What values did the renaissance look for in a universal man
He used it to charac- terize the fully developed personalities of fifteenth- century Italy, meaning by the uomo universale a dis- tinctive social type: one who combines comprehensive learning with the practice of one or more of the arts or professions. Although the idea has its source and most significant development in the context of Renaissance history, it also plays a role in pedagogical thought discussed below and social criticism. In these domains, it repre- sents a cultural ideal—as it did for the Renaissance. Contemporary discussions of the complete man as an educational and social goal are marked, however, by nostalgia rather than by genuine aspiration. Renais- sance universality is most often used as a foil, setting off by sharp contrast the specialization of knowledge, the one-sided personal development, and the philis- tinism fostered by modern technocratic society and its scientific culture. In the abundant literature on Leonardo da Vinci, for example, Morris Philipson has found a reflection of our own cultural discontent.SEE VIDEO BY TOPIC: Why the West Won
SEE VIDEO BY TOPIC: Exploring the RenaissanceContent:
5 Characteristics of Renaissance Art That Changed the World Forever
To login with Google, please enable popups. Sign up. To signup with Google, please enable popups. Sign up with Google or Facebook. To sign up you must be 13 or older.
And they had artists carry on classical traditions. How did ideas about piety and a simple life change? The spirit of society was secular. Church leaders thought they could enjoy life without angering God. Many remained devoutly Catholic.
What role did patrons of the arts play in the development of Renaissance ideas. They provided money to architects and artists who created wonderful works. What effects did the emphasis on individuals have on painters and sculptors. They glorified the human body in poses. They painted portraits of important citizens. They created perspective to create realism. How did writers reflect Renaissance values in their work.
They wrote for self expression. And in vernacular. How did the writing of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli demonstrate the value of humanism? Petrarch wrote sonnets about an ideal woman. Machiavelli wrote about the conduct of humans in prince. Boccaccio wrote about the follies of his characters.
What led to the growth of cities in northern Italy? Overseas trade and Thriving cities and wealthy middle class were all reasons of growth. How might sophisticated urban centers contirbute to learning and the arts? It was a center where they all could meet and have different ideas.
And it have them a place to practice the calling. Leaders of the Umayyads and the Abbasids encouraged scholars to translate ancient texts. Who ere patrons of artists and scientists in the Renaissance? Aristotle and the other greek philosphers. How did Christianity affect the art of the Renaissance?
Christian artist did most of the decoration of public buildings and introduced society to many of the Greek and Roman myths. What values did the Renaissance look for in a "universal man"?
The ideal Renaissance man was able to excel in all fields of classical learning, including science, language, and phiolosophy. How are these ideals alike? How are they different". Both societies valued a person who was all around ideal, but Muslim ideals also involved religious perfection. In your opinion, what was the major contribution of the Renaissance? The renaissance led to the revival of ideas from Greek and Roman scholars and allowed for the scientific reformation to follow.
True or False During the renaissance, patrons of the arts were people who frequented many art festivals. False, Patrons financially supported the arts. True or False The technique of perspective was used by Renaissance painters to show three dimensions on a flat surface.
True or False The Renaissance, a movement that started in Germany lasted years, brought about a growth of creativity in art, writing, and thought. False, it started in Italy, not Germany. True or False The general emphasis of the Renaissance movement was religious.
False, the emphasis was on the individual. True or False The prince, stated that people are selfish and corrupt, and that a prince should be feared more than loved. True or False Some renaissance writers wrote in the vernacular, or in the authors native language. True or False An intellectual movement called humanism focused on scientific information about the human body. False, it focused on literature and philosphy.
True or False "Renaissance men" were men who mastered many fields of endeavor. Popular Study Materials from World History renaissance art protestant reformation wwii english civil war, restoration and glorious revolution chapter 17 sec 4 english reformation world history world history midterm.
Sign up for free and study better. Anytime, anywhere. Find materials for your class:. Download our app to study better.
The Renaissance, that is, the period that extends roughly from the middle of the fourteenth century to the beginning of the seventeen century, was a time of intense, all-encompassing, and, in many ways, distinctive philosophical activity. A fundamental assumption of the Renaissance movement was that the remains of classical antiquity constituted an invaluable source of excellence to which debased and decadent modern times could turn in order to repair the damage brought about since the fall of the Roman Empire. It was often assumed that God had given a single unified truth to humanity and that the works of ancient philosophers had preserved part of this original deposit of divine wisdom.
In Europe, as early as the 9 th century, many classical texts were being "rediscovered" by society's leading thinkers who would contribute to the rise of Renaissance Humanism. Most notably studied was De architectura , the first century BC treatise by the Roman architect Vitruvius. Employing mathematical proportions for architecture, the human form, and all artistic design, Vitruvius developed what was called the "Vitruvian Triad," or virtues of unity, stability, and beauty. The text informed the Carolingian Renaissance and influenced a number of leading thinkers, including the theologian St. However, it had subsequently been overlooked until Poggio Barccioline, a Florentine humanist, found a copy in the Abbey of St.
Thus the gifted men of the Renaissance sought to develop skills in all areas of knowledge, in physical development, in social accomplishments, and in the arts. The ideal was most brilliantly exemplified in Alberti—who was an accomplished architect, painter, classicist, poet, scientist, and mathematician and who also boasted of his skill as a horseman and in physical feats—and in Leonardo da Vinci — , whose gifts were manifest in the fields of art, science, music, invention, and writing. Renaissance man. Article Media. Info Print Cite. Submit Feedback. Thank you for your feedback. Renaissance man philosophical concept.
Renaissance Humanism - History and Concepts
The Renaissance is one of the most interesting and disputed periods of European history. Many scholars see it as a unique time with characteristics all its own. A second group views the Renaissance as the first two to three centuries of a larger era in European history usually called early modern Europe , which began in the late fifteenth century and ended on the eve of the French Revolution or with the close of the Napoleonic era Some social historians reject the concept of the Renaissance altogether.
Da Vinci is the epitome of the Renaissance humanist ideal. He was not only an outstanding painter, but also an engineer, inventor, scientist, and philosopher. Leonardo was born the illegitimate son of a wealthy legal notary in Florence. His father kept on changing women, usually marrying women way younger than himself including a 16 year old and a 20 year old , however he did take care of his little son as well.
The Renaissance. The Renaissance is the label we put upon the emergence of a new perspective and set of ideals in Europe in s through the s. It was not sudden, neat and clean. It was gradual, inconsistent, and variable from place to place.
Petrarch: Stoicism and the Cure for the Whims of Fortune. More: Epicureanism and the Pursuit of Unselfish Pleasure. Montaigne: Skepticism and its Compatibility with Faith. Reading 1: Pico on Freedom and Dignity. Reading 2: Galileo on Science and Religion.
What Makes A Renaissance Man?
Petrarch is often considered the founder of Humanism. Petrarch was born in the Tuscan city of Arezzo in Petrarch spent his early childhood in the village of Incisa, near Florence. He spent much of his early life at Avignon and nearby Carpentras, where his family moved to follow Pope Clement V, who moved there in to begin the Avignon Papacy. Petrarch studied law at the University of Montpellier — and the University of Bologna —23 ; because his father was in the profession of law he insisted that Petrarch and his brother study law also. Petrarch, however, was primarily interested in writing and Latin literature, and considered these seven years wasted. During his travels, he collected crumbling Latin manuscripts and was a prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece. In his work Secretum meum he points out that secular achievements did not necessarily preclude an authentic relationship with God.
To login with Google, please enable popups. Sign up. To signup with Google, please enable popups. Sign up with Google or Facebook.
The Dome of Florence Cathedral, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi , was a public symbol of Florentine superiority during the early Italian Renaissance. See: Florence Cathedral, Brunelleschi and the Renaissance For a guide to quattrocento design see: Renaissance Architecture.


