The Hauer Confectionery and Café was founded in 1890. Later, following the owner’s death, his widow married Rezső Hauer. He had learned the craft in Frigyes Stühmer’s candy and chocolate factory and later in Emil Gerbeaud’s confectionery in Budapest. Rezső Hauer took over the ownership of the store and renamed it Hauer in 1899,
Under his leadership, the originally small, one-room café grew rapidly and soon reached its current size, occupying the full ground floors of both 47 and 49 Rákóczi út. Rezső Hauer became a successful and respected businessman, and was elected the permanent honorary chairman of the Confectioners’ Guild in Budapest following Emil Gerbeaud’s death in 1920. His most famous cakes included the Hauer cream cake as well as pastries and cakes with pineapple and marzipan.
After the communist takeover in 1948, his business was forcibly nationalised and Rezső Hauer died shortly afterwards. His business was renamed Erkel Cconfectionery (after the famous Hungarian composer) and despite state ownership, it managed to retain some of its old-world charm until the fall of communism. Shortly later it was closed for nearly a decade and fell into decay. At the end of the 1990s a Hungarian entrepreneur bought it, renovated it and finally reopened it for a few years, but had to close it again following various difficulties.
Despite the decade-long troubles, Hauer still evokes vivid memories. Former guests remember the sweet-smelling pastries, cakes and ice-cream from their youth or childhood – when they visited Hauer to order a cake for their loved ones, to enjoy a pastry on Sundays or just a quick ice cream after school.
The latest chapter of the Hauer Café and Confectionery started in December 2016 – and will hopefully last another 118 years. The legend has been reborn.


- “I Have a Rendezvous with Death” was commissioned by the Juilliard School, and the acclaimed premiere performance by Grammy winning baritone John Brancy and pianist (and host of NPR’s From the Top) Peter Dugan was part of the program Armistice: The Journey Home. The text for “I Have a Rendezvous with Death” was written by Alan Seeger, who was killed in action in World War I.
- “In Flanders Fields” (text by John McCrae) was commissioned by the General Delegation of the Government of Flanders to the U.S. to commemorate the centennial of the armistice that ended World War I. It was premiered at the Kennedy Center, again by the duo of John Brancy and Peter Dugan.
The premiere recording of the set has been released as part of John Brancy and Peter Dugan’s album The Journey Home: Live from the Kennedy Center.


On the occasion of the nation’s armed forces and the martyrs’ 24th anniversary of the Kargil Vijay Diwas, prominent individuals from all political groups in India paid their respects.
Rajnath Singh, the defense minister, spoke at the Kargil War Memorial in Ladakh to honor the sacrifices made by Indian soldiers, and he blamed Pakistan for the conflict.
“We understand completely that as long as our brave soldiers stand guard at our borders, there will be no room for anyone to view India with a negative perspective. Your bravery has elevated the country numerous times since independence, he added in his speech, not just during the Kargil conflict.
“Indians were made to fight in the Kargil War. Pakistan “stabbed us in the back” at the time when India was attempting to work out its differences with Pakistan through diplomacy, according to the minister. According to his words, “Throughout Operation Vijay, the Indian Armed Forces conveyed a resolute message to Pakistan and the global community, reaffirming that our valiant soldiers will never back down in safeguarding our nation’s interests.”
(Kargil Vijay Diwas) – About Kargil War
On July 26, 1999, the last Pakistani military personnel and unofficial fighters were successfully driven off the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC), bringing an end to the Kargil War.
Infiltrators from Pakistan crossed the Line of Control and established themselves in key locations in the Kargil region of Ladakh, sparking the fighting. At first, Islamists were assumed to be the intruders. After the scale of the penetration was made public, it became clear that the Pakistani state was taking part.
The Indian Army steadily reclaimed strategic sites from the Pakistani invaders between May and July, despite suffering significant casualties and major tactical and logistical difficulties. Finally, in July, the Indian Army reported that all Pakistani regular and irregular soldiers had been completely removed from Kargil.
According to official statistics, during the war, India lost 527 soldiers, suffered 1,363 injuries, and had one prisoner of war (Flt. Lt. Nachiketa, whose MiG-27 was shot down during a strike mission).
Conditions that were challenging: (Kargil Vijay Diwas)
The Kargil War confronted the Indian military with a number of difficulties. First, there were the well-prepared infiltrators who were assisted by Pakistani artillery firing nonstop across the LoC. However, the challenging topography and altitude of the region made matters more challenging.
In the Kargil War zone, which was located in a bitter desert, wintertime lows of -30 degrees Celsius were not uncommon. Even though the summers were more comfortable, the battleground remained incredibly hostile because to the subzero temperatures and desolate surroundings. Guns jammed and soldiers had to waste a lot of energy to stay warm in the cold, which had an impact on both the soldiers and the equipment.
Low oxygen levels at high altitudes resulted in a variety of physical side effects and illnesses, some of which were potentially lethal. High elevations frequently cause acute mountain sickness (AMS), which manifests as headaches, nausea, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, and general exhaustion.
The performance and precision of weapons and planes were also impacted by the lower air pressure at high altitudes. Weapons with engines had less power, while helicopter rotors had less efficiency.
Additionally, the difficult terrain constrained military tactics and placed important restrictions on soldiers. It reduced maneuverability, frequently giving the opponent cover, and constrained the range of operations. India experienced severe reverses during the Kargil War as the infiltrators occupied commanding heights and overlooked Indian defenses.
How the Indian Forces Achieved Victory: (Kargil Vijay Diwas)
The initial phases of the war taught valuable lessons as the military and air force realized that they were not adequately prepared for warfare at such high altitudes. Many soldiers fell sick due to the altitude, resulting in some fatalities. The lack of appropriate equipment for the cold weather posed yet another challenge. Additionally, relentless shelling by Pakistan’s artillery on NH 1A (the only major road connecting the region with the rest of India) created significant tactical difficulties.
Eventually, the Indian forces adapted their strategies to overcome these challenges. Units began conducting better acclimatization and training programs to prepare soldiers for the conditions. The military acquired better equipment for the extreme weather, although shortages remained throughout the war. The techniques for high-altitude assaults were further refined. Instead of frontal attacks, swift and smaller groups were shown scaling heights close to enemy positions.
“The most critical thing is that the army demonstrated an incredible blend of courageous combat and exceptional tactical capabilities. Akhilesh Kumar Sharma, an Indian Army officer, writes in his article “The Kargil Conflict and the Future” (2019) that before any assault, extensive artillery bombardments were conducted on the enemy positions in the hilly locations.
The Kargil War’s challenging victory depicts the Kalayugi (modern era) challenges of high-altitude warfare, which can be equally or even more deadly than the enemy itself.


Throughout human history, there has always been a desire to create population censuses for better control and organization. However, until the advent of the printing press, it was very difficult to establish effective registration criteria. With the arrival of industrialization, and the major growth of the world population, the organizations of the different countries began to look for solutions to be able to census their citizens correctly.
The birth documentation and other important statistics (e.g. births, deaths, marriages, divorces) has had a long tradition among the population for centuries, typically through individual families or their churches. The idea that a government should also record this important information is a relatively modern development. The United Kingdom was the first country to order the nationwide collection of birth data in 1853. The United States began nationwide collection of birth data in 1902 through the United States Census. Several individual states had already collected data on births, including Virginia, which collected data as a colony in 1632, and Massachusetts in 1639, so the idea was to get each state to follow its own. Example. The federal government first developed a standard form for applying for a birth certificate in 1907, five years after the Census Bureau began collecting data. The current system of states collecting and submitting data to the federal government was developed between 1915, when the federal government ordered states to collect and submit data, and 1933, when all states participated. In 1946, responsibility for the nationwide collection and publication of vital statistics shifted from the Census Bureau to the National Office of Vital Statistics, which is now the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). . Today, the NCHS is part of the Centers for Disease Control, which are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
During WWII and later, employers increasingly asked potential employees to prove their status as citizens. Federal labor laws for certain industries, such as aircraft manufacturing, already required employers to hire citizens, and many Americans had no proof of their citizenship status. Many Americans trying to find jobs in the war economy expressed frustration with this seemingly bureaucratic hurdle. A man from Rhode Island wrote, "This is America and it's not right to deny me a job because I don't have birth certificates." I have a wife and a son and I want a job. "Grace Wilson, 42, from Kansas, hoped to get a job in the aerospace industry, but couldn't even apply for an apprenticeship school." It's a bitter and painful feeling to know that you're an American citizen that your grandparents and parents were, and they still can't establish citizenship. "Birth certificates were acceptable documents of American citizenship, but many people did not keep copies. Between 1940 and 1945, about 43 million Americans, nearly one-third of the active population, filed only one. in their states to obtain a certified copy of their birth certificate.
In 1942 an important magazine published an article how important is to obtain copies of birth certificates. The states had trouble keeping up with the demand. In late 1942, the War Labor Commission responded to the national "birth certificate crisis" by announcing that war workers would no longer have to produce birth certificates or other documents to prove their status. of citizenship. Workers could simply swear their citizenship "in the presence of a representative of the army or naval plant". The penalties for falsely claiming American citizenship included fines of $10,000 and imprisonment for up to five years. In the years after World War II, employers, schools, and the federal government increasingly relied on birth certificates to document certain activities and achievements. Soldiers had to present a marriage certificate and the child's birth certificate to ensure medical care for the relatives. Public schools required birth certificates to enroll students. One of the provisions of the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 was that workers had to prove their age to enter the labour market. This was a legislative victory that recalled the reform efforts of the Progressive Era to eliminate labour. Child in the United States. In the 1950s, Americans, mainly mothers, realized the importance of registering births of children in their state and obtaining a birth certificate. It became a way to secure the birthright of their children as citizens.


