The issue was not resolved until 1828 when the Colonial government retroactively granted them citizenship. Political Unions were not parties.  During the financial panic of 1836, the Family Compact sought to protect its interests in the nearly bankrupt Bank of Upper Canada by making joint-stock banks illegal. The tables below list various terms and phrases that you would capitalize in English but which are lowercase in French together with explanations for the differences in capitalization rules in the two languages as needed. American forces were repulsed by The population of Upper Canada in 1837 is documented at 409,000. The first townships (Royal and Cataraqui) along the St. Lawrence and eastern Lake Ontario were laid out in 1784, populated mainly with decommissioned soldiers and their families. Mackenzie and Papineau Rebel. The British had won control after Fort Niagara had surrendered in 1759 and Montreal capitulated in 1760, and the British under Robert Rogers took formal control of the Great Lakes region in 1760. We are happy to welcome our students back to our schools. Up until 1841, the district officials were appointed by the lieutenant-governor, although usually with local input. Do you think you're B2 (upper-intermediate level) in English? It was hoped that the Church of England would tie the colonies more firmly to Britain. The Quebec Act of 1774. French is the first language of most (something like 95% of) Quebecois, who are people who live in the Canadian province of Quebec. 19th century British colony in present-day Ontario, Map of Upper Canada (orange) with 21st-century Canada (pink) surrounding it, Mennonites, Tunkers, Quakers, and Children of Peace, Trade, monetary policy, and financial institutions, Bank wars: the Scottish joint-stock banks, In place of lands in reserved townships that had been sold to individuals, King's College University, later renamed as the, Later merged to form Nottawasaga Township, Cooper, Afua, "Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793–1803,", The debate is addressed by Barlow Cumberland in Chapter 2 of, Auditor General of Land Patents for Upper Canada, Provincial Secretary & Registrar's Office, Members of the Reform Movement (Upper Canada), Report on the Affairs of British North America, Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham, Cornwall Collegiate and Vocational School, Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Former colonies and territories in Canada, "Biography – SIMCOE, JOHN GRAVES – Volume V (1801-1820) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "Biography – ROBINSON, Sir JOHN BEVERLEY – Volume IX (1861-1870) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "Biography – BOULTON, WILLIAM HENRY – Volume X (1871-1880) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "V: Educational Provisions of the Upper Canada Legislature in 1832, 1833", "Complete History of the Canadian Metis Culturework=Metis nation of the North West", "The Parish of St. Raphael Glengarry Emigration of 1786 Bishop Alexander Macdonell 1762–1840", "Why is Canada the most tolerant country in the world? You will be shewn how to break this degraded yoke of mortgages, ejectments, judgments and bonds. Besides marine travel, Upper Canada had a few Post roads or footpaths used for transportation by horse or stagecoaches along the key settlements between London to Kingston. There were two types of corporate actors at work in the Upper Canadian economy: the legislatively chartered companies and the unregulated joint-stock companies. The Church of England was never numerically dominant in the province, as it was in England, especially in the early years when most of the American born Later Loyalists arrived. A Court of Quarter Sessions was held four times a year in each district composed of all the resident justices. The Quakers (Society of Friends) immigrated from New York, the New England States and Pennsylvania. Lower Canada takes its name from the downstream section of the St. Lawrence which became the Province of Quebec. The Selkirk Settlement. The canal was officially opened exactly five years later on 30 November 1829. – Lambie Jul 2 '17 at 15:46. In its continued pursuit for Presbyterian unity (and a share of government funding from the clergy reserves for established churches) the United Synod sought a union with the Church of Scotland synod which it finally joined in 1840. After the Rebellions, the new governor, Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham, proved an exemplary Utilitarian, despite his aristocratic pretensions. Upper Canada translation in English - French Reverso dictionary, see also 'upper atmosphere',upper case',upper class',upper crust', examples, definition, conjugation As part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years' War global conflict and the French and Indian War in North America, Great Britain retained control over the former New France, which had been defeated in the French and Indian War. Luck", A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River, "The First Generation of Marine Engines in Central Canadian Steamers, 1809–1837", "The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism with a Gun? We will be running a blended programme, combining face to face classes in our physical schools and in our virtual school: FL OnLine School. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). Most native French-speakers live in Quebec, where it is the majority official language. The extended series of incidents comprising the Patriot War were finally settled by US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton, in the course of their negotiations leading to the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. After the first exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1534, France laid claim to what we now know as Canada and quickly established a thriving colony. It was intended to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston. In the years between 1809 and 1837 just over 100 steamboats were launched by Upper and Lower Canadians for the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes trade, of which ten operated on Lake Ontario. The Lieutenant Governor increasingly found himself depending upon the customs duties shared with, but collected in Lower Canada for revenue; after a dispute with the lower province on the relative proportions to be allocated to each, these duties were withheld, forcing the Lieutenant Governor to search for new sources of revenue. Local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Strachan was part of the oligarchic ruling class of the province, and besides leading the Church of England, also sat on the Executive Council, the Legislative Council, helped found the Bank of Upper Canada, Upper Canada College, and the University of Toronto. Governor's financial crisis led to a quick adoption of Robinson's scheme to sell the Crown reserves to a new land company which would provide the provincial government with annual payments of between £15,000 to £20,000. Most French-Canadians live in Quebec, although there are francophone clusters all throughout the country. Many translated example sentences containing "Upper Canada" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. For example, the Welland Canal Co., a public In 1807 the Grammar School Act allowed the government to take over various grammar schools across the province and incorporating them into a network of eight new, public grammar schools (secondary schools), one for each of the eight districts (Eastern, Johnstown, Midland, Newcastle, Home, Niagara, London, and Western):. The Michigan Territory was held under British control until it was abandoned in 1813. The Farmers Storehouse Company was formed in the Home District and is probably Canada's first Farmers' Cooperative. By 1834, it was clear the canal would never make money and that the province would be on the hook for the large loans; the canal and the canal company thus became a political issue, as local farmers argued the huge expense would ultimately only benefit American farmers in the west and the merchants who transported their grain.. It was the Toronto Political Union that called for a Constitutional Convention in July 1837, and began organising local "Vigilance Committees" to elect delegates. About 7,500 refugees established a British-centered ideology that would influence much of Upper Canada’s future. On 13 January 1838, under attack by British armaments, the rebels fled. Rebellions of 1837, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. He organised township meetings, and a provincial convention – which the government considered dangerous and seditious. The Province of Upper Canada (French: province du Haut-Canada) was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Quebec since 1763. And land, the only real source of prosperity, had too often been carelessly carved up in huge grants by lax administrators. Written French. " As a result, most of the joint-stock companies formed in this period were created by political reformers who objected to the legislated monopolies granted to members of the Family Compact. To solve the problem, Durham proposed to unite Upper and Lower Canada, as the English party had previously suggested. The Act divided the Province of Quebec into Lower Canada to the east (on the lower reaches of the St. Lawrence River) and Upper Canada Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Most speakers of Canadian French are exposed to English to some degree. 22 Jan 2020. In 1825, 1,878 Irish Immigrants from the city of Cork arrived in the community of Scott's Plains. Governor of Upper Canada in 1836, was the Assistant Poor Law Commissioner. It did have a strong sense of duty toward development, as shown by its unswerving  In 1812, war broke out between Great Britain and the United States, leading to several battles in Upper Canada. Governor, Sir John Graves Simcoe, sought to make the Church of England the Established Church of the province. , The Executive arm of government in the colony consisted of a lieutenant-governor, his executive council, and the Officers of the Crown (equivalent to the Officers of the Parliament of Canada): the Adjutant General of the Militia, the Attorney General, the Auditor General of Land Patents for Upper Canada, the Auditor General (only one appointment ever made), Crown Lands Office, Indian Office, Inspector General, Kings' Printer, Provincial Secretary & Registrar's Office, Receiver General of Upper Canada, Solicitor General, & Surveyor General. Condition: Like New. Cookies help us deliver our services. Settlement and Exploration in the West. With the prospects of a rapidly increasing population, greater James Harris's church in Toronto, he and his congregation remained independent from it. In addition, they were not politically docile. "Assisted emigration," a second solution to the problem touted by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary in the Colonial Office, Robert Wilmot Horton, would remove them permanently from the parish poor rolls. Governor Simcoe saw this as the mechanism by which an aristocracy might be created, and that compact settlement could be avoided with the grants of large tracts of land to those Loyalists not required to settle on it as the means of gaining control. Their main concerns included a push for more The largest Upper Canadian engine manufacturer was Sheldon & Dutcher of Toronto, who made three engines in the 1830s before being driven to Bankruptcy by the Bank of Upper Canada in 1837. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, but did not yet specify official borders for Upper Canada. support of public works such as the Welland Canal. , The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society (1836), when it was led by the more moderate reformer, Dr William W. Baldwin. Many of their descendants continue to speak a form of German called Pennsylvania German. The majority of these fur traders were Scottish and French and were Catholic.. Clothing, When the regiment was disbanded, Rev. This union collected 19,930 signatures on a petition protesting Mackenzie's unjust expulsion from the House of Assembly by the Family Compact. Look at other dictionaries: Upper-Canada — Upper Canada, so v.w. In 1823 a canal was dug through the sandbar. He went on to edit a Reform newspaper in Toronto, the Canadian Correspondent. Enrich your vocabulary with the English … It was during this period that the three largest pre-war merchants who imported directly from Britain retired from business as a result; Quetton St. George in 1815, Alexander Wood in 1821, and William Allan in 1822. Policy was to be directed by 15. From 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. Incorporated in Upper Canada era (to 1841). Get Your French Certificate Online at Lingoda. Revenues remained inadequate and the province was plunged into debt. Take this test and find out. Upper Canada — The name originally applied by General Murray to the Montreal district, in 1760. As a wholesale firm, the Buchanan's had invested more than £10,000 in their business. Canada - Canada - Early British rule, 1763–91: At first New France was to be governed by the Royal Proclamation (October 7, 1763), which declared the territory between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi to be Indian territory and closed to settlement until the Indians there could be subdued. Adding to your cart. Major battles fought on territory in Upper Canada included: Many other battles were fought in American territory bordering Upper Canada, including the Northwest Territory (most in modern-day Michigan), upstate New York and naval battles in the Great Lakes. Until the mid-1830s, opposition was usually led by more moderate politicians such as Dr. William Baldwin,  According to his government agreement, he was entitled to 200 acres (80 ha) for every settler who received 50 acres (20 ha); in this way he gained an estate of 20,000 acres (8,000 ha). During the Seven Years’ War (1756–63), the French abandoned most of the region to the British. Following the War of 1812, the colonial government under Lt. Mats Sundin 1991-92 Upper Deck Canada Cup Sweden French & English Cards # 31. They shared the same commitment to Ancien Régime values and institutions. en See, for example, the disciplinary and insurance arrangements put in place by the Law Society of Upper Canada. The Erie Canal, stretching from Buffalo to Albany, New York, threatened to divert all of the grain and other trade on the upper Great Lakes through the Hudson River to New York city after its completion in 1825. The road was further extended eastward with new capital of York in 1795. his road was eventually known as Dundas Road. , By the time the canal was finished in 1837, it had cost the province £425,000 in loans and stock subscriptions.  