If you’ve ever watched The Wizard of Oz, then you’ve certainly heard about Kansas. After all, the main character (Dorothy) told a nice witch (Glinda) that her greatest wish was to “get back to Kansas.” Dorothy may have had her reasons to go back to Kansas, but anyone certainly has multiple motives (personal or not) to visit the city. If, like Dorothy, you want to go back to Kansas, or move there for the first time (or visit the city), here are some fun facts about the history of Kansas City you have to know.
Early Days: 19th Century Name Changes
This city certainly evolved. Initially, in the 1830s, John McCoy established Westport Landing (known now as Westport Road and Pennsylvania). Back then, the town was pretty much a boat dock. In the 1850s, things started to change. Fourteen investors settled in the area. They were so powerful that together, they swapped the name to the Town of Kansas. As a result, McCoy was pushed to move miles up the Missouri River and established a new settlement. A few decades later, the last change occurred. In 1889 (to differentiate from the territory), it became Kansas City for good.
History of Kansas City: 19th Century
Before and during the American Civil War, the city was severely divided due to its location. On the edges, it was between a slave state, Missouri, and a free state, Kansas. This area was the target of many conflicts, such as the raids by the Confederate guerilla William C. Quantrill. In addition, this site also “hosted” a decisive battle on October 23, 1824. On this date, a Union army commanded by General Samuel Curtis forced the Confederate army ruled by General Sterling Price to withdraw. This battle was the last major one on the west of the Mississippi River.
Kansas City History of Economic Growth: 19th and 20th Century
After the war and the Union’s victory, Kansas City found its time to shine, financially growing due to its cattle trade. How did this happen? In 1870, a stockyard opened, which helped Kansas City to become a key cattle market and a center of the meatpacking industry. Railroads also had an impact. When Kansas City could finally be reached in 1865 by a railroad from St. Louis, a new beginning for the financial growth of the area was just starting. In fact, in 1869, Hannibal Bridge opened. 40,000 people (a fantastic turnout for a town which four years before only had 4,000 inhabitants) looked from the shores, curious about the new construction. Unquestionably, Hannibal Bridge would turn out to be one of the main contributors to Kansas City’s development, as it helped the city evolve from a small frontier town into a full-blown city (one that even outgrew the others in the region). Still, it’s essential to keep in mind that there wouldn’t happen such progress without railroads, a key transport during that time. Fast forward to the 20th century, and it’s safe to say that Kansas’s supportive policies saved the city from the Depression. For instance, public work projects were highly beneficial to locals, as they provided jobs and prosperity, keeping the dance-oriented nightlife in town unchangeable throughout this restrictive time.
Let’s Talk About Music: 20th and 21st Century
Saxophonist Lester Young and pianist-bandleader Count Basie helped make the Kansas City style of jazz music popular when this genre appeared in the 1920s and 1930s. Yet, that wasn’t the only popular genre at that time. Blues singers and ragtime also influenced the local music scene. Initially, jazz groups consisted of smaller dance bands with three to six pieces. Interestingly, places such as dance halls, cabarets, and speakeasies promoted Kansas’s unique jazz style. Then, halfway through 1920, big bands became more common. The enormous popularity of jazz in the 1920s didn’t fade away. It continued in the next decade as a result of political boss Tom Pendergast. Instead of censoring alcohol during prohibition, he allowed it to flow in Kansas City. Nowadays, Kansas City is world-famous for its jazz and blues legacy. Luckily, visitors and locals can easily find clubs (over 40 of them feature jazz regularly) and events held in the city (when there aren’t any pandemic restrictions). If you’re a jazz lover, but you’re clueless about where to go, then head to establishments such as The Blue Room, The Mutual Musicians Foundation, or the Green Lady Lounge. They’re good places to start your jazz journey.
Demographic Variations: 20th and 21st Century
While ruled by the political boss, Thomas J. Pendergast, both the economy and population grew at the beginning of the 20th century. Unquestionably, Kansas City was a major entertainment center during this dry era. KC was even labeled “The Paris of the Plains” after one journalist wrote, “If you want to see some sin, forget Paris and head to Kansas City.” This “uncensored” town image had a strong appeal to musicians from anywhere in mid-America. As a result, many moved to Kansas to be able to continue to work. Wars may be highly destructive. However, both world wars provided significant boosts to the Kansas City economy. Kansas City grew more rapidly after World War II because it annexed adjacent land, expanding its area five times more. A few decades later, in 1970, the city population surpassed a half million and so peaked. After this period, it slowly decreased until stabilizing in the 1990s.
Kansas City Facts: Nowadays
Kansas City had apopulation of approximately 495,327 in 2019, according to the U.S. Census Bureau (latest data). The ethnicity of the population is predominantly white (60.9%), followed by Black or African-American (28.2%) and Hispanic or Latino (10.6%). Yet, things are likely to change: a report from the Kansas Health Institute shows that the state is quickly becoming more diverse. Similarly, an older and urban population is expected to grow in years to come. Also, for those interested in moving to pursue a degree in this area, the largest universities in Kansas City, MO are Metropolitan Community College-Kansas City (3,805 degrees awarded in 2019), University of Missouri-Kansas City (3,424 degrees), and Rockhurst University (828 degrees).
Kansas City Gastronomy
When it comes to food, fear not: you’re in the right place. The Kansas City area has over 100 barbecue restaurants. Dishes such as smoked ribs, pulled pork, and burnt ends are popular. Are you not convinced? Well, at least four U.S. presidents have dined at the original Arthur Bryant’s Barbeque. As an example, Harry S. Truman was a frequent visitor. If you’re a vegetarian, don’t worry. There are various places to go. However, if you’re trying to have a healthier diet and you’re in the mood for organic food, then give Canihaveabite (restaurant) a shot. If you prefer something even more unusual, consider ordering food from the Jerusalem Cafe. Their dish, “vegetarian combination,” is highly recommended by a food critic from Feast Magazine. No matter what you’re in the mood for, Kansas City will have a suitable option for your taste.
Fun Facts About Kansas
If you’re a linguistic enthusiast, then here’s a fun fact: the name Kansas means “people of the sound wind” in the Native American dialect of the Kaw Tribe. In fact, the city was named after them. For all the history aficionados, the National WWI Museum and Memorial has the world’s second-largest collection of World War I artifacts (only behind Britain’s Imperial War Museum). In addition, the Liberty Memorial was funded in 1919. Impressively, over 83,000 people raised $2.5 million in just 10 days to support the construction financially. Here’s another interesting fact, especially if you’re into horror movies or Halloween: Kansas City labels itself as the Haunted House Capital of the World. That might be due to its pioneering of the “open format,” allowing visitors to roam freely without following a specific path. If you’re a Disney lover, then you have to know this: Walt Disney opened his first animation company (Laugh-O-Gram Studio) in Kansas City. There, he fed a small rodent. This experience inspired him to create Mickey Mouse. Even if you’re not into historical places, museums, gastronomy, or spooky stuff, rest assured: there’s still something for you in Kansas City. Also, don’t worry if you have kids to entertain, there are places suitable for children (such as Legoland Discovery Center, Sea Life Aquarium, and Science City).
Enjoy Kansas City: It’s Worth Your Time
Kansas is undoubtedly an exciting city to explore. The history of Kansas City is rich, just like this city’s gastronomy and music. Kansas makes anyone keen to visit, even those who prefer staying at home. If you’re planning to move to Kansas City, then request a free moving quote. Let us make your life easier!


Aug 15, 2018
On this episode of Tulsa Talks, Jay and Ernestine Morrison share details about Tulsa Real Estate Fund's recent offer to purchase two of the last original buildings from the historic Greenwood District in Tulsa, OK. This offer was a bold move by the Tulsa Real Estate Fund, but it is one that needed to be made in order to place the control of these landmarks back into the hands of the descendants of the Greenwood District Founders. Jay and Ernestine also recount the origins of Black Wall Street and the attack that took place in the Greenwood District on June 1st, 1921. This history lesson helps puts things into context and emphasizes why the properties in question must be preserved for the local community and for the nation as a whole.
To learn more about Tulsa Real Estate Fund visit www.TulsaRealEstateFund.com


Man Utd Xmas Jumper Man Utd Xmas Jumper Man Utd Erling Haaland Man Utd Erling Haaland Chelsea Vs Southampton Chelsea Vs Southampton
Psg crest. It was the first time that the symbols of both paris and saint germain en laye were represented on the same crest. Youngla mens soccer training pants tapered fit 5 colors 201. 44 out of 5 stars 994. Meaning and history following the split from paris fc paris saint germain introduced its own absolutely new crest which was later nicknamed the eiffel tower logo.
The fleur de lys is a royal symbol as well and recalls that french king louis xiv was born in the town. This paris st germain football crest scarf is ideal for all psg fans and is made from 100 acrylic. The traditional crest is surrounded by a triangular outline a symbol of unity and tradition among players and fans that proudly upholds the three pillars of the university. The eiffel tower here is red with a white outline while the background is dark blue.
Paris saint germain 202021 stadium third. Paris fc the debut crest of the paris based club surfaced in 1970 and was used for two seasons. On the clubs crest the eiffel tower in red and the blue background represent paris while the fleur de lys in white is a hint to the coat of arms of saint germain en laye. Mens soccer drill top.
Free shipping by amazon. Paris saint germain 202021 stadium third. Psgs historical crest appeared in 1973. Featuring a blue ball and red vessel two powerful symbols of the citys culture.
The red silhouette of the eiffel tower with the white royal cradle of french king louis xiv and the fleur de lys emblem between its legs on a blue background with white edging. Contact us 9700 pacific ave suite 102 wildwood crest nj phone. After the split from paris fc in 1972 paris saint germain the newly created club crafted their own identity to represent both paris and saint germain en laye. 609 729 0215 8209 village harbor drive suite 3 0 cornelius nc phone.
Paris saint germain 202021 vapor match third. If you take a closer look youll notice a white cradle under the eiffel tower.


Ms. Auerbach’s class learns about the Mixteco culture.
Students in the Rio School District are learning to be researchers, harvesting artifacts and engaging with community leaders by conducting oral history interviews to learn more about the culture and history of the Mixtec community.
To Learn More Download The History Harvest Brochure (PDF)
Rio School District
2500 E Vineyard Ave
Oxnard, CA 93036
Main: (805) 485-3111


I love excavations, especially really old excavations. I think it goes back to grade school when the King Tut exhibition came to the Montreal Museum and our school arranged a field trip to see it. It wasn't so much that I wanted to wear the gorgeous necklaces and armbands excavated from that Egyptian "dig", but I wanted the thrill of being the first one to brush carefully at the surface dirt and see the glimmer of treasure just beneath my hands. To hold my breath, steady my hand and exercise excruciating patience so that I could carefully uncover the artifacts and lift them, undamaged, to light. To study every detail of these ancient artistic works would have brought me great delight. I think those memories spur a great portion of my passion for creating neo-artifacts. Ok, I can't brush away the detritous of centuries of time, but I can do my best to make it look like I have!


With a long established history in Hamilton, we understand your needs because we’re right here where you live and work.
Many things have changed since 1958 when Joseph Pindilli started Lakeside Insurance and Financial. King Street, between Sherman and Gage, was a bustling neighbourhood with a variety of businesses lining the street. As the city continues to evolve, Lakeside remains steadfast in our commitment to serving Hamiltonians. Today, Joseph’s son, Philip, continues to lead a team of insurance professionals that honour the values and integrity established when Lakeside Insurance and Financial began.


