Christopher Haffner. The Craft in the East.
DGL of Hong Kong and the Far East, 1977.
Japan officially surrendered on 2 September 1945. In a radio broadcast announcing Japan’s defeat, the Emperor had stated that the Japanese people must now “endure the unendurable.” The Japanese spirit had to adjust to the fact of defeat and occupation. But this was not to be an occupation of the traditional kind, for the American government, working through the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Japan, Bro General MacArthur, set itself the task of creating a new Japan.
The basic objective of the occupation was to ensure that Japan never again threatened world peace. It sought to achieve this by two means: demilitarisation and democratisation. Demilitarisation was much the easier target. Militarism was so discredited that there was no outcry against the complete abolition of Japan’s armed forces. The occupation authorities even wrote into Japan’s new constitution an article renouncing forever the use of military force in international affairs. Democratisation was a much more complex matter, rendered more difficult because the occupation authorities did not know how much time they had.
The change which had the greatest effect was the Land Reform of 1946. This measure solved at one stroke the major social injustice of pre-war years: the tenant problem. This was not the only attempt to assist the underprivileged. Trade unions, which had always suffered from repression in pre-war Japan, were given such encouragement that by 1949, membership had grown to more than six million.
Economic reforms were matched on the social side. Education was made more open by the erection of a basically comprehensive three-tiered schools system, topped by a large number of colleges and universities. This American-style scheme has been generally condemned for causing a dilution in quality by over-stretching financial and teaching resources. It was accompanied, however, by other, less criticised, attempts at liberalisation. Women were given equal rights, and restrictions on press freedom removed. To confirm the break with the past, official support of Shinto was ended, and the Emperor announced in a New Year’s day broadcast that he was not divine.
Bro MacArthur saw freemasonry as one of the means at his disposal to achieve these ends. In a letter dated 29 July 1949 to the MacArthur class of the “Scottish” rite in Tokyo, he said, “In the progressive revival of the work of the Masonic bodies in Japan since the surrender has been found one of the strong spiritual bulwarks supporting the Occupation. For, from these immutible precepts common to Christianity, to Democracy, and to Freemasonry has emerged the philosophy underlying occupation policy.”
While the occupation lasted, it could not be foreseen what the effects of all these changes would be. The political future would have been even more uncertain had there not been a fundamental shift of emphasis in occupation policy after 1947. By 1948, the communist takeover of China was imminent and the cold war had already commenced. The idea of a weak, neutral Japan was no longer just a luxury, but a real danger. The revised American policy was brought to its culmination with the ratification of the Japanese American Security Treaty, which permitted numerous American bases in Japan and gave American forces very considerable freedom of action, on 28 April 1952, the day that the occupation came to an end. Perhaps the most important legacy of the occupation was the balance it achieved, partly by accident, between encouragement of democracy and recovery of stability.
Revival in Yokohama
Immediately following the cease fire in 1945, craft members in the armed forces formed a club, the Tokyo Bay Masonic Club. Many of the members of Lodge Star in the East No 640 SC joined. Shortly afterwards, four boxes containing records of English and Scottish lodges were found, and amongst the contents was the charter of Star in the East. Bro Apcar was importuned by many brethren to resume labour. Through his efforts, Bro General Eichelberger, Commanding Officer of the 8th US Army, had the temple restored, and a plaque was installed to commemorate this restoration.
Apart from the charter, other missing items were found. The magnificent clock presented in 1927 to the temple by the “Scottish” rite was found in the office of the Yokohama Chief of Police. It was identified by a small engraved brass plate which the late Bro “Hiram” Miyakawa, the temple caretaker, had removed and attached to a less noticeable place. Bro Miyakawa, whose father had preceded him in his duties, also saved the records and jewels. The old organ was found in the home of the police sergeant who had been in charge of masonic prosecutions during the war.
The first regular meeting of the lodge was held on 9 April 1946, and from then on the lodge had more work than they could cope with, even holding four meetings a month.
Tokyo American Lodge
The first record of the first American craft lodge in Japan is a letter from Bro Major Berthram C. Wright to the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, dated 21 February 1947. Bro Wright stated that a survey had been made in the area of Tokyo, the results of which showed that there were fifty or more master masons interested in joining a lodge. The survey also brought to light the fact that approximately three thousand men of the occupation authorities, who would be stationed in Japan for some time, would be eligible for masonry.
The Grand Master, Charles J. Ramage, replied to Bro Wright on 24 March, outlining a plan which he hoped the brethren of Tokyo would accept. The lodge would be kept under dispensation at all times and Grand Lodge would not consider the granting of a charter. The jurisdiction of the lodge would not be limited as long as it did not infringe on Yokohama Lodge No 1092. The lodge could be put under dispensation for the working of degrees only for other lodges on a courtesy basis. The reason for the last stipulation was that any candidates receiving their degrees in Tokyo would then be members of a lodge in their home jurisdictions and would not be considered non-affiliated masons on their return home.
Bro Wright replied on 17 June and informed the Grand Master that the brethren in Tokyo were ready to petition for a dispensation. On 11 August 1947, the Grand Master signed a dispensation creating Tokyo American Lodge UD with jurisdiction over the American occupied zone of Tokyo. The dispensation was for a period up to 7 April 1948, the date of the next annual communication of the Grand Lodge.
The first communication of Tokyo American Lodge UD was set for 9 October 1947. More than a hundred and fifty brethren assembled at the Tokyo Kaikan building, wearing aprons made from condemned Japanese parachutes, with jewels of scrap aluminium. A total of one hundred and two brethren signed the tyler’s register. Amongst those present were two members of Tokyo Lodge No 2015 with illegible signatures, Bro Apcar from Star in the East, and two brethren from the Philippine constitution. The rest were from American jurisdictions.
On 8 April 1949, the Grand Secretary informed the lodge that its dispensation had expired, and as no new request had been received, the lodge was to cease operations and return all material belonging to the Grand Lodge. Bro Michael A. Rivisto, secretary of the lodge, telephoned the Grand Secretary and informed him that the annual reports of the lodge had been mailed.
On 29 May 1949, the Grand Secretary sent a memo to the sixteen Grand Lodges which had requested courtesy degree work. In this memo it was stated that the dispensation for the lodge had lapsed and no new request for dispensation had been made. It went on to say that the Grand Lodge of Connecticut had learned indirectly that the lodge had transferred its allegiance to the Grand Lodge of the Philippines.
Failure of English Masonry
The war and the surrender produced many changes in regard to masonry, some good, some unfortunate. Amongst the unfortunate results, the near extinction of English masonry was the most notable. The following went out of existence:
District Grand Lodge of Japan; Yokohama Lodge No 1092; Otentosama Lodge No 1263; Tokyo Lodge No 2015 ; Albion in the Far East No 3729; Union Lodge of Instruction; Rising Sun Lodge of Instruction ; Tokyo Lodge of Instruction ; Yokohama Chapter No 1092; Otentosama Chapter No 1263; Tokyo Chapter No 2015; Orient Mark Lodge No 304; and Torii Mark Lodge No 837.
This left Rising Sun Lodge as the sole survivor of the institutions of the English constitution. Rising Sun Chapter No 1401 was only to be founded again at a much later date. Why this English masonic disaster in Kanto (the area around Tokyo and Yokohama) should have occurred is something of a mystery. There were far more English people in Kanto in the immediate post-war period than there were in Kansai (the area around Kobe and Osaka), and the masonic hall in Yokohama escaped with a minimum of damage. One explanation offered by Bro W . Lackie in his History of Rising Sun Lodge is that brethren who would have been eminently capable of re-organising English masonry in Kanto were engaged in duties, in connection with the United Kingdom Liaison Mission and the reconstitution of their firms, that were so onerous that they had no time for other activities. However, in contrast, both Scottish lodges in Japan were reactivated.
Another possible explanation is that the top echelons of the military powers occupying Japan were masons of the Philippine constitution, or of American jurisdictions which worked a ritual similar to that of the Philippines. When ritual comes into question, masonic perspective sometimes gets blurred, as can be seen, for example, in some of the exaggerated claims that used to be made by Emulationists. It can easily be understood that, to these brethren, the spread of the Webb ritual was a crusade, carrying with it the ideals of American democracy. Speaking of his reasons for supporting the Filipino lodges, Bro Major General E. M. Almond, Chief of Staff, wrote in 1950, “Its precepts of fellowship, fair dealing and charitable motives are fundamental to the Democratic objectives of those most concerned with our occupation.” Philippine masonry had proved itself to be a democratising influence, capable of crossing racial barriers and appealing to the oriental mind. For these reasons, it was to be encouraged, perhaps at the expense of other jurisdictions. But before this view had become even unofficially formulated, one English and two Scottish lodges had been reactivated.
Be this as it may, the good result of the changes in Japan was the rapid spread of the Filipino craft.
Although the Ryukyu Islands were administered by the United States from 1945 until very recently, it had always been acknowledged that sovereignty in these islands rested with the government of Japan. Possession of these islands was taken by the allied forces in advance of the occupation of Japan proper. It is thus not surprising that the first lodge of the Philippine constitution to be chartered in Japanese territory was on Okinawa.
On receipt of a petition for Okinawa Lodge, the Grand Lodge of the Philippines sought the views of its nearest lodge, Charleston Lodge No 44 of Guam, and a favourable recommendation was received. The Filipino committee on jurisprudence recommended that “before final action is taken, an investigation be made as to whether or not this is open territory in the Masonic sense. Your committee believes that the Grand Lodge of England claims certain jurisdictional prerogatives over this territory by reason of its having chartered a number of Blue Lodges in Japan.” The proposed by-laws of the lodge were found to be in order, and a dispensation was granted on 7 December 1946. The question of territorial jurisdiction was not mentioned again.
Lodges in Japan
The first Filipino lodge in Japan proper, Yokosuka Naval Masonic Lodge, was issued with a dispensation on 23 September 1947. The committee on charters later examined the documents of this and Okinawa Lodge, and recommended that charters be granted and that the lodges be given dispensations to continue their work until they were constituted. The ceremony of constitution was carried out by Bro David Au, District Grand Master of China, and the lodges in Okinawa and Japan were numbered 118 and 120 PC respectively. In October 1948, a third lodge petitioned, and a year later it was constituted as Far East Lodge No 124 PC at Yokohama.
On 16 March 1949, the Grand Master, MW Bro Esteban Munarriz, visited Japan. He was met at Haneda Airport by a group of masons headed by Bro Michael Rivisto, who made a good impression. Bro Munarriz described him as “that giant of a man and a mason whose personal charm and sympathy have conquered for himself the love and devotion of his Brethren in the Philippines.” Bro Munarriz was also overcome with the concept of a Filipino landing in Japan: “What a marvellous reunion! A scene pregnant with significance: The West and the East in an everlasting Masonic embrace on Japanese soil.”
Bro Munarriz visited the temple of Far East Lodge and constituted it: the main purpose of his visit. In Tokyo he was received by Bro General MacArthur, who “expounded on the necessity of spreading the masonic principles throughout Japan and thus reform the ideology of the Japanese people.” The visit also resulted in the grant of dispensations to Tokyo Masonic Lodge, and to Square and Compass Lodge proposed for Tachikawa. The first of these was the former Tokyo American Lodge, and Grand Secretary’s report reads, “After its members returned their letters of dispensation to the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, they requested our Most Worshipful Grand Master for a dispensation to work under the Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands. This was granted.” (This account conflicts with that of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, which had not received any documents: the dispensation simply expired). Because of this expansion, Grand Lodge appointed an Inspector for the Philippine lodges in Japan, W Bro Elmer D. Rastorfer.
Scottish Rite Revived
From 1947, the Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, had been concerned about revival of the “Scottish” rite in Japan. Bro Michael Apcar, 33°, was the only brother who was left in Japan, and by April 1949 he had secured the petitions of two hundred and twenty-one candidates from the armed forces. Space was rented in Tokyo, and Bro Fred H. Stevens, Deputy for the Philippines, took over a “large and capable” degree team and conferred the degrees on the MacArthur class of candidates in the Rose Room of the Tokyo Kaikan.
Bro R. W. N. Child recently recalled the proceedings in a speech. After the conferrals, Bro Apcar proposed the six or seven pre-war brethren who were in Japan for election to senior positions. Bro Child had himself expected to be junior warden of the Lodge of Perfection in 1942, and he was proposed as venerable master in 1949. Bro Apcar then asked if there were other nominations from the floor, as there were present some three hundred new and visiting “Scottish Riters.” Bro Rivisto rose and stated “that the new class felt that the officers should be selected from the class because it was doubtful if the prewar members could be in good standing.” Bro Rivisto was elected to the top post!
The next meeting, also well attended, was at the Stock Exchange hall, where appointed officers were announced. Bro Child was the only pre-war member present. Bro Rivisto presided, and asked Bro Child to be secretary. He accepted out of a sense of obligation, since he was the only member with any “Scottish” rite experience. Without any “Scottish’‘ rite background, with no rituals or equipment, without a fixed meeting place or office, the next few meetings “resembled tobacco auctions.” In the meantime, word got back to the pre-war members in America and they, together with the Registrar and Deputy, were very much disturbed.
In a report that reads rather like a soliloquy, the SGC of the Southern Jurisdiction for 1949 extolled the potential mission of masonry in Japan and its people. Sadly because this is not the concern of masonry, he went on to comment adversely on the visits of Cardinal Spellman and Monsignor Sheen to Japan, and on “domination by Rome.” The report then proceeded to consider each of the 33° members with connections with Japan, and decided that none of them were available. However, in the meantime, Bro Rivisto had visited Washington and “made a good impression . . . for he returned with a white hat and the title of Deputy.” In fact, he had been recommended by Bro General MacArthur to the Sovereign Grand Commander. In a brief six months from its revival by Bro Apcar, the “Scottish” rite in Japan, Korea and Okinawa was under the control of Bro Rivisto.
The Tokyo Masonic Hall
For his next exploit, Bro Rivisto announced that the Suikosha, the former Imperial Japanese Naval Officers’ Club, was up for sale and would make a fine masonic temple. The price was over $200,000, which seemed a gigantic sum at the time. In the autumn of 1950, Bro Admiral Decker rose in the “Scottish” rite hall of the Suikosha, which was already being used pending purchase, and announced that the committee he had appointed had recommended against purchase.
Bro Rivisto thereupon arose, and went to the room where Tokyo Masonic Lodge No 125 PC, of which he was then master was meeting. All were astonished shortly afterwards to hear that Tokyo Masonic Lodge had contracted with the Japanese Government to purchase the property. It seemed impossible that they could meet the price, but with heavy contributions from individuals, an issue of bonds, and a later fifty percent participation by the “Scottish” rite, it proved possible to do so.
After Bro Rivisto’s departure from Japan in 1951, it became evident that the property could not legally continue under the ownership of the individual masonic groups, and it was therefore donated to a newly formed charitable foundation, called the Tokyo Masonic Association, Zaidan Hojin. The objects of this Association, given in its by-laws, are “to promote, encourage and practice the true teachings of charity and benevolence; to assist the feeble, guide the blind, raise the down-trodden, and shelter the orphan; to support the Government; to respect the principles and revere the ordinances of religion: to inculcate morality, protect chastity and promote learning; to love mankind; and to revere the Supreme Being.” The “Scottish” rite bodies and Tokyo Masonic Lodge No 125 PC each elect three counsellors of the association, who, as a board, elect the trustees and supervisors. No direct control of the association can be excercised by the masonic bodies.
The ownership was disputed by the new Japanese Navy in 1966, but the Tokyo District Court upheld the rights of the Association.
The Door Opens
The Nippon Times for Sunday 9 January 1950 carried the headline “Portal of Freemasonry Is Opened to Japanese—MacArthur Gives Blessing—5 Top Dietmen Among First to Be Initiated.” The article then goes on to name two of the five new initiates: Naotake Sato, President of the House of Councillors, and Etsujiro Uehara, former State Minister. Congratulations were received from General MacArthur, Chief of Staff Major General E. M. Almond, Lt Gen Walter Walker, commanding officer of the US 8th Army, Bro Esteban Munarriz, and many lodges. The ceremony was carried out by Bro Rivisto as master of Tokyo Masonic Lodge.
Bro General Walker’s message was reported, and he said, “This step taken by the Japanese people indicates the will of a free people and their desires to practice those precepts of the Golden Rule in which the light of masonry and democracy glitters brightly in the hearts of free men. . . . I welcome the first Japanese Nationals, who are entering into the great Masonic Order, and I extend them my felicitations.”
In a report on the progress of the craft in Japan given to the Grand Lodge of the Philippines in 1955, Bro Tamotsu Murayama, the first Japanese national to be raised, expressed the view that masonry came to the Japanese people through scouting. In attempts to reactivate scouting after 1945, Japanese scout leaders were drawn into close contact with Americans who proved mostly to be on the square. The Japanese gradually saw masonry as a continuation of the process of building good citizenship. In his approaches to the Imperial Household Agency about scouting, he also spoke of freemasonry, and in particular to Prince Higashikuni, uncle of the Emperor and post-war Prime Minister, who “signified his intention to be a humble servant to Freemasonry.”
A somewhat different account, though perfectly compatible with Bro Murayama’s, was given by the Sovereign Grand Commander in 1951:
General MacArthur was greatly responsible for lifting the ban against Freemasonry. He was almost worshipped for what he had done for the people there, and almost immediately some high class people of the Japanese Government became interested in Freemasonry. I was greatly pleased, because I felt that Masonry had a great opportunity to do a great service for Japan and the Japanese people. . . . As evidence, the managing editor of The Nippon Times, the leading newspaper, Kimpei Sheba, is now a Mason; also the city editor of the same paper, Tamotsu Murayama; the president of the National Council of Boy Scouts of Japan, Michiharu Mishima; the speaker of the House of Councillors, Brother Sato, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Brother Takahashi. Emperor Hirohito was interested, and he had invited Brother Michael A. Rivisto, 33°, to come and visit him.
This must have been a period of heady expectation for the keen mason in Japan. Here was what the founders of masonic bodies called Chrysanthemum and Dai Nippon, and those who chose the gate of the Imperial Palace as their emblem, had been hoping for, many years ago. Here was the fruit of the hope that had led the English craft to initiate and promote Bro Viscount Hayashi at the turn of the century: the initiation of influencial Japanese persons, even the Emperor himself, into the fellowship of the craft.
The Sacred Volume
The first step to the initiation of Japanese nationals was not accomplished without some difficulty. In his report on the historical background of freemasonry in Japan, given to the Grand Lodge of the Philippines in 1955, Bro Murayama said of this:
Some American Masons strongly opposed it on the ground of religious issues. The arguments were that Japanese candidates must be Christians. . . . I learned that Mr (sic) John Cole in Washington drew the final conclusion that the Holy Bible should be used in the place of all other sacred scriptures in taking the obligation on inasmuch as the Holy Bible is the great light of F.M. and a guiding lightfor all human creatures. This decision settled various minor arguments and oppositions. The Japanese petitions were thus formally accepted. . . .
The question of initiation of Buddhists was to receive considerable ventilation in the Grand Lodge of Scotland’s Year Book in later years.
However, it should be noted that Mr Cole’s decision was contrary to the spirit of the craft as expressed by the jurisdictions of the British Isles. He would no doubt be horrified to hear of a Singapore lodge, or of the Grand Lodge of India, where six different VSLS are displayed together, being those of all faiths represented by members of the lodge or Grand Lodge. Why this view had any effect on the working of Philippine lodges in Japan is not clear, but its blinkered insensitivity marred the otherwise happy event of the opening of the portals of the craft to Japanese nationals.
It was sixteen years before this decision was reviewed. In the Quarterly for August 1966 published by the Grand Lodge of Japan is a brief statement headed “Alter (sic) Bible,” which reads, “This Grand Lodge authorizes our Constituent Lodges to Obligate Candidates on the Bible (sic) of any qualified Faith of their choice which represents to them, their way of paying homage to The Supreme Being.”
At this climactic moment in the post-war masonic history of Japan, a disaster occurred. Too much of masonry was controlled by one man, and he proved to have feet of clay. The first sign of disaster was an administrative failure. Having been informed by the Sovereign Grand Commander that he might take steps to start the “Scottish” rite in Okinawa, Bro Rivisto travelled there and conferred the degrees on fifty-four petitioners. He then issued Letters Temporary, naming the officers and even the bodies themselves, but he had authority for none of this. It took six months for a report to be made, and Bro Rivisto’s authority as Deputy was withdrawn.
Then came disaster. In the words of the Sovereign Grand Commander, “the government preferred charges against Brother Rivisto. . . . He was charged with wrongdoing, black marketing and other things. But he radioed me that he would be completely exonerated. In the meantime the Lodge of Perfection preferred charges against him for un-Masonic conduct and so forth. I understand also that Tokyo Lodge No 125, of which he was a Past Master, may prefer charges against him, and the result, if he is found guilty, will be expulsion.” Of course, the invitation from the Imperial Palace was quickly withdrawn. How different might the subsequent masonic history of Japan have been, if another, more mature, brother had risen a little less rapidly to such prominence.
More Philippine Lodges
It will never be known how detrimental was the effect of Bro Rivisto’s reputation upon the craft in Japan. Had the Royal Family entered its ranks, and even risen to its head, as happened in England in the eighteenth century, Japan might by now be one of the great masonic nations. As it is, masonry in the Philippine constitution in Japan laboured on in much the same manner as before, with a large number of American servicemen bringing with them a much smaller number of English-speaking Japanese.
By 1950, there were four Filipino Lodges in Japan, excluding Okinawa. During 1950, a dispensation was granted to Kyushu Lodge UD in Fukuoka. A petition was also received for Torii Masonic Lodge to meet in Nagoya, and General John J. Pershing Lodge in Kyoto. Both received their dispensations in February 1951.
Later, in October 1951, a dispensation was issued to Moriahyama Lodge UD at Tokyo. A trip to Japan to constitute Kyushu Lodge resulted in no action as military personel had dispersed, but it eventually received charter No 127. In 1953, a petition was received for a Sendai Lodge in Sendai. Dispensations were granted in 1954 to Nippon Lodge UD meeting at Sasebo, and to Aomori Lodge UD meeting at Misawa. These two spread masonry almost to the extremes of Japan. Sasebo in the west of Kyushu, the southermost of the four main islands; and Misawa at the northern end of the main island of Honshu.
Deputy for Japan
A Philippine district was, step by step, coming into existence. An Inspector for Japan and Okinawa had already been appointed, and it was felt by the Filipino Grand Master in 1953 that Okinawa and Japan should be separated, and that a new officer with greater powers should be appointed for Japan. With the specific insistance that it was in the nature of an experiment, he appointed W Bro William J. Eichorn as Grand Master’s Deputy for Japan.
One cause of discontent in Japan was the time taken to insert the names of applicants in the Grand Secretary’s Circular, which the Constitutions required to be published thirty days before an initiation was permitted. The Deputy for Japan was authorised to print his own Special Bulletin, which would apply only to candidates in Japan. He was given an assignment consisting of seventeen items, which included the duty to visit each lodge once a year, despite the nine hundred mile distance between the two extreme lodges.
The Grand Master’s decree creating this office also set up an Advisory Board, consisting of all present masters of lodges in Japan. The Board soon made itself felt. It requested exemption of lodges in Japan from payments assessed for the Home, School and Dormitory Fund of the Philippine Grand Lodge. The intention was to start such a fund of their own, amongst the twelve hundred masons of the Filipino lodges in Japan. However, permission was not given, though several other requests were granted.
In March 1954, the Grand Master received a petition from the three principal officers of each of the eleven subordinate lodges then in Japan, representing 1,620 master masons, requesting a District Grand Lodge for Japan. The reasons in support of the petition were considerable: distance from the Philippines, a separate “people of Japan,” the existence of eleven lodges, independent strength leading to love for the Philippines as patron and pioneer of a genuine Japanese masonry, and the like. MW Bro A. Gonzalez, who had taken a large part in the organisation of the District Grand Lodge for China in 1932, was appointed “special committee of one” to advise the Grand Master, and he advised favourably.
The District Grand Master was R W Bro William Jack Eichorn, the former Deputy for Japan. He was born in 1905 in Colorado, and after voluntary military service, entered the University of Wisconsin and received a degree in electrical engineering. Employment in the thirties was not easy, and he obtained work as a machinist with Timken. Such was his personality that he was elected international representative of the United Automobile Workers of America. Called up in 1940, he became an expert in fire control, and still in this field found himself in Manila in 1946, where he was initiated a year later in Muog Lodge No 89 PC and transferred to Japan in 1948. He reached the chair in Far East Lodge No 124 PC in 1951, and became Deputy a year later.
The District Grand Lodge was constituted in the Tokyo masonic building by a deputation from the Philippines on 2 June 1954.
With the first petition from the advisory board of the Deputy for Japan, PC, made in 1953, came the request for “authority to prepare and monitor the translation of our Rituals into the Japanese Language and to forward same when completed to the Grand Lodge for review and approval.” When M W Bro W. P. Schetelig visited Japan as Grand Master in 1955, he was entertained to a special lunch by Japanese brethren, at which he urged them to finish translation of the first degree by October.
At the first communication of the new District Grand Lodge for Japan, a team of Japanese brethren headed by Bro HRH Prince Eun Lee, pretender to the Korean throne, with ten master masons and two entered apprentices, gave an immaculate demonstration of the first degree ritual in Japanese. The Grand Master immediately granted a dispensation for the new first degree ritual to be used. On 20 January 1955, twenty Japanese brethren signed a petition for a new lodge, and Kanto Lodge UD was constituted on 1 March 1955 by the District Grand Master, with Bro Prince Eun Lee as master. Thus a major milestone was reached: the first lodge consisting entirely of Japanese nationals. On 24 March, the lodge gave a demonstration of the second degree ritual in Japanese before the Grand Master, so that another dispensation could be granted.
The reason for the Grand Master’s visit was that he had received a cable on 10 March saying, “the Prime Minister of Japan desires to continue his masonic work. Consider it great honour if you could confer remaining degrees on your visit to Japan. Please advise.” Considerable discussion was needed in Tokyo to decide how to perform the ceremony, as the Prime Minister, Bro Hatoyama, was an invalid, and as in the meantime Bro Yahachi Kawai, President of the House of Councillors, had also requested that he might be passed. Both were entered apprentices of Tokyo Lodge No 125 PC.
The following day Grand Lodge was opened in the Tokyo masonic building at eight in the morning, with the delegation, four principal District officers, the wardens of Tokyo Lodge, the principle officers of Kanto Lodge, and Bros Generals Hull, McNaughton and Reustow present. At nine o’clock, the second degree was conferred upon the Prime Minister in his house in shortened form in Japanese, and then the third degree in English by the delegation from Grand Lodge. At half past one, the ceremonies were repeated in full form in the Tokyo masonic building for Bro Kawai. Congratulatory messages were read from Bro General MacArthur and Bro Harry S. Truman.
On 29 March, the Grand Master and his Deputy visited the Diet Building, where Bro Kawai served tea in his office. This tea was attended by Bros Jiro Hoshijma, Haruhiko Uetake, Shunsake Noda, members of the House of Councillors, and by Bro Takizo Matsumoto, Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary. The party then discussed the significance of the third degree with the Prime Minister in his office.
Bro Schetelig Reports
The Grand Master had reason to be proud of the progress made in his Japanese District during his year of office. In his report to Grand Lodge, he said:
A new era of Masonry in Japan was inaugurated during the now ending administration of the Grand Lodge. Our Lodges in Japan are no longer a side issue of this Grand Lodge but they are the very nucleus of Masonic activity demanding the closest attention, support and scrutiny for every incoming Grand Master. . . . On account of their racial background, their ancient culture, their history, their way of living and acting, we are working in Japan with individuals very different from Filipino characteristics. It, therefore, needs pliable and understanding minds on our part as the directing body to understand their mentality and foster the spread of Masonry in Japan. . . .
The Grand Master then moved three resolutions: that the dispensation to Kanto Lodge UD be renewed; that the dispensation to use the Japanese language rituals of the first and second degrees be amended to make them “permanent rituals of this Grand Lodge;” and that, on completion of the third degree ritual, they should all be codified. But in the meantime each Kanto Lodge member was to be personally responsible for the security of any ritual material in Japanese he possessed. In the term of the following Grand Master, M W Bro Camilo Osias, Kanto Lodge was chartered as No 143 PC. It was reported at the time that the third degree ritual was complete and was being codified.
The Moriahyama Resolution
The seeds of “independency” had been sown by the consecration of the Grand Lodge of China in 1949 and its revival in Taiwan in the early fifties. Many US servicemen must have been aware of, and even become members of, the Grand Lodge of China. At a more official level, Bro Schetelig, in his report for 1955, said, “After the development and progress Masonry has made in Japan and is likely to make in the future, it is now a question of prestige to maintain a District Grand Lodge. Besides, it is a training ground for brethren to govern, once an independent Grand Lodge of Japan will eventually be constituted in the future.” In his first report to the new Grand Lodge of Japan, M W Bro Carlos Rodriguez-Jimenez explained how in 1956 a wide variety of opinion had prevailed in discussions held over a considerable period: the time was not yet ripe; the Japanese brethren were not yet fully prepared; loss of US military brethren would over-deplete its ranks; and sheer perplexity.
Then came the first definite act. At its stated meeting on 16 January 1957, the brethren of Moriahyama Lodge No 134 PC unanimously passed a resolution calling upon all the other lodges in Japan to a convention to consider the formation of a Grand Lodge of Japan. This took place ten days later in the Tokyo masonic building. The District Grand Master was not present, but his Deputy, the majority of District officers past and present, and the principal officers of all sixteen Filipino lodges were there, in a room filled to capacity, and “it could be said that the gathering truly represented all the Masons of Japan directly concerned.” It was decided to hold another convention in the masonic building on 16 February, to be attended by four delegates duly authorised to represent each lodge.
Manila was advised of this, but exhibited no response.
After a second convention, the District Grand Master for Japan wrote from Manila asking what was going on in his absence, and on 21 February Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez sent “a full and comprehensive report covering all aspects of the case.”
In his reply, the District Grand Master expressed happiness at the loyalty to the Philippine Grand Lodge and said, “The Grand Lodge here is not against having a Grand Lodge for Japan, in fact they welcome it.” However, there were conditions attached: primarily a wise wait until several more lodges of Japanese nationals were established. Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez later stated that “this and some other points raised by the District Grand Master could not be accepted by the lodges, for all were impatient for their independence.” The third convention took place on 16 March, when fifteen lodges unanimously approved the Moriahyama resolution. Yokosuka Naval Lodge No 120, the first Philippine lodge in Japan, attended to vote against the resolution and stated that it would not take any further part. The convention then proceeded to adopt its draft constitutions, and elect Grand Officers. Six of the more senior Grand Officers elect were entrusted with “the mission of going to Manila . . . as delegates of the 15 Lodges in Japan, to take active part as such, in the proceedings, and to present our plea for recognition from the floor ”
The Deputy District Grand Master of the Philippine jurisdiction, the instigator, and first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Japan, Bro Carlos Rodriguez-Jimenez was born at Upata in Venezuela in 1899. He obtained two doctorates at the University of Caracas, and practised law from 1924 to 1928, when he joined the service of his government. He progressed rapidly, and by 1931 was Consul General of Venezuela in Japan.
Meanwhile, he had received the light of masonry in Lodge Asilo de la Paz No 13 (Haven of Peace) of Venezuela in 1929. In Japan, he affiiated to Lodge Star in the East No 640 SC in 1937, and took part in its shipboard meeting when he was repatriated in 1942. He also joined Yokohama Lodge No 1092, in 1938 he was exalted in Otentosama Chapter No 1236, and in 1940 he became an English District Grand Lodge officer.
Back in Venezuela, he became master of Loyalty Lodge No 19 VC and Grand Orator in 1943, Deputy Grand Master in 1945 and Grand Master in 1947. By I945, he had progressed in the “Scottish” rite in Venezuela to the extent of being elevated to the 33°.
Following the end of the war, he was appointed delegate to the United Nations, and served in San Francisco, London, New York and Paris. From 1948, he was Counsellor to the Embassy in Washington DC, and in 1951 was appointed Consul General in London. In both places, he affiliated masonically. He also had a respect for masonic history and research, as is evidenced by his membership of Quatuor Coronati Lodge’s Correspondence Circle. He thus had a breadth of masonic experience that many would envy, coupled with a knowledge of law and diplomacy.
In 1952, he received his second Japanese appointment, as Venezuelan Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. In 1957, he became Ambassador, and he was recalled in 1964.
Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez tried lobbying all past Grand Masters in Manila when he arrived, and found little warmth of response. The delegates then took part in the annual communication as ordinary lodge delegates, thinking they were “loyal daughter lodges attending our last Annual Communcation in Manila and that we were to emerge . . . fully and duly recognised and blessed. . . . ” However, it seemed that the agenda and message of the Grand Master both ignored the Moriahyama resolution, and, in desperation, the delegates from Japan introduced a motion from the floor “that the Grand Lodge of the Philippines extend recognition to the Grand Lodge of Japan and assist us in obtaining recognition from Grand Lodges with which it is in fraternal communication, also that the Grand Master of the Philippines . . . consecrate the Grand Lodge of Japan.” In this proposal lay the second misfortune to fall upon the craft in Japan. Having been admitted as members of the Philippine constitution, the delegates from Japan suddenly put a motion which stated that the Grand Lodge of Japan already existed.
In fact, despite the ill conceived haste with which the fifteen lodges in Japan had expressed their wish to become a Grand Lodge, they had certainly not taken such a step by supporting the Morihyama resolution. The delegates were from Filipino lodges and in no way represented a new Grand Lodge. The phraseology of the motion, as quoted by Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez, shows a confusion of thought that perhaps only frustration could have caused. Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez was given the opportunity to correct this matter. The Grand Master asked him “if they had come as representatives of the subordinate lodges of this Grand Lodge, or as the representatives of the Grand Lodge of Japan.” Forgetting that they had registered as delegates of Filipino lodges and had passed the scrutiny of the credentials committee as such, Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez “replied that they had come as representatives of the Grand Lodge of Japan.” The Grand Master then repeated the question and received the same reply.
He thus treated the motion put by the delegates from Japan as a petition for recognition, and not as a motion from the floor. It was put to the committee on jurisprudence, which recommended denial of the petition of the “de Facto Grand Lodge of Japan.” The motion to approve the recommendation of the jurisprudence committee denying recognition was then proposed, but amended so that a committee of five Past Grand Masters, appointed by the incoming Grand Master, could review the case, and make a recommendation a year later.
In his review of these events, Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez clearly regretted the situation he himself had created by his motion. “Our intention was that the separation ought to take place in a more solemn and dignified way, after complying with all the formalities that usually accompany the parting of friends, or the dissolution of a partnership, or the end of a fraternal relationship that so far had so happily existed between Manila and Japan.” Upon arrival in Tokyo, Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez sent an official letter to the Grand Master of the Philippines asking him to set up his committee of investigation as soon as possible. He said that the Grand Lodge of Japan would forthwith begin exercising rights of sovereignty, issuing charters and seeking recognition. In this “far from happy” manner was the Grand Lodge of Japan formed, the official date of separation from its mother being 16 March 1957, the date at which fifteen lodges accepted the Moriahyama resolution.
Immediate steps were also taken to secure recognition by the issue of details to over one hundred jurisdictions. The first recognition came from South Carolina. This was probably the result of a letter from Bro General MacArthur to M W Bro Dr L. Wade Temple, Jr, Grand Master of South Carolina, in which he said,
I recommend without the slightest hesitation that the prior recognition by the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free Masons of South Carolina of the newly organized Grand Lodge of Japan be fully confirmed and sustained.
While in Japan I did all in my power to encourage the development of Freemasonry under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of the Philippines. . . . That the movement should reach a point where its members seek their own Grand Lodge is but healthy and natural and, in my opinion, should be heartily supported by Masonic Bodies in the United States.
As a result of being the first to grant recognition, the Grand Lodge of South Carolina performed the consecration of the Grand Lodge of Japan.
Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez visited many Grand Lodges abroad, including England. He was, after all, an English mason. He met R W Bro James Stubbs, later to become Grand Secretary, “an old acquaintance of mine with whom I had a very pleasant interview.” Bro Stubbs had read the official request for recognition and asked detailed questions of the new Grand Master, and gave him to understand that no more could be expected from London in advance of Manila. Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez asked for the earliest possible recognition, “as it amounts to sanction or approval that carries great weight in the Masonic World.” Bro Stubbs cautioned him not to be too eager to seek recognitions indiscriminately, as it might impair rather than improve the position before the older and longer established Grand Lodges. Although an assurance was given “that it had been the consistent policy of the Grand Lodge of Japan to be after quality rather than quantity in the matter of recognitions,” the die was clearly already cast.
A reviewer of Japan’s Proceedings in those of the Grand Lodge of Idaho in 1963 could say, “In their desire to have recognition with foreign Grand Lodges we wonder if they are too liberal. They have fraternal relations with more Grand Lodges than most of the older Grand Lodges in the world.” This was quoted in Japan, coupled with comment by R W Bro Nohea O. A. Peck, first Grand Secretary of Japan, that their policy had always been to follow the advice given by the Commission on Recognition of the Grand Masters’ Conference of North America.
Relations with the Philippines
On 28 November 1957, Bro Rodriguez-Jimenez again arrived at Manila. The subsequent negotiations were pleasantly harmonious, and he adds dryly, “Some leaders were missing, and obviously a change for the better had occurred.” He stressed his wish for peace and harmony, for which Japan was willing to go a long way. In return, the Filipinos expressed a desire to go more than halfway. The Filipinos made three requests: making an audit up to 25 April 1957; the unimpeded masonic work of the four remaining Philippine lodges; and a change in name for Kanto Lodge No 11 JC.
The strange request about the Kanto Lodge was the result of a split that had occurred within its membership after agreement to support the Moriahyama resolution. The Japanese nationals, the majority of the membership, had allied themselves with the Grand Lodge of Japan. A minority of English-speaking members, mostly American-born Japanese, had requested charter No 143 back from the Philippines.
After considerable discussion, these proposals were generally accepted, and brotherhood was restored. At the second communication of the Grand Lodge of Japan, the Grand Master of the Philippines, M W Bro Howard R. Hick, presented a Bible with the inscription: “Fraternally Presented to the Grand Lodge of Japan Free and Accepted Masons by the Grand Lodge of the Philippines Free and Accepted Masons March 13, 1959.”
Non-Recognition of Japan
United Grand Lodge is not bound in any way to give reasons for not recognising another Grand Lodge. Its reasons can, to some extent, be guessed by a study of the Basic Principles for Grand Lodge Recognition, accepted in 1929, and since then fundamental to any consideration of regularity. In general, the Grand Lodge of Japan complies, with the possible exceptions of the second parts of the third and fourth principles. However, the eighth principle covers a very wide field, and Grand Lodge generally adopted the attitude that only time would tell if this were being observed. On 3 February 1973, the Grand Lodge of Japan again “communicated with the United Grand Lodge of England regarding the propriety of considering fraternal relations between our two Grand Jurisdictions.” The answer of United Grand Lodge was still not yet.
RW Bro P. J. Hope, Grand Inspector for the Far East of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, has made available a report that he wrote in May 1968 to his jurisdiction. He opened by remarking that generally the US jurisdictions and the Grand Lodge of the Philippines recognised the Grand Lodge of Japan, despite their misgivings over its origin which was considered in the Philippines to be “a serious breach of masonic law,” because of the large number of members of Filipino and American lodges who would otherwise be labelled as clandestine. He then referred to early fears that the Grand Lodge of Japan, which at its formation consisted of relatively large numbers of Americans, with only thirty five Japanese nationals, would be forced to disband with the curtailment of US forces. Another early fear was the prominent part played by a Japanese national who, it was alleged, had been responsible for the maltreatment of freemasons in Kansai during the Pacific War.
He recalled that in 1958 the Scottish District Grand Secretary had written, “keeping in mind, the predominant religious, national traditions and characteristics of the Japanese, no compensating accession of members from indigenous sources can be anticipated and it is doubtful if there is any basis in Japan, broad enough for the establishment and continuation of a national Grand Lodge.” The Grand Lodge of Scotland, however, recognised the Grand Lodge of Japan not long after this. Bro Hope suggested, as a possible reason for this, the membership in Lodge Star in the East of a high proportion of brethren who were involved in its formation.
Bro Hope’s own conclusions were mixed, as might be expected after any intelligent appraisal. He comments that the Japanese “nature” is not such as to preclude successful missionary work. He notes that an apparently close connection with the Demolay Order, the Eastern Star, and the like, though “almost abhorred” in England and Ireland, does not prevent recognition of many US jurisdictions. He considers the “real crux of the matter” to be fourfold: first, the large preponderance of American nationals in the membership; secondly, the “open solicitation” of Japanese nationals to join, contrary to every basic conception of craft masonry; thirdly, the dual allegiance implied by the display of us and Japanese flags together at lodge meetings; and fourthly, the possible demise of the Grand Lodge, should us forces withdraw.
Bro Hope’s report is completed with a list of jurisdictions recognised by Japan, and significant non-recognitions, together with an implied adverse comment on the criteria for recognitions by Japan: that if more than half the forty-nine US jurisdictions recognised the Grand Lodge in question, no further investigation was needed by Japan.
The Situation Today
The situation given by Bro Hope as “the real crux” has since improved, but not changed in principle. In the 1973 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Japan, it was admitted candidly that “for the present our Japanese MMs are not in large numbers, but we are confident that the number of Japanese petitioners will increase in the near future and Masonry will expand in Japan.” The author understands that Japanese nationals now constitute roughly one eighth of the total membership, and with an increasing proportion of us citizens having left for home, the active proportion is probably higher.
Total membership of its lodges increases by about three hundred and fifty a year, offset by losses of two hundred. Two of the four remaining Filipino lodges subsequently transferred their allegiance with the blessing of the Philippine Grand Lodge, and one in particular, with four hundred and fifty two members at the time, boosted the total.
In 1957, membership was 2,404. It had risen by a thousand in 1963, and by a further thousand in 1967. The rate of new memberships has stayed fairly static, but losses are increasing, probably because of the increasing age of early members, and the 1972 membership was 4,784. This makes it a small Grand Lodge, but, even so, larger than several others.
The Grand Lodge of Japan publishes a concise guide called List of Meetings Times and Places of Masonic Organisations in Japan, the last in United Grand Lodge’s library being that for 1967. It honours the English constitution by including Rising Sun Lodge No 1401, and it also includes Okinawa. On this basis, thirty one lodges are listed: twenty Japanese lodges numbered 1 to 11 and 13 to 21, seven Filipino lodges of which five are on Okinawa, two Scottish, one Massachusetts, and one English. All these Grand Lodges recognise each other, except England and Japan. This effectively precludes English masons visiting other jurisdictions, even though recognised, as the probability is that they would have to leave on discovering a member of the Grand Lodge of Japan to be present, sufficiently distressing to the host and visitors as to deter further visits.
This listing includes non-craft masonry. The “Scottish” rite has its Tokyo Bodies, and Santama Lodge of Perfection in Yokota. In the “York” rite, it lists three royal arch chapters, two cryptic councils, and one Knight Templar commandery. Then, showing no discrimination, it goes on to list nine quasi-masonic shrine clubs, and one sojourners club. It also lists non-masonic bodies: eight Demolay chapters including one in Seoul, five Eastern Star chapters, and five Assemblies of Rainbow for Girls.


