Since the 1970s, February has been dedicated to Black History, which is a great time for students to learn about the milestones of Black History, and celebrate the powerful African American historical figures that have an influence on today’s society. The information learned during Black History Month is important to carry with us all year long, as this is part of African American culture that will forever be connected to the present day.
To help information become more retainable, we’re sharing a few ideas to make learning fun and engaging for students so that they have the opportunity to show what they know and process what they’ve learned in their own unique way!
The People of Black History
To understand black history is to understand the people who have made a crucial impact on history, and learn their story. With these Buncee research project templates, students will be able to show what they have learned about influential African American historical figures in the US, and the struggles they have faced.
Another way to observe the heroism of these African American historical figures, is to design a Buncee with a specific quote spoken by one of these figures. Encourage students to find a quote that they feel moved by, inspires them, or affects them in a different way. Add the quote to a Buncee, then use stickers, animations, video, audio, or text to describe what this quote means to them, or how it inspires them.
Bring awareness to Black History Month, and honor the achievements made by African Americans by simply sharing the quotes of these heroes in the classroom, the hallways, or on social media!
What was life like for African Americans back in the day? There’s so many different ways to honor the events that took place, and the contributions made by African Americans throughout history! Students can use this template to complete a timeline of events during the Civil Rights Movement. Creating a visual timeline of these significant events can be a helpful resource when learning about history and how things have changed over time.
In order to get a better understanding of the events and actions that took place in history, ask students to choose a key event and create a news article about it! Students can pretend as if they are a journalist during that time period and use their research to share details about what they learned.
Black history is more than just a month! Learning about Black history year round builds unity between students and their peers. It also creates a more inclusive environment, leading to more social awareness. These Buncee templates can help spark conversation, make connections, encourage reflection, and prepare students with essential life skills that they’ll carry with them for years to come!
For more ideas on how you can celebrate and honor Black History in your classroom, check out this Buncee Board full of customizable templates. Connect with us on Twitter, and join our Facebook group for educators to stay connected!


Somerset died unmarried and left no legitimate children. He did have an illegitimate son by Joan Hill (later legitimized), Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, from whom descend the Earls and Marquesses of Worcester and later the Dukes of Beaufort, who are currently the last male line descendants of the Plantagenets and the Second House of the Counts of Anjou.
How many white claws to get a lightweight drunk
- Irene Sheila Ken Joan George Dorothy June Leonard Peter W. John G. Albert. LIN- HEW- FREE- KEN- ESTILL SMITH MARSHALL TIMBRELL LUCAS DEAVALL RATCLIFFE. ACRE SON BORN DALL. Carol & Neill Cameron Gail Rhiannon Stuart Wm Simon J. Ian Wm Steven J. Warren Karen. Andrew 1961- m.1992 (i) 1963- m.2000 1964- m.1998 1969- 1957- 1959- 1970- 1971-
- was the son of 14152. William Hill and 14153. Eleanor. He married 7077. Margary. Child of Roger Hill and Margary is: 3538 i. Robert Hill, born in Yarde, Somerset, England; died 1581 in Yarde, Somerset, England; married Alice Clark/Clack 8064. John Munson II, born 1378 in South Carlton, Lincolnshire, England. He was the son of 16128.
The descendants of Robert Stapleton and his second wife established themselves at Myton and were royalists, Robert's son, Brian (d. 1658), becoming Receiver General of the North for Charles I and his son being made baronet by Charles II. The baronetcy expired with Martin Stapleton who died without issue in 1817.
- At 2:30 a.m. Joan Robinson Hill suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 38. Since Joan died less than 24 hours after being admitted, Texas law demanded that an autopsy be performed. John had her taken to a funeral home and embalmed right after she passed.
I too am obsessed with the murders of the Hills. Someone in a recent post asked what had become of the son, ROBERT ASHTON HILL. I did an internet search and there is a 48 year old ROBERT ASHTON HILL in the Montgomery County (MARYLAND) attorney's office. Robert "Boot Hill was born in 1960 or '61. He also lived at one time in Houston.
- Joan Robinson Hill, daughter of Texas Oil Millionare, Ash Robinson, whose death inspired the books Blood And Money by Tommy Tompson and Persciption Murder by Ann Kurth. There is a movie based on Kurth's book titled Murder in Texas with Sam Elliot, Katharine Ross, Farrah Fawcett and Andy Griffith. Mrs. Joan Hill was...
Dr. John Hill was gunned down at 1561 Kirby by a reputed hitman. The killing is believed to be connected to the death of his wife, socialite Joan Robinson in 1971.
- Phyllis L. Vining Phyllis Lynn Vining, 65, of Hot Springs, passed away Dec. 24, 2020. She was born Oct. 25, 1955, in Wynne, Ark. to Benonia and Martha (Jordan ...
Modern sources add George Meeker (Party guest), Ben Erway and Robert Hill to the cast and credit Jack Pierce as makeup artist and John P. Fulton with special effects. This was the third "Dracula" film produced by Universal, following the 1936 feature Dracula's Daughter (see AFI Catalog of Feature Films, 1931-40 ; F3.1122).
- When, just three months after Joan's death, Hill married long-time lover Ann Kurth, Robinson threw thousands of dollars into a crusade to persuade the authorities that his son-in-law was a killer. Noted pathologist Dr. Milton Helpern, hired to conduct a second autopsy, cautiously volunteered his opinion that Joan Hill might have been poisoned.
The death of John Robert Wright, son of JOHN ROBERT and JANE, was registered at Hamilton in 1969. The death of Elsie Florence Wright, daughter of JOHN and LUCIE, was registered at Newcastle in 1970. 184.108.40.206 William John Henry Newell (1911…1911)
- Richmond Hill, located in Queens between Forest Park, Kew Gardens, and Jamaica, didn’t spring up on its own, spontaneously. It’s a planned community. It was conceived in reaction to the increasing population in Manhattan and Brooklyn in the mid-1800s, with row upon row of tenements and attached brownstones.
Phyllis L. Vining Phyllis Lynn Vining, 65, of Hot Springs, passed away Dec. 24, 2020. She was born Oct. 25, 1955, in Wynne, Ark. to Benonia and Martha (Jordan ...


http://25boutique.co.uk/pic12-2/ With Twilight being one of the many organisations established in the early twentieth century, ‘An Australian Story: A History of Twilight Aged Care 1915-2015’ occupies a small space in telling the broader story of aged care in Australia.
Over the years, Twilight Aged Care has played an integral role in the lives of many thousands of people. This book draws on the available archives to explore some of their inspiring stories, and the stories of the inspiring individuals who played a fundamental role in its development.
Reviews of An Australian Story:
‘An Australian Story: A History of Twilight Aged Care 1915-2015’ is a thought provoking celebration story. This book is primarily about the historical development of an aged care service provider. Although people in the aged care industry will be interested in the story, many other readers interested in the history of society and the development and management of aged care services will find it a valuable read… It is relatively common for organisations to celebrate milestones with a historical publication. However, in this contribution Ringer has used historical illustrations that not only provide the reader with the history of the institution, but he has used personal illustrations that capture timing in history. He has managed to merge the political and social interfaces over a period and weave a historical managerial story that captures the reader’s attention.
– Dr. Eleanor Horton, Senior Lecturer in Nursing and Midwifery, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service
“This is a story waiting to be told; the research, the wonderfully illustrated and photographed content is a must for anyone interested in the history of aged care through the early 1900s up to where aged care has evolved to today… the book chronicles the important role that women and the Twilight Committee played post first and second world wars in lobbying for, not only older women in need of housing and care, but also for all older Australian in general… for Twilight Aged Care this is a significant book for the organisation, for the aged care community and the community at large.”
– Dr. Susanne Macri AM, D.Hon (ACU), FCNA. Board Director and Advisor in Healthcare.
“The very best historians are sensitive to the wider cultural factors that impact on their subjects. At the same time they write in ways that engage their readers. Ron Ringer is such a historian. While recording the details of the founding and evolution of Twilight House in New South Wales since 1915, he is ever alert to the changing social, political and economic influences affecting founders, administrators and residents. No matter the changes, the abiding exemplary lesson of Twilight Aged Care over the decades for aged care services today is this: despite increasing financial pressures, respect for dignity of residents must remain paramount.”
– Dr. Gerald A. Arbuckle, SM, Ph.D. Author: Humanizing Healthcare Reforms (2013)
Click on link below to open:


US – Vietnam Review
Editor’s Note: The following text has been adapted to standard American English from Australian English. Footnotes have been removed and minor edits implemented for style and readability.
In the fall of 1965, five Vietnamese students travelled to the United States on a State Department tour and pleaded the Republic of Vietnam’s case. It was a nerve-wracking, if not downright terrifying experience for them. At the University of California at Berkeley, the five were booed, and anti-war groups shouted accusations that they were ‘stooges’ of the American and South Vietnamese governments. At other venues, there were refusals even to meet with the delegation. Many Americans believed that those Vietnamese who supported the Saigon government, or opposed Hanoi and the National Liberation Front, were puppets of the American imperial war machine.
Three years later, March 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not run for re-election. Tired and despondent, he stated:
‘As I sat in my office last evening, waiting to speak, I thought of the many times each week when television brings the war into the American home. No one can say exactly what effect those vivid scenes have on American opinion’ (Ward 2018).
Fast-forward 30 years to 2017, and there was the appearance of a much-praised historical documentary, entitled The Vietnam War. Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, the film’s directors, claimed to be challenging misinterpretations of the Vietnam War. It was disappointing, from a historical perspective, that they included in their story the voices of only eight South Vietnamese military veterans and former government officials. The viewpoint adopted in the film was again from the top down, and the effect it produced was to make the Vietnam War seem much the same as other wars in which Americans have been involved during their relatively short 300 years of nation-building. The complexity of Vietnam’s political, military and cultural conflicts during the war was reduced to two basic actors: the Americans, and anyone willing to fight them, yet again.
‘Mediatized history’: history from below?
For better or for worse, news or media or journalism, whichever term is more appropriate in a specific context, has become the favored instrument for the democratization of the past. Those interested in history, whether scholars, politicians, students or citizens, now have to engage with the past in terms of freedom, truthfulness and community. In that sense, history has become the ‘the repository of shared memory’.
Such a development is understandable. For some time now, historical literature has been reminding us of how much of social experience has been left out of history scholarship, which tended to focus on wars, atrocities, the macro-development of social processes and economies.
The complexity, interconnectedness and inaccessibility of most primary historical resources had always ensured that historians and the state apparatus, rather than the wider public, were the official custodians of history. The invention of news media and public journalism appeared to overcome this exclusivity by relinquishing professional control over the gatekeeping and authorship of history.
It is possible to view history-making through media and journalism as an entirely praiseworthy and democratic process that typically begins with the journalist unearthing a story, which is then truthfully told in the face of any danger posed by hostile interests. The story is received by an audience that feels it is being offered an experience at first hand. Journalism becomes the locus at which individuals imagine themselves to be connected, involved, part of the group that celebrates, mourns, suffers or expresses outrage. Prominent British journalist and war correspondent Robert Fisk famously saw journalists as the ‘witnesses of history’:‘I suppose, in the end, we journalists try – or should try – to be the first impartial witnesses of history.”
With that in mind, it is acceptable and reasonable to describe media, and particularly print and television news media, as ‘the first draft of history and also as the first draft of collective memory. Media record events as they happen, presenting us with stories that etch onto our minds the fear, anger, confusion or disgust that often determine our judgments, then stores this information so that it can be accessed by future generations. This is why scholars have had to take note that the lines between academic and popular histories are increasingly blurred. Sir David Cannadine, in the seminal work, ‘History and the Media’, published in 2004, argued that ‘history and the media are more completely interconnected and more variedly intertwined than ever before.’
The phenomenon is inevitable. Apart from compulsory history lessons at school that may inspire a tiny minority to pursue historical studies at a higher level, where else can the rest of us get an understanding of the present and the past? Our entire engagement with history has become mediatized.
However, important as news media are, their qualifications for authorship of the first drafts of history are questionable.
History requires time and context, and there are interdisciplinary aspects that also need to be considered. On the other hand, the information presented by the media is, like memory itself, a physical and mental process unique to the provider and to the receiver. Both memory and journalism are emotive, creative, empathetic, cognitive, selective, and sensory. We edit them, store and share them and rely too much on them without any consideration of widening the perspective or the pool of information. This characteristic often makes it difficult to generalize their relationship with history.
The well-regarded historian and TV film-maker Simon Schama has the perfect description of modern information and communication, which I believe can also provide an explanation of the dangers involved when news and journalistic works are the only forms of historical interpretation the public can access. Schama writes of the ‘chopped-up, speed-driven, flickering restless quality of modern communication’. It is received ‘serially’; our picture of the world is ‘scrambled’, and rhetoric passes ‘through fields of sonic distortion’. In such chaos, history comes to us as a collection of glimpses from the window of a speeding car, each equivalent to one celluloid frame.
Appreciating the source dilemma of global history, as a way to understand a foreign country, or to understand the interconnected history of countries, requires scholars, readers a lot more than the dependence on televised reports and op-eds.
‘It’s a dirty little war.’
The award-winning journalist Dan Rather made the above statement about the Vietnam War on national television, and it has become one of the most quoted and best remembered descriptions of the Vietnam conflict, continuing to shadow the historical remnant of South Vietnam.
The Republic of Vietnam: Media depiction and Historical reality
The Vietnam war is known as the first “television war’. An excerpt from the National Archives History Office, authored by Madie Ward, will serve as a useful first point of reference for understanding how journalism, and its new medium – television, completely changed the way the public accessed and ‘felt’ the war.Ward explained that, in World War II, morale was high and the camera crews of the day naturally stayed in non-combat areas to show the upbeat side of the war. Their stories were broadcast as motion pictures shown in theaters as special events, and no one in their right mind would have wanted to spoil these events with defeatist news. By contrast, the Vietnam War started at a time of easier and greater news coverage.
There are substantial numbers of American scholars who subscribe to the view that televising the Vietnam War helped to divide a nation that had hitherto taken pride in its unity of purpose. Others are not convinced by these accounts of media influence. One could spend a lifetime arguing about the influence of journalism on the outcome of the Vietnam War.
However, within the jungle of blame-shifting and finger-pointing, there is some agreement. The fault of U.S. journalists, according to Arnold R. Isaacs, a war correspondent who has spent most of his career defending the integrity of the news media during the Vietnam War, was that, in reporting the war almost exclusively from the American side, they paid far too little attention to the realities of South Vietnamese people, their hopes and aspirations, their achievements and their losses, and thus they failed in a journalist’s essential mission – telling the story from the ground.
Failure to depict South Vietnam as an essentially democratic nation during its soul- searching struggles
Ngo Dinh Diem was the very model of an elite member of the traditional Vietnamese hierarchy. Rethinking the story of South Vietnam with Diem at its beginning seems to defeat the purposes of this study. But it is also the reason we have to begin the story with him – Diem was the First Republic in the eyes of U.S. news media. And they hated him, professionally.
There is a lot to say about Western news media coverage of Ngo Dinh Diem, and the space and resources of this research will not allow us to deconstruct all of them. Instead, the author will rely on two case studies to encapsulate the false news media depiction of the Diem administration and its representative competence in relation to the people of South Vietnam. First, Diem’s ascendancy to power and, secondly, the Buddhist crisis.
Diem has long been seen as an American lackey, a South Vietnamese puppet of American king-makers. The New York Times described Diem as a man who had ‘turned his back on the world to go into monastic self-imposed exile. He was regarded as lacking the popular appeal of the North’s communist leader, Ho Chi Minh, and his government was depicted as being founded on nepotism and the swift suppression by the secret police of internal criticism. It can be argued that the news media successfully created the conventional wisdom that Ngo Dinh Diem was no more than a pawn of the American anti-communist strategy in Southeast Asia, and that he would do anything he was told to do by his American controllers, as Professor Nu-Ahn Tran has cautiously pointed out. The media depiction of Ngo Dinh Diem’s first republic might lead people to believe that the Republic of Vietnam was from its inception a bad tree that inevitably yielded bad fruit.
Regardless of whether this view was an error made in good faith by the U.S. news media, its historical impact was long-lasting. The news media, in their ignorance of the political context and social complexity of Southern Vietnam, failed to appreciate the grassroots dynamic that led to the rise of Ngo Dinh Diem and his subsequent contribution to the stabilization of South Vietnam.
Unlike the North, with its background of over a thousand years of political practice and its major bureaucratic establishments, South Vietnam – including its capital Saigon – was only 200 years old and could be perceived as a ‘lawless gangland’.
The French colonial administration, notwithstanding the historical rhetoric that, for whatever reason, depicted the French Empire as exercising totalitarian rule in their colonial territories, was never able to achieve control of the village-led communities of South Vietnam. The French relied entirely on local elites to carry out very basic tasks of governance, such as land registration and demographic surveys. The local elites themselves were a loosely self-governing structure that scarcely conformed to the usual characteristics of a bureaucracy. The liberal and anti-statist pattern of the Southerners is confirmed not only by Western records but, more importantly, by local literature and academic evidence.
Trinh Hoai Duc was a prominent mandarin and engineer of southward expansion who served under the Emperor Nguyen Anh. In a work entitled Gia Dinh Thanh Thong Chi (嘉定城通志: The General History of Jiading City), written arguably between 1880 – 1822, he asserted that Gia Dinh and South Vietnam were the lands of migrants, deviants, vagabonds, fugitives and refugees.
Due to the agricultural fertility of the land and its rich diversity of species, the aspiration of the inhabitants was not towards politics and law and order, but towards heroism, adventurism, personal freedom and entrepreneurship. Living alongside Western settlers and traders, Cambodians, Chams, Chinese and many more, the population of Gia Dinh defied the Confucian traditions and practices of the north. Creating their own ‘lễ” (ceremony) and ‘tục’ (custom), and modifying their Vietnamese language and mixing their heritage, they were able to establish the most vibrant and prosperous region of Vietnam.
Through the eyes of Son Nam, a notable writer on the Southward Reclamation (‘Khẩn Hoang miền Nam’), Gia Dinh society seemed to resemble the ‘Wild West’ era of westward expansion in the United States, which was happening at the same time (i.e., the early 19th century). For instance, in ‘Huong Rung Ca Mau’ (The Forest Scent of Ca Mau), Son Nam tells the stories of individuals who enjoyed their freedom deeply isolated within nature. We meet Tu Thong, an old man living alone in Co Tron Ait, who had never seen or heard of French officials and their colonial administration in Vietnam, who regarded the modern and powerful ‘ca – nô’ (Canot in French, motorboat in English) as nothing more than ‘a duck egg shell in the sea’, and who felt that leaving his ait would deprive him of all his freedom.
For all their poetic libertarianism, these stories are evidence of a region that was not prepared for formal politics and the imposition of a thoroughgoing system of bureaucracy. This deficiency, in the analysis of Dennis J Duncanson, has favored the formation for mutual succor of cliques, sects, and half-secret societies, boasting supernatural or ideological sanction. The rise of the Binh Xuyen gang, and then the Cao Dai and Hoa Hao religious militias, and the unexpected rise in influence of major religions such as Buddhism and Christianity after the mayhem of World War II, turned South Vietnam into a ticking bomb liable to be detonated by any discussion of statehood and unity.
The massacres, executions and assassinations carried out by the Viet Minh (Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh hội – or Vietnam Independent Alliances, an alter ego of the Vietnam Communist Party), only added fuel to the fire.
The establishment by the Viet Minh in 1945 of the so-called ‘Democratic Republic of Vietnam’, largely seen in the West as the first independent government representing the entirety of Vietnam after French colonial rule, was ill-received in southern Vietnam.
Every faction there has a different name for this period.
Trotskyist communists in Vietnam and in the rest of the world called the period from 1945 to 1950 the ‘Stalinist Massacre’ since the Vietminh kidnapped and executed the majority of the Trotskyist leaders and subsequently many of their followers. With the killing of most of its brightest members, including Ta Thu Thau, Hinh Thai Thong, Tran Van Thach, Tran Dinh Minh, this once-influential movement in Southern Vietnam was eliminated.
Religious history, desperately safeguarded by groups such as Hoa Hao, also depicts the Viet Minh and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in a very different manner. The massacre of hundreds of Hoa Hao followers by the Viet Minh in Can Tho in 1945 strengthened their opposition to communist rhetoric. After 1947, when Huynh Phu So – the Virtuous Master of Hoa Hao – was ambushed and killed by the Viet Minh, his group of almost one million farmers and commoners turned into an anti-communist as well as an anti-French movement. In Quang Ngai 1945, many adherents of Cao Dai – another prominent local religion with millions of members – were also attacked and killed by the Viet Minh. A large number of other Southern political leaders and intellectuals were killed by the Viet Minh after 1945, including Pham Quynh, Ngo Dinh Khoi (Ngo Dinh Diem’s brother) …
The situation described above created a unique political situation in Southern Vietnam, with different factions running their own militias, either for security reasons or in the interests of organized crime. Although the conditions inevitably gave rise to an anti-communist nationalist movement, the will to unite under a single banner was absent.
It is through an awareness of this complexity, rather than through a bland assumption reliant on heavily mediatized resources that Ngo Dinh Diem was purely an American choice, that we can begin to understand the apparent suddenness with which he came to be considered the man for the job, the reasons for his invitation by the Bao Dai Emperor and why his return to Vietnam was welcomed by most grassroots organizations in Southern Vietnam. The South desperately needed a prestigious political icon, and Ngo Dinh Diem, who was opposed both to the Communists and the colonial administration, who had survived the bloodshed after 1945 and who had experience of government, was a rational choice.
What then should we say on the subject of freedom in the South? Was not Diem responsible for the curtailment of personal freedom? Didn’t he suppress all dissidents and establish totalitarian control over Southern society? Such were the canards recurrently found in U.S. media from 1960 onwards.
This is odd, given the fact that the so-called all-powerful ‘secret police’ of Diem’s administration never had a significant presence outside of Saigon. Official documents housed at the National Archives Centre II in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), and several Western historical resources clearly show that Diem, in pursuit of pacification and community self-determination, had never even formed a rural police force for fear of interfering with the people’s traditional way of life (Duncanson 1967).
The question of whether this was a sensible decision from the standpoint of the safety and welfare of the populace in view of the constant acts of terror carried out by the National Liberation Front (NFL) is beyond the scope of the present discussion. Yet, suffice to say that it is misleading to depict the First Republic as an entirely authoritarian regime.
Another recently published collection of essays written by well-known Vietnamese authors between 1954 and 1975 (“Bàn về Giáo dục Việt Nam trước và sau 1975” (On Vietnam Education before and after 1975), edited by Tran Van Chanh), sheds light on the academic and political freedom, freedom of association and status of civil rights in South Vietnam. Diem and the officials of the First Republic could be considered as the people who laid the foundation stones of that freedom. The book is a record of the discussions and critiques of scholars living in the era and it enables us to obtain an accurate picture of the South and its vivid market of ideas. Private organizations and entities were encouraged to establish private schools and build their own educational programs, communism could be introduced and taught in schools and it was easy for journals and newspapers to start up. The South, unlike the North, was a place where academic discussions and political debates on national identity, state development, and spiritual enquiry and religious pluralism could flourish.