Erythrai is located 27 km from Cesme center, in a beautiful bay full of small islands. The ancient settlement of Erythrai is located in the Ildırı village of Cesme, on the Izmir Karaburun peninsula, about 60 km from Izmir. Archaeological remains show that it was founded by colonists under Erythoros in 3000 BC. It is known that the city was ruled by the kingdom for a while after it was founded. Research and archaeological excavations of Erythrai on behalf of Ankara University were first conducted by Prof. Ekrem Akurgal between 1964-1982. Excavations at Nesil Ankara University have been carried out since 2007 with the approval of the Council of Ministers.
Erythrai was a member of the Ionian Federation. From the 4th to the 6th century BC, the city was under Persian and Athenian control alternately. "Panionion", which is the religious and political union between Ionian cities, BC. It entered in the 7th century and became one of the twelve Ionian colonies in history. It is known that from time to time, Greek and Anatolian cities made attempts to get rid of his rule. In fact, Erythrai participated in the Arc Sea War (494 BC), which led the Greek Navy and failed, and later became a member of the Attic-Delon Marine Corps. Erythrai's political orientation changed several times during the Hellenistic period. Pergamon Empire BC. Since its end in 133, it belonged to the Roman Empire's province of Asiade as a free city. It is known that he had friendly relations with the Persian satrap Mausolosin Caria in the 4th century BC. So much so that Erythrai wrote the bronze, golden-haired Agora statue as an expression of his gratitude to Mausolus. This rapprochement with the Persians due to Mausolus was interrupted by King Hermias of Atameus, who had great relations with Erythrai in 345 BC. Against the Persians. Erythrai lost its autonomy, but gained independence when Alexander conquered the city in 334 BC.
The most visible ruins in Ildırı are the city walls. In addition, the Acropolis, the theater in the north and the mansion buildings from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the Athena Temple from the Archaic period, the church built in the Byzantine period, the Roman villa and mosaics in the place called Cennet Tepe As you can see, the bath structure was built in the Late Roman-Byzantine period. Visiting hours of the ancient city are between 08:00 - 19:00 in summer and 08:30-18:30 in winter. There is no entrance fee to the ancient city. You can visit the ancient city free of charge and watch both Cesme beaches and historical sights free of charge. To reach the ancient city, turn to Barbaros Street in İzmir's Cesme district and reach Barbaros Village. You can reach the ruins of the ancient city after 12 km from Barbaros village towards Gerence.


At the time of the American Revolution the international born inhabitants is estimated to be from 300,000 to four hundred,000. All the colonies grew mostly by pure growth, with foreign born populations not often exceeding 10%. This sample would continue throughout U.S. historical past. The extent of colonial settlements by 1800 is shown by this map from the University of Texas map assortment. Easterlin has tried to elucidate the cause of the Baby Boom and Baby Bust via the “relative revenue” principle. The “relative earnings” theory suggests that couples select to have kids primarily based on a couple’s ratio of potential earning energy and the desire to acquire material objects. This ratio is determined by the economic stability of the country during which they live and how individuals are raised to worth materials objects.
During the 17th century, roughly ,000 English folks migrated to Colonial America. From 1700 to 1775 between ,000 Europeans immigrated, 90% of whom were Scots, Scots-Irish, Irish, Germans and Huguenots. Only forty five,000 English immigrated in the interval 1701 to 1775, a figure that has been questioned as too low. The determine of 45,000 has been questioned as a “mystery”. These numbers do not embrace the 50, ,000 convicts transported, 33,000 of whom have been English. Even the very excessive birth fee could not account for all of the 9-fold increase from 230,000 to 2.1 million. The major feature of the economy in Virginia, Maryland and South Carolina was large plantations growing staples for export, particularly tobacco and rice.
Since 2000, over three quarters of all immigrants to the U.S. have come from Asia and Latin America. Nearly all population progress as much as 1830 was by inner improve; about 98.5% of the population was native-born. The first important Catholic immigration started within the mid-1840s. For the first time federal information, together with ship passenger lists, were saved for immigration. Total immigration for the yr 1820 was 8,385, progressively building to 23,322 by 1830, with 143,000 total immigrating in the course of the decade. From 1831 to 1840 immigration increased tremendously, to 599,000 complete, as 207,000 Irish, even before the famine of , began to to migrate in massive numbers as Britain eased journey restrictions. 152,000 Germans, 76,000 British, and 46,000 French fashioned the following largest immigrant teams in that decade.
Many of the Irish immigrants specialized in making rye whiskey, which they offered to acquire cash. In Maryland, by 1700 there have been about 25,000 individuals and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 occasions to 130,000. By 1755, about 40% of Maryland’s inhabitants was black. Another cause Catholic and Protestant pursuits are so seen in German society is the seats church representatives are granted on supervisory boards throughout all kinds of organizations. There, the churches sit alongside other curiosity teams corresponding to conservationists, union leaders, and consultants from a spread of fields in the name of representing an necessary demographic.
There’s absolutely no cause to stay & get older in loneliness. Take your probability & never be afraid to do every little thing to turn out serbian mail order bride to be happy. If you need to ‘buy’ a bride online, it’s vital to decide on dependable sites.
Fewer Christians Imagine Within The Core Tenets Of Their Faith
By 1790 the ancestry question was beginning to turn into irrelevant to many, as intermarriage from completely different ethnic teams was changing into frequent, causing people to form a common American identity. The whole white population in 1790 was about eighty% of British ancestry, and would go on to roughly double by natural improve every 25 years. From about 1675 onward, the native-born inhabitants of what would become the United States would never once more drop below eighty five% of the total.
When requested by German pollster INSA in 2017 if they believed within the resurrection of Jesus Christ, solely 52 % of Catholics and forty eight % of Protestants said yes. When requested if they believed in life after death, only forty % of Catholics and 32 p.c of Protestants mentioned they did. Given the innumerable supervisory boards throughout Germany, it’s next to impossible to know precisely what number of of these seats are held by the churches. By method of instance, the 2 churches have a voice on public broadcasting councils, from the nationwide ARD and ZDF to the regional WDR, to the worldwide Deutsche Welle , which receives federal funds.
But a look at tax revenue, board memberships and land holdings counsel that its two largest churches nonetheless have a wealth of influence. You are definitely familiar with the issue of relationship.
Historical Census Inhabitants
The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states survived. By 1804 all slavery within the Middle colonies (except Delaware [6.6% Black]) was both utterly prohibited or was transitioning to its complete prohibition. By 1784 all slavery within the New England states was both fully prohibited or transitioning to its complete prohibition. Many more settlers arrived within the center colonies starting in about 1680, when Pennsylvania was based, and lots of Protestant sects were encouraged to settle there for freedom of religion and good, low-cost land. These settlers were of about 60% German and 33% English extraction.
It demonstrates the truth that so many single individuals dream of discovering their love. Today there is only one secure & confirmed approach to find somebody to marry.
Much of rural America has seen regular population decline since 1920. The total number immigrating in every decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. The Other class probably accommodates largely settlers of English ancestry.


The Locanda La Posta® has been in existence since the beginning of the 17th century when it was called “La Posta Reale” (The Royal Post). In those days, in fact, royal coaches used to stop at the Locanda to let their important guests rest and savour the delicacies of the chef, while the tired horses were changed.
In 1804, Mr Vassalli, an Italian abbot and very important scientist, came to Cavour with the new instrument he had invented to measure the height of the Rocca hill, which is very close to the Locanda. He left memories of his stay in several books, preciously kept in a library in Luxembourg, where he wrote he had measured la Rocca “from a room on the second floor of La Posta”. Over the centuries, the Genovesio family has given hospitality to many famous characters from the field of politics, economics and entertainment.
Let’s remember for example the statesman who favoured the unity of Italy, the Count of Cavour, the first prime Minister of united Italy, Giovanni Giolitti, her Royal Highness, Queen Paola Ruffo di Calabria, famous writers such as Edmondo De Amicis, journalists, actors and actresses, and so on.


The Weaverville Joss House, a Taoist Temple of Worship, is now a state park and is the oldest still-in-use Chinese Temple in California. The adjoining priest's quarters and community meeting room was also a combination social hall, fraternity house and travelers' hotel, and served as a home for the priest and his family.
The current Joss House was built in 1874, after previous structures had been destroyed by a series of fires. After many of the contents of the temple were taken during a robbery in 1934, the historical significance of the temple and its contents were realized, and in 1938, Moon Lee, a descendant of an early Chinese settler, was named trustee for the Joss House. By 1956, now fully preserved, the temple became a state park. Except for electric lights and protective railings, the interior of the Joss House is the same as it was over 100 years ago, although improvements have been made to the adjoining grounds. These include a visitor center, parking lot, and the Kuan Yin pool.
Among them were a pair of Lion Dogs, or "Dogs of Foo", stolen in the early 20th century. One day in 1989, a box was mysteriously left at the visitor center. Inside was one of the original Dogs of Foo. By now, relations with the Republic of China had been normalized for several years, and the Weaverville Joss House Association commissioned craftsmen on the Chinese mainland to create two new pair, which are now on display inside the temple.
Although the Temple is a house of worship, services are not held in the manner in which we are accustomed from western Christianity. It is used by followers of Taoism to consult the gods on an individual basis.
The true historical significance of the Joss House is that during China's Cultural Revolution, many of the old rural-style temples were dismantled or destroyed. The Weaverville Joss House is an intact and complete temple of that era, which no longer exists in many parts of China.
New Hours: Thursday and Saturday only, from 10am to 5pm. Visits to the Visitor Center are free. There is a fee for tours of the Joss House itself.
Contact the Joss House State Historical Park at (530) 623-5284