Obituary provided by the Department of Animal Sciences
Robert Douglas “Bob” Josserand, 89 of Hereford, Texas passed away Monday, Nov. 2, 2020, in Hereford.
Josserand was born in Pratt, Kansas on June 24, 1931 to Robert Warren and Helen Douglas Josserand. He graduated from Colorado State University in 1953 with a Bachelor’s Degree in Animal Science. Upon graduation, Josserand served as County Agent in Springfield, Colorado, and later as a bank officer in Julesburg, Colorado.
While in Julesburg, Josserand was asked by the Governor to serve as a Colorado State Highway Commissioner. He later was hired to develop farmland and cattle feeding operations in Southwest Kansas prior to his move to Hereford, Texas in 1971 as Regional Manager for Farr Better Feeds.
Josserand served as President of Procor Cattle Company, which became AZL Resources, from 1973 to 1983. During that time the company owned feed yards in Texas, Nebraska and Arizona, and ranches in Montana, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Mississippi. In 1983 he bought AZL Resources cattle division and formed what is now AzTx Cattle Co.
Josserand has been active in industry organizations, serving on the Boards of the National Live Stock and Meat Board in Chicago, the Texas Cattle Feeders Association and the National Cattlemen’s Association. He served as president of Texas Cattle Feeders Association (1985) and National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (1989), and is a past member of the Cattlemen’s Beef Promotion and Research Board. Josserand was commissioned as a member of the Texas Agriculture Task Force in May, 1988, by then-Governor Clements. He was named “Man of the Year in Service to Southwest Agriculture” by Progressive Farmer magazine in 1991. In February, 1993, he was inducted into the International Stockmen’s Hall of Fame by the International Livestock Congress. In September, 1998, Josserand received the National Golden Spur Award sponsored by the Ranching Heritage Association. In May, 2000, Josserand was included among 100 individuals named by the Amarillo Globe-News in its “History Makers of the High Plains” and in September 2004, was named one of “The BEEF Top 40″ by the editorial staff of Beef magazine. Josserand was selected “Livestock Leader” by the Department of Animal Sciences at Colorado State University in 2007. In July, 2015 Robert was inducted into the Cattle Feeders Hall of Fame.
Josserand served on the Llano Estacado Regional Water Planning Group from 1998 through May, 2015 and in October, 2013 was elected to serve a three-year term on the Board of Trustees of the Panhandle Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, Texas.
In September, 2005 Josserand and his wife, Nancy, received the Pioneer Spirit Award sponsored by the Panhandle Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, and in April, 2013, Mr. and Mrs. Josserand received the Amarillo area’s highest honor for arts donors, the Summit Award, granted by the Arts Committee of the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce.
Josserand has resided in Hereford, Texas since 1971 and served as Mayor of the City for 22 years from May, 1993 to May, 2015. In November, 2015 Josserand was elected to the board of the Deaf Smith County Hospital District. He was named Hereford’s “1994 Citizen of the Year.”
Josserand was a long-time member of First United Methodist Church of Hereford. Josserand served in the U.S. Air Force and was stationed in the Bay area of California during the Korean conflict. It was there Josserand met his future wife, Nancy Peterson.
Those left to cherish his memory are his wife of 66 years, Nancy, sons John (Sandy) Josserand and Barry (Christie) Josserand, a daughter Joan Poarch (Kim); eight grandchildren, Dana, Clint, Holly, Haley, Lauren, James, Andee and Jacob; and six great-grandchildren. He was preceded in death by his parents, one brother Jimmy, and a son Doug.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the charity of your choice, or to the Douglas Josserand Memorial Scholarship at West Texas A & M WTAMU Box 60765 Canyon, Texas 79016.
The Khuri Foundation 540 W 15th, St, Hereford, Texas 79045, First United Methodist Church of Hereford. 501 Main St. Hereford, Texas 79045, or The Scottish Rite Hospital For Children PO Box 199300 Dallas, Texas 75219


