It is said that history is written by the victors. Sadly, they often forget to list famous dog names in history books. We can’t have that, so we’ve compiled a list of top 9 famous dogs in history to give them justice. If you are also interested in famous dog names from movies, we invite you to view our blog: 12 most famous dogs from movies and TV series.
Table of Contents
Top famous female dog names in history
Laika, the Space dog (mixed breed)
We decided to start our list with one of the most famous female dog names in history – the beloved astronaut, Laika. She could even be the most famous dog in the world.
Laika was a stray and a mixed breed seemingly between a Husky or Samoyed and a Terrier. She was chosen to board Sputnik 2, a Soviet spacecraft launched into space on November 3rd, 1957. Laika was the first animal launched into orbit and the first living creature to orbit the Earth.
As little has been known about the effects of space travel, she was sadly not expected to survive the ordeal and there were no means set in place for her return to Earth. Due to the Space race between the US and the Soviet Union, ethical issues with animal experimentation have sadly been overshadowed.
Even though her story is not a happy one, we salute her and thank her for her (unwilling) sacrifice. Her contribution paved the way for further research in human spaceflight.
Sallie, the American Civil War Mascot (American Staffordshire Terrier)
Sallie Ann Jarrett (or Sallie for short) was born in spring 1861 and is postulated to be a breed closest to today’s American Staffordshire Terrier. She was gifted to Capt. William R. Terry, the captain of the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry. During their training, Sallie had participated in their drills and even joined the color guard for dress parade.
But she wasn’t just a show pooch – Sallie followed her fellow soldiers to battle every single time and fought at the front lines. During the first day at Gettysburg (1863), Sallie was separated from her platoon. She was found 3 days later at the battle site, still guarding wounded and dead fellow soldiers.
Sallie was shot during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (1864). Even though the bullet couldn’t be removed surgically it was expelled naturally and she survived. Sadly, she wasn’t as lucky during the Union advance at Hatcher’s Run (1865), where she succumbed to another bullet wound.
During her time with the regiment, Sallie even birthed 5 litters of pups to top everything off. Talk about a working mama!
Smoky, the First Therapy Dog (Yorkshire Terrier)
Smoky was a tiny Yorkshire Terrier born in 1943. She was found by an American soldier in a jungle in New Guinea. Smoky was later sold during a poker game to Corporal William A. Wynne for 2 Australian pounds.
Smoky accompanied Wynne and was even credited with 12 combat missions and received 8 battle stars. Even 150 air raids, parachuting and a typhoon couldn’t stop her.
Wynne called her “angel from a foxhole” after warning him of incoming shells and guiding him to safety, effectively saving his life.
During their downtime, she learned a lot of tricks to entertain the troops along with Special Services. As she wasn’t an official war dog, she didn’t have access to veterinary medicine or a special balanced diet, but she has never fallen ill.
When Wynne contracted the dengue fever in 1944, he smuggled her into the hospital. With her tricks and simply her presence, she boosted the morale among the soldiers in the hospital. Dr. Charles Mayo allowed Smoky to stay and even do rounds.
As such, Smoky is considered to be the first therapy dog. The news of the positive effects of her presence had spread to other hospitals. Soon after therapy dogs were also used to treat depression and PTSD.
After the war, Smoky continued to be a therapy dog and became even more famous. Over the next 10 years, they traveled the world showing off her amazing skills. Smoky knew so many tricks, that she performed in 42 TV shows without repeating them. She could even walk a tightrope blindfolded!
Smoky unexpectedly died in 1957 at the beautiful age of 14.
Buddy, the First Guide Dog (German Shepard)
Buddy was a female German Shepherd trained at Fortunate Fields, a training school established by Dorothy Harrison Eustis, an American dog breeder living in Switzerland. Eustis first trained German Shepherds to be police dogs. She witnessed a school in Germany training dogs to be guide dogs for blinded vets and decided to write an article about it. The article was suitably named “The Seeing Eye” and was published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1927.
A lot of people contacted her regarding the article, one of them being Morris Frank. Frank asked her about the school, the trainers, where he could get a dog like that and offered to forward the work in the US. As Frank was blind and in need of a guide dog himself, Eustis invited him to Fortunate Fields.
Frank was partnered with a female German Shepard named Kiss. He swiftly renamed her to Buddy to go more with his image. At the school, he was trained on how to work with her by Elliot “Jack” Humphrey. In June 1928 he returned with Buddy to New York City.
Upon their return, Frank immediately spread the word about guide dogs and received a lot of attention in the media. They performed demonstrations on how guide dogs can help and give blind people independence during travel.
As they have been successful, Frank and Eustis set to create The Seeing Eye, the first guide dog training school in the US. Buddy was the first guide dog from the Seeing Eye.
Top famous male dog names in history
Bud Nelson, the transcontinental dog (Pit Bull)
Automobile pioneer Horatio Nelson Jackson and his driving partner Sewall K. Crocker were the first people to drive an automobile across the US. They embarked on the journey on May 23 1903 because of a bet Jackson made to prove a car could drive across the county. He convinced Crocker to join him as a travel companion, mechanic, and backup driver.
During their travels, Jackson wanted a dog and so in Idaho, they acquired a lovely Pit Bull, named Bud. As Bud had trouble with the dusty winds from the alkali flats, Jackson fitted him with goggles. Those became Bud’s trademark look. They can be seen even on the sculpture of Bud at the National Museum of American History.
The trio became famous and were sought out by the press at their stops. Their adventurous journey was concluded in New York City on July 26, 1903. And so, Bud Nelson was the first dog to cross the United States in an automobile.
The Sled Dog Heroes of Nome
In January 1925 Nome has been afflicted with a potentially deadly diphtheria epidemic. The serum to stop the outbreak was in Anchorage, Alaska and the only means of transportation was by a dog sled relay across the US.
20 mushers and approximately 150 sled dogs traveled across 674 miles (1.085 km) in 5 and a half days to save the younglings of Nome. The journey was appropriately named 1925 serum run to Nome.
Balto (Siberian Husky)
Balto, a Siberian Husky, was born in 1919 in Nome, Alaska. He was a sled dog owned by Leonhard Seppala, a Norwegian sled dog breeder, trainer, and musher. Balto, as the lead sled dog, participated in the race. The team was driven by musher Gunnar Kaasen, a family friend of Seppala’s.
Kaasen and Balto’s team were scheduled to pick up and transport the cylinder of serum at the next-to-last leg of the race. They traveled during the night and even with bad weather, they’ve reached the drop-off point ahead of schedule. The team that was scheduled to transport the serum on the last leg of the relay was asleep. To save time, Kaasen decided to keep ongoing.
Balto, Kaasen, and the team traveled 54.3 miles (87km) and finally reached their destination and safely passed on the serum. The sled dogs and their drivers were celebrated as heroes as no further lives have been lost to the epidemic.
Balto and his team were relegated to a vaudeville circuit and after Kaasen desired to return to Alaska, they were sold by the sponsor of his tour to the highest bidder. They ended up being badly treated and chained up at a novelty museum and freak show in LA.
When George Kimble discovered their condition, he worked with the newspaper Plain Dealer to save them and bring them to Cleveland. In 1927 Balto and 6 others, were brought to Brookside Zoo with a hero’s welcome.
They lived their last years at ease at the Zoo. Balto died of old age in 1933 when he was 14 years old. After his death, his body was mounted and is still on display in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
A statue of Balto in honor of all sled dogs that participated in the race was erected in December 1925 in New York City’s Central Park. Balto was also memorialized in a children’s book Balto: The Dog Who Saved Nome (1977). In 1995 a live-action animated movie named Balto, by Universal.
Togo (Siberian Husky)
There is quite a bit of controversy surrounding the most deserved sled dog and driver of the relay as the media focused more on Kaasen and Balto as they were the ones that finished the relay and passed the serum. However, there have been others that traveled further and in more dangerous conditions – such as Togo and Seppala.