Few vehicles can match the production lifespan or the enduring popularity of the Citroën HY Van. This long success and continuing interest owes much to the HY’s personality but also to a package of design and technology which still works simply and beautifully.
Introduced in 1947, it played an import role in the rebuilding of France following the Second World War. Between then and 1981 almost half a million were produced, mainly in French and Belgian factories. Originally called the Type H, its distinctive design remained essentially unchanged through a succession of new model developments. The name HY was used from 1958 onwards and now tends to be applied loosely to all ‘H’ vans.
Perhaps the two most obvious elements of its unique character are its ‘face’ – which earned it the affectionate name ‘Nez de Cochon’ (‘Pig Nose’) in France – and its corrugated bodywork. The corrugation, inspired by German Junkers aircraft, is a perfect example of the HY’s simple practicality. Its ribbed structure gave extra strength without adding weight and could be produced using the most basic and inexpensive press tools.
The panels were also removable, which is one of the ingenious simplifications which made the HY so easy to construct, maintain and repair. Another was the arrangement of engine, gearbox, transmission and suspension, which were held onto the subframe by just four large bolts. Having loosened the relevant bolts, the whole engine and gearbox, together with the radiator and exhaust, could be removed through the front of the van.
Along with this cost-effective simplicity came innovations which put the HY well ahead of its time technologically. For instance, it was one of the first mass-produced vans to have a monocoque construction, combining the body and chassis into an integrated unit. Other advances included front wheel drive, rack and pinion steering, torsion bar suspension and a handbrake applied to the front wheels.
When it came to carrying loads, the HY was way in front of its competitors in terms of both weight and volume. With a very low but strong floor, a high roof and convenient loading access via the three-piece rear door, or the innovation of a sliding side door, it was also much more user-friendly.
In addition to producing standard van and pick-up versions, Citroën sent stripped-down vehicles to coachbuilders who came up with endless ways of adapting the versatile design to different purposes. These have included cattle trucks, ambulances, fire engines, minibuses, campers, promotional vehicles and mobile laboratories, to name but a few.
The HY’s mechanical parts were originally based largely on those of the Citroën Traction range of cars. Inevitably there were many upgrades over the years, including a succession of improved engines.
The various ‘facelifts’ were relatively superficial and did not detract too much from the classic style of the vans. Notable modifications, which give clues to an HY’s age, include the one-piece windscreen which replaced the split screen in 1964, the shorter chevrons on the radiator grille, added the same year, and the change from semi-circular to rectangular rear wings in 1969. The unusual rear-hinged cab doors persisted right to the very end, except in the Dutch market which insisted on a change to conventional hinges in 1968.
Contact: Mark Nicholson Copywriting


The Wall That Heals
The City of Crawfordsville in collaboration with Crittenden County is proud to be chosen as a host for The Wall That Heals. The Wall That Heals will be on display at the Old Schoolyard Park in Crawfordsville Arkansas from April 7th thru 10th.
The Wall That Heals honors the 58,281 service members who lost their lives defending our country during the Vietnam War. The Wall That Heals is a traveling replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The exhibit consists of The Wall replica and the Mobile Education Center. This three-quarter scale Wall replica is 375 feet in length and stands 7.5 feet high at its tallest point.
The exhibit will be displayed at the Old Schoolyard Park, 1301 Old Highway 64 in Crawfordsville. The exhibit will be on display beginning April 7th and will be open 24 hours per day and free to the public. The Wall will be available for viewing until April 10th at 2pm.


Brigid The Goddess – A Story-Telling Performance by Sinead Rice McAleavey on Saturday 24th February at 7.30pm
FREE ENTRY – Donations welcomed
Thérese Bann, classical and traditional flautist, will join Sinead to provide the musical backdrop to Brigid’s epic story.
“This is my attempt to untangle the overlapping mythology of the goddess from the legend of the saint. It’s just a fascinating subject and it’s very telling that this untamed woman has been a role model for Irish women down through the ages. It’s passionate, epic and mournful but, true to our national weakness for the lighthearted, there should be a laugh or two.”
The legends of Brigid the Goddess have long lain dormant under the legend of Brigid the Saint. This Imbolc, storytelling champion Sinead Rice McAleavey, will untangle their tales and bring the goddess back into focus. The epic story of Brigid, one of the firstborn of the Celtic gods, is uniquely rich and entertaining, and is guaranteed to throw light on the origins of the Irish gods themselves as well as the beliefs of pre-Christian Ireland.


He was a scholar, clikurios, and diplomat. As a scholar, he is famed for creating the Glagolitsa script. Using that script, he brought literacy to the Berzeti tribe during one of his diplomatic missions. In return, the Berzeti joined the Enchelei.
When he died and his followers help elevate him to godhood, The Notes of Naum became the primary holy text of the sect. Now, the sect is worshipped throughout the Empire of Makhaira and in some places in the Old Empire.


(Olivia Burke) TREASURE hunters are hoping to dig up 48 crates of Hitler’s hidden gold worth nearly half a billion pounds at a Polish palace used by his SS henchmen as a brothel.
The team will begin the archaeological excavation at the 18th-century palace in the village of Minkowskie in southern Poland next week and hope to unearth 10 tonnes of gold and other riches.
The historical palace in Minkowskie, southern Poland is thought to conceal a treasure trove of the Nazi’s lootCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
The team hope to find 48 crates of Adolf Hitler’s hidden gold which is worth up to half a billion pounds Credit: Getty – Contributor
The swag was stolen towards the end of World War Two under the instruction of SS boss Heinrich Himmler, to fund the creation of a Fourth Reich.
It is also thought to be made up of jewellery and possessions treasured by Germany’s elite who lived in the area and gave the Nazis their valuables to avoid them being snatched by Russia’s advancing Red Army.
The elusive ‘Gold of Breslau’, which disappeared from police headquarters in the Polish city of Wroclaw, is also believed to be amongst the hidden loot.
The treasure hunters, from the non-profit Silesian Bridge foundation, determined the location after scouring through secret documents, an SS officer’s diary, and a map they received from the offspring of officers who frequented a discreet lodge dating back over 1,000 years.
The 10th-century Quedlinburg lodge was created during the rule of the first German King Henry the Fowler – who was fascinating to Himmler, who even believed that he was the King’s reincarnation.
Quedlinburg members were awarded high-ranking positions in many Nazi institutions after the two formed an alliance in the Third Reich.
One diary entry claimed the loot was hidden in a trough dug in the orangery of the palaceCredit: POLSKA-org.PL
The diaries were handed over by Quedlinburg descendants as a show of remorse to Poland for their ancestors actions
SS officers treated the Minkowskie palace as a ‘brothel’Credit: Getty
The records were handed over by descendants as “the return of world heritage is seen as a milestone on the long path of reconciliation,” according to the foundation.
The uncovered diary, believed to have been written by a high-ranking SS officer under the alias Michaelis, seems to be the key to the buried booty.
Michaelis continued, “48 chests from the Reichsbank, in good condition, were hidden, very well covered with earth and ‘greened’ with still living plants.
“Let providence watch over us.”
The revealing memoir has proved to be quite the treasure map, after it earlier revealed the location of another palace in the region last year where 28 tonnes of valuables are believed to be buried at the bottom of a well.
But the Silesian Bridge team have opted to excavate the Minkowskie mansion as the stash is easier to access.
Among the other indicative documents is a letter from a senior SS officer by the name of von Stein, written to a female who worked at the palace who later became his lover.
“My dear Inge, I will fufill my assignment, with God’s will. Some transports were successful. The remaining 48 heavy Reichsbank’s chests and all the family chests I hereby entrust to you,” he wrote.
The grand palace later became a council office, a nursery, and even a cinemaCredit: POLSKA-org.pl
The diaries and documents have proved the key lead in the hunt for Hitler’s treasureCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
Chief of the Gestapo Heinrich Himmler ordered the seizure of the valuables towards the end of World War TwoCredit: Getty – Contributor
The diaries also revealed other potential sites where the Nazi’s hid their spoilsCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
“Only you know where they are located. May God help you and help me, fulfil my assignment.”
It is a hint of what Hitler’s monstrous henchmen got up to in their free time and an indication of the masses of loot stolen by the Nazis.
“Several people took part in hiding the deposits in Minkowskie. One of them was an officer called von Stein,” Head of the Silesian Bridge foundation, Roman Furmaniak, told the MailOnline.
“He used to stay in the palace because he had a lover there. Due to its location it was often visited by high-ranking SS officers who treated it like a brothel.”
He convinced Inge to keep a watchful eye over the treasure, who happily obliged because “she was in love with the handsome officer in a black SS uniform”.
“They were like gods,” Furmaniak continued. “She believed that she would have to stay there for a year, maybe two, then it would all be over.
“There was a two-month period in 1945 when she had to hide in the forest from the Russians. But when she got back, the area had not been disturbed.
“If they had dug a hole, they would have taken what they wanted and then left the hole. We have seen this in history many times in Poland.”
The excavation is set to begin next weekCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
The pencil-written diary entries are believed to be written by a high-ranking SS officerCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
Around 600,000 pieces of artwork were stolen across Europe during Hitler’s ruleCredit: Getty – Contributor
The non profit foundation want to use the diaries to help return the treasures to the rightful ownersCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
The region eventually came under the control of the Russians at the end of the war, who ousted the German settlers amid the return of Poles who had taken refuge in Western Ukraine coming back.
Inge adapted her appearance and identity to conceal herself among the new population, even marrying a local man, while watching over the treasure until her death 60 years later.
The Minkowskie palace, built by Prussian general Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, was later a station for the Red Army and the Polish Army.
The historical building was later used as a local council office, a nursery and even a cinema, before the Silesian Bridge foundation took a long-term lease on the property.
“The recovery of lost works of art and their return to their rightful owners could become a catalyst for changes aimed to bring unity – not polarisation. This notion guides our mission,” Furmaniak said.
The fascist regime stole around 600,000 pieces of prized artwork from across Europe, amounting to billions of pounds.
Many pieces remain missing – including the infamous priceless collection of amber panels, known as the Amber Room and nicknamed the ‘Eighth Wonder of the World’.
Estimated to be worth somewhere between £120-£240 million in modern day currency, the Russian artifact was looted by the Nazis and put on display back in Germany – before disappearing towards the end of the war.
Regarded as one of the greatest mysteries of the war, some obsessive treasure hunters have lost their lives searching for the Amber Room – which remains undiscovered.
The elusive ‘Gold of Breslau’ is also believed to be hidden with the goldCredit: Fot.Mariusz Przygoda/Silesian Bridge Foundation
The Nazis were known for burying their valuables and secrets deep underground, and also used the subterranean systems (pictured) to travel throughCredit: AP:Associated Press


