As things wound down around Rabaul, the intensity of combat decreased. Emmanuel Macron used his new year's message to accuse Brexit of having been born of a European malaise and "many lies and false promises". The rudimentary automatic pilot of the V-1 was often not able to compensate, sending it diving into the ground. The timing of the consultation made it clear that the Government’s motive was to use Gypsies and Travellers to gather votes at election time.”. The Corsair’s problems were apparent to Blackburn and the pilots of his squadron, but he elected to turn down an offer to replace his F4Us with the new Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was just coming into the naval inventory. 5 out of 5 stars (5,685) 5,685 reviews $ 55.99 FREE shipping Favorite Add to Old Military Air Force Silver Pilot Wings Pinback HeStartedIt. To alleviate the problem, the Navy decided to use the squadron in the Solomons, where the Marines already had a number of squadrons flying F4Us and there were already adequate spare parts.  He was awarded the Navy Cross.. When it was discovered that shooting a V-1 could detonate the warhead and/or fuel tank, thereby endangering the attacking aircraft, pilots would instead fly beside the V-1. It did not take long for Navy test pilots to realize they had a problem on their hands. The Friends, Families and Travellers (FFT) charity said that even the police did not believe the new criminal powers were necessary. The Polish Air Force pilot Lieutenant Colonel Leopold Pamuła carried out the first taran attack in World War II, on 1 September 1939 over Łomianki near Warsaw, with his damaged PZL P.11c. While the Marines were making the reputation of the Corsair, the airplane had been designed to operate off carriers and had originally been intended for operations with the fleet. The affordable price makes these hearing aids hard to resist. On 2 November 1940, Hellenic Air Force pilot Marinos Mitralexis shot down one Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bomber; then, out of ammunition, brought another down by smashing its rudder with the propeller of his PZL P.24 fighter. On August 28, Jensen earned the Navy Cross when he attacked the Japanese airfield at Kahili. Filter by. Walsh repeatedly dived into the Japanese formation before his airplane was knocked out of action. Very few fighters had radios installed—the pilots had no way to call for assistance and the military expected them to solve problems alone. "Rather than stepping in and taking over, I think it would be maybe better to give more resources and to work in tandem with them," Fauci said. Details about WW2 Acid Test US Pilot Wings Propeller Pin Silver + … Close Air Support at the Battle of Bloody Ridge. Democratic Taiwan, claimed by China as its sovereign territory, has come under increasing pressure from Beijing, which has ramped up military activity near the island. A significant event took place on 15 September 1940, now known as "Battle of Britain Day". The large engine used on the F4U Corsair needed a large propeller to take advantage of the high horse power. After the fall of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom 9 September 1944 he went on flying against the Germans. However, Conger misjudged the distance between his plane and the Zero and struck the plane halfway between the cockpit and the tail, tearing the entire tail off. US WWII Post Chief Aircrew Member Wings, Sterling, Clutchback Price: $65.00 Item #52398. It is authentic down to the tiniest detail, in beautiful Sterling Silver! In spite of enemy opposition that cost the group nine pilots and 34 airplanes, MAG-12 Corsairs accounted for more than 40 Japanese planes and sank seven destroyers, nine freighters, and three troop transports in less than a month. Burton's Hurricane was found exhausted of ammunition.. Pilot Standing Plane. The Marine Corps had become aware of the value of air attack in close support of troops in the 1920s when the Corps was involved in operations in Central America, but few steps had been taken to implement it as a Marine aviation mission. There is confusion over the actual date of the first flight. 36 51 9. Daylight missions did not resume until March 28 when eight VMF-124 Corsairs were part of a strike force against the Shetlands. at the best online prices at eBay! The trial has been scheduled for March 8 for the four now-fired police officers charged in the death of Floyd on May 25 while he was forcibly detained on a south Minneapolis street corner. The fifth flight ended in disaster when the airplane ran out of fuel and had to be crashlanded on a golf course. , After 1943 more Soviet fighters had radios installed, and Chief Marshall Alexander Novikov developed air-control techniques to coordinate attacks. However, there was no time for the combat jets to be armed with missiles. Its pilot, Oberleutnant Robert Zehbe, bailed out, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack, while the injured Holmes bailed out of his plane and survived. Constant-speed propellers allow the pilot to set a rotational speed according to the need for maximum engine power or maximum efficiency, and a propeller governor acts as a closed-loop controller to vary propeller pitch angle as required to maintain the selected engine speed. Kamikaze was used exclusively against Allied ship targets. , On 27 September 1940, Flying Officer Percival R. F. Burton (South African) of No. The plan was to dissuade Allied bomber pilots from conducting bombing raids long enough for the Germans to create a significant number of Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters to turn the tide of the air war. Search For honda cr-v price. According to eyewitnesses on the ground, Burton deliberately rammed the Bf 110 after a "wildly manoeuvring" chase at rooftop height over Hailsham, England. As a teenager, Love-Robinson practiced medicine as “Dr. Picture Information. , On 11 November 1940, Flight Lieutenant Howard Peter Blatchford (Canadian) of No. The concept of close air support became part of Marine doctrine in the 1930s, but little attention was paid to it in the planning for the invasion of Guadalcanal. The longer propeller meant that the nose of the aircraft had to be higher off … After the pilot bailed out, Igarashi attacked him in his parachute. No Reserve. Corsairs continued in military service with several countries through the 1950s and 1960s, although the U.S. Navy retired the type after the Korean War. Perhaps to get him out of their hair, the staff of Marine Air Wing One apparently went along with the plan, and Boyington was placed in command of a new VMF-214. The Corsair was the first of several successful fighter designs built around Pratt & Whitney’s R-2800 Double Wasp engine, so called because of the double bank of nine cylinders that was designed to increase the power of the company’s famous Wasp engine. He flew his plane into the top-side of the German bomber, cutting off the rear tail section with his wing and causing the bomber to dive out of control and crash. American researcher Matthew Poole notes that Japanese historian Hiroshi Ichimura interviewed 64th Sentai veteran Lt. Naoyuki Ito, who also claimed to have shot down a B-24 of the 492nd BS on 26 October 1943. “It’s the first such direct attack against a Russian base in northeast Syria,” said SOHR’s Rami Abdel Rahman. The first known instance of ramming in air warfare was made over Zhovkva by the Russian pilot Pyotr Nesterov on 8 September 1914, against an Austrian plane. During their combat tour, Axtell and his men were credited with 124.5 Japanese airplanes shot down, most of them kamikazes. Pursuing a fourth Zero, Conger ran out of ammunition and decided to use his propellor to chop the tail rudder off. Giving the speech from the Elysee Palace, Paris, he said: “The United Kingdom remains our neighbour but also our friend and ally. Hundreds were killed and wounded, and the survivors retreated into the jungle. H. G. Wells, writing in 1899 in his novel The Sleeper Awakes, has his main character, Graham, ram one of the enemy's aeroplanes with his flying apparatus, causing it to fall out of the sky. A 1986 RAND Corporation study concluded that the ramming attack was still a viable option for modern jets defending their airspace from long-range bombers if those bombers were carrying atomic weapons. Majority Leader?" In the resources section you will find some excellent guides to wings and wing collecting. I emptied the rest of my ammunition into him from 200 yards but he still flew on and down to 80, to 100 feet off the sea.  Ivanov did not survive but was posthumously awarded the gold star, Hero of the Soviet Union. It was not the first time a Corsair brought down an enemy plane by direct contact. Bunker Hill set out for the Pacific in September by way of the Panama Canal and San Diego. In the first year of the Great Patriotic War, most available Soviet machines were markedly inferior to the German ones and pilots sometimes perceived a taran as the only way to guarantee the destruction of the enemy. Operational losses (accidents during combat) claimed 230 of the bent-wing birds. Showing 1–60 of 132 results. 3 0 1. Those who breach the law will face up to three months in jail and fines of up to £2,000. U.S. District Court Judge Randolph Moss had ruled the Justice Department unlawfully rescheduled Montgomery’s execution and he vacated an order from the director of the Bureau of Prisons scheduling her death for Jan. 12. A ramming pilot could use the weight of the aircraft as a ram, or they could try to make the enemy lose control of their plane, using the propeller or wing to damage the enemy's tail or a wing. Planning for operations at Tarawa and the Central Pacific called for close air support by Navy and Marine squadrons flying Douglas SBD dive-bombers and F6F Hellcats. She said: “The evidence we have collected shows that the Home Office are deliberately ignoring police views on unauthorised encampments. Opens image gallery. The plane reached it’s record speed of 606 mph at a 45-degree dive in 1943; it was later estimated to have reached 690 mph in … The Corsair was difficult to handle, and some wags later referred to it as The Ensign Eliminator due to the requirement for an experienced pilot to be able to handle it in the edges of the realm of flight. Major Takuwa said to him "The B-24 was going down. Aircraft Plane. Late in World War II, the Luftwaffe used ramming to try to regain control of the air. We will remove this and make the changes needed. On one mission in early November, members of the squadron landed back on Bunker Hill to refuel and rearm during the initial carrier attacks on Rabaul. It was an inauspicious start for the Corsair. Maintaining the squadron’s airplanes would require special stores of aircraft parts, and replacement parts for a single squadron would be difficult to procure in a timely fashion through normal supply channels. This article