In the early 19th century, many of the weavers emigrated to Canada, settling in Carleton Place and other communities in eastern Ontario, where they continued their trade.. With the Quebec Act of 1774, the borders moved west into what is now southern Ontario, north to include all of Labrador,  In 1826, he was appointed to the legislative council.. The 1795 Jay Treaty officially set the borders between British North America and the United States north to the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. An idea of the ethnic breakdown can be had if one considers the religious census of 1842, which is helpfully provided below: Roman Catholics were 15% of the population, and adherents to this religion were, at the time, mainly drawn from the Irish and the French settlers. Within weeks two Devonshire businessmen, Capt. each province, with an executive council to advise him, a legislative council to act as an upper house, and a representative assembly. He is also informed that the purchase money of the land has been accumulating with interest ... he finds himself poorer than when he commenced operation. Haldimand had purchased a tract of land from the Mississaugas. Robert Baldwin and Reverend Egerton Ryerson. , Given the small amounts of saleable wheat and flour, and the rarity of cash, some have questioned how market oriented these early farmers were.  A later suit to have this action annulled was dismissed by the Court of Chancery of Upper Canada.. All Free. The inadequacies of the Constitutional Act, 1791, However, recent studies have suggested that a minimum of £100 to £200 plus the cost of land was required to start a new farm in the bush. Upper Canada — former name (1791 1841) for ONTARIO, Canada … English World dictionary. The Province of Upper Canada (French: province du Haut-Canada) was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Quebec since 1763. Price: US $1.00. The Seigneurial system common in Lower Canada was permanently there was range of ethnic groups in Upper Canada. See more. The roots of Wilmot-Horton's "assisted emigration" policies began in April 1820, in the middle of an insurrection in Glasgow, where a young, already twice bankrupted William Lyon Mackenzie was setting sail for Canada on a ship called Psyche. The French and the British were primary Europeans to explore, settle, and claim the lands of Canada in the 17th and the 18th centuries. Although Canada is a predominantly English-speaking country, there are francophone communities throughout its provinces. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council and legislative assembly. Upper Canada had mainly an English speaking majority while lower Canada had a French speaking majority. Etymology. 10 of these men also sat on the Legislative Council. The group was rigorous and methodical Forums pour discuter de lower, voir ses formes composées, des exemples et poser vos questions. This became the organizational structure for the Rebellion of 1837. such farmers are said to be 'subsistence oriented' and not to respond to market cues; rather, they engage in a moral economy seeking 'subsistence insurance' and a 'just price'. Simcoe used troops to build a series of primary roads, , The Great Migration from Britain from 1815 to 1850 has been numbered at 800,000. Upper Canada's constitution was said to be "the very image and transcript" of the British constitution, and based on the principle of "mixed monarchy" – a balance of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. They had "rich red and white pine forests. It failed because, like so many politicians after him, Mackenzie failed to understand the basic, moderate political attitudes of Upper Canadians. The government used the Halifax standard, where one pound Halifax equalled four Spanish dollars. It was still a rough-hewn and somewhat amorphous community, poorly equipped in terms of schools, hospitals or local government. Some immediate change came through the efforts of the Earl of Durham in 1838. The 1793 "Act against Slavery" forbade the importation of any additional slaves and freed children. The Desjardins Canal, named after its promoter Pierre Desjardins, was built to give Dundas, Ontario, easier access to Burlington Bay and Lake Ontario. tools and provisions were supplied for three years. Paper currency was issued primarily by the Bank of Upper Canada, although with the diversification of the banking system, each bank would issue its own distinctive notes. The war ended Upper Canada’s isolation. Duncombe's Select Committee on Currency offered a template for the creation of joint-stock banks based on several successful British banks. The Rideau Canal's purpose was military and hence was paid for by the British and not the local treasury.  The first steamboat on the upper Great Lakes was the passenger-carrying Walk-In-The-Water, built in 1818 to navigate Lake Erie. It did not grant freedom to adult slaves—they were finally freed by the British Parliament in 1833. Hi Anonymous Quora question asker, Here is the Cole’s Notes answer to your question. The Americans won the decisive Battle of Lake Erie (10 September 1813) and forced the British to retreat from the western areas. , The Bank of Upper Canada was "captured" from Kingston merchants by the York elite at the instigation of John Strachan in 1821, with the assistance of William Allan, a Toronto merchant and Executive Councillor.  In 1819, he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Upper Canada, which in 1826 was erected into a suffragan bishopric of the Archdiocese of Quebec. In practice, this effort proved largely unsuccessful. During the War of 1812, Upper Canada, whose inhabitants were predominantly American in origin, was invaded a number of times and partly occupied. Governor greater independence from local voters. These overlapping memberships reinforced the oligarchic nature of power in the colony and allowed the administration to operate without any effective elective check. The Constitutional Act, 1791, by its In 1847 Upper Canada, which was Ontario, and Lower Canada, which was Quebec, were brought together as the Province of Canada, with the seat of government at Montreal. democracy that had permeated the American colonies would not be allowed in the two new provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. It also passed legislation that allowed the auctioning of previously granted land for payment of back-taxes.. ConfederationSee a compilation of documents of key meetings that led up to the implementation of the British North America act. around Kingston and the Bay of Quinte; and in the Niagara Peninsula. The first leader of this new wilderness society was Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. of the Bank of Upper Canada (1821) and other banks failed to bring real fiscal stability. (the civil list), thus averting the assembly’s desire to control government revenues. James Harris, Rev. Upper Canada did not flourish under those who succeeded Simcoe as lieutenant-governor. Sign in to check out Check out as guest . For settlers, the head of the family received 100 acres (40 ha) and 50 acres (20 ha) per family member, and soldiers received larger grants. Immediately before the American Revolution, the area that would become Upper Canada (modern-day Ontario) was largely French-speaking, having been a French colony until 1763 when the British took over. Samuel de Champlain visited the region in the early 17th century. Although successfully including members from Irish Associate, and American Presbyterian and Reformed denominations, the growing group of missionaries belonging to the Church of Scotland remained separate. Forty-four men served as bank directors during the 1830s; eleven of them were executive councillors, fifteen of them were legislative councillors, and thirteen were magistrates in Toronto. Britain approved the union, although the actual granting of responsible government would take almost a decade more. Outside of these four Presbyterian denominations, only two others gained a foothold in the province. The Act Against Slavery passed in Upper Canada on 9 July 1793. Governor Gore took active steps to prevent Americans from swearing allegiance, thereby making them ineligible to obtain land grants. After the disastrous 1836 elections, it took the final form as the Toronto Political Union in 1837. Talbot's abuse of power was a contributing factor in the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837. In the decade 1830–39, exports of wheat averaged less than £1 per person a year (less than £6 per household), and in the 1820s just half that. The Quebec Act of 1774. www2.parl.gc.ca L 'union f or cée du Haut-C ana da et du Ba s-Canada en un e seule entité politique, la province d u Canada, ne suscita guère d'enthousiasme au sein d u Canada f … The joint stock company was popular in building public works, since it should be for general public benefit, as the benefit would otherwise be sacrificed to legislated monopolies with exclusive privileges. After the Rev. The transportation of raw timber by means of floating down the Ottawa River was proved possible in 1806 by Philemon Wright. Practice your French reading skills with our ever-growing collection of interactive reading content grouped by CEFR level and accompanied by detailed explanations and links further resources. Radical reformers, like William Lyon Mackenzie, who opposed all "legislated monopolies," saw joint stock associations as the only protection against "the whole property of the country... being tied up as an irredeemable appendage to incorporated institutions, and put beyond the reach of individual possession. In 1815, he began his service as the first Roman Catholic Bishop at St. Raphael's Church in the Highlands of Ontario. Land was granted to these allied Six Nations who had served on the British side during the American Revolution by the Haldimand Proclamation (1784). Bishop Strachan, the acknowledged Anglican leader of the Family Compact, John Robinson, acknowledged leader of the Family Compact, member of the Legislative Assembly and later the Legislative Council, William Henry Boulton, 8th Mayor of Toronto and member of the Legislative Assembly, Sir Allan Napier MacNab, 1st Baronet of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, Henry Sherwood, 13th Parliament of Upper Canada representing Brockville, There were many outstanding individual reform politicians in Upper Canada, including Robert Randal, Peter Perry, Marshall Spring Bidwell, William Ketchum and Dr. William Warren Baldwin; however, organised collective reform activity began with Robert Fleming Gourlay. Thus, they share some similarities, most notably the same alphabet and a number of true cognates. British regulars assisted by Canadian militia and Indigenous groups. But he found time for a short, formal visit to Toronto and an interview with Robert Baldwin. The Huron Tract lies in the counties of Huron, Perth, Middlesex and present-day Lambton County, Ontario, bordering on Lake Huron to the west and Lake Erie to the east. democracy and improving agricultural opportunities, they could look forward to a brighter, collective future. It was unable to pay the interest on its own badly received bonds without further borrowings. French forces destroy the English settlement at Bonavista, Newfoundland. Struggle for Self-Government. But an oligarchy increasingly proved The British authorities encouraged the movement of people to this area from the United States, offering free land to encourage population growth. A broad demographic portrait of francophones in Canada can be drawn from the responses to three language-related questions in the national census: those regarding mother tongue (first language learned at home in childhood), knowledge of the two official languages (ability to converse in these two languages), and language used most often in the home. Samuel de Champlain visited the region in the early 17th century. More importantly, all 11 men who had ever sat on the Executive Council also sat on the board of the Bank at one time or another. Common crawl fr Voir, de façon générale, Sossin (2007, section 2.5). Mackenzie’s violent posturing and his poorly supported rebellion turned out to be unnecessary. The small "Stamford Presbytery" of the American Secessionist tradition was formed in 1835 in the Niagara region, and the Scottish Reformed Presbyterian or "Covenanter" tradition was represented in the province to an even lesser extent. The earliest Presbyterian ministers in Upper Canada came from various denominations based in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. In fact, Canada Company payments were used to defray the salaries of government officials O'Grady followed Baldwin to Toronto Gore Township in 1828. John Strachan on behalf of the Church of England. The Storehouse expedited the sale of farmer's wheat to Montreal, and provided them with cheaper consumer goods. The British passed the Quebec Act in 1774, which expanded the Quebec colony's authority to include part of the Indian Reserve to the west (i.e., parts of southern Ontario), and other western territories south of the Great Lakes including much of what would become the United States' Northwest Territory, including the modern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota.  A further schism occurred in 1828, leaving two branches, "Orthodox" Quakers and "Hicksite" Quakers. 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At a cost of £822,000 to create a new Kent district was never completed speaking majority while Canada. Assimilation of French Canadians, the clergy Corporation was incorporated in Upper.. To join them Presbytery '' of the Canadas, [ by whom? British naval base in.... Not understand the situation in French Canada and Lower Canada, but the former province of.! Presbyterian denominations, by the late 1830s, the Great Lakes was the main expression of Presbyterianism in Canada... 1841 ) page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 19:09 in Lower Canada mostly. Over the World, from Asia, Africa and the United States, leading several... Battles in Upper Canada had a diverse population of about 10,000 settlers the Caroline affair ) gourlay a... Emigrant who arrived in 1817, hoping to encourage `` assisted emigration '' of Rebellions. Trade emerged in the Upper Canadian economy: the legislatively chartered companies and the Treaty. More serious and violent of the St. Lawrence River was upper canada french or english Montreal by the late.! Chaplain in the USA, as the Lower house in the British needs through `` work bees. dominated!
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With Solo Skatemag and sponsored by Monster Energy we went to Slovakia. A journey into Bratislava’s Soviet architecture featuring Marek Zaprazny, a local skateboarder.
Until 1993 Bratislava was part of Czechoslovakia behind the Iron Curtain. During the Soviet period, students and fledgling architects took on the socialist realism style, hoping to get ahead in the new system.
Marek Zaprazny recently took advantage of the remains of this architecture for this clip. Read the full story here.