However, all this was followed by the Buddhist Crisis, the downfall of Ngo Dinh Diem, and the ‘Western-mediatized’ history, which had a detrimental effect on the legitimacy of the First Republic and its successor.
The Buddhist Crisis began on 8 May 1963, when a dispute of religious flag displayed led to a political turmoil. Diem agreed to meet with the Buddhist leadership and promised financial aid for the death victims’ families. He insisted, however, that there was no religious persecution in South Vietnam, and that the assault was a communist-orchestrated. This view was not accepted by the major sects of Buddhism in South Vietnam. As June approached, the Buddhist Crisis was spinning ‘out of control’. 11 June 1963, seventy-three-year-old monk Thich Quang Duc sat down at the intersection of Saigon’s major boulevards and consigned himself to death by fire.
The media effectiveness of the self-immolation was undeniable. Quang Duc’s suicide called attention to the situation of Buddhists in South Vietnam, and their protests appealed to the most cherished American value: freedom of religion.
Marguerite Higgins, a prominent correspondent in the Saigon press corps, assumed that it was Diem’s intention to discriminate and even to kill Buddhist supporters: ‘What was President Ngo Dinh Diem doing to cause these Buddhists to choose such a horrible death as self-immolation?’
The New York Times, a major anti-war news outlet, spent a full-page advertisement in which twelve American clergymen opposed the First Republic, insisting on ‘the fiction that this is ‘fighting for freedom’
All the news dispatches coming out of Saigon estimated that the Buddhists constituted 70 or even 90 per cent of the national population. Lack of faith in the First Republic manifested itself when Diem’s government began to be seen as a discriminative Christian minority regime disconnected from the Buddhist ‘majority’.
The New York Times speculated that ‘the crisis is worth about 15 major battlefield victories to the Communists.’ and its reporter David Halberstam confidently asserted that ‘the United States backed the wrong man. Their editorial of 17 June reflected these assumptions and speculations, and even hinted at the need to overthrow Diem: ‘If he cannot genuinely represent a majority then he is not the man to be President.’
Time magazine, in a very under-researched manner, explained that ‘Buddhist discontent could cause passive resistance to government programs in the rural provinces where political unity is the key to victory in the war against the Communist Viet Cong.’
This ‘first draft of history’ put forth by reporters had a significant influence on public opinion. According to the researcher Zi Jun Toong, Diem’s fall from grace in international opinion played a vital role in Washington’s decision to support a coup to overthrow the Diem government. However, if one digs deep enough, the media assertions can be seen to conflict with the historical record.
First of all, assessments of the degree of discontent in the country were highly inaccurate. In a little-known but well-conducted study of Buddhism in Vietnam, it was reported that only 30 percent of South Vietnamese were actually practicing Buddhists. The sect that was directly in dispute with the First Republic, the General Association of Buddhism, was even smaller in size. It represented only six of South Vietnam’s sixteen Mahayana sects, which comprised some 3000 monks, 600 nuns and around 70,000 to 90,000 members of youth groups.
These facts found accurate expression in General Victor Krulak’s report cited below, although it seems to have been lost in the morass of sensational headlines and Cold War dualism:
‘The religious aspect of the issue has a narrower base than public reports might suggest. There is a tendency to classify all non-Christians as Buddhists. In fact, many are simple ancestor worshippers in the Chinese tradition, while other major religions are also represented in the count…’
Secondly, there was misapprehension concerning the Buddhist Crisis.
CIA rejected the view that there was formal suppression of religious freedom in South Vietnam, although it did affirm that Diem’s government had successfully curbed the political influence of some religious groups (specifically Hoa Hao and Cao Dai). Also, a United Nations independent fact-finding team concluded that the First Republic had not systematically oppressed the Buddhists. Fernando Volio Jimenez, Costa Rican ambassador to the UN and a member of the team, told the NC News Service:
‘There was no policy of discrimination, oppression or persecution against the Buddhists on the basis of religion. Testimony to this effect was usually hearsay, and was expressed in vague and general terms.’
It is also vital to remember that, it was under Diem’s First Republic (from 1956 to 1962), Vietnamese Buddhism flourished and the membership of Buddhist associations increased dramatically, in contrast to what was happening in the Communist North at the same time, where religious persecution rooted out Christianity and Taoism, as well as Buddhism, from the land of ‘a thousand-year-old civilization’. My informal interviews with Buddhists and Catholic refugees living in exile in the U.S. support the view that there was no discriminatory policy that excluded Buddhists from political and social activities in the First Republic (and indeed the Second Republic). Some interviewees emphasize the fact that many Buddhists obtained major roles in the army of the Republic of Vietnam.
After 1975, the Southern population soon came to understand what ‘religious suppression’ really meant. Thich Tri Quang, who had been an internationally-recognized figure during the Buddhist Crisis, was arrested under the revolutionary regime and kept under house arrest for decades, an event that attracted absolutely no attention from the U.S. news media. Nguyen Thanh Nam, the founder of the Religion of Harmony (Hòa đồng Tôn giáo) known as the ‘Coconut Religion,’ was killed in a skirmish between his supporters and the forces of the revolution. He had previously been hailed by the US press as a hero of the anti-war movement (Steinbeck 2019).
The intention here is not to canonize Ngo Dinh Diem as the North has canonized Ho Chi Minh. Yet, it does intend to show how under-researched and misleading U.S. news media coverage has been and how it has affected the collective memory, and ultimately the narratives, that constitute the history of the Republic of Vietnam – the very first endemic Vietnamese liberal democracy.
The failure to depict a comprehensive picture of the warring factions: war crimes and forgotten terrorism
Asked to recall their most vividly remembered televised images of the Vietnam War, most people would include the one of General Loan executing a Viet Cong officer during the Têt offensive. And to many, the supreme example of the malevolence of American and Southern Vietnam troops was the My Lai massacre, where hundreds of civilians were killed by the forces that were supposed to protect them. These two incidents, more than any others, have been used to exemplify the illegitimacy of the southern Republic of Vietnam and of US involvement in the war. Concentration by the news media on a particular incident or image can alter the course of debates on the war. And the news media are very aware of their power in this respect.
Almost 50 years after the war, the Washington Post still hails the picture of General Loan of the ARV extrajudicially executing Bay Lop, the Vietcong insurgent (a Vietnamese term for NFL members) – as a crucial milestone that changed the tide of public opinion and ‘helped end the war’. Christian G. Appy, professor of history at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, contended that this picture alone ‘introduced a set of moral questions that would increasingly shape debate about the Vietnam War: Is our presence in Vietnam legitimate or just, and are we conducting the war in a way that is moral?’
More problematically still, the inner circle of the media network offered journalists many opportunities to tell the public that supporting South Vietnam was morally wrong, while maintaining silence on the many other reasons for explaining why it was the opposite.
Seymour Hersh who became famous for his investigative report on the My Lai massacre, and his article earned him a Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1970. The widespread publicity given to the My Lai incident had ramifications that went beyond mere dissemination of a news event. Disturbingly, in a Gallup/Newsweek opinion poll intended to discover whether or not the public regarded the My Lai massacre as an isolated event, 52 percent of the interviewees stated the belief that, on the contrary, it was a common one.
The author recognizes that the journalists of that era pursued some noble causes. However, it is also contended that journalists were to blame for the distorted public view on who was responsible for the blurry line between ‘combatant’ and ‘non-combatant’ in the Vietnam War, and who was responsible for the normalization of war and death in the daily lives of South Vietnamese civilians. In the interests of fairness, and not to exonerate General Loan and US troops from any unlawful conduct on their part, it should be stated that the Tet Offensive was also an example of the diabolical cruelty and destruction wrought by the NLF and their communist partners in South Vietnam. These realities are all too often ignored by the ‘first drafters of history’.
The ‘chopped-up, speed-driven, flickering, restless quality’ of the news media’s depiction of the Vietnam War was not only inaccurate but unethical, especially since historians specializing in the actual political affiliations and grassroots issues in the South are unanimously agreed that the North and its proxies constantly engaged in terrorist activities during the period.
An article by Dr Robert G. Scigliano, entitled ‘Political Parties in South Vietnam under the Republic’ describes the varieties of terrorist acts carried out in the Republic of Vietnam from its very inception. There were anonymous death threats by mail, abductions of family members and assassinations of local officials, village chiefs and local influencers such as teachers.
Normal activities of the South Vietnamese government and welfare-oriented programs, such as demographic surveys, land reform and even go-to-school encouragement programs for children in rural areas were also affected by Vietminh and later the NLF. Participation in any of these campaigns was liable to result in death for innocent civil servants, social workers and local leaders who tried to motivate others to take part. Even more disturbingly, it is estimated that, between 1955 and 1959, on average one civil servant was killed by the communist rebels every day.
The reality is confirmed in the Saigon Daily News Round-up reported by the United States Operation Missions, an important archival resource for understanding the daily lives of the Southern Vietnamese, and one that is rarely used in the existing literature. It is only necessary to read through a few daily bulletins to understand the pattern. For example, Newsletter no. 166, dated July 27, 1956, reported that a 65-year-old landowner named Vo Van Meo was beheaded by the Vietcong in Can Tho, and that a police officer in Soc Trang was killed by the Viet Cong while on patrol.
In a ‘Vietnam Information Note’ prepared by the Office of Media Services, Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Department of States, completed in 1967, there is a list of further examples of the NFL’s non-selective terrorism.
In 1962, two social workers employed in a national dengue control project, Phan Van Hai and Nguyen Van Thach, were slashed to death in Bien Hoa. To the southwest, in Can Tho, the Viet Cong was responsible for throwing a grenade into a crowded theatre, killing 108 people, including 24 women and children.
In 1964, the Kinh Do Cinema in Saigon was bombed, killing 32 Vietnamese people and 3 Americans.etc.
Although such a brief bullet-point description of the terrorism inflicted on the Southern population is an inadequate means of paying respect to the thousands of victims, it will serve to illustrate the fact that the communists exposed South Vietnam to constant, open-ended, faceless warfare, at the expense of every single international principle of humanitarian law. It is also the best way to explain why it was that the population of the South was the first to become exhausted by the war, rather than the population of the North, which faced the more conventional forms of warfare waged by the Americans and the Republic of Vietnam.
Professor Douglas Pike of Texas Tech University, a leading American historian and foremost scholar on the Vietnam War and the Viet Cong, has illustrated the deliberate nature of communist terrorism in South Vietnam. These were not random incidents or the impulsive actions of individual fighters. Rather, as Pike puts it, the so-called freedom fighters of the NLF turned into ‘full-time terrorists.’ In his encyclopaedic work, ‘The Viet Cong Strategy of Terror’, Pike obtained important evidence, derived from primary sources of the NLF’s horrific conduct (Pike 1970).
In an attempt to justify the killing of civilians in rural area and villages in South Vietnam, on 28 September 1965, the Nhan Dan newspapers (the official mouthpiece of the Communist Party), quoted the NLF leaders as follows:
“We never did it without reason. We advised people who cooperated with the government to stop. Some of them were very stubborn. We would warn them three times, but still some refused to leave the government side… So they deserved to be punished (killed)”.
As if it were not disturbing enough to kill civilians because of their political affiliation, the following explanation was given for the killing of social welfare workers:
“The enemy is concentrating its greatest efforts against the countryside. It is trumpeting about the vanguard role of the so-called Revolutionary Development groups. These are people who are given a quick training course to turn them into hunting dogs to operate under the cover of cultural, educational and social welfare work, using intimidation and demagogy… We are attacking and punishing these cadres right in their dens…”
This aspect of the war inspired Professor Anthony James Joes of Saint Joseph University to devote a chapter of his work on guerrilla war and its political consequences to an examination of the brutality of the Viet-cong terrorist campaign and its consequences.
He found that the communist forces killed corrupt civil servants to gain popularity; but they also killed honest and diligent community leaders and teachers to convey the message that the Saigon government would not be able to protect everyone. They simultaneously destroyed the capacity for local government, leaving communities fearful and leaderless.
Professor Joes identified teachers as among the most common targets. This was because they were usually nationalist in their sympathies, knowledgeable, mistrustful of communism and often had a certain influence on their communities. Joes noted that, as of 1965, as many as 25,000 thousand civil service workers, teachers, village chiefs and civilians had been killed by the Viet Cong. It was a strategy that completely deprived South Vietnamese local communities of their capacity for leadership, vitality and resilience.
“‘It’s a dirty little war.’
The Vietnam war was a vigorously debated global event. And historians who seek connections across space and chronologies, combining local and global perspectives, will need to go beyond the grand, yet short and opinionated narratives that are often produced by the news media. And with the dissemination and acceptance of the “news” cited above, true history lost its voice. The blurred line between media, collective memory and history resulted in a reprehensible crime against history itself.
On the other hand, the claims of journalism must be taken seriously. ‘Historic’ ‘epoch-making’ ‘earth-shattering’ reports and images do indeed play a paramount role in shaping collective memory. However, if history is not to be reduced to a collection of headlines, journalism needs to transcend the ‘emotive, empathetic, cognitive, selective and sensory’ elements that were responsible for the ‘sonic distortion’ in its coverage of the Vietnam War.
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Hadyniak, Kyle. 2015. “How Journalism Influenced American Public Opinion During the Vietnam War: A Case Study of the Battle of Ap Bac, The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, The Tet Offensive, and the My Lai Massacre.” Honors College,222. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/222
Halberstam, David. 1963. “Religious Dispute Stirs South Vietnam: Buddhist Struggle Poses Major Threat to Diem Rule and the War Effort Against the Vietcong”, New York Times, June 16 1963, IV, p. 6.
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Robinson, S. 2006. “Vietnam and Iraq: Memory versus History during the 2004 Presidential Campaign Coverage”, Journalism Studies 7(5): 729–44.
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In May, 1541, the Cupaha, a tall, yet benevolent society of natives existed in the area west of the Mississippi across that wide river from where Memphis, Tennesssee is now located. Called "the handsome ones" by their neighbors, this well-organized and almost modern civilization of some 5,000 souls somehow disappeared in the 75 years between Hernando de Soto's exploration of this area and eventually, Robert de La Salle's discovery of the same territory. In the 1970's, archaeological evidence was found, confirming what the diaries of the Jesuit priests traveling with DeSoto had said. With absolute evidence of their existence, the question now is, where did they go? This book gives the possible account of what most likely happened, but we still ask, where did they go and what was the origin of the tattooed cross each Cupaha bore on the palm of his or her right hand?
The Handsome Ones is available at Smashwords.com for all ereader formats, including the Kindle, and Amazon.com in the Kindle Store. If you like good, historical fiction, with some mystery, action/adventure and romance mixed in, you'll love The Handsome Ones! Buy it today!
All proceeds go to the benefit of Dogwood Ministries, Inc.