We’re Celebrating our 34th Birthday with a Carat? Karat? Carrot Cake!
Carat, Karat, Carrot – it all sounds the same but they’re used for different celebrations! June 1st 1983 Kahns Jewellers opened its doors and we’re still celebrating 34 years later with carats, karats and carrots!
A Carat is somewhat older than Kahns Jewellers! The modern carat system has its roots in the carob seed (pic), which comes from the locust tree. Because the small seeds are fairly uniform in size and weight, they were a useful measurement for determining the weight of a gem. Early merchants used carob seeds as counterweights in hand-held balance scales.
Carat weight was standardized as 0.20 gram in the early twentieth century. This gave Jewellers a uniform and universally accepted weight standard for diamonds.
Karat is the measure of gold’s purity. A karat has 24 parts, so 18K gold means that the metal is 18 parts gold and 6 parts other metals (commonly copper, silver and/or zinc).
Carrots, well, that’s the ingredient for our 34th birthday celebratory cake!🌶🎂


MLS® ID: 1507072
402 E 2nd Ave
Ritzville, Washington, 99169 $230,000
One of Ritzville's grand historical homes. Amazing wood finishes. Spacious interiors w finished attic space w own bath & office space plus built in library shelves. Spacious outdoor spaces with patiobrick surface. Built in 1916, this 3-Bed+, 2- Bath single family home approx. 3,204 square feet. Original murals adorn the large dining room with built in hutch and cabinets. There is even a backyard cottage for guests or a separate play area. Old world charm w modern touches like a brand new A/C.


The new site is http://www.metamorphosisalpha.com/history_old.html
There is a new and much better (IMHO) version called:
That site address is http://www.metamorphosisalpha.com/history.html
The former history was told from the perspective of a fascist organization that had survived an apocalypse. The newer history is told from the more informed perspective of colonists at Tau Ceti.


1. I‘ve read ______ sports news about the F1 race today.
A. two B. pieces C. two pieces D. two pieces of
2. During World War II， a Jewish(犹太)lady was protected by a local family in Shanghai in her ______.
A. fifties B. fifty C. fiftieth D. the fiftieth
3. The river through our city， which is about _________， is clean again.
A. 6000 meters long B. 6000-metres-long
C. 6000-metre-long D. 6000 meter long
4. I study in Yu Cai Middle School. There are two ____students in our school.
A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of
5. They said they would have holiday.
A. a two-month B. two months C. two-months D. two-month’s
6.-When was the PLA founded?
-It was founded on ____.
A. July 1. 1921 B. October 1.1949
C. May 1.1922 D. August 1.1927
7. In the past two years， many tall buildings have been built in our city. The tallest is an that stands in the centre.
A. 80-floor building B. 60-floor building
C. 80-floor buildings D. 70 floors building
8.The number of people invited ____ fifty， but a number of them _____absent for different reasons.
A. were ; was B. was ; was C. was ; were D. were ; were
9.- How soon will you finish your work? -In about _______.
A. one and a half month B. one month and a half
C. one and half a month D. a month and half
10.-Would you like some fruit， madam? -Oh， yes. _______， please.
A. 5 kilo bananas B. 5 kilos of bananas
C. 5 kilo of bananas D. 5 kilos of banana


- Membro desde: 8 de setembro de 2020
Countries With The Most Unesco World Heritage Sites
It can be the world’s largest ensemble on the prestigious list. almost every small island had its personal settlement, town, fishing village and artisan village . Venice and its lagoon panorama are a unique cultural heritage which form an inseparable complete of nature and architecture and stay until this day one of many symbols of Italian energy and majesty. essential figures of art and literature within the thirteenth century, from Petrarch and Boccaccio to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.
Florence’s historic centre is a residing museum of each European and Italian tradition. It is enclosed throughout the old medieval partitions that encompass this a part of the town, built during the time of the height of its economic and business energy.
In 2005, this was modified so that now there is only one set of ten criteria. Nominated websites must be of "outstanding common value" and meet at least one of the ten criteria.
These criteria have been modified or amended a number of occasions since their creation. A country must first record its significant cultural and pure sites into a doc often known as the Tentative List. A country could not nominate websites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. Next, it could place sites selected from that list right into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union.
While the United States is house to 8 of the new World Heritage Sites due to the addition of Frank Lloyd Wright's 20th-century architecture, the remainder of the listing is a global buffet of places to understand and revel in. Ancient monuments have been standing across the Earth for thousands of years. They carry an incredible historic, cultural and non secular which means. This week we've picked ten unbelievable landmarks of all sorts. Up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four for pure heritage.
UNESCO has added 29 landmarks to its World Heritage List for 2019, bringing its complete to 1,121 culturally important websites. Meeting strict standards, these historic, natural, and scientific websites are beacons of world tradition, and making the list means an excellent boon in tourism and exposure.


A Personal Message on the Vietnam War Documentary
Please read this story.*
It's about two brothers who enlisted in the service after 9/11 and "shouldered the greatest burden for the nation’s defense."
While watching "The Vietnam War” by Ken Burns, I started to cry about the number of boys that gave up their lives for the sake of politicians' and military leaders' egos. Over 60,000 American lives were lost and these numbers represent less than 2% of the estimated 3,500,000 lives lost in total.
It is such a good review of history and if you would substitute the names of “Afghanistan” or “Iraq” or “Syria” or maybe even “North Korea” in lieu of “Vietnam” most of the story would not have to change very much.
Let’s give pause for these men and women and become more grateful that we have them among every American generation since our founding.
* WSJ subscription required


Great fun recording the Graduate Choir with Terence Maskell at Holy Trinity Cathedral – singing great British songs for the All Blacks Test match at Eden Park on the 7th June. Tracks included Jerusalem, I Vow to Thee my Country, Pokarekare Ana, Land of Hope and Glory, Rule Britannia.
All songs except Pokarekare were accompanied by Philip Smith (Cathedral Organist) on the Holy Trinity Harrison Organ. This is the last recording of the Harrison since it will be replaced as part of the upcoming Cathedral renovations. So an historical moment in one sense.


The ratification of the 16th Amendment allowed for the collection of income tax. Starting in 1913, American taxpayers used IRS Form 1040 to prepare and file their tax returns. The first tax return was three pages with only one page of instructions. Over the last 100+ years, the length of the instructions has changed numerous times.
To read the full article CLICK HERE


Video: Kinderblock 66
Kinderblock 66 Description
Return to Buchenwald
Excerpt; Feature film: 87 minutes
An award winning documentary about four boys who return to Buchenwald 65 years after being liberated from the camp at the end of World War II. Learn more...
The efforts of these survivors culminated in one of the greatest rewards of this project: traveling to Yad Vashem and witnessing "Righteous Among Nations" status granted to the communist prisoner who hid the boys in Block 66.
Editor/Associate Producer: Molly Williamson
Director: Rob Cohen
A Steven Moskovic Film/Big Foot Productions


Earths 10 Most Mysterious Lost Worlds
Epic journey to the most inaccessible places on Earth... (HD 10/2014) follow the hybrid librarian: Subscribe Facebook...
Guyanese Mud RACE, Mahaica Backdam.
2015 200Meters Sprint, Mahaica Backdam style. Like Share Comment Subscribe.
Guyana - The land of many waters
Slideshow of my Guyana trip - April 2012.
Part 6: Guyana was cheated by the British and Americans Part 6 of 6.wmv
protests against the sandys formula Britain covertly manipulated the democratic...
The Wild Coast: An Exploration of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana
Go to for more info about this film and to see more. The Wild Coast is a physical, historical and philosophical exploration of the...
Guyana Folk Music Guyanes Folk Song
Buy Dj Troy For President T-Shirt Guyana (pronounced an/ or aæn/),67...
A view of Guyana (The Land of many Waters) I didnt make this.
Part 2: Guyana was cheated by the British and Americans Part 2 of 6
the escalation OF the racial disturbances Cheddi Jagan had misplaced faith in British...
History of Guyana
The recorded history of Guyana can be dated back to 1499, when Alonso de Ojedas first expedition arrived from Spain at the Essequibo river. The history of...
Guyana- black bush polder -corentyne berbice..
This is a quick view of black bush polder.