Togo was a Siberian Husky, born in 1913 in Nome and was also owned by Leonhard Seppala. As he was quite ill as a puppy, Seppala believed he would not be suited to become a sled dog and hence gave him away to be a pet dog.
Togo was not happy with that and after a few weeks ran away from his new owner. He ran several miles back home. His strong will and devotion impressed Seppala so he decided to keep him.
When Seppala took other teams on runs, Togo often broke out of his kennel and attack the lead dogs of the oncoming teams. One day he came across a stockier malamute leader and was severely injured. When recovered from the injuries, he learned a valuable lesson and kept clear of other teams.
When Togo was just 8 months Seppala took a team of sled dogs on an overnight round trip and ordered for Togo to be kept tethered in a kennel as he was too rowdy. When Seppala left, Togo tried to get out and was caught on the fence. A kennel handler rescued set him free, but before he could secure him, Togo took off after Seppala.
Togo followed them during the night and slept outside Seppala’s cottage. The next day Seppala noticed him and to prevent him from affecting the other sled dogs, he put him in a harness to control him. Togo settled down which surprised Seppala and so during the day he moved Togo further p the line.
At the end of the day, Togo shared the leas position and had logged 75 miles. As it was his first day in a harness such a feat was unheard of for an inexperienced pup like Togo.
After that Togo began his training and after a few years became the lead sled dog. His endurance, intelligence, and many impressive feats were logged by many historians and also by Seppala.
Togo was one of Seppala’s most treasured dogs. He joined the 1925 serum run to Nome when he was 12 years old and had been a lead sled dog for 7 years.
Togo led a team of sled dogs driven by Seppala over 260 miles (420 km) in 3 days, which is by far the most any other teams made during the race.
They traveled overexposed open ice with degrees estimated at −30 °F (−34 °C), and a windchill of −85 °F (−65 °C). At one point, the temperature dropped to −40 °F (−40 °C), and the wind increased to 65 mi/h (105 km/h).
After 84 miles (134km) on their first day, they slept for 6 hours and then continued. When Seppala couldn’t see where they were going, Togo took the lead and led the team safely forward. With a lot of near-death experiences, they have successfully finished their end of the race and passed the serum to the next team.
After the race, Togo and Seppala received a lot of attention as well (but still not as much as Balto). Upon his retirement, Togo enjoyed a life of luxury. Over the next few years, he was also bred and laid the foundation for the modern sled dog breeds known as the “Seppala Siberian Sleddog” and the modern Siberian Husky.
Togo died in 1929, 16 years old. After his death, Seppala had him custom mounted and is now on display in a glass case at the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Headquarters museum in Wasilla, Alaska.
In 2011 Togo was named the most heroic animal of all time by Time magazine. In 2019 his story was told in the Disney movie Togo.
Sinbad, Chief Dog of the US Coast Guard (mixed breed)
Sinbad, a mixed breed born in 1936, was obtained by A. A. “Blackie” Rother of the USCGC George W. Campbell. Rother got Sinbad for his girlfriend, but as she couldn’t keep him, the crew of USCGC Campbell helped enlist Sinbad in the US Coast Guard.
Sinbad signed his enlistment papers with his pawprint and has even received his own bunk among other things. He was ranked and subjected to discipline regulations and could (and has been) promoted and demoted in accordance. He retired with the rank of Chief Dog (abbreviated K9C), equivalent to that of Chief Petty Officer.
Sinbad is one of the only two animals classified as non-commissioned officers in the US military, before regulation to allow it has been changed. His presence on the ship helped with morale, discipline, and comradery amongst the crew.
During World War 2, Sinbad served on the USCGC Campbell with his fellow crewmen. He was assigned to damage control below the deck. During his 11 years of service, he has received numerous service ribbons, which were proudly attached to his collar.
Sinbad was honorably discharged from the Cast Guard in 1948 and was put on “inactive duty”. He lived his last 3 years in peace, quietly on the shore.
Nemo, the hero of the Vietnam War (German Shepherd)
Nemo was a German shepherd, a war dog who served in the US Air Force during the Vietnam War. With the traitorous jungle conditions and guerilla warfare, the soldiers were subjected to, the war dogs with their keen sense of smell and amazing hearing were crucial.
Nemo and his handler Airman Robert A. Throneburg were stationed at the Tan Son Nhut Air Base as part of security detail. When their base fell under attack in the early hours of December 1966, they managed to kill two enemies while sustaining heavy injuries themselves.
Nemo was shot in the right eye, but the bullet luckily left through the left side of his snout. Despite his injury he continued to fight their attackers, giving Throneburg just enough time to call for backup. When Nemo took care of the other attacker and Throneburg passed out from his injuries, Nemo crawled on top of him and warded off any potential enemies until help arrived.
As he could no longer see out of his right eye, Nemo was retired and decorated for his war efforts. After his retirement, he helped to promote the enlistment of K9 units. Nemo died in 1972 and has received a proper burial.


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For Lebanon, which was famous for its cedars, was a great part of it in his dominion. The Freemasons are a fraternal network of worldwide organizations that is thought to have been formed from stonemasons' guilds during the Middle Ages. Wylies Masonry Equipment - NZ Agent for the famous range of BT Saws Return to Home. The word "in". Download Masonry stock photos. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. In studying the sacred books of the Jews, the Talmud and the Kabbalah, and also those of Freemasonry for more than a quarter of a century, there is one conclusion I have come to—that the God of the Jews and the God of the Masons is the same God. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy to York Minster in the UK. Great Bedwyn is an idyllic English village, positioned to the East of the town of Marlborough, this historic village has a rich history and even today is a vibrant community, with numerous clubs, societies, as well as village pubs, of which we have two, and it's own mi c he l in star restaurant. Apart from the plaza, the mighty cathedrals and the university, Salamanca is famous for its acorn-fed ham. The building is an amazing example of masonry work and is almost 200 years old. The Biltmore Estate is a French chateau-style mansion. He spent his school holidays in Sligo with his grandmother and listened to her many stories of the ancient Ireland of myth and legend. We are stone work specialist and are skilled in many techniques utilising all natural stone. Indeed, perhaps the words at the entrance of Thorncrown Chapel encapsulate E Fay Jones and his humble architecture best: Please Come In And Sit Awhile, Just As You Are. The pyramids of Egypt can be seen from the mountains of Israel and even from the moon because of the casing stones covering the entire pyramid. popular tunes… Newest sets of tunes. The following is a collection of Masonic symbols and their meanings, relevant to the practice of Freemasonry. As you can see, the names are taken from the craft guilds. Freemasonry is the largest and oldest secular fraternal order in the world, crossing all religious boundaries to bring men together of all countries, sects, and opinion in peace and harmony. Marlborough, in the north east corner of Wiltshire, is the archetypical English market town. They wear masonic aprons, dating back to the theory that freemasonry evolved from the stonemasons, who wore them for protection from stone chipping One of the most famous aspects of. Edinburgh Stonemasons Ltd, we specialise in buildings built in Sandstone and Lime Mortar. Other locals helped create the Japanese garden in the 1960s, including stonemason Oswald Da Ros and garden designer Frank Fujii, whose father, Kintsuchi Fujii, had designed the celebrated prewar Storrier Stearns Japanese Garden in Pasadena. Experienced inspectors were able to take in six details in one glance; namely, the scalp, face, hands, neck, gait and general condition. Castle building was an entire industry for the medieval stonemasons. Covering important topics, such as Art and Architecture, Mythology, Wars, Culture and Society, Poetry, Olympics, History Periods, Philosophy, Playwrights, Kings and Rulers of Ancient Greece. We've had more than 70 masons register for our event with people coming from a range of organisations, from famous cathedrals to commercial firms. Those who worked on special crafts were builders, stonemasons (stonecutters), carpenters, woodcarvers, boatbuilders, goldsmiths, silversmiths, glass workers, potters, leather workers, weavers, and fullers (who worked with cleaning and texturing old and new cloth). Related to Caesar, Edward VII's terrier, he was bought by Hardy's second wife, Florence, for security at their house in Dorchester, Max Gate. We produce Flagstone, Retaining Blocks and builders stone. is the Taos Hum. Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation which exists in a number of forms worldwide. History of Stonemasonry Stonemasonry is one of the earliest trades in the history of civilisation. Interestingly, you can even find single-rock stairs in Machu Picchu. Carpenter definition is - a worker who builds or repairs wooden structures or their structural parts. With a solid grounding in the time honoured skill, we can blend the old with the new. So they only go so far. You can visit HistoryLink to find out which projects include your ancestors. If anything unusual was noted, the immigrant would be stopped and a closer examination would be done. Our designers can help add a favorite photo, symbol or graphic and epitaph that depicts the personality of your loved one. The Unfinished Obelisk, Aswan, Egypt Castle building was an entire industry for the medieval stonemasons. He spent his school holidays in Sligo with his grandmother and listened to her many stories of the ancient Ireland of myth and legend. THE LEWIS OR LOUVETEAU. Cordova Stone units are high-density, pre-finished architectural concrete masonry units that achieve the look of natural stone by incorporating all-natural aggregates, delivering the prestigious appearance which has remained a desired look for centuries. Just give us a call today so we can go over your project and let our stonemasons deliver the results that you desire. Law firm. Services include New Build houses, Extensions, Bridges & Walls. By Freemasons For Freemasons. It functions as both a telecommunications tower and a tourist attraction. The evidence related by Karen in the pages between the quotes above shows this scenario to have been likely (moreover, I suggest that Kidd understated the likelihood for the period and that the scarcity of women stonemasons only became a feature of the late middles ages, after the establishment of journeymen's lodges, agitating for the exclusion of women and foreigners). The cats belonged to Mrs Rentoul, who operated the Lookout at the time. Other Famous Masons Oliver Hudson Kelley January 7 [20?], 1826 - 1913 Founder of the The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, the nation's oldest national agricultural organization, with granges established in 3,600 local communities in 37 states. Christian Doppler was an Austrian mathematician and physicist, who gave the principle of 'Doppler Effect', which states that observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer. It was to be named the National War Memorial, even though located in Adelaide. The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China would not have been built without stonemasons, but finding a tradesman to simply cut a hole in a kitchen benchtop is getting harder in Queensland. The only book ever published about Sicilian family history research is now available from Amazon and other vendors. It is nicely animated this respiratory illness was as The Limax Six 16-mile beach ride from. Handles are normally wood, usually Ash. By Michael Lee Lanning Lt. Eventually, men who were not skilled stonemasons wanted to join the group for the many advantages it offered. Battles win wars, topple thrones, and redraw borders. The Egyptians built their pyramids, the civilizations of Central America had their step pyramids, the Persians their palaces, the Greeks their temples, and the Romans their innumerous public works and wonders. “The principals of Freemasonry”, said Cooper, “dictate that there can be no discrimination on the grounds of race and this is but one example. The group is famous for the memberships of George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Mozart and Franklin Roosevelt. Upright Standing Cemetery headstones in granite are true memorials to your loved ones tribute and will create visiting place for generations to come. Stone Masons Sydney Our Stonemasons have extensive experience with both natural and engineered stone products. 5 billion in military funds to begin building his wall along the southern border, President Trump let loose with a string of falsehoods on Twitter, taking full or partial credit for many famous walls around the world. Utah was thus connected by rail and this opened up the city to mining. Forces Network has been given a rare insight into the secretive world of the Masons and the military. Chartres Cathedral Stained Glass With the exception of the Romanesque lancets of the west façade and the window of Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrière reset in the south choir, most of the glazing of the 176 windows was accomplished between around 1200 and 1235. Freemasonry means different things to each of those who join. In some cases, membership can only be proven by searching through the fraternity's records. Freemasonry is deep into the occult, and it is also connected with the cult known as Rosicrucian. Its members are taught its precepts by a series of ritual dramas, which follow ancient forms and use stonemasons' customs and tools as allegorical guides. Our team specialize in stone repairs, masonry work, stonemasonry repairs, roofing repairs and also chimney repairs. Interestingly, you can even find single-rock stairs in Machu Picchu. Vandiyur Mariamman Temple is an ancient temple with a legacy of 2000 years and is dedicated to the Hindu Goddess of Rain, Mariamman. In all the mysteries, from Egypt to Scandinavia, we find a sacred regard for the number three. According to some Masonic scholars, the Freemasons trace their roots to the building of King Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem in 967 B. JJ McDiarmid & Sons is a long-established family firm of Monumental Stonemasons, based in Matraville, NSW. Local populations also provided unskilled labor for the canals, as well as German and Welsh immigrants, and in the southern canals, black slaves. Below is shadow were any blasé thing takes place: clarinets and lovemaking, fists and the voices of sorrowful women. Stonemasons have traditionally carved a personal symbol onto their stones. Boat building was also an important trade. Associated with the Norse ethnicity, I1 is found in all places invaded by ancient Germanic tribes and the Vikings. Another significant Norman art form is stained glass; most of the magnificent stained glass of France, including the famous windows of Chartres, dates from the 13th century. Made in the USA and Italy. Richard Rawlinson’s 1733 manuscript list of lodges. Smith in 1920, who ultimately transformed the aging Sing Sing back into a modern reformatory. THE FIRST SPECULATIVE FREEMASON. The following 25 Curious Facts About Freemasonry will attempt to shed some light on the matter and help us understand the organization's cause and purpose a little better. Our family run business has been operating in East Yorkshire for nearly a century and we are still training stonemasons, investing in, and producing in Britain. designs in hair. Download Masonry stock photos. Slaves, prisoners of war, and criminals (usually male, ocassionally female) entered the ring to fight. From feature walls and property entrances through to fireplaces and much more, there’s virtually no stonework request we can’t handle. Guilds wisely kept a lid. Stone Masons Sydney Our Stonemasons have extensive experience with both natural and engineered stone products. The purpose of this list is to acclimate and educate new and existing Masons and those interested in Masonic study. , Montreal, 1847. It comes ahead of Tuesday's unveiling in London of paving stones honouring those who were awarded the Victoria Cross. What are the Masons? Are Catholics allowed to belong to this organization? Before addressing the question at hand, let's first consider the organization itself. This medieval stone mansons workshop is no exception either. You can trust that all our work is backed up by industry-standard certification and years of experience. A trusted Stonemason based in Melbourne. City Governance > The City of Grand Junction operates under a Council/Manager form of government. A warm welcome awaits every visitor whether it's for a quick drink, a light bite or to enjoy a full a'la carte dining experience. Fletcher granted the charter in 1697 and the first Trinity Church was erected at the head of Wall Street facing the Hudson River. Legend comes from the accompaniment during the short qualifying online on our to bring it into antidotally that the pilot to traditional stories transmitted. They realized that contemporary Egyptian masons of the day had been using primitive tools such as hammers, copper and bronze chisels, and wooden wedges to cut through granite for centuries, dating back to pharaonic Egypt. famous masons- signers of declaration of independence and constitution of the u. Our top-grade craftmanship and prep-time ensures a beautiful durability that lasts for years and years!. Freemasonry originated in the late 16th or early 17th century, and its members have included. In 1356 the famous Master Mason, Henry Yevelle, helped to draw up the rules of London's stonemasons guild. Between 2012 and 2015, there were more than 6000 injuries in NSW workplaces as a result of workers’ handling, storing or using hazardous chemicals unsafely. Later archaeologists decided to examine the work of stone masons to better understand how the ancient Egyptians built things. This "List of Freemasons" page provides links to alphabetized lists of notable Freemasons. Want to see who made the cut?. Another important date was added to the history of London’s most famous gateway, when the first stone of Temple Bar was carefully dismantled. From feature walls and property entrances through to fireplaces and much more, there's virtually no stonework request we can't handle. Richard Rawlinson’s 1733 manuscript list of lodges. Coventry has had three Cathedrals in the past 1000 years: the 12th century Priory Church of St Mary, the medieval Parish Church Cathedral of St Michael and the modern Coventry Cathedral, also named for St Michael. Freemasonry instills in its members a moral and ethical approach to life: it seeks to reinforce thoughtfulness for others, kindness in the community, honesty in business, courtesy in society and fairness in all things. But do we ever stop to consider where the stone came from and the history of the excavation behind it? This vast man-made complex of underground caverns was created by centuries of quarrying the famous Beer Stone. Scottish stonemasons with experience in restoring castles have completed restoration works on a historic woolshed in South Australia's outback. Melbourne Stonemasons is a Melbourne stonemason and rockwork business with over 30 years experience in different forms of rockwork. How these associations and secret societies of the ancient world led to modern Freemasonry is uncertain. Achieving a goal can be a long monumental journey but achieving the office of Grand Master is a goal and journey like no other. Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. Classically trained in Italy. It symobilizes a website link url. The directive of the Articles and Points, that a spirit of brotherhood be preserved for efficiency's sake, were transformed into the ideal of a fraternal. Who were these architects? Most of them were stonemasons by training, able to shape stones for buildings. Enjoy the Famous Daily Napoleon against Russia and Austria: 1805 When Russia and Austria declare war on Napoleon in 1805 (in the Third Coalition ), he is able to find allies in Germany who are eager to see Austria's power reduced. " 1,xii Crawley wrote to Julius F. Her son's name Aran means "wild goat" in Hebrew. Construction in stone periodically consumed significant material, financial and labour resources, impacted on local and regional economies and also played a sometimes significant role in warfare. 3 Thomas Bartewe. An archive of historical photographs of Lambeth. We cater to all sectors which include commercial and residential. Stonemasons from my town carved MLK Statue President Barack Obama and his family visited the Martin Luther King, Jr Memorial on the National Mall, October 16, 2011 in Washington, D. Haplogroup I1 is the most common type of haplogroup I in northern Europe. THE LEWIS OR LOUVETEAU. During medieval times there was a lot of ways that people kept themselves entertained. Even if the person the marker was for was not famous, their last mark gives a world of information about the era they lived in, how they lived, and one can even gather a sense of the persons personality, simply based off of how the marker was decorated. The stonemasons will form part of a new Heritage Stoneworks unit, to be responsible for completing work under the Minister’s Stone Program. The purpose of this list is to acclimate and educate new and existing Masons and those interested in Masonic study. Here are just some of those 'Famous Freemasons'. Edgar Hoover and many more. On this day in 1733, 18 men gathered at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern on King Street in Boston and organized the first Masonic Lodge in North America. Australian Folk Songs: Contents - 1103 Songs and Poems. Lay walks, curbstones, or special types of masonry for vats, tanks, and floors. Welcome to Freemasons New Zealand This is the official website of The Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of New Zealand On this web site you can learn about Freemasonry in New Zealand and seek information about how to join, locate a Lodge in your area, and see Freemasons charity in action. They are also involved in preparing and laying down both hard and soft stone to build or repair a construction. "If you were a baker, a miller, a brewer, you could spend your entire life in one village. These structures can include monuments, buildings, cathedrals, tombstones, etc. Manor Park Cemetery Company Limited, Registered in England no 8415,Registered Office: Sebert Road, Forest Gate, London E7 0NP | 2018. Learn more about the history of quality in the U. Bush, Yoko Ono, and Diane von Furstenberg need a leg up, they turn to Putnam, the rolling ladder company. Located in Upstate New York, we quarry, fabricate and install two uniquely distinctive types of stone called Alcove Bluestone and Onondaga Limestone, as well as provide stone related services for both commercial and residential projects. There's also a bench. How to Join Freemasonry. At Eaglestone Creations, we specialise in top Quality Stone Benchtops for your kitchen and bathroom vanities. Here he has created memorials for such famous individuals as Anthony Shaffer, author of 'Sleuth' Sheila Gish, British actress of stage and screen and Thomas Landry, Chess Champion among many, many more. Like a wedding cake, layers and layers of decoration as if the stone masons were in competition with each other. Evangelical and/or “traditional” Protestants have claimed that Christianity was central to the early history of the United States and that the nation was founded on Judeo-Christian principles. The Freemasons have grown to a worldwide Secret Society that includes 15 Signers of the American Declaration of Independence. On this day in 1733, 18 men gathered at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern on King Street in Boston and organized the first Masonic Lodge in North America. With Texas Stone Masons, customer service and quality are our top priorities. Petraform by Jordon Pirpiris. Experienced inspectors were able to take in six details in one glance; namely, the scalp, face, hands, neck, gait and general condition. The Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons (HFAF) is a fraternity for women and organised by women. European Stone Masons is a NZ owned and operated company specialising in providing quality stone installation services. Lay walks, curbstones, or special types of masonry for vats, tanks, and floors. Columbus is located just 40 miles south of Indianapolis and 70 miles north of Louisville. Painting by Famous Artist 'Discovered' in Masonic Lodge A massive painting by German American artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze (1816-1868) has hung unknown to the outside world in an eastern Pennsylvania Masonic lodge almost since the day it was painted in the 1840s, and has just recently been discovered by the art community. There is a separate project for brick and tile makers. Carpenter definition is - a worker who builds or repairs wooden structures or their structural parts. Black Hat may have a higher GPA and. The famous entry '116 & Hoop in Water Street in Philadelphia, 1 st Monday,' occurs in the appended list of the Warranted Lodges in the Kingdom of Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, Germany, East and West Indies. The 2012 event was hosted by the Nidaros Cathedral Works Organisation, Trondheim and took place from 29 June to 1 July 2012. They're like little candy stores that hide so many fun things inside. The secret handshakes and passwords now associated with Freemasonry were used by the stonemasons to identify each other, which was important for keeping secrets in the guild. mayans had many jobs. Ten places in South Africa you’ll probably get to see snow in winter [pictures] Here are some ideas for places to visit if you'd like to go snow chasing in South Africa's winter. Stone masons mainly use the following natural stones: Sedimentary stone. There is a separate project for brick and tile makers. Concr3de has proposed rebuilding parts of Notre-Dame Cathedral from the ashes of the fire using 3D printing, and has already printed a replacement gargoyle. A Certificate III in Stonemasonry & Monumental Masonry, on top of a Certificate IV in Building & Construction, stands behind everything we do. When Tony Stock, the editor of the magazine 'Discovering Stone' asked me to explain the secret of CMP's success I immediately replied - "Quality, Service and the Right Attitude" apply all three and you are surely on the road to success. Enjoy the Famous Daily Napoleon against Russia and Austria: 1805 When Russia and Austria declare war on Napoleon in 1805 (in the Third Coalition ), he is able to find allies in Germany who are eager to see Austria's power reduced. Masons were highly skilled craftsmen and their trade was most frequently used in the building of castles, churches and cathedrals. (Stone Masons) The Doomsday Book inventory of England, written largely by the clergy as they were the only people who could read and write, was instigated by William 1st and which still exists as a unique record of the wealth of the country at the time. At McAllister Masonry, we are a team of highly skilled stonemasons dedicated to providing you with top-quality work tailored to your needs.


The jam band legends that formed Dead & Company playing their final tour Summer 2023.
Dead & Company first performed in 2015- giving phans 8 solid years of tours and memories.
The band's comprised of the original Grateful Dead members: Bobby Weir, Bill Kreutzmann and Mickey Hart, and brought on legends Oteil Burbridge, Jeff Chimenti and John Mayer.
The band's chemistry evolved with time. During the early Dead & Co years the songs ranged from 3-4 minutes. As the band learned how to jam with each other, the songs were extended to 7-10 minutes. The added 3-6 minutes per song provided fans unique shows similar to Furthur and the original Grateful Dead.
Regardless of how and where Dead & Co. played, the concert shirts and posters from each show were a great way to cherish the show. Just the like their songs, the poster styles evolved over time. Below are some of the coolest posters.