Mexican art is the complex collection of relics and items made of diverse materials that are intended for decorative and other utilitarian purposes. The scope of the art is generally within the geographical area which is now known as Mexico. Mexican art heritage goes back some 20 centuries, from its earliest inhabitants to the current demography of today. Despite the fact that the country had underwent certain revolutionary episodes that blemished and corrupted its cultural identity, still many of its relevant and historic art has survived the millennia, preserved and treasured for many years to come.
Earliest inhabitants of the country have used indigenous materials as the primary fabric of its artistic footprints. These artistic footprints, or arts as people call it, are generally anchored on the people’s religion and government. Indigenous materials include clay, rocks and even skeletal remains such as skulls and bones. Mexican skull art is basically the influence of pre-Columbian cities that have ruled over central Mexico even before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. During this period, these cities were the most advance in terms of art and its buildings. They used skulls and bones of animal remains and even of humans in creating icons and decorations. An example of these ancient pieces includes a coyote head that was carved from the bone of a llama. This relic was found in the area of Tequixqual and was estimated to be approximately 14,000 years already.
Mexican folk art includes items that were made from hand such as vases, furniture, ceramics, wall hangings, textiles and many more. In Mexican terms, these handicraft items were called as artesania. These traditional arts were basically influenced by local and European designs and techniques, a unique blending which they collectively call mestizo. The Eurpean designs and techniques were brought by the Spaniards when they made trades with the country before the Mexican Revolution. This unique blending of artesania has become a popular export and is also a popular tourist attraction for the country. Unfortunately, the exporting of these arts have been declining due to the excessive manufacturing of imitation products from China that has lead to serious problems for the country’s artisans.
The Mexican fine arts museum is dedicated to preserving the unique Mexican paintings and items of the country. The museum understands the genuine value of art since it serves as the country’s national identity. Mexican art has helped shape the country’s perspectives, beliefs and people. It is only imperative to care for these items as this serves as the link that bridges the past and the contemporary. They aim that these arts will not only survive to meet this generation but also the following generations to come, linking more people from different times.
The Mexican fine arts museum contains thousands of art pieces from different regions of the country. The place has become a top destination for tourists who yearn to witness grand arts and relics. The museum is also expanding, acquiring more valuable art pieces every year. Are you looking for authentic Mexican art for sale?, make sure you visit MLA online art gallery today.