The brand new Chewa agriculturalists, whose forefathers stayed indeed there about late Iron Age, practised stone paint up to really toward twentieth glint millennium
Bisotun is found across the old change route hooking up the newest Iranian large plateau with Mesopotamia and features remains on the primitive moments for the Median, Achaemenid, Sassanian, and Ilkhanid attacks. The main memorial on the archaeological web site is the bas-relief and you may cuneiform inscription purchased by the Darius I, The great, when he flower on the throne of one’s Persian Kingdom, 521 BC. The new bas-relief illustrates Darius carrying a bow, since an indication of sovereignty, and treading on the bust out-of a statistic whom depends on his right back just before him. According to legend, the new figure signifies Gaumata, the latest Average Magus and you may pretender on the throne whose murder contributed to Darius’s rise in order to stamina. 1,2 hundred lines regarding inscriptions advising the story of your fights Darius waged from inside the 521-520 BC from the governors who made an effort to disassemble the new Kingdom centered of the Cyrus. The inscription is created in the about three dialects. The newest earliest are an enthusiastic Elamite text talking about tales describing the queen plus the rebellions. This can be accompanied by a beneficial Babylonian type of equivalent tales. The last phase of your inscription is specially extremely important, since it is right here you to Darius introduced for the first time the existing Persian variety of their res gestae (things complete). Here is the merely identified monumental text of your Achaemenids so you can file brand new re also-establishment of the Empire from the Darius I. There are also stays from the Median period (8th so you’re able to 7th centuries B.C.) including about Achaemenid (sixth to help you last centuries B.C.) and you will article-Achaemenid attacks.
The latest Centennial Hall, a beneficial landmark in the history of reinforced real frameworks, was erected inside the 1911-1913 by the designer Max Berg just like the a multi-mission recreational strengthening, based in the fresh Exhibition Grounds. In form it’s a symmetric quatrefoil having a massive circular main space that can chair specific 6,one hundred thousand individuals. The newest 23m-higher dome is topped that have an excellent lantern within the steel and you may cup. The new Centennial Hall is a pioneering functions of modern technologies and you can structures, and therefore displays an essential interchange away from has an effect on in early twentieth century, becoming a switch resource regarding later development of bolstered real structures.
What’s more, it holds witness towards the interchange of affects in the growth of monumental artwork and you will creating in the region of the brand new Persian Kingdom
Created within this a group of forested granite slopes and coating an section of 126.cuatro km2, high-up the new plateau away from main Malawi, the new 127 internet sites of this area element brand new richest intensity of stone art from inside the Main Africa. They reflect the new relatively scarce tradition out of farmer stone art, in addition to paintings by BaTwa huntsman-gatherers who inhabited the bedroom on later Stone Years. The signs regarding the rock artwork, which can be firmly of girls, still have social significance between the Chewa, together with internet try definitely from the ceremonies and traditions.
The majority of the new landscaping off Cornwall and you will West Devon are switched regarding the 18th and you will early nineteenth many years down seriously to brand new rapid development of pioneering copper and tin exploration. The strong below ground mines, system homes, foundries, this new metropolises, smallholdings, ports and you can harbours, and their ancillary opportunities together reflect respected advancement and therefore, in the early nineteenth 100 years, enabled the spot to make several-thirds of the earth’s supply of copper. The new reasonable remains is actually a great testimony to the contribution Cornwall and you will West Devon made to the Commercial Trend on rest of Great britain and also to the basic influence the space got for the mining world as a whole. Cornish technical embodied from inside the engines, system property and mining devices is actually shipped worldwide. Cornwall and you may West Devon was in fact the brand new heartland of which exploration technical quickly give.