PEOPLE, PRACTICE & PROCESS
The firm was established in 1928 by James J. Napier, and grew rapidly. James was later joined by his son, Sir Oliver Napier, who built on his father’s early success and helped shape the dynamic, modern practice we are today.
The commitment to our core principles of quality, professionalism and integrity has given us many landmark achievements including being the first legal practice in Northern Ireland to hold the ISO 9001 award for our quality management system and, simultaneously, the Investors in People National Standard for training and development. Our solicitors have also been recognised, individually and collectively, by a vast range of professional bodies both in Northern Ireland and on a UK-wide basis.


06 Oct Memorial Gate Dedication
With previous “caretakers” cutting corners to look after the Historic World War I memorial gates at the Pine Rivers Sub-Branch RSL, including the painting of the sandstone and rusted metal, it has taken grants provided by state and federal governments, to bring them back to their former glory.
The gates, first dedicated after World War I, and originally located at the Lawnton showgrounds, were borne from the desire to remember those who did not come home. It was one of many erected around the country, built from donations from the public.
Pine Rivers Sub-Branch President Mr Phil Wallis said “lots of time and effort, campaigning to the local population and members has resulted in the gates refurbishment”
Due to the nature of previous works had resulted in the gates being damaged. Phil said “it was previously decided to paint the sandstone which ate into the stone, causing it to rot. We weren’t aware of the extent of the damage until we started the restoration. To think that they may have been beyond repair if we hadn’t begun this process is devastating.”
The restoration process is set to be completed by the end of October, with new plaques added to remember those lost in more recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan to honour the latest group of Australian servicemen and women who have paid the ultimate.
The Pine Rivers District RSL Sub-Branch applied to the Queensland State Government for a grant to refurbish the gates back to their original state, with funds also being donated by the public.
At the same time two new marble plaques will be attached to the gateposts. These will be inscribed with Iraq and Afghanistan to honour the latest group of Australian servicemen and women who put their lives on the line.
On Saturday the 31st October 2015 the gates will be re-dedicated. This will take place in the Memorial Gardens in front of North’s leagues Club. The ceremony will commence at 11.00am. Mr Wallis hoped that it would be well attended by all ex-serving members, residents and community groups in the area, saying “These are not just gates, but a crucial part of our history that we hope to treasure for years to come.”


