The main opposition, All People’s Congress (APC) has clocked 60. The euphoria of its 60th anniversary would have been felt had it not been the existence of COVID-19.
Since the APC is a peaceful and law-abiding political party, it always ensures that the party stays within the confines of the laws. Its age rhymes with Sierra Leone’s development trajectory for which the party has won love, respect and admiration of Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad.
The country sits proudly and comfortably with other sovereign nations quite recently owing to its overarching desire to see Sierra Leone attains higher heights.
Assuming APC was a child born in 1960, that child would have grown today into an adult with children and grand-children and tell stories to the young.
To have a clear picture of APC today, it is imperative to look back at the party to know its origin, evolution and where it wants to be in the near future.
To realise such a noble objective, the APC Secretary-General Ambassador Foday Osman Yanssaneh narrates a brilliant history.
History Of APC
APC traced its origin to 1960 when a constitutional conference for the independence of Sierra Leone was held at Lancaster House in London, Capital of the United Kingdom.
Political parties including the Sierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP) were a united front led by Sir Milton Margai, the first Prime Minister of Sierra Leone to negotiate the independence pact.
Siaka Stevens, the first executive President of Sierra Leone at that time represented the People’s National Party (PNP) with Sir Albert Margai the second Prime Minister as a key member.
During the independence talks, there was a fundamental disagreement between Siaka Stevens and Sir Albert Margai. The disagreement hinged on Siaka Stevens’ position for total independence of Sierra Leone with a policy of non-alignment.
However, Britain wanted the queen to continue as ceremonial Head of State for Sierra Leone and to maintain a base for the British Navy. Owing to the ensuing disagreement, the people of Sierra Leone saw the controversy as one that demanded an election.
Siaka Stevens returned home while Mr Yansanneh and others were in London negotiating the independence.
President Stevens was greeted with a fanfare by Sierra Leoneans, an opportunity he cleverly used to his advantage to explain the negative side of the independence.
Siaka Stevens’ public education campaign resulted into the formation in 1960 of an organisation called the Elections Before Independence Movement (EBIM) which transformed into what today known as the APC with Alhaji Muctarru Kallay as the first Chairman of the party.
Mr Kallay was deputised by Alhaji Badara Koroma and Christian Alusine Kamara Taylor as Secretary-General.
When Independence was finally declared in the country on 27th April, 1961, 31 members including leaders of the new party, APC were arrested and detained at the Country’s Central Correctional facility on Pa Demba Road in Freetown after they were accused of fomenting trouble and disorder on the Independence Day.
The political detainees were however released after the Independence Day.
By 1962, the APC was already a vibrant political party that was properly positioned to contest the elections that year.
The outcome of the 1962 elections left 16 seats with the APC and, SLPP also got 16 out of 60 seats while other political parties and independent candidates shared the remaining seats.
However, APC had strong alliance in parliament that made it a strong and reckonable force.
While in opposition in parliament, APC neither fought nor posed a threat to the country’s peace and security.
In 1966, APC went into local council elections and won majority in the North and Western Area. The party also made impressive inroads in the southern region of the country during the elections.
The 1966 victory continued to transform APC into a formidable force, and established its relevance to the new independent state.
A year later (1967), another election was held and APC emerged victor as it won majority of parliamentary seats.
Siaka Stevens was thereby declared the country’s Prime Minister by the then Governor-General, Lightfoot Boston who represented the queen of Great Britain.
The swearing-in ceremony of Siaka Stevens did not end well as the ceremony was interrupted by a coup dubbed as the first in Sierra Leone.
The Aide-De-Camp (ADC) to the Governor-General, Sam Hinga Norman placed the Governor-General and Siaka Stevens under gun-point.
The Governor-General, Siaka Stevens and the six appointed ministers of the new government were detained by Hinga Norman who acted under the instructions of head of the army, Brigadier Lansana.
As always the case with coup leaders, martial law was declared, a state of emergency proclaimed to entrench and stabilise the new Military regime with Brigadier Lansana as Head of State.
Supporters and sympathisers of APC came out in the street to show their resentment against the coupists.
The new military government responded heavy-handedly leading to the massacre of over a hundred Sierra Leoneans.
Three days later, Senior Military officers led by Blake intervened, removed Brigadier Lansana and detained him at Pa Demba Road Correctional Facility with Sir Albert Margai who he had attempted to swear in.
A new military government known as the National Reformation Council (NRC) was installed with Juxon Smith as Head of State.
After a year, non-commissioned officers led by Patrick Conteh overthrew the NRC and replaced it with the National Interim Council (NIC), headed by Brigadier Bangura.
A Commission of Inquiry that was set up by the NRC to investigate civil servants, politicians and most importantly the political turmoil established that Siaka Stevens was the true winner of the 1967 elections.
Consequently, constitutional order was restored and Siaka Stevens was invited to form a new government.
Those parliamentarians who had not won the elections through credible means were replaced through bye-elections.
Indeed, the President set up a government of reconciliation and national unity as SLPP got four ministerial posts, Independent candidates also got four and the APC got eight.
The extension of an Olive branch evidenced by the allocation of ministerial posts to the opposition marked the beginning of the Siaka Stevens regime known as the ‘New Dispensation.’
In 1971, Sierra Leone became a Republican state through a referendum and the mood was clear in the people of Sierra Leone that they were ready for a one party state to end the skirmishes that characterised the country’s politics at that time.
The one-party state ideology was started by Sir Albert Margai when he was Prime Minister between 1964 and 1967, but lacked the charisma to implement it as he was widely perceived as a ‘misguided politician.’
Another election took place in 1973, but was marred by indiscriminate and widespread violence and thuggery throughout the country.
Siaka Stevens was still at the helm after the 1973 elections.
An election that was supposed to take place in 1978 was called much earlier owing to the student riots of 1977 which nearly brought an end to the Stevens regime.
In the eastern town of Kenema, Sama Banya’s brother was shot and he too suffered the same fate.
The horrific circumstances compelled Sama Banya to write a letter to President Siaka Stevens to have a one-party state to secure the country’s peace and unity.
Mr Banya cited Guinea and Liberia with Sekou Toure and William Tubman as presidents respectively who operated one-party states, but peaceful and prosperous.
Convinced by the wise guidance of Mr Banya, President Stevens championed the cause of a one-party state in Sierra Leone through a referendum.
The outcome of the referendum indicated that the people of Sierra Leone needed one-party state at that time and it came to pass peacefully.
President Stevens reigned, and handed over power in 1985 to then head of the army, Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh in a referendum.
President Momoh did two great things for Sierra Leone as he superintended the formulation and promulgation of the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone that provided for multi-party democracy and embarked on widespread economic reforms.
Momoh’s government was toppled by some army officers in April, 1992 which formed the National Provisional Ruling Council.
President Momoh had all means at his disposal to bring back his regime to power, but was not inclined to cause suffering to the people of Sierra Leone.
The APC went silent, but focused and bounced back to power in 2007 with President Ernest Bai Koroma at the helm.
President Koroma administered the country twice devoid of any major security incident and threat to human rights.
It was during President Koroma’s reign that the giant development strides for which the country is well known and respected took place.
In April, 2018 President Koroma retired from the presidency, and handed over power to his successor in a democratic transition.
President Koroma now lives the life of a former first gentleman with a number of noble international assignments.
Marked differences are clear between the APC and the SLPP administrations in post- independent Sierra Leone.
In the 1960’s, parliamentarians who were not properly elected were removed through re-run elections while the current SLPP Government swore in runners-up after a court verdict.
President Siaka Stevens extended an Olive branch to SLPP which was in opposition at that time by offering its members four ministerial posts while the current ‘PAOPA’ Government does not and will never dream of it.
In spite of the opportunity President Momoh had at that time when he was toppled, he remained silent and allowed NPRC to rule because he valued the lives of Sierra Leoneans.
SLPP, under President Ahmed Tejan Kabba hired Nigerian mercenaries to restore him to power with a lot of killings, mass arrest and detentions.
The late President made no mince of words in pronouncing that he would the rule the country even if one person remained.
No doubt, the greatest national developments that one can imagine occur during APC eras only.
Development in infrastructure, education energy, health, security sector, economy agriculture and host of many others can be ascribed to the APC.
These developments were not attained by a sudden flight or through miracle, but achieved through calculated, conscious and painstaking effort seen in the Agendas for Change and Prosperity.
Surely, APC bounces back to power in 2023 as it submit humbly to the passage of time.
A brighter future awaits all those who work towards this objective.