Dewey Follett Bartlett was born on March 28, 1919, in Marietta, Ohio. His father, David A. Bartlett, was a banker and investor who held oil properties in Oklahoma, including the Keener Oil and Gas Company. Dewey Bartlett attended the public grade schools of Marietta and graduated from Lawrenceville Preparatory School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. He earned a bachelor of science degree in geological engineering from Princeton University in 1942 and received a commission as a Marine Corps pilot during World War II.
After the war, Bartlett joined his older brother David in Tulsa, where they managed Keener Oil. His political career began in 1962 with election to the Oklahoma state senate. In 1966, he defeated John N. Happy Camp in the primary to win the Republican gubernatorial nomination, and he bested Preston J. Moore in the general election to succeed Henry Bellmon as Oklahoma's second Republican governor.
The first state governor constitutionally eligible for a second consecutive term, Bartlett lost his reelection bid in one of the closest elections in state history to Democrat David Hall in 1970. Two years later, however, he benefitted from Richard Nixon's great popularity in Oklahoma to defeat Congressman Ed Edmondson in a race for a United States Senate seat. In Congress, he was one of the most conservative members on many issues. He also was a dependable champion of oil and gas interests during the energy-short 1970s.
After a year's treatment for lung cancer, Bartlett announced in January 1978 that he would not be a candidate for reelection. He died on March 1, 1979, and was buried in Tulsa's Calvary Cemetery.
This is a full manuscript detailing Dewey Bartlett's career in the United States Senate from 1973-1978. The manuscript also includes a biography, list…


Iron doors have a remarkable presence in the realm of architectural beauty, captivating admirers with their timeless elegance and unwavering strength. Throughout history, iron has held a pivotal role in shaping both the aesthetic appeal and security of architectural structures. From the earliest known iron artifacts dating back to 4000 BCE to the intricately designed masterpieces of the 16th century, the evolution of ironwork has left an indelible mark on the world of architectural design.
Embarking on a journey through time, we delve into the fascinating history of iron doors. Millennia ago, ancient civilizations discovered the extraordinary potential of iron, harnessing its remarkable properties to fashion functional objects and imbue them with artistic flair. The craftsmanship evident in these early iron artifacts was a testament to the ingenuity and skill of our ancestors, as they transformed this raw material into practical and visually striking structures.
As centuries passed, ironwork flourished, reaching its zenith during the Renaissance period. This era witnessed the creation of elaborate and ornate iron door designs that adorned the entrances of grand buildings and palaces. These masterpieces showcased the technical prowess of blacksmiths, who skillfully manipulated iron to create intricate patterns, motifs, and filigree. The interplay of light and shadow against the iron surfaces lent a sense of depth and enchantment to these architectural marvels.
Fast forward to the present day, and iron doors continue to captivate with their allure and resilience. While modern designs often embrace sleek and minimalist aesthetics, the legacy of ironwork remains palpable. Architects and designers draw inspiration from the past, infusing contemporary iron doors with echoes of traditional craftsmanship. The fusion of time-honored techniques and innovative materials allows for the creation of door designs that harmonize seamlessly with diverse architectural styles.
Beyond their visual appeal, iron doors are renowned for their robustness and security. The inherent strength of iron provides a formidable barrier against intruders, reinforcing the safety of homes and buildings. In an age where security is of paramount importance, iron doors stand as a symbol of protection and peace of mind.
In conclusion, the history of ironwork is a testament to the enduring influence of this remarkable material on architectural aesthetics and security. From ancient beginnings to modern innovations, iron doors continue to enthrall with their timeless elegance and unwavering strength. By exploring the rich tapestry of ironwork, we gain a deeper appreciation for the artistry and craftsmanship that has shaped the architectural landscape throughout the ages.


ï»?The Egyptian Exchange is one of the oldest stock markets established in the Middle East. The Egyptian Exchange traces its origins to 1883 when the Alexandria Stock Exchange was established, followed by the Cairo Stock Exchange in 1903.
The Egyptian Exchange (EGX)
- Alexandria Stock Exchange
During the 19th century, ALEXANDRIA's FUTURES MARKET was one of the oldest in the world. The first local recorded cotton transaction took place in 1885 in Alexandria's Caf?A© de l'Europe on Place des Consuls which was later renamed Mohammed Ali Square. It was there that cotton merchants met and cut deals based on supply and demand for the long staple Karnak and Menouf or the short to medium staple Ashmouni, Giza and Zagora. Over the years, deals extended to cotton seed varieties such as Hull, Afifi and Sakellaridis.
The first cotton deal-makers eagerly waited for the weekly arrival of the news-sheets from Europe to guide future operations. Reputation counted for everything. Cotton growers who delivered on time were courted by exporters and received large orders the following season. Timing and reliability was of the essence if profits were to be made.
From Caf?A© de l'Europe cotton deal-makers moved to a nearby building and as business grew, the Association Cottoniere d'Alexandrie (later the Alexandria General Produce Association or AGPA) was created for the purpose of trading in cotton, cotton seeds and cereals in the spot and future markets.
In 1899, during the reign of Khedive Abbas Hilmi II, AGPA moved to an imposing new building, henceforth called The Bourse on Mohammed Ali Square. The Alexandria Bourse became a city landmark featuring in postcards, books and city guides. In more ways than one, the bourse became the focal point of the city's financial community. The Association's old premises meanwhile, was transformed into a bank, and later on into the Top Hat night club.
Cotton forward contracts were legalized in 1909 to coincide with Egyp
t's recovery from a massive economic slump brought on by the financial crash of 1907 when banking and real estate institutions collapsed due to excessive speculation. So far, government intervention had been practically absent. On the other hand, the spot market of Minet al-Bassal was left alone until 1931.
Of the 35 registered cotton brokers in 1950, only two were Egyptians. Likewise, the directors of the Alexandria bourse were an uneven mixture of Egyptians, Levantine and Jews. Its veteran president was a Syrian, Jules Klat Bey. Despite its ethnic mixture AGPA had come a long way from when Britons controlled it through two of Alexandria's largest cotton exporters, the Carver and the Moss families. And when a Carver scion married the Moss heiress, they held an even stronger grip on this lucrative export market. Similarly, cotton ginning mills were controlled in great part by foreigners. Foremost among them last century were Selig Kusel from Manchester, the Plantas from Liverpool, the Lindemann's from Prague and Dresden, and the Choremi-Benachi-Savagos representing the Greek Connection.
Up until the 1950's most of the trading was done with the Liverpool Cotton Exchange evidencing Egypt's strong ties with the waning British Empire. Not unlike oil today, Egyptian cotton trade had invariably been politicized during the inter-war period figuring as a clause in most of Egypt's international agreements. It was a major bargaining tool as well as a collateral for Egypt's currency. The powerful Manchester trade relied heavily on this staple which was responsible for untold fortunes made in the UK.
There were also the Joint Egyptian Cotton Committee and the Cotton Institute, two highly respected institutions affiliated with the International Cotton Congress. With time, more and more Egyptians entered the trade once the jealously guarded preserve of the Finneys, the Rheinharts, the Rolos, the Cicurels and Pintos. Newcomers included Talaat Harb Pasha, a founder of the Banque
Misr group of companies, and Mohammed Farghaly Pasha, president of the Alexandria Cotton Exporters Association. On the expert side, there was Ahmed Abdel Wahab Pasha, a former minister of finance, and Fouad Abaza Pasha the director of the Royal Agricultural Society.
Just as the native intelligentsia was to have its turn at the helm, agricultural trade was brought within the aegis of the state through a series of 1950s agrarian reform laws. Henceforth, the agricultural sector mutated into unprofitable small holdings and bureaucratic cooperatives.
- Cairo Stock exchange
During one of their informal turn of the century meetings at the Caf?A© New Bar, Cairo's merchants and brokers were reminded once more by their leader, Monsieur Maurice Cattaui, that the time had come for Cairo to follow Alexandria's example and have its own Bourse. With the number of limited liability companies reaching 79 at an aggregate capital of 29 million pounds, the city's taipans could no longer conduct pork barrel politics on Cairo's sidewalks or inside coffee shops and hotels. And so it was when on Thursday, 21 May 1903, an ad hoc site committee presi ded by Maurice Cattaui Bey, chose the old premises of the Ottoman Bank (today Groppi-Adly Branch) on Maghraby Street as the elected but temporary official headquarters of the newly incorporated Bourse and Banking Company of Egypt Limited . a.k.a. Bourse Khediviale du Caire.
With ambitious plans in mind, the new company leased the premises for a non-renewable period of six years at an annual rent of 400 Egyptian pounds. In the meantime, an international competition was initiated for the design of a dedicated bourse to be situated at the center of Cairo's European district, not far from the National Bank of Egypt (today Central Bank).
The prize for best design went in April 1907 to the French award-winning architect Raoul Brandon (designer of the Cairo Orosdi-Back department store). The timing couldn't have been better, or so ev
eryone thought. Emboldened by success and drunk on growth, the promoters of the Cairo bourse were in an excessive mood. It was public knowledge that when lumped together, the Cairo and Alexandria Bourses rated among the world's top five Stock Exchanges. Egypt's economy was at an all-time high and the number of companies traded in the Cairo Bourse alone had reached 228 with a combined capital of 91 million pounds. Seventy-three brokers and intermediaries were on hand to take care of the spiraling share trading. The modest premises on Maghraby Street had most certainly outlived its usefulness. It was time for swank.
But like the swing of a pendulum, the high state of euphoria disappeared overnight. Prudence having given way to high-risk speculation, what had started out with a real estate boom in Egypt, ended in what became known in the annals of speculative history as the Crash of 1907.
Some historians concede that the money panic of 1907 started in Alexandria, Egypt, with the failure in July of a large bank - Cassa di Sconto. Japan was hit next, then Germany, then Chile. By October, the fallout reached Europe and the United States. In Egypt, the overextended banks folded up one after the other. As share prices plummeted, soon enough, a by now jobless broker, Mr. Alfred Nahman, was appointed chief liquidator of the Bourse and Banking Company of Egypt Limited.
Eighteen months after Brandon's publicized award to build the Bourse that never was, the Corporation of Agents de Change commissioned the Cairo firm of Edward Matasek and Maurice J. Cattaui with the participation of Ernest Jaspar, to design and erect an Exchange Building.
Adorned with Matasek's trademark accouterments of Hermes masonic busts and ornate stucco, the resultant edifice was the handsomest building on the block. At long last Cairo had a real trading floor, surrounded by a high gallery from where share trading could be observed by the concerned public. The building, which stands opposite the French
consulate, was occupied in turn by Lloyds Bank, the British Chamber of Commerce, the National Bank of Egypt and now by the Watany Development Bank.
Trading had hardly started on April 30th, 1909 at Sharia al-Borsa al-Gedida or New Bourse Street when it was announced that Egypt's leading laissez-faire banker-industrialist, Raphael Suares , had died. The bourse closed for the rest of the day. It was largely thanks to his efforts that Cairo had had a bourse in the first place. In view of his untimely death, Suares missed by a few months, the imposition of the first ever bourse regulations.
It was in 1928, a year before the Wall Street crash, that the Cairo Bourse moved into its present premises on Sherifein Street. The art nouveau building with its multiple neo-Doric colonnades was designed by French architect George Parcq who was responsible for much of Cairo's elegant buildings including Sednaoui's department store on Midan Khazindar. Serendipity or not, the site on which Sednaoui was built had once been the first meeting place for Cairo's speculative traders prior to the formation of Cairo's first the bourse.
Since he had already died in 1924 Monsieur Moise Cattaui, the original promoter of the Cairo Bourse, had no way of knowing that four years after his departure the bourse would relocate on part of what had once been his Cairo palace. In its heyday, Palais Cattaui extended from the National Bank of Egypt all the way to Midan Soliman Pasha (now Talaat Harb). As though a reminder for his capital efforts, the Cairo Bourse is to this day flanked by two side streets, one of them named after Moussa Cattaui Pasha.
Before it folded up in July 1961 following the state-sanctioned demise of Egypt's private sector, the Cairo & Alexandria Bourses (they had already merged) wa s listed fourth in the world.
Almost thirty-six years later, in a new era of economic re-structuring, it is now up to the Tigers on the Nile to restore the Cairo Bourse to its former ranking.
e founding members in 1903: Maurice Cattaui Bey president, Arbib, Cookson, Gennaropoulo, Oziol, McGillivray. Adolphe Cattaui (rep. Courtier en Marchandises) and A.K. Reid (rep Courtier en Valeurs) plus representative each from Credit Lyonnais, Bank of Egypt, Imperial Ottoman Bank, Anglo-Egyptian Bank and the National Bank of Egypt. ).
4A, El Sherifien St., Postal Code 11513
P.O. Box 358 Mohamed Farid, Downtown, Cairo
: (202) 23928698 / 23921402 / 23921447
: (202) 23924214
all queries and comments to email@example.com
- Source : Egypt SE Website