The most extravagant displays of jewellery today (at the Oscars or adorning the knuckles of a rap star) pale in comparison to the jewellery worn by the rulers of bygone societies. Special pieces of jewellery are now for special occasions and in polite society, less is more. Generations past did not abide by such petty social etiquette: they were the absolute rulers of their worlds. They had total power, often including the power of life and death over their subjects, and in order to reflect their omnipotence they bedecked themselves with the best that the mineral world had to offer.
Perhaps because of this association between jewellery and power, or perhaps because the most prized gems came from the bowels of the earth itself, different precious and semi-precious stones were frequently associated with gods and goddesses. Jewellery became intertwined with religious ceremonies and took on mystical as well as royal significance. The two cultures that perhaps best demonstrate this dramatic magnificence are Ancient Egypt and the principalities of India.
Tutankhamun’s death mask, recovered by Howard Carter during the 1922 excavation is arguably the most famous symbol of Ancient Egypt. Weighing in at over 11kg, the gold mask is decorated with intricate inlaid glass and semi-precious stones including lapis lazuli, carnelian, quartz, turquoise and obsidian. It was but one of the many jewelled artifacts that was discovered: the tomb was littered with musical instruments, articles of furniture and sculptures.
The young King’s body and mummy wrappings were intertwined with large numbers of jewels including amulets, necklaces and bracelets. The innermost coffin (there were nine in total, one within another, like Russian dolls) was fashioned from 110.4kg of pure gold. The temptation that such treasures posed was too much for Carter and his team who literally dismembered the mummy – even severing the head from the corpse – in order to remove every single piece of jewellery from the body and the sticky layers of congealed anointing oils used to mummify it.
The elaborate use of jewellery in the tomb of Tutankhamun reveals much about the Ancient Egyptians’ relationship with jewellery. The earliest examples found date back to the forth millennia BC and jewellery was worn by both men and women. Nor was it used solely for decorative reasons but also functioned to display the wealth and status of the wearer – hence why Tutankhamun, a pharaoh, was entombed with so much – and in addition had a great deal of religious significance.
Different materials, designs, colours and stones were associated with different deities and had different meanings. For example, gold was considered to be the skin of the gods and was used extensively. Copper and malachite were linked to Hathor, the goddess of love, beauty, music and joy. Red was associated with Isis, believed to preside over the dead, and the Book of the Dead consequently advised that one be buried with a red necklace in order to satisfy Isis’ desire for blood. Green was associated with fertility and it was perhaps this that led to their being so prized by Cleopatra who was said to have worn many strands of emeralds when seducing Caesar.
Rudyard Kipling wrote that “God created the Maharajas to provide a spectacle to humanity,” and this was certainly true. Perhaps more than any other group in history the maharajas and rajas of the Indian principalities defined opulent lifestyles. Western visitors to their courts wrote awed accounts of the vast wealth displayed by these individuals.
The Maharaja Tukojirao bought 1200 pieces during his reign alone and his collection included the Indore Pears, the Porter Rhodes and Jonker diamonds, a bejeweled peacock turban and wonderful emerald and pearl necklaces. The Maharajas seemed especially fond of necklaces, decorative turban ornaments and garlands of pearls.
Some of these were of traditional design but they also became great patrons of western jewellers such as Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels. The famous Patiala necklace, completed in 1928 was commissioned by Bhupinder Singh, the ruler of Patiala (1900 – 1938) and was part of the largest single commission ever undertaken by Cartier. It contained 2,930 diamonds, including the famous De Beers diamond.
As in Ancient Egypt, jewellery held religious significance for the Maharajas. Large stones were inscribed with sacred texts and images and used as talismans. Shah Jahan, who built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife, had an emerald inscribed in this manner.
Gold is considered to be sacred by Hindus, an incarnation of the goddess Lakshmi. As the feet are believed to be unclean gold was not worn on the feet by anyone except royalty so as not to insult the goddess. The giving of an anklet therefore denoted the transfer of status to the recipient and was the equivalent of a knighthood.
A feature common to both eras was the willingness of individuals to recycle the gems and jewellery in their possession. Gemstones were obviously considered to be a vehicle for demonstrating the creative talents and taste of their owners. The Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga bought two famous diamonds that had been part of a necklace given to Marie Antoinette by the city of Paris at her wedding and used them as part of an elaborate turban decoration which he wore in the 1930s.
The Patiala necklace mentioned earlier was only complete for a few years; the De Beers diamond was removed from it in the 1930s by the Maharaja for use in another setting and then later sold on. Similarly the pharaohs were not above using the burial treasure pilfered from the tombs of their predecessors as part of their own collections, which were later buried with them and occasionally stolen in their turn. Their view of jewellery was therefore much more fluid than our own.
Gemstones imprisoned in glass cabinets as part of historic collections seem a repudiation of everything that jewellery meant to the cultures that first created such pieces. Although the collections of the Victoria & Albert Museum (London) and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (Washington DC) are magnificent, I prefer to visit the preeminent jewellery houses such as De Beers, Cartier and Harry Winston whose collections are ever changing or to see pieces come and go at auction, as they should.


