Pico) a California politician, ranchero, and merchant that served as the last Governor of Alta California (modern day California) under Mexican rule.
These acres included what is now Woodland Hills, Tarzana, Encino, Sherman Oaks, Van Nuys and North Hollywood. By 1873, the two men raised 40,000 sheep on the ranch. When wool prices fell, they grew wheat instead. To take the wheat from the valley to Santa Monica, he built a wagon path now known as Interstate 405. In 1876, he turned it into a toll road that could make the men additional income. Although today’s 405 is a “freeway” as opposed to a “payway” or toll road, native Angelenos still believe the 405 costs them, not in money, but rather in their sanity!
Isaac Van Nuys’ great ranch became the “Van Nuys townsite” and then simply, Van Nuys. No landmark house, statue, or even a formal portrait of the land baron stands. The only thing he left was his name.
The first high school in the valley was located in Van Nuys, and many storefronts still stand today that date from the early 1900’s. There was farming, canning, and the old Union Ice Plant from the days when produce was sent by rail to downtown markets. The Union Ice Plant remains today, next to what is now the Orange Bus Line.
The sport of bowling played a significant role in the social and recreational life of Post WWII Americans. In Los Angeles, as elsewhere in the U.S., modern bowling centers were constructed in the postwar era in large numbers and particularly in areas of west Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley.
One things you can’t turn away from at The Valley Relics Museum is the Neon and Bulb Signage. Hundreds of neon and bulb signs, large and small, hung and free-standing, line the walls of this luminous place. Neon signs are made of glass tubes bent into letters or shapes and filled with inert gas. When the electric current hits the electrodes in the tubes, electrons flow through the gas, making its atoms glow. In a clear glass tube, argon gas gives off a steel blue light while neon gas produces red light.
Los Angeles became the birthplace of American neon in 1923 when car dealer Earl C. Anthony imported a pair of neon signs from Paris, France to his downtown Packard dealership. The goal was to get people’s attention and “their crisp bright light” literally stopped traffic. While originally neon signs were electric signs lighted by long luminous gas-discharge tubes that contain rarefied neon or other gases, today’s “neon” signs are as far from their original from. The less expensive lure of LED lighting to the delicate nature of neon gases and glass piping helped to discount this artform.
The Valley Relics Museum prides itself in saving original neon and painted signs that are sadly destined for the wrecking ball or scrap yard during demolitions of memorable Valley establishments. Tommy recently saved the original sign from Oil Can Harry’s — the oldest gay club in Los Angeles and a Valley staple on Ventura Blvd. I personally had many disco-filled Saturday nights on the dance floor there!
While the population of the Valley is roughly 1,540,948 today, imagine what is was like in the early 1800’s, when settlers arrived here to create a better life for themselves and their, usually large, families. Floral blooms, cattle ranching, sheep ranching, large-scale wheat farming, and fruit orchards flourished 220 years ago.
Although we use the label, “Old Hollywood”, so much of the film industry is actually North of the walk of fame in the Valley. A major staple at the height of Old Westerns were “movie ranches”. Ranch sets created specifically for movie production.
There were two kinds of movie ranches, those bought by film companies specifically for location shooting, and ranches created to rent their facilities to smaller studios and production companies that couldn’t afford their own spread.
By far the most popular movie ranch was the Iverson Movie Ranch, in what’s now Chatsworth. Film historians estimate that more than 2,500 motion pictures and television shows shot some or all of their outdoor scenes at the Iverson Ranch.
Fast food restaurants became very popular during the 1950s because families were busy and they needed a place where they could quickly pick up food; people also wanted to be able to get quick food that they could eat in front of their new purchase – the Television. Here are some example of uniforms from McDonald’s and Pioneer Chicken as well as the original ‘Jack head’ ordering system from Jack in the Box. The one in the case is an original (unrestored) and the lumiated one to the left has been refurbished back to its original glory.
The colors red, yellow, and orange have been proven to convince your brain you are hungry. Do you think that is a coincidence that so many fast food companies use this palette in their logos and advertising? I think not!
It might be hard for millenials to believe, but most major restaurants allowed you to smoke inside during your meal. While this idea seems simple now, it was revolutionary in 1995 when California became the first state to ban smoking in the workplace, including public buildings, indoor work spaces and restaurants. Three years later in 1998, that ban extended to include bars, taverns and gaming clubs. Matches and ashtrays were not only useful items but also showcased themselves as advertising methods.
Do you recognize which Brady kid lived behind this bedroom door?
Whether it’s Canter’s, Art’s, Nate ‘n Al, or Langer’s, LA has some amazing Delicatessens. Roasted beef on rye for me please!