'Beginning of Sorrows - 1st 3 Seals'
Rev 17:1,3Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls came and talked with me, saying to me, "Come, I will show you the judgment of the great harlot who sits on many waters.... So he carried me away in the Spirit into the wilderness. And I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast which was full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns.
The New Testament church
Mat 16:18" And I also say to you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build My church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it."
Apostle Peter, the fisherman, was possibly the first Pope as he was appointed by our Lord Jesus to build His church. That was the New Testament church which stayed almost free from abominable practices until a Millennium later.
Idolatry in the church
During the various Inquisitions (12th-18th century) the church was defiled mainly by idolatry. Bible believing Christians and clergies were killed by burning at the stack as witches. That was the darkest period in Christianity.
The Renaissance period (13th century) witnessed a dramatic growth in Marian art in Europe. In this period, significant works of Marian art by masters such as Boticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael were produced. This was possibly the beginning of the worship of Mary and the saints. Wars were fought and won under the auspices of the Virgin Mary. The victory at Battle of Lepanto (1571) was accredited to her and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions, focusing especially on Mary, the Queen of Heaven and Earth. These abominations led to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Protestant reformers, in particular Andreas Karlstadt, Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, destroyed religious images in churches in northern Europe and England by invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry and the manufacture of graven images of God.
The Pope instead of repentance, glorified Mary further. Alexander VII declared in 1661, that the soul of Mary was free from original sin. Pope Clement XI ordered the feast of the Immaculata for the whole Church in 1708. The feast of the Rosary was introduced in 1716, the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727.
Mystery of the Harlot
Rev 17:2b,9,18 "And I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast which was full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns...Here is the mind which has wisdom: The seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits....And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth."
Vatican city is located in Rome, which sits on seven hills. Rome was the centre of Christianity after the destruction of Jerusalem. This glorious church of our Lord Jesus saw the conversion of the whole of Europe and many countries to Christianity. But the worship of Mary defiled the Catholic Church. The Pope then reigned over the Christian kings during the period of the Inquisition, when many churches were serving Satan (scarlet beast) with idolatry.
Today, the Pope no longer controls the world, but US to a great extent has replaced Rome with its wealth and power. US (churches) was the champion of Christianity in the last century, but these few decades it had committed many abominations, which are sins leading to death :- blaspheming the Holy Spirit, reducing the bible to history or myths, sodomy, gay marriage, heresies, etc. I believe US today, is the fulfillment of this Mysterious Harlot.


Kanazawa is a castle city that has flourished during Edo Period as the headquarters of the Maeda family.
At that time, Kanazawa was one of the biggest cities in Japan, only behind Edo (today’s Tokyo), Kyoto and Osaka. And, if Edo was the city of the townsmen, Kyoto the city of the Imperial Court and Osaka the city of the merchants, we could say that Kanazawa was the city of the samurais.
“Samurai the Ride” is a bus tour in which a samurai will be guiding you through this samurai-like city, where the history of this class can still be seen in many places and facilities.
You can expect to experience a historical atmosphere that can only be seen in a preserved castle city like Kanazawa, as well as appreciate and experience traditional arts that have been passed down from old times until the present day. Please come enjoy this Entertainment Bus Tour with us..


Dean, Matt Locke Ellis College of
Arts and Sciences
Professor of History
Henderson State University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas
Angela Boswell (Ph.D., Rice University) currently serves as the dean of arts and sciences and professor of history at Henderson State University, Arkansas’s public liberal arts university. She teaches courses in early American history and American women’s history. Her areas of research are southern women’s history and Texas women’s history. She is the author of Women in Texas History (2018), winner of the Liz Carpenter Award, the Lone Star Book Award, and the Robert A. Calvert book prize. She is also author of Her Act and Deed: Women’s Public Lives in a Rural Southern County, 1837-1873 (2001), also a winner of the Liz Carpenter Award, and co-editor, with Deborah M. Liles, of Women in Civil War Texas: Diversity and Dissidence in the Trans-Mississippi, winner of the Liz Carpenter Award and Ottis Lock Award. She has also co-edited two collections of essays on southern women’s history: Women Shaping the South: Creating and Confronting Change (with Judith McArthur, 2006) and Searching for Their Places: Women in the South across Four Centuries (with Thomas H. Appleton, Jr., 2003).


The ordinary, unassuming baking stone has made resurgence in the modern day kitchen, but what many people do not know is that this exquisite piece of cooking utensil has been in use for centuries! Almost as early as 8000 years before the appearance of Jesus Christ! The archaeologists have discovered that the Stone Age man had used stones to grind starches to a fine powder. Later he used the stone to cook food on a fire pit. This was the forerunner to the modern day’s ovens.
Although it was common to use baking stones for cooking perfect pizzas, these were initially used to prepare flat bread which was a staple food. Flatbreads became the precursor to the present-day pizza. Gradually improvements were made in pizza making. The doughy base was covered with delicious toppings such as fish, tomatoes, cheese and minced herbs like basil to add to the taste of the delicacy.
Baking stones of the recent times are of shape rectangular or round, although their fittingly cushy patterns and designs are developments of the more recent times. It is entirely understandable that the primitive man would have tried using only erratic and uneven shaped stones befitting the fire pit.
Many reasons could be given why it is best to use the baking stone for pizza-baking. The fundamental cause, which was primitively comprehended by the Stone Age man, was that it prevents food from being burnt, since the stone absorbs a part of the heat, the bottom and the edges of a pizza or flat bread do not get excessive direct heat in the process of cooking.
One other remarkable benefit of a baking stone is its capacity to absorb any surplus moisture in the cooking process thereby making way for a crisper base. The reason is that it is made from natural stone which has absorbent properties. The moisture can get acquired beneath a pizza or flatbread and make it damp and soggy and prevent the pizza from getting evenly cooked. The baking stone takes care of this dilemma and also ensures that your pizza does not get burnt.
Although baking stones are used for cooking pizzas and flatbreads, in fact, they can be handled to cook almost anything, more so for foods that have to be crisped. To keep your baking stone in excellent condition and to avoid the stone becoming fragile or cracked, you must oil it on a regular basis, and you must use an ace-quality non-stick spray every time you use it. You must let it cool down before cleaning and never immerse a hot stone into the water soon after use since the sudden change in the temperature can make it liable to break.
You must put your baking stone always on the bottom most rack in the oven and let it warm up while preheating your oven.
Baking stones come in a variety of colors for you to choose.
Now, it is for you to do your stylish pizza!