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This noble institution was founded in 1935 by Dr K.Kanagarayar, who was born in Moolai. It endeavors to cherish and foster the noblest ideals on which it was founded, to strive to provide holistic and high-quality care. Moolai hospital takes the pride to be the first non-profit co-operative hospital in all of Southeast Asia.
MCH Modernized building Opening Ceremony
After the severe damage due to the civil war Dr.S.Rajasundarm and The Medical Institute of Tamil Doctors UK came forward to commence the redevelopment program and started the project by commissioning a master plan by a leading architect who suggested a three-phase development to modernize the hospital.
The opening ceremony of MCH Phase of the main building was held at the hospital on Sunday, January 20, 2019. MCH officially celebrated the grand opening ceremony of its newly renovated primary care with a ribbon cutting and name unveiling ceremony. Dr.S. Rajasundaram and Mrs Maharani Rajasundaram officiated the ceremony and plaque unveiling for the new facilities.
The Chief guest for the Opening Ceremony was Dr. Sittambalam Rajasundaram, Mrs.Maharani Rajasundram, and the president of Medical Institute of Tamil Doctors, U.K, Dr.M. Logendran. The opening ceremony was attended by an overflowing crowd
MCH has pledged to provide the best care for the people in the region.


Here are a few things to explain what a bounty hunter or a fugitive recovery agent or a bail recovery agent is. A lot of people only see what is on TV and don't really understand what it means. So here is a few explanations for you.
A bounty hunter is a person who captures fugitives for a monetary reward (bounty). Other professional names, mainly used in the United States, include bail enforcement agent, bail agent, recovery agent, bail recovery agent, or fugitive recovery agent.A bounty hunter is a person who captures fugitives for a monetary reward (bounty). Other professional names, mainly used in the United States, include bail enforcement agent, bail agent, recovery agent, bail recovery agent, or fugitive recovery agent.
Sometimes, such a person is referred to as a bounty killer if a murder is required to collect the bounty.
This will explain the history of bounty hunters or fugitive recovery agents.
The History of Bounty Hunters
Gone are the posters of the most wanted, where the words “dead or alive” and “reward offered” were all that was needed to entice the man next door to embark on a hunt in hopes of securing a bounty on a fugitive’s head. Even as late as the early 20th century, a number of intrepid (and perhaps reckless) individuals chased down fugitives in hopes of reaping large rewards.
But bounty hunting’s history is even more colorful and extensive than the period of the famous bounty hunters like Pat Garret, who, in 1881, was responsible for hunting down and killing Henry McCarty (a.k.a. Billy the Kid) in what many believe was a sensational ambush in Fort Sumner
In fact, bounty hunting is believed to span as far back as the 13th century in England, when bail was not money, but an actual individual. During this time, a custodian was designated by the court to keep track of the accused and present him at trial. If the custodian failed to present the accused, the custodian would be forced to stand trial (and likely be hanged) in place of the accused.
A few hundred years later (1679), a structured bail system was formed, and the British Parliament created and passed the Habeas Corpus Act, allowing defendants to be released on monetary bail. The United States Constitution later adopted the Habeas Corpus Act of the Eighth Amendment, which prohibited the setting of excessive bail, and the Judiciary Act of 1789, which served to identify bailable offenses, but was also the foundation of what we now know as the U.S. judicial court system.
The U.S. Supreme Court case, Taylor v. Taintor, in 1873, gave bounty hunters the authority to act as agents of bail bondsmen. This court ruling also allowed bounty hunters a number of sweeping rights, such as the right to pursue fugitives in other states and, if necessary, break into a fugitive’s house, without a warrant, for the purpose of returning them on revoked bonds.
It wasn’t until the passage of the Bail Reform Act of 1966 that laws relating to bail really began to take shape. The Bail Reform Act of 1966 included verbiage that permitted prisoners to be released on as little bail as possible to ensure a return for trail. The subsequent Bail Reform Act of 1984 allowed courts to refuse bail to individuals who were deemed too dangerous for release
Missouri bail agent’s arrest authority.
Vernon’s Annotated Missouri Statutes Title XXXVII. Criminal Procedure Chapter 544. Arrest, Examination, Commitment And Bail 544.600. Surrender of principal.
When a bail desires to surrender his principal, he may procure a copy of the recognizance from the clerk, by virtue of which the bail, or any person authorized by him, may take the principal in any county within this state.
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We are here to help with your fugitive recovery 24 hours a day. We have a fugitive recovery team available at all times. Our team has several years of experience. If your client needs to be picked up in another state? Not a problem. We can handle it. We are here to help you find that individual as quick as possible and return them to the facility that they belong to.
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What Was The Golden Era Of Bodybuilding?
All the time when discussing bodybuilding, you’ll hear the term ‘golden era’ thrown around a lot. But, what was the golden era of bodybuilding? When was it? What was so different about the golden era, than today- the modern era of bodybuilding? The Golden Era of Bodybuilding was during the 1950s through 1980s, and it … Read more


Mildred Gladys Ballard – age 100 passed away on January 27, 2020 at North Woods Nursing Center of Farwell, MI just a few months shy of her 101st birthday. Mildred was born on May 5, 1919 amidst the Congressional approval of the 19th Amendment guaranteeing suffrage to women, and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles to end World War I. Over the course of the century that was her lifetime, Mildred bore witness to some of the most progressive as well as some of the most tragic cultural and historical events recorded. She grew up during the Roaring 20’s, at the age of ten the Great Depression began. At 22 years old she watched on as Pearl Harbor unfolded and she went on to survive World War II and so much more. Despite it all, she never lost her good sense of humor. Mildred raised three sons and a daughter, and she loved telling them stories, many of those stories versifying the differences between right and wrong. Mildred enjoyed playing Skip-Bo. She will be missed.
To plant a memorial tree in honor of Mildred Gladys Ballard, please visit our Heartfelt Sympathies Store.
Mildred is survived by her beloved son, Thomas.
No services are scheduled at this time. Memories and condolences can be shared online at www.CampbellStocking.com.