The Cincinnati CISV chapter hosted the very first Village in 1951. This inaugural village, held at Saint Edmunds Camp near Glendale (a suburb of Cincinnati), was attended by 54 eleven-year-old children from Austria, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico, Norway, Sweden and the USA.The idea for Children’s International Summer Village (CISV) was conceived by Dr. Doris Allen in 1946. Dr. Allen was a specialist in growth and development and believed the ultimate solution for world peace started with young children. Dr. Allen and her husband, Rusty, worked nearly five years fundraising for the 1951 Village, which included paying the travel expenses for all the delegates to fly to Cincinnati, where the Allen’s lived.
The 1951 Cincinnati Village was a huge success, and two years later the Cincinnati chapter began sending delegations to other countries. John Vonderpough, a currently active Cincinnati CISV member, was sent to “Village #20” held in Norway in 1959.
Cincinnati’s CISV chapter is particularly vibrant and strong because of the tremendous amount of volunteerism from its older members – CISV is for life! Many of our current board members traveled as junior members of CISV when they were children. Many of our volunteers have children who were in CISV years ago and remain involved because of CISV’s mission and the positive influence CISV had on their children.
The Cincinnati CISV Chapter invites all adults and children to join our mission of creating a more peaceful world. We have members from all over the Greater Cincinnati Tri-State area including Lebanon, Batavia, and Green Township in Ohio as well as Florence, Kentucky and Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Please contact any of our board members for more information at firstname.lastname@example.org.