Stylish Cheltenham has welcomed many famous visitors throughout history including the Roundhead armies on their way to the relief of Gloucester in the 17th century, King George III to take the Spa waters in the 18th century and Charles Dickens in the 19th century.
However amongst the most popular were the revered rugby league men of England and New Zealand who appeared in the town during the elegant Edwardian era and in so doing bestowed on beautiful Regency Cheltenham the title of “The Birthplace of International Rugby League.”
This third and deciding test match ensured the New Zealand All Golds won Rugby League’s first ever international test series.
England – who were then known as the Northern Union – had won the first clash at Headingley Stadium in Leeds with the All Golds squaring matters with victory at Stamford Bridge Chelsea London.
The New Zealand All Golds arrived in Cheltenham on the preceding Thursday and set up their headquarters at the Fleece Hotel at the corner of High Street and Henrietta Street where host Revell soon won over his overseas guests with his hospitality.
Indeed the hotel had become according to Rowe’s Guide ” a synonym for comfort, good living and the general excellence of its appointments.”
Amongst the Northern Union side on that fateful day of February 15th were two of Gloucestershire’s finest rugby players namely ” Mad ” Arthur Smith and William Holder.
Smith, who earned selection for the Great Match from the prosperous mill town of Oldham in Lancashire, had begun his illustrious career at Yorkley before progressing to Cinderford and then the Northern Union. His intriguing sobriquet was due to his forceful and enthusiastic style of play! He also fought for the nation when the First World War commenced and then resumed his career after hostilities despite having a German bullet in his body for the rest of his days.
William Holder, according to the Echo match report at the time, was one of the best on the day for England at the Athletic Ground. He was selected from another mighty Rugby League stronghold, the Eastern sea port city of Hull after being signed from the Gloucester club.
As the much anticipated kick off time approached the Cheltenham Rifle Band early on took up position and played a nice selection of music.
The teams were received with applause and after being specially photographed under the goal posts for the ” Chronicle and Graphic, ” the Northern Union gave three hearty cheers for the visitors, whilst the New Zealanders responded with their famous war cry,” Ka Ora.” The band gave “God save the King”.
The Northern Union drew first blood and after a compelling first half a powerful and skilful
England led by 5 – 0 at half time with a try and conversion. However on the resumption the home side had to face the wind, rain and a determined All Golds side
The titanic struggle continued unabated and despite being reduced to 12 men the visitors were not to be denied. With 7 minutes to go the Northern Union finally cracked. Tyler passed accurately to Messenger. He had little room in which to move down the touchline, but, evading all tacklers, touched down in the corner. From the sideline, and with the rain still streaming down, and with the ball heavy with mud, a conversion seemed unlikely.
It was thrown to Wrigley, and to the astonishment of every one present, including the players, he kicked it from the touchline straight between the uprights, levelling the scores at 5 points each.
The battle now reached epic proportions. According to the Echo report of the time ” this taste of blood was followed by such a series of desperate attacks, as of warriors storming a fortress, that the English defence wavered and another try followed in quick succession.”
Thus with 4 minutes remaining and at 4.24pm Johnston surged across the try line to the unrestrained delight of the New Zealand players and management. With the series won the All Golds had immortalised themselves in sporting folklore.
The tour had been organised by the highly regarded and dashing Albert Henry Baskerville, a 24 your old postal clerk from Wellington.
A fine player himself he dedicated his time to management matters in England but when the All Golds visited Australia on the way home to introduce the new rugby there he starred in the inaugural test match against Australia ( won by New Zealand 11 – 10).
Soon thereafter he contracted influenza and died on May 20th 1908 from pneumonia surrounded by his team mates.They were devastated.
The historic and heroic deeds that unfolded on that February day in Regency Cheltenham were commemorated after an initiative led by Cheltenham based lawyer Lionel Hurst when on February 15th 2008 a green centenary plaque was unveiled on the site of the Great Match at the former Athletic Ground.
The official ceremony being carried out before a large crowd including Kevin Nicholas President of the Rugby Football League, John Henry Chairman of the Civic Society, John Rawson the Mayor of Cheltenham, Martin Horwood MP, Tony Collins Professor of the Social History of Sport at Leeds Met Carnegie University along with representatives from the New Zealand Rugby League and Cheltenham Rugby Union.
Referee: William McCutcheon from Oldham


For the first time, the photographs of anti-apartheid photographers Benny Gool, Zubeida Vallie and Adil Bradlow are brought together in a group exhibition. From the early 1980s, these young photographers and friends were to be found with their cameras documenting apartheid South Africa, dodging security police, taking part in protests and being detained on several occasions. Their impressive collections show us now, some nineteen years after the first democratic elections in South Africa, a vivid narrative of violence, loss and injuries, the reverberations of which are subdued in the rhetoric of the post-apartheid landscape.
In curating this exhibition, the photographers and I poured through thousands of negatives, selecting those that that would fit the curatorial brief, restricting our selection to images taken during the 1980s and ending with the memorable one of Winnie Mandela at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. As I sifted through thousands of negatives and slides, these tangible expressions of particular moments, I was forced to consider the after-lives of oppression. I sat, hunched over the light box, looking intently at 35 mm negatives, apparently in the safety of my emancipation. At one moment I thought that perhaps these were the same images of the same events. I remember clearly when I realised that, contrary to my assumption, these images depicted thousands of different moments and hundreds of thousands of different faces. Behind the seemingly similar protest posters, each of these negatives illustrated the scope and breadth of the collective struggle against apartheid by ordinary and often
unidentifiable men, women and children.
I found myself in a strange space, neither here nor there, neither then nor now. I recognised spaces, places and people, and I caught my breath as I recognised particular faces now gracing the front pages of South African newspapers for all kinds of reasons. Considering these images, I found it impossible to ignore the almost palpable and very different trajectory of the lives of their fellow protesters, who have seemingly been obliterated from our struggle history and have apparently disappeared into the grains of these photographs. What these images do is argue for the telling of another history of apartheid, one that is implicated in the present.
The images by Gool, Bradlow and Vallie document in detail the ultimate sacrifices, the to-and-froing of power, the fine lines that join and divide. Looking at these images now, some thirty years after first exposure, I ask: “Just how did we get to this point? And how on earth do we get beyond it?”. I realise that I know the answer to my question. Through the black, white and grey grains, I understand what Anthony Bogues means when he talks about historical catastrophe, that there is no going back, there is no do-over, and the consequences of oppression are catastrophic in their reverberations.
These images, many of them from 35 mm film negatives, hint of a time that has not yet passed. What they do now is simple: they offer the viewer the opportunity to think about key questions in South Africa, including those of archives, history, freedom and repair. They remind us now of a narrative of violence and of loss, the human cost demanded by apartheid, and urge us to think about the crucial question: HOW MAY WE YET BE FREE?


We were just driving along the road on our donkeys, as you do, when we came upon a pile of rubble. There were three piles actually, they were quite high and pointy. I think they were built by relations of Wall-e or something. After the aliens had taught them how.
People were taking lots of photos of them pointy things, but if you ask me, they just get in the way of the donkeys.
There is all this weird graffitti all over the place too, buildings covered in little doodles of eyes and birds and beetles. Such vandals.
And just so you know, Egyptians don't walk like "the Egyptians" in the song. Not any more anyway. I did see some camels in the streets of Cairo though. They generally went faster than the cars, which all seem to date back to the 60's.
I am about to get on an overnight train that dates back to about the 50's, and which took 17 hours on the way up. I am not too excited about this prospect. I want my donkey back. He was a speedy one.


HIStory to Remember!
Today I’m going to discuss little history. I’m going to discuss biblical history, world history, and Jewish history. It’s important that we know and understand how things came to be as they are.
Let’s begin with the 9th day of the 5th month in the year 70 A.D. Rome destroyed the Second Temple, which goes to show that God doesn’t put as much emphasis on a building as people in the present-day church do. He doesn’t put as much stock in a building as the ancient people did either when they were disobedient. And yes, Christians were still worshipping in the Temple during this time. Check Acts 2:42-47.
But the nation of Israel was decimated. Israel was no more. There was no nation of Israel. Not until 1948, 1878 years later, was Israel recognized as a nation again in the world. Until then, it was only known as Palestine. However, in 1948 Jerusalem was not part of the State of Israel. Jerusalem was part of Jordan. In the six-day war, in 1967, Egypt attacked the Nation of Israel. Surrounding nations of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan joined in to help crush Israel and it appeared that Israel would once again be overthrown and scattered to the far ends of the earth.
However, that is not what happened. Blunders were made by the enemies and Israel fought back valiantly using strategy and tactics from…well…the Bible. In 1967 Israel captured the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was once again part of the nation of Israel. A rabbi, Shlocum Greene, sounded a shofar at the Western Wall of what remains of Solomon’s Temple, and the shofar was heard in Jerusalem for the first time in 1897 years, fulfilling thousands of years of prophecy! Only God can orchestrate such things!
Prophetically, it is amazing how the city was recaptured. It was even prophesied the names of the Generals giving support from the surrounding mountains that insured Jerusalem’s capture. It’s in the Bible, but I don’t have the time and you probably don’t have the desire for me to extrapolate on those facts at this time. No, on second thought, I’ll cover that now.
Isaiah 31:1-5, “Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help and rely on horses, and trust in chariots because they are many and in horsemen because they are very strong, but they do not look to the Holy One of Israel, nor seek the Lord! Yet He is wise and He will bring disaster and does not retract His words, but will arise against the house of evildoers and against the help of the workers of iniquity. (Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan) Now the Egyptians are men and not God, and their horses (tanks) are flesh (steel) and not spirit; So the Lord will stretch out His hand, and he who helps will stumble and he who is helped will fall, and all of them will come to an end together. For thus says the Lord to me, “As the lion or the young lion growls over his prey, against which a band of shepherds is called out, and he will not be terrified at their voice nor disturbed by their noise, So will the Lord of hosts come down to wage war on Mount Zion and on its hill.” Like flying birds (mortar and air support) so the Lord of hosts will protect Jerusalem. He will protect and deliver it; He will pass over and rescue it..” Isaiah 31:1-5 (NASB95 emphasis is my own)
There you have a biblical account of the six-day war of Israel against Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. There are two mountains overlooking Jerusalem. There was a general on each mountain giving support to troops of Israel’s ground forces as they closed in on God’s Holy city. Their names were Gourin and Ben-Gourin. “Gourin” means “lion”. “Ben-Gourin” means “young lion”. Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan were dealt a devastating blow, embarrassed before the whole world. The capture of Jerusalem was set and supported from Mr. Zion and the lower hill beside it. God delivered Jerusalem. He PASSED OVER and RESCUED Jerusalem! And it all culminated with the sound of a shofar as the city was re-claimed. It is a modern-day account similar to that which Gideon faced in the Book of Judges.
I suppose that’s enough history for one day. I love history but I know most people are not as enthusiastic as I am.
In the early 1900’s a philosopher, George Santanyana said, “Those who do not remember history are condemned to repeat it.” That was the quote, or it was something very similar to it.
But Solomon said, in Ecclesiastes 1:9-11:
“That which has been is that which will be, and that which has been done is that which will be done. Is there anything of which one might say, “See this, it is new?” Already it has existed for ages which were before us. There is no remembrance of earlier things; And also of the later things which will occur, There will be for them no remembrance among those who will come later still.” Ecclesiastes 1:9-11 (NASB95)
What Solomon is saying is that history repeats even IF we are aware and remember history. However, very few remember history or have any interest in history. That’s what statutes, ordinances, months, moons, and the feasts are about, REMEMBERING! It’s remembering history!
We should remember, lest we forget and condemn ourselves to repeat the mistakes of others in ancient times as well as times not so ancient.
I’ll see you tomorrow as we continue with the 40 Days of Awakening. I am
The Old Watchman, Ezekiel. Shalom!