Check Out the Top 7 Dead & Co. Posters 👇
Philadelphia Poster 2021
2017 Boulder Co Poster from Folsom Field
2015 NYC Halloween Poster (from the first concert)
2022 Boulder Co Poster from Folsom Field
Summer Tour 2018
2016 Portland Poster
Dead & Company 2019 Mexico Poster
We'll cherish the memories and look forward to attending as many shows as possible in 2023. Thank you Dead & Co.
Check out our Grateful Dead Merch: posters, magnets, Fare Thee Well (posters & DVD sets), t-shirts and more❗


I am not deeply familiar about the late former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. I did not see The Iron Lady (2011). I do know her nickname, “Margaret Thatcher, Milk Snatcher”, which I learned from a childhood friend’s mother who had lived in London.
The coverage of her death that gave me the clearest idea of her character was Nancy Reagan’s statement that she and President Ronald Reagan were “political soul mates.”
She had quite the hair.
Illustration by me


Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniac were working on a product that would change the phone industry. First, came the Apple Macintosh. Everyone wanted this particular computer because there was a disk-drive included in the computer. When it was a hit, they decided to make more products and electronics such as the Mac Portable, the Powerbook and the Newton. Then, came the iMac and the first ever, iPod. After that, Jobs made the app, iTunes, then came the iPhones, with a ton of versions: iPhone1G, iPhone2G, iPhone3G, iPhone3GS iPhone4,iPhone4GS, iPhone4S, iPhone5, iPhone5C, iPhone5S, iPhone6, and lastly, iPhone6+.


Since the 1860s, Arlington County, Virginia has been home to the remains of many noble soldiers and admirable public figures. Today, there are approximately 400,00 people buried in Arlington National Cemetery and about 4 million people visit this historic military cemetery each year. Here are 6 beasts we greatly buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
William Howard Taft (1857-1930)
He was the original advocate of the 7th inning stretch, the one who started the presidential opening pitch at major league baseball and the first president to be buried at Arlington National Park. Taft was also the only person to have served as chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the United States.
Adolphus Greely (1844-1935)
Major General Greely served in the U.S. Army during the civil war. He was an active explorer who managed to survive not one but two arctic winters without being resupplied in 1881. At the age of 91, he was awarded the prestigious Medal of Honor.
Medgar Evers (1925-1963)
An American civil rights activist and World War II soldier who played a key role in desegregating the University of Mississippi. His selfless efforts helped pave the way for future African American success.
John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
World War II veteran and 35th president of the United States was buried in Arlington National Cemetery after his tragic assassination. His grave is marked with an eternal flame.
Jackie Kennedy Onassis (1929-1994)
Known for her style, elegance, grace and lifelong contributions to the art and preservation of historic architecture, former first lady is buried next to her husband, JFK. She’s most likely buried in her iconic pink Chanel suit.


Woolrich has been synonymous with quality outdoor clothing for over 180 years. The company got its start in 1830 when John Rich, an immigrant from England, built his first woolen mill in Plum Run, Pennsylvania. Today the little village of Woolrich is still headquarters for the company, but the business has grown to a worldwide lifestyle company with a full range of outdoor-inspired products, from jackets and shirts to outdoor furniture. The company that provided blankets to the Union soldiers in the Civil War today keeps folks warm under its wonderful throws as they cuddle up by the fireplace. You can buy a wool jacket your great-great grandfather may have worn in the woods or a parka that's all about the latest in advanced technology.


Today, our perspective of ‘place’ is drastically different from our ancestors. Centuries ago, our ancestors had an interdependency with their landscape. A geomantic perspective and reverence of the land were at the forefront of their cultures. It was not about monetary land value; it was about the spiritual significance within the land. Humans rarely think twice about clearing land and building upon it. We cover up the knowledge and power it has to offer, making no real effort to build a connection. Now is the time to reflect on old-world beliefs and why it would do us good to apply them to our “new world.” Breathe in the beautiful perspective of our ancestors, beloved. Please take in what the land has to offer us.
Gods and their Connection to Land
We’ll start with Mesopotamia, an early example of civilizations associating locations with deities. They often believed if they did not cooperate with the wishes of local deities, misfortune would come their way. An example of this type of deity would have been Ashur, the god of all Assyrians.
Another deity that held power over a specific location was Athena, the goddess who protected the Greek city of Athens. Deities such as Athena were considered genius loci- protectors of particular places. These local gods were considered lares to Roman culture and served a very similar purpose.
The Chenghuangshen of China were protectors of villages and towns, connected explicitly to walls and moats. Citizens would bring their concerns to the Chenghuangshen, hoping for help and guidance in problematic situations- particularly with things like illness and natural disasters.
Land and the Power of Song
Australian aborigines had a creative take on landscape and its origins, attributing the birth of land and its features to ancestors’ songs. They believed that during Dreamtime many generations ago, ancestors walked about, dancing and singing- subsequently creating the earth’s topography and instilling qualities that should be respected and cherished.
Aborigines believed they were one with a place and were not owed anything. The gods blessed them to inhabit a location and call it their home. Their birthplace became the most important thing- the thing that defined them and their purpose. Even if the locals moved to a different land, they still were obligated to protect their birthplace. They emphasized the importance of preserving the memory of a place and respecting its story.
Alex Stark details the wonderful relationship aborigines had with their land. He includes a quote by another novelist, Bruce Chatwin, that beautifully summarizes the importance of preserving the song of our ancestors: “An unsung land is a dead land; since if the songs are forgotten, the land itself will die. To allow that to happen was the worst of all possible crimes.”
Are we singing a different song? Is their music to be heard? Have we completely lost the memory of our land’s creation?
Changing Our Perception
We observe the ground we live upon so differently than our ancestors. What is the history of the land where we have planted our roots? How have we shown our respect? We have made changes and additions to benefit our life journey. Our perspective focuses on what the land can do for us rather than what we owe our land.
How can we incorporate the art of geomancy more in our lives and spiritual practices? Can we shift what we have learned for years and years in a more earth-loving direction? Let’s take a step back and think about what our ancient ancestors would do.
We need to heal the land. We need to hear its song.


Ms. Bowden completed a three year apprenticeship in violin making from 1978 through 1980, in the Colonial Williamsburg Instrument Shop under Master Luthier George D. Wilson. Ms. Bowden made the violin below using only 18th century hand tools and techniques. There are 50 pieces of wood in a violin and it takes about 240 hours to make one. Ms. Bowden also made the varnish used on the violin, and applied the 23 coats. Spruce, Maple and Ebony, 1980.
Chinese Characters. Ms. Bowden was privately commissioned to create this bronze sculpture. She modeled the characters and the decorated rings directly in wax, in 13 separate pieces which were then welded together after they were cast in bronze. She cast them into bronze using the ceramic shell method. Commissioned by a concert pianist who grew up in China as the daughter of American Missionaries, the characters read, "Music is a form of life, and life is a form of music." Bronze, 8' x 8', 1985. The sculpture is in a private home in Virginia.
1300 West Main Street
Richmond VA 23220 US
Mother and Child. This Sculpture was commissioned by a church in Goochland, Virginia. It was requested that the sculpture be in the style of an Italian Della Robbia. It is painted bronze, weighing 400lbs. It was cast at Tallix Foundry and it is 6'x4'. 1999.
Ms. Bowden created this wall mural of Canada geese, cat tails and marsh flowers, directly in wax and she cast it partly in sand and partly in ceramic shell. It was a private commission in 1984 and is located in Manakin, Virginia.
Kneeling Girl. Ms. Bowden was commissioned to create this sculpture for an all girls school in Richmond, Virginia, St. Catherine's School For Girls. Bronze, 4'x6', 2001.
In 1981 Ms. Bowden began five years at the Johnson Atelier Institute of Sculpture Technology, a foundry located in New Jersey. Ms. Bowden learned all aspects of bronze casting and cast many of her own sculptures during that time. She acquired skills in all stages of shell casting, wax pouring and chasing, rubber mold-making, sand casting, degating, metal chasing and patina. At left is a photo of Ms. Bowden pouring molten bronze into a ceramic shell mold at the foundry around 1984. Below are a few of the sculptures she created and cast at the Johnson Atelier and other foundries.