A Radical Chair Design
If you’re looking for a one-of-a-kind, unique piece of furniture, then you could be looking for the Panton Chair. Since its conception, it was destined to become an iconic piece of furniture design. Nothing quite like it had ever been seen before.
Post-war Europe was a time of great innovation and new ways of thinking. As well as technological advances brought on by the necessary evils of war, a whole generation was looking for a brighter, more optimistic future. Capturing the mood of the era, the Panton S Chair used new technologies and looked incredibly futuristic.
Other designs of the 1960s featured similar ideas but what made the Panton Chair unique was down to the material chosen for its manufacture. Since the swinging sixties, the chair has been through three production phases in line with advancements in the technology that made its conception possible.
The idea for the chair was born in the fifties, the beginning of mass-produced, affordable goods that provided function and fun in equal measures. The Panton Chair was the first chair to be made from a single piece of moulded plastic. Plastic, as a furniture material doesn’t seem too unusual for us now in the 21st century but it was a different matter during the mid-20th century.
The type of plastic used was invented as early as 1907 – synthetic plastic produced from carbon polymers. However, it wasn’t until the 1960s that this type of plastic became popular. For Panton to design a chair from a material that hadn’t been used for this purpose before and only known for its heat-resistant qualities and not its aesthetic appeal, was quite revolutionary. To combine this with bright colours and a shape that seems to defy gravity made it even more radical. For your own Panton Chair, visit https://www.pash-classics.com/verner-panton-chair.html
Panton was Danish by birth, born in 1926. He trained to be an architect, as so many furniture designers of the time did. He worked alongside the iconic Arne Jacobsen before founding his own studio in 1955. Here he would focus on his passion for pattern and colour.
The Panton S Chair was produced in 1967 in collaboration with a company called Vitra. It had taken a substantial period of refinement before going into production. It would be the company’s first independently developed piece of furniture and the pilot launch consisted of just 150 chairs. Production actually stopped in 1979 due to aging plastic compounds causing quality problems.
However, the seed had already been sown and the chair had grown a cult following. Achieving some fame, the Panton Chair appeared in a photo sequence with Amanda Lear called ‘How to undress in front of your husband’. It has since been featured on the front cover of Vogue magazine with a glamourous and very naked Kate Moss draped over it!
The chair was re-released in the 1990s to celebrate Panton’s work. Sadly, Panton died in 1998, just a year before seeing his beloved chair re-released in a stronger and more durable material called polypropylene.