The history of the Louisiana State Nurses' Association(LSNA) and District IV is embedded with the belief that registered nurses must have an organization that seeks to protect nursing practice and preserve the integrity of the profession. On March 16, 2004, the LSNA celebrated its Centennial. On that day 100 years ago, Miss Ella Comford presided over a small dedicated group who met to create a state organization "with the ultimate object of state legislation." By the end of March, bylaws were adopted and officers elected with Miss Frances M. Quaife as the first President of LSNA.
On May 11, 1904, a charter was developed and recorded with 62 members. Goals included: "advancement of the educational and scientific furtherance of the efficient care of the sick; maintenance of the honor and character of the nursing profession; and furtherance of cordial relations between the LSNA and the nurses of other states and countries." Dues were established at $1.00 with a $2.00 initiation fee.
The members worked diligently to craft legislation providing for a State Board of Examiners of Graduate Nurses. The plan was that 5 members, all graduate nurses, were to be selected from 12 names submitted to the Governor. A group went to Baton Rouge to work for the bill which was noted by the Legislature to be "defective" -- women were not "qualified electors", and therefore could not serve on a State Board. The bill as proposed was deemed unconstitutional. New legislation was drafted and on July 10, 1912, the Governor signed the bill creating a Registration Board with 5 MD members. In 1914, a nurses directory was established which listed 801 registered nurses in Louisiana.
Suffrage was granted to women in Louisiana in 1921, and in 1922 LSNA presented legislation that amended the eligible Board of Nursing members to include "graduate nurses of not less than 5 years experience in nursing." In 1923, with the expiration of an MD term, Miss Julia C. Tebo was the first nurse appointed to the Board. In 1926 legislation provided for mandatory registration for nurses, specified high school education, and provided for 3 RNs and 2 MDs for the Board. The Louisiana State Board of Nursing now includes 9 registered nurses and two non-voting MD Ex-Officio members.
Today there are 13 district nursing associations in the state representing over 40,700 registered nurses. LSNA and District IV continues to work for the improvement of health care services for all people, foster high standards of nursing, and stimulate and promote the professional development of nurses.
District 4 of the Louisiana State Nurses Association encompasses the parishes of Lafayette, St. Landry, St. Martin, Vermilion, Acadia, Evangeline, and Iberia.
Back To Top


