wel-come to our Khedwabaj brahman samaj site. now you can know better about your Khedwabaj brahman samaj from this site.I put history of Brahman samaj (some part) and khedwabaj brahman samaj so please read it for better knowing your samaj. you can also suggest me to improve our site at my email address (firstname.lastname@example.org) . you can also tell me about upcoming events(functions) which are important for whole samaj at given email address . I will post it on this web site and our facebook page . so our samaj members can know what currently running in our samaj..
Hey friends kul-devi of our samaj is ma kshirajamba mata( ma lakshmi ) the Devi of wealth so our samaj peoples are so rich... proud to be khedwabaj...............
Jay Kshirajamba ma to all samaj members.......
Major Brahmin castes have mythological stories shrouded around their inception. There are diverse stories
regarding the origin of the khedwabaj Brahmins. Some historians believe that the khedwabaj Brahmins
belong to South Indian Groups of Brahmins. But the fact remains that once upon a time, the khedwabaj
Brahmins were inhabitants of Guiarat. Later-they migrated to South and again centuries later, they came
back to settle in Gujarat. The historical references suggest the association of the khedwabaj Brahmins with
A number of stories spring up from mythology. The more reliable mythological story traces the origin of the
khedwabaj Brahmins to Khed-brahma. Hence we shall describe this more popular and more convincing story
related to Khed-brahma.
Khed-brahma is a town of Sabarkantha district of Gujarat. It is on the banks of a small river Haranav. It is
nearly 140 kms from Ahmedabad, by road, on the Ahmedabad-Himmatnagar-ambaji route. Mythology
suggests that Khed-brahma was created by Brahma, the Generator among the Divine Triplet of Gods:
Brahma-Vishnu-Mahesh. In ancient times, Khed-brahma was known as Brahmakshetra. The story goes that
Brahma created it with the help of Vishvakarma, the god of architecture. Then Brahma prayed to the holy
river Ganga to enrich the region. Gangaii averred there and was known as Hiranyaganga as the region had
golden sand (The word hiranya means gold). Today the river is called Haranav.
Brahma decided to perform a great‘yagna' at Brahmakshetra. For performing yagna, a host must be accompanied by his wife. Brahma's wife, Savitriii, was in the heaven. Brahma instructed one of the maharishi to fly to heaven to invite Savitriii. Brahma empowered the maharishi with an ability to fly. The maharishi flew to heaven, but Savitriji refused to descend to the Earth. However, the maharishi was called Khetak; the word khetak means“a person with an ability to fly". It is said that the descendents of the great maharishi Khetak came to be known, initially, as the Khetak Brahmins. Brahma decided to help the Khetak Brahmins and to help earn their livelihood because they want to give 'dakshina' to khetak brahmin. He prayed to Lord Vishnu and goddess Mahalakshmi. as a consequence, with the blessings of Lord Vishnu, a temple of Mahalakshmiji was established at Brahmakshetra. With the passage of time, the Khetak Brahmins came to be known as the khedwabaj Brahmins. Brahmakshetra came to be known initially as Brahmakhet and later as Khedabrahma. Today, the temple of Mahalaksmhmi exists as the temple of Kshirajamba Mataji at Khedabrahma. Kshirajamba Mataji is the “kuldevi" of the khedvabaj Brahmins.
When Devas and Danavas Doing samudra manthan at kshir-sagar, goddess Laxmi was incarnated as Kshirjamba.
Kshir means water & jagdamba is incarnation of goddess Amba.
Maa Kshirjamba temple is located at Khedbrahma near Braghurushi Ashram. It is on small hill nearly having 100 steps. Site has very good scenery and cool salient climate. This temple is around 800 years old.


This spectacular Heritage home that overlooks the Gorge waterway is referred to as The Laurels. Built in 1912 for J.M. Kellie, who had held the West Kootenays seat in the legislature! Years of recognition from books & newspapers refer to this home as a British India Design and a Flagship of heritage Homes. This magnificent home boasts front balconies, balustrades & columns, is approx. 4500 sq. Spacious rooms, glistening floors, large windows, ceiling motifs & exceptional wood finishing! You will find imported & unique items such as; stain glass, fireplaces and more. Gardens, decks, workshop, & a 350 amp service with 4 meters! Call for your private viewing.


Neo-Nazis rally at the Gold Dome (Photos by Joeff Davis)
This past Saturday, on what would have been Adolf Hitler’s 124th birthday, members of the National Socialist Movement, considered the largest Neo-Nazi group in the country, held a rally in front of the Georgia State Capitol.
A predominantly male crowd of about 40 NSM members - some of whom were dressed in solid black with their heads shaved and others dressed in what appeared to be Ku Klux Klan type garb - stood in front of the Gold Dome holding large KKK flags, confederate emblems, and large swastikas.
"The US Constitution," said speaker Ron Olson," was written by white men for white men."
Read on at clatl.com


Happy Birthday to junior DE Anthony Chickillo! #BirthdayCane
Raising Canes: The Evolution of Dallas Crawford (S3, E23)
On this day in 1986, Vinny Testaverde won the Heisman Trophy. On Tuesday, he will be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Happy Birthday to first-team All-ACC LB Denzel Perryman!
Happy Birthday to senior RB Jameson Labady and junior DB Jordan Tolson! #BirthdayCanes
PHOTOS: Miami 41, Pitt 31 (courtesy AP)
INTERACTIVE GAME RECAP: http://t.co/l3VIG6DyUl
Game recap of the Miami Hurricanes 41-31 victory at Pittsburgh
INFOGRAPHIC: Stacy Coley became the only FBS player in 2013 to have recorded a touchdown via reception, punt return, kickoff return and rush through Week 14 of the regular season. Miami defeated Pitt, 41-31.
Happy Birthday to junior Ronald Regula! #BirthdayCane
INFOGRAPHIC: Allen Hurns recorded his 5th game of 100+ yards receiving in Miami’s 45-26 win over Virginia [GIF]
INTERACTIVE RECAP: http://gocan.es/UM45UVA26


Such stuff includes, but is not limited to: socks, history, nature, pretty clothing, shoes, baking, games, comic books, cosplay and tea.
INSIDE the Great Buddha.
Around the Great Buddha.