Many of the extras in the film are actually technicians and stagehands.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974)
Tresigallo, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Tresigallo, a small village near Ferrara, was transformed in the 1930s by Edmondo Rossoni, born there, Minister and Gerarca (Hierarch) of the Fascist Government of Benito Mussolini. The architecture is a perfect example of rationalism, that distinguishes the Italian public and private building in those days. The fall of Fascism in 1945 stopped the development of the village. Several of them are been renovated, but some are still abandoned.
The Kiss by Gustav Klimt (detail), oil and gold leaf on canvas, 1907–1908
Marble funerary altar of Cominia Tyche. Roman, Flavian or Trajanic, ca. A.D. 90–100.
The woman whose portrait bust dominates the front of this funerary altar is identified by the Latin inscription below her. It reads:
“To the spirits of the dead. Lucius Annius Festus [set this up] for the most saintly Cominia Tyche, his most chaste and loving wife, who lived 27 years, 11 months, and 28 days, and also for himself and for his descendants.”
Cominia wears an elaborate hairstyle that reflects the high fashion adopted by ladies of the imperial court in the late Flavian period (A.D. 69–96). The inscription, on the other hand, emphasizes her piety and chastity, virtues that Roman matrons were traditionally expected to possess. The jug and patera (shallow bowl with handle) on the monument’s sides allude to the common practice of pouring offerings to the dead. The altar is known to have been in a house near the Forum in Rome in the sixteenth century and to have entered the collection of Cardinal Francesco Barberini during the seventeenth century. (met)
ZEIT ONLINE hat mehr als 22.000 Menschen in Deutschland gefragt, welche Drogen sie nehmen. Das sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Online-Umfrage Global Drug Survey. (bm)


This website is dedicated to preserving the history of the most successful Pontiac dealer in drag racing. Knafel Pontiac sponsored more cars and won more races and championships than any other Pontiac dealer in the country. Beginning in 1959 and continuing through 1971 Knafel Pontiac and its predecessor Bill Knafel's Anderson Pontiac sponsored over 40 Pontiacs that won hundreds if not thousands of races including numerous regional and national championships. Many of their cars were also national record holders. Within the pages of this site you will learn about the cars, the drivers, the races, and the people behind the scenes. There are many stories to be told and more information to discover. Such success required a dedicated owner, talented drivers, experienced support personnel, top notch equipment, outstanding cars, and factory support. In the following pages our mission is to present the story as accurately as possible. The website will constantly evolve as more information becomes available.
This is a picture of the dealership that was probably taken sometime in 1968. The building sits on the corner at South Main St in Akron, OH. The building still stands to day although it has been substantially changed. The front of the building has been torn down due to a fire. The parking lot remains the same and the two large poles that supported the Knafel sign now support a new sign for the present business. The building can be seen from Interstate 76 which passes right over South Main St.
Knafel Pontiac Circa 1968
The idea of this website is to present as much information and pictures as possible concening Knafel Pontiac and the "Tin Indian" race team. Any information that is available about the cars, the events, and the people involved will be included. We are looking for information from as many sources as possible. If you own one of the cars (even a regular Pontiac sold by the dealership), know something about one of the cars, were employed by the dealership, raced against one of the Knafel cars, knew someone involved with the dealership, please contact us, and share your stories and pictures. In short we want to tell the story as accurately as possible and we need your help. You can send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org, or you can call 978-973-2148. We appreciate your support.


The Lord Lyndoch is a family-owned business nestled within the iconic Barossa Valley wine region.
It is this rich history that adds to the ambiance and mood of the café, bistro, and function rooms.
The original site remained part of the local farming community from 1837 to the early 1900s.
The now-famous Penfolds family purchased the site & constructed a wine depot that was used for the first time during the 1936 vintage. Interestingly the current cellar function room was part of the original grape storage facility with part of the footings still visible.
Between 1964 & 2004 the building housed a delicatessen, then a longstanding popular German restaurant by the name of ‘Postkutsche Cellar Restaurant’, followed by a short but colourful stint as an Italian restaurant, ‘Errigos’.


Prior to establishing The Kapital Corporation, Keith Punler was founder and Chief Executive of award winning luxury house builder The Manor Kingdom Group Limited which was sold in October 2004.
A quantity surveyor by profession and an alumni of Heriot Watt University, Keith established the business in 1990 whilst initially continuing to work for a firm of surveyors.
Twenty seven national awards were bestowed on the business during his tenure, including British House builder of the Year four out of five years between 1999 and 2004, and Keith was nominated as Young Scottish Entrepreneur of the Year in 2000 and as Scottish Entrepreneur of the Year in 2001.
He was chairman of the Fife Sport and Leisure Trust, which operates leisure facilities on behalf of Fife Council, retiring from this role in November 2011.
Keith is also a Trustee of the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust and the Carnegie Hero Fund Trust, two of the philanthropic foundations established by one of the worlds leading philanthropists, Andrew Carnegie.