In 1841, at the end of the first Opium War, the British forced the Qing Empire to hand over the island of Hong Kong for the purposes of enabling British trade and profit. This t-shirt memorializes that event, with the yellow Qing Empire flag being painted over.
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With consideration of Feign's original illustration, this work prods questions about who our intended audiences are and how racialized stereotypes work to uphold historic power imbalances. Utilizing representations of language and people, this design upturns the viewing narrative of the original, to instead speak to and reflext people who are most impacted by the handover.
A decade before the 1997 handover of Hong Kong, a contest invited local residents to propose a new flag for the new post-colonial era. Over 7000 submissions were received. A jury chose six finalists, but all were rejected by the PRC government. Depicting some of the rejected designs, this t-shirt commemorates a failed democratic undertaking.
Feign's illustration conflates complicated histories through a white lens, perpetuating colonial power dynamics. My mom describes their being raised in Hong Kong within a culture of internalized racism and aspirations for whiteness. My dad describes being Bruce Lee's neighbour and what a nice guy he was. Both speak of the colonial era "No Dogs or Chinese" signs, like the one Lee jump kicks in the 1972 film Fists of Fury.
As part of the Cantonese diaspora, my own cultural identity is informed by a "second-hand" version of Hong Kong culture. Starting with a digital image of a drawing of the original t-shirt, this design features photocopies of photocopies mimicking how processes of reproduction notate time and create distance and distortion.
Photos: Darren Rigo for the Textile Museum of Canada


We have written this article to mention different personalities in the history of hemp. With these mentions we want to make a journey through history to show that different personalities have used the plant for different reasons, especially for medicinal purposes.
Palaeobotanical studies have found that hemp was cultivated, mainly for fibre, in south-east England from about 400 AD. The Anglo-Saxons migrated to the British Isles and brought cannabis with them around the 5th century.In the 6th century (around 500-570), the Constantinopolitanus, a botanical book in which a drawing of the cannabis plant was included (it is the oldest known book drawing of the plant) and Aetius of Amida, a native of Mesopotamia, also wrote a 16-volume medical encyclopaedia in Constantinople: the Tetrabibloi in which hemp is mentioned (Conrad, 1998:29).
Moving on to historical personalities, we start in the middle of the late Middle Ages with:
Santa Hildegard (1098-1179), from the Rhineland, Germany. This nun used cannabis for healing, using hemp seeds and oil.
St. Hildegard of Bigen was also a writer, composer, and botanist, one of the forerunners of the first publications on medicinal cannabis, arguing that cannabis helps with stomach aches, nausea and headache.
In St. Hildergard’s book entitled “Physica”, she wrote a chapter in which she talked about all the uses and applications she had discovered about cannabis in reference to the healing of some illnesses, the use of its seeds and different tinctures as a pain reliever for different pains. In chapter 11 she herself would write about hemp: ¨Its seeds are healthy and wholesome for people to eat. It is easily absorbed by the body and diminishes bad humours, so that the good ones persist. Its plant also heals ulcers and wounds’.
Historical figures of CBD in Europe
En España, la primera referencia literaria al hachís encontrada hasta la fecha (aunque con más de un siglo de antelación respecto a cualquier otra lengua europea) no llega hasta la obra de Enrique de Villena, Arte cisoria (1423), bajo la forma alhaxixa.
The first evidence of the plant’s use dates back to 12,000 BC in China. William Turner, an English naturalist considered the first botanist, extols its properties in New Herbal, published in 1538.
Historical figures of CBD in Latin America
Moving into Latin America, words for marijuana in Brazil include maconha (of Angolan origin), liama and diamba, very similar linguistically to its African origin. Cannabis was used by the slave population for religious and festive purposes during their short periods of inactivity. In the 18th century, it became a concern for the Portuguese Crown.
Rural Indians and mestizos adopted cannabis use for medicinal and social purposes without attracting the attention of the upper class. Cannabis use moved from Brazil to the Caribbean in the late 19th century.
Leaving Latin America, we focus on W.B. O’Shaughnessy: the 20th century was a period of major expansion of Cannabis in the West; cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and multiple everyday uses for the home made its popularity grow, especially thanks to the contribution of the Scottish military doctor W.B. O’Shaughnessy, who in 1850 made the therapeutic properties of cannabis known on a massive scale in the medical field.
Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, It was in the first half of the 20th century that the plant was discredited, stigmatising its use worldwide. It was not until the 1960s that an Israeli scientist, Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, decided to investigate cannabis, as very little was known in physiological terms, and in 1964 he became the first scientist to identify and synthesise THC, and years later CBD.
A journey through characters whose lives have been influenced by hemp:
Juana de Arco: the French heroine was accused of witchcraft – because she allegedly used various herbs such as cannabis to induce trances.
John F. Kennedy: There is documented evidence that the great JFK fought several health problems with medical marijuana. The former president suffered from severe chronic back pain and Addison’s disease.
William Shakespeare: Scientists found an ancient pipe in Shakespeare’s garden containing traces of cannabis, and another containing cocaine. The greatest poet and playwright in the English language may have used cannabis as an inspiration for his work.
Cristóbal Colón: the man who sailed from Europe to discover America and who brought with him numerous seeds of Sativa plants. These seeds had a very specific purpose: in case of shipwreck, they would have been used for food. As history tells us, Columbus’ voyage was uneventful, so we can assume that Columbus and his sailors found other, more creative uses for the seeds they brought with them.
Bob Marley: Although he is no longer with us, we cannot forget the great Bob Marley, whose contributions to the world of reggae are only matched by his image, recognised all over the world, with a joint in his mouth, as shown on many of the covers of his albums in favour of freedom of consumption.
Barack Obama: We close our selection with the former president of the United States, some biographies of Obama mention his cannabis use. In one of these books, the president is described as “not just a stoner, but an innovative stoner”. Although Obama does not openly encourage the use of weed, he has often stated that he considers it less dangerous than alcohol.
We can conclude that cannabis has influenced the lives of many important figures in history, as a source of medicine, inspiration, or for its relaxing effect. There is still a long way to go, but there are certainly many things to discover and write about the countless benefits of this plant.
For more information on how to apply its uses at wholesale level, please do not hesitate to contact us.


Utopias of place, describing a better present elsewhere, of which More’s is the classic example, may seem to teach us a less direct lesson, but they carry the implication that the ideal civilization could exist here and now. The choice of location for a utopia has followed fashion: utopias of the Elsewhere being popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, thanks to the proliferation of traveler's tales at the time; in the nineteenth century, the predominance of theories of history and stadial theories made it more necessary to locate the ideal society in time, and to relate it to the present through a historical narrative, even while implying that the train of events could be hastened by activism; the latter view being shared, in effect, by Fourier and Marx.
Goodwin, Barbara and Keith Taylor. The Politics of Utopia: A study in theory and practice. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982


The Maesgwyn wind farm site was consented by Neath and Port Talbot County Borough Council in Spring 2008 after a resolution to grant in the previous year. Of the 15 turbines applied for 13 were approved and are now operational.
Operational June 2011
Financing of the project was completed in late October 2009 in very difficult market conditions and construction started immediately afterwards. From an engineering perspective the site presented a number of challenges being located on the site of several former opencast mines operated by British Coal between 1945 and the 1990s. The unconsolidated nature of the opencast back-fill required ground improvement ahead of the construction of turbine bases. specail
Construction was completed in 19 months which included December 2010 one of the coldest months on record for 25 years, when widespread snow and record low temperatures caused disruption UK wide.
The site started commercial operation at 1st June 2011 after a short period of commission testing.