originally appeared on the Warfare History Network on December 16, 2018 and is being republished due to reader interest. The first aerial ramming was performed by Pyotr Nesterov in 1914 during the First World War. Mr Sharma said: “My view is clear – the law needs strengthening and trespass needs to be made a criminal offence. In an extraordinary New Year's Day session, the Republican-controlled Senate easily turned aside the veto, dismissing Trump's objections to the $740 billion bill and handing him a stinging rebuke just weeks before he leaves the White House. Army pilots were credited with 13 of the 39 Japanese airplanes that went down that day—Marine and Navy fighters got the rest. In 84 days of combat, the men of VMF-214 were credited with over 200 Japanese planes destroyed or damaged in the air and on the ground, as well as dozens of barges and other ground targets. Commander John S. Thach came up with what he called “the big blue blanket,” an around-the-clock fighter patrol over the fleet. After the initial delivery of 95, British Corsairs were delivered with eight inches clipped off the wings to allow easier storage aboard carriers. Pin back with 70 degree opening pin . Blackballed by the White House and U.S. Army Air Forces commander General Henry H. Arnold because of his outspoken opposition to U.S. involvement in the war in Europe and the prewar resignation of his commission as a colonel in the Army Air Corps, Lindbergh sought a position in the aviation industry. In response to the attacks, the Navy developed tactics to defend against kamikazes by intercepting and shooting them down as far from the fleet as possible. The Marine pilots had developed techniques for attacking ships at very low altitude, a tactic they perhaps adopted after the successes of Army light and medium bombers in New Guinea. They’re the perfect companion to any of our authentic leather flight jackets. Responses to the Government’s consultation obtained by the charity under freedom of information (FOI) legislation, showed that 75 per cent of police responses indicated their current powers were sufficient and/or proportionate. U.S. Marine and Navy Corsair pilots were credited with shooting down 2,140 Japanese planes with a kill-loss ratio of 11 to 1, the lowest loss rate of any fighter of the Pacific War. AstraZeneca expects to supply two million doses of the vaccine in total by next week, the newspaper reported, citing an unnamed member of the Oxford-AstraZeneca team. He visited with Marine squadrons out of Espiritu Santo and Guadalcanal, and he started flying combat missions out of Green Island on May 22. US Korean War-Vietnam Era, USAF Command Pilot Embroidered Wings Price: $20.00 Item #52556. Most of the badges were available in the standard 3" size for use on the tunic and the 2" shirt size which were worn when the shirt was the outer garment. Hurras al-Din released a statement on social media claiming responsibility for the attack. The last combat use of Corsairs was in 1969 during a conflict between El Salvador and Honduras, both of which operated the type. C $31.99. JU-031, WWII Japanese Army Pilot's Wings Our Price: $79.95 Item #14827. Aircraft Propeller Wing. 257 Squadron RAF used the propeller of his Hawker Hurricane to attack a Fiat CR.42 near Harwich, England. She remains the only woman ever alleged to have performed an aerial ramming. 24 29 2. Although he was credited with six Japanese planes, including 3.75 on the ground, he got into trouble with General Claire Chennault and went AWOL from the group, an act for which he was given a dishonorable discharge. Congress on Friday overrode President Donald Trump's veto of a defense policy bill, a first by lawmakers since he took office nearly four years ago, ensuring that the measure becomes law. He was constantly butting heads with a superior officer with whom he had a prewar history, and by mid-September he was in an administrative position matching up newly arrived replacement pilots with combat squadrons. Lo, which sank. In early September, squadron personnel went to Australia in preparation for returning to the States, and when they left the squadron was broken up and the designation was given to a new unit that was being formed locally. Using the wing to damage the enemy or force a loss of control. Two of the FG-1D Corsairs ceased their pursuit at 36,000 feet (11,000 m), but Marine Captain Kenneth Reusser and his wingman Klingman continued to 38,000 feet (12,000 m), expending most of their .50 caliber ammunition to lighten their aircraft. The elongated nose severely restricted visibility, particularly when the airplane was on the ground, making the Corsair difficult to taxi. Free shipping for many products! Marked Robbins Co Attleboro Sterling in raised letters with prop motif. Two men had parked an explosives-laden pickup truck outside the military base in the Tal Salman area, north of Raqqa, before fleeing, said UK-based war monitor, Syrian Observatory of Human Rights (SOHR). The most famous of the Corsair squadrons, thanks largely to the fame of one of its commanders, was VMF-214. Throughout the Solomons campaign, Marine F4U squadrons and the lone squadron of Navy Corsairs were involved primarily as escort fighters and in attacks on Japanese shore installations and airfields, with frequent barge-hunting forays against Japanese coastal shipping. The last option might be premeditated or it might be a snap decision made during combat; either way it often killed the attacking pilot. 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Hills Family Church was a church plant from the Source Church Stirling in the late 1990’s. Originally the assembly was established in Mount Barker and called The Family Church Mount Barker. In 2004 it was necessary to find new premises which was eventually resettled in Nairne and its name changed to Hills Family Church.
Hills Family Church is a member of CRC Churches International.
CRC Churches International, previously known as The Christian Revival Crusade, is an established Pentecostal denomination that started in Australia, has expanded throughout the Asia Pacific, and now encompasses a global vision.
In the last 15 years the CRC has developed a set of long-term goals for the Australian movement as well as the international movement.
Read more about the CRC on their website.
History Of the CRC
1. Uniqueness of the CRC
Before examining in more detail the Pentecostal denomination now called CRC Churches International (to be referred to as the CRC from here on), it is worthwhile acknowledging the birth of Pentecostalism very briefly. Whilst ‘Pentecostalism’ is only a relatively new phenomenon in the context of two thousand years of Christian history, it has generally been accepted that it publicly emerged in Azusa Street in 1901. By 1965 there were already fifty million Pentecostals world wide. This number more than quadrupled within the next thirty two years to two hundred and seventeen million believers by 1997- in almost half the time the number of Pentecostals had increased over four times. To this number could be added a further two hundred and forty six million Charismatics and Neo-Charismatics who combined to tally an amazing four hundred and sixty three million ‘Spirit-filled’ believers globally. 1 It is in this environment of numerical explosion that the CRC began.
It is important to observe that whilst Pentecostalism per se is a relatively new movement compared to the history of the Christian church, the gifts of the Spirit have been both active and evidenced throughout the church’s two thousand year history.2 Cane-Ridge camp in Kentucky in 1800 was probably the earliest most famous outbreak of enthusiastic Pentecostal-like religion in American history.3 The Holy Spirit’s cosmic purposes remain the same today as they have throughout history – to be a witness for and of God, to empower God’s purposes and to equip and enable the building of God’s people contextual with their culture and history. God’s cosmic purposes for His people on earth are generally focused in two directions, to save sinners and to sanctify saints in anticipation and preparation for the eschatological fulfillment of all things. To try and accomplish God’s will without God’s gifts is fraught with danger and will lead to burnout and failure.
In the opening sentence of his foreword to Dudley Cooper’s Flames of Revival (1995), the then National Chairman, Pastor Mike Cronin states that the book ‘…is the exciting story of the oldest purely indigenous Pentecostal movement in Australia – the Christian Revival Crusade.’ Whilst other Pentecostal denominations pre-existed outside Australia, the CRC’s distinctiveness is that it is uniquely birthed in Australia. Then known as the National Revival Crusade, the accepted official commencement date and place for the CRC is November 4th 1945 in Adelaide. 4
2. History and Background
Leo Harris, the founder of this movement, was brought up in the Pentecostal Church of Australia, the Apostolic Church, and was credentialed in the Assemblies of God and believed and preached the futurist view of Bible prophecy (Cooper 1995, p19ff).5 On the first of December 1941, Leo, together with his brother Allan, met with Thomas Foster in Ballarat, Victoria, who persuaded them of the appropriateness of the historicist view rather than the futurist one and also introduced them to the British Israel understanding which was immediately embraced at that time.6 Chant (1984, p.185) records that the Assemblies of God in Australia refuted British-Israelism in their November 1944 issue of the Australian Evangel, and said that it was ‘… unspiritual, unscriptural, unequal, unessential, unfathomable, ungodly and unthinkable.’7 Harris subsequently responded in a letter of similar substance except that he removed all of the ‘uns’. By the 1980s however, the ‘Israel message’ had faded from significance and was rarely preached or taught. 8
Both the CRC and the AOG later fully reconciled, with Leo Harris and Barry Chant meeting with the AOG executive in New South Wales in 1975 and also ministering in their college. The goodwill was reciprocated in 1976 when two AOG executives Fred Buse and George Forbes met with the CRC Council. The pastors of both movements in South Australia spent the day together in discussion, worship, prayer and sharing. 9
Leo Harris resisted the temptation to institutionalise a standard form of service governmentally and this freedom still exists today. The emphasis on local church liberty was going to prove both a strength, in that it opened up opportunities for initiative and spontaneity, but also a weakness in that it encouraged pig-headedness at times.10 Leo too recognised this dilemma and chose to err on the side of grace rather than law. 11 It is important to acknowledge here that Leo Harris was a man of integrity and in all things he only sought to accurately reflect the God of the Bible, in the environment and culture he grew up in.