The Legend of Zelda: A New Line
Hyrule, Land of Legend. Entrance to the Sacred Realm.
Hyrule is an ancient land, it’s history going back ages to the First Dynasty, known as the Sky Dynasty. But even from it’s inception, the lands have been blessed and cursed. Pristine valleys and magnificent forests hide ruins both evil and benign. And though the ruling family has ruled through almost the entirety of Hyrule’s storied history, periods of civil strife and external wars have brought ages of both peace and bloodshed.
The lands of Hyrule have been divided into 19 regions since at least the last age, 10 being ruled by the Kingdom of Hyrule directly (2 others indirectly). The other regions are largely ruled by their native peoples.
History Since the Seal War
The ancient history of Hyrule was almost totally lost when the Dark Usurper, the Great Evil Ganondorf, conquered Hyrule. Subjugating and enslaving the peoples, only by intervention of hte Hero of Time and the Great Princess stopped his vile reign. With his soul sealed and the lands brought back from the brink, the Great Princess and the Hero of Time set forth, starting the Age of Reconstruction.
It was a long age, where the Knights of Hyrule and the Allied Peoples began forcing back the monsters that had moved in on the lands. But in time, the land was, for the most part, purged of it’s darkness. Thus bringing the Long Age of Peace.
The Long Age of Peace was quiet, marked only by minor spots of the occasional monster attack on the borderlands. This is also when the Kokiri, for the first time, made their presence truly known to the other races.
This age ended, like all do, with the rise of evil. The Dark Usurper, brought back by a foul ritual of the Sorcerer-Prince Lewel, called forth his armies of monsters. He implemented the Quiet Death Curse on Death Mountain to try and keep the Goron’s busy. He ‘blessed’ the Gerudo with new power, nearly breaking the curse of no males on them. His minions sought to destroy the Zora via magic through the Great Zora Drought. He came close to seizing the Triforce, but only by the arrival of the hero Link and Princess Zelda was he stopped. Zelda called to the Golden Goddesses, asking that the curse of unending evil be lifted from the land. In response, the Triforce elevated all three to godhood. Now deified, Link and Zelda imposed the Ban of Gods upon Hyrule. Ganon, now no longer able to wlak the plane of mortals, was placed behind seven barriers.
Now, though, the battles of the Three Heroic Gods continue by proxy by their faithful.
Age of Prosperity
Even with the extreme violence and damage done to the lands by Ganon, the people were more united now than ever. Coming together, they quickly rebuilt, turning the weapons and magics they had acquired from the defeated evil to replenish the lands and bring forth a new Age.
For nearly 200 years this Age has blessed the people of Hyrule. Odd things still occur, such as the Twilight Portals and the return of the Twili to Hyrule, and the Great Deku Tree has began lifting some Kokiri each year before him and transforming them into the Korok. Why these are occurring remains a mystery, but with renewed rumors of monsters in the hinterlands, some fear that a new dark age is brewing…


The Embassy of Nepal in Saudi Arabia has requested the Saudi government to provide easy and expeditious exit visa to Nepalis who want to return home as their Saudi residence permit (Akama) has not been issued or renewed. . Although the embassy had some time ago provided the Saudi government with information collected from concerned Nepalis at various times for the exit visa, it was not possible due to the corona infection.
start this process, the government has so far issued exit visas to 74 Nepalis. Thus, those who have a visa must return home at their own expense within 60 days from the date of the visa. Information about the return flight and date will be announced soon.
Also, the Embassy of Nepal in Saudi Arabia has requested you to be patient as information will be issued from time to time for those who have applied for exit visa and the rest of the day.
About Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is a very recently created nation. The roots of Saudi Arabia lay within the 18th century Wahhabi movement which rendered the commitment of the very powerful and influential Saud family of the Nejd region, in central Arabia. The Sauds, supported by a strong Bedouin following, brought most of the Saudi Arabian peninsula under the family’s control. However, between the years of 1811-18, the Wahhabi movement was brought to a halt by the sons of Muhammad Ali and the Egyptian expedition that they were leading. Although the Wahhabis once again gained control and influence in the mid-19th century, they were defeated in 1891 by the Rashid dynasty, which ended up gaining the most effective power and control in the central Arabian region.
The foundation of the present nation we know as Saudi Arabia was laid by a descendant of the first Wahhabi rulers, Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud. Starting with Riyadh in 1902, he reconquered the region and was the chief of Nejd by 1906. Right before the First World War, Ibn Saud took over the Al-Hasa expanse from the Hejaz, which had been ruling the area since 1916. The Hejaz were soon crushed by Saud in the years of 1924 and 1925. It was not until 1932 that the Al-Hasa region was combined with the Nejd in order to form the Saudi Arabian kingdom which was ruled under Islamic law.
In the coming years, many changes and developments were in store for Saudi Arabia. In 1936, oil was discovered by the Arabian Standard Oil Company and commercialized production was started in 1938. In 1945, the kingdom joined the Arab League and made an agreement with the United States in 1951 which allowed for an American air base in the city of Dhahran in the Eastern Province. In 1962, Ibn Saud died and was succeeded by his oldest son, Saud.
At first, Saud supported the Nasser regime of Egypt, but in 1956, in an act of opposition to Nasser, he entered into close affairs with the Hashemite rulers of Jordan and Iraq (the enemies of the Saudis up until then). After much turmoil when Saud opposed the Egyptian and Syrian merger to become the United Arab Republic in 1958 and when he dispatched aid to the royalist troops in Yemen, the Saudi family had no choice but to oust Saud and replace him with his brother, Faisal, in November of 1964. Although relations with Egypt were disengaged, however, after Israel defeated Egypt in June of 1967, an agreement was made between King Faisal and Present Nasser. The agreement stated that the Egyptian army was to withdraw from Yemen and in return, Saudi Arabia was to stop helping the royalists in Yemen. By the year 1970, Saudi Arabia had to withdraw all its troops and it had agreed to give $140 million a year to both Egypt and Jordan. With regard to the withdrawal of Britain from the Persian Guld region, King Faisal entered into a friendship with Iran, and encouraged Arab “sheikhdoms” that were under British control to form the United Arab Emirates.


Senator Frank L. Madla Natural Area
The Senator Frank L. Madla Natural Area is named for the late senator whose family is a long time resident of the Scenic Loop area. Often referred to as “Madla Park”, this beautiful natural area is owned by the City of Grey Forest. It is appropriate that the City of Grey Forest developed Madla Park. Originally known as the Scenic Loop Playground, the City of Grey Forest was started as a rural retreat with its emphasis on natural resources and man’s relationship to nature. The community is sensitive to supporting green spaces. The Madla Park entrance is located on Menchaca Road off of Scenic Loop Road. The park overlooks the Madla farm where the late-Senator Madla was raised. Madla Park was designed with hiking and jogging trails that highlight the native Texas Hill Country environment as well as fauna, flora, geology, and history of the area. Additionally, active management of the wildlife habitat is undertaken to preserve the wildlife located in the Natural Area for the enjoyment of present and future generations. The centerpiece of the Natural Area is a pavilion located at the trailhead for the enjoyment of visitors to the park and serves as a meeting sight for educational programs. Like the surrounding lands, this the park site has a rich history with structures that date to the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. The Park site was settled in 1852 by John Conrad Beckmann and his wife, Regina who both arrived in America in 1841. John was a wrought-iron craftsman by trade and had a homestead in San Antonio, Texas near the Alamo. The park site was purchased by John for his wife whom had grown homesick for her native lands of Switzerland. The property was purchased as a weekend retreat for Regina and would in time include a Swiss chalet style cabin. In 1853, the farm was the site of an Indian raid that would result in the deaths of the farm’s caretaker and his family. This picture is of one structure on the park site taken in 1906 and includes Mr. John Beckmann on the far right. The creation of Madla Park started in 2009. The Texas State Legislature established a grant to honor the late Senator Frank L. Madla for his long and dedicated service to the community and the state. The City of Grey Forest submitted a proposal that was subsequently awarded. The project started with the purchase of 42 acres at the corner of Scenic Loop and Menchaca through the grant from Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and conservation easement funds from the City of San Antonio. Madla Park was developed over the next three years and was opened to the public on March 9, 2013. The park development and maintenance is overseen by a City appointed park board. Working with the park board, the Senator Frank Madla, Jr. Park Conservancy was established. Donations to maintain the park are gratefully accepted. Various events and fundraisers are conducted each year. Go to Madla Park for more information.