This week, we’ve taken Five Things Friday to highlight some amazing women’s brass ensembles in history. These groups are as different as they come and range from famous to barely-remembered. Nonetheless, every ensemble on the list proves how women have been playing brass for centuries!
1. The Hormel Girls
After World War II, Jay Hormel, the owner of the Hormel Company, promised to give a jobs to those who had served in the armed services during the war. In fulfilling that promise, Hormel founded a touring women’s drum and bugle corps to promote his company, employing an original fifty-six women. The group, which became known as the “Spamettes,” was America’s first-ever professional all-female drum and bugle corps. They competed in the twenty-ninth American Legion National Drum
and Bugle Corps Championship Competition, becoming the first all-female group to compete in that competition. As the New York Times saw it, “for the first time in American Legion history, an all-woman drum and bugle corps composed of veterans of World War II [was] making ready to challenge male supremity.”
The group performed for seven years, eventually also producing a radio show, singing, and dancing in addition to their instrumental acts.
NB: Citations for each item are at the end of the post
2. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm
In 1937, Lawrence Jones was looking for ways to raise money for the vocational school he ran a for poor black children and teenagers in Piney Woods, Mississippi. He started an all-girl swing band to tour the East coast raising money.
In 1941, the group began touring across the country, went professional, and severed ties with their school in Piney Woods. They shot to fame and, in 1944, they were named “America’s No. 1 All-Girl Orchestra” by Downbeat magazine. The first racially-integrated all-female band in the United States, The International Sweethearts of Rhythm had members of black, white, Chinese, Mexican, and Indian descent. The two white members passed as black to skirt Jim Crow laws in the south.
In 1945, they performed in Paris and Germany on a six-month European USO tour, and then the group disbanded in 1949 after 12 years of roaring success.
3. Aledo Ladies’ Cornet Band
In 1882, a man named “Prof.” E.D. Wood moved to the town of Aledo, Illinois with the goal of starting a music store. Once the store was up and running in May of that year, he also started a “Conservatory of Music” ($4 per week with board and use of instruments), where he trained an all-female brass ensemble. The group trained for a year, performed for the town of Aledo on the Fourth of July, and then toured to Burlington, Fort Madison, and Keokuk, Iowa. Wood composed an original piece called “The Ladies Cornet Band March” for the ensemble. The band performed regularly around Aledo and surrounding areas of Illinois for about two more years, and then broke up when Wood unexpectedly died in 1885.
4. 1900s Damen Blasorchester und Damen Trompeterkorps
In Germany and Austria-Hungary in the early 20th Century, the widespread popularity of military bands gave rise to dozens of female brass or wind ensembles. Usually called Damen Blasorchester (“ladies’ wind bands”) or Damen Trompeterkorps (“ladies’ trumpet corps”), these groups proliferated in the dozens, perhaps always with a male bandleader and often with both male and female musicians despite their names. The bands performed professionally in public venues such as restaurants, spa towns, dance halls, and Biergartens. As evidenced by the large surviving number of photo post cards with their images, these ensembles were likely valued for their visual appeal and apparent incongruity as much as for their musical appeal.
5. Trinity Girls’ Brass Band
[The following is adapted and largely quoted from the Trinity Girls’ Brass Band Website:] Trinity Girls Brass Band, based in Garswood, England, is a traditional British brass band comprised entirely of female members. The group was established in 1959 thanks to a local woman, Margaret Stokes, at a time when there were hardly any female brass players around, if any at all. Margaret, a local midwife, was at the time in charge of the local Girls Guildry and after hearing the ‘musical efforts’ of the local Boys’ Brigade, decided that ‘girls could make a better attempt’. She took the revolutionary step and set up an all-girls brass band. Although Margaret had no previous conducting experience, she was more willing to give it a go.
Two years later, the band broke away from the Girls Guildry to become an independent organisation under the name of the Girls Guildry Band. It later became The Trinity Girls Silver Band, named after the Holy Trinity Church to which it has originally belonged. People in the local village were very proud of the Girls band and their reputation as the only all girl band in the country soon spread.
The band began competing in 1970 and continues performing and competing to this day!
Bonus: Fordham Nuns’ Orchestra
This was a full orchestra and not a brass group, but this ensemble was too cool to leave out. In the summer of 1954, nuns who worked as schoolteachers convened at Fordham University’s School of Education for a professional development. As a part of the workshops there, each nun was instructed in the skills it would take to start and run a student instrumental ensembles. As those skills included knowing how to play a variety of instruments, each nun learned to play the trumpet and clarinet before choosing her favorite instrument to play in the All-Nun Orchestra concert at the end of the program. Along with spreading music education, this one-time concert and its feature in LIFE magazine provided some incredible photos for posterity!
Korenne, Elisa, and Barbara Gravel. “Hormel Girls.” Prairie Mosaic Shorts, Prairie Public, 1 June 2014, whut.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/75aed16f-2a2c-4188-923f-4f4ea01d0da0/elisa-korenne-hormel-girls/#.WZdHkCiGPIU.
Sullivan, Jill M., and Danelle D. Keck. “The Hormel Girls.” American Music, vol. 25, no. 3, 2007, pp. 282–311. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40071663.
Benjamin, Winston. “International Sweethearts of Rhythm Jazz Band (1937-1949).” BlackPast.org, www.blackpast.org/aah/international-sweethearts-rhythm-jazz-band-1937-1949.
Beyerle, Mo. “Harmonie Als Utopie: The International Sweethearts of Rhythm (1986) Von Greta Schiller Und Andrea Weiss.” Frauen Und Film, no. 52, 1992, pp. 7–14. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43500490.
McDonough, John. “America’s ‘Sweethearts’: An All-Girl Band That Broke Racial Boundaries.” NPR, NPR, 22 Mar. 2011, www.npr.org/2011/03/22/134766828/americas-sweethearts-an-all-girl-band-that-broke-racial-boundaries.
Tammy L. Kernodle. “International Sweethearts of Rhythm.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 18 Aug. 2017. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2235311.
Boyd Finch, L. “A Tune of Their Own: The History of Aledo’s Original All-Female Cornet Band.” Illinois Periodicals Online, Illinois State Library, www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih020706.html.
Applegate, Celia. “The Necessity of Music: Variations on a German Theme.” The Necessity of Music: Variations on a German Theme, University of Toronto Press, 2017, pp. 234–235.
Brubaker, Mike. “Postcards of German Ladies Orchestras.” TempoSenzaTempo, 10ADAD, temposenzatempo.blogspot.ca/2011/10/postcards-of-german-ladies-orchestras.html.
Trinity Girls, www.trinitygirlsbrassband.org.uk.
“Nuns’ Orchestra.” LIFE Magazine, 28 Aug. 1944, pp. 37–40.
One thought on “Five Things Friday: Women’s Brass Ensembles in History”


I went to watch the republica of buildings that were burned in the Great Fire of London yesterday.
There were thousands of people, but it was such a tiny republica, most of of us didn’t see it when it was being burned. Some people were climbing up tree, on walls and on roofs. However, it was a good family atmosphere and I personally didn’t see any trouble, although a lot of people left a lot of plastic bottles, and other rubbish on the floor. We took our rubbish home and disposed of it properly.


The conflict that Syria is entangled in today is not something new and we can safely say that its roots go back hundreds of years into the dim and distant past. The strategic position that the region enjoys both from geographical and political point of view did not escape the attention of long gone emperors and ancient rulers. The Romans, Egyptians, Assyrians, Ottomans were all interested in gaining influence in these territories or controlling them in one way or another. The spark that led to the division that has proved so explosive in the 21 century was the Alawite massacre that was committed by the Sunnis. From that time on the animosity between the two religious groups was the source of instability and worries for outside observers. Despite the ethnical mixture, a 10% Christian minority and a Sunni majority the country is controlled by the military which consists primarily of Alawite officers. The Syrian president Bashar Assad as well as his Father came from the Alawite minority.
The way this situation came about has everything to do with the outburst of the first world war. At that time, the Ottoman Empire was holding sway over a vast portion of land including Syria. Since the empire supported Germany, the British send their agent whom we today know as Lawrence of Arabia to conduct subversive activities. Although these turned out to be successful and Syrians gained independence under Sunni leadership, the subsequent agreement of the French and British to divide the country put an end to the Syrian ambitions. What followed was a period of oppressive French rule during which the French in a cynical way used the hostilities between the Sunnis and Alawites and place the latter group in a position of power that would curb all Sunni initiatives that the French would disapprove of. In this way the Alawites gained a firm grip over the military, which they have enjoyed ever since.
As pointed out by BBC’s Dan Snow, after the second world war the Soviet educated Assad the elder brought stability and emerged as the victor in an internal power struggle. The stability came at a cost. Outside observers and his opponents criticized him for brutally crashing the rebellion that was led by the Muslim Brotherhood. His bond with the Soviet Russia is something that his son Bashar Assad is maintaining until the now. Today, the conflict in Syria bears witness to the classical divide that was an integral part of the cold war. The west is backing Syrian rebels and opposition, a good portion of whom are Sunni fighters, while Russia is eager to support the ruling regime to protect its long existing influence. It seems that the west – east divide has not exactly disappeared with the end of the cold war. With both sides of the conflict adamant to protect their geopolitical interest, it is highly likely we will not see the end to this bloody conflict any time soon.


Bodybuilders training outside on Muscle Beach were the first customers for the original Gold's Gym when it opened in Venice, California, in 1965. With its intense, no-frills atmosphere, the gym soon became known as the 'Mecca of Bodybuilding.' Arnold Schwarznegger's movie 'Pumping Iron' focused on Gold's Gym, propelling it into the spotlight in 1975. Its facility offers full cardio equipment, weight machines plus a large dedicated area for all free weights and Smith machines. The gyms have over 4000 registered users. The gyms offer yoga, cycling, boot camp and many other classes.