In the late 1940s, there was a developing experience of movement in the Holy Spirit and in 1952 there were 400 believers who were baptised in the Holy Spirit.12 In the CRC and Pentecostalism generally, being baptised in the Holy Spirit was and is generally considered to be an act of submissiveness and obedience together with an empowerment to be able to live as God would like us to and to outwork that which He asks of us (Acts 1:5, 11:16). It is an act which consciously acknowledges that our own understanding of spiritual things is inadequate whilst simultaneously giving us access to the Holy Spirit’s gifts (as He determines) to be able to minister to others in a Godly manner. Whilst prophecy was still prevalent, there was an increasing awareness of the activity and power of the Holy Spirit, particularly in deliverance and healing. The year 1958 proved to be a vital year as the assembly’s first major evangelistic campaign was conducted. The following results are a testimony to the success of this campaign: 13
- In eleven days 455 people responded to altar calls including 312 first-time decisions for Christ,
- seventy people were baptised by immersion on the second to last day,
- sixty people took up membership in the Adelaide assembly, and
- over thirteen hundred people attended the final rally where many miracles of healing were recorded to have happened.
The pendulum swings incessantly and whilst there were great blessings in 1958, it also proved to be a tumultuous period for the then Commonwealth Revival Crusade. Two influential pastors in Victoria, Longfield and Hollins, chose to withdraw and establish Revival Centres in Melbourne and Geelong, because they believed that baptism in water and the Spirit were necessary for salvation.14
The year 1959 showed another highlight. The Crusade Bible School commenced on the 6th of May and offered a full course for Ministry training and was complemented by the worker’s course for those simply wishing to become more effective in their local church:15
Subjects Included Pastoral Theology, Homiletics, Expository Preaching, Evangelistic Campaigning, Public Speaking, Bible Doctrine, Missionary Principles, Personal Evangelism, Bible Study, Modern Cults, Sunday School Organisation and Bible Synthesis.
As the CRC grew in influence and numbers, ‘Revival’ became its theme and provided a practical focus for the leadership and for others. By October 1962, through the ‘Operation Outreach’ programme, eighteen Crusade Centres had been established in South Australia. About this time New Guinea became a focal point and as at 1995 there were average Sunday attendances of about 34,000 people in over 300 churches throughout the country with Bethel Centre in Port Moresby drawing about 2,000 people.16
The Holy Spirit’s activity was becoming increasingly evident. The Charismatic awakening and influence between 1975 and 1977 added significant credibility to the Pentecostal movement amongst the mainline churches. Cooper (1995, p.235) observes that many of these ‘…charismatics were not eager to make organizational commitments to the Pentecostal churches.’ The charismatics here would have been experiencing the best of both worlds as they had the safety of hundreds of years of theology and tradition now combined with the liberty of the Spirit.
The year 1977 however, was an unsettling period as the CRC was caught unprepared by the unexpected death of Leo Harris. Even without an effective succession plan in place, the CRC weathered some difficulties, but by God’s grace continued to grow. By 1984 there were 84 assemblies, and about 8000 adherents nationally, with the National Church Life Survey recording that in 1991 there were 10,200 adherents in 102 churches.17 By the time of Leo’s death, there were 65 CRC churches in Australia, 8 in New Zealand and one in Papua New Guinea. Twenty years later there were over 130 churches in Australia, more than 350 in Papua New Guinea, and others in South East Asia and the Pacific. 18
Training was always a conscious focus of the CRC with the first part-time Bible School held in Frankston, Victoria in 1947.19 In October 1974, the Crusade Bible College had held its 15th graduation service at the Adelaide Town Hall.20 Through a series of divine appointments which began in June 1978, Barry Chant, one of the key figures in the CRC by now, awoke one morning with the words ‘Tabor Bible College’ clearly impressed on him. Thus the concept of a Christian Education Centre was birthed which was to operate on an ‘inter-church basis under a Board of Management with an Advisory Board of Ministers and Christian leaders from around Adelaide.’ 21
With the continued growth came the pressing need to continually develop and train people called to the Ministry. Cooper (1995, p.295) notes that the early eighties were a significant time in the development of training programs throughout the movement. New South Wales conducted seminars for pastors, wives, workers and leaders. The State Council of Victoria introduced 2½ day live-in Ministerial Training Seminars and a Video Bible School was developed to run in local churches. In 1984, South Australia started Training Seminars and endorsed Tabor College as its Bible College. In conjunction with a move to a competency based training focus, it then aligned itself with Australian College Of Ministries as its VET (Vocational Educational Training) sector accredited training organisation in 2005.
Emerging out of a National Executive meeting in 1985, the mid eighties saw a particular focus for each year being presented to the movement. Its unified focus was ‘… to prepare for the final harvest of souls as the Holy Spirit is poured out in revival across the nations.’22 The following issues were highlighted for address by the CRC:
- 1986 focused on a ‘Call to Prayer’
- 1987 emphasised a ‘Call to Evangelism’
- 1988 saw the theme a ‘Call to Harvest Growth 88’
- 1989 saw the National Chairman, Mike Cronin, release a brochure called ‘Into the 90s’, which provided a five year vision for the CRC. Drawing from the official CRC Charter explaining why the Crusade exists, the theme of ‘Touching God; Building People; Growing Churches’ was presented for ‘action.’ 23 ‘Action’ was also an acronym for:
- Activated for God,
- Church Planting and Growth,
- Training Ministry,
- Increasing Esteem of the Movement,
- Opportunities for Youth, and
- Nations for Christ.
In March 1995 the CRC’s national and state leaders gathered together in Melbourne for two days. Cooper (1995, p. 353) states that with the emphasis on being ‘Holy Spirit Empowered’, the CRC’s ‘Vision and Purpose’ and ‘Goals and Strategies ‘ were developed for 1995 to 2000 and were stated to be:
- To love God
- To honour the church
- To reach people
- To plant churches
- To release ministries
- To grow congregations
- To touch nations
In reflecting over the CRC history, Zimmerman (the then General Superintendent of the Assemblies of God in America) insightfully offers a reason for the relatively high ‘success’ of the Pentecostal movement.24 He stated that ‘Great revivals have often begun in times of spiritual and moral darkness.’25 He noted that history would acknowledge that conditions just before the present Pentecostal revival were deplorable. America was endemic with sectional hostility and financial turmoil in the post civil war period. The general population showed a tendency for increasing migration towards the cities. This however, rather than drawing the nation together, had the significant negative effect of drawing together the unwanted moral decay elements of crime, gambling, alcoholism and prostitution.
Observing these events in America and having them act as a foil for events here in Australia, we see that the 1940’s here were also a turbulent time during the Second World War and an uncertain time in the post-war environment.26 In this context the CRC makes the following statement in its Charter (2012):
Our movement (previously known as the National Revival Crusade 1945-1952; Commonwealth Revival Crusade 1952-1963; and Christian Revival Crusade 1963-1998) began during World War II, offering hope to our Nation whose very existence was being threatened. It was birthed with a passion to reach lost people with the gospel of Jesus Christ and to crusade for a national Christian revival with a unique Australian approach to ministry.
Whilst the CRC had its divisions, it ‘… retained its vitality and capacity for growth’ which centred around a prophetic vision of a transformed nation (Breward, 1993, p.178). According to the Charter (2012) this passion and vision are still a vital part of the CRC ethos. This brief insight into the history of the CRC Churches International, acknowledges the diversity, expansion and influence intrastate, interstate and especially internationally.
1 Synan (1997, p.ix).
2Dr Dale Robbins (1995, VL-164) notes that:
Historical records indicate that the abundant exercise of the Charismatic gifts may have diminished somewhat after the post New Testament era – especially in the dark ages, due to the years of inaccessibility of scripture to the common people in their own language. But there is much history to substantiate that the supernatural gifts were never absent from the church. Scores of statements to this effect were recorded by church leaders such as Irenaeus, who wrote around A.D. 150 ‘…we hear many of the brethren in the church who have prophetic gifts, and who speak in tongues through the spirit, and who also bring to light the secret things of men for their benefit [word of knowledge]…’ Elsewhere he said, ‘When God saw it necessary, and the church prayed and fasted much, they did miraculous things, even of bringing back the spirit to a dead man.’ Near the close of the
second century, Tertullian cited similar incidents, describing the operation of prophecies, healings and tongues, and in 210, Origen reported many healings and other Charismatic gifts, as did later writers such as Eusebius, Firmilian, Chrysostom and others through many centuries.
3 Synan (1971, p.23).
4 Chant (1984, p.186).
5 The Apostolic Church in Australia was established by the late 1920’s (ACA, 2008).
6About that period, author and historian Dr Barry Chant (1984, p.183) writes ‘From that time, a concept of national revival, for nation-wide repentance, and claiming both the warnings and promises of God for Israel as being pertinently relevant to Australia formed a central part of Harris’s ministry. During and soon after the war years, particularly, strong emphasis was placed on these themes.’