2 and 4) emphasize the day's Gospel (Luke , Jesus appears in your heart that God has raised him from the dead); 2. tutti fugue (mm. Discussions on the Week of January 29, (4th round) by Superintendent Salomon Deyling on the Gospel, Matthew , .. "Selig sind die Toten" (" Happy are the dead") was meant to be sung by . Bach's Choral-Buch,” pages 23d (Zahn ) possibly by a Bach student as early as c Ed thinks he's pretty much dead anyway, considering the life he leads. Sigh. Ed returns to life as usual, but a few days later, he gets a mysterious package in the.
From this period onward the Book of the Dead was typically written on a papyrus scroll, and the text illustrated with vignettes.
During the 19th dynasty in particular, the vignettes tended to be lavish, sometimes at the expense of the surrounding text. In the Third Intermediate Period , the Book of the Dead started to appear in hieratic script, as well as in the traditional hieroglyphics.
The hieratic scrolls were a cheaper version, lacking illustration apart from a single vignette at the beginning, and were produced on smaller papyri.
At the same time, many burials used additional funerary texts, for instance the Amduat. During the 25th and 26th dynasties , the Book of the Dead was updated, revised and standardised.
Spells were consistently ordered and numbered for the first time. This standardised version is known today as the 'Saite recension', after the Saite 26th dynasty.
In the Late period and Ptolemaic period , the Book of the Dead remained based on the Saite recension, though increasingly abbreviated towards the end of the Ptolemaic period.
The last use of the Book of the Dead was in the 1st century BCE, though some artistic motifs drawn from it were still in use in Roman times.
The Book of the Dead is made up of a number of individual texts and their accompanying illustrations. Most sub-texts begin with the word ro, which can mean "mouth," "speech," "spell," "utterance," "incantation," or "a chapter of a book.
At present, some spells are known,  though no single manuscript contains them all. They served a range of purposes.
Some are intended to give the deceased mystical knowledge in the afterlife, or perhaps to identify them with the gods: Still others protect the deceased from various hostile forces or guide him through the underworld past various obstacles.
Famously, two spells also deal with the judgement of the deceased in the Weighing of the Heart ritual. Such spells as 26—30, and sometimes spells 6 and , relate to the heart and were inscribed on scarabs.
The texts and images of the Book of the Dead were magical as well as religious. Magic was as legitimate an activity as praying to the gods, even when the magic was aimed at controlling the gods themselves.
The act of speaking a ritual formula was an act of creation;  there is a sense in which action and speech were one and the same thing.
Hieroglyphic script was held to have been invented by the god Thoth , and the hieroglyphs themselves were powerful. Written words conveyed the full force of a spell.
The spells of the Book of the Dead made use of several magical techniques which can also be seen in other areas of Egyptian life.
A number of spells are for magical amulets , which would protect the deceased from harm. In addition to being represented on a Book of the Dead papyrus, these spells appeared on amulets wound into the wrappings of a mummy.
Other items in direct contact with the body in the tomb, such as headrests, were also considered to have amuletic value. Almost every Book of the Dead was unique, containing a different mixture of spells drawn from the corpus of texts available.
For most of the history of the Book of the Dead there was no defined order or structure. The spells in the Book of the Dead depict Egyptian beliefs about the nature of death and the afterlife.
The Book of the Dead is a vital source of information about Egyptian beliefs in this area. One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various kheperu , or modes of existence.
Mummification served to preserve and transform the physical body into sah , an idealised form with divine aspects;  the Book of the Dead contained spells aimed at preserving the body of the deceased, which may have been recited during the process of mummification.
The ka , or life-force, remained in the tomb with the dead body, and required sustenance from offerings of food, water and incense.
In case priests or relatives failed to provide these offerings, Spell ensured the ka was satisfied.
It was the ba , depicted as a human-headed bird, which could "go forth by day" from the tomb into the world; spells 61 and 89 acted to preserve it.
An akh was a blessed spirit with magical powers who would dwell among the gods. The nature of the afterlife which the dead person enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion.
In the Book of the Dead , the dead were taken into the presence of the god Osiris , who was confined to the subterranean Duat.
There are also spells to enable the ba or akh of the dead to join Ra as he travelled the sky in his sun-barque, and help him fight off Apep.
There are fields, crops, oxen, people and waterways. The deceased person is shown encountering the Great Ennead , a group of gods, as well as his or her own parents.
While the depiction of the Field of Reeds is pleasant and plentiful, it is also clear that manual labour is required. For this reason burials included a number of statuettes named shabti , or later ushebti.
These statuettes were inscribed with a spell, also included in the Book of the Dead , requiring them to undertake any manual labour that might be the owner's duty in the afterlife.
The path to the afterlife as laid out in the Book of the Dead was a difficult one. The deceased was required to pass a series of gates, caverns and mounds guarded by supernatural creatures.
Their names—for instance, "He who lives on snakes" or "He who dances in blood"—are equally grotesque. These creatures had to be pacified by reciting the appropriate spells included in the Book of the Dead ; once pacified they posed no further threat, and could even extend their protection to the dead person.
If all the obstacles of the Duat could be negotiated, the deceased would be judged in the "Weighing of the Heart" ritual, depicted in Spell The deceased was led by the god Anubis into the presence of Osiris.
There, the dead person swore that he had not committed any sin from a list of 42 sins ,  reciting a text known as the "Negative Confession". Then the dead person's heart was weighed on a pair of scales, against the goddess Maat , who embodied truth and justice.
Maat was often represented by an ostrich feather, the hieroglyphic sign for her name. If the scales balanced, this meant the deceased had led a good life.
Anubis would take them to Osiris and they would find their place in the afterlife, becoming maa-kheru , meaning "vindicated" or "true of voice".
This scene is remarkable not only for its vividness but as one of the few parts of the Book of the Dead with any explicit moral content.
The judgment of the dead and the Negative Confession were a representation of the conventional moral code which governed Egyptian society.
For every "I have not John Taylor points out the wording of Spells 30B and suggests a pragmatic approach to morality; by preventing the heart from contradicting him with any inconvenient truths, it seems that the deceased could enter the afterlife even if their life had not been entirely pure.
A Book of the Dead papyrus was produced to order by scribes. They were commissioned by people in preparation for their own funeral, or by the relatives of someone recently deceased.
They were expensive items; one source gives the price of a Book of the Dead scroll as one deben of silver,  perhaps half the annual pay of a labourer.
In one case, a Book of the Dead was written on second-hand papyrus. Most owners of the Book of the Dead were evidently part of the social elite; they were initially reserved for the royal family, but later papyri are found in the tombs of scribes, priests and officials.
Most owners were men, and generally the vignettes included the owner's wife as well. There's a few you can easily miss.
One you need to grab since it's at the top of a pipe. The other one is before going to the third Staff part. There's a tunnel and the road goes under Look at your right.
On the second soul area, there's a broken stair. In one of the broken stair's part, there's a page. There's one right before getting into the Arena, it's at the left behind where Ostergoth was the first time you get there.
Hidden in a breakable box. I believe it's behind the door that takes you to the Soul Splitter puzzle that allows you to destroy the Corruption blocking the big plataform switch.
If you're using the Official Guide, you're probably missing one in the Ivory Citadel. There's a mistake in the checklist in the back.
It lists two on the checklist, but there are actually three in the Citadel. Like two men sunbathing together on a beach. Keep me logged in on this device.
Forgot your username or password? Xntss2 Xntss2 6 years ago 1 I've been trying to get all the collectibles without a guide, since I had gotten tons of them without keeping track.
I got all the relics and am missing a few stones I'll tackle that later , but I am missing 4 Book of the Dead pages, preventing me from getting my final relic in Tomb 4.
I literally scoured every inch of the game. Are there a few Pages that are commonly missed?
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To preserve Wisconsin's cultural and glacial heritage
for the education and enjoyment of present and future generations.
To create, support and protect a continuous 1,200 mile
system of parks and footpath trails tracing unique Ice Age
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Today 600 miles of the Ice Age Trail are complete
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From Boats to Brokers
From the Dutch East India Company to Wall Street, the stock market has a long and storied history.
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March 1996 - Issue No. #22 (p. 16)
For many of us who have been to Nazi concentration camps in Europe, visited the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC or seen the film Schindler's List, the Holocaust is a powerful topic for thematic language teaching involving global issues such as prejudice, human rights, social responsibility and genocide. Here, we present a variety of ideas, activities and resources for teaching about the Holocaust. Please write us with any comments and send in any lessons or activities you've developed on this topic.
The Holocaust refers to the systematic annihilation of six million Jews and of millions of non-Jews (Poles, Soviet POWs, communists, gypsies, homosexuals and others) by the Nazi regime and its collaborators from 1933 to 1945.
Ruth Cooper, in her high school holocaust curriculum, describes the goal of teaching about the holocaust as being "to inspire the present generation of youth to help build a world in which genocide shall not happen again". Her teaching objectives are to:
The US Holocaust Memorial Museum lists the following as key guidelines for teachers:
Fifty years have passed since the Holocaust, yet young people can learn valuable lessons from studying this period and applying the lessons to personal and world situations today.
Students can learn how the Nazis misused education and applied their knowledge, skills and technology for genocidal purposes. They can learn about tremendous acts of bravery and about those who saved Jews from the Nazis. Above all, they can become aware of the dangers of prejudice, apathy and indifference.
There is no one way to teach the Holocaust. However, students learn best when they can connect concepts to their own lives. There are many selections in Holocaust literature by and about young people that deal with moral issues to which our students can relate. By building an emotional bond with characters their own age, such as Anne Frank, the Holocaust can then become meaningful in their own lives.
The Holocaust can be taught through history, literature, or as an interdisciplinary unit with English, social studies and math.
Survivors of the Holocaust are powerful tools for teaching who can personalize history and raise statistics to an individual tragedy. American soldiers who liberated the concentration camps can also be invited to share their eye-witness testimony. If it is impossible to have a survivor or a liberator speak to the class in person, there are videotapes available to tell the stories.
Book reports can introduce students to other stories of the Holocaust. Project work (such as doing interviews, creating timelines or making concentration camp models or posters) can also help students become actively involved.
"In the Holocaust there are many messages about human and social behavior. These should be brought into classrooms so that our youth can learn of the hatred and bigotry that can lead to genocide. The Holocaust can be a precedent or it can be a warning. This is why we must teach the
Holocaust." - Ruth Cooper (1992)
First, they came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then, they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then, they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then, they came for me, but no one was left to speak up. - Martin Niemoller
The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing.
- Edmund Burke
Where one burns books, one will, in the end, burn people.
- Heinrich Heine
Berenbaum, M. The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust As Told in the US Holocaust Memorial Museum (1993). New York: Little Brown and Co. $19.95 ISBN 0-316-09134-0
Cooper, R. et al. (1992) From Holocaust to Hope: A Middle School Teaching Guide for a Holocaust Unit. Tulsa Public Schools, Oklahoma, USA.
Nicholson, M. & Winner, D. (1990) People Who Have Helped the World Series: Raoul Wallenberg. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA: Morehouse Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8192-1525-2
US Holocaust Memorial Museum (1993) Holocaust Teaching Pack (3 booklets). Address: US Holocaust Memorial Museum, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, Washington DC 20024-2150 USA Tel: (202) 488-0400 Fax: (202) 488-2695
Zornberg, I. (1983) Classroom Strategies for Teaching the Holocaust. NY: Anti-Defamation League.
Holocaust education catalogs are available from Social Studies School Service and the Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith.
You can search the site by using the above tabs or click on the links below.