The Great Buddha of Kamakura - over 800 years old.
I was eating this taiyaki filled with sakura and mochi when a pigeon tried to steal it
IT’S NOT YOURS PIGEON GO HOME.


Fiskars serves consumers and customers around the world with globally recognised brands including Fiskars, Gerber, Iittala, Royal Copenhagen, Waterford and Wedgwood. Over 365 years of history are proof of their commitment to quality. Fiskars products from Gardening, Cooking, Creating, Building and Fixing to Scissors each are ingeniously functional, uniquely user-friendly, impressively long-lasting and aesthetically iconic.
Fiskars has been a part of the evolution of tools since 1649, and today is one of the oldest businesses in the western world. Their scissors have cut millions of meters of fabrics and axes have worked millions of trunks. While their knives have cut millions of slices of bread and pans have fried millions of carefully marinated steaks - all with a superior outcome. During the seventeenth century a number of ironworks were founded in Finland. The forestland and landscape in the Pohja region made it an ideal centre for the Finnish iron industry.
In 1967 Fiskars manufactures the world's first plastic-handled scissors - the orange handled scissors are one of Fiskars' best know products! The designer wanted the scissors to be black, red or green so as the prototype went into production, the machinist decided to finish off the orange colour he had in his machine already. This meant prototypes were made in four colours, of which the orange and black were most popular. A choice had to be made. An internal vote was taken at Fiskars, and the result gave birth to Fiskars orange-handled scissors!
Garden Oasis are pleased to offer a selection of Fiskars gardening products that we feel would make great additions to your garden tool collection, all delivered free of charge.*
* Surcharges will apply to highlands and islands, please see product page for further details.


Lorenzo Valla was a humanist living in 15-th century Italy. The word "humanist" then had approximately the same meaning as "humanities student" does now: Valla studied ancient languages and literature, trying to understand human nature without becoming entangled in theological doctrine. One can conclude that he had a dreadful personality: he grew up in the Papal court but fell out with his sponsors, did not get a position in Rome and went on to the University of Pavia to teach rhetorics.
At the university, he ran afoul of law professors in so bad a way that they organized an attempt on his life. He then went on to serve the Alfonso the Magnanimous, king of Naples, Aragon and Cicily. The Pope had old claims to some Neapolitan lands which led to a conflict with Alfonse. Before it was resolved on the battlefield, Valla did his lord a few big favors by looking for grounds to denounce the Pope's claims, and in the process inventing history as we know it.
The papal claims were based on a document called the Donation of Constantine (Donatio Constantini) - a decree signed by 4th century Roman emperor Constantine the Great (306-337) addressed to Pope Sylvester I (314-335). The Donation contains a pious story about a pagan ruler being converted to the True faith: Constantine became infected with leprosy and no magician or healer could cure him. Then a Christian priest prayed for him and he was cured, and soon baptised.
The emperor then bestowed on the see of Peter supremacy among all other sees, as well as his palace, his horse and the entire western half of his empire, himself moving to Constantinople, the Donation says. The popes in Medieval times used the document to substantiate their claims to lands in Western Europe (among them the Kingdom of Naples), their right to appoint rulers and their supremacy over the patriarchates of Constantinople. These claims were among the reasons for the final the Great Schism, between the Orthodox and Catholic churches (the mutual anathema was only lifted in 1965).
Opponents of the Holy See had on many occasions claimed the Donation was a fake. German King Otto III even went as far as issuing an edict on it in 1054, so the idea that Lorenzo Valla lay at the base of his treatise De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio, (On the fraudulence of the Donation of Constantine) was not new. The arguments he presented were.
First, there was no source old enough that mentioned the transition of power over Western Europe from Constantine to the Holy See. The Donation of Constantine was suspiciously the only source. Second, it was unfathomable in the Roman legal tradition to grant secular authority to a religious institution, especially on so grand a scale. The third and most important argument was that the language of the document clearly did not match that of the time it was allegedly written.
Valla was famous for his good Latin. Some said he spoke it as well as Cicero. He certainly had the qualification to refer to his contemporaries' Latin "kitchen speak", which he did on many occasions. In Constantine's Donation the word beneficium (making of good) is used to mean "land donation" - a meaning the word only acquired later, in the medieval period. The emperor's governors are referred to by the Persian "satrapis" - that's like Peter the Great naming one of his subordinates "ombudsman".
In terms of grammar and style, it was always quite obvious that the Donation was not written by a native classical Latin speaker. It was all evident from the start, Valla did not possess any secret knowledge. But he made the connection. It turned out that in order to settle an ages-old dispute, it was enough to carefully analyze the text of the Dontation, its relation to other texts (quotations, adoptions, references etc) and its place in the hierarchy of accumulated knowledge – simply to cross-check it against independent sources.
Valla never professed to have invented a new scientific method, he was just trying to solve a specific task which was not so much scientific as it was political. His argument on the fraudulence of the Dontation of Constantine only became widely known after his death, in early XVI century. The treatise which until then had only existed as a script was printed by German humanist Ulrich von Hutten with a mocking dedication to the Pope. Martin Luther quotes Valla's arguments from a Hutten book in his debates with the Holy see. The legend of Constantine's conversion in the Donation is a recognizable "drifting tale" (again, a story!) in medieval literature: the Slavic Tale of past years relates a similar tale about the conversion of Prince Vladimir, we could even trace them back to a common source but let's not go into too much detail.
The Donation of Constantine was most likely manufactured within the Papal court in the VII century. Those who made it would today be referred to as falsifiers of history. However, they would probably not have understood the accusations if confronted. They were likely convinced that the acts behind the Donation of Constantine really did take place. There was most likely a word-of-mouth account of it in and around Rome that was so commonly known that nobody thought it necessary to put it down in writing.
This theory of origin of the papal seat's worldly influence did not in any way contradict the reality known to the forgers. And if a fact Is true, then the document that chronicles it must also be true, even if it is fake. From this angle, Valla's way of thinking is much closer to our time: for him, the authenticity of a document determines the veracity of the facts stated in it.