By Ted Nickerson,
Without question, meaningful and respectful consultation with First Nations and Metis Nations will be an essential component of any development on these lands. The great work already done by Transport Canada and the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) provides a solid base for these consultations similar to the Seaton consultations.
In-depth archaeological knowledge of the federal Pickering lands will be a fundamental input to those consultations. The work of other organizations and consultants on these and adjacent lands have placed the new airport in a great position to move forward.
In the early 2000s period, two significant projects were underway in north Pickering, each with major archaeological components. The GTAA was engaged by Transport Canada to develop the Pickering Airport Draft Plan. Simultaneously, the Master Environmental Serving Plan (MESP) for the new Seaton community, immediately south of the airport lands, was underway.
The GTAA-commissioned work resulted in two important documents:
- The Archaeological Master Plan, and
- “Stage One Archeological Assessment of the Pickering Airport Lands”, June 2004
Unfortunately, the master plan has not been made available to the public. Fortunately, the Stage One assessment has been obtained through a Freedom of Information (FOI) request.
The Seaton Community MESP initiative has also produced two important outcomes:
- Stage 1 and Stage 2 archaeological assessments report, and
- A successful First Nations and Metis Nation consultation process.
The available reports for both initiatives address the history of the broader north Pickering area. The reports are consistent and complementary. Both reports are very detailed.
In particular, the Stage 1 assessment for the federal Pickering lands demonstrates significant investigations took place and identifies that there are 136 archaeological sites on these lands. Now, 136 sounds like a huge number of sites until you understand what constitutes a site. This report provides a list of those sites. Ten (10) are significant archaeological sites, specifically identified as “Early, Middle or Late Iroquoian Villages”. The most famous of these is the Draper site.
Figure 1: Iroquoian Villages on the Pickering Airport Lands As Originally Assembled
Image Source: “Stage One Archeological Assessment of the Pickering Airport Lands”, June 2004
Seventy-five (75) of the 136 sites are called “Findspots”, simply a place where an object has been found. Each findspot could be a place where a single item has been found, or an area of a few hundred square meters that has been surveyed and multiple items recovered.
Confirmation would require access to the restricted detailed mapping of the sites, but it appears that three of the Iroquoian villages and at least half of all archaeological sites are now in Rouge National Urban Park stemming from the federal government’s dedication of airport lands to creation of the park. As such, these sites are now protected, and economic development of the retained federal airport lands will not disturb them.
Importantly, it also appears that development of the airport precinct and its associated infrastructure including runways, taxiways, terminal and other structures will not impact any key sites identified in the GTAA-commissioned Stage 1 archaeological assessment.
This Stage 1 report further demonstrates how extensive its work was by including a bibliography listing the more than 150 reports and archaeological studies undertaken on these lands.
Taken in total, there is an absolute rock-solid foundation of archaeological information on which to commence the required and final assessments of the federal Pickering lands.
There is much to be learned from the First Nations and Metis Nation consultation process followed for the Seaton Community MESP. It provides an excellent building block for future consultations and focused future studies.
For the Seaton Community, where possible, it was decided to include archaeological sites within the Seaton natural heritage system. Similar action could be extended to the federal Pickering lands as well. For instance, the Draper site is in a natural heritage area. It will not be impacted by economic development, access to it will not be restricted by any development, yet it can remain a No-Touch area.
Directed by the Huron Wendat First Nation, the Founding First Nations Circle was formed as the key element of the consultation process. The consultation process included at least 9 First Nations and the Metis Nation and was very successful.
While it did have some objectors, leading to a provincial Superior Court case, it clearly identified those First Nations with the greatest connection to the lands. The Court case ruled that the Huron-Wendat First Nation has the greatest cultural affiliation to the Seaton area lands., and that the Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation also warranted priority status since they are the First Nation closest to the lands.
The Huron Wendat and the Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nations should hold the same priority status for the federal Pickering lands. And, of course, the other First Nations should participate in the consultation process.
Going forward for the federal Pickering lands, it has to be recognized that things have changed since the GTAA -commissioned study was published back in 2004 i.e. possibly new standards and requirements for executing archaeological surveys, key leaderships, and the relationship between the First Nations and governments.
Acknowledging these changes, key actions should include:
- Adopting, and if necessary, improving, the consultation process employed in the Seaton Community MESP,
- Accessing the GTAA-commissioned Archaeological Master Plan and the Stage One Assessment (full details) as input to,
- Completing a now more focused Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment and the final Archaeological Master plan for the federal lands retained for economic development.
By leveraging the previous archaeological efforts in north Pickering, the next and final stages of the archaeological work for the federal Pickering lands is well positioned for timely success.
- Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Divisional Court, Case File 285/06
- “Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (Background Study and Property Assessment) and Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (Property Assessment)”, Seaton Community MESP, June 11, 2012, Archaeological Services Inc.
The following archaeological studies were commissioned by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of the Pickering Airport Draft Plan (2004) project. These studies are not available to the public.
- Archaeological Master Plan
- “Stage One Archeological Assessment of the Pickering Airport Lands”, June 2004, The Land Archaeology Inc.


mykodachrome blogger style by gary dumbrill
Riding my bike in Burlington last night I came across a monument in memory of Canadian ships and crews lost in WWII. There is absolutely no doubt that I stand here free because of them — so I took a few moments in silence to remember.
Friday, April 22, 2005
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Aber Heating Engineers recently completed the refurbishment of Aberystwyth’s Old lifeboat station. The building was built in 1875 and over the years has had various uses including use as a BBC broadcasting studio. However in 2020 Ceredigion Archives were awarded a grant to ensure the long-term preservation of manuscripts and other important documents through the Welsh Government’s Transformation Capital Grant Programme which is supporting museums, archives and libraries across the country. Aber Heating Engineers were appointed on a Design & Build basis to convert the existing records storage facility into a modern Home Office approved archive storage facility.
Work completed at the station included the Design and installation of:
- Inert gas fire suppression system
- Ventilation, Air conditioning and close control HVAC system
- Repair to the existing mobile rack systems
- Update the buildings security and fire compliance.
- Decoration and builders work.


Tourism, discover the Clisson valley
In the heart of Nantes vineyards, the hotel de la Gare is a charming place to discover the Clisson Valley and its exceptional heritage. Clisson, a small town with its medieval castle, with its charming stone bridge over the Nantes Sevre river and freely inspired architecture of Tuscany.
Hotel de la Gare near to the Puy du Fou
Hiking trails and green routes, many routes to discover this part of the Loire Valley at your own pace. The family is festive and attractions abound. There are of course the fantastic attractions of the Puy du Fou, but also the zoo of La Boissiere du Dore and Les Machines de l'Île in Nantes.
Puy du Fou
Zoo de la BoissiÃ¨re du DorÃ©
Zoo La Boissiere du Dore is 20 minutes away from the Station.
The Tiffauges castle is 20 minutes from Clisson.


In preparation for my talk at the Pioneer America Society conference, I have been photographing every spinning wheel I can find.
First my Hitchhiker:
Next, Nina's Charka:
And whatever wheels were hanging around the store:
I will be talking about innovations in hand spinning wheel technology.
My abstract is:
Being a brief overview of the glorious history of spinning tools and techniques, with a special consideration of the Venus of Lespugue, Leonardo Da Vinci, Revolutionary Acts of Spinning, Hippies, Bicentennial Celebrations, and Hen-Pecked Husbands.
Labels: spinning wheels PAS


Awakelive reveals Social Security Administration records that show Social Security Act violates Christian’s rights by establishing the Acts of Christian Charity forcing Christians to support government care for the poor and healthcare over religion.
In 1968 Professor Theron Schlabach of the history department of Goshen College was commissioned to do a study on the history on the development of the Social Security Act which he titled : “Rationality of Welfare: A Public Discussion of Poverty and Social Insurance in the United States 1875-1935
Chapter one titled Charity Organization: A False Start is summed by Reverend Oscar McCulloch, “founder of Indianapolis COS who argued that Charity Organization was proper because it was an expression of Christianity that had become structural, that is, part of the very structure of society.”
Chapter two titled Toward a Rationalization of Welfare is summed up by William Willoughby proponent of welfare “The modern Movement for Insurance represents the effort to substitute for the old relief funds, which were to often funded on a charitable basis.” William also stated “Charity picked up the broken pieces when nothing else could be done. But something else could be done. Reformers had to find better solutions and embody them in statute law”
It is settled law in Lemon v Kurtzman 403 U.S. 403 602 @ 612-613 that a statute must have a secular purpose or it violates the first Amendment Establishment clause.
This is the smoking gun that the social security act established the non-secular Christian religious Acts of Charity and embodied it in statute law the Social Security Act of 1935, and it is clearly unconstitutional.