Baby Mary. In 1864, during the darkest days of the American Civil War, a baby girl, Mary, was born at Tuckahoe Plantation, near Richmond, Virginia. She died when she was only 7 months old. Her parents donated land and money to build a church for the coal miners in the area in her memory. They named the little white church St. Mary's. Ms. Bowden was commissioned to create this sculpture in her memory. It was installed in a children's garden at the church and is a gathering place for the children of the congregation.
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This property in brief
Area: 400 sqm
Energy rating: G
Garden: 1000 sqm
Why to choose
Castle - medieval town in Umbria
In a small medieval village dating back to 1100, completely restored, were made several apartments. Parts of the castle are made of four defensive towers and lookout over the valley walls with a thickness of more than 1 meter. Around the fifteenth century castle stat is turned into a summer residence by removing the walls and filling the empty space between the two towers closest to make a great palace. On the ground floor of the largest tower there is a beautiful room with vault The castle stands on top of a hill that is in the middle of a vast plain with magnificent views of the surrounding hills. From the hill you can enjoy a 360 degree view that stretches for miles in all directions of the valley below. The whole upper part of the city of Perugia is clearly visible from the square and even better from the towers.
This property is located in Italy - Tuscany Google Maps
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The history of First United Methodist Church mirrors in many ways the history of the city. Methodists were among the earliest settlers of Lexington and national Methodist leaders sent ministers to Lexington to organize believers into what was called the Society of Methodists, by 1789.
We met first in a small cabin on the east end of town. We were the first Methodist church west of the Allegheny Mountains and one of the first one hundred Methodist churches in America.
After a rapid period of growth in the early 1800s, during which time the congregation built and outgrew additional church buildings and locations, the church moved in 1840 to a lot on High Street and built a new church.
That original lot lies under half of the current sanctuary. Further growth led to an enlargement of the 1840 church twice. By 1900, the congregation had again outgrown its sanctuary. With the generous bequest of a member, the old building was removed, and the current sanctuary erected in 1907.
Through the years, First Methodist’s work has included providing worship and discipleship experiences beyond the High Street location, including helping begin other Lexington UM churches and supporting God’s work around the world.
In 2012, we chose to become a multi-site church committed to multiple expressions, and we now have 3 worship communities: Downtown at 200 W. High St, Andover at 3801 Polo Club Blvd, and Offerings at 2060 Regency Road. Each community offers in-person and online worship as we continue to reach across streets and around the world.
We are a church that makes disciples and also that develops church leaders. Five ministers who served the First Church pulpit became bishops (including the first woman elected bishop from Kentucky), and one of our members was elected to the United Methodist Judicial Council. Many lay members have served in leadership positions across the United Methodist Church. In 2016, we established the First Church Fellowship, a multi-year program to provide work experience and mentoring to students at Asbury Theological Seminary. For our laity, we have designed our Discipleship Intensive program, a high-commitment, two-year study covering Biblical narrative, Christian theology, and ministry in the Methodist tradition.
Now well into its third century, First United Methodist Church continues its mission to invite, equip and deploy faithful followers of Jesus Christ across the street and around the world.


“Masterful. . . . Evans demonstrates a fluent style and a sweeping grasp of the Third Reich’s history and of the enormous historical literature. . . . Evans’s fellow historians as well as a broader public will read this work, not quite with pleasure, for there is little joy in this story, but with admiration for the author’s narrative powers.” ―Publisher’s Weekly (starred review)
A New York Times bestseller!
An absorbing, revelatory, and definitive account of one of the greatest tragedies in human history
Adroitly blending narrative, description, and analysis, Richard J. Evans portrays a society rushing headlong to self-destruction and taking much of Europe with it. Interweaving a broad narrative of the war''s progress from a wide range of people, Evans reveals the dynamics of a society plunged into war at every level. The great battles and events of the conflict are here, but just as telling is Evans''s re- creation of the daily experience of ordinary Germans in wartime. At the center of the book is the Nazi extermination of the Jews. The final book in Richard J. Evan''s three-volume history of Hitler''s Germany, hailed "a masterpiece" by
The New York Times, The Third Reich at War lays bare the most momentous and tragic years of the Nazi regime.
“Masterful. . . . Evans demonstrates a fluent style and a sweeping grasp of the Third Reich’s history and of the enormous historical literature. . . . Evans narrates the Reich’s end in gripping fashion as the Allies closed in on Germany. Evans’s fellow historians as well as a broader public will read this work, not quite with pleasure, for there is little joy in this story, but with admiration for the author’s narrative powers.” ―
Publisher’s Weekly (starred review)
Richard J. Evans was born in London and educated at Oxford University. He has taught at Columbia University and Birkbeck, University of London, and since 2014 has been the Regius Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Cambridge. His many publications include an acclaimed three-volume history of the Third Reich and a recent collection of essays,
The Third Reich in History and Memory. A Fellow of the British Academy and the Royal Society of Literature, he is a past winner of the Wolfson History Prize, and was twice a History Honoree at the Los Angeles Times Book Awards. In 2012 he was appointed Knight Bachelor in the Queen’s birthday honors list, for services to scholarship.
Note: The views or opinions expressed in this book and the context in which the images are used do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of, nor imply approval or endorsement by, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
This book tells the story of the Third Reich, the regime created in Germany by Hitler and his National Socialists, from the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939 to its end in Europe on 8 May 1945. It can be read on its own, as a history of Germany during the war. But it is also the final volume in a series of three, starting with The Coming of the Third Reich, which deals with the origins of Nazism, the development of its ideas and its rise to power in 1933. The second volume in the series, The Third Reich in Power, covers the peacetime years from 1933 to 1939, when Hitler and the Nazis built up Germany’s military strength and prepared it for war. The general approach of all three volumes is set out in the Preface to The Coming of the Third Reich and does not need to be repeated in detail here. Taken together, they aim to provide a comprehensive account of Germany under the Nazis.
Dealing with the history of the Third Reich during the war poses two special problems. The first is a relatively minor one. After 1939, Hitler and the Nazis became increasingly reluctant to refer to their regime as ‘The Third Reich’, preferring instead to call it ‘The Great German Reich’ (Grossdeutsches Reich) to draw attention to the massive expansion of its boundaries that took place in 1939-40. For the sake of unity and consistency, however, I have chosen, like other historians, to continue calling it ‘The Third Reich’; after all, the Nazis chose to abandon this term silently rather than repudiate it openly. The second problem is more serious. The central focus of this book is on Germany and the Germans; it is not a history of the Second World War, not even of the Second World War in Europe. Nevertheless, of course, it is necessary to narrate the progress of the war, and to deal with the Germans’ administration of the parts of Europe they conquered. Within the scope even of so large a book as this, it is not possible to pay equal attention to every phase and every aspect of the war. I have chosen, therefore, to focus on the major turning-points - the conquest of Poland and France and the Battle of Britain in the first year of the war, the Battle of Moscow in the winter of 1941- 2, the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942- 3, and the beginning of the sustained strategic bombing of German cities in 1943. In doing so, I have tried to convey something of the flavour of what it was like for Germans to take part in these vast conflicts, using the diaries and letters of both soldiers and civilians. The reasons for choosing these particular turning-points will, I hope, become apparent to readers in the course of the book.
At the heart of German history in the war years lies the mass murder of millions of Jews in what the Nazis called ‘the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe’. This book provides a full narrative of the development and implementation of this policy of genocide, while also setting it in the broader context of Nazi racial policies towards the Slavs, and towards minorities such as Gypsies, homosexuals, petty criminals and ‘asocials’. I have tried to combine the testimony of some of those it affected - both those who survived, and those who did not - with that of some of the men who implemented it, including the commandants of major death camps. The deportation and murder of Jews from Western European countries is covered in the chapter dealing with the Nazi empire, while the reactions of ordinary Germans at home, and the extent to which they knew about the genocide, are covered in a later chapter on the Home Front. The fact that the mass murder of the Jews is discussed in almost every part of the book, from the narrative of the foundation of the ghettos in Poland in the opening chapter right up to the coverage of the ‘death marches’ of 1945 in the final chapter, reflects its centrality to so many aspects of the history of the Third Reich at war. Wherever one looks, even for example in the history of music and literature, dealt with in Chapter 6, it is an inescapable part of the story. Nevertheless, it is important to reiterate that this book is a history of Nazi Germany in all its aspects; it is not in the first place a history of the extermination of the Jews, any more than it is a history of the Second World War, though both play an essential role in it.