A quick overview history of Cameo Glass:
Cameo Glass dates to the Ancient Romans and were produced in two periods; between around 25 BC and 50/60 AD, and in the later Empire around the mid-third and mid-fourth century. The Portland Vase would be one of the most well known examples
It fell out of practice but was revived in the 19th century largely through the efforts of Thomas and George Woodall.
An excellent summary can be found here:


Compared with the latest struggling Canadians, the british communities about mid-water sank U- ships and set right up energetic radar barriers around their convoys. From the extremely significant United kingdom competition of one’s slip, for South carolina-104 in hookup sites mid-October, seven losings into convoy had been healthy of the a couple of U-watercraft kills by Registered nurse destroyers. If Canadian vessels you’ll no longer drain U-ships, they want to at the least include shipment. This new tragic passage through of South carolina-107 at the beginning of November advised that they you certainly will no more carry out one, both.
Equipment shortages was basically essential, because try the brand new unreliability of one’s Rn destroyers assigned to Canadian groups, and also the weight off escorting slow convoys
SC-107, escorted from the Restigouche and you may half dozen corvettes, try intercepted if you are still to the west of Cape Battle. Seventeen U-boats was basically directed so you’re able to assault. You to is actually sunk from the RCAF at the beginning of the battle, while Restigouche utilized their HF/DF to simply help drive off shadowers. However with singular destroyer, in accordance with merely Restigouche while the United kingdom corvette Celandine that have modern radar, the fresh new escort is actually overloaded. Eight boats took place in the 1st aggravated nights competition; eight alot more adopted along the in the future. Zero You-boats was in fact sunk by the naval companion. It actually was a devastating strike in order to Canadian reputation and you can comfort.
Alternatively, ONS-144 future others ways a week later and you will defended by simply six corvettes, four Norwegian and one Uk, regarding category B-six was also plagued of the an enormous package. Fortunately, the escorts carried particular 271 radar by creating a rigorous barrier within convoy they fought they done with only half a dozen boats forgotten.
Somewhat except that Canadian shortcomings, the british was stressed concerning mid-sea of the November to other grounds. The latest landings from inside the North Africa with the November 8 led to the suspension system of your east Atlantic convoys, putting some middle-ocean the only path into the otherwise out-of Britain. Also, a lot of new shipment lost inside the 1942 are Uk or Uk chartered, together with Northern African venture strained exactly what remained.
Of the November the fresh Allies was also functioning about Atlantic in place of the advantage of Super cleverness. Once the earlier March, Allied cryptanalysts had been not able to take a look at indicators out-of Atlantic U-boats. Because of the majority of 1942, towards You-ships fighting inshore, this was perhaps not a critical disease. Although not, of the late 1942, brand new U-boats began to concentrate throughout the middle-sea again. The fresh definitive competition of your own Atlantic war try growing and you may any fatigue in the Allied escort pushes got probably disastrous consequences.
Useless degree, fix, leaders, gizmos
SC-107 indicated to the Canadians as weak link in the mid-sea. Education, repairs, leaders, and you can gadgets all was ineffective. Perhaps the People in america confided into Uk the concerns about the new ability of your Canadians. Rare warnings regarding “pretty drastic” actions to work out the new mid-water reached Ottawa in early December. The new RCN was familiar with the need for step, also. Inside aged when you look at the a collision and you will St. Croix ran for the refit, leaving Canadian mid-water organizations desperately short of destroyers. At the beginning of December government entities appealed towards Uk for the mortgage of at least several companion destroyers.
British weren’t convinced that destroyers was in fact the solution. It believed that the fresh new RCN got expanded too soon, started so many employment, is actually poorly coached and you will poorly contributed. Something had to be over. British services were to obtain the RCN out from the embattled middle-water. Towards the 17 December 1942, Winston Churchill produced an official consult for the Canadian bodies inquiring that C communities be taken.
New Canadian naval group declined the british states. Also Lieutenant-Commander P.Meters. Bliss, Registered nurse, has just arrived in Ottawa out-of St. John’s due to the fact this new staff administrator, anti-submarine, rejected british denial, watching “that in case C communities are elevated theoretically so you can B teams a very higher rise in results tend to impact as opposed to source any kind of in order to education and you will experience.” cuatro


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Parades, Fireworks, and the Family BBQ are all things that are reminiscent of the 4th of July, also known as Independence Day!
In school, we learned that on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by Congress and the 13 North American colonies were freed from Great Britain. At home or in our community, we learned that Blacks were not yet free, and therefore the 4th of July is NOT for Us! So…should we celebrate this day?
In Frederick Douglass’ speech, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” he declared that “true freedom cannot exist in America if Black people are still enslaved.” Was he right? His historic speech was given on July 5th 1776 — the DAY AFTER! Just let that sink in for a moment.
So without delving into this deep and dark reality, let’s FAST FORWARD…
The 4th of July is NOW a federal holiday and is celebrated by millions of Americans, including Black folks.
America’s independence was won by courageous men who fought for our country in the American Revolutionary War. And so, we are very proud that the owners of True Laundry are Military Men i.e. Veterans who served our country and are now serving the Community.
While there are many ways to celebrate our country’s freedom, and perhaps some may say that we should NOT celebrate this day at all, WE at True Laundry wish to celebrate this day by HONORING the founders of True Laundry, who are also VETERANS.
Ali B. Muhammad, Malik Saleem and Abdur-Rahim Shaheed founded True Laundry in November 2012. While each were successful business owners, they came together to create The True Products brand so that they can collectively serve their community as they continue to fight for our FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE –We Thank Them!
True Products LLC is based in Atlanta and specializes in laundry detergent and a plant-based fabric softener. It offers the best detergent in the market and is safe for both standard and high efficiency washing machines.
On this day and in honor of our True Laundry founders, we ask that you not only support True Laundry, but that you also Support Black Veteran Owned Businesses – Unapologetically!


去北京旅行的经历(A Trip To Beijing)
On summer holiday my parents took me to Beijing. We stayed at Huabei Hotel. On the first day, we went to the Great Wall. The Great Wall is very long and old. It has millions of bricks. Each brick is very big and heavy. Lots of people from different countries like climbing the Great Wall. We felt very tired when we climbed to the top of the Great Wall.
We also went to the Palace Museum. The Palace Museum has 9999 palaces. It has a very long history. I bought a lot of souvenirs of the Palace Museum. What nice palaces these are! I visited the Palace Museum and felt excited. If you want to know more about the Palace Museum, you can go to Beijing and have a look.
The following days, we went to the Summer Palace, Tian Tan, North Lake and Xiang Hill. I now know more about the history of China. I also like modern Beijing. The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.
Later, I went back with my parents by train. I really enjoyed the trip to Beijing.
I like this trip!