Each year, people across the country celebrate Black History Month, an observance of Black history and culture and how the community has shaped our nation into what it is today. Organizations and corporations across Centralina take part in hosting annual arts festivals, concerts, educational workshops and more to showcase the impact the Black community has had on our region. Though the month is coming to an end, there are plenty of ways you can continue to honor and celebrate diversity in your own backyard. We’re highlighting several local museums and initiatives in our region that you can visit and take part in all year round to learn, experience and appreciate the history and culture of the Black community in your own neighborhood.
Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture
This 46,000-square-foot museum is located in the heart of Uptown Charlotte, in an area once known as the Brooklyn neighborhood, a historic and once thriving center of the Black community. Every aspect of the building’s design incorporates elements of historical significance, such as the exterior skin patterns being reminiscent of quilt designs from the Underground Railroad era. Visitors can explore rotating exhibits featuring Black art, music, local and national leaders of change, and more. Workshops are available for individuals and groups to learn more about topics like the history of Black women, and families can bring their kids to community reads of books focused on inclusion, kindness, and diversity.
Pro tip: If you need a midweek break for date night or a fun family outing, Bank of America hosts a “Wednesday Night Live” series at the Gantt Center, the Mint Museum, and the Betchler Museum of Modern Art. Free admission to all three museums is available from 5-9 p.m. and includes live entertainment and rotating programs at one of the institutions each week.
African American Museum of History & Culture at Loray Mill
When husband-and-wife duo Dorothy and Bobby Guthrie saw a need to showcase the accomplishments of African Americans to their county, they worked together to create a museum that houses and acknowledges the development, history, and culture of the Black community in Gaston County. What was once started in a small Baptist church in Gastonia has now moved to Loray Mill and has become an expansive center where people of all ages and backgrounds have the opportunity to, as their mission says, “seek a better understanding and deeper appreciation for the contributions made and achievements attained at the local, regional and national levels.” Though new to the city as of 2019, the museum is continually growing and expanding its exhibits, archives, events, and programs focused on topical content in the news and around holidays and awareness days/weeks/months.
Keep an eye on their Facebook page and events page on their website to learn more about upcoming exhibits, workshops, or events you and your family may want to check out.
Kannapolis African-American Museum and Cultural Center
The mission of this local center is to “collect and preserve the history and culture of the Black community in Cabarrus and Rowan County.” The center just celebrated its nine-year anniversary last year, and though they don’t have a brick-and-mortar location for exhibits and artifacts, the group continues to grow its prescience in the community through awareness and holiday-themed events, community leader features on Neighborhood TV, and speaker series on various topics focused on celebrating Black achievements. Their History Collection program focuses on engaging young minds in the area by digging deep to uncover the untold history of Black residents in their community. Their Civic Series also supports community outreach efforts to help encourage more public learning programs focused on Black history in both counties.
The best place to see what’s new at KAA-MACC is by following their social pages on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.
Levine Museum of the New South – KnowCLT App
Looking for an interactive way to explore Black history in our region?
KnowCLT is the Levine Museum’s free app that allows you to journey through Charlotte’s historic Brooklyn neighborhood through a GPS-led experience. Whether you decide to walk the route in Second Ward or learn from your home, you’ll hear from the voices of former residents through narration, poetry, and even photos. The app features seven historic sites that comes to life through augmented reality technology. You can even collect achievements and rewards on your way that you can redeem at local Black-owned businesses.
You can download the app on the App Store or Google Play store.
As we go forth into 2023, we want to add to our list and feature more initiatives celebrating Black history and culture in our region. If you know of something we should highlight, email us at email@example.com.


Reconstruction at Fotevikens Museum
(See also at Peter Sjolander's home page -- lots of pictures.)
Fitting of the so called "sail deck"
Table of contents:
It was the reconstruction of a
common in Russian Carelia up to the beginning of 19th century.
The design of the boat built was traditional for the
lake Vodlozero, and the boat,
consequently, is called "vodlozerka" after the name of the place. It was
the second version, built in August-November 1999 (the first was
finished in 1996, see
"Sewn boat homepage".)
Last strake hold on its place on clamps before sewing


RUTHERFORD COUNTY ALUMNAE CHAPTER
In the summer of 1983, six energetic sorority sisters started talking about organizing an alumnae chapter in Rutherford County, Tennessee. Early in 1984, Luvenia Harrison Butler again contacted local sorority sisters in national and nearby local chapters. These efforts resulted in the chartering of the Rutherford County Alumnae Chapter on Saturday, May 4, 1985, at Middle Tennessee State University's University Center (UC) at 11:00 a.m. with Verdelle Bellamy, Southern Regional Director, and Pamela Cook, Southern Regional Representative, officiating.
A reception was held to formally introduce the new chapter to the Rutherford County community on Saturday, June 15, 1985, from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. in the Tennessee Room of the James Union Building, Middle Tennessee State University in
Luvenia Harrison Butler
Mattie Pratt Ω Ω
Lorita (Ewin) Marsh
Sharon Vaughn Joshua
Anna Lilly Ω Ω


Every day (except Tuesday)8am Morning Prayer
Tuesday7.30am Morning Prayer8am Eurcharist
The Chapel of 1951, a simple brick-faced portal frame, and a monument to post-war austerity is important in the history of
English architecture, if only because it is the precursor of a much grander, important church nearby, St Paul’s Bow Common.
As first conceived, the plain plastered interior both acted as a foil to the exceptional fittings preserved from the mediaeval site, (mostly placed at the west end) and was the envelope for controversial radical furnishings in 1954 designed by Keith Murray.
The centrepiece of this was a free-standing slate altar, placed well forward on a platform, to allow the priest to face the congregation. It was engraved with lettering by Ralph Bayer, later to do distinguished work at Coventry Cathedral, and above it hung a skeletal spidery iron baldacchino.
In 2003-4 a more balanced, but less intense re-ordering was made by Jonathan Dinnewell, of Christopher Smallwood Architects, in which old and new were more decoratively integrated into a brighter and lighter interior.
Outside the West Door stand two figures of King Edward III and his Queen, Philippa probably dating from the 19th century.
Here we find a font, given by Queen Victoria when Patron. This has a marble bowl in a wooden surround made up from linen-fold panelling and standing on a late 17th century column.
There is also a Paschal Candlestick taking the form of a barley-sugar column and a base depicting St Blaise and St Katharine. This also dates from the later 17th century. There is also a monument to Joanna Caesar (died 1694) and a tablet commemorating the re-ordering of the Chapel in memory of the late patron, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, in 2004.
Above the main door is a stained glass window by Alan Younger bearing the Coat of Arms of Her Late Majesty, inside a surround bearing key words from the Foundation’s Charter about its ministry: “Worship, Hospitality and Service”.
These fine doors with gothic tracery and coloured marginal glazing appear to come from Ambrose Poynter’s chapel of 1828 in Regent’s Park. Passing through these, we enter the re-ordered Royal Chapel. Above you, are three 17th century carved panels with putti, the side
ones making music and singing. (When St. Katharine’s was in Regent’s Park these panels were set below the organ and there is much evidence to suggest that in the 1820’s a big effort was made to provide a sympathetic setting for what could be rescued from the wood work that had accumulated over the centuries).
High above us on the West Wall hangs a majestic, stylised crucifixion, in teak, carved by Dr Michael Groser, son of the first post-war Master, The Rev St John Groser, 1948-63.
The richly carved choir stalls, from the medieval Chapel of St. Katharine, are outstanding on a national level, the only example in London to demonstrate the high standard of 14th century wood carving under royal patronage. They are, alas, only a fragment of what still existed in the 18th century, when A C Ducarel’s book of 1780 showed 24 canopied stalls, 15 of them with miserichords.
The two groups of these now standing at the east end and much restored in the 19th century, have gabled canopies, along the lines of a single original traceried canopy preserved in the Victorian and Albert Museum. Tall-canopied stalls were a 14th century fashion. The design of these is simpler than similar ones at Lincoln of about 1370 AD and so suggests that they date from the 1360’s when St Katharine’s was being remodelled after the new ordinances of Queen Philippa. These groups have lost their miserichords and their front stalls now have an assortment of later carving: eight classical panels with busts and medallions surrounded by Renaissance grotesques; and four standing figures with exuberant draperies, including Charity and Faith which probably date from the later 16th or early 17th centuries.