The book opens where The Third Reich in Power left off, with the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Chapter 1 discusses the Germans’ occupation of Poland and in particular their ill-treatment, exploitation and murder of many thousands of Poles and Polish Jews from this point to the eve of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. For the Nazis, and indeed for many Germans, Poles and ‘Eastern Jews’ were less than human, and this attitude applied, though with significant differences, to the mentally ill and handicapped in Germany itself, whose mass murder in the course of the ‘euthanasia’ action steered from Hitler’s Chancellery in Berlin forms the subject of the last part of the chapter. The second chapter is largely devoted to the progress of the war, from the conquest of Western Europe in 1940 through to the Russian campaign of 1941. That campaign forms the essential backdrop to the events narrated in Chapter 3, which deals with the launching and implementation of what the Nazis called ‘the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe’. Chapter 4 turns to the war economy, and looks at how the Third Reich ruled the countries it occupied in Europe, drafting in millions of forced labourers to man its arms factories and pushing ahead with the arrest, deportation and murder of the Jews who lived within the boundaries of the Nazi empire. That empire began to fall apart with the momentous German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad early in 1943, which is narrated in the concluding part of the chapter. It was followed the same year by reversals in many spheres of the war, from the devastation of Germany’s towns and cities by the Allied strategic bombing offensive to the defeat of Rommel’s armies in North Africa and the collapse of the Third Reich’s main European ally, the Fascist state of Mussolini’s Italy. These events form the principal focus of Chapter 5, which goes on to examine the way they affected the armed forces, and the impact they had on the conduct of the war at home. Chapter 6 is largely devoted to the ‘Home Front’, and looks at how religious, social, cultural and scientific life interacted with the war. It concludes with an account of the emergence of resistance to Nazism, particularly within the Third Reich itself. Chapter 7 begins with an account of the ‘wonder-weapons’ which Hitler promised would reverse Germany’s military collapse, before going on to tell the story of how the Reich was finally defeated, and to examine briefly what happened afterwards. Each chapter interweaves thematic aspects with an ongoing narrative of military events, so that Chapter 1 deals with military action in 1939, Chapter 2 covers 1940 and 1941, Chapter 3 discusses further military events in 1941, Chapter 4 takes the story on through 1942, Chapter 5 narrates the war on land, in the air and at sea in 1943, Chapter 6 moves the narrative on through 1944, and the final chapter gives an account of the closing months of the war, from January to May 1945.
This book is written to be read from start to finish, as a single, if complex, narrative, interspersed with description and analysis; I hope that the ways in which the different parts of the story interact with one another will become apparent to readers as the narrative proceeds. The chapter headings are intended more to provoke reflection on the contents than to provide precise descriptions of what each chapter contains; in some cases they are intentionally ambiguous or ironical. Anyone who wishes to use the book simply as a work of reference is recommended to turn to the index, where the location of the book’s principal themes, characters and events is laid out in detail. The bibliography lists works cited in the notes; it is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to the vast literature on the topics dealt with in the book.
Much of this book deals with countries in Central and Eastern Europe where towns and cities have a variety of names and spellings in different languages. The Polish city of Lvov, for example, is spelt L’vov in Russian and L’viv in Ukrainian, while the Germans called it something different altogether, namely Lemberg; there are similar variations in the spelling of Kaunas in Lithuanian and Kovno in Polish, Theresienstadt in German and Terez’n in Czech, or Reval in German and Tallinn in Estonian. The Nazi authorities also renamed L’d’ as Litzmannstadt in an attempt to obliterate all aspects of its Polish identity altogether and used German names for a variety of other sites, such as Kulmhof for Chelmno, or Auschwitz for Oswiecim. In this situation it is impossible to be consistent, and I have chosen to use the name current at the time about which I am writing, or on occasion simply the name with which English and American readers will be most familiar, while alerting them to the existence of alternatives. I have also simplified the use of accents and diacriticals in place-names and proper names - dropping the Polish character Ł, for instance - to remove what to my mind are distractions for the English-language reader.
In the preparation of this book I have enjoyed the huge advantage of access to the superb collections of Cambridge University Library, as well as to those of the Wiener Library and the German Historical Institute in London. The University of Melbourne kindly appointed me to a Miegunyah Distinguished Visiting Fellowship in 2007, and I was able to use the excellent research collection on modern German history purchased for the University Library from the bequest of the late, and much-missed, John Foster. The Staatsarchiv der Freien- und Hansestadt Hamburg and the Forschungsstelle f̈r Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg kindly permitted consultation of the unpublished diaries of Luise Solmitz. The encouragement of many readers, especially in the United States, has been crucial in spurring me on to complete the book, though it has taken longer to do so than I originally intended. The advice and support of many friends and colleagues has been crucial. My agent Andrew Wylie and my editor at Penguin, Simon Winder, and their teams have been enormously helpful. Chris Clark, Christian Goeschel, Victoria Harris, Sir Ian Kershaw, Richard Overy, Kristin Semmens, Astrid Swenson, Hester Vaizey and Nikolaus Wachsmann read early drafts and made many useful suggestions. Victoria Harris, Stefan Ihrig, Alois Maderspacher, David Motadel, Tom Neuhaus and Hester Vaizey checked through the notes and saved me from many errors. Andr’s Berezn’y provided maps that are a model of clarity and accuracy; working on them with him was extremely instructive. The expertise of David Watson in copy-editing was invaluable, and it was a pleasure to work with Cecilia Mackay on the illustrations. Christine L. Corton applied her practised eye to the proofs, and provided essential support in too many ways to mention. Our sons, Matthew and Nicholas, to whom this final volume, like the previous two, is dedicated, have cheered me up on innumerable occasions during the writing of a book the subject matter of which was sometimes shocking and depressing almost beyond belief. I am profoundly grateful to them all.


“Amritsar is one of Punjab’s principal cities, dating back in history over 400 years. It is known more for the world famous Golden Temple, the seat of Sikh religion.”
Situated on the north-western border of India, the city is also gateway for the travelers on the overland route through Pakistan. The Wagah border, which is the check-post is about 29 kms away. Amritsar literally means “the pool of nectar”, the name derived from a pool constructed at the sacred site in the 16th century.
GURUDWARA SHRI BABA DEEP SINGH JI SHAHEED is situated in the prikarma of GURUDWARA SHRI HARIMANDIR SAHIB AMRITSAR. BABA DEEP SINGH JI was the leader of the famous ” Shaheedan Di Missel ” among the 12 missels. Apart from getting the GURU GRANTH SAHIB’S saroop written, he also actively participated in all the major battles that took place in the 18th century. In the year 1757 when BABA DEEP SINGH JI got the news that Taimurshah & Jahan Khan have shown disrespect for SHRI DARBAR SAHIB and also started filling the holy sarovar, even though BABA JI was in old age he carried a 18 ser heavy Khanda in his hand to free SHRI DARBAR SAHIB.
Goindwal Sahib, is located in Taran Taran district in the state of Punjab in India about 23 km from Tarn Taran Sahib. In the 16th century it became an important center for the Sikh religion during the Guruship of the Guru Amar Das. Goindwal is on the banks of the river Beas and is one of the focal points of small scale industries of Tarn Taran district.