Check out the prices at Jack in the Box! A cheeseburger, fries, and a soda would cost you less than $1 in the early 1960’s.
Within the museum is a huge collections of BMX bikes, something owner Tommy Gelinas, is passionate about. BMX, or bicycle motocross, started in the early 1970s when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in Southern California, drawing inspiration from the motocross superstars of the time. The popular pastime of BMX is truly a concept that was “Made in the Valley”.
While the neon gives off the majority of the light in the museum, if you wanted to create some more mood lighting, the hanging floodlight can be turned off as well as specific neon signs, running on separate circuits, that gives off a more white to colored light. The industrial doors seen in the left of this photo also roll up completely creating an indoor/outdoor feel to this room, while still maintaining all the colorful ambiance.
All the arcade and pinballs machines on site are in “free-play” mode and gratis during rented, private events for guests to enjoy throughout the evening.
One of the newest highlights in the center of the museum is this salvaged wall of TV’s owned by actor, director, producer, Jack Webb, who is most famous for his role as Sgt. Joe Friday in the television drama Dragnet (which he created). Webb was so obsessed with the ratings of his NBC show being the highest, that he installed multiple TV’s into the wall of him home to be able to watch all the nightly shows on other stations simultaneously. If you look closely at the TV wall, you will see labels with ABC, PBS, Channel 5, Channel 13 as well as 4 clocks for the different time zones. If any other shows were as good, God-forbid, better, his writing team would get an immediate phone call. Mind you, Dragnet aired from 1952 to 1959 and these Sony televisions STILL work! When it comes to TV producers and the televisions their shows play on, as they say, “they don’t make them like that anymore!”
Words to Live By
“Never approach a bull from the front, a horse from the rear, or a fool from any direction.”
For more information on booking your next event or coming in for a tour of The Valley Relics Museum , contact:
Tommy Gelinas at firstname.lastname@example.org
Address: 7900 Balboa Blvd. C3 & C4 Entrance on, Stagg St, Van Nuys, CA 91406
Photos by: Aurelia D’Amore Photography


Dr Aubrey Steingraber
Aubrey joined Worldpop as a Specialist GIS Technician in 2023.
She received BAs in Anthropology/Archaeology and East Asian Studies at Western Washington University (2012) and her MA in Medieval Archaeology at University of York (2014). After working as a staff archaeologist and field director in the United States, she returned to the University of York to complete her PhD in Archaeology (2022) where her research explored medieval borderland processes through the physical and cultural landscapes of the medieval Anglo-Scottish border. After completing her PhD, Aubrey became a GIS specialist for Headland Archaeology and contributed to the development of the company’s digital field recording systems, data management processes, and staff GIS training programme.
- Landscape and the making of the medieval Anglo-Scottish border: power, place, and perspective c. 1200-c. 1500 (PhD thesis)
- On the Role of Coastal Landscape Evolution in Detecting Fish Weirs: A Pacific Northwest Coast Example from Washington State


THE HISTORICAL ROOTS
In the fall of 2012 an “Archives” Committee, led by Board Secretary Caroline Toffolo, began meeting to determine a plan to manage the archival records of Pelham Cares Inc.
This includes organizing information about the minutes of meetings, services offered, the Constitution, donations, volunteers, etc.
The purpose is to not only arrange the material chronologically but to provide an historical
resource for the future decision making of the organization.
Suggestions and references about how to
proceed were provided by the Senior
Coordinator, Collections Development and Management, Archives
of Ontario. Also original materials and newspaper articles from the
early days of Pelham Cares were graciously donated by Eleanor
Fisher and George Kowalski.
The main goals of the committee are to:
- chronicle accurately the information gathered,
- acknowledge the contributions of the people responsible for
sustaining Pelham Cares,
- handle the material with integrity and respect,
- collaborate with the Board, staff and the community on relevant
issues and organize the archival material such that it clearly
reflects the evolution of Pelham Cares Inc. from 1982 to 2013
After examining the archival material now available, the committee decided to focus on the years 1982/83 and subsequently create an historical account, supported by original documents, that describes
the process that led to the formation of Pelham Cares Inc.
Information will be posted here as the committee continues to
do their research.
1982 - Where It All Started!


Exactly one year ago today I posted a very personal story about John F. Kennedy and how my mother saw him speak and shook hands with him on November 22, 1963 in Fort Worth, Texas mere hours before he was assassinated. By writing about her story, I attempted to do justice to my mother's experience that day and honor a very important part of my family's history.
Upon posting, the story was met with an overwhelming amount of support. Now it is one year later, and I have decided to re-post it here so that it might reach others. Here is the story in its entirety:
Fifty years ago today my mother was 13 years old when she shook hands with President John F. Kennedy. It happened in Fort Worth in front of the Hotel Texas where Kennedy spent his final night on earth. It would be the site of his final public address, and my mother was there.