Welcome to a short tour at T.K. Shipyard Limited as it is a growing shipbuilding industry in the private sector of Bangladesh.
The history of shipbuilding in Bangladesh has a long tradition. It began with wooden-bodied traveler boat having two decks. Today we are all set to forget that Bangladesh was the centre of building ocean-going vessels in Asia between 15th and 17th century. In the early 20th century, the shipyards of Bangladesh built many commercial ships up to 13,000 tons. Bangladesh is now receiving orders of oceangoing ships and ferries from Germany, Denmark and Netherlands.
Bangladesh has some advantages for shipbuilding industry such as availability of skilled labor, prosperous history, English spoken people and geographical location etc. Within five years this sector can emerge as the largest export sector for Bangladesh. The challenges could be overcome by appropriate responses that should be initiated by Government with the focus of building small to medium size ships up to 30,000 tons.
I convey my heartiest thanks to all of you for taking keen interest on T.K. Shipyard Limited by visiting our website.
Copyright T.K. Shipyard Limited 2018. All rights reserved


Flash-frozen natural product. Storage conditions: store at a temperature not higher than minus 18°С. Shelf life: 24 months from the manufacture date. Onions began to be grown in very ancient times (more than 4000 years BC). From Central Asia through Iran onion came to Egypt, where it was grown in large areas in the valleys of the Nile. Several centuries BC, onions were cultivated in ancient Greece, where several varieties were already known at that time. Then the onion goes to Rome, and only then to Western Europe, where it spread and became very popular in cooking.


The news of the fire that destroyed Shuri (Shuri Castle) on October 31st, 2019 was such as tragedy.
The original castle was largely destroyed in the battle of Okinawa in 1945. The buildings were reconstructed and the Castle became a major tourist destination and location to see some of the magnificent history of the Okinawa Ryukyu kingdom. In 2000 the original Castle ruins and relics where declared as a World heritage site.
Here are some photos from my visit to the Castle just about 10 years ago.
I visited Shurijo on January 1st, 2010 for the Chohai-Okishiki (Shuri Castle New Years Festival) festival. A re-enactment of the New Years morning ceremony by the Royal Court of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Okinawan folk and classical dances were also performed on a stage outside the main courtyard.


Walking through the doors, we were instantly transported to traditional 19th century Christmas on the streets, complete with mulled wine stalls, roast chestnuts, Carole singers, actors and a snow machine which made it picture postcard perfect.
We spent some time frolicking in the fake snow machine, which my 4 year old just loved! Then headed to the Dockyard Museum to make traditional Christmas cards, dress up in period clothes and learn some history of the ship.
We made our way in to the SS Great Britain to explore the levels, deck and cabins. We were even treated to some beautiful Christmas carols by their violinist on the dining deck.
With the role play from the actors, interactions from Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Charles Dickens, it really did feel magical. With so much commercialism around at this time of year, it was so refreshing to be part of something different. I'm hoping this will be on again next year as I will be sure to return with more of my family for a Christmas treat.
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The winners of these ties then play a single final game known as the Promotion Final, with the winners gaining the second promotion place.
Doncaster Rovers were the first team to win the Promotion Final. Prior to , relegation from the National League meant dropping to one of the three feeder leagues below.
After Chester City failed to avoid expulsion in , three teams were relegated instead of four, to either the Northern Premier League , Southern League or Isthmian League , based on geographical criteria.
In turn, the champions of these three leagues would be promoted to the National League. The closure of Chester City during the later stages of the —10 season was the first mid-season closure of a club in the division since Newport County in the second half of the —89 season; on both occasions, the records of both clubs were expunged.
In , a restructuring of the National League System saw the creation of a new level immediately below the National League; two regional divisions now named National League North and National League South were created, with the feeder leagues dropping below them.
The four teams relegated from the National League i. In May , the National League proposed a revamp in the play-offs for all three divisions.
Under the new system, the number of teams playing for promotion was increased to six. The clubs finishing second and third automatically proceed to a semi-final at their home ground, while the clubs in fourth and fifth stage respective qualifying round ties against the teams finishing seventh and sixth.
The winners of those matches then complete the semi-final line up. Phoenix or reformed clubs are not included unless they competed in the League in their own right, and will be counted separately from the original club.
Highest English Football League tier is the tier's standing within the EFL and may not correspond to its overall standing on today's system. Several clubs formed as phoenix clubs after the dissolution of former EFL teams currently compete in the National League.
Other phoenix clubs include A. Telford United  and Nuneaton Borough F. In —05 only three promotion places were available to the Conference Premier.
Known initially as the Bob Lord Trophy and then the Spalding Cup from —96 until —01, the cup competition was reinstated in —08 as the Conference League Cup, sponsored by Setanta Sports.
The cup was put in abeyance when Setanta Sports' British service ceased. Since , the National League has been publicly known by the names of a succession of official title sponsors.
The name was officially changed from Alliance Premier to the Football Conference in , and to the National League in Below is a list of sponsors and what they chose to call the league.
The channel showed 79 matches each season. It also showed the Conference League Cup. The channel's British operations went under in June On 19 August , Premier Sports announced that it had bought the live and exclusive UK television rights to thirty matches per season from the Conference Premier for a total of three seasons.
BT Sport are now one of the television broadcast partners and commenced a contract in —14 to cover again up to 30 National league matches including the end of season semi finals and the Promotion Final.
The National League also launched its own channel called NLTV which focuses on all 68 member clubs across the three divisions.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Football Conference disambiguation. Retrieved 3 July Non-League Football Tables D Drew against Spennymoor Town on October 27th W Won against Spennymoor Town on October 30th W Won against Chorley on November 3rd L Lost against Kidderminster Harriers on October 20th D Drew against Guiseley on October 27th W Won against Leamington on October 30th L Lost against Kidderminster Harriers on November 3rd W Won against Chester on October 27th W Won against Chester on October 30th D Drew against Brackley Town on November 3rd W Won against Chester on November 6th W Won against Brackley Town on October 20th W Won against Boston United on October 30th L Lost against Darlington on October 20th W Won against Boston United on October 27th L Lost against Boston United on October 30th D Drew against Ashton United on November 3rd L Lost against Curzon Ashton on October 20th D Drew against Alfreton Town on November 3rd D Drew against Stockport County on October 13th D Drew against Stockport County on October 27th W Won against Stockport County on October 30th W Won against Curzon Ashton on November 3rd W Won against Altrincham on October 13th W Won against Altrincham on October 27th W Won against Altrincham on October 30th D Drew against Hereford on November 3rd W Won against Curzon Ashton on October 20th D Drew against Southport on October 30th Dulwich Hamlet vs St Albans City.
East Thurrock United vs Truro City. Great finish in AFC Fylde's huge win. Keith Lowe nods home. Goal Of The Weekend: Lloyd From This Own Half!
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Probably one of the most famous gardens in the world,the Keukenhof is now in full bloom.I always regret that we didn’t get there when we visited a good friend near The Hague during the years we lived in Zurich, but I have thought about it every April since! Here is some history:
The land in the 15th century was originally hunting grounds.It was then owned by several families, one of them was Jacoba van Beiren Keukenhof.
After Keukenhof died, the land became the property of Baron and Baroness Van Pallandt who invited landscape architects J.D. and L.P. Zocher, designers of the Amsterdam Vondelpark, to make a design for the garden around the castle. This design, in the English landscape style, has always been the basis of Keukenhof.
At the moment, the estate belongs to a Foundation. On the initiative of the Lisse Mayor of that time and a number…
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Comanche 4 Legacy Project
The History Of Comanche 4 and the C4 Community
Site is best viewed at 1440 X 900 Resolution
All squads past and present have been offered a domain at CPD to host a squad site.
These are the squads listed on the CPD portal page.
If your interested see the Domain Information here
As part of the Legacy Project squads are welcome to have Legacy use your domain and create a
history page for you. Or you can create your own site free from outside moderation.
The following squads have used the domain for a history site
or have had a link page created linking the domain to thier squad site.
The following squads have used thier domain:
Squad History Pages
Death is Everwhere Squadron History site
Secret Attack Squadron History site
Silent Assault Inc. Squadron History site
United Fighting Spirits home page


Today is a day in history that our children will only know about from history books, and from stories we tell them. It is a somber day as we remember the 2,977 lives that were taken too soon.
As we remember these lives today, please also remember our men and women in the Armed Forces who protect each and every day. If you wish, leave a comment of loved ones' names lost on this day 14 years ago or since then fighting for our freedom.
In honor of Patriot Day, you can use code NEVERFORGET to receive all of my paid patterns for just $9.11. Previous purchases count towards this, however, I am unsure of how that actually works.
Visit Ravelry here to be directly taken to check out with all available patterns in the cart with the code.
Thank you for your support, and please say a prayer for all the lives lost!