7 Hutchinson (2008) notes that the national minutes of the Third Biennial Conference of the Assemblies of God in 1941 attempted to address the British Israel issue and passed the following resolution:
BRITISH ISRAEL TEACHING. Bro. Harris moved and Bro. Reid seconded that ‘no minister of the Assemblies of God be allowed to minister on the British Israel platform or any brother or sister from the British Israel testimony be allowed to minister upon the Assemblies of God platform.’ The motion was accepted under protest by the Chairman. Bro. Wiggins moved an amendment to the motion seconded by Bro. Roberts that ‘this matter be fully and prayerfully gone into and it be left to the Executive to give a ruling at an early date. The amendment was carried and thus became the motion.
8 Chant (1984, p.185).
9 Cooper (1995, p.245).
10 Chant (1984, p.185).
11 ibid., p.28.
12 ibid., p.188.
13 ibid., p.95.
14 ibid., p.206.
15 Cooper (1995, p.99).
16 Ward and Humphreys (1995, p.189).
17 Cooper (1995, p.190).
18 Burgess (2003, p.691).
19 Cooper (1995, p.362).
20 ibid., p.227.
21 ibid., p.274f.
22 ibid., p.304ff.
23 Charter (2012).
24 Synan (1975, p.7ff).
25 He observed that gross darkness prevailed before Old Testament revivals under leaders such as Asa (2 Chr 15:1-15), Joash (2 Kgs11,12), Hezekiah (2 Chr 29-31), Josiah (2 Kgs 22,23), Zerubbabel (Ezra 5,6) and Nehemiah (Neh 8:9; 12:44-47).
26 Contributing to the uncertainty in the post-war period, events such as the need to establish the United Nations in 1945, the establishment of the ‘Iron Curtain’, America’s involvement with Japan, Korea divided into North (backed by the Soviet Union and China) and South (backed by the Western powers), civil wars in China and Greece, establishment of Palestine and Israel and the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan established.


The Black Gate
The Black Gate has had several lives. Built between 1247 and 1250 during the reign of King Henry III, it first served as the gatehouse of the barbican, a walled, defensive entrance passage for the Castle’s North Gate. The narrowness of the barbican passage and its angle to the rest of the Castle wall restricted attackers and left them exposed to fire from defenders. Since then it has been altered and used as a home and as a tavern. Its name actually derives from Patrick Black, a London merchant who occupied the building in the first half of the 17th century. Little remains of its medieval layout, except the vaulted chambers thought to have been guardrooms. It was saved from demolition in the mid-19th Century by The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, who occupied the building until 2009.
Carliol Square was once the site for Newcastle’s gaol. Designed by John Dobson, who is best known for designing Newcastle’s Central Station, the gaol opened sometime between 1823 and 1827. Dobson based his design almost entirely on Jeremy Bentham’s infamous Panopticon (all-seeing) prison. Dobson’s daughter Margret noted: â€œIt was designed with radiating wings or passages, tending towards a common point, with a circular or elliptical building in the middle for the residence of the keepers, from which they could at all times inspect every part of the prison at a glance.â€ By 1856 it had twice as many prisoners as it was designed for and was eventually demolished by the Home Office in 1925. Telephone House was built in its place in 1932, and today no trace remains of Newcastle Gaol. These days Carliol Square is best known as the location of the World Headquarters night club, as well for a strip club called For Your Eyes Only.
Newcastle Central Station is one of the great monuments of the early Railway Age, and remains an important and busy station, despite the loss of most of its suburban traffic to the Tyne & Wear Metro. The station was designed by the architect John Dobson and built at the joint expense of the Newcastle & Carlisle Railway (N&C) and George Hudson’s Newcastle & Darlington Junction and Newcastle & Berwick Railways. Dobson’s trainshed is the first of the great multi-span arched sheds of the nineteenth century. The building was formally opened by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert on 29 August 1850.
Newcastle Civic Centre
The Civic Centre is the main administrative and ceremonial building for Newcastle City Council. It was opened in 1968 by King Olav V of Norway, and was designed by the city architect, George Kenyon. The Civic Centre is one of Newcastle’s few surviving buildings from the 1960’s, an uncommon mixture of the modern and traditional in a decade notorious for its ‘brutalist’ concrete buildings. This addition of traditional design was to ensure that the traditions of the old town hall – a town crier, and barrels of tar lit to announce meetings – were remembered. The artwork and sculptures in and around the Civic Centre are perhaps its most striking element. These include the David Wynne sculptures ‘Swans in Flight’ and ‘River God Tyne’, twelve seahorse’s heads, designed by J.R.M McCheyne, that are mounted on the top of the Civic Centre tower, and murals by Victor Passmore. In 1977 the visiting US President, Jimmy Carter, famously delivered a speech containing the Geordie phrase “Howay the lads!” A stone commemorating the event was placed in the Centre grounds.
The Crown Posada
One of Newcastle’s favourite pubs, the Crown Posada is the second oldest boozer in Toon. The pub is a Grade II listed building with a Victorian exterior, an elaborately panelled entrance, and original stained glass windows. Originally called The Crown, the Spanish word ‘Posada’, meaning inn or resting place, was added in the 19th century when it was owned by a sea captain. Story has it that he had a wife in Spain and kept a mistress in Newcastle who eventually joined him in the pub. Stop in for excellent cask ales, and listen to the Stones, the Beatles or Sinatra played from the pub’s record player from 1941. Find it along The Side, on Newcastle’s fashionable Quayside area.
Dog Leap Stairs
The Dog Leap Stairs lead from the Castle Garth to the Side down a narrow alleyway. The unusual name actually means ‘a narrow slip of ground between houses’. There are a number of historic staircase routes leading from the Quayside into the city centre, each offering wonderful views of the Tyne and the iconic seven bridges crossing the water. According to legend, 18 November 1772 saw John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon and later Lord Chancellor of England, elope with Bessie Surtees on horseback up Dog Leap Stairs. It is said that the Earl used a ladder to take Bessie from her father’s house on the Sandhill, before heading across the border to get married in Scotland. The Dog Leap Stairs are located alongside the Railway Viaduct, and were relocated in the 1890s when the Viaduct was doubled.
Grainger Market is quite the local treasure, known today for its variety of independent stores that offer everything from cakes to vintage couture. Named after Richard Grainger: the builder, developer and entrepreneur who was a key figure in the redevelopment of 19th century Newcastle, the market opened in October 1835 with a celebratory banquet and was to become the largest in Britain with twelve entrances, 243 shops and stalls and two grand ornamental fountains. Unknown to most are the secret tunnels underneath the stalls, thought to have been constructed in the 1930s, most likely to transport coal. The tunnels were put to use in World War II as air raid shelters and the partitions and benches used can still be seen there today. Grainger Market is now a Grade 1 listed Building, and today houses 111 units, employs 800 people and attracts 200,000 shoppers each week.
High Friar Lane
This cut through between Pilgrim Street and Grey Street was once the home to Franciscan Grey Friars who settled here in 1267. By 1580 a grand mansion with gardens and an orchard called the Newe House stood on the site, and in 1647, during the English Civil War, King Charles I was held here for 10 months before his eventual execution. The site is now occupied by the Tyneside Cinema, and High Friar Lane can be found awash with cinemagoers and shoppers escaping for a quiet drink or coffee. Originally conceived as a news theatre by local film entrepreneur, Dixon Scott, the great uncle of the film director Sir Ridley Scott, the cinema opened as ‘Newcastle News Theatre’ on 1st February 1937. Tyneside Cinema has recently refurbished High Friar Lane, adding a canopy of lights, and tables and chairs to provide an alfresco experience.
Grey’s Monument is a Grade 1 listed monument that stands to the North of Grey Street, in heart of Newcastle’s Grainger Town. It was built in 1838 to commemorate Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, and his passing of the Great Reform Act of 1832 which saw the reform of the House of Commons, and, a year later, the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire. In July 1941, during World War II, a bolt of lightning knocked off Grey’s head. It was replaced in 1947, based on the preserved fragments of the original. The column was designed by local architects John and Benjamin Green, and the statue was created by the sculptor Edward Hodges Baily who created Nelson’s statue in Trafalgar Square. In additional to his political achievements he is associated with Earl Grey tea, which is named after him. Today the monument is often the focal point for many rallies and protests.
Home to a wide range of different retailers, banks and cafes, Northumberland Street is a major pedestrianized shopping area in Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1882 Northumberland Street was described as ‘quiet and unpretentious’. When the Tyne Bridge opened in 1928 it lined up with Pilgrim Street and secured Northumberland Street’s place as Newcastle’s principal commercial street, a role originally intended for Grey Street. Shopping really took off in 1932 when Marks and Spencer and C&A moved in, adding to the already popular presence of Fenwick’s.
On all days of the week you’ll find musicians, street performers, artists and even a lady who brings her owl along for photographs. Running between Haymarket and Monument, Northumberland Street is the city’s vibrant hub.
Once an industrial area with a busy commercial dockside and a regular street market, Newcastle’s Quayside has since been heavily redeveloped to provide an environment for the modern arts, music and culture. It is the home of Live Theatre, the music venue Sage Gateshead, the Baltic Contemporary Art Gallery, and houses many restaurants, bars and night clubs as well as the Newcastle Law Courts. One of the Quayside’s main features is the pedestrian Gateshead Millennium Bridge, which opened in 2001, and tilts to allow ships and boats to pass underneath. Other notable buildings on the Quayside include The Customs House, a Grade II listed building built in 1766, and Bessie Surtees’ house, a Grade I listed building and an impressive example of Jacobean architecture. In 1854 the Quayside was mostly destroyed by the Great Fire of Newcastle and Gateshead.