Being Mexican-American and Catholic on Fort Worth’s historic Northside in the early 1960’s, then a mostly white, Protestant neighborhood, my mother grew up feeling different. Susan Alcala was the daughter of hardworking, blue collar, first-generation Americans who raised her in a bilingual home.
At school, Susan felt pressure to fit in and wanted so badly to feel accepted. John F. Kennedy, youthful, handsome, and charismatic, gave my mother hope and inspiration. He was the candidate of the outsider, the outcast, young people, the poor and working class. He was a visionary who spoke of equality, civil rights, humanity, freedom, and peace.
My mother was only 10 years old in 1960 when she campaigned for the would-be president by going door to door, handing out pamphlets, wearing buttons, and giving out bumper stickers. Make no mistake, Kennedy was not liked by everyone. The vast majority of her schoolmates as well as the adults in her neighborhood were fervent supporters of Richard Nixon. Not Kennedy. Although it might be rare for a 10-year-old child to take such an active interest in politics, it was a testament to just how important Kennedy was to those who identified with him.
My mother still remembers the fateful day vividly and is moved to tears every single time she tells the story. She often still cries at the mere mention of President Kennedy or upon seeing his image, and it forever pains her to know that the Dallas area is often closely associated with the tragic events and that meanwhile Kennedy’s pleasant trip to nearby Fort Worth is largely forgotten. I will do my best to tell her story now.
My mother’s aunt and uncle Tía Lucy and Tío Manuel took my mother and her cousins to see President Kennedy early that morning. November 22, 1963 was a Friday which meant the girls would have to miss the first half of school that day, but this was a very important occasion. The leader of the free world was in their humble Texas town.
My mother and her cousins stood in the cold rain outside the Hotel Texas in downtown Fort Worth, just 2 miles from my mother’s modest childhood home. The impromptu speech began with an introduction by Congressman and future Speaker of the House Jim Wright who said, “This is the proudest day in the history of Fort Worth and Tarrant County.” And then suddenly, there he was. President John F. Kennedy addressed the crowd with confidence and optimism. He spoke of his appreciation for Fort Worth and his plans for continued economic growth, America as a benevolent world leader, and the importance of the space program. He was effortlessly funny, charming, and inspiring.
Immediately after the brief speech, Kennedy approached the crowd, which surged forward in a rush of anticipation. In a fever pitch of excitement, my mother was among those who were lucky enough to shake hands with him. The crowd was beyond exuberant with deafening cheers, and my mother would later describe Kennedy’s demeanor in that moment as “gleefully surprised” at his enthusiastic reception. Not only had my mother just seen her idol in person, she had just met him. It was the single happiest moment of her 13-year-old life.
In preparation for writing this story, my mother tearfully described shaking his hand by saying, “I did not want to let it go. He was my President. I did not want to let him go. Soon we would all have to let him go. For good.”
Immediately afterwards, Kennedy left to go into the hotel ballroom for a private event where he would deliver his final speech. The outdoor crowd where my mother had been was dispersed, but Susan and her cousins weren’t ready to head back to school just yet. They left the Hotel Texas and made their way to a nearby spot along Kennedy’s planned motorcade route. This isn’t the infamous motorcade that took him through Dallas. No, that would happen later. This would be the motorcade route that would take him from the hotel to Carswell Air Force Base in West Fort Worth.
My mother and her family stood along the planned route along with hundreds of others hopeful to catch another glimpse of the President. There they stood along Jacksboro Highway, and around 11 AM the motorcade began to approach. Here came the presidential limousine with the top down for everyone to see, and there was John Kennedy waving to the crowd. My mother had already just seen him, but there was someone she had never seen in person before. For you see, during the speech outside the hotel, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy had still been inside the hotel getting ready for the private function that was to follow. She had not been present for the impromptu outdoor speech my mother had just witnessed.
My mother adored Jackie Kennedy well beyond any movie or music star of the era, and unable to afford magazines, my mother had only ever been able to see her on a black and white television screen. Suddenly, there seated next to her husband was Jackie in real-life color having vibrant auburn hair, and 13-year-old Susan was awestruck. This was the biggest day of my young mother’s life.
The Kennedy’s were rushed away, and my mother and her cousins were taken to school. My mother arrived at J.P. Elder Middle School around noon reeling with joy. She began telling her schoolmates about her tremendous morning. Meanwhile, Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy were flying the 40 miles from Carswell Air Force Base to Love Field in Dallas. While my mother was telling her friends all the wonderful details about shaking hands with the President, Kennedy’s motorcade was taking him through the streets of downtown Dallas. My mother’s world was about to be shattered.