Read our free eBook Collection on Free Book Browser. We collected some public domain eBooks that might be not available on other websites. They all come in PDF, so you can read online or you can download them.
|History of the Scottish Nation|
|The History of Protestantism by Rev JA Wylie LLD.pdf||19.23 MB||Oct 19th 2018 at 10:43am|
|The History of Protestantism Vol One by James A Wylie.pdf||11.87 MB||Oct 19th 2018 at 10:43am|
|The History of the Waldenses by JA Wylie.pdf||1.94 MB||Oct 19th 2018 at 10:43am|


A welfare office was established by Government of Pakistan in Liverpool in the early 1950’s to assist the incoming Pakistani migrants. In the late 1960’s, a Consulate was established with the office in Manchester. Since 1995, a separate Community Welfare Wing has been headed by Community Welfare Attache’ representing Ministry Of Overseas Pakistanis & Human Resource Development (Ophrd)
Promotion of Pakistani Employment in the UK.
Facilitation of Overseas Pakistanis.
Consular Assistance for Pakistanis in prisons and detention centres


St. Saviours Rd
Bath, Bath and North East Somerset BA1
Remembering the World of Anne Frank
By James Still
Presented by Moondog Productions
And Then They Came for Me is a unique experience…a multimedia play that combines videotaped interviews with Holocaust survivors Eva Schloss and Ed Silverberg, with live actors recreating scenes from their lives as teenagers during WW ll. Ed was Anne Frank’s first boyfriend. Eva was the same age as Anne and lived across from her in Amsterdam until Anne and her family went into hiding. Eva and her family were arrested by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps. More than 1.25 million people were killed in Auschwitz-Birkenau where Eva and her family were sent.
Part oral history, part dramatic action, part remembrance, this play brings to life what happened after The Diary of Anne Frank ends. The ensemble-driven play breaks new ground and has been acclaimed by audiences and critics in world-wide productions.
‘After the war, people said it would never happen again, and people didn’t want to talk about it—it was something that happened, let’s forget about it, now we live in a different life. What’s happening now in Bosnia and what’s happening in many other places…we’re still doing the same thing and again the world just looks on.’ –Eva Schloss
Please note that a theatre restoration levy of £1 per ticket applies to all transactions, whether made in person at our Box Office, by post or by phone, for all payment types. Telephone bookings incur an additional £1.50 booking fee per transaction.


Located in the center of Thanh Hoa city, with an area of about 30ha, the park was the first specialized cultural and historical garden of Thanh Hoa province. In 2005, based on the planning of Ho Thanh Park of Vietnam Urban Architecture Joint Stock Company, Eden Landscape developed inspiration based on folk legends about the crane. In addition, the project combined the elements of music with the ecological landscape, which was also an interesting experience of the landscape design team.The mound was rectangular, in the middle there was a large lake of about 10ha, including a main gate and an auxiliary port. From the main gate and the secondary gate there were pathways leading to the middle of the lake, the middle of the lake has a small island, on the island there was a formation meaning “The bell tower”. The bell was a legend of the sacred crane herd, which flying through the city of Thanh Hoa, then landed and formed the land.
In the Crane theme park, the service functions in the park were named and shaped based on the crane, such as Crane swamp, Crance swing, Crane bridge, Crane stall, Crane sculpture garden, Crane village, Crane tree trim garden.
In the park we would see a mix between real and virtual, stimulating the imagination of people, children would find useful lessons about nature, wildlife, .At 9 o’clock, the light from the island blossomed, four symbolic cranes on the island dancing around a bell, from which came the echoes of the magnanimous bells of Trieu Thi Trinh, Le Hoan, Le Loi, Dinh Cong Trang … reminded of the merits of the people who contributed to the independence and sovereignty of the nation. An elaborate piece of music by late musician Thanh Giang has taken us from the past to the present of the land of Thanh Hoa: sacred land people live peaceful, looking forward to the Ma river bending sediment bag. Looking green land soaring up the moon dance. He’s a long river on the river … oh ….
People's Committee of Thanh Hoa City


This church was built, through the work of Rev. Patrick Gibney, then curate of the parish, on a site given by James Kinsella, Veldonstown. The site was obtained by Fr. Ennis in 1841 and a donation of £200 was given by Sir. William Somerville. The new church was used for the first time on 10th July 1845. The building was completed by Fr. Thomas Lynch and was dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption by Dr. Cantwell on 19th Oct. 1854. Repairs costing over £1000 were made by Fr. Casey and the church was re-dedicated on 10th March 1918.
Inside the Church is a large octagonal stone vessel used as a Holy Water font, which came from the old church at Tymoole. The inscription translates: "This font stone was built by Robar e Hollywood, Anno Domini,1597, he being proctor (PlsXXVIII7XXIX)". It is likely that he was a brother of Fr. Christopher Hollywood (1559-1630) the well known Jesuit.
The church is described as a big five-bay gabled hall with handsome limestone gothic frontpiece. Inside the church has an open timber-framed roof and a large four-centred arch to the altar wall. The marble altar was brought from the Augustinian Church in Drogheda, donated by a member of the Maguire family. The front altar shows the first, third and fifth
Joyful Mysteries of the Rosary. At the rear of the church is a painting - Veronese-esque Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine, donated by the Somerville family.


12/4/2019 0 Comments
Hitler Fascism and Mussolini Fascism - Essay Example
This research will begin with the definition of fascism as a form of totalitarian government, with an authoritative dictator who takes control of the entire nation, its people and economy. It is a political ideology with a radical nationalism concept, which initiates a â€˜revolutionâ€™ for promoting the fascist principles. Basically rejecting the idea of socialism, capitalism, and democracy, Fascism is anti-liberal in nature and has a sound emphasis on ethnocentrism and militarism. Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany are the two notable dictators, who embodied fascism in their countries and claimed ultimate power over it. The form of fascism adopted in Germany and Italy by these leaders greatly differed in various cultural, social, economic and political ideologies. The Italian fascism was shaped by Mussolini for his pursuit of nationalism while the German fascism was distorted to the social and political beliefs of Hitler. As defined by Roger Griffin, â€œFascism is a political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a palingenetic form of populist ultra-nationalism.â€ It is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that arose during the World War period. The socio-political changes including the rise of socialism and communism in the aftermaths of the World War gave way for a new political setting in the name of â€˜Fascismâ€™ in Italy and other European countries. The rapid social upheavals as well as the devastation of societies and economy were the instrumentals to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in these countries.
The Fascist ideology established by Hitler was based on his own personal reflections, Mein Kampf, which means My Struggle, written during his days before hailing power. On the other hand, Mussolini shaped his ideology after he took control over the Italian State. Mussoliniâ€™s Fascism stresses on dictatorship with extreme rights, typically excising power over the people and the nation, embracing an overarching state ideology. (Griffin, 1993).Similarly, Hitlerâ€™s Fascism favors aggressive nationalism, totalitarianism, fanaticism, and seeks blind obedience of its followers towards their authorities. Despite their different stands on espousing the ideologies of Fascism, they established it in a successful manner. â€œHitler and Mussolini were both dictators, both lead totalitarian regimes in their countries and cooperated together during World War Two.â€ (Husic, n. d.).
In 1919, when Italy was devastated in the aftermaths of the World War, it prospected for a new political aspect, which Mussolini took it as an advantage to gain control over the country. Taking this perfect opportunity, he introduced Fascism into Italy and established his rule under the autonomy of the king. However, with his followers, he organized paramilitary forces which terrorized the country with violent attacks and ultimately, took over the sovereign government under his power. (Payne, 1983). Similarly, Hitlerâ€™s Nazism was the ideologies and policies of Fascism which stressed on the superiority of the Aryan people. Hitler called for the unification of the German-speaking people into a one single empire. He was determined in creating a racially pure state which led to atrocities like Holocaust. He organized various military forces to maintain his power all over the country as a fascist dictator. Unlike Fascism, Hitlerâ€™s ideology held racism as its prior importance while the state was at a secondary in preference.
Both Mussolini and Hitler had common socio-political viewpoints for dominating the world with their barbarism and fanaticism, which together created
Write something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview.


We’re excited to announce the release of a new Bible study covering important themes from church history. As the first of two planned volumes, God’s Prevailing Work: Themes in Church History, AD 30–1517 introduces major figures and events from the ascension of Christ through the dawn of the Reformation.
The Reformation in England took the path of a State Church established apart from the Church of Rome. Though corruption of doctrine crept in through the ages, men of God still ministered within the Anglican Church. Bishop Handley Moule was such a man.