Farewell, darlings, General Nobile's sailing in his airship to a glittering death... whoever knows the journey's end as he sets out is there already, wafted on his wing-stubs; farewell, doubters - smiles on your lips like the imprints of horse-bits: 'he'll never get there this way' - 'get there' - as if 'there' were some place; in one day you can only manage a day's journey...
1) Winged Fever
2) Wing stubs
3) Riding a dream
5) The personal history of an old man
6) Distant drums
7) Farewell, darlings
Tot. time 44'04"
Nobile's movie ( 3.5 MB )
Buy the Full Digital Album
Disaster at the Top of the World
By Eric Niderost for Aviation History Magazine
On May 6, 1928, the dirigible Italia appeared over Kings Bay at Spitsbergen, one of a group of islands owned by Norway and known to Norwegians as Svalbard. About 700 miles from the geographic North Pole, Spitsbergen was a favorite jumping-off point for Arctic explorers, and the approaching airship was part of an Italian expedition headed by General Umberto Nobile, an Arctic veteran whose exploits two years earlier had captured the worlds imagination-and set off an acrimonious debate.
The Arctic was truly one of the worlds last frontiers, where myth and supposition took the place of hard scientific data. In an expedition whose results are now disputed, a land trek under Robert E. Peary is said to have reached the North Pole in 1909. But Pearys accomplishment was, in a sense, almost the tip of the iceberg. Many hundreds of thousands of square miles were still unexplored in the Arctic in 1909, terra incognita subject to all sorts of tales and wild speculation.
During the trips, Peary claimed to have seen land in the far distance from Ellesmere Island. Was Crocker Land, as he christened it, an illusion? A mirage? A figment of Pearys imagination? No one could tell. Other tales deepened the mysteries. A whaling captain claimed he had seen land rising beyond the polar ice pack, and his discovery was labeled Keenan Island. Some of the stories werent new. In 1707, for example, a Dutch sea captain named Cornelius Giles (or Gilles) had glimpsed what was dubbed Gillis Land.
Apart from these chimeras, there was persistent speculation that land-perhaps a continent or subcontinent-existed in the Arctic. Anomalies in currents and tides flowing through the Bering Strait puzzled scientists from the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Some of that tidal movement seemed to suggest the presence of land farther north. Hedging its bets, the Hydrologic Office of the U.S. Navy indicated Crocker Land and Keenan Island on official maps, though they underscored their uncertainty with dotted lines and question marks.
In 1926, a joint American-Norwegian-Italian expedition set out to explore the unknown aboard a semirigid dirigible, Norge (Norway). The American Lincoln Ellsworth partly bankrolled the expedition, while famed explorer Roald Amundsen lent his formidable experience. Nobile, then a colonel, had designed Norge and would also serve as the airships commander.
During the course of the expedition, Norge successfully navigated the roof of the world, in the process exploring and charting some 50,000 square miles of territory between the North Pole and the northern coasts of Alaska-an area known to geographers as the blind spot. In its journey from Spitsbergen to Alaska, the airship chalked up 3,180 miles in 70 hours and 40 minutes.
But Nobile was not one to rest on his laurels. Only three days after Norge landed at Teller, in the territory of Alaska, Nobile was planning for his next venture. While at Teller supervising the deflating and dismantling of Norge, Nobile became fascinated with a small globe he had found. The little world fired his imagination, and he used his spare time to trace future expeditions on its surface.
Norges flight brought Nobile worldwide fame, but it also generated controversy. Throughout much of Norges historic journey, there was friction between Amundsen and Nobile, a situation that was exacerbated by national rivalries. Amundsen, who had been first to the South Pole in 1912, felt that Nobile was a grandstanding interloper. The Norwegian regarded the Italian aeronautical engineer as a mere pilot.
Nobile defended himself against Amundsens barbs, but, in fact, his mind was already on the next expedition. The new effort would be under the auspices of the Italian Royal Geographical Society, paid for by private subscription of the citizens of Milan. The Fascist government of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini gave the project its lukewarm blessing by providing the airship, but stipulated that the Italian government must be reimbursed for not only the airship but also the salaries of the crew, many of whom would come from the Italian navy.
For his achievements on the Norge flight, Nobile was promoted to general and made an honorary member of the ruling Fascist party. Apolitical and perhaps politically naive, Nobile didnt seem to grasp at first that he had powerful enemies at home as well as abroad. Mussolini seemed amiable, but Italo Balbo, Il Duces undersecretary for the air, was actively hostile. Balbo resented Nobiles world fame-moreover, airplanes, not dirigibles, were among the undersecretarys pet projects.
Italia, the dirigible intended for the new expedition, was almost a duplicate sister ship of Norge. Like her predecessor, she was a semirigid dirigible with a breastbone of latticed steel and a stiffened prow and stern. A forward control car nestled against the keel, and power was provided by three Maybach engines.
Nobile may have been naive when it came to politics, but he was a clear-headed realist when it came to Arctic dangers. He ordered modifications to Italia that reflected not only his Norge experience but also that of other expeditions. The airships envelope was reinforced with rubberized fabric, and her keel was protected by two extra layers of cloth, to guard against the ice bullets that had plagued the Norge flight. Ice had been sucked into the propellers, then spit out with the force of speeding projectiles.
Other improvements included observation cupolas, enabling the navigator to take readings protected from frigid blasts of Arctic air. A chain of bronze balls reinforced with a steel cable served as the dirigibles anchor. It could be used at sea or on pack ice, but Nobile really hoped he could anchor at the North Pole and descend via a two-man pneumatic basket to the surface. Altogether, Italia was 2,866 pounds lighter than Norge.
Although the Norge flight had added significantly to geographical knowledge, Nobile realized that it had fallen far short of scientific expectations. It had been a hard trip, and constant vigilance had been required to avert disaster. Survival, not science, had been the primary concern. By Nobiles own admission, scientifically the Norge expedition had not done much.
Nobile knew that, although Norge had covered 50,000 square miles of unexplored territory, there still remained 1,500,000 square miles that had never been seen. Was the area essentially just the Arctic Ocean covered by a thick scum of ice? Or did undiscovered islands, or maybe even a continent, dot its frozen landscape? Much work also had to be done to gather data on terrestrial magcomism, gravity and a host of other research fields. Nobile intended, as far as he was able, to fill in those blanks.
Nobile wanted to fly through the Arctic regions along the northern fringes of Canada and Greenland, as well as the Russian island of Severnaya Zemlya, known before the Russian Revolution as Czar Nicholas II Land. And last, but not least, Nobile hoped to make a surface visit to the North Pole.
Preparations went forward, and Nobile selected his crew. Four of Norges original crew-Ettore Ardino, Attilo Caratti, Vincenzo Pomella and Renato Alessandrini-eagerly volunteered for this second adventure. These were the mechanics and riggers, and they were joined by newcomer Calisto Ciocca.
Nobile also needed two navigation officers, a helmsman for the steering wheel, a helmsman for the elevator, and two radiomen. The general selected Commander Adalberto Mariano and Commander Filippo Zappi as the two navigating officers, young men who had some previous experience in airships. Two other officers, Alfredo Viglieri and Felice Trojani, were also added to the crew complement. Communications were essential, literally a matter of life and death, so radiomen Ettore Pedretti and Guiseppe Biagi were included to handle the wireless.
Journalists Francesco Tomaselli and Ugo Lago were coming along to record the expeditions progress. Since science was at the heart of the effort, Nobile chose a trio of top scientists to accompany him. Meteorologist Finn Malmgren, a Swede from the University of Uppsala, had been aboard Norge; Francis Behounek was a Czech professor; and Aldo Pontremoli was a professor of physics from Milan.
Counting General Nobile, there were 18 men in Italias crew complement. Actually, there was a 19th passenger-Titina, Nobiles frisky fox terrier mascot, who was also a veteran of the Norge flight.
Air Undersecretary Balbo started to drag his feet even before the airship left Italy for northern climes. In the event of a crash, Nobile wanted a couple of seaplanes to be on station at Spitsbergens Kings Bay. The general reasoned that even if they couldnt land on the pack ice, aircraft could airdrop provisions to the men stranded below. Balbo refused this sensible request but grudgingly okayed Nobiles other request for the use of Alpini-highly skilled Italian army mountain troops. Eventually, eight crack Alpini were assigned to go to Spitsbergen.
Balbos obvious distaste for the Italia expedition was a straw in the wind, but Nobile chose to ignore such ill omens. The expeditions support vessel was Citta di Milano (City of Milan), an aged merchant ship well past its prime that was captained by a dedicated Fascist named Guiseppe Romagna. Perhaps he was under orders from Balbo, perhaps not, but Romagna would prove a thorn in No-biles side from the very outset.
If the Fascist government was lukewarm, the Italian people were not. Nobile and his companions also had a supporter in Pope Pius XI, himself an experienced mountaineer who intimately knew the perils of ice and snow. The pope granted the Italia expedition a special audience before the crew left and presented them with a large commemorative cross to plant at the North Pole.
Finally, all the fevered preparations were complete. Italia left Milan in the early morning hours of April 5, 1928. The beginning of the journey north was plagued by problems and, in hindsight, a kind of warning of what was to come. Buffeted by bad weather, Italia was forced to pause in Stolp, Germany, for repairs. Hailstone damage to its fins had to be taken care of, and while they were at it, Nobile overhauled the engines. After a 10-day delay, Italia left Stolp for the Arctic on May 3. The airship finally reached its forward base at Kings Bay, Spitsbergen, on May 6.
Nobile decided that destinations would be determined by the prevailing climatic conditions. While at Kings Bay, he oversaw yet another repair of an engine, as well as an almost microscopic examination of the hull to check for tears or other damage to the outer envelope. Gasoline, oil and hydrogen were replenished, and supplies loaded aboard the waiting dirigible. This last task proved particularly daunting, because the supplies had to be hauled more than a mile across the ice from where Citta di Milano lay at anchor. But no sooner was this done than Nobile had another cause for worry.
At Kings Bay, Italia was moored in a hangar left over from the Norge expedition two years before. Owned by the Aero Club of Norway, the hangar was a crude affair that consisted of two canvas-covered wooden walls. The dirigible was sandwiched between the walls. A third and fourth side were created by the addition of two canvas curtains. The hangar gave protection against winds but had an almost fatal flaw-it was roofless. The top of Italia was exposed to sun, rain and, more ominous, snow.
On May 12 it began to snow heavily, a freakish occurrence so late in the season. Each hour a ton of snow accumulated on the exposed top surface of the vulnerable airship. Although crewmen climbed up and swept away the thick, white powder, the snow kept falling. The sheer weight of the snow caused the control car and rear gondola to drag on the ground, and the metal plating in the stern began to give way, buckling in protest.
When all seemed lost, the snow stopped and the sun made a belated appearance. Soon its pale rays melted the snow, and disaster was averted. On May 15, Italia set out for Severnaya Zemlya in what proved to be its penultimate voyage. As the airship pressed on through the frigid air, vast stretches of ice spread below. There was little sign of life, save for a few birds and a meandering polar bear.
Then, suddenly, the crewmen saw a mirage, a shimmering crystal city that seemed like an apparition from The Arabian Nights. The phantasm soon evaporated into the stark white void. The weather conditions worsened, and contrary winds increased to past 24 mph. It was hard to keep the ship on course, and after 34 hours of bucking the winds, some of Italias reserve fuel was being consumed.
Nobile ordered a return to Kings Bay. The airship apparently never did reach Severnaya Zemlya-in any event, the elusive island was never spotted. Italia returned to base after a 69-hour round-trip flight. Some 2,400 miles had been traversed, and 17,250 square miles of previously unknown territory explored. Italia had also searched in vain for Gillis Land, proving beyond reasonable doubt it was a myth as ephemeral as the crystal city all had witnessed.
Exactly at 4:28 a.m. on May 23, 1928, Italia lifted off from Kings Bay again and headed for the geographic North Pole. It was the third Arctic voyage for the airship. There were 16 men aboard Italia, now seasoned and working together like a well-oiled machine, brimming with confidence and camaraderie.
At first, the airship gingerly probed its way through fog, but eventually the gray shroud parted to reveal the northwest coast of Greenland in the distance. The sky was a brilliant cobalt, and the ice and snow reflected dazzling white under the suns golden rays. Italia was blazing a path to the North Pole, voyaging somewhere between Pearys route and the route followed by Norge in 1926. Visibility was 60 miles in all directions, yet there was nothing but a flat and forbidding expanse of polar pack ice as far as the eye could see. A strong tail wind developed that pushed them toward their polar destination. The wind, Nobile knew, might prove more hindrance than help by preventing a manned surface landing at the North Pole.
A cloud bank appeared on the horizon, a cottony wall more than 3,000 feet high, the bulk of which stood in high relief against the azure sky all around them. Italia literally rose above these clouds and was soon back on course.
Excitement mounted as they neared their goal. At 12:20 a.m. on May 24, Italia reached the North Pole. High winds prevented a landing via the pneumatic car, but nothing could stem the elation of the crew. Since the popes cross could not be planted, it was reverently tossed overboard, together with a symbol of Milan and a large red, white and green Italian flag. In one gesture, both the sacred and secular duties of the expedition had been performed. The rest was all celebration.
While Italia kept circling the Pole, a gramophone played the Italian folk song Bells of St. Giusto and the Fascist hymn Giovinezza. In his memoirs, Nobile is discreetly silent about one aspect of the jubilation, but according to some reports, the Italian members of the crew also gave the stiff-armed Fascist salute. Nevertheless, it was a delicious, never-to-be-forgotten moment. Long live Nobile! Commander Zappi cried, and it did seem at that moment to be the pinnacle of the generals career.
Once he reached the Pole, Nobile wanted to keep his options open. He could circle back to the Siberian island of Severnaya Zemlya or even continue on to the northern reaches of Canada. Meteorologist Malmgren felt their best bet was to go back to Kings Bay. Nobile acquiesced and nosed Italia toward home. Fog now shrouded their vision, snow flurries pelted them, and Italias ground speed slowed to a snaillike 25 mph, due to heavy head winds. Progress was slow, a far cry from the 62 mph they had averaged on the outbound journey.
Ice began forming on the struggling airship, a crystalline mass that added weight and further slowed progress. Italias propellers, like Norges before them, drew in ice splinters, and spat them out with the near velocity of a bullet. And then, only 750 feet above the menacing ice pack, the elevator jammed in a downward position, sending the ship into a nose dive. Nobile ordered all the engines stopped, which arrested the ships downward progress a scant 250 feet above the ground.
Without its propellers and power plants to give it forward motion, Italia began ascending like a childs lost balloon. The ship rose to 2,700 feet, enabling the navigators to shoot the sun and determine their position-a scant 180 miles from their Kings Bay base. But the ship rose even higher, and at 3,300 feet, the high altitude caused the gas cells to expand and blow off hydrogen. When Italia finally regained lower altitudes, the ship would be ominously heavier.
The crew went to work, and after some feverish repairs, the ships elevator operated normally again. After a descent, the homeward struggle began anew. One of the crewman examined the elevator mechanism, found nothing wrong, and concluded that ice must have clogged it. Italia leveled off at 300 feet and continued its brave and increasingly one-sided battle against the elements.
About a half hour after the elevator crisis, an anguished Were heavy! escaped from one mans lips. Italia was suddenly stern-heavy, dropping like a stone at the rate of 2 feet a minute.
Nobile ordered accelerated speed on two engines and the starting of the ships third power plant. The propellers corkscrewed the frigid air, but Italia continued to fall. Mechanics Pomella and Caratti increased power to 1,400 revolutions on their respective engines, but to no avail.
Resigned to a crash, Nobile ordered stop engines to decrease the risk of fire. The next few horrifying minutes would be forever etched in the memories of the survivors. Italia thudded into the polar ice pack, its fragile hull lacerated by the hard, white shards. Something hit Nobile in the head and, almost simultaneously, his arm and leg snapped like twigs. Its all over, he said to himself, as he closed his eyes.
It was 10:33 a.m. on May 25, the beginning of an epic and grueling ordeal. The impact had torn the control car and rear gondola free from the dirigible, sending the men sprawling onto the ice. Freed of their weight, what remained of Italia began to float ever higher before finally disappearing behind a gray curtain of fog. Six men were still aboard the crippled airship.
Nobile, still reeling from the shock of the impact, became focused on the large black letters Italia emblazoned on the ship, as it drifted away. But soon there were other things to think about.
A search revealed that Pomella had been killed, probably instantly, when the ship crashed. That left nine survivors on the ice. Nobile had fractured his right arm and leg, Cecioni had broken one of his legs, and the Swedish scientist Malmgren had injured his shoulder. The relatively unscathed survivors included Zappi, Mariano, Viglieri, Trojani, Biagi and Behounek. The roster of survivors also included Titina, who frisked on the ice like a puppy.
The unfortunate six men who had floated away on Italias shattered hull were never seen again. Some time after the initial crash, some survivors on the ice saw a column of smoke in the distance. A signal by the six missing men? Or smoke from fires created when the lacerated airship crashed yet again? The truth was never determined.
Nobiles lungs seemed half-paralyzed, and his labored breathing convinced him he was dying. But it was not his own impending demise that upset him as much as the lingering death that awaited his companions without food, shelter or means of contacting the outside world for rescue. Rather a quick merciful death than a slow death by starvation and exposure.
Hope was revived when the field station-the emergency radio set-was found intact behind a hummock. Guiseppe Biagi, the swarthy radioman, now became the most important survivor, since he was the only one who knew how to send and receive messages. Biagi started tapping out the message SOS-Nobile with cold-numbed fingers. Later, the SOS was modified with the message IDO 32, that is, answer on the 32 meter wavelength.
Survival prospects improved even further when Nobile spied a waterproof bag about 10 yards away, lying between two misshapen hummocks. The general knew the contents-a tent, a sleeping bag and provisions. The tents design had evolved from the experiences of many previous polar expeditions. Its lower half was square, 9 feet long on each side, and made of silk that had a 3-inch airspace between its layers for insulation. Its upper half opened into a pyramid shape, supported by a 7-foot tent pole. The shelter was designed for four men, but it now had to accommodate nine and the radio equipment. It also came with a waterproof floor, though the intense cold of the ice did manage to permeate the fabric.
After a few days, the survivors initial joy at the discoveries were replaced by a growing despair. Citta di Milano was not answering their SOS-perhaps not even listening. Even after Italia was overdue, the ship did not monitor the airwaves for an SOS. Captain Romagna kept his radioman busy transmitting journalists reports of the developing story and crew messages to people back home.
Ettore Pedretti, the airships second radioman who had been left behind, was worried about his comrades. He listened for them whenever he could, and eventually he managed to detect a faint SOS. When he reported his finding to Romagna, however, it was dismissed with contempt. Later the captain explained he thought radioman Biagi was dead, so there could be no transmission.
It seems an odd justification. Romagnas almost criminal indifference to the expeditions fate might have had its origins in orders from Rome. Balbos first reaction on hearing of Nobiles disappearance was, Serves him right! Later it was reported that Balbo toasted Italias disappearance at a banquet.
Meanwhile, the survivors got a rude awakening when a loud crashing noise roused them from their slumber. The terrible grinding noise and earthquake tremors were from wind-driven ice. The survivors were sitting atop sea ice, a thick, white patina that covered the Arctic Ocean depths. Currents and winds created fissures, shattering the ice like window glass. The jagged pieces, or floes, were also at the mercy of the climate and could drift for miles or collide and pile up into jagged heaps.
Luckily, the men had chronometers and other aids, and they were soon able to determine that the ice they were on was drifting. By May 28, they had drifted 28 miles. The next morning, the distant silhouettes of two islands came into view. These were Broch and Foyn islands, the latter only a tantalizing 10 miles away. The two islands, Nobile knew, were part of an outer fringe that skirted Spitsbergen.
Many of the survivors were losing faith in the radio. A polar bear ventured into camp, and the men tracked it down and shot it. It provided meat and a bearskin, but Malmgren and several others grew impatient for rescue. With some reluctance, Nobile gave permission for a group to attempt to walk out to Kings Bay. Malmgren, Zappi and Mariano left for Spitsbergen on May 30, leaving six men behind in camp. In fact, by then search-and-rescue operations were at last underway. Eventually, the effort would involve the ships, aircraft and personnel of seven countries, an almost unparalleled example of international cooperation. Sweden sent aircraft, and Norway dispatched the icebreaker Braganza to Spitsbergen.
The Italian government seemed to drag its feet, though Mussolini announced Major Umberto Maddalena would be sent with a Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boat. Il Duce failed to mention that the people of Milan, not the Italian government, were underwriting Maddalenas effort. Later, a Dornier-Wal seaplane piloted by Commandant Luigi Penzo was also added to the Italian rescue team.
On June 3, a young Russian farmer named Nicholas Schmidt picked up the survivors signal on his ham radio at Archangel. Once contact was made, the news flashed around the world. In time, even a belated radio link with Citta di Milano was established. The survivor campsite was now some 20 miles off Cape Leigh Smith, which was off North East Land of the Spitsbergen-Svalbard group.
On June 18, Roald Amundsen let bygones be bygones and joined a French rescue operation in a Latham hydroplane. The aircraft left Tromso, Norway, en route for Spitsbergen but never arrived. The great Arctic explorer and his companions were lost and presumed dead. Even Soviet Russia, still something of a pariah among nations, made a gesture, sending out two icebreakers-Malygin to scour the east coast of Spitsbergen and Krassin the west coast.
On the morning of June 20, Major Maddalena reached the survivors campsite in his S.55 seaplane. He dropped much-needed supplies, the first of several airdrops that were made. But then Swedish pilot Einar Lundborg managed to land his ski-shod Fokker hydroplane on the ice, jump out, and make his way to Nobile, amid general rejoicing by the survivors.
By this time, the men looked like scarecrows, dirty, bearded and disheveled. Lundborg insisted that Nobile be evacuated first, over the generals strong objections. As a leader responsible for the lives of his men, Nobile, like a captain of a ship, wanted to go last. Come, General, scoffed Lundborg, this isnt grand opera! Nobile finally consented to go, if only to direct operations at Spitsbergen. It was a decision he was to regret the rest of his life.
Lundborg flew Nobile and his little dog Titina back to Spitsbergen, but when the Swede attempted another landing on a return trip, he crashed. For a time he, too, was marooned on the ice, but on July 6 the Swedes landed a little Moth two-seater and picked him up. There were now five forlorn men on the ice, which summers advancing warm weather was beginning to melt.
It was the Russian icebreaker Krassin that finally rescued the men on July 12, after a 49-day ordeal. Earlier, the ship had picked up Adalberto Mariano and Fillipo Zappi, two of the three men who had attempted to walk out some weeks before. Zappi, exhausted and his face burned almost black by sunburn, greeted the ship enthusiastically but was evasive about the fate of Malmgren. The Italian explained Malmgren had simply given up-had lain down on the ice and died about a month before. Zappi and Mariano looked fairly well nourished, which fueled persistent rumors they had turned cannibal and eaten their companion.
The epic ordeal of Italia was over, but Nobiles troubles were just beginning. Once he landed at Kings Bay, he was under virtual house arrest aboard Citta di Milano, placed there by Captain Romagna, who was apparently following orders. When Nobile returned home, Italian crowds greeted him warmly, but the official government reaction was harsh. The Fascist press excoriated the general, even suggesting he be shot for his crimes.
An official inquiry-a kind of trial-was held, and Nobile was officially condemned as the man responsible for the Italia disaster. The very failure of the expedition was deemed almost a crime. Disgraced, a nonperson in his native land, Nobile emigrated first to Russia, then to the United States, where he accepted a post at a Chicago aeronautical school. After World War II and Mussolinis fall, he returned to Italy, were he was vindicated and honored as an aviation pioneer. He died in 1978, in his 90s, one of the last great names of Arctic exploration.
Click here to print this page