Early in the nineteenth century, William Butts and Jacob Schultz owned a store and tavern on the site of the town. In 1813, a tract of land was surveyed and laid out in streets and 186 lots. In order to sell the lots rapidly, the founders of the town instituted a lottery and sold tickets for $30.00 a lot.
In the year 1826, Martin Carl succeeded Butts & Schultz in the mercantile business and secured the establishment of a post office.
In 1849, Captain John Klugh purchased a number of vacant lots. He built some homes, sold some lots and encouraged people to start building.
Franklintown was incorporated as a borough in 1869. Daniel Hershey was the first Chief Burgess. The Borough was resurveyed and the streets were graded and paved in the same year. The population in 1900 was approximately 250.00
The United Brethren Church was built in 1849 and the Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1884.
The Franklintown Guard was the name of a uniformed military company of approximately fifty volunteer members. It existed for fifteen years. During the Civil War, Captain John Klugh recruited a company from the Franklintown area that entered the Two Hundred and Ninth (209th) Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers in Company 1. They participated in battles in Hatcher’s Run, Fort Steadman, Nottoway and the Siege of Petersburg, all in Virginia.
Around the turn of the century, a grade school was adopted for Franklintown. An annual appropriation of sixty-five (65) dollars was received from the state. The Borough had to hire a teacher and maintain the building for that amount of money.
In the early 1920’s, Franklintown had many businesses. There were cigar, wagon wheel, coffin and hat factories; as well as many privately owner stores, garages and taverns. Around the 1950’s Franklintown started losing businesses. Only a few privately-owned stores and garages were still operating. Not much has changed since then. Franklintown has remained a small proud town, with only a few privately-owned businesses.


A long time ago, a great empire comprised of Humans, Velox, Thrynn and Elowan ruled the stars. The Empire's currency was an energy source called Endurium. But something happened and this empire is no more. Furthermore, the small colony world named Arth has forgotten this heritage and technology. A thousand years have since passed and the people of Arth have rediscovered archaeological evidence of their empire. Using these discoveries, they create spaceships and form the Interstel corporation to govern the fleet. It's time to take the first steps back into space... but could it be the same enemy that destroyed the Empire still exists?


Evolution of Insurance
Evolution of insurance in India
In India, insurance has a deep-rooted history. It finds mention in the writings of Manu (Manusmrithi), Yagnavalkya (Dharmasastra) and Kautilya (Arthasastra).
The writings talk in terms of pooling of resources that could be re-distributed in times of calamities such as fire, floods, epidemics and famine. This was probably a pre-cursor to modern day insurance. Ancient Indian history has preserved the earliest traces of insurance in the form of marine trade loans and carriers’ contracts. Insurance in India has evolved over time heavily drawing from other countries, England in particular.
The advent of life insurance business in India
Advent of life insurance business in India
Government of India started publishing returns
The Insurance Amendment Act of 1950 abolished Principal Agencies
Life Insurance Corporation came into existance
The history of general insurance
The history of general insurance dates back to the Industrial Revolution in the west and the consequent growth of sea-faring trade and commerce in the 17th century. It came to India as a legacy of British occupation.
The British establish the Triton Insurance Company Ltd
The Indian Mercantile Insurance Ltd, was set up
General Insurance Council is formed
Insurance Act was amended
General insurance business was nationalized
The process of re-opening
This millennium has seen insurance come a full circle in a journey extending to nearly 200 years. The process of re-opening of the sector had begun in the early 1990s and the last decade and more has seen it been opened up substantially. In 1993, the Government set up a committee under the chairmanship of RN Malhotra, former Governor of RBI, to propose recommendations for reforms in the insurance sector.The objective was to complement the reforms initiated in the financial sector. The committee submitted its report in 1994 wherein , among other things, it recommended that the private sector be permitted to enter the insurance industry. They stated that foreign companies be allowed to enter by floating Indian companies, preferably a joint venture with Indian partners.
The IRDA was incorporated as a statutory body
The IRDA opened up the market
the subsidiaries of the General Insurance Corporation of India were restructured as independent companies
Parliament passed a bill de-linking the four subsidiaries from GIC in July, 2002.
The insurance sector is a colossal one and is growing at a speedy rate of 15-20%. Together with banking services, insurance services add about 7% to the country’s GDP. A well-developed and evolved insurance sector is a boon for economic development as it provides long- term funds for infrastructure development at the same time strengthening the risk taking ability of the country.
Ref. No: IRDA/GEN/06/2007 | Published Date:12/05/2021 | Last Updated: 6:30 PM 31-07-2020


FOUNDATION: 1211-1213 r.
ABOLISHMENT DATE: 1837 r.
History of the abbey
The cloister in Ołobok, John the Evangelist's and Blessed Virgin Mary's was founded in 1211 by the Prince of Kalisz, Władysław Odonic. On 1st November 1211 he wrote out a foundation act and then on 20th October 1213 the Archbishop of Gniezno, Henryk Kietlicz, consecrated the cloistral church and next day the convent from Trzebnica consisting of 12 nuns and an abbess came there.
It is assumed that together with abbey's development more Polish women joined it-these were daughters of knights and urban patricians. Cloister's endowment constituted of a several villages. Prince Odonic and Wirzbięta Gryfita were the most generous donators. In order to celebrate cloister's consecration, Archbishop H. Kietlicz granted to the abbey tithes in the villages situated between Ołobok and Barycz. The first buildings were simple and only in the 13th century new, permanent buildings were erected.
The abbey in Ołobok staffed a priorate in Łubnice on Prosa River. Thus cloister was founded in 1239-1241 by the castellan of Kraków Klemens Jaksa from Gryfit-Świebodziec Family. Its first endowment composed of a few villages. After the death of the founder, on 18th March 1241 the patronage over Łubnice was taken over by his brother, Wierzbita Gryfit and a widow, Recława. The first six nuns came from Obołok in 1241-1242. In January 1242 they started to be called the nuns of Łubnica. At the turn of 1252/1253 the cloister in Łubnice was liquidated and the whole convent moved to Obołok. The endowments of those two cloisters were joined and as it was quite small, Pope Urban V in 1262 took the cloister under his jurisdiction. Additionally, the cloister gained a privilege to have a market in Obołok and Łubnice, and to locate on the German Law.
When the village of Tyniec was given to the convent by Kazimierz Wielki it allowed convenient communication with Kalisz.
In 1744, August III allowed to run market in Ołobok every week and fair every three months, which were to take place on 31st January, 21st March, 24th June and 21st October. Thanks to the donations they had quite significant income; however, it was not always easy to collect. Thus, they had numerous arguments and trials about their balance due.
At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries a new late-gothic church of John the Evangelist was erected. In the first half of the 17th century there was fire which destroyed these buildings. It was rebuilt in 1695-1696. In 1780-1788 western façade was rebuilt and a new bell tower was built.
Civilisation activity is assessed positively thanks to the churches they established in Ołobok and Łubnice and branches in Mieleszyn, Ochędzin and Chruścin.
The Reformation reached the abbey in 1525 and resulted in a crisis in the monastic obedience. In the end, the cloister however survived and remained Catholic.
In the 30s of the 17th century Maria Kunicka came to the convent. She was Polish and came from Świdnica in Silesia. She was a scholar-astronomer and knew a few foreign languages: Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and German. Thanks to her knowledge of astronomy she was quite famous in Europe.
The superior of this cloister, the richest and the most significant in Polish Republic, was called an abbess. The sources say there were about 40 abbesses in 1246-1837. They were always Polish; only the first ones from the beginning of the 13th century could be German. All the nuns had to be obedient to her, and an abbess administered all the properties, run trials, and concluded contracts. An abbess together with the nuns was subordinate to the commissioner of the Polish Province and the Polish Archbishops from Gniezno also had the right to supervise the convent.
This cloister was also a school and an educational institution for girls aged 8-11 who could read and write. They finished this school at the age of 14 and were learnt Polish, German, French, geography, history and arithmetic. A very important area of education was ethics. Physical education and healthy eating was also taught. Girls were also taught how to play instruments, dance, sew and embroider and thank to this the convent of Obołok became the centre of braiding and embroidery.
Cloister's landed properties were confiscated in 1896 and in 1836 the Prussian government decided to close the convent. The final decision about closing the cloister was made in 1837; the nuns however were allowed to stay in the buildings until 1864 when the last Cistercian nun died.
In 1882 cloistral buildings was sold and pulled down. The bricks were used in building the church in Chełmce near Kalisz.
Today of the abbey
Until these days only a fragment of the galleries wing has survived.
Now, in the place where the fourteenth-century Cistercian nuns' church stood there is a Parish Church of John the Evangelist. It was built on the original plan. When they were building this church the nuns included there some gothic elements. The equipment of the new church, however, had some objects from the former church, for example, abbess's throne. A wooden church of St. John the Baptist built by the nuns in the 16th century has also survived as well as late-renaissance high altar from about 1600 and side altars from the 17th and 18th centuries.
A rectory situated next to the church is from the end of the 18th century.
Parafia p.w. Jana Ewangelisty
ul. Kościelna 42
63 - 405 Sieroszewice
Tel. 0048 62 739 01 30


I have made a couple of new signs this past week.
The first is for my friend to commemorate her recent trip to Portugal. This is the town that she stayed in.
This next sign is for a friend and his wife to put up at their cottage. Don’t you just love the name? I do. The name is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland. It had been used by the Vikings more than 1000 years ago to dock their vessels. Most recently it was used as the site of the United Kingdom's chief naval base during World War I and World War II. Had they not ordered this sign, I never would have known that. huh.