The Response War Memorial
The Response depicts soldiers responding to the call-up for the First World War. Two drummer boys lead the procession and further back are scenes of men taking leave of their wives and children who are torn between distress and patriotic fervour. It was sculpted by Sir William Goscombe John and was unveiled in 1923 by HRH Prince of Wales. The memorial was given by Sir George Renwick (local ship-owner and MP) and Lady Renwick to commemorate the raising of B. Coy. 9th Battalion and the 16th, 18th and 19th Service Battalions Northumberland Fusiliers by the Newcastle and Gateshead Chamber of Commerce, August-October 1914. It bares the inscription: Non sibi sed patriae; Not for self but for country.
St. Mary's Heritage Centre
t to Sage Gateshead where it has stood for over 900 years. One of Gateshead’s last remaining links to its medieval past, until 1825 it was the only Anglican Church in Gateshead and was therefore considered as the “mother church” of Gateshead. In 1340, a sealed cell was built beside the church to house an anchoress (a female hermit who would probably have had teaching duties). A school was established here and provided what was probably the only local access to education for Gateshead’s people until 1870 when a new ‘national’ school was built nearby. Famous for providing care for the poor, today the Grade 1 listed Church offers a programme of exhibitions and activities, focussing on local history.
St. Nicholas Cathedral
St Nicholas is the Cathedral for the Church of England Diocese of Newcastle, which stretches from the River Tyne to the River Tweed. Founded in 1091, the Norman Church was destroyed by fire in 1216 and the current building was completed in 1350. Heavily restored in 1777, the building was raised to Cathedral status in 1882. The Cathedral is named after St Nicholas, the patron saint of sailors and boats, and for hundreds of years it was a main navigation point for ships using the River Tyne. The Church continues to offer daily Christian prayer and worship, and is the seat of the Bishop of Newcastle.
The Swing Bridge
The Swing Bridge is located over the River Tyne and connects Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead. It was built by the River Tyne Commission and was designed to revolve on its axis to allow the largest ships of the time to pass through and travel upriver as part of their plan to improve navigation and expand trade. The bridge was designed and constructed by Sir W.G. Armstrong and Company Limited of Elswick, and opened on 15th June 1876. The hydraulic power still used to move the bridge is today derived from electrically driven pumps. These feed a hydraulic accumulator sunk into a 60ft shaft below the bridge; the water is then released under pressure which runs the machinery to turn the bridge. The Swing Bridge occupies virtually the same site as a bridge built in AD120 by the Roman emperor Hadrian. Today, it has a Grade II listed heritage status.
Haymarket’s ‘Winged Victory’ war memorial was unveiled in 1908 to commemorate the 373 men in Northumbrian regiments who lost their lives during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). The bronze figure of Victory was designed by Thomas Eyre Macklin. The 70ft column is built from Cragside Stone that was donated by Lord Armstrong. An estimated 300,000 horses also died in British service.


The life story of Queen Seondeok, the first queen of the Korean people during the Silla Dynasty.
Other Name: 선덕여왕
Released: May. 25, 2009
Genres: Drama, History
Cast: Kim Nam-gil, Ko Hyun-jung, Lee Hyun-woo, Lee Yo-won, Nam Ji-hyun, Park Ye-jin, Qri, Shin Se-kyung, Uhm Tae-woong, Yoo Seung-ho


Walt Awarded PMOF!
WALTER ELIAS DISNEY
Awarded by President Lyndon B. Johnson September 14, 1964/p>
here for a detailed view of medal
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is America’s highest civilian award and, among all American honors, it ranks second to only the Congressional Medal of Honor the nation’s highest military award. This great honor is reserved for individuals the President deems to have made especially meritorious contributions to the security or national interests of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors. Though it may be awarded for singular acts of momentous import, it is generally conferred only for a lifetime of service or at the conclusion of a distinguished career. For more information on the PMOF


Plastic’s 100th Year Anniversary in #Japan
In 1907, Leo Baekeland developed Bakelite, the first thermoset plastic. In 1911, Sankyo Company offered the first commercially available Bakelite in Japan, and the Japanese plastics industry was officially launched. For the polymer’s centennial anniversary, Sumitomo Bakelite Co.—inheritor of the patents from parent company Sankyo—sponsored an exhibit entitled “Plastic’s 100th Year Anniversary in Japan,” which was held in Tokyo from December 22-25, 2011.
Architect and materials researcher Hiroshi Ota designed the exhibition in collaboration with curators Miki Fukuda and Yukiko Shikata, housing a collection of innovative plastic products and materials within a hexagonal plastic display structure with cells of varying scales. Although the exhibition only lasted four days, it received over 2,000 visitors—a testament to the continued adoration of polymers in this future-focused culture.
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MALAGA AIRPORT - HISTORY
History | Airport Growth | Military Period
Malaga Airport is the Spanish oldest Airport and stayed ion its original location.
Its beginnings were the 9th of March of 1919 while a Salmson 2A Airplane was over flying the city and finding a place where to land. This place was a Land called "El Rompedizo".
Pierre Latécoére was Its occupant , who for that time was looking for locations in Spain to install diferent aerodromes with the objective to establish a commercial airline, that would join France with its African Colonies through Spain and afterwards to South America.
After some test flights, the 1 of September of 1919, Didier Daurat, future First Director of Malaga aerodrome was inaugurating the regular services, Toulouse, Barcelona, Alicante, Malaga, Tanger, Casablanca.
In 1937, Malaga Airport was converted into a Military Base and on its ground were located the Air Force Schools of: the Crew, Observants and Specialist of the Air Force.
The 12 of July of 1946, the airport was opened to national and international traffic and costums classified. In 1948 the civil passengers station was inaugurated.
During 1960, the airport experiences radical big changes. The enlargement of the run way and the building of a parallel one, a new Passenger terminal, an Air traffic control tower and an Electric Power generator were the protects to built at that time.
These works were complemented with the installing of different navigation system: one VASIS, one VOR in 1965, AN ILS in 1966 and one RADAR in 1970.
El ROMPEDIZO or GARCIA MORATO were the names used to mention the old airport. In September of 1965 it is called officially AEROPUERTO de MALAGA, which actually still keeps. The new passenger Terminal was inaugurated the 29th of January of 1968, and intermediately were transfer the national and international services from the provisional station to the new one.
The growth of no regular flights obligate to built an specific Terminal called " modular station for none regular traffic". The new building is identical as the ones built in Palma, Girona, Alicante and Ibiza and were inaugurated the 30 of June of 1972.
The persistent growth of air traffic in the area brought the necessity to build another terminal that finally was inaugurated the 30 of November of 1991 with the name of Pablo Ruiz Picasso. It was designed by the architect Ricardo Bofia. The terminal has two levels, one for arrivals and the other one for departures which are connected operatively and physically to the old terminal.
To complete the Terminal, for the summer of 1995 was finished the building of a Parking which conects with the passenger terminal and i the car hire services.
In 1995 starts the rebuilding and restoration of the old passengers terminal, to be in the future the General Aviation Terminal. In the north area of the airport was build an hangar for the maintenance of big airplanes and next to it a Terminal for customs (merchandise). Both entered in service in 1996.
In 1997 was made a new enlargement of the airplanes parking and simulteneously was endowed with a fuel providing system for all positions associated with the telescopic runways.
In November of 2002, the airport gives another step with the inauguration of a new Control Tower , with the newest and latest technology and incorporates for the first time in a Tower the VICTOR system. This system allowes the visual presentation of all necessary details in a unique console which makes easier and quicker the operation work of the controller.
In 2004 was created the Malaga PLan: The building of a new terminal, a Parking and the enlargement of a new flight field. All that to attend the increasing number of passenger and the growing of tourism at the Costa del Sol.
The 18 of July of 1936, at the beginnings of the Spanish Civil War, the airport was transformed in a Air force base under the command of Republican Don Abelardo Moreno Miró.
The republicans occupy the airport until their fall, the 8 of February of 1937 when the capital was taken by the national force. Immediately the aviation Campus was functioning under the direction of the national force and used for their own benefit..
Now a days the Air force Base of San Julián, Military Platform of Malaga Airport, is situated just in front of the civil terminal.
Unlike the republicans, the nationals used the Aerodrome for logistic and for only military support because of the moving away from the firing line. From the moment the franquistas took over the aerodrome they were any bombings anymore and no airplanes flew away with destructive objectives.
Because of its scarce activity, was decided to create a Tripulants, observations and Specialist School in view of the lack of this type of personal in the National Air force.
Don Francisco Iglesias Brage, the 9 of February of 1938, inaugurated the new Base, the 9 schools and a new Control Tower.
At that time there was a big variety of airplanes based at Malaga: Heinkel HE-46 y HE-43, Bucker BU-131 or Junkers JU-52. All of them destiny to the training missions of the Observatories, tripulants and specialists of the new Spanish Air force.