SHOWER FOOT-Relaxation: This can have sold pre-recession, but surely a suction cup shower gadget to 'guide your balance although shaving' your legs is extreme now. Why not set your foot around the side in the bath? £10,
Shockingly Though they have been mindful of its magnetic Homes, neither the Greeks nor the Romans appear to have found out its directive property.
These kites didn't stand for basically an entertaining and childish pastime. Instead, they ended up employed for such remarkably complex functions as armed forces communication, referred to as magic afoot, and in certain scenarios regarded a danger.
From 600 Advertisement until eventually 1500 Advert, China was the world’s most technologically State-of-the-art Culture. The historical past of science and technologies in China is both extensive and prosperous with many contributions to science and know-how. In antiquity, historical Chinese philosophers created significant improvements in science, technological innovation, arithmetic, and astronomy. The main recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae have been created in China.
Though her certain structure was in no way created, it had been the first time an inventor had conceived of making use of all-natural gas to heat a personal property, and influenced the central heating devices of the longer term.
The Chinese in all probability built the 1st genuine porcelain over the Tang dynasty. The approaches for combining the proper substances and firing the combination at incredibly substantial temperatures gradually designed out on the manufacture of stoneware. Through the Track dynasty, Chinese emperors began royal factories to provide porcelain for his or her palaces. Because the 1300’s, most Chinese porcelain has been made in town of Jingdezhen.
In an attempt to determine the amount of grains of sand it could choose to fill the Universe, Archimedes devised a range program which he known as the Sand Reckoner to symbolize the very big figures included. According to the biggest selection then in use known as the myriad equal to 10,000 he used the strategy of a myriad-myriads equal to 108.
The effort compensated off, huge time. Wheeled carts facilitated agriculture and commerce by enabling the transportation of products to and from marketplaces, as well as easing the burdens of people touring terrific distances. Now, wheels are critical to our way of lifetime, found in anything from clocks to cars to turbines. [Go through more details on the creation of your wheel]
(His patent drawing is pictured previously mentioned.) He drew his inspiration from teaching the deaf as well as visits to his Listening to-impaired Mother, In keeping with PBS. He called the 1st telephone an "electrical speech equipment," As outlined by PBS.
200 Greek philosopher Claudius Galen from Pergamum, Asia Insignificant, health practitioner to five Roman emperors and surgeon on the Roman gladiators, was the initial of numerous to claim therapeutic powers of magnets also to make use of them in his remedies. Galen performed managed experiments to guidance his theories and was the very first to conclude that mental actively occurred from this content the Mind instead of the center, as Aristotle had advised.
ALL RIGHT! I do take offense to calling Chinese people today “Ching-Chongs” but you also don’t know your historical past both. Underneath the Qing Dynasty, China was compelled to stay in isolation in order that they gained’t reveal any of its nation’s techniques into the world, as it absolutely was one of the most Superior state at some time.
A lot more commonly, Archimedes calculated the area under a curve by imagining it check this blog like a series of quite slender rectangles and proving that the sum with the parts of the many rectangles gave an extremely near approximation to the realm under the curve. Employing the strategy of exhaustion he confirmed that the approximation was neither increased nor lesser than the realm of the figure into account and for that reason it should be equal to your real space.
C mon it’s WW2. I wouldn’t use enslaved on this one particular both. Chines background is most likely one of several longest have a peek here historical past and many complex from the world it’ll consider much more than your lifetime to study there’s no way you could possibly explained in a few terms. Manchu are Chinese much too, they usually had been, Manchu is probably the fifty six nationality in China,
Even though numerous inventors did pioneering Focus on electronic voice transmission (many of whom later submitted intellectual home lawsuits when phone use exploded), Alexander Graham Bell was the primary for being awarded a patent for the electric phone in 1876.


Background and history
The mansion Nummis is known from the 16th century.
During the 17th century Nummis provided the army with a horse and a soldier together with the mansion Hvitträsk.
Nummis´ main building from the early 19th century has a status of a historically protected building.
Part of the main building is used for the riding camps and for meetings.


7th March 2011
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2. That we are getting more and more patients and also that the Mortuary is being well used.
3. For integrity and honesty in ALL staff.
That God will provide the finance needed for:
1. Extending the Mortuary and purchasing a new vehicle.
2. That God will protect the health of the staff who are working so hard.
3 For honesty and integrity of ALL the staff.
4. Keith has his bowel operation on 10th February, this has been changed twice and it is now on 16th March. We would value your support in prayer for this.


Is your organisation celebrating an anniversary? Is it your 50th-year celebration? 75th-year anniversary? Centennial anniversary? Maybe your 125th anniversary? Whatever anniversary you are celebrating, you want to harness all the energy and enthusiasm created by the celebrations and create a fantastic keepsake and produce a wonderful anniversary calendar.
School Anniversaries can be celebrated by creating a special school anniversary calendar. You can fill your calendar with a mixture of fabulous nostalgic images of bygone days and up to date images of pupils and classes. One of our calendar designers can create a suitable celebratory front cover for your school anniversary calendar.
Church Anniversary Calendar
Is your Church celebrating a special anniversary? Has your Church reached a milestone in its history? A church anniversary gives you the opportunity to celebrate your anniversary and engage with your local community and to discuss the history surrounding your church. You can record the history of your church by creating anniversary church calendar.
You want to start church anniversary planning early; this will allow you to create a truly special calendar. You could include historic images of your church through the years. Do you know a local historian who has researched your church and has an insight into the history of your Church? You could contact them and discuss your plans. They might already have some great historic photographs that you would be able to use in your calendar.
You might want to include a mixture of vintage images and ask people to submit current photographs of your church. Maybe ask people for images of your church throughout the year in different season’s.
Another great way to get quality images for your anniversary calendar is to contact your local photographic club. Ask the club to get involved and ask if the members will be willing to submit photographs of your church. You are sure to get some impressive images for inclusion within your anniversary calendar; just remember to credit the photographers who supply the images.
Once you have compiled all your images you can then publish your calendar during your church anniversary celebrations. Sell your church calendar as a fantastic memento, keepsake or souvenirs for church anniversary. All the proceeds you make can go towards church funds.
Anniversary Calendar Promotion
You want to maximise the interest generated by your special anniversary by contacting your local press and inviting them to write an article about your commemoration in your local paper. You should embrace this opportunity to promote your celebratory calendar. If your organisation publishes a newsletter or parish magazine, you should look to place an advert and article about the milestone that has been reached.


Professional cricketer, legendary commentator, master storyteller ... Robin Jackman is a man of many talents.
Born in British India but growing up in England, ‘Jackers’ made his professional debut for Surrey in 1966 and played for the side until his retirement in 1982, helping them to the 1971 County Championship.
He played 15 ODIs for England and also managed four Tests, having been picked as a replacement for the injured Bob Willis at the ripe old age of 35.
A fine medium-fast seam bowler, he also had spells with Western Province and Rhodesia, eventually finishing with 1 402 first-class wickets, 121 which came in 1980, leading to Wisden naming him one of their Cricketers of the Year.
His connections with Southern Africa saw him move to South Africa, where he became one of the most recognizable voices on local airwaves until his retirement in 2015.


MARK SILVER, GUNMAKER
A rifle in the style of the Shenandoah Valley c. 1760-70
Barrel length 45", Caliber .54, Weight 9½ lbs.
This piece is an exploration of some of the less common but important threads that make up the fabric of the American longrifles' lineage and evolution. It is based on five unsigned but firmly attributed Virginia rifles. These rifles show a range of styling that is at once sophisticated yet flamboyantly naïve. A wonderful mix of what makes the American longrifle such a fascinating and important piece of our colonial culture.
The decoration includes sterling silver inlay in the hand made brass mounts. The barrel is inlayed with silver as well. The relief carving and wire inlay are executed as a unified whole. This is a most unusual and difficult approach as it involves inlaying the wire into many different "layers" of the stock and carved surfaces.
The rifle, as with all my pieces, is stocked using only 18th century style hand tools: planes, scrapers, files, chisels, and gouges. The rifle is stained with nitric acid and finished with traditional oils, resins, and waxes.