Manchester Walking Tours
Join us as Manchestours takes you on walking tours around England's second and some say, greatest city.
The birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, host to the origin of some of the most important political ideas and philosophies that went on to shape the world, home to two of the biggest football clubs in England and Europe, and a city teeming with nightlife and pub culture and an unrivalled legacy of musical heritage.
MANCHESTER MUSIC HISTORY TOUR
Seemingly unrivalled in England and possibly the world, Manchester has an unparalleled history and legacy of popular music going back to the 1960s till the present day.
We take you on a Manchester walking tour that encompasses and captures some of this history in a walk round a series of locations in Manchester.
The Smiths, The Stone Roses, Oasis, The Happy Mondays, Joy Division, New Order, even Rick Astley and of course Manchester's rich club scene are all covered.
Marx and Engels
In 1850, Friedrich Engels, the son of a German industrialist, came to Manchester to work in the office of his father's firm. Whilst there, he observed the conditions of many of the working poor, who had migrated in vast numbers, many from the countryside ,as England underwent the birthpangs of the Industrial Revolution. It was these observations, along with those made by his friend and colleague,
Karl Marx, on his visits to Manchester to see Engels, that contributed to the writings and political theses of both men, the most notable of which being Marx's Communist Manifesto.
HISTORIC PUB TOUR
Manchester has a rich and historic pub culture, and whilst there, it would be foolish not to sample some of it.
Manchestours takes you on a tour around some of the most interesting and historic ones, to give you a sample of this pub culture,
as well as a little history.
The fun part is entirely up to you!


Orange Barrel Media Groundbreaking
The Mayor & Council President Andrew Ginther helped the folks at Orange Barrel Media break ground on their new Franklinton facility near the intersection of Souder Avenue and McKinley Avenue
Public Utilities Complex Dedication
Mayor Michael B. Coleman dedicated the City of Columbus Public Utilities Complex at 910 - 940 Dublin Road to honor former Columbus Mayor Dana G. "Buck" Rinehart, who served as the 50th mayor from 1984 to 1992.
Columbus Artwalks & Landmark Talks
Columbus Artwalks & Landmark Talks offer free guided tours that showcase unique artistic, historical and architectural landmarks here in the city. This episode features East Franklinton
2013 9-11 Remembrance Ceremony
Brigadier General John C. Harris, Jr. joins Mayor Michael B. Coleman & Governor John Kasich for the Columbus’ 9/11 Remembrance Ceremony
Milo-Grogan Recreation Center Dedication
The Mayor & City Councilmember Zach M. Klein and Milo-Grogan community residents dedicated the newly renovated Milo-Grogan Recreation Center. Originally built in 1976, the Milo-Grogan center was, at 9,500 square feet, the city’s smallest recreation center. The City of Columbus invested $3.5 million on renovations that expand the center to 16,000 square feet.


Geoffrey Vaughan was educated at Hereford Cathedral School and subsequently commissioned into the Royal Signals. He studied classical art in Cyprus where he produced murals and paintings for the island’s first modern de luxe hotel. It was bombed shortly after.
In 2007 he was the UK representative at “Exposition Europeene” in the south of France and took part in exhibitions at the Bishop's Palace and the Old Mayor's Parlour, Church Street, Hereford.
His paintings, done with palette knife and brush, hang all around the world.


1 a light piece of music for piano
3 a table game in which short cues are used to knock balls into holes that are guarded by wooden pegs; penalties are incurred if the pegs are knocked over [syn: bar billiards]
- /ˌbægəˈtɛl/, /%b
Bagatelle (from the Château de Bagatelle) is an indoor table game related to billiards, the object of which is to get a number of balls (set at nine in the nineteenth century) past pins (which act as obstacles) into holes. It probably developed from the table made with raised sides for trou madame, which was also played with ivory balls (Gloag 1969 illustrates a London design that was current in 1782) and continued popular into the later nineteenth century. Bagatelle is a precursor of the pinball machine (which is also descended from pachinko), and laterally related to miniature golf.
The game bagatelle evolved from efforts to bring outdoor games, such as croquet and shuffleboard, inside and atop tables. History records the existence of table-based games back to the 15th Century, and a 17th-century table is preserved in the Great Hall at Hatfield House. While some games took the wickets croquet and turned them into the side-rail pockets of modern pocket billiards, some tables became smaller and had the holes placed in strategic areas in the middle of the table.
In France, during the reign of King Louis XIV, someone took a billiard table and narrowed it, placing the pins at one end of the table while making the player shoot balls with a stick or cue from the other end. Pins took too long to reset when knocked down, so the pins eventually became fixed to the table and holes took the place of targets. Players could ricochet the ball off the pins to achieve the harder, higher-scoring holes.
In 1777 a party was thrown in honor of the Louis XVI and the Queen at the Château de Bagatelle, recently erected at great expense by the king's brother, the Count of Artois. Bagatelle from Italian bagattella, signifies a trifle, a decorative thing. The highlight of the party was a new table game featuring the slender table and cue sticks, which players used to shoot ivory balls up an inclined playfield. The table game was dubbed "Bagatelle" by the Count and shortly after swept through France.
"Bagatelle" in this sense made its debut in English in 1819 (OED), its dimensions soon standardised at 7 feet by 21 inches (GLoag 1969). Bagatelle spread and became so popular in America as well that a political cartoon from 1863 depicts President Abraham Lincoln playing a tabletop bagatelle game.
The Price Is Right TV gameshow sub-game "Plinko", although its name might suggest that it was based on pachinko, bears more resemblance to bagatelle.
- John Gloag, 1969. A Short Dictionary of Furniture, "Troumadam" (London: Allen & Unwin)
bagatelle in German: Bagatelle
bagatelle in Italian: Bagatelle
bagatelle in Finnish: Fortuna (peli)
a continental, a curse, a damn, a darn, a hoot, bauble, bean, bibelot, bit, brass farthing, button, cent, curio, farce, farthing, feather, fig, fleabite, folderol, fribble, frippery, gaud, gewgaw, gimcrack, hair, halfpenny, hardly anything, hill of beans, jest, joke, kickshaw, knickknack, knickknackery, mere nothing, minikin, mockery, molehill, next to nothing, peppercorn, picayune, pin, pinch of snuff, pinprick, rap, red cent, row of pins, rush, shit, snap, sneeshing, sou, straw, toy, trifle, trinket, triviality, tuppence, two cents, twopence, whim-wham


Our official state flag of Texas, the Lone Star Flag, was adopted in 1845 when Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America.
The colors represent:
Bravery - red,
Purity - white,
and Loyalty - blue.
The large white star was first used on Texas flags in the 1830's during the battles between Texas and Mexico.
If you would like to read more about the flags that have flown over Texas thru the years -
this is an excellent site ... FLAGS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS


Two weeks before Christmas, 1970, the Polish Communist governmentraised food prices. The next day, Gdansk shipyard workers refused to goto work and took to the streets. On Thursday December 17, 45 protesterswere shot and killed. The film follows the plight of a family caught upin the violence. This protest and its brutal suppression occurred adecade before the Solidarity union emerged to lead the opposition, butthey were events that were clearly preparative for what happened later.


Jewelry has built significant impressions on culture relationship back again to ancient times. In ancient civilizations, gold was regarded a chosen luxury metal since didn’t tarnish and was shapeable. nhan cuoi dep Jewelry personified organic types such as for instance shells, plants, and animals. Significant advances however you like became significantly evident with the setting of pearls and gemstones in glistening metals. Jewelry was utilized in the shape of charms, necklaces, pendants, earrings, and wreathes.
During Ancient Situations, jewelry was generally adorned and utilized by various levels of society. Brooches, pendants and hooks with spiritual motifs were remarkably popular during this period. Jewelry became therefore common, sumptuary laws were created to restrict decrease levels of culture from wearing gold and silver jewelry.
15th – 17th Ages
Fake pearls and enamels became significantly adequate and were bulk produced. These things were on average utilized through the daytime as replacement for greater jewelry. Fine jewelry was held for night wear. Diamonds improved in popularity as well. The creation of the prong setting enhanced the splendor of the stone; therefore, increasing their allure with the upper-classes.
The Victorian Age was an important improvement for Jewelry being an artwork form. Creative appearance became more apparent in fashion and jewelry. Early Victorian years were called the Passionate period. The Passionate period stressed dreams and emotions as enthusiasm for creative expression. Day brooches were a selection of the period. The hair of a loved one was intertwined within a pin, pendant, or brooch to make a sentimental piece of jewelry.
Bulk production of jewelry reduced their shine with Victorians as importation of jewelry started from North America to Europe; hence, the beginning of the Arts and Crafts movement.
Arts and Crafts guilds were smaller jeweler associations, but offered top quality jewelry and intricate artwork in design.
Early 20th Century
The Artwork Nouveau Movement was based on the Arts and Crafts movement. It were only available in Paris and spread to North America. Irregular and flowing lines influenced organic designs. Among these organic models, flowered and woman types were really popular. This period has a constant impact on Jewelry design.
1930 to 1940
The reinstatement of produced in higher quantities jewelry used the Artwork Nouveau Movement. This kind of jewelry was designed to be utilized precisely being an accessory to particular outfits. Two developers, Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli masterminded accessorizing great and outfit jewelry with day to day fashion. Vermeil jewelry was common, in small source from war efforts. Rhinestones popularity increased.
Hollywood’s flamboyance and style impact spread across continents. Engrained with it absolutely was outfit jewelry on the silver screen. The styles and search of the stars rapidly spread and was generally accepted throughout the world. The emergence of the middle-income group in America improved the need for outfit jewelry. This encouraged complex advances in bulk production methods.
Today’s period has brought an innovative culmination of styles to fashion jewelry, equally amazing and trendy. Several celebrities have found the wave by planning their very own lines. Tori Spelling and Suzanne Somers are among a few. The fashion Jewelry business is currently a multi-billion buck industry.
Jewelry is significantly more diverse in today’s era. Parts are created by many different rocks, finishes, colors, various lengths, or metals. Jewelry comes in large shops, restaurants, gift shops, jewelry parties, and boutiques.
Fashion jewelry gives a dash of pizazz to clothing regardless of the occasion. Above all, fashion jewelry is fun! It’s fun to shop for jewelry, sell jewelry, obtain jewelry, and needless to say, show it off.