At the end of the Civil War the aerodrome acquires the condition of Military Air Base, and starts exclusively to operate from "el rompedizo" the Italian civil airline L'Ala Littoria.
In the fifties the Air Base suffers some changes on its denomination. The aviation campus was classified as permanent aerodrome in January 1950, but one year later was converted into an Air Base.
Also that year, was transfer the Specialist School to the Air Maestranza from León and in 1957 disapeares the Observatories School.
In 1959 was transfer to Malaga the Ala 27 from Morón de la Frontera, compound of an air fleet of 36 bombers Heinkel 111, which stay until 1967. Afterwards was build the 515 squadron, integrated by E-9 Iberavia, T-6 Texan and Junkers Ju-52 still on duty.
Three years after, arrives the squadron 205, but already some months after was dissolved. The last squadron should be the 515, dissolved in 1973. Since that year and and until today, that Base has the denomination of "Unidad Aérea de Apoyo Operativo".
Now a Days the Chief of the Air Base of San Julián is also Chief of the Air sector of Malaga and the Military Air Commandant's of Malaga Airport.
Inside its instalations is situated the Center of of Microwaves maintenance Nº22 depending of the squadron of icrowaves Nº2 of Seville, which has the mission to maintenance the Militar Comunications network.
Inside the Base are found permanently the Helicopters of the National Police and the Civil Guard, with temporal caracter, making presence every summer since the year 2000 with two airplanes in July and August end one in June and September of the 43 Group from the Air force, with Fire fighters Airplanes Canadair CL-215T, for the extinguishment of possible fires in all Anadalusia.
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The Hungarian banking reform occurred 35 years ago – What did it bring?
The socialist dogma was that money supply can be regulated only if not just central banking, but also commercial banking functions are fulfilled centralised, under the control of the state. The bank of the country was the Hungarian national Bank (MNB according to its Hungarian name) which held a monopoly not only over central banking but also over international financial operations and the bulk of lending to companies. The bank of individuals was the National Savings Bank (OTP), also under strict state control and with exclusive rights. Only some specialised financial institutions were operating: the Hungarian Foreign Trade Bank was the bank of foreign trade companies, Pénzintézeti Központ kept the bank stubs retained from the commercial banking system from before the socialist takeover and some limited, mainly inter-state financial operations like the reimbursement of claims of holocaust survivors from Western Germany (this also lost its “Western” epithet). The State Development Bank (ÁFB) was, besides advising the Ministry of Finance on investment matters, financing state projects and objectives (energy savings among them). The Budapesti Hitelbank (Budapest Credit Bank) was also independent only nominally and Hungarian banks abroad were subsidiaries of the National Bank. Liberalisation started with the so-called small banks which were destined to remedy the lack of innovation funds, also under strict control but not directly owned by the state.
At the same time both the need to complete the “New economic mechanism” of 1968, giving limited independence to enterprises (which could only be slowed down but not stopped by the conservative wave of the mid-seventies) and the opinion of the advisors from the World Bank (which Hungary joined the early eighties) pointed out the need to create a mechanism to foster the efficient use of capital. There were three directions to follow: make competition more free, liberalise ownership and make financing more flexible. Political conditions did not enable to follow the first two, on the other hand it was accepted that indirect economic governance can be applied also in the financial system. The MNB, on their side, were reluctant to give up their lending quasi-monopoly, and tried to prevent further changes, by creating sectoral directorates within its organisation to simulate the separation of central banking and commercial banking functions. These directorates became later the basis of the three big commercial banks.
The road was of course not so easy. Although following the oil crisis of the late seventies, the need arose to increase the dynamics of the economy by improving economic motivation and thus liberalisation, as soon as the pressure was eased in the early eighties, opponents of reforms gained the upper hand. But then came Afghanistan and the credit crunch with it and Hungary joined the Bretton-Woods system in 1982, i.e. the World Bank and the IMF. The reform was on the agenda without political undertones in the years which followed, Company councils (self-management organisations simulating boards of owners) were introduced in 1986 and the banking system was reformed in January 1987, followed by a tax reform in 1988.
Meanwhile also foreign banks got an – although limited – possibility to start. The Central European International Bank was first an offshore bank, like the Hungarian subsidiary of Citibank also. These banks financed mainly the exports of blue chip companies in foreign (convertible) currencies. Bulk of the banking services for companies remained the remit of the three big commercial banks created from the sectoral directorates of the Hungarian National Bank, the most critical monopoly being keeping current accounts while retail accounts remained the prerogative of OTP. Lending was subject to minutious quantitative regulation. Thus, lending was only possible using the refinancing loans of the MNB and thus the central bank, and through it economic policy could still keep money supply in hand. Two areas were taboo for domestic banks: retail banking and foreign currency operations as the managers of economic policy were worried that by letting these two areas free they would lose control over the economy – over retail savings and loans and the balance of payments. It is easy to say with hindsight that the worries were unfounded but the limitations weakened significantly the competitivity and resilience of the banks.
Foreign exchange limitations did not bind the foreign banks. A new foreign-owned bank was created the first of January 1987: the Unicbank as joint venture of German and Austrian cooperative banks, IFC, a member of the World Bank group and some Hungarian banks became the first foreign bank also licensed for domestic operations. The Citibank subsidiary, offshore till then, also started its domestic operations soon, while CIB only established its domestic banking subsidiary in 1988. MKB, the Hungarian Foreign Trade Bank, also gradually extended its activities for domestic enterprises.
Interinvest, supporting foreign trade deals with no quite banking but basically financing transactions, became Interbank, later, until the merger of IBSP and Intesa: Inter-Európa Bank). The Italian Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino acquired part of its capital in 1989. The “small” innovation banks continued to operate and slowly some subsidiaries were created (Merkantil Bank by OKHB, now K&H, European Commercial Bank with the participation of OTP). Still, the really important players of the two-level banking system became the three big banks separated from the MNB. This is characterised by the fact that K&H, created from the merger after the acquisition by foreign owners of two of them and the third, Budapest Bank, are still significant competitors in the Hungarian banking market.
The reason is that the financing of enterprises was shared between these banks, retaining greatly the distribution of tasks within the National Bank: Magyar Hitel Bank (Hungarian Credit Bank, MHB) inherited most of the industry, the OKHB the trade and agriculture while Budapest Bank received the mining and energy sector among the companies linked to the headquarters. This latter, however, also received the portfolio of Budapesti Hitelbank, i.e. small and medium enterprises seated in central Hungary and in the capital. The branches in the countryside were also distributed between the three banks, thereby somewhat diversifying their clientele, the concentration of their portfolio by sectors nevertheless caused problems for them.
It would be difficult to find a more diverse triad than the chief executives of the three banks: Sándor Demján, head of MHB was a seasoned businessman, his previous successes, however, were not just due to his business acumen, but his good possibilities within the socialist system, heading a cooperative department store chain (Skála). His professional past was linked more to the cooperative sector, de did not have huge industrial experience, in particular not linked to the heavy industry. His objectives for the bank were also oriented to dealmaking and growth and did not worry much about risks. Hungarian industry was heavily burdened with risks, however, in the eighties and nineties, the structural changes put many of these companies on the dry.
The second bank was deputy president of MNB before, he lead the directorate handling the portfolio inherited by his bank, OKHB. He assembled mostly his ex-colleagues in management. Lajos Bokros, who took over Budapest Bank after Oszkár Hegedűs, ex-chief of Budapesti Hitelbank, was at the research institute of the Ministry of Finance (Pénzügykutató) before. He was heavily involved in working out the theory and structure of the banking reform (together with László Asztalos, who headed later the supervisory authority for insurance companies and with György Surányi, later president of the National Bank), he also published many articles about it.
The difficulties of the big banks and also some small banks soon faced, were conditioned not just by the quality of the portfolios and the management, but also that of staff. Mr Demján motivated his management team in MHB very successfully, but this also meant that they also aligned themselves with the “dealmaking and growth” philosophy of their boss. The team of OKHB was good in administration but they did not excel in managing the product and client portfolio. The mining and energy companies of Budapest Bank were not success stories either but they represented a smaller part and were less in trouble due to their strategic importance. My impression was also at that time that the internal regulations of this bank were more systematic than that of the others.
Other background institutions followed the banking reform with delay. Interbank payments were settled for some years by the National Bank, the independent Giro system followed in the early 90s. Regulation was entrusted to the Bank Supervision reporting to the Minister of Finance, but the National Bank also maintained a “Banking Department”, managing also liquidity. Their activity could be discussed in a separate article. They were also in a learning mode and did not have much power. Making the write-offs of banks tax-free, introduction of audits, whether the clients of banks can also be shareholders were discussion points among others.
Professional training was not all-important for a while. Although the National Bank received funds from the World Bank, this was allocated to the commercial banks only slowly and were not sufficient to re-train a whole generation of professionals. The Banking Training Centre (Bankárképző) was created independently from the reform (although also mainly from World Bank funds) and only two years after it. First they delivered courses of the French bank training centre and it was not easy to find Hungarian lecturers in all areas either.