Young Susan was sitting in class still lightheaded, when everything would change forever. My mother describes it as though her entire world collapsed. An end of innocence. The end of her childhood.
The horrifying news came over the loudspeakers throughout the school. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, had been fatally shot and pronounced dead. She was shocked. Students and teachers alike were stunned and began to sob. My mother had just seen him. She had just touched him. She could not believe the news. She did not think it could be true, but the horrible reality slowly began to sink in. My mother describes that moment by saying that it was as though her heart was ripped out.
Shortly thereafter school was dismissed. My mother ran home distraught, heartbroken, and inconsolable. Her family huddled around the television set to watch the news coverage. They went to Mass. They prayed. They cried for days. The heart and soul of a nation had been shot down in his prime.
My mother still cries each and every time she tells the story, and she tells it every so often to friends, family, and acquaintances. She has even told her story to people she has met while traveling throughout the United States as well as internationally, and she has discovered that people from all over the world seem to have a profound interest in Kennedy. Even though it happened 50 years ago, the wounds still seem fresh for her.
I grew up just 25 miles from the site of the assassination, hearing her story throughout my entire life. It has become part of my family history. Sacred yet tragic. Hopeful yet horrifying. Perhaps as a direct result of this story and its impact on me, I have always been interested in President Kennedy, the assassination, his brother Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., the 1960's, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam War.
My mother’s story informed all of my world views, including my odd combination of optimism and cynicism. Naiveté and skepticism. But more than anything, my mother’s story strengthened my belief in the power of ordinary people to make a difference in the face of great adversity. By telling her story to others, my mother has kept alive the memories and importance of that day. Kennedy’s legacy and the events of November 22, 1963 should never be forgotten. The spoken word is powerful. Stories are powerful. Pass on your stories.
Lane Ingram, M.Ed., LPC
Upside Wellness, Clinic Founder


Sailors and their relationship to the horizon, it’s something. From the long series of long-distance sailing races, the one to the island of Helgoland off the German coast is one with a strong tradition. The Royal North Sea Yacht Club of Ostend organizes this return race again for the racing season ‘22.
Marathon by sail
On Saturday 9 July at 9 am, the longest sea sailing competition of the year will start off the coast of Ostend: Oostende-Helgoland.
Sea sailing yachts in the IRC, CR formulas and multihulls, all at least 8.50 m long, can participate. Double handed crews are also allowed.
They then race past the Scheldt estuary, along the Dutch coast, the Maasmond and outside the Wadden Islands into the German bend, towards the German Helgoland. Good for 265 nautical miles nonstop racing.
Both the first and the return match will have a separate classification. For some participants, the outbound race is an ideal application that takes them a long way north. Sailing on to take a sailing holiday in the Baltic waters, for example, becomes more attractive. In Helgoland, Wassersportclub Helgoland organizes an interesting welcome program and the award ceremony of the first leg.
On Wednesday, July 13, the race committee of the co-operating club will give the start of the return race to Ostend at 09 am.
The two legs are considered selective for participation in the 2023 Rolex Fastnet Race.
In both the outward and the return race, the challenge lies in maintaining the highest boat speed day and night, the right anticipation of the currents and dealing with the changing weather and wind conditions. The competition takes place at most outside the zones of the wind farms and of commercial shipping, although the passage of the Scheldt and Maasmond calls requires great attention.
The red rock breathes diplomacy
Like this last classic, aka Everest among the long-distance sailing races in French/English/Irish waters, the history of the Helgoland race goes back to the 19th century. In 1896, the British Rainbow was the first to cross the finish line. The race had a diplomatic mission, because Emperor William II had exchanged the red island with the British for Zanzibar two years earlier. Because of squabbling over race formulas, the British removed the race from their calendar. Even before 1900, the Yacht Club d’Ostende took over the organization with the backing of the Societé des Bains d’Ostende and numerous senior naval officers, notables and the German and Belgian courts.
The emphasis in this edition is on the mix of top competition sailors with high-performance yachts and multihulls and the so-called Cruiser / Racer sailors.
Oostende Helgoland Oostende
Organized by the Royal North Sea Yacht Club Oostende in collaboration with the Wassersportclub Helgoland and supported by Wind and Watersport Vlaanderen.
Program, registration and list of participants: https://www.manage2sail.com/en-BE/event/8ebb4fa9-a80f-4e28-a420-27efcfa8d594#!/
Helgoland the breathing island
Tourist Office Helgoland CLICK HERE
Wassersportclub Helgoland CLICK HERE
Red rock – Duty-free shopping – Nature reserve – Outdoor swimming pool – Tourism