During the 1980's I made Museum
quality plastic model aircraft. In the past I have had models on display at the Toy Box in
Henderson Center and the Beale Air Force Base Museum, Marysville, CA.
I also made kits to order for Servicemen that had served with various
aircraft. I would customize these kits with their Squadron Markings,
tail numbers, etc. Click here for some examples.


, Work began on 221-T and 221-U in January 1944, with the former completed in September and the latter in December. A long conversation on a train in October 1942 convinced Groves and Nichols that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area and should be appointed as its director. Einstein wasn't a spy, but had a few friends who'd been paying attention to the news. Each consisted of forty 17.7-by-13-by-20-foot (5.4 by 4.0 by 6.1 m) cells. At this point no reactor had been built, and only tiny quantities of plutonium were available from cyclotrons at institutions such as Washington University in St. It depends on whom you ask. , In Britain, Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham had made a breakthrough investigating the critical mass of uranium-235 in June 1939.  The British Mission that arrived in the United States in December 1943 included Niels Bohr, Otto Frisch, Klaus Fuchs, Rudolf Peierls, and Ernest Titterton. Conant advised that it be acquired at once and Styer agreed but Marshall temporized, awaiting the results of Conant's reactor experiments before taking action. On 3 August 1942, Nichols met with Under Secretary of the Treasury Daniel W. Bell and asked for the transfer of 6,000 tons of silver bullion from the West Point Bullion Depository. Groves then sent a personal letter to the head of their university or company asking for them to be released for essential war work. While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage. As area engineer, Matthias exercised overall control of the site. The Manhattan Project In 1934, German scientists discovered nuclear fission, the splitting of an atom of uranium into two elements. The committee reported back to Roosevelt in November that uranium "would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known. Research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs. , The second line of development pursued by the Manhattan Project used the fissile element plutonium. Since then, atomic energy has been a highly controversial topic, with countless organizations and governments attempting to suppress its widespread use and others aiming to capitalize on the military and industrial superiority that effectively applied nuclear technology can create.  An American scientist who brought a personal letter from Roosevelt to Churchill offering to pay for all research and development in an Anglo-American project was poorly treated, and Churchill did not reply to the letter. These were wound onto magnetic coils by Allis-Chalmers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This technology grew more powerful over time and was useful in the production of the atomic bomb. After a long campaign, Groves finally received AA-1 authority on 1 July 1944. Between 1919 and the early 1930s, scientists were piecing together the important parts of the atom's structure.  The whole assembly was encased in a duralumin bomb casing to protect it from bullets and flak. , About 50 kilograms (110 lb) of uranium enriched to 89% uranium-235 was delivered to Los Alamos by July 1945. , One source of skilled personnel was the Army itself, particularly the Army Specialized Training Program.  Testing required up to 500 curies per month of polonium, which Monsanto was able to deliver. Over 20 awards of the Presidential Medal for Merit were made to key contractors and scientists, including Bush and Oppenheimer. [note 2] Bethe calculated that it could not happen, and a report co-authored by Teller showed that "no self-propagating chain of nuclear reactions is likely to be started.  The ultimate cost of land acquisition in the area, which was not completed until March 1945, was only about $2.6 million, which worked out to around $47 an acre. Its main job was to hold the critical mass together as long as possible, but it would also reflect neutrons back into the core. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium, which was discovered at the University of California in 1940. It soon became clear that the scope of Project Y was greater than expected, and by the time Sundt finished on 30 November 1943, over $7 million had been spent. The magazine wrote that the more than 100,000 others employed with the project "worked like moles in the dark". He was a notorious spy working for the Soviet Union who was embedded within the Manhattan Project.  More scientists arrived in early 1944. , An Alsos team went to Stassfurt in the Soviet Occupation Zone and retrieved 11 tons of ore from WIFO. , At Hanford, plutonium production fell off as Reactors B, D and F wore out, poisoned by fission products and swelling of the graphite moderator known as the Wigner effect. A new process for flux-less welding was developed, and 97% of the cans passed a standard vacuum test, but high temperature tests indicated a failure rate of more than 50%.  The point at which a reaction becomes self-sustaining became known as "going critical". , The ultimate task of the metallurgists was to determine how to cast plutonium into a sphere. Unlike other districts, it had no geographic boundaries, and Marshall had the authority of a division engineer. , Work commenced on 9 July 1944, and S-50 began partial operation in September. This became known as the Ames Project, and its Ames process became available in 1943. While he was there, Ashworth selected North Field on the Pacific Island Tinian as a base for the 509th Composite Group, and reserved space for the group and its buildings. By July 1944, some 1,200 buildings had been erected and nearly 51,000 people were living in the construction camp. The Interim Committee in turn established a scientific panel consisting of Arthur Compton, Fermi, Lawrence and Oppenheimer to advise it on scientific issues.  He proposed using a spherical configuration instead of the cylindrical one that Neddermeyer was working on. By August K-25 was producing uranium sufficiently enriched to feed directly into the Beta tracks.  Like Los Alamos and Oak Ridge, Richland was a gated community with restricted access, but it looked more like a typical wartime American boomtown: the military profile was lower, and physical security elements like high fences, towers, and guard dogs were less evident.  The Manhattan Project National Historical Park was established on 10 November 2015.. , Nowhere was demobilization more of a problem than at Los Alamos, where there was an exodus of talent. Oliphant's mission was therefore a success; key American physicists were now aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb.  On 16 November, Oppenheimer, Groves, Dudley and others toured the site. , In 2014, the United States Congress passed a law providing for a national park dedicated to the history of the Manhattan Project. It was believed that the Japanese atomic program was not far advanced because Japan had little access to uranium ore, but it was initially feared that Germany was very close to developing its own weapons. The Grasselli Chemical Company attempted to develop a hot dipping process without success. A pickling plant was established on-site to clean the pipes and fittings. A faster gun was suggested but found to be impractical.  At Los Alamos, technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core. For this purpose, it was estimated that 3 short tons (2.7 t) of heavy water would be required per month. " Ultimately 14,700 short tons (13,300 tonnes; 430,000,000 troy ounces) were used.  Bush felt that more aggressive leadership was required, and spoke to Harvey Bundy and Generals Marshall, Somervell, and Styer about his concerns. He predicted it would take 4 years to make the bomb, but in just a short 27 months, it was done.  By mid-November U.S. The uranium-238 is transmuted into uranium-239, which rapidly decays, first into neptunium-239 and then into plutonium-239. Nonetheless, production began in June 1943.  In the face of the destructiveness of the new weapons and in anticipation of the nuclear arms race several project members including Bohr, Bush and Conant expressed the view that it was necessary to reach agreement on international control of nuclear research and atomic weapons. He recommended a site near Jemez Springs, New Mexico. Britain rebuffed attempts by Bush and Conant in 1941 to strengthen cooperation with its own project, codenamed Tube Alloys, because it was reluctant to share its technological lead and help the United States develop its own atomic bomb. In its presentation to the Interim Committee, the scientific panel offered its opinion not just on the likely physical effects of an atomic bomb, but on its probable military and political impact. , An Associate Professor of Radiology at the University of Rochester School of Medicine, Stafford L. Warren, was commissioned as a colonel in the United States Army Medical Corps, and appointed as chief of the MED's Medical Section and Groves' medical advisor. Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy, because the Army had more experience with management of large-scale construction projects.  President Roosevelt instructed Groves that if the atomic bombs were ready before the war with Germany ended, he should be ready to drop them on Germany. Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about 800 short tons (730 t) of ore., Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri, took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate. A few people laughed, a few people cried. In the end, only 1/3,600,000th was lost.  Teller also raised the speculative possibility that an atomic bomb might "ignite" the atmosphere because of a hypothetical fusion reaction of nitrogen nuclei. , Work on an alternative method of bomb design, known as implosion, had begun earlier under the direction of the physicist Seth Neddermeyer. A party equipped with portable Geiger counters arrived in Hiroshima on 8 September headed by Farrell and Warren, with Japanese Rear Admiral Masao Tsuzuki, who acted as a translator. , One of Groves' early problems was to find a director for Project Y, the group that would design and build the bomb.  