At least the theory of the two of the most important domains, financial markets and liquidity management, but advanced corporate risk was virtually unknown to everyone. In fact the interbank financial market also took off slowly and there were no financial markets requiring more sophisticated knowledge, the main source was refinancing loan (from the MNB) and this was limited only quantitatively (as mentioned, to limit money supply).
Company rating was limited to the three “World Bank ratios” (liquidity, debt service coverage and leverage) – few had the occasion to work together with the analysts of the IBRD and acquaint themselves with more details –, it is typical that the textbook about the methodology of World Bank appraisal was written by an outstanding economic theorists, János Kornai, of course from the viewpoint of his theoretical approach.
Analysing company management seemed to be mundane for many while these managers had to guide their companies through murky waters, bound even by a lot of limitations. The problem of non-diversified portfolios came to light in this phase, so no wonder that the quality of the lending portfolios deteriorated fast, and the banks had to be rescued soon.
The technical background was also weak, modernisation was prepared in two banks, but it happened only much later – the foreign owners entering the scene during privatisation had enough money, will and opportunity –, we should not forget that we talk about the eighties when shortage of convertible currency, ideological worries and sometimes even the COCOM list hindered the acquisition of western technologies.
All this was true not just for the three big banks but also for the small innovation banks. They were created besides a bank (mainly the State Development Bank, less the MNB) by sectoral ministries. Therefore there were separate innovation banks for agriculture, industry, industrial cooperatives, construction (the General Venture Bank established by the National Bank was a notable exception) and therefore their portfolio was also not diversified. The problems of enterprises with a similar profile appeared simultaneously. Financing innovation carries a higher risk anyway, in particular if political interference also distorts decisions.
Banking attracted at that time also adventurers, and fraud also played a role that the Hungarian banking systems faced the system change weakened and could survive the further shocks of it only by state capital injections and subsequent involvement of foreign strategic investors – even so, not all succeeded. For example, ABN AMRO had to sell ABN-Amro Hungary, created from MHB, to its competitor to create the K&H Bank of today.
The surviving small banks were bought up by foreign banks and either developed further or, like Erste Bank created from the merger of Mezőbank and Agrobank (two agricultural innovation banks, the second becoming insolvent in 1994, before the merger), were the basis of a further acquisition, in this case of the Postbank. After the system change and privatisation some became thus foreign-owned, others disappeared (either because the buyer then left the market or as they did not find a suitable buyer). Ybl bank (the construction innovation bank, named after the builder of the Opera house, St Stephen’s Basilica and other notable Hungarian buildings of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries) almost collapsed in 1992 due to the manipulations of its management and owners, became part of the Budapest Bank group but could not survive even so.
The relative advantage of the commercial banking and the complementary innovation banks in developing the economy was compensated by the structural weaknesses of the banking system (and of the economy) and therefore the banks could bear the system change and the associated shocks only the hard way, and could survive – even that not all of them – with a capital injection by the state and the contribution of foreign owners.
László S. Szabó
The author wants to thank Miklós Pulai, Júlia Király, Rezső Nyers Jr., Péter Felcsuti, Klára Csoór, Tamás Rusznák, György Iványi, Andrea Alpár and other past bank managers, as well as the authors of the book „The History of the Hungarian Baking Association” for sharing their views and memories with him.
This article reflects the views of the author, which do not necessarily reflect those of the Portfolio editorial team.
Cover photo: Shutterstock


York is home to many attractions that will entertain and delight the whole family. Visit the National Railway Museum where you can see locomotives from the past 300 years and over a million wonderful objects to marvel at.
Take a trip to The York Dungeon and enjoy a 75-minute journey into over 2000 years of York’s horrible history, with theatrical actors and amazing special effects offering a unique walkthrough experience.
York Minster is York’s world-class cathedral; with medieval stained glass and impressive stone masterpieces, it’s well worth a visit. Climb the 275 steps up the Central Tower to experience the best panoramic views of York from the highest point in the city.
The Jorvik Viking Centre reopened in April 2017 following a multi-million-pound improvement and is a great day for the whole family. Embark on a fascinating day of discovery with an updated ride experience and refreshed, state of the art galleries, displaying a unique collection of Viking artefacts.
York is the UK home of chocolate so head over to York’s Chocolate Story to discover the history behind some of the greatest names in chocolate, including Rowntrees and Terry’s. You can unwrap the secrets of chocolate making and even learn the art of the chocolatier yourself. Enjoy a fully guided tour and three floors of interactive exploration.


A timely reblog for the 17th day of Ramadhan 🙂
JUST a couple of days ago, it was the 17th day of Ramadhan 2013…
…and over 1400 years ago, also on the 17th of Ramadhan 2 A.H. the Great Expedition of Badr – the first battle of the Prophet (saw) – took place. It is so significant that Allah mentioned this battle in the Qur’an and gave it a special name – ‘The Day of Distinguishing.’ Allah says:
‘If you believe in Allah and what We sent down on Our servant on the Day of Distinguishing, the day the two hosts met.’ (8: 41)
We all know its story and how Allah granted victory to Prophet Muhammad (saw) and his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) on that day. But what lessons can we learn from this battle that are relevant to our lives today?
* Key events of the Battle *
The full account of the Battle…
View original post 3,478 more words


On December 29, 1890, some U.S. soldiers massacred a bunch of men, women, and children at Wounded Knee in South Dakota. The military had forced a band of Lakota to camp there that night. In the morning, a cavalry regiment arrived and surrounded the camp. "One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle claiming he had paid a lot for it." A shot went off and the cavalry opened fire with four Hotchkiss guns, which are these really sinister looking revolving cannons. Between 150 and 300 natives were killed and 51 were wounded. As always, the number of "enemy combatants" killed is indeterminate. On the other hand, exactly 25 American imperialists died (mostly due to friendly fire) and 39 were wounded (six of whom later died of their wounds). The Army subsequently awarded 25 Medals of Honor, which is a fucking travesty. I'd like to take this opportunity to point out that the U.S. police nowadays operate as a domestic military force, not massacring citizens, of course, but sometimes executing unarmed dissidents or undesirables (as the unarmed fleeing Lakota were executed), and recently and very publicly attacking peaceful protestors.
Just as Wounded Knee was an exemplary incident in the larger project of genocide in the Americas, so too is the systemic oppression of nonhuman animals exemplified by a program initiated on December 29, 1997 in Hong Kong. In order to stop the spread of a potentially lethal strain of influenza, all 1.25 million chickens on the island were killed. Over one million animals who were alive only to be killed for food, who would rather have lived, were killed in short order so that their potentially weaponized bodies wouldn't be able to kill even one human. This is the price of gustatory satisfaction.
My mom made applesauce for dessert tonight. It was really good.
prep. time: approx. 20-25 min.
5 Granny Smith apples, peeled and sliced
3/4 c. water
1/2 tsp. cinnamon
1. Throw everything in a pot over medium heat. Let it reach a rolling boil, then cut the heat and let sit for awhile. The apples should break down on their own.
I wrote something for the Huffington Post. Not a particular good piece of writing, but sometimes I like to order a few ideas for further reference: "Some Fragments of a Call."
While the video doesn't get me going, I really like this Lee Noble song, "Parents."


- Software name: appdown
- Software type: Microsoft Framwork
- size: 263MB
But Louis refused, and when the ruffians surrounded the chateau, forbade them to be fired on,  which order, when they heard, they began to massacre the gardes-du-corps, who were not allowed to defend themselves!Youthful spirits have a natural buoyancy that floats them easily over the first wave of trouble, however severe. It is the long succession of wearing disappointments and corroding griefs, of anxious days and restless nights, of abortive aims and hopes deferred, which finally overcomes their lightsomeness, and sinks them fathoms deep under a smooth-flowing surface of gentle cheerfulness, a teasing ebb and flow of worriment, or an icy plane of despair.
It was the aim of Prince Charles to get between Fredericks encampment at Chrudim and his French allies, under Marshal Broglio, at Prague. When discovered by Frederick, the Austrian army was on the rapid march along a line about fifteen miles nearly southwest of Chrudim. It thus threatened to cut Fredericks communication with Prague, which was on the Moldau, about sixty miles west of the Prussian encampment. The310 forces now gathering for a decisive battle were nearly equal. The reader would not be interested in the description of the strategic and tactical movements of the next two days. The leaders of both parties, with great military sagacity, were accumulating and concentrating their forces for a conflict, which, under the circumstances, would doubtless prove ruinous to the one or the other. A battle upon that open plain, with equal forces, was of the nature of a duel, in which one or the other of the combatants must fall.
The unhappy Prince of Prussia, on his dying bed, wrote a very touching letter to his brother Frederick, remonstrating against his conduct, which was not only filling Europe with blood and misery, but which was also imperiling the existence of the Prussian kingdom.Well! Was I wrong? Here is your sisters husband. Go together to Saint-Germain, and dont let me see either of you until everything is arranged. I hate all talk of money affairs.
They stopped at Puy, where they found awaiting them at the inn a certain old Dr. Sauzey, who had been born on an estate of M. de Beaune, and cherished a deep attachment for the Montagu family. He still practised in the neighbourhood where he attended the poor for nothing, knew every man, woman, and child for miles round, was beloved by them all, and very influential among them. He knew all the peasants and country people who had bought land belonging to the Montagu family, and had so lectured and persuaded them that numbers now came forward and offered to sell it back at a very moderate price. The good old doctor even advanced the money to pay them at once, and having settled their affairs in Vlay they passed on to Auvergne.