That was also the thinking that Benedictine monk Jean Mabillon adhered to two centuries later as he prepared his vast collection of documents on the history of his order for the press. Having dedicated twenty years to studying old manuscripts he summarized it in the treatise De re Diplomatica in 1681. Mabillon devised a methodology for determining the authenticity of documents based on their exterior (the materials and ink used for writing, seals, handwriting, etc.) and attribution (time and place stated and in some cases the name of the author).
Bernard de Montfaucon, another Benedictine who worked by Mabillon's side in the famous abbey of Saint Germain-des-pres, near Paris, published his Palaeographia Graeca in 1708. It was a history of Greek writing from ancient times to the fall of the Byzantine Empire. These two had thus become pioneers of palaeography, the study of ancient scripts.
They both became first members of the French royal Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , formed in 1663. The Academy still remains one of the most respected humanities institutions in the world.
Twenty years earlier, in 1643, Jesuit monk Jean Bolland of Antwerp started on one of the most ambitious publishing projects in the history of mankind, the Acta Sanctorum. Bolland and his associates (few of them in the beginning) wanted to assemble under one cover all the acts of Catholic saints, cross-checking each text against existing sources and looking into all the differences between versions, attaching to each of them a detailed commentary on who wrote and edited it, where, and when.
This project has set the standard of academic source studies for centuries to come. The community of scholars known as the Bollandisits only completed the publication of the Acta Sanctorum in1940. Critical treatment of sources was the chief innovation in the works of Bolland and his followers, as well as Monfaucon and Jean Mabillon and other humanitarians from their age. Their contemporaries who called themselves natural philosophers in the ancient manner (Rene Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, Isaac Newton) treated natural phenomena the same way.
Valla anticipated this approach two centuries ahead of the XVII century's "scientific revolution". The authenticity and veracity of sources were no longer a matter of faith: they could be determined by a method known today as historico-philological criticism. The use of that method gives history a right to claim the status of science. History is written by people, and people have their own interests, they hold political opinions and are subject to commercial motivation. Some have incomplete knowledge. Some make honest mistakes and purposeful omissions or even go as far as to tamper with sources.
Unfortunately, there are also cases of pure profiteering. As I was starting to work on this book I browsed Moscow's bookshops' history sections and came across a book titled "Single history textbook" with the label "Recommended by Nikolay Starikov". Despite being named a textbook, the tome did not have the appropriate markings of the Russian Education Ministry. It turned out to be reprint of a classic book for grammar schools first published in 1909. It was written my Sergey Fyodorovich Platonov, a great historian with a tragic fate, one of this book's heroes. My first reaction was: "Who is Nikolay Starikov to recommend a book by Platonov?".
After I took a closer look at the book it turned out that the text was not quite the one Platonov wrote. with a few not-too-clever tweaks, his idea of the Russian state's inherent "military organization principle" into the very familiar notion of "Russia is a besieged fortress". This was clearly an attempt to make a profit on the name of a great scholar, using him as cover for an opportunistic project with clear political and commercial motives.
This is hard to accept but not only is there no meaning in history, there is also no concept of "how it really happened". History does not deal with facts as they are, but only as they are related. History is something that has left our living memory, staying behind only as information in sources. These messages were left by people who got their information elsewhere (from personal experience or the accounts of others) and had their own agendas, which were not always simple and obvious.
Each historian, too, finds reasons to take certain bits of information into account while omitting others thereby turning a stream of information – which we all share – into a journey that one takes on one's own. A book on Ivan the Terrible written in the XX century tells us as much about its author and about the XX century as it does about the XVI-century Russian Czar.
Any distortion, and the distortion of history above all, starts with us forgetting to ask ourselves the question "How do we know this?". Or even "Why do we think we know this?" Why do we think that Alexander Nevsky* saved the Rus from being overrun by the Teutonic "dog knights"? How do we know the Czar Ivan IV was Terrible and Alexis of Russia was "Most peaceful" as his monicker suggests?
Do we really know that Czar Dimitry Ivanovich who reigned over the Russian empire for a short span in the early XVII century was in fact an impostor, a runaway monk by the name of Grigory Otrepyev whereas the real Dmitry Ivanovich was killed in his childhood on orders of Boris Godunov? We have all been told all of this by someone – a scribe, a researcher, a poet. All of them in turn had their own sources and convictions. That's a different and very interesting story.


In 1857, less than two years before the publication of On the Origin of Species, Richard Owen delivered a lecture about gorillas. As Europe’s preeminent zoologist / public intellectual—a Carl Sagan of the Victorian era—Owen’s opinion carried a lot of weight. And in his opinion, the brains of man and gorilla differed so greatly that the two species could not be linked by “transmutation” (evolution). In other words: humans did not descend from apes, and the brain was the anatomical bulwark that separated man from beast. It was an argument for human exceptionalism and against Darwinian evolution.
Owen was wrong, but his idea is emblematic of a larger conflict. A paradigm-shifting concept—evolution by natural selection—was meeting a profoundly hierarchical society obsessed with quantifying distinctions in race, class, gender, culture, and ability. The gorilla was right in the middle, and what followed was Victorian England’s “gorilla wars.”
• • •
When Owen delivered his…
View original post 2,416 more words


Cremation. Try looking it up on Google!
Have you ever typed the word “cremation” into Google? What did you get? After the sponsored ads, I got locations in my area I could go to that I could get a cremation done. Then of course Wikipedia with an accurate but cold statement of what cremation is. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation) There is even a youtube video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHBaCZ3slis ) you can actually see a cremation being done! It is almost 5 minutes and over 11 million people have viewed it. (Me included) Next a website with information from cremation providers to merchandise you can buy to answer to questions you may have. (http://www.cremationinfo.com/cremationinfo/index.htm )
By now you are probably wondering “what’s my point”?
A Little History About Cremation
It’s said that cremation started in the Stone Age mostly in Europe and spread across Northern Europe. Decorative pottery cremation urns have been found in Western Russia among the Slavic peoples. Cremation spread to the British Isles, Spain and Portugal and later became an integral part of the burial customs for the Greeks. Cremation was widely practiced by the Roman Empire. Cremated remains were stored in intricate cremation urns and placed in columbarium-like buildings.
Around 400 A.D. because of Constantine the Great, the Roman Emperor, who made Christianity the dominant religion; cremation was replaced with in-ground or in-tomb burial. This would remain the accepted practice throughout Europe for approximately 1,500 years.