The Harney House Inn sits adjacent to the James Whitcomb Riley Home, in a neighborhood called Lockerbie Square. The original owners built this large Victorian home as a rooming house. During the 1930s the Harney family became tenants in the home. After saving his military earnings for a few years, Wilmeth B. Harney was able to purchase the home for his parents. The Harney family continued to run the property as a room and board. Eventually Wilmeth's parents were no longer able to keep the home up and the property sat vacant for several years. As it sat, a portion of the roof caved in and as the seasons came and went the inside of the home was slowly destroyed.
In 1981 Louis Harney, WIlmeth's son, and his wife Deb bought the property from his grandmother. Louis was self-employed as a general contractor under Golden Force Construction. He completely restored the interior and exterior of the home with the help of his wife and extended family members. Much of the interior wood he used was reclaimed wood, which he restored, in order to keep the older Victorian feel. Louis moved his family into the home while completing some finishing touches. In 1995 Louis and Deb opened their doors as a Bed & Breakfast. This B&B successfully ran until 1998 when Deb needed to spend more time with her children, who were attending school. At this time the rooms were changed into fully furnished extended stay apartments. Now that both of her children are out of high school, Deb decided that she enjoyed so many things about running a B&B that she re-opened her home as such. After much renovation by Deb and her mother Loretta, The Harney House Inn officially re-opened its doors to the public on March 1st of 2011. The home has a beautiful Victorian charm with carefully placed modernizations. It is both inviting and relaxing and we hope to see you all soon!
The Harney House Inn LLC | (317) 636 -7527 | 345 N. East St. | Indianapolis, IN 46202


Its land was donated by the heirs of Araribóia, and it was the main church for a long time, during which it housed the image of São João Batista, patron saint of the city, currently on display in the Cathedral. The Te Deum, celebrating the creation of Vila Real da Praia Grande (current Niterói), was held in this church. Inside you will find the wooden-carved image of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, dated 1672. It also includes the Sacra Arte Museum.
Address: Rua da Conceição, 216 – Centro, Niterói
From Tuesday to Friday – From 8am to 12pm and from 2:30pm to 5pm.
Saturday from 8am to 12pm.
Sunday from 8am to 1pm.
Niterói Bus Lines: 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38A, 39, 40, 44, 45, 48,66


PUBLIC ART | PRIVATE ART | NON-TILOGRAPHY
washington & central light rail station installed june 2008 downtown phoenix, arizona
artist: stephen farley
Valley Metro Rail chose artist Stephen Farley in 2003 to use terrazzo, baked porcelain enamel, and Tilography to create artwork celebrating Downtown Phoenix's history and vibrancy at the two main Downtown light rail stations.
Terrazzo flooring on the station platform incorporate architectural details from the adjacent historic Maricopa County Courthouse, and honor first U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, whose first courtroom was in the building, and John P. Frank, the attorney who argued the Miranda Rights case before the Supreme Court -- Miranda was originally jailed in the building.
The baked porcelain panels at the Courthouse station tell the story of the struggles for civil rights in Downtown Phoenix, featuring historical photos of the segregated high school and bus station, as well as leaders who broke racial and ethnic barriers in their fields.
The panels at the Renaissance station are historical photos of two topics: People doing various activities downtown from new year's runs to the old Fox Theatre ushers to community meetings; and a visual history of public transportation in downtown Phoenix.
Tilography panels are also part of the artwork at these stations; you can view them here.
tilography fascinating up close, luminescent from a distance
San Jose murals
Fort Lauderdale murals
Phoenix Convention Center
if you are interested in more information,
please contact steve farley at email@example.com
entire site copyright © 1999-2013 tilography llc
tilography is a trademark of tilography llc. the tilographic process and "look and feel" are protected by laws of the United States and other major countries. we protect these rights vigilantly. all rights reserved by tilography llc.