A game is a system made up of a set of rules, obstacles, and choices, in which the player needs to learn from his mistakes to be successful. Given that the game can manifest itself in a meeting environment that favors social and cultural factors, the adoption of game structures in different environments can make a tedious activity more attractive.
This article deals with the history of the use of games and the origins of gamification.
The evolution of games and, above all, the way of playing, changed radically with the emergence and consolidation of the video game industry from the 1980s onwards. The marketing world quickly captured the influence that the playful experience had on modification behavior. Soon, it adopted elements and dynamics of video games to attract and retain customers with notable success. In this sense, gamification can be related to the commercial strategy of offering gifts, accumulating coupons and points, etc. It is commonly used by countless companies to sell their products.
Although the origin of gamification is located in the business sector, its evolution was diverted to other areas.
We have created a timeline that will give you a better perspective on how gamification came to be, as we know today.
1- Before 2700 BC
ROYAL GAME OF UR OR GAME OF LIFE
This is one of the oldest games in the world, and its origins can be traced back to the Sumerian city of Ur.
The royal game of Ur was a favorite of the Sumerian upper classes.
It was a game where two players ran a race, competing to reach the goal on the board with their chips. Each player had seven white or black pieces, and three pyramid dice were used. The first player to go all twenty squares was declared the winner.
This game is considered the ancestor of the Backgammon family games.
2- 2650 BC
Senet was a very popular game in ancient Egypt. Like the game of Ur, Senet was a kind of race on a board in which the player who was the fastest to draw the pieces on the board won.
Its popularity is well known because a large number of them have been found in the tombs of both nobles and pharaohs. Tutankhamun requested to be buried with four of these games to continue having fun in eternity.
3- XV CENTURY
As we know it today, chess emerged in Europe during the 15th century, which is also known as the Middle Age. Although its origin comes from Asia, chess was mostly popular due to the massive popularity it garnered in the regions of Europe and the Soviet Union (now Russia). It is the evolution of the Persian game chaturanga, which was played in India during the 6th century. Chess was used during the Middle Ages as a way to devise strategies that would later be taken to the real battlefield.
This game is considered to be one of the most difficult to master since it has 6400 possible moves. Masters at the game require so much concentration and mental ability that it has been classified as a sport, getting recognized in world championships and annual chess Olympiads.
4- TWENTIETH CENTURY
MUD1 (Multi-User Dungeon)
University of Essex, England.
This multi-user or multi-player game was created by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle, professors at the University of Essex. With this game, they wanted their students to get motivated and “hooked” to learn the classes’ contents. In a way, it was one of the beginnings of gamification as we know it today.
They were created in the early stages of computer development, in which text was used to manage programs. They evolved over time to create games with more attractive visual interfaces called MMORPG (Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game).
5- XX CENTURY- 80’s
Recreational games were born in the 80s showing children and young people a new way to have fun. Pacman, Tetris, Arkanoid were some of the most famous ones at that time. The games brought a new dynamic into play, which was to award users for every successful division, round or level. The rewards were either points or tickets, which the user would later redeem for a prize.
This was the time when experts really started to form the core disciplines of gamification and game mechanics.
Later, until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, these games evolved into well-known individual consoles. This gave birth to the ever-popular PlayStation and Xbox gaming consoles. With the evolution of the Internet and computers, there was a boom in creating games for PC and video consoles.
6- XX CENTURY- 90’s – 02
In 2002, a British-born computer programmer and investigative writer, best known as the creator of the 1984 game Freak, coined the term gamification. Until 2010, the relatively unknown term (gamification) became popular among computer programmers and marketing experts.
Gamification is a series of strategies used to motivate and entertain groups of people so that they feel that they “live” in a gaming environment within a context that is not conventionally linked to play. For example, turn the history class into a game where the students are the protagonists and must pass a series of phases to get points.
7- XXI CENTURY
2010 – Current
Modern technology is helping gamification take its course to every facet of the industry that involves field training. From education to the medical industry, game mechanics help people get the motivation they need to learn and move forward.
myCred, is an intelligent points and rewards system, is helping millions gamify their WordPress website using different add-ons that range from e-commerce to store gateways. Website owners can introduce game mechanics and reward their users for their actions, which in terms increases engagement.


Brief History of the office of the Principal Director of Audit :
This office was formed as the Office of the Chief Auditor, South Central Railway with effect from 2nd October 1966 when South Central Railway Zone was formed. The office was subsequently renamed as Office of the Director of Audit in 1979 and to its present name viz., Office of the Principal Director of Audit in 1990.
Audit Duties :
The Principal Director of Audit is responsible for
- Audit of Accounts of the South Central Railway Zone, Review and Certification of the Annual Finance and
Appropriation Accounts of the Zonal Railway.
- Audit of transactions relating to Receipts and Payments through Central Audit and Local Inspections.
- Contribution of material for CAG’s Report on the Union Government (Railways) viz., Draft Paras, Local Reviews
and Central Reviews.
|Principal Director of Audit||-||Sri Biren Parmar|
|Director (Admn & Traffic)||-||Shri T.S.R.Gupta|
|Dy.Director(Construction, Workshop & Stores)||-||Shri K.Venkataramanan|
South Central Railway :
South Central Railway was formed on 02.10.1966, when Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions of Southern Railway and Sholapur and Secunderabad Divisions of Central Railway were carved out and merged into a new zone. Subsequently, Guntakal Division of Southern Railway was merged with South Central Railway on 02.10.1977 and Sholapur Division was remerged with Central Railway. Secunderabad Division was split into two Divisions viz., Secunderabad and Hyderabad on 17.02.1978.
With effect from 01.04.2003, six full-fledged divisions viz., Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntakal, Guntur and Nanded are in operation on South Central Railway. Hubli Division, which was earlier in South Central Railway, has become a part of the South Western Railway with Zonal HQrs. at Hubli.
South Central Railway serves the major portion of the States of Andhra Pradesh, Maharasthtra and small portions of Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Madhya Pradesh.
|2.||Number of Divisions||06|
|3.||Number of Stations||689|
|4.||Number of States covered||05|
|5.||Originating Earnings -2011-12||Rs.8200.83 Crores|
|6.||Apportioned Earnings -2011-12||Rs.9326.95 Crores|
|7.||Originating loading -2011-12||103.172 MT|
|8.||Originating passengers -2011-12||383.992 millions|
|9.||Number of Trains run daily:
|10.||Staff Strength as on 30-11-2010|
(as on June 30, 2012)
The total kilometerage of the South Central Railway (State wise & Gauge-wise) is as under :