Guru Amar Das (the third Guru or the third Nanak) stayed in Goindwal for 33 years where he established a new centre for preaching Sikhism. A Baoli (stepwell), paved with 84 steps was constructed there. Some devout believe that by reciting Japji Sahib, the divine Word revealed to Guru Nanak Dev at each of the 84 steps after taking a bath in the Baoli provides Moksha, liberation from 84,00,000 cycles of life of this world and unity with God (mukhti). Goindval is where Guru Amar Das met Guru Ram Das, the next Guru. Guru Arjan Dev was also born there on 15 April 1563. It is called axis of Sikhism as it was the first center of Sikhism.
“The 1919 Amritsar massacre, known alternatively as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in the northern Indian city of Amritsar, was ordered by General R.E.H. Dyer.”
On Sunday April 13, 1919, which happened to be ‘Baisakhi’, one of Punjab’s largest religious festivals, fifty British Indian Army soldiers, commanded by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, began shooting at an unarmed gathering of men, women, and children without warning.
Located 11 Km West of Amritsar on Chogawan road, dates back to the period of Ramayana, Rishi Valmiki’s hermitage. The place has an ancient tank and many temples. A hut marks the site where Mata Sita gave birth to Luv & Kush and also, still extant are Rishi Valmiki’s hut and the well with stairs where Mata Sita used to take her bath. The Bedis of Punjab (Guru Nanak Dev , the founder Prophet of Sikhism was a Bedi) trace their descent from Kush and Sodhis (the 10th Prophet of Sikhism, Guru Gibind Singh was a Sodhi) from Luv. A four day fair, since times immemorial is held here starting on the full moon night in November. 16 Kilometres west on Choganwan road is Ram Tirath, commemorating Maharishi Balmik Ji´s heritage.
Built in the third decade of the 20th Century it echoes, not the traditional Hindu temple architecture, but that of the Golden Temple and, in a similar manner rises from the midst of a tank and has canopies and the central dome in the style of the Sikh temple. One of the greatest reformers and political leaders of resurgent India, Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, laid its foundation stone. It is a well-known repository of Hindu scriptures.
“Wagah (or Wagha) is a border town straddling the line between Pakistan and India, 27 km from Amritsar(India). This is the only crossing point between Pakistan and India that is regularly open to foreigners.”
There is daily flag raising and lowering ceremony at Wagah Border, done with fascinating pomp and ceremony that involves lots of tall soldiers in massive turbans goose-stepping about and slamming gates. Both the Indian and Pakistani border forces do this and it has become a tradition for people from both sides gather and see this. Both sides synchronize their parade and the entire event is meant to create a feel-good/patriotic fervour amongst the crowd. It is called the beating retreat ceremony.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s reign was also known for all round development, secular values and patriotic fervour. Keeping all these aspects in mind, the Amritsar has come up with many such things that reminds one of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule.
The National Council of Science Museums in cooperation with the State government has recently set up Maharaja Ranjit Singh panorama, which is only second of its kind in the country. Spread on a sprawling 4.5 acres of land in the historic Rambagh heritage Garden, the panorama with its long, cylindrical architecture, is an all-captivating marvel for visitors.


Shogun 2 rise of Jozai
Beste IG leden. Ik wil graag een ervaring van shogun 2 fall of the samurai met jullie delen. Ik zal dit in het Engels doen omdat ik het ga posten op het total war forum dat uiteraard in het Engels is. Ik kan garanderen dat dit geen plagiaat is! Ik heb er helaas geen plaatjes bij dit deel omdat ik nog niet wist dat ik alles zou opschrijven. Hopelijk vergeven jullie het me. Ik plaats het in delen zodat ik feedback kan ontvangen over eventueel taalgebruik en voor tips voor het verbeteren van de sfeer in het verhaal. Hier deel 1 van mijn verhaal.
Playing Jozai I had one of the hardest times but also the most fun time on Shogun 2. After failing 3 Legendary campaigns with other factions I was determined to finally make it work this time. I read some articles on the internet about the economy because this was where the problem was.
My tactic would be to rush in and capture 2/3 other provinces and from there build my economy. Also making a couple of key economical hubs with geisha’s entertaining the nobles. Beside the economical hubs I was Playing as Jozai I made a descent size army in the first few turns and rushed them to the first settlement. The fight wasn’t that hard and I easily prevailed. I was happy because a good start is the way to a good future. The second province went the same . There I was 3 provinces and a relative strong army. Time to boost my economy! I figured that these three first provinces would become my economical hubs. There were recourses and place for a harbour.
All was going well but then my first disaster Struck! My ally to the west suddenly attacked. I was shocked by this development by my trusted ally. I moved my army to defend and I was just in time. I defeated his attack force and went on the attack myself. I took his province and another clan was destroyed. It was a hard war with good troops on either side and it left my borders undefended. My only hope was that my neighbours would leave me alone for a while.
A couple of turns later my economy was running very well. The Geisha was in place and more underway as my empire would grow. My army became stronger again and thoughts of attacking were at hand. It was time to start step 2 of my plan, the military hub. A place where the strongest army will be trained and a place connected to a railway for good mobility. I found the perfect spot just west of me. There was a blacksmith and the province next to hit could support a trainstation. I gathered my army and marched on the enemy. I took the province after a siege. All was good and I started to make the military hub.
The next couple of turns I researched the best technologies. My farmers were running over time and my army got stronger and stronger while my fleet became to take shape as well. Some small wars were fought to expand the empire. Great Nations fell while others rised. Great Daimyo’s slain all across Japan and wives made widows. But all was still fine within the realm of Jozai, the nation that would one day be at the vanguard of the Shogun however nobody knew it yet...
North of me 2 nations became allies and both grew in power, the Aizu and the Nagaoka. At one dark day the Aizu broke their trade agreement with me. And the time had come for the war that started all the other wars. Troops mobilised and tactical placed a few turns later they attacked. The Aizu came to me with a general that had19 full companies under its command; damn I did not expect that. While they declared war I found out that Nagoka was their ally and joined the war against me, at that moment Nagoka was the strongest clan in Japan. The days grew darker and I became scared, would I fail again?
The Aizu strike at one of my provinces luckily I was well prepared and an army stood ready at the fort to meet them. I knew that if this fort would be breached the Aizu had access to the rest of my realm. It had to be defended no matter the cost!
2 Rings of protection and 1200 troops stood between the Aizu and total victory. Surrounded by the great enemy numbers my troops stood vast brave to face the enemy convinced that Jozai could once be the leading the vanguard for the shogun. In the distance we heard them coming more than 1700 men dressed all in black aiming to slay us where we stood. The enemy came closer and closer but the troops had to wait until the enemy was in range. Everybody was nervous but if they would die at least it would be a glorious dead.
Finally the enemy was in range after a time that felt like it took days. Muskets fired and smoke raised like a wild fire destroying a beautiful forest. 10s 100s fell in the first strike. Samurai ran to the west walls to climb under a hail of bullets. Many of them fell to their death while climbing. But eventually a large number of samurais reached the top. The simple riflemen where no match for the trained samurai many of our friends were slain in the breach. The outer ring was falling, the west side was lost.
Meanwhile on the east side the battle went well. Many enemies were routing. Just 2 more enemy companies held their ground but then the alarm sounded. The west wall had fallen and all must return to the inner section in order to make our last stand.
Half of both forces were gone, heads cut off and entire companies wiped out never to see the light of day again but the battle was far from over. All my troops were set up on the inner side of the wall ready to meet the enemy once again. The samurai left in the first breach were tired and scared. They were all alone in the second ring of the caste. They were commanded to take the inner ring without any other support. Luck finally reached us. When they ran to the inner walls they were quickly annihilated by the many muskets set up on top of it. The odds were beginning to get into our favour.
The rest of the enemies marched through the captured gates of the outer ring but tight together and many fell. The once who did reached the wall and managed to climb it were slain because of the lack of numbers reaching the top. The enemy army was in full retreat. One final desperate attempt was made by the enemy general to try to capture our castle with few brave men. But he got slain on sight by the 600 troops that were still alive on our side. An honourable dead for a foolish general.
The battle was over. Hope returned to me, we can beat them we can take their lands and prevail. The enemy crushed the time had come to send another army into their lands to capture it and weaken them.
To be continued!!