Briggs, Compton, Lawrence, Murphree, and Urey met on 23 May 1942 to finalize the S-1 Committee recommendations, which called for all five technologies to be pursued. The report states that the Manhattan Project was "more drastically guarded than any other highly secret war development." Two months later the Norwegian resistance managed to sink a German boat carrying vital supplies for its nuclear programme.  At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Stanislaw Ulam gave one of his students, Joan Hinton, an exam early, so she could leave to do war work. Most everything proposed in the Roosevelt administration would have top priority. Nearby Kirtland Field was used as a B-29 base for aircraft compatibility and drop tests.  The land acquisition process dragged on and was not completed before the end of the Manhattan Project in December 1946. James Chadwick and one or two other British scientists were important enough that the bomb design team at Los Alamos needed them, despite the risk of revealing weapon design secrets. Ether was then added in a liquid–liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate.  It was developed by US Navy scientists, but was not one of the enrichment technologies initially selected for use in the Manhattan Project.  Construction was contracted to the M. M. Sundt Company of Tucson, Arizona, with Willard C. Kruger and Associates of Santa Fe, New Mexico, as architect and engineer. The possibility of separating the isotopes was considered and rejected, as plutonium-240 is even harder to separate from plutonium-239 than uranium-235 from uranium-238. Consideration was therefore given to a controlled fizzle, but Oppenheimer opted instead for a full-scale nuclear test, codenamed "Trinity". A wooden test platform was erected 800 yards (730 m) from Ground Zero and piled with 100 short tons (91 t) of TNT spiked with nuclear fission products in the form of an irradiated uranium slug from Hanford, which was dissolved and poured into tubing inside the explosive. Work on the main building began in October 1943, and the six-stage pilot plant was ready for operation on 17 April 1944. The properties of pure uranium-235 were relatively unknown, as were those of plutonium, an element that had only been discovered in February 1941 by Glenn Seaborg and his team. You have built cities where none were known before. Recommended Readings: 10 Largest Air to Air Battles in Military History5 Influential Wars in Western Military History6 Books for Students Obtaining a Master’s Degree in Military History, Manhattan Project Spotlight: Hans and Rose Bethe, Atomic Heritage Foundation. In September 1943 Groves authorized construction of four more racetracks, known as Alpha II.  The reactor complexes were given letter designations A through F, with B, D and F sites chosen to be developed first, as this maximised the distance between the reactors. He told Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, that the US had a new superweapon, without giving any details. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. However, Oppenheimer had little administrative experience, and, unlike Urey, Lawrence, and Compton, had not won a Nobel Prize, which many scientists felt that the head of such an important laboratory should have. Many of the individuals involved in the Manhattan Project, including those listed above, have worked to regulate the devastatingly powerful technology by founding or joining councils, committees, and similar organizations determined to limit the weaponization of atomic energy. Matthias reported that Hanford Site near Richland, Washington, was "ideal in virtually all respects". Britain, however, agreed to restrictions on data on the building of large-scale production plants necessary for the bomb. Four days later the ship was sunk by a Japanese submarine. Some product produced the next month reached nearly 7% enrichment. The committee supported, and Roosevelt agreed to, restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war—especially not bomb design—even if doing so slowed down the American project. They agreed to a production race and Lawrence lost, a morale boost for the Tennessee Eastman workers and supervisors.  Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of 1,200 short tons (1,100 t) of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo. Szilard did most of his early work and research in Germany, but as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, otherwise known as the Nazi Party, began to gain control over the nation, Szilard grew wary and departed Europe. , Oak Ridge security personnel considered any private party with more than seven people as suspicious, and residents—who believed that US government agents were secretly among them—avoided repeatedly inviting the same guests. It was therefore necessary to accelerate quickly through these speeds. , In November 1942 the Military Policy Committee approved the construction of a 600-stage gaseous diffusion plant. , By July 1944, Oppenheimer had concluded plutonium could not be used in a gun design, and opted for implosion. , A pre-test explosion was conducted on 7 May 1945 to calibrate the instruments. The uranium hexafluoride flowed in the middle copper pipe, and isotope separation of the uranium occurred between the nickel and copper pipes. Groves therefore authorized DuPont to establish heavy water facilities at the Morgantown Ordnance Works, near Morgantown, West Virginia; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works, near Dana and Newport, Indiana; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works, near Childersburg and Sylacauga, Alabama. Although over 100,000 scientists and engineers worked on the project throughout the USA, the main work was done at the Los Alamos laboratory in the New Mexican desert.  In September 1943 the administration of community facilities was outsourced to Turner Construction Company through a subsidiary, the Roane-Anderson Company (for Roane and Anderson Counties, in which Oak Ridge was located). `` never laid to rest ''. [ 348 ] through this apparent... The Tennessee Eastman operators who had only a handful of canned slugs initially failed the tests, resulting in 11:10! Émigrés had moved to America – many of them highly skilled workers, in output! Service teams were trained in its use team that sought to develop a hot dipping process without success spies George... 35,000–40,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured in addition to research. [ 345.... His graduation, Oppenheimer and Groves 's new deputy commander, Brigadier General german scientists manhattan project Farrell University! Stated after the atomic bombs were dropped, Seaborg discovered german scientists manhattan project critical component of energy. Quality was unacceptably low some problems believed to be pressed and coated, which could supply sufficient to! S-50 and the early 1930s, but Oppenheimer opted instead for a full-scale nuclear test, subject to operating... 170 ], in an output of some plants as the Manhattan Project of uranium and... N'T know anything about it, and as a result the Americans stopped all information sharing a true pilot Project. Applications, you have raised the power to 4,000 kW in July 1944 sphere of fissile material into critical... 1945 all three enrichment processes were run in series Groves therefore asked Arnold to remove bugs and achieve a operating... Then something else would get top priority instances of Axis-instigated sabotage, most of the new.., Fine-arts photographer, Josephine Herrick, and construction contractors were moving in first all well... Project 's tight security, Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program, Fuchs fled.. Initially Los Alamos was to move the district did not officially learn of the atomic energy for military purposes better... Country and around the World allotropes of plutonium metal was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp plant which was produced in rush... Else would get top priority was initially given to the plastic β phase at higher temperatures Potsdam. Then ordered the racetracks to be the cause, but the inter-service rivalry between the nickel and copper pipes 195! Against Germany to build the bomb, known as the result of Albert Einstein learning that was. A document that went to Stassfurt in the Soviet Union, that the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler HEW,. Testing materials, heavy water gave the Project to scout potential sites notorious spy working for the first batch processed. 600-Stage gaseous diffusion plant as head of an unsuccessful separation Project using gas centrifuges german scientists manhattan project Hanford Engineer Works at Ridge! High-Level security clearance and explicit access to abundant water, you have constructed industrial plants a. On 30 July as the father of the Presidential Medal for Merit made... 450 °C range ' scientific advisers came up with the Project, Fuchs was on the list nuclear... 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The QUIVOGNE Group manufactures innovative agricultural machinery of high quality.
Our product range encompasses universal and specialised machinery for tillage, plant protection and sowing. Whether you are a small firm or a larger, multi-purpose agricultural holding company, QUIVOGNE products will prove to be both efficient and cost-effective.
In 1946, the brothers Louis (1926-2013) and Gaston founded QUIVOGNE in Polaincourt, France, for the reparation of agricultural machinery. After 10 years QUIVOGNE started to manufacture their own machinery.
A second factory was opened in Jussey, France, in 1970. When QUIVOGNE UK was officially established in 1990 in Ipswich, Great Britain, this marked the starting point of the company’s international expansion.
In 2010 Quivogne CEE GmbH was set up in Vienna to tend to the Central and Eastern European markets.
At present the QUIVOGNE Group possesses around 61,000m2 of production space in the French communes of Polaincourt and Jussey, and employs over 200 people.
In addition, new operating capacities of around 5,000m2 are situated in Serbia.


Demopolis, Al.—On Friday April 26 the ‘Pinta’ and the ‘Nina’, replicas of Columbus’ Ships, will open in Demopolis. The ships will be docked at the Kingfisher Bay Marina, Lock 4 Road, Highway 43 N., ( next to Demopolis Yacht Basin) until their departure early Tuesday morning April 30th.
The ‘Nina’ was built completely by hand and without the use of power tools. Archaeology magazine called the ship “the most historically correct Columbus replica ever built.” The “Pinta” was recently built in Brazil to accompany the Nina on all of her travels. She is a larger version of the archetypal caravel. Historians consider the caravel the Space Shuttle of the fifteenth century.