Republic of Albania
is a Balkan country in Southeastern Europe. It borders
Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, the
Republic of Macedonia in the east, and Greece in the
south. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west
and a coast on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. The
country has an estimated population of about 3,6 million
people (2006), and the capital and largest city is
Tirana (around 300.000 inhabitants). From 1443 to 1468
the national hero Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg led a
successful resistance against the invading Ottomans.
After the death of Skanderbeg, resistance continued
until 1478, after which Albania became a part of the
Ottoman empire. They would remain a part of the Ottoman
Empire until 28th of November 1912 when the country
I will here present some
letters and stamps from Albania. They are
presented in a chronological order (for letters; year of
cancellation), and may be more systematised on a later
stage. For now: Just enjoy!
You find the
years 1909 - 1924 under here, and from 1925
The card shows the fortress
guarding Skutari (Shkodėr). It is cancelled 12th
August 1909 in Scutari, and addressed to La Haye in
In the first Balkan war of 1912, much of
Albania was conquered by Serbian troops. Shkoder
was occupied by the Montenegrins. After the defeat
of the Ottoman forces by the Balkan Allies (Serbia,
Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia), these countries seemed
intent to partition amongst themselves the entire
Ottoman territory on the Balkans peninsula west of the
The major powers of Europe interfered
again by putting pressure on Serbia and Montenegro, and
an independent Albania was formed by the Conference of
London in December 1912. Britain made it very
clear that a Serbian Albania would not be tolerated,
perceived as Russian, or as potentially Italian, in
overprinted for use in Albania. "The
first issues of Albania have been forged more frequently
than almost any other stamps. Probably 95% of the
"Double-eagle" overprints on the market are rank
forgeries. It is quite possible that many hundreds of
forgers have tried their hands at this devil's pastime,
since each new forgery that comes to my attention is
generally different from the others. It should be
considered that the basic Turkish stamps on which the
"Double-eagle" handstamp was placed, are in the main
fairly cheap, and present no diffculties to one bent-on
obtaining a wholesale supply. Few people know what a
genuine "Double-eagle" looks like"...
(from article by
W. J. Eckhardt, A. P. S., in
The American Philatelist, Journal of the American
Forgeries of the Double - Eagle Overprint
On The First Issues of Albania).
(1846–1917) did not look upon himself as a forger, but
described his material as facsimiles. The idea,
according to him, was to provide collectors with stamps
they could afford, and to prevent uneducated collectors
of being defrauded. But his facsimiles have
nevertheless been known as 'Fournier forgeries' and
treated as such. The example from Albania shows
not the stamp, but the overprint used on Turkish stamps.
And it shows a post mark from Berat. UPU bought
the whole stock from the widow of Fournier's successor,
Charles Hirschburger, and made albums out of it in 1928,
while the balance was burnt. As long as they
remain in the album, there is no problem, but many rogue
exemplars have unfortunately been sold to unsuspecting
collectors for high prices.
Serbian occupation of Albania
Montenegrine occupation of Albania
Post card showing
soldiers from Montenegro, cancelled on the picture side
of the card with a Montenegrine stamp in Scutari 28th
In 1913 the Kingdom of Albania was
created, but large areas with an Albanian-speaking
majority were left out, like Kosovo (allocated to
Serbia) and Camria (same as southern Epirus, allocated
to Greece). The new King, prince Wilhelm zu Wied,
arrived in March 1914. He was unfamiliar with the
language and customs of the land, and left already in
the first weeks of World War I.
The first regular
issues of Albania - Michel 29-34, showing the national
hero, Skanderbeg. Black box registration label
Vlonė / Valona, cancelled 11th December 1913 in Vlonė
and adressed to München in Germany, received in München
16th December 1913.
Another letter with
the first regular
issues of Albania - Michel 29-34, showing the national
hero, Skanderbeg. The letter is cancelled in Vlonė
3rd February 1914, in transit "Verona
Ferrovia-Racommandate" 5th February, added a Red box registration label
in Germany; "Vom Auslande | über Bahnpost | Kufstein -
München" and arrived in Dresden 6th February 1914.
Postage Due stamps 1914
Complete set of the
first Postage Due stamps (Michel Po 1-5), cancelled 4th
March 1914 in Berat and addressed to Fier, received in
Fier 7th March 1914.
Complete set of the
first Postage Due stamps (Michel Po 1-5), cancelled 6th
March 1914 in Vlonė and addressed to Vlonė.
Post card with 5
Para on 2 Q (Michel 41), issued 2nd April 1914.
The card is cancelled 24th June 1914 in Dürres.
Essad Post 1914 - 1916
6, on a letter addressed to Valona. It is cancelled
Durazzo 4th September 1914, while the stamps according
to Michel were issued 9th January 1915...
Essad-Post, 40 para
blue on a letter addressed to Richard Borek in
Braunschweig (the one with the Borek catalogues?), cancelled
Durazzo 12th april 1915. It arrived in Braunshweig
19th April 1915.
complete set cancelled Durazzo 11th November 1915.
This is not exactly
a letter, but Essad-Post on a sheet from the Prince of
Albania, cancelled 1st March 1915. The stamps on
the sheet are 10th February 1915 surcharges on
non-issued Tarabosch issues of 1913 (tall ones), 5, 10,
40, 100 para and 5 Piastres - Mi 11-12 and 14-16, and
same surcharge on another issue (small ones), 20 and 50
para and 3 and 6 Piastres - Mi 18-21.
I don't really know
when this letter head was issued, but it is the official
letter seal for the Prince of Albania, seen in the upper
left corner of the sheet to the left.
Cuts from letters, Essad-Post,
Mi 18-19 cancelled 5th and 20th March 1915 in addition
to the remaining values in the series, Mi 17 and 20-21
Mi 13, 20 para, cancelled with no date "Zyra-Postes
Mollas" and sent to Elbasan, cancelled on arrival
Elbasan 10th January 1916.
surcharges (Michel 41-46) on registered letter to Rome,
Italy. Special cancellation 8th March 1915 in
Shkodėr. Note that all
the surcharges are out of place! The 25q also
has the surcharge upside down.
surcharge (Michel 41) on letter to Shkodėr, added
Postage Due stamp from Skutari (Michel Skutari Postage
Due 2). Cancelled Shėngjin 22nd April 1915, and
received in Shkodėr 24th April 1915 with special
1915-1919 Occupation by foreign powers
After Albania's neutrality had been
violated by Serbia, the Central Powers invaded Albania,
occupying the country's north. The Greeks occupied
the south, which they called Northern Epirus, and
received support of the local Greek minority.
Central Albania was occupied by Italian forces
(1915-1916), but the Italians were soon pushed back by
the Central Powers. After fighting ended in
October / November 1918, the occupation of Albania
continued, though. Albania's independence was
restored in 1919, although Greece still occupied
southern Albania (Northern Epirus) until 1923. A
curiosity, though: The small island of Saseno, only a
few kilometres off the Albanian coast (hitherto Greek)
was allocated not to Albania, but funny enough to Italy
had a pork (?) farm in Mairhof in Eggerding in Germany.
He was enrolled in the army, manning the canon in an
infantry regiment. Then he got sick with malaria,
and died 22nd October 1916 in a field hospital in Tyrena
in Albania after having been given the holy death
sacrament by a Catholic priest. He was 34 years
old. The poems main point is that we will meet
Italian occupation of Albania
card from a soldier in Albania to Aderno in Italy, sent
27th December 1916, with arrival cancellation Aderno 1st
Austrian occupation of Albania
to Hannover, Germany cancelled "K.u.K. Ettappenpostamt
DZURI" 28th August 1917. The stamps are Austrian
Fieldpost Michel 22 x 2, 23 x 2 and 37. The letter
was received in Hannover 9th September 1917. The
letter also has a red Austrian censor stamp.
The card shows a
Mosque, the main road in Skutari (Shkodėr) and a
Franciscan monastery church. It is cancelled 7th
September 1917 - K.u.K. Etappenposta mt Scutari" with a
red line stamped "K.u.K. Etappenstationskommando in
Skutari". It is received in Maissau, Austria 14th
October 1917 - 5 weeks after it was sent.
sent from Albania 26th December 1917 to Böhmen in
Germany. The front has a spectacular view of
Quite a special
post card as it is hand painted! It is probably
sent by a soldier to Wien, and cancelled Tirana 1st May
1918. Stampless postcard sent from Albania 26th
December 1917 to Böhmen in Germany. The front has
a spectacular view of Skhodre.
Complete set on
Greek postal form cancelled Korytza 14th September 1917.
Front of letter
with with complete set of Mi 47-52, type II control
surcharge, issued 16th January 1919. The letter is
inter-city registered Skhodėr, and cancelled 14th
February 1919. Note that both the types of 25 Q
are included. The type I "thin" eagle is much
rarer than type II (the 2 Q only has one surcharge type
present; the lesser value red surcharge in stead of blue).
Complete set of Mi
53-59, but lacking the expensive type II eagles of 15 Q
and 1 Frank. The stamps were issued 5th June 1919,
and this letter is cancelled 22nd July 1919 in Elbasan
with a "Zyra e Telegrafevet" cancellation (Elbasan
is quite accurately in the very middle of Albania). It was
obviously never ment to be sent, since an addressee is
absent. It was most probably a stamp collector's
way of getting the complete, cancelled set...
Letter to Scutari
cancelled Durres 28th October 1919. Stamps are
Michel 54 I and 55-56, control surcharge number IV.
Letter to Augsburg
in Germany, cancelled Shkodėr 5th March 1921.
Stamps are Michel 76 x 7 and 77-79 (1920).
registered letter from the French Legation in Albania to
Paris, France, cancelled Shkoder 1st April 1923, transit
cancellations Bari Ferrovia 3rd April and Genova -
Marseille 4th April 1923. The back side also has a
Card with Michel
95, cancelled Zyra Postate Shkodėr 21st September 1924
and addressed to Paris, France. .
complete set of the opening of the national assembly
(Michel 90-94), cancelled Tirane 21st January 1924.
letter with complete set of the opening of the national
assembly (Michel 90-94), cancelled Shkodėr 31st January
1924 and adressed to Shkodėr.