1974: The Flag Factory, Santa Barbara CA
The Flag Factory was established in 1974 in magical and coastal Santa Barbara, California. Four years later the first Christmas line of festive garlands was launched under the name The Holly Workshop.
In 1984, Jonathan Alburger, a college graduate, joined the company which rapidly grew with the launching of the avenue banner and custom event decorations brand, Main Street Banner USA.
1985 saw the launch of Pacific Coast Flagpole, a few years later becoming iPi Interstate Pole Industries.
What started as one man’s American Dream, wrapped up in cotton bunting stuffed in a beat-up station wagon carrying a wood extension ladder tied on top with sisal rope, grew into Southern California’s leader in furnishing flags and installing special event banner decorations.
2023: A Family of Companies
After more than 50 years, The Flag Factory remains a family owned and operated enterprise with long-time employees, skilled craftsmen, dedicated installers, and devoted management. Some of the existing clients date back to the very beginning, such as Earl Warren Showgrounds in Santa Barbara and the California Mid-State Fair in Paso Robles.
Experienced, Dedicated Staff
Today, the family running The Flag Factory works with managers, seamstresses and installers who have been with the company 20, 30, some even 40+ years. In 2021, “AnyFlag” and “American Flag & Gift” joined the family roster of companies.
The Flag Factory and its divisions currently operate in Carpinteria, California, just 10 miles south of Santa Barbara. The warehouse-office complex features sales, management, graphic design, digital production, a weld shop, 20 sewing machines, and an on-line flag sales operation. It offers the largest selection of quality fabrications on the West Coast and the capability to install those custom creations on city streets and shopping centers using one of our several boom trucks.
No project is too big, too tall, or too complex for this family business and their history-rich staff. Whether you need a full-color digital fabric print “by tomorrow,” or 130 flags for a non-profit marketing campaign shipped to 130 locations, The Flag Factory can supply the talent and tenacious spirit to get it done for you!


We all love an excuse to party. And I’m sure you’ll be familiar with the vibrant spectacle of the global Gay Pride parades. Each year thousands of men, women and children gather in major cities across the world to see streams of sparkle and stilettos, strutting through the streets. For days on end the fiestas throb, breathing life into and exhaling reason out of what was once an illegal, ostracised section of society. These annual events aren’t just gratuitous excuses for a good old knees-up; they are an indispensable part of the LGBT+ community. Not least because the history of Gay Pride evolved from great oppression and attempts by governments and authorities to cast shadows of fear over the community and its members.
The fight for gay rights reached a pivotal point in 1960s New York, where up until ‘66 it was illegal for bars to serve alcohol to lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender patrons. Any establishments that hosted crowds of gay men or women were said to be inciting “disorderly conduct” and could be fined or shut down. Police presence in such places was regular and invasive, and even after New York City’s Court of Appeals ruled that “the mere congregation of homosexuals” didn’t automatically conclude in disorderly conduct, any gay behaviour would still be construed as flying in the face of public decency. Kissing, dancing and embracing was unacceptable bearing, so although queer folk were now, in theory, allowed to accumulate and knock back a few pints, reality saw them subjected to incessant police surveillance and harassment. Officers would regularly invade bars, heavy-handedly separate anyone within too close a proximity to one another and even drag people into the bathrooms to check their sex. The LGBT community grew tired of these constant infringements of privacy and sheer erosions of dignity.
In the early hours of 28th June 1969, the New York police arrived at the Stonewall Inn – a Mafia-owned meeting place for the outcasts of Manhattan. The patrons refused to cower to the authorities and groups grew on the street to express their solidarity and utter frustration. As the officers attempted to detain a woman, the tension that hung in air exploded into a brawl. Our community fought back. The heavy-handed approach of the police finally backfired and, faced with violent, unbridled opposition, they barricaded themselves inside the bar. Rioters attempted to set the inn alight and hurled missiles at the police, but after hours of aggressive protest the fire brigade and police force managed to diffuse the situation. Although the flames had been extinguished, the fires of rebellion roared strong and for five days protests continued in the area.
It was this unrest, sparked by a bold fight for freedom, that inspired the annual Pride parades of today. London held its first in 1972 and Manchester a little later in 1985. Other cities and towns soon followed suit, and now the UK alone plays host to almost 100 events per year. All it took was those 200 or so people standing up against arbitrary power to result in what we see today: millions of people marching peacefully in the continued fight for freedom and celebration of life, proudly wielding flags of technicolour high above their heads.
The striped flag hasn’t always been the emblem of the LGBT+ community. Before the multicoloured banners of our bastion fluttered in the wind, our symbol was taken from Nazi concentration camps. An upside-down pink triangle was attached to the clothes of imprisoned gay men to broadcast their sexuality and perpetuate the evil regime of dehumanisation. But we reclaimed that branding in our attempt to reap the crop of power from the seeds of persecution.
In 1978 for the San Francisco Gay Freedom parade, artist and drag queen Gilbert Baker designed and hand-made – with the help of volunteers – the first batch of the striped flags. His mission he made clear in an interview he later gave: “Our job as gay people was to come out, to be visible, to live in the truth, as I say, to get out of the lie. A flag really fit that mission, because that’s a way of proclaiming your visibility or saying, ‘this is who I am!’”
So next time you see the vibrant refraction of the Gay Pride flag, whether floating in swathes above a sea of people or nestled solely in the entrance of a bar, take a moment to reflect on all that it stands for. It stands for identity, for solidarity, and for the resurrection of the dehumanised.


In honor of Black History Month, here are some African-American superheroes who were pioneers in medicine:
Charles Richard Drew (1904–1950)
Dr. Drew’s pioneering research and methodical developments in the use and preservation of blood plasma during World War II not only saved thousands of lives, but revolutionized the nation’s blood banking process and standardized procedures for long-term blood preservation and storage techniques adapted by the American Red Cross.
Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975)
Born in Montgomery, Alabama, Percy Lavon Julian was a chemist by trade. In addition to developing a drug used for the treatment of glaucoma, Julian is best known for his synthesis of cortisone. He also developed a flame retardant used by the U.S. Navy in World War II which saved the lives of many sailors. In 1953, Percy Julian established the Julian Laboratories, which produced steroid-containing compounds. He subsequently hired many African American scientists who shared his interest in a career in the scientific field.
Mary Eliza Mahoney (1845-1926)
Mary Eliza Mahoney was admitted to the nursing school of the New England Hospital for Women and Children, and became the first black woman to complete nurse’s training in 1879. She was also one of the first black members of the American Nurses Association, and has been credited as one of the first women to register to vote in Boston following the ratification of the 19th Amendment (women’s right to vote) in 1920. Mahoney was inducted into both the Nursing Hall of Fame and the National Women’s Hall of Fame. She died in Boston in 1926.
James McCune Smith (1811-1865)
A native of New York, Dr. Smith was born, in his own words, “the son of a self-emancipated bond-woman.” Since he was denied admission to colleges in the United States, Dr. Smith earned baccalaureate, master’s, and medical degrees at Glasgow University in Scotland. Upon his return to New York City in 1837, Dr. Smith became the first black physician to publish articles in U.S. medical journals. Dr. Smith’s scientific articles debunked the racial theories in Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia, refuted phrenology and homeopathy, and responded with a forceful statistical critique to the racially biased US Census of 1840. Frederick Douglass, Gerrit Smith, and John Brown personally collaborated with Dr. Smith in the fight for black freedom.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831- 1895)
Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler was born free on February 8, 1831 in Christiana, Delaware. In 1852 Davis was living in Charlestown, Massachusetts where she worked as a nurse for eight years. She enrolled in the New England Female Medical College in 1860, at a time when obviously, most medical schools at that time it did not admit African Americans. Despite its reluctance, the faculty awarded Davis her medical doctorate. Much of Dr. Crumpler’s work focused on the health needs of freed slaves and others with limited access to medical care. “A Book of Medical Discourses,” which she published in 1883, is one of the first known medical books by an African American.
William Augustus Hinton (1883-1959)
William Hinton was born the son of former slaves in 1883 in Chicago, Illinois. He completed his medical program at Harvard Medical School in three years instead of the usual four, graduating with honors. For most of his research career, William Augustus Hinton worked on laboratory tests designed to improve the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases. In 1927, he developed a more simplistic, cost effective, and more accurate test for diagnosing syphilis. Dr. Hinton was also the first African American professor to teach at Harvard University.
Daniel Hale Williams (1856-1931)
Daniel Hale Williams was one of the first physicians to perform open-heart surgery in the United States in 1893. The surgery was part of a significant medical advancement and a huge step in the fight for equality, since Williams was one of the nation’s few black cardiologists at the time. He later founded the Provident Hospital, which was the first hospital to not be segregated in the United States.
We, at Staunton Primary Care, do not take for granted the sacrifices these pioneers made. We strive to provide high quality primary care to all persons in our community of Cincinnati, Ohio.
To learn more history of the journey this country took to accepting black practitioners of medicine, you can check out the National Library of Medicine’s exhibit on the topic, as well as other resources included below.