Three hundreds eld ago, a government stimulated act of pure savageness unsuccessful to forgive out all the tribe ethnic group in Glencoe for all juncture. Soldiers were to bump off the men in their beds, as they lay sleeping in the interior of the dark.
The Massacre of Glencoe has departed downhill in long-ago as one of the furthermost horrible acts of racial extermination in the precedent of Britain.
In Scotland, slaughter has e'er been a terrible law-breaking But within is a worse evil doing in the Highlands, more than worse. It is titled Murder beneath Trust. That's what it was. That's why the Massacre of Glencoe has reverberated so solidly in past.Post ads:
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But, the truth is, contempt the stories handed down it was not a butchery. Most of the Campbells got the inhabitants to status.
It wasn't a execution. An atrocity, yes. An impulsive stab at ethnic cleansing, yes. Horrible, yes, an mortal of Highland warmth yes, but a slaying no. A slaughter way a mass bloodshed and this was not that - although the system plotters ordained it to be.
It was not a Clan encounter and utmost of the Campbells wouldn't do it. Oh, several of them did, but the kinship group was set up to purloin the lay blame on.Post ads:
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The Government plotters in the beginning preset to encompass umpteen else clans, but single the Glencoe McDonalds provided the vindication.
King William autographed the instructions in England but subsequent washed his keeping of the full entry and claimed to cognize null of it. That's political relation for you.
The atrocity occurred at 5.00am on February 13, 1692 once several of the 135 men in the Argyll regiment, who had been billeted for 11 years next to McDonald families in the inconsequential Glencoe communities and unloading hospitality, turned on them after acceptance instructions to assassinate all the MacDonald men below the age of 70. The company were not all Campbells. Only a few were professional soldiers.
The Captain of the troop, Robert Campbell of Glenlyon who was 60, seems to have been obviously pulled out as a shambles of a man by all accounts, a drunkard, who had recently interpreted his armed service committee to aid to forgive his double laying a bet debts. He revealed his expedition lone the dark before, once he was specified his orders, by a Major Robert Duncanson. This primary seems to be a key integer who unbroken resourcefully out of it himself. He had speech act of more than personnel who were billeted at what is today's Ballachulish House.
More revealing facts
The killings began with shooting. That is a certain way of the soldiers requirement everyone up the valley that exertion is more or less. That was manifestly premeditated. Swords and daggers would have been far quieter and more effectual and would have seen off partly of the targets until that time the MacDonalds were roused. They were at close at hand quarters, for goodness' sake.
It is suggestion that in that were just about 200 McDonald men in Glencoe. The total population was a itty-bitty larger than it is to-day, but more transmit out. Yet just 39 were killed. After a shock deride formerly dawn, as they all lay sound asleep in their beds, near soldiers outside, in their yards and they succeeded in killing single 39? If the soldiers killed cardinal McDonalds each, past single 13 soldiers were necessary to do the job. They belike fitting previously owned the conventional psychos and hard-boiled non-commissioned officers to do it. The what's left must have fired into the air.
These soldier lads couldn't do it. Not in any way. The organism who had saute for them for the previous ten days was close to their own mother. They had laughs near the boys, who worked on the plough lately as their own brothers worked. They blue-eyed the girls, and evil versa. Then they are told of a sudden to get out their swords and rifles and gun down all the men - it can't be through. And they did not do it. They ready-made sure the families were warned. - the soldiers got the damned for it, meet the same.
It was noted that two of Glenlyon's lieutenants refused to convey out the murders and broke their swords. They were subsequently prosecuted and liberated. Also, reported to tradition, the home of Campbell of Airds at Castle Stalker helped masses of the fugitives.
Glenlyon himself, the military officer of the personnel was touched to mercy on two occasions: but some young-looking McDonald men were in good time murdered by Duncanson.
Another telling fact
Additional soldiers were dispatched to choke off the passes out of the Glen. Escaping McDonalds would lead of course the some other way towards Duror in Appin. That is where on earth their long-standing friends were, the Stewarts. They knew that another field impact was at Ballachulish, so they would not go along the coastline. There is a mediocre exit circuit out to Glen Etive for the families living up the dell and this was blocked off. Some of the 39 were killed present at the top of the Glen. But incredibly, the easier Appin routes were not out of use at all. Come on, that was deliberate.
The military science plan, the scheme for the atrocity, was in all probability Duncansons. He select Glenlyon to metal the terrorize belike because Glenlyon was correlative by spousal relationship to Alasdair Mcdonald, MacIain's younger son. This would aid to interruption the suspicions of the general public of Glencoe. They arrived and claimed warmth under the Highland belief and aforementioned that the Fort William garrison was chuck-full.
We can be certain that Glenlyon had no prior erudition of the project hoped-for of him. Look at the nerve-racking timbre of the commands he received.
The occasion was premeditated by the organization in London. There had been a respectful war in Scotland, but the Highlanders had ever been a law to themselves because of the farawayness and unavailability of the Region. The Clans did the speech act of their Chiefs, not the Crown. A new King, William, a Dutchman despicable by the Highland Scots, next to his mate and first-year relation Mary, took complete after all the disturbances of the English well-mannered war. The primary aim of the management was to quieten the complete territorial division. This included the Highlands. The Act of Union involving the two countries was fixed 15 age in the in store.
The rule fixed to engineer all the Clan Chiefs vow an expletive of conformity by January 1st. The McDonald Chief, MacIain left it dirt late, then set out for Inverlochy, to-days Fort William, where he was told to go to Inverary to wave. He did so, but arrived six days after the point in time. All seemed well, but this was the alibi the organization in London required for learning the Highlanders a teaching in treachery.
Afterwards, those chargeable for organising the murders were pardoned by William. One became a colonel, another a knight, a third a peer, and a fourth an peer. Not surprising really, because William had individually signed the directions. All of this is fit documented, from the sequent Parliamentary Commission which latter enquired into the crime. Dirty job politics, always has been, ever will be.
This must be one of the utmost coarse directions of all time to be given to an service officer in British earlier period. These are Glenlyon's advice from Major Duncanson.
"You are herewith sequent to tumble upon the Rebels, the MacDonalds of Glencoe, and put all to the weapon lower than 70. You are to have especial care, that the Old Fox and his Sons do upon no relationship dodge your Hands, you are to out of harm's way all the avenues that no man can escape: this you are to put in Execution at five a Clock in the Morning precisely, and by that case or terrifically shortly after it, I'll try to be at you next to a stronger delegation. If I do not go at five, you are not to tarry for me but season on. Feb 12 1692.
It was an act of public servant policy, formed by a Secretary of State for Scotland, Dalrymple, and executed by a Scottish commander-in-chief, sanctioned by the King, and carried out by a team in the British Army. Indeed, the Argyll Regiment was knowingly selected by Dalrymple because he knew how their involvement would be sensed. Under Scots law, "murder low trust" as this was, was a more wicked evildoing than basic butchery.
In fact, it appears that the Secretary contemplated the pure extirpation of the clans, for, in a missive to Sir Thomas Livingstone, commanding officer of the forces in Scotland, unstylish January 7th., he says, "You cognize in as a whole that these personnel announce at Inverness and Inverlochie, will be successive to thieve in the quarters of Innergarie, and to detonate altogether the terrain of Lochaber, Lochiel's lands, Keppoch's, Glengarie's and Glencoe," and he adds, "I assure you your potency shall be replete enough, and I probability the soldiers will not difficulty the policy beside prisoners."


The Toronto Islands were created by the Scarborough’s Bluffs. For thousands of years, the most remarkable feature has been eroded slowly and continuously, forming a long sandbar. Association Park and Gardens is home to the remains of lost buildings in Toronto. Scarborough Bluffs was the where The original Guild Inn was built for the senior Boer Colonel Harold Bickford, who later became the First World War veteran in 1914. Kingston Road is home to the last motel in Toronto It’s like a lakeshore avenue. At the west end, Kingston Road. No longer an ideal place to open a motel. This road was different before Highway 401 when it was called Highway 2, and it was the main route between Montreal and Toronto. Families would drive past the unique motels such as Americana, Hav-A-Nap, Manor, and Royal motels during peak times.
Scarborough RT should have run trams. Before TTC was persuaded to purchase luxurious linear-sensing RT vehicles, the route plan connecting Kennedy and McCowan required the Toronto tram to be tied to the train. Radioactive soil was discovered in 1980. Residents of McClure Crescent are a street developed near Sheppard and Neilson. In 1980, an investigation by two student journalists found potentially dangerous radioactive soil under their residence. Which brought them a nasty surprise. The city name was because of the geographical similarity between Bluffs and the UK. Scarborough, Pickering, and Whitby are all North Yorkshire towns, and the names of these towns are given to communities on the north coast of Ontario.


Dr Thomas de Maizière was appointed Federal Minister of the Interior on 17 December 2013.
Thomas de Maizière was born in Bonn on 21 January 1954. He is married and has three children.
After acquiring his higher education entrance qualification (Abitur), he completed his compulsory military service with the 142nd armoured infantry battalion in Koblenz. He is a lieutenant of the reserve.
From 1974 to 1979 de Maizière studied law and history in Münster and Freiburg. After his first state examination in law, he took his second state examination in 1982. In 1982 he received a doctorate in law from the University of Münster.
In 1983 he worked for the governing mayors of Berlin, Richard von Weizsäcker and Eberhard Diepgen. From 1985 to 1989 he headed the policy division at the Berlin Senate Chancellery. He served as press spokesman for the CDU parliamentary group in the Berlin House of Representatives.
In 1990, he helped establish the office of minister president of the last government of the German Democratic Republic and was then a member of the delegation negotiating the Unification Treaty.
From 1990 to 1994 he was state secretary at the Ministry of Culture for the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. From 1994 to 1998 he was head of the Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian State Chancellery.
In 1999 he was minister of state and head of the State Chancellery of Saxony.
From 2001 to 2002 he served as minister of finance for the state of Saxony. From 2002 to 2004, he was state minister of justice and from 2004 to 2005 state minister of the interior in Saxony. He was a member of the Saxony state parliament from 2004 to November 2005.
He served as head of the Federal Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Tasks until October 2009. In October 2009, de Maizière was directly elected to the German Bundestag, and from 28 October 2009 until 3 March 2011 he was Federal Minister of the Interior.
From 3 March 2011 until December 2013, he was Federal Minister of Defence.
On 17 December 2013, he was again appointed Federal Minister of the Interior.


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In the nineteen-fifties, South African scholar and poet Guy Butler wrote Demea, an adaptation of Euripides’ masterwork, Medea. The play carried with it a strong message against apartheid and a possible solution for South Africa’s future. Due to government censorship, the play went unpublished and unperformed for nearly four decades. With the abolition of apartheid in 1990, national mythologies were struck down, and people were left to reframe their memories according to the new South African socio-political paradigm. The long overdue production and subsequent publication of Demea provided South Africa with a reimagined history and proposed a way of moving forward as a nation.
By placing the events of Demea during the Great Trek of the nineteenth century, Butler is able to criticize the present and conceive a possible future by looking through the lens of the past. Butler sets up two treks. The first is historically accurate, and led by the Creon character, Kroon. This trek exemplifies European colonialism. The second trek, of Butler’s own construction, is composed not of Boers, but of people of diverse racial backgrounds. This imaginary trek, led by Jonas (the Jason character), mirrors the Greek archaic colonial ideology. Thus, Demea offers an interrogation of two national mythologies regarding colonialism, ultimately proposing a solution to apartheid in the form of an altered history.