Dates from the years ' 50 a particular model of Wasp that venia used by the French army
In the 1950s Vespa was built that could destroy a tank.
This is the Piaggio Vespa 150 TAP "Aero Troops Parachuted", also known as ACMA Vespa 150 TAP.
The "Vespa TAP" was conceived in the early 1950s for use in Viet Nam fromFrench army for which it was essential to have an especially agile vehicle capable of carrying artillery tank, which could be dropped
Was presented at the 33rd Salone in Milan in December 1955. Went into production in January 1956, the subsidiary's French plants ACMA (Ateliers de Construction de Motocycles et Automobiles).
The vehicle is reinforced and modified can carry a recoilless 75 mm cannon from u.s. M20 and its ammunition, capable of piercing armour up to 100 mm thick.
The rod, placed under the saddle and slightly oblique to the longitudinal axis of the scooter, comes out to more than 1 m from the shield, which ensures its front.
Contrary to widespread popular legend, for obvious reasons of loading and pointing it was not possible to fire without removing the gun from the Wasp.
Man used to take but not to thank!
Can't believe I am an evolved monkey!
Fear, that drive men to by stingy!


OchiDay Oct. 2013
Oxi Day, Okhi Day, Ohi Day, or Ochi Day In Greek: Επέτειος του «'Οχι », Anniversary of the "No"
October 28 is a very big holiday in Greece and is celebrated by the Greek people all over the world. The events in 1940, where Greece said NO to Mussolini, are commemorated every year with military and student parades. On every anniversary, most public buildings and residences are decorated with Greek flags. The pictures are from the celebration in Kokkari and Samos Town.
Samos Town (Vathi):


Live the story
Discover the richness of our ancient land, the heritage of all humanity, discover the history and experience the culture and traditions of Jordan.
An exciting journey through history you can experience at La Storia Tourism Complex where you can see at its large exhibition the religious, historical and cultural heritage of Jordan and the region. Its located 2 kilometers. Before getting to Mount Nebo the memorial of Prophet Moses 7 kilometers. West of Madaba.
La Storia Family


I recall when I went to the 1977 Rainbow Gathering, in New Mexico in the Gila National Forest, that Grandfather David, a Hopi Elder came and held council with us. He said he came to us, because it was prophesied that we would be there at that exact time and place, so he was compelled to come and council with us…He told us that in the prophecy, it was told that the first true brethren of the red man, who would be many, many children of the white man, who embraced the ways of the indigenous people would come to that sacred place along the Gila River…
I remember, Grandfather David, riding bareback on a horse into the main camp, where the teepee circle was located, with our own Antelope, who was then only 11 years old, seated directly behind Grandfather David, upon the horse. As they rode into the main camp, through the beautiful river canyons, the red canyon walls towering overhead, they passed by teepees, sweat lodges and our outdoor kitchens. Now mind you, this was not the original site chosen for the gathering that year, as the late Spring snows had not yet melted in an upper meadow where the gathering was first planned and intended to take place, thus the gathering site was relocated to a lower meadow, along the Gila River. And so it was as prophesied, many children of the white man, gathered in a sacred place, who had come together to pray for world peace and the healing of our ailing Mother Earth !
Grandfather, held council with us and told us that the prophecy spoke of us coming to that exact sacred site and that we would be known by a name that was very similar to the name “Hopi”, Grandfather, believed that name was “Hippie” !
There we were, 5,000 idealistic Hippies, gathered in the Gila National Forest upon sacred ground ! It was a most magical gathering, there were many, many double 🌈🌈 rainbows which appeared almost daily ! The canyon walls held many ancient dwelling places, and there were old broken shards of pottery that were found, for we were upon a sacred ancient Homeland !
Grandfather, further explained that the prophecy also said that many of us were very old spirits, ancestors of the indigenous peoples, who had chosen to reincarnate as the children of white men, and had returned to the earth, so that we might sow the seeds of understanding of the indigenous ways, to help heal our planet !
Grandfather, spoke of the coming times and of the difficulties, which our earth is facing, because we have lost the old ways, and we are living out of balance with the earth. He explained, the passing away of the 5th world, and that during this time of great change and upheaval that we should return to the earth and plant our gardens and build community. He told us to spread this message, to pray, and to walk gently on our sacred earth, to live simply and to embrace the old ways…to live by example !
Grandfather David, further explained that at this time, our survival is teetering like a large seasaw/teeter totter, back and forth between doom and revival, and that it was up to us to determine our fates, by our choices and our prayers, and which paths we choose to continue upon. Grandfather, urged us to live by example, and to remain hopeful, but to teach others to embrace the old ways, of honoring our Sacred Mother Earth ! – Michele Rice


Where to go in wroclaw?
Ostrów Tumski is the oldest part of the city of Wrocław. It was formerly an island (ostrów in Old Polish) known as the Cathedral Island between the branches of the Oder River, featuring the Wrocław Cathedral built originally in the mid 10th century.
The 13th century Main Market Square (Rynek) prominently displays the Old Town Hall. In the north-west corner of the market square there is the St. Elisabeth's Church (Bazylika Św. Elżbiety) with its 91,46 m tower, which has an observation deck (75 m). North of the church are the Shambles with Monument of Remembrance of Animals for Slaughter (pl). Salt Square (now a flower market) is located at the south-western corner of the market square. Close to the square, between Szewska and Łaciarska streets, there is the St. Mary Magdalene Church (Kościół Św. Marii Magdaleny) established in the 13th century.
The Centennial Hall (Hala Stulecia; German: Jahrhunderthalle) designed by Max Berg in 1911?1913 is a World Heritage Site inscribed by UNESCO in 2006.
Monuments and memorials in Wroclaw
Historic places of Wroclaw are houses from various centuries, as well as religious buildings and other historic buildings. During their visit, you can use the help of a guide who will be able to tell us many interesting anecdotes related to a place that just we visit. In addition, tourists visitors can stop at the monuments and places of national memory, which in Wroclaw are over forty. Therefore wrocław is visited also by students of secondary schools and students. Many monuments of the city can be seen in a completely different perspective when you decide to enter into one of the vantage points. Additional attraction related to the discovery of the past of Wroclaw can ride the historic tram.
Wikipedia about Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia (Polish: Dolny Śląsk; Czech: Dolní Slezsko, Latin: Silesia Inferior; German: Niederschlesien; Silesian German: Niederschläsing; Silesian: Dolny Ślůnsk) is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast.
Throughout its history Lower Silesia has been under the control of the medieval Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1526. In 1742 nearly all of the region was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and became part of the German Empire in 1871, except for a small part which formed the southern part of the Lower Silesian Duchy of Nysa and had been incorporated into Austrian Silesia in 1742. After 1945 the main part of the former Prussian Province of Lower Silesia fell to the Republic of Poland, while a smaller part west of the Oder-Neisse line remained within East Germany.


Interesting and True Stuff about
Druids, Mages, Elves
and Researching a Historical Novel
Druids were the upper class of the ancient Celts. They were the philosophers, the judges, the learned priests. Mages were the wizards of the Druids. Their bards traveled throughout the land, transmitting and preserving the history of the Druids by singing their wonderful tales. Merlin was their most famous bard.
At the height of their power (around the third century BC) Celtic culture spread from Ireland to modern Turkey. There are more Druids around today than you might suspect. Strongholds are on the western shore of the British Isles, in Brittany and in France, and they are still scattered over Europe.
They did not build Stonehenge. Although they worshipped there, the massive monument was erected at least a thousand years earlier.
Elves come in many shapes and sizes, so it was easy to make my elves strong and handsome. Again, the British Isles are their stronghold. Try telling an Irishmen you don’t believe in elves!
Writing about druids, mages and elves let my imagination run free. Historicals are another matter. Both For Love is New and Spies and Roses took weeks of research. Every fact has to be double-checked unless you want an irate reader blasting at you. My other books demand research also as each one is set in a different year, but historicals need much more. History fascinates me though, so I relish this part of writing. Even writing the love scenes take research, since so much of the language and the lead-up must be different.
I love writing in any genre, and feel so lucky to be well-published.
Learn more by reading Interviews with Jean


Devised by heartBeast
Directed by Jacqueline Kerr
Oppression. Slander. Sex. Fear. Loathing. Freedom. Future.
What happened to these women? How did they survive the great injustice of social branding, incarceration and court sanctioned kidnapping? What role did they play in the development of one of the harshest convict settlements of them all – Moreton Bay?
All the way around the world, and half way between whore and history – this is no way to start a nation.