Former MSUM president Roland Dille will be honored with the fourth Clay County Heritage Award, presented by the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County, at 6 p.m. Oct. 28 at the Hjemkomst Center in Moorhead.
“Each year we select an individual or group who has done good work in preserving history and culture in Clay County,” said Maureen Kelly Jonason, executive director of the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County. Previous award-winners have been musician Bobby Vee, the Georgetown Community Affairs Committee and Concordia history professor Hiram Drache.
Dille was the longest-running MSUM president, serving from 1968 to 1994. While at MSUM, he co-founded Tri-College University, served as president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, was a member of the National Council of the Humanities and was acting chancellor of MnSCU.
In addition to his work at MSUM, Dille has served Clay County in many ways, including lobbying for the Hjemkomst Center to be built in 1986.
“As a long-time member of the (Red River Heritage) Society, he spoke for having the center built,” Jonason said.
He has contributed to the community as a long-time member of the Moorhead Rotary Club, a former board chair of the previous Moorhead Area Chamber of Commerce, and has served as a member of the boards of several historical societies, including the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County.
The Clay County Heritage Award is not the first recognition Dille has received. At MSUM, his name has been given to the Roland Dille Center for the Arts, the Dille Fund for Excellence and the Roland and Beth Dille Distinguished Faculty Lecturer Award.
To purchase tickets to the gala where the award will be presented, call 218.299.5511. Tickets are $45 in advance, $50 at the door or $320 for a table of eight.


Pakistan is a wonderful country to visit with its abundance of nature and memorable places to visit. An insight into these memorable places will help you understand what awaits you in this incredible destination. Here are a few must visit spots that you need to know about if you are planning a trip to Pakistan:
Shah Faisal Mosque: Located in Islamabad, the Faisal Mosque is the largest mosque of Pakistan. Designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect, this mosque adopts the shape of a desert Bedouin’s tent and represents an iconic symbol across the world. The location of this mosque makes it very picturesque with the view of the Margalla Hills as the backdrop. The mosque was named after Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz, the late king of Saudi Arabia as he financed and supported the project.
Taxila Museum: If you are a person who loves history, you will fall in love with the Taxila Museum, located at Taxila, Rawalpindi. Located at one of the historical sites that date back to the 600 or 700 BC, this museum has a rare collection of the Gandharan art. There are about 4000 objects on display and they include stones, terracotta, stucco, iron, gold, silver and various semiprecious stones. You will see many objects that belonged to the period between 600 BC and 500 AD. Most of these objects represent the religions of Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism.
Sunehri Masjid: Sunehri Masjid of Lahore is another place to visit. You will be amazed by its gold-plated minarets and those three gilded domes, which still shine quite brightly.
Mausoleum of Sheikh Rukn-i-alam: Sheikh Rukn-i-alam was a pious scholar known as the patron saint of Multan. This beautiful structure built out of timber and red-brick was offered by the son of Tughlaq king Ghiyasud as the resting place for the saint.
Moenjodaro city: This is one place you would love if you are an archaeology buff. You will get to see about 1/3rd area of the city which is not yet excavated. However, it might require some efforts to get there.
Swat Museum: This museum in Saidu Sharif will give you an insight into the life of Buddha with its tiny reliquaries, seals and various other treasures collected from Udegram and Butkara No.1. You will also get to see many pre-Buddhist artefacts, apart from the ethnographic gallery that displays traditionally carved Swati furniture, wonderful embroideries and exquisite pieces of jewelry. The museum was funded partly by the Japanese.
Baltit fort: Located in the Hunza valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, this ancient fort was renovated by master craftsmen of Balti who were brought by the princess of Baltistan as a part of her dowry, when she got married to the local prince.
Purple Haze: Purple Haze refers to an eatery that attracts many youngsters who want to look at the hip side of Karachi. Dimly lit and plush, this place has Wi-Fi and hosts live music on weekends. Food is mainly of Western and fusion styles with noodles, burgers, cheesecakes and wonderful coffee.
Quaid-i-azam Mausoleum: This structure is dedicated to the founder of Pakistan, Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Situated in a small park atop a stepped pyramid, this mausoleum adopts a curiously shaped structure that attracts many.
A holiday to Pakistan can be arranged from as little as £400 return with average hotel prices @ around £50 per night per room, there is much to explore in Pakistan, there are great opportunities for an all round great holiday experience.


In 1935 Mr. Vitale Rossi leaves from Agordo and arrives in Venice to start a new experience in the family sausage factory in San Stae. On the 14th of May 1949 he started his first business in Fondamenta Pescaria at the number 1768. In 1955 together with his wife he moved here and established the “Salumificio Rossi Vitale”. In the 80s his children Giorgio, Carla, Stefano and Paolo joined the family business. Their activity started by selecting the pigs in the Venetian countryside. They were then brought to the slaughterhouse of San Giobbe that slaughtered around 25 pigs a week. Later the pigs were taken to the sausage factory to be processed into various products. With the wholesale they supplied restaurants, bars, delicatessen, bakeries and boarding schools in Venice, Mestre and Treviso area. The 2nd of August 2003, after 50 years of work the “Salumificio Rossi Vitale” closed the business. In 2009 the Digital Printing Centre “Al Canal”, with Mrs. Anna priceless help, starts a recovery plan of building and equiments to enhance the historical value of the structure.


Mills on the Air 2023
Following on from the event the Club has been thanked by the Comb Mill Steam museum and have been asked if we could attend other steaming events, especially if we could attend the forthcoming military history event with some ex military equipment. We have also been asked if we could provide a working crystal set for the children's activity area. We have been invited back for next Year's Mills on the Air event. Ron G8DCX.
Mills on the Air B.A.R.S will be activating Coomb Mill Steam museum (near Blenheim Palace Oxfordshire). Dates 13th and 14th of May. Watch this space for further news.
Two Club members have visited the Mill and met the volunteers running the museum. We were made most welcome and the museum is very interesting, being both a water mill and steam driven one. It is a working mill open on specific Sundays for steam operation. Many exhibits and old working skills on display and demonstrated. Wednesdays are volunteers days. The Cafe is open on those days and on Steaming Suindays.
Photographs taken and the site measured for our planning purposes.


||1901: THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LAGOSTINA "SAGA"
Originating from Italy, Lagostina was born in 1901 in Omegna. It is in that region located on the banks of the Orta lake – one of the large sub -alpine lakes of northern Italy – that Carlo Lagostina and his son Emilio became the founding fathers of what has become the Lagostina “saga”.
Passionate about nature and in love with their birth region, the two men were visionaries. Refusing to simply remain spectators in front of the industrial world opening before them, Emilio, under the impulse of his ambitious father, became an engineer.
Quickly, Lagostina became a renowned brand with an expertise in manufacturing tinplated cookware.
1932-1956: AN INCREDIBLE ASCENSION
From the beginning of the 30s, close to 30 000 pieces were manufactured daily.
The Lagostina family took time to develop and ensure business prosperity. Massimo Lagostina, the founder’s grandnephew, discovered the first stainless steel plate at the Milan Trade Show of 1929. He quickly understood the importance and interest of this work material for culinary arts. Massimo innovated and launched the first cookware made of stainless steel.
Pioneering and persistent, the Lagostina family didn’t stop there. In 1933, stainless steel pans came out, followed by a first collection, “Casa Mia”, in 1934. Success was unanimous and the line was exhibited at the MOMA in New York.
During this time, clients for stainless steel cookware were mostly communities, hospitals, ship liners, and major department stores (Rinascente). But also a few retailers, mostly in Piedmont and Lombardy.
1956 - 1971: A NEW ERA
The years 1956-1957 brought a fundamental change: time to stop manufacturing tinplated had come. A key step for Lagostina: manual manufacturing left way to mechanical process.
Inflexible, Lagostina continued to develop and launched “Thermoplan” the first thermo-diffuser bottom. This exclusive process ensures perfect heat conductibility all around the bottom of the cookware.
In 1960, the Lagostina pressure-cooker took front and centre stage: unique, it is equipped with a closing and opening system that is still owned by the brand: flexible handle and lid.
Lagostina also singles itself out with innovative and humoristic communication: Osvaldo Cavandoli’s line is a perfect example.
Famous designers reinforced the positioning of the brand through original creations: Carlo Mazzeri and the Moon Line® handles, the Thermoplan® bottom and kettle, and Pierre Cardin’s stackable cutlery from 1970. The collections’ diversity strongly marks this period. Innovation, modernity and tradition become the key words of this ambitious approach initiated by Lagostina.
1971 - 2004: A COHERENT EVOLUTION
Anxious to meet the most demanding expectations in cooking matters, the Italian brand adapts its production in accordance with the evolution of cooking trends:
• 1980: new function on the pressure-cooker: “steam cooking”
• 1986: conception of “Pastaoila”, a pot specifically designed to cook and drain pasta
• 2000: launch of the glamorous “Academy – Five Ply” line, which became as emblematic as “Casa Mia” in its day.