Tatyana Grosman (1904-1982) founded Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE) in 1957 and immediately began to make lithographs with some of the most important artists of the 1960s, such as Larry Rivers, Sam Francis, Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg—sparking a revival of printmaking in America. A Scrapbook tells Grosman's extraordinary story through a collection of over 500 images, historical documents and interviews.
Born in the Siberian boomtown of Ekaterinburg, Grosman and her family fled the Bolsheviks and settled in Germany. There she married a poor Jewish painter with whom she later left Bohemian Paris to escape the Nazis, crossing the Pyrenees on foot. Eventually, Grosman landed in New York, where she became, for many years, the doyenne of ULAE. Her mission was nothing less than to expand the international reputation of American art. This compelling and beautifully designed volume is compiled by noted historian and Chief Curator of Prints and Illustrated Books at The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Riva Castleman.
Hardcover, 147 pages
Published by Universal Limited Art Editions, 2008
13 x 9.75 x 2 in.


The lime stone building that houses The Old Hardware Store was built approximately four years after the incorporation of Halstead, Kansas, in 1878-79. The old building has withstood vicious storms and several floods, but still remains steadfast and strong after 130 years.
A hardware store was established in the two-story building in 1885 and, it has remained a hardware store ever since.
When Margaret took over the building in 1998, she restored the oak cabinets, oiled the wood floors, reinstalled the ladder, and refurbished the tin ceiling.
Today, the focus is still hardware, but the store specializes in the old hardware that other hardware stores don’t carry. There are over 600 drawers and bins of vintage hardware, and Miss Margaret knows what is in each drawer!
At this writing, the 1916 oak drawers contain over 400 patterns of antique furniture pulls, knobs of all kinds, handles, latches, hinges, locks, keys, hooks, etc.
The unique building is on the Harvey County historic site list and has been featured in numerous magazines and newspapers. It is a step back in time where hardware is still sold by the piece.


The Lizzie Bennet Diaries + text posts
the fact that there have no leaked nudes in my dashboard proves that i’m following the right people
I was thinking about Teddy and Victoire and it occurred to me… I’d never drawn them! So here they are :)
we as a society need to start talking about abusive friendships, bc those exist and seem to be really common
and most people in them dont know how do deal w the abuse bc its normally emotional abuse which.gets delegitimized, and its a platonic relationship and not a romo or sexual one, so it gets delegitimized for that too
Kings of England (since the Conquest) ◆ william the conqueror
Born around 1028 in Falaise, the illegitimate son of Duke Robert I of Normandy was labeled ‘William the Bastard’ by contemporaries and enemies (
jealous trolls). William didn’t care though, because on his father’s death in 1035, a seven-year old William was recognized as heir, with his great uncle serving as regent. In 1042, he began to take more personal control and successfully defended his title. From 1046 until 1055, he dealt with a series of baronial rebellions. William’s political and military successes also helped him in negotiations to marry the very beautiful Matilda of Flanders in 1053 ( yanking her off her horse and pulling her hair also helped).
Early in 1066, Edward the Confessor died and Harold, Earl of Wessex was crowned king. William was furious, claiming that in 1051 Edward, his first cousin-once-removed, had promised him the English throne and that Harold had later sworn to support that claim (
you backstabber Harold you). An indignant William landed in England on 28 September 1066, establishing a camp near Hastings (and by “camp” I mean he built a castle). Harold had travelled north to fight another invader, King Harold Hardrada of Norway ( why so many Harolds man) and defeated him at Stamford Bridge near York. He marched south as quickly as he could and on 14 October, his army met William’s. It was actually a close-fought battle lasting all day, but once Harold was killed, his army collapsed. William was victorious and on Christmas Day 1066, he was crowned king in Westminster Abbey. A Norman aristocracy became the new governing class and many members of the native English elite, including bishops, were replaced with Normans. Basically, the Normans ruled the roost.
The first years of William’s reign were spent crushing (and I mean crushing with a capital C) resistance and securing his borders, which he did with ruthless efficiency. He invaded Scotland in 1072 and concluded a truce with the Scottish king. He marched into Wales in 1081 and created special defensive ‘marcher’ counties along the borders (
England mine, Scotland mine, Wales mine, what do you mean I can’t have Brittany argh I didn’t want her anyway). The last serious rebellion against his rule, the Revolt of the Earls, took place in 1075. In 1086, William ordered a survey to be made of the kingdom. This became known as the Domesday Book and remains one of the oldest valid legal documents in Britain. With the kingdom increasingly settled, William spent most of his last 15 years in Normandy, leaving the government of England to regents, usually clergymen. He spent the last months of his reign doing what he did best, fighting, this time against King Philip I of France, who was incidentally the first man EVER to defeat good old William ( four for you King Philip you go King Philip).
Conqueror or not, no one can defeat death, and William, the first Norman King of England, died on 9 September 1087 from injuries received when he fell from his horse. He divided his lands between two of his sons, with his first born Robert receiving Normandy and his third son William Rufus (William II) receiving England (because England wasn’t worth shit back then so the third son got it whilst the first son got Normandy). [Source]
Sleeping so good but so hard to like do sometimes and it’s a fucking pisstake.


A documented historical account that provides an excellent overview of the lives of Chinese in California from the 1850s to the early 1900s, what they did for a living, and how they were targets of racial discrimination. National Park Service.
Describes the Chinese in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho who worked as merchants, minors, and railroad workers in the late 1800s and developed communities where they operated restaurants, laundries, and stores.
The early Chinese worked on the Union Pacific railroad and in coal mines, but they met with often hostile reactions from the whites. They managed to survive and make contributions to their communities.
Many of the Chinese who worked on building the railroads stayed and established communities in Utah and the surrounding area.
Deadwood, South Dakota
Ingenuity and the ability to work hard and live cheaply enabled Chinese to succeed in many businesses but they were often persecuted because Whites felt that the Chinese were taking away their jobs.
Excellent site outlines the history of Chinese-Americans in Tucson. Includes short biographies of prominent of Tucson Chinese-American and links to other web resources.
History of Chinese in Texas with excellent description of coolie labor recruitment and the types of businesses that Chinese entered
How Chinese came after the Civil war and established communities running mom and pop grocery stores in the rural towns along the Mississippi Delta.
Historical analysis of how Chinese immigrants came to a New England industrial town in 1870s and how they fared up to the 1970s
A small number of Chinese settled in Maine
History of Chinese community in small town, British Columbia, Canada


Happy Leap Year. I'm all about trivia and so when I found these facts about Leap Year I had to share. They come from a site called chiff.com.
*The Romans first designated February 29 as leap day, but a more precise formula (still in use today) was adopted in the 16th century when the Gregorian calendar fine-tuned the calculations to include a leap day in years only divisible by four - 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, etc.
*According to astrologers, those born under the sign of Pisces on February 29 have unusual talents and personalities reflecting their special status.
*As the story goes, the tradition of women romantically pursuing men in leap years began in 5th century Ireland, when St. Bridget complained to St. Patrick about the fair sex having to wait for men to propose. Patrick finally relented and set February 29 aside as the day set aside allowing women the right to ask for a man's hand in marriage.
The tradition continued in Scotland, when Queen Margaret declared in 1288 that on February 29 a woman had the right to pop the question to any man she fancied. Menfolk who refused were faced with a fine in the form of a kiss, a silk dress, or a pair of gloves given to the rejected lady fair. A similar modern American tradition, Sadie Hawkins Day, honors "the homeliest gal in the hills" created by Al Capp in the cartoon strip Li'l Abner.
*Thirty days hath September,
April, June and November;
All the rest have thirty-one
Save February, she alone
Hath eight days and a score
Til leap year gives her one day more.


The Legacy of the Big Nine was our first live podcast event recorded on February 20th. This first half of the event discusses the establishment and growth of the Big Nine up to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s & 60s. Our guests for the panel included City Councilman Moses Freeman, Bessie Smith Cultural Center's Dionne Jennings, Jazzanooga's Shane Morrow, & writer Charlie Moss.
The Legacy of the Big 9 is one of the historical treasures of Chattanooga. Beginning in the late 19th century, 9th Street, known today as Martin Luther King Blvd., was the heart of our city’s African American culture. On February 20th we recorded our first live podcast event to discuss this legacy and here in this first half of our conversation we focus on the establishment and growth of the area up to the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 60s. My guests for this event that you will hear from included City Councilman Moses Freeman, Bessie Smith Cultural Center’s Dionne Jennings, Jazzanooga’s Shane Morrow, and writer Charlie Moss.
Referenced in this episode:


Taking it Back 73 Years!
Thomas Constantine Fantis was born in New York on June 1917. After WWII, Tommy moved to Miami becoming
the pioneer in Barbecue by opening Original Uncle
Toms BBQ in 1948.
The Fantis family served the public with authentic BBQ, great service and made everyone feel at home. "Tommy" as his customers called him, created a world famous sauce that to date could not be duplicated. With help from his family, we have vowed to bring that sauce and authentic BBQ back. Our motto is "Taking it Back 73 Years!".


Research has led to the rediscovery of tradition.
The search for Castagna ranges from the great classics such as the Robiola di Roccaverano, both fresh and seasoned, to the search for small delicacies that embrace tradition and innovation. The result of this union are exclusive and valuable products for the pleasant unusualness of the combinations used.
The continuous selection of small producers often leads to taste and learn about new products and to rediscover cheeses whose recipes are found and re-proposed by master cheesemakers.
A curious example is the “Crosta di pane” made with goat’s or cow’s milk, a historic cheese already mentioned in the first treatise on cheese written in the Middle Ages. A small dairy has rediscovered this recipe proposing to our tables a cheese of very high quality.
Another example of tradition is the “Pecorino Borgoantico”. Its processing technique, still based on the use of the circle instead of the mold, gives an irregularly shaped cheese.


A couple of weeks ago I made a thread about militia units(any units with garrison policing bonus) gone after enemy attack a region and failed to take it. Now there seems to be another problem.
I was playing Prussia campaign(1805 campaign) and around 1807 there an Ottoman fleet wandering around the Baltic sea with full stacks army in their fleet.
After I clicked the end turn button and seeing all those AIs making their move, Ottoman declared war on me, and landed their full stack army at Danzig,West Prussia. After the end turn, I went to check the Ottoman army and I found it has only 3 units left. The rest is gone, nowhere to be found. I believe this is a bug, I dont think the Ottoman army split and moved somewhere else or hidden, I checked the nearby forest there and found nothing. All I remember is the Ottoman army landed at area of attrition, just a few inches away from the town of Danzig.
For all info, download links and general discussions on NTW3.
1 post • Page 1 of 1
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: Bing [Bot] and 5 guests