A Columbarium Program Offers Compassion
Your group is excited it has made the decision to include a Columbarium on the campus. The committee chose the perfect design and construction partner, loves the master plan. Enough niches have been sold so construction of the first phase has been completed. The tracking of the sales online is easy and everything is going great! There is a death of a member and the family approaches you needing help. You are ready to offer guidance in selecting a niche, but realize their grief is deep and they really need your help and compassion.


"Majority Has Been Able to Escape Rule of Brainier Minority."
(The Evening Chronical, Spokane, Washington February 23, 1910)
---Once again, I have to say that history is weirder than fiction. And it is worth noting that guns prevent feminine fainting. I had no idea.


The New ScotiaCentre
East Port Properties Begins ScotiaCentre Expansion
06 October 2014, St. John’s, NL – Construction is full steam ahead for the new ScotiaCentre – the iconic glass tower located at the centre of Water Street, in the heart of downtown.
“ScotiaCentre has been a part of St. John’s history for over 25 years, with a strong legacy attached to it,” said John Lindsay, President of East Port Properties. “And that’s why we’re investing in it – moving it forward a whole generation with the best of today’s newest technologies.”
Designed to continue the long-standing heritage of Water Street architecture, this Class A building will allow for greater efficiency and greater comfort for all those who visit and work there.
The new ScotiaCentre, developed by East Port Properties, will include an additional 27,000 square feet of available workspace. The expansion will also reintroduce pedestrian access by opening up Ayre’s Lane, connecting Water Street to the harbourfront.
It will be business as usual at ScotiaCentre while development is underway.
The anticipated completion date is set for spring 2016.


7 facts about the Lithuanian language
The Lithuanian language is one of the oldest languages in the world.
“Anyone wishing to hear how Indo-Europeans spoke should come and listen to a Lithuanian peasant,” stated Antoine Meillet, one of the most influential French linguists a century ago.
Here are some basic facts that will help to better know the Lithuanian language.
The archaic structure of the Lithuanian language
The ancient Balts were settled and they were not inclined to mix with other tribes, so their languages maintained their ancient form. There are about 7,000 languages still spoken in the world. They can be grouped into language families according to their similarity and kinship (common origin): Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian and others. The Lithuanian as a Baltic language belongs to the Indo-European, one of the most widely-spoken language families in the world. The ancestors of today’s speakers of Indo-European languages spoke a single language, which linguists call Proto-Indo-European (PIE). The scholarly consensus is that Lithuanian is the language that has retained most of the features of the Protolanguage, i.e. it is characterised by a very ancient linguistic structure: declensions (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns), short and long vowels, diphthongs, etc.
The diacritic letters appeared somewhat later, when the vowel plus nasal consonant combinations an, en, un, in became long vowels ą, ę, ų, į (e.g. žansis > žąsis). So, in fact, the diacritical marks are not a feature of antiquity. The Lithuanian language has many similarities with Sanskrit – the classical language of ancient India, e.g. Sanskrit ákṣi – Lithuanian akis (‘eye’), Sanskrit ávi – Lithuanian avis (‘sheep’), Sanskrit dánta – Lithuanian dantis (‘tooth’), Sanskrit devá – Lithuanian dievas (‘god’), Sanskrit dína – Lithuanian diena (‘day’), Sanskrit sūnu – Lithuanian sūnus (‘son’). Sanskrit is still used as a scholarly and liturgical language in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Probably no one would be able to unequivocally assert which is the very oldest language in the world; but it’s a fact that the Lithuanian language is one of the oldest and most archaic living languages in the world, and it has preserved more features of PIE than any other Indo-European language.
Ancient spoken language, modern written language
It is not clear when the Lithuanian first began to be written. The official written languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Latin, Chancery Slavonic and Polish. In the long run, as the use of Polish increased due to the gradual Polonisation of the gentry during the 18th century, the Polish language encroached in all fields, even becoming a threat to the role of spoken Lithuanian; but fortunately, the common people kept on speaking Lithuanian.
The de facto beginning of the contemporary Lithuanian written language is related to the appearance of the first known Lithuanian printed book in 1547 – the Catechism by Martynas Mažvydas, a pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. The first known printed version of the Lithuanian alphabet is included in the book too. It is true to say that isolated texts written in Lithuanian before this date are known to exist.
Not every Lithuanian of today would be able to read the first Lithuanian book
In the Catechism of Mažvydas you will not find the currently-used Lithuanian diacritic letters ą, č, ę, ė, į, š, ų, ū, ž. The Catechism of Mažvydas is written in Gothic script, a specialised type of Latin script, which is characterised by ornately scrolled letters. Here is a page from the Catechism of Mažvydas:
If we rewrite this in normal Latin letters, we get:
Bralei seseris imkiet mani ir skaitikiet
Ir tatai skaitidami permanikiet.
Maksla schito tewai iusu trakszdawa tureti,
Ale to negaleia ne wenu budu gauti.
In modern Lithuanian it would appear thus:
Broliai, seserys, imkit mane ir skaitykit
Ir tatai skaitydami permanykit.
Mokslo šito tėvai jūsų trokšdavo turėti,
Ale to negalėjo nė vienu būdu gauti.
Today’s Lithuanian alphabet is a supplemented Latin alphabet
The contemporary Lithuanian alphabet (abėcėlė) consist of 32 letters. Diacritical marks – ą, č, ę, ė, į, š, ų, ū, ž – appeared in Lithuanian relatively recently, only a few centuries ago. The alphabet published in the Mažvydas Catechism contained no diacritic letters. We see 23 capital letters in Latin script and 25 lower case letters in Gothic script. For example, Mažvydas used the German letter combination sch to represent the today’s Lithuanian š (in English it is sh). Although the letter w is used in the Catechism, Mažvydas did not include it in the alphabetic table.
Lithuanian language alphabet in the Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas
Some diacritical marks were borrowed from Czechs and Poles a few centuries ago
Since the Latin alphabet lacked enough letters to represent all the sounds of the Lithuanian language, solutions were sought by looking at the languages of their neighbours. In the 19th century Lithuanians borrowed letters with the caron č, š and ž from Czech. The Czechs had started using them in their language in the 15th century. They were introduced by Jan Hus, an activist of the Czech national movement, as he worked on creating a national system of writing for the Czech language.
The letters with the diacritic hook (ogonek) ą and ę were borrowed from Polish, and on their example the letters į and ų were created. However, the pronunciation of ą and ę in Lithuanian and in Polish is different: The diacritic hook in Lithuanian means a long vowel but in Polish it is pronounced as a nasal sound. The letter with the overdot ė was first used in the 17th century by one of the pioneers of Lithuanian writing, the Evangelical Lutheran pastor Daniel Klein in his book, the first Grammar of the Lithuanian language. The letter ū was invented over a century ago by the Lithuanian linguist Jonas Jablonskis, known as “the father of the Lithuanian language”. In 1901 he published Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika (“A Grammar of the Lithuanian language”), which included the alphabet as Lithuanians still use it today.
Unsuccessful attempt to force the Russian alphabet on Lithuanians
The Lithuanian language suffered a severe period of hardship from the end of the 18th century until the early 20th century, when it was subjugated by the Russian Empire, with the Tsars implementing an assimilationist policy. The Tsar’s régime banned the publication of books in Lithuanian using the Latin alphabet. They could only be published if they were printed in “graždanka” (Civil Script) – a modified version of Cyrillic. Some books and calendars were published using this Russian-based alphabet; however, the Lithuanian national movement was strengthening at the time and these publications were not popular, they were boycotted.
First Lithuanian book published using Russian letters
Kauniškiai dialect is the basis of Standard Lithuanian
Standard Lithuanian is based on the dialect called Kauniškiai. Just to be clear, this dialect is not the one spoken in Kaunas, Lithuania’s second largest city. We are talking about the dialect to the southwest of Kaunas (Marijampolė, Prienai, Kalvarija, etc.), also known as the Suvalkiečių dialect. There are two basic dialects in Lithuania: The High Lithuanian dialect (aukštaičių tarmė) and the Low Lithuanian (Samogitian) dialect (žemaičių tarmė). Each of them is divided into various subdialects. In the 19th century, the people of the Suvalkija region played a major role in the formation of Standard Lithuanian, as that is where the leaders of the national renaissance movement such as Jonas Basanavičius and Vincas Kudirka, among others, were active. They organised the printing of Lithuanian books and periodicals, which required standardisation of the language so that everyone could read it. The major contributor to the standardisation of the Lithuanian language was the linguist Jonas Jablonskis, also a native of Suvalkija. The newly-emerging Standard Lithuanian was used for publication of Lithuanian books and periodicals, e.g. the newspapers Aušra (‘Dawn’) and Varpas (‘Bell’). Because of the Russian Tsar’s ban on the use of the Lithuanian alphabet in publishing, the material was printed in so called Lithuania Minor, which belonged to Prussia (German Empire), and it was distributed in Lithuania and abroad.
Although the written Lithuanian language is relatively ‘young’ (barely a century has gone by since the final standardisation of the alphabet and writing system), the spoken Lithuanian language is old and archaic, having been able to survive for thousands of years and to get through various attempts at robbing Lithuanian speakers of their identity. Unlike in the ancient days, modern Lithuanians are no longer stay-at-homes; in fact, they are inclined to migrate. About a million residents have left Lithuania since independence was restored in 1990. Some are returning, and others may return, but the majority will stay abroad, and Lithuanian will not be the native language of their children or grandchildren. Today, the same as several hundred, one hundred or fifty years ago, for Lithuanians it is important to maintain the oldest Indo-European language, whether they live in Lithuania or abroad.
(Sources: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopaedia, Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Digital Collections of the Vilnius University Library, Publications of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language)


Before I embarked on a month-long family history odyssey in Ireland last year, I was corresponding with a distant cousin who was born and raised there and then moved as an adult to Australia. At one point, he asked me, “do you feel Irish?” As an American who’s lived in Europe, I know better than to lay claim to other nationalities. The French have just the eye roll for such pretensions. And so I stifled my Irish pride and gave him a wordy, self-conscious answer that ended with “How Irish that makes me, I guess, is up to ‘real’ Irish people”.
Regarding your Irishness – I say go for it and fuck the begrudgers! If you feel Irish then you are Irish. If you don’t, you [aren’t]. I don’t think it is up to anyone to define that other than yourself. I understand you are sensitive to the stereotypical ‘Yank proclaiming [they’re] Irish’, which might appear fake, but you seem to have as good a case as anyone to be an Irishman.
So there I had it, license from a ‘real’ Irishman (or is he an Australian now, or an Irish-Australian) to consider myself Irish. Even so, I remained skeptical about the legitimacy of my taking up the mantle. What does it mean to be Irish anyway?
Three of my grandparents have forebears from the island of Ireland. Of these, my maternal grandmother Doreen’s Irish ancestors, hailing from Counties Cork, Louth, and Down were the last to immigrate to North America, all after the Great Famine. My grandma Doreen’s great-grandfather, Thomas O’Brien, was born and raised in Carrigroe, a townland between the West Cork towns of Clonakilty and Rosscarbery. He’s the wee one in middle of the photo below flanked by his first cousin and his son, both Catholic priests.
(L to R) Fr. James A. Murray, Thomas O’Brien, and Fr. Thomas Benedict O’Brien
Thomas, as the sixth child out of twelve, likely emigrated primarily for economic reasons. His eldest brother, Michael, stood to inherit the family farm. Daniel, the second son, moved to Clonakilty and married there. James, the next in line, married and settled at Sam’s Cross, a few kilometers to the north. John became a priest whose appointments were all in West Cork. Kate, the eldest daughter, married and moved near Blarney. Thomas at 26 or 27, left for New York where he remained for a couple of years before ultimately settling in Marshall County, Illinois, where all of my own grandparents lived at one time or another. The younger siblings variously ended up in Australia, the States, Bandon Convent, etc.
Thomas’s family had long supported the Irish drive for independence. In 1841, his uncle, John Murray, donated money to the effort to repeal the 1800 Act of Union that bound Great Britain and Ireland legislatively. Thomas’s brother, Fr. John, was remembered for hearing the confessions of Fenians at Kilmeen when they were turned away by the parish priest in Clonakilty. He is also mentioned in Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa‘s memoirs. Thomas himself was well-regarded enough in independence-minded circles to have his obituary appear in John Devoy‘s Gaelic American. A veritable encomium, it lauded my great-great-great-grandfather for having “never forgot[ten] the land of his birth” and for being “always ready with purse and voice to aid any movement to benefit Ireland”. He was called “[o]ne of that fine old type of the Irish pioneer who did so much for the progress and civilization of his adopted country and the spread therein of the Catholic faith”. This good nationalist Irish Catholic not only didn’t forget the land of his birth, but also returned there twice, the second time in the early 1900s when he was in his 70s. Even though he spent the majority of his life in the US and was naturalized in 1868, it would be hard to argue against his Irishness, his identity being bound up with Ireland however you might define it.
One of Thomas’s nieces, Marianne, grew up on the farm at Sam’s Cross where her father James O’Brien and Johanna, née McCarthy, settled after marriage. (Johanna, incidentally, is credited with inventing the original recipe for Clonakilty Blackpudding. I accrue more Irish points there by association, no doubt.) The Atlantic wasn’t too formidable a barrier to the Sam’s Cross O’Briens keeping in touch with our lot in Camp Grove, Illinois: by the time Marianne had a family of her own, she was still close enough with her uncle Thomas that when her son, Pat, emigrated as a teenager in 1900, he lived with Thomas and his wife Ellen and those of their children that remained at home. Pat eventually moved to the city and became a police captain in South Chicago, returning downstate now and again on holidays to regale cousins with tales of cops and mobsters.
Several years after Pat emigrated, his younger brother Michael went to live with their sister Hannie in London. It was as an expatriate that Michael joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), the clandestine organization whose military council organized the East Rising in 1916. Gaining prominence during the Rising, Michael would go on to become a towering figure in 20th century Irish history. His roles included president of the IRB, Sinn Féin politician, Finance Minister of the newly-declared Irish Republic, the Director of Intelligence of the IRA, delegate to the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, Chairman of the Provisional Government, and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. Assassinated by anti-Treaty IRA forces during the civil war that followed independence, he died a hero in the eyes of some, a traitor in the eyes of others. With no children of his own, his siblings, and then his nephews and nieces, and now his great-nephews and great-nieces are the keepers of his legacy. This generation knows him only through the stories of their parents and grandparents and through inherited documents and photos. And at the same time, many of them have directly participated in the ongoing political project of independent Ireland that he furthered. They have held political office (primarily in the Fine Gael party), practice law, teach, work in humanitarian organizations, and so on.
Memorial card for Daniel Patrick O’Brien formerly in the possession of his cousin’s daughter, Hannie Collins.
So I think I’ve sufficiently demonstrated that my ancestors and my relatives are Irish and in fact have been instrumental in shaping what Ireland is today. But does that make me Irish? What about the generations between me and good Irish Thomas? His son, my grandma’s grandfather, Daniel Patrick O’Brien, for example, never set foot on Irish soil, being born and raised in Illinois and dying at 42.
His brother Mike, on the other hand, made trips back to Ireland and so though he too was born and raised in Illinois, he got to know the country his parents grew up in and the relatives they left behind. A letter from their first cousin Ellen “Nell” O’Brien-Twohig in Dublin to her niece in America mention a visit Mike made to Limerick to ‘find particulars’ on the history of the family. In the letter, Nell reproduces a retelling of a legend about how the O’Briens (traditionally a family name associated with County Clare) ended up in West Cork that she attributes to Mike.
Daniel Patrick and Michael Paul O’Brien, brothers. 1901.
Here’s the legend as it appeared:
In the Penal Days when Catholics were deprived of property if they did not conform to the new Religion, the heir of Lord [Inchiquin] (O’Brien of Clare) saw a young boy of 18 hanged on a tree near the entrange gate as he passed by on horseback one day. He knew the boy, cut down the body, and rode on indignantly after a company of Yeomanry which had passed on. On overtaking them, he asked the leader why this outrage had been committed, and he said “what did the death of a Papist mean to him” upon which young O’Brien lifted his gun, and shot the other dead. Realizing too late what he had done, he rode madly on and some time during the night, got back to his Castle. Everywhere, the hue and cry had been raised. His mother begged him to fly to the Coast and try to get a passage in one of the ships which then did much trade round the different counties.
Luckily, one was just going to sail and he took passage, going by Kerry, round by Cork, where at a certain place, he got off and wandered inland for some miles.
He asked and received hospitality at a respectable house, the story goes on to tell that he remained on, joining in the odd duties inside and outside the house as the Father of the family had only just died. A few years passed peacefully and he thought all may be forgotten if he returned home so he set out on a return journey. When he at length reached it, his Mother and Sweetheart would not receive him. They had given up the Catholic Religion, the girl was engaged to the next brother who had been made the heir in the belief that the elder had disappeared forever, so he went back to Cork and married the young girl in the house where he had been received so kindly and who really had loved him from the start.
This family lore really delves into what it means to be Irish not only in general, but to those past generations of my family on both sides of the Atlantic. This is an Irishness uncovered by an Irish-American and retold by his cousin, the godmother of Michael Collins. So here, being Irish means Catholicism, bravery, loyalty, perhaps rashness. (Unless you’re a woman, then it means treachery or long-suffering patience, depending upon which woman you are in the story.) And even County Cork, if we’re to follow the metaphor, is the truest bastion of Irishness, the place where the O’Brien fleeing British Protestant treachery found kindess and love.
Irish Catholicism has remained important in my family. Thomas and Ellen O’Brien gave money toward the construction of the Catholic church that stands not too far from their farmstead. Saint Patrick’s in Camp Grove still has two stained glass windows with the family name on them, though politics within the Catholic Diocese of Peoria seem to be precipitating the demolition of the century-old church. It was in this parish that Thomas and Ellen’s funerals were held, Pat Collins coming down to be a pallbearer. It was there that their son, Rev. Thomas B. O’Brien performed his first Solemn Mass. My great-great-grandparents, Dan O’Brien and Sadie Colgan were married there, as were my great-grandparents, and my grandparents. Countless family baptisms, first communions, confirmations, marriages, and funerals happened there. The church’s hall, called O’Brien Hall for a time, was the social hub for the Irish in the area. When my great-grandmother, Evelyn, married my great-grandfather, a German-American man from an Apostolic Christian background, he converted to Catholicism wholeheartedly. His baptism and their marriage appear in the church records. Similarly my Lutheran father, though he did not convert, agreed to marry my mother in the Catholic church. I was baptized Catholic and the plan was to raise me that way, maintaining this deeply-held faith and artifact of our Irishness.
After my parents’ divorce, however, my mom met a man who, coincidentally, like a sizable number of people in the North of Ireland, was a Presbyterian with Scottish roots. As their relationship developed and led to marriage, my mom became a Protestant and they wed in a Presbyterian church that we attended for several years thereafter. So, while the rest of my mother’s family remained Catholic and we attended mass on the occasions of the first communions and confirmations of our cousins, I was taught in the Protestant churches we attended that Catholicism was misguided at best.
And yet, there was some powerful remnant of the Irish Catholicism that was passed down to me. As I learned about Irish history, I knew who ‘my people’ were, that the Catholics who were, after all, my ancestors and are my relatives, were the ‘good guys’. Despite my then-dogmatic opinions that were highly critical of the theology, practice, and traditions of the Catholic church, I still felt a strong affinity for Catholicism, at least as a cultural signifier. During my trip to Ireland last year, I traveled to the North and met my Colgan relatives in County Down, a place where sectarianism is a much fresher wound than far down in the Republic. I heard stories of what my Catholic relatives there endured and was surprised at the depth of my own anger at the presence of Orange Halls and my contempt for the Union Jacks strung up everywhere for the Queen of England’s Diamond Jubilee.
A lot of the cognitive dissonance between the religious identity I was raised with and my affinity for Catholicism came from an Evangelical understanding of religion that centered on right belief. I remember finding it absurd when I met someone who claimed to be “half-Catholic” because to me a religious identifier hinged solely on beliefs. In fact, what underlay her claim is the truth that religious practice is intimately bound up in other facets of culture. In college, while I clung to my Evangelical beliefs and, indeed, identity (because after all, American Evangelicalism is just as enmeshed in the particular as any other iteration of religion), I made room for Catholicism. In fact, I stopped being part of Campus Crusade and began attending RCIA and hanging out at the Newman Center. I went on a retreat and was deeply moved by it. Though ultimately, I did not convert or reconvert or return or whatever verb the reader might choose to describe what would’ve happened if I’d chosen to get confirmed, I do feel strongly that engaging with a tradition that I view as part of my heritage was a good and meaningful thing to do.
A funny thing happened, though, on my way to romanticizing Catholicism and identifying with Irish Catholic culture. As I mentioned, three of my grandparents have Irish ancestry that I know about. I’ve chronicled the history of my mother’s mother’s Irishness and though I know much less about the details, I know that my mother’s father is the great-grandson of an Irish Catholic woman who married a German Catholic. On my paternal grandfather’s side, however, is a whole other kind of Irishness: Methodists, likely from the North of Ireland. While a great-great-great-grandfather on my mom’s side was a proud Fenian and Michael Collins’s great-uncle, a great-great-great-grandmother on my dad’s side was born in a tiny Ontario town named for the site of the final battle in a campaign in which Protestant British forces quelled a Catholic uprising. In Culloden, which is now barely on the map, there was a local chapter of the Orange Order, but no Catholic church.
So how to reconcile with that also being my heritage in some way? How does that narrative fit into my Irishness? In reality, like so many Americans, but also like so many people around the world, I am the collision of all kinds of identities, some conflicting. And yet, to answer my distant cousin’s question, “do I feel Irish”, the answer is emphatically, yes. And I feel an attachment to Catholicism and to Evangelicalism and to being American and so on.
What’s important to recognize about these kinds of identities is that even though we may not see fit to espouse them outright, we are free to acknowledge the impact they’ve had on who we are. I am not an Irish citizen, I do not live or participate in civic life in Ireland, but I exist because of the political and economic conditions in Ireland that led my great-great-great-grandfather to emigrate. I am not an active member of the Catholic Church, but I would not be who I am without Catholicism.
And to be sure, my identity is what you make of it. I would be ‘Irish’ whether I acknowledged it or not, just as I would have the same genes whether or not I knew about the ancestors I inherited them from. Insofar as we carry on the cultures, quirks, values and even as we developed others in response to those presented to us by our families, our ancestry is always with us. Because knowing the genealogy of the stories I’ve inherited and understanding them in context is important to me as knowing the bare bones facts of names and dates, I’ve been able to bring my family tree to life by connections with some of my distant cousins in Ireland. I have spent time with them there, been welcomed into their homes, and even formed ongoing friendships. Their lives and what they’re making of Ireland today and my life and how I participate in society are all tethered to thousands of years of Irish history.


First adopted by the Palestinian Authority in 1967, it was officially designated as the national anthem at the time of independence in 1979.
Written by Charles Jesse and composed by Leaton Felix Thomas.
Saint Lucia is a constitutional monarchy and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, located in the central part of the Windward Islands in the West Indies. It is an island nation, with French Martinique to the north, St. Vincent and the Grenadines to the south, and Barbados to the southeast across the sea. The capital is Castries.
The Japanese notation is Saint Lucia.
The name of Saint Lucia comes from the folklore that the day Christopher Columbus "discovered" the island was a holiday of St. Lucia. St. Lucia is a Christian saint famous for being sung in the Neapolitan folk song "Santa Lucia".


When Bob Cilman and Judith Sharpe organized the Young@Heart (Y@H) in 1982, all of the members lived in an elderly housing project in Northampton, MA, called the Walter Salvo House.
The first group included elders who lived through both World Wars. Many popular concerts were staged together with other community groups in the following years and they played to packed houses and received standing ovations.
1996. The first concerts starring just the Young@Heart began to tour in Europe. The response was phenomenal and the Chorus went on to 12 more tours of Europe, Australia and Canada.
2006. The Walker / George documentary “Young @ Heart”, originally broadcast on Channel 4 television in the UK, won many awards and was released all over the world.
Sponsored by Summerset, Y@H toured to New Zealand and Bob Cilman held auditions for senior singers.
He employed five New Zealanders (Nola Neas (76), Syd Dowling (75), Bill Yates (80), David Johnston(80) and Eileen Evans (82)). Christina Bevan was employed to teach them over 40 songs in the repertoire. The tour was a sell-out success.
On leaving New Zealand, Bob challenged the "New Zealand 5" to start their own group.
On March 14th 2011, the Foundation meeting of the NZ Young@Heart Chorus met with a view to forming an incorporated society and beginning the Chorus. Founder members were: Christina Bevan (President and Musical Director) and the "NZ5" - Syd Dowling, Eileen Evans, David Johnston, Nola Neas (Secretary) and Bill Yates. They were joined by Juanita Angell and Fraser Faulknor (Treasurer) and at the end of the year, Summerset came on board as our principal sponsors. In November, auditions were held at St Aidan's church hall, about 15 people attended.
5th March: Auditions were held at Summerset village, more talented people attended and rehearsals began at St Aidan's Church Hall in Remuera.
26th March: At a Special General Meeting, the following Committee was elected: President: Syd Dowling, Secretary: no nominations, Treasurer Fraser Faulknor and Committee: David Johnston, Bill Yates, Marilyn Clifford. Musical Director: Christina Bevan.Twenty two other members attended.
30th April: Elaine Bristol joined the Committee and Sheila Summers became Secretary. Plans began for the debut concerts in September 2012. NZY@H became a Registered Charity.
15/16th September: “Yes we can can” - two debut concerts took place at the Picton Centre, Howick and the Whangaparaoa College theatre. The performances were extremely well received and sold out (750 seats).
7th November: Our first Annual General Meeting was held at the Somervell Church . The following committee was elected: Syd Dowling (President), Fraser Faulknor (Treasurer), Sheila Summers (Secretary), David Johnston, Deanna Briant, Cheryl Cameron, Ann Gillespie, Bill Yates and Christina Bevan (Musical Director).
1st March: The new website was launched, the content was prepared by Sheila Summers
13/14th April: "Forever Young" at the Centennial Theatre, Epsom.
6th May: Auditions were held and we took on board another six talented singers
13th Sept: Performance at Summerset Village, Manukau with our new equipment and backing tracks.
24th Sept: Performance at Scot's College in Wellington
25th Sept: Guest Artist Performance for the RVA Choir Festival. St Pauls Cathedral Wellington.
14th October: Morning Melodies at the Bruce Mason Centre, Takapuna, Auckland
26th November: Howick RSL Seniors Group, 20th Birthday Party
18th December: Grace Joel/Edmund Hillary Retirement Villages Christmas Concert
3rd February: We begin the year with 40 Singing members of the Chorus
2nd March: "Childrens Day" concert at the Summerset Warkworth Village
3rd March: Schools concert at Howick Primary School
17th March: The Annual General Meeting was held at St Aidan's. The new Committee comprises SydDowling (President) Peter Bass (Treasurer) Sheila Summers (Secretary) Christina Bevan (Musical Director) Fraser Faulknor, Deanna Briant, David Johnston, Juanita Angell, Ann Turner and Sue Marsh. The President reported on the successes and growth of the previous year and outlined plans for the future.
30th March: A full show took place at the Coromandel RSA hall. it was arranged by the village Choral Society We had another full house and enjoyed the bus trip and provided lunch
13th September: A well received show at SKYCITY where we welcomed the Remuera Intermediate Choir and award winning Cheer Team. It was a full house (700) and we received a standing ovation
19th October: Performance for the women at the Manukau Correctional Facility in Wiri. We were part of their 'Rocktoberfest' weekend. Their Island dance group and choir performed for us after our show.
3rd November: The Gerontology Nurses Conference at Waipuna Lodge was the setting for another successful show. 150 in the audience and standing ovations completed a happy evening.
28th November: We performed in the Howick Midnight Madness event, singing carols in the street for this crowded pre-Christmas event.
11th December: We appeared at the Howick Club to entertain the Botany-Dannemora Club after their Christmas Luncheon.
15th December: We welcomed the TV3 Crew led by Mike Wesley-Smith to St Aiden's to record a Paul Lennon song for the final Paul Henry Show.
At our Annual General Meeting the following Committee was elected Chris Bevan (President) Pam de Frere (Secretary) Senga Hutson (Treasurer) D.Briant, F.Faulknor, D.Johnston, P.Sefton, S.Summers (EventsManager)20th june:
'Angels' Glen Eden Playhouse (cancelled - power outage)30th August:
'Winters End" fundraiser at the Hawkins Theatre,Papakura1st September:
We welcomed Votre Arme film company to shoot a video about 'The Events"12th September:
'Angels' at Glen Eden Playhouse14 September:
Age Care Conference at Sky City20th September: >'The Events' at Q Theatre 7th November:
Family Fun Day - United We Stand, Waka of Hope on Maori TV13th December:
Dolphin Theatre Annual Awards Night
8th March: We performed for the Selwyn Friendship Club at St Johns Church Hall, Royal Oak
13th March: Our second visit to the Womens Correctional Facility at Wiri took place
14th March: At our Annual General Meeting the following Committee was elected: Chris Bevan, President. Pam de Frere Secretary, Senga Hutson Treasurer D.Brian, F. Faulknor, D.Johnston, P.Sefton, S.Gaze, S.Summers (Events Manager) We changed our rehearsal venue to Orakei Primary School Hall
27th March: Our prison visit was documented with a delightful story on TV3 Newshub programme
1st April: A Sunday afternoon concert at Crestwood Retirement Village was well received
5th May: We went on the Road to Aparangi Village in Te Kauwhata to give a full concert and enjoyed afternoon tea with the residents
2nd August: Performance for the Onehunga Senior Citizens proved popular, it was a full house of residents from the area.
28th August: We were honoured to open the Symposium for Alzheimers (now re-named Dementia) at the Waipuna Lodge Theatre
7th November: Anuual visit to Howick Primary School - well received with the children singing and clapping along
25th November: We gave a Christmas concert for The Manurewa Probus Club, at the Manurewa Cosmopolitan Club
28th November: Orakei Primary School were delighted with our concert, they packed the hall and sang with us.
Annual General Meeting
We elected the following Committee. President - Stuart Gaze, Treasurer - Senga Hutson, Minutes Secretary - Ann Turner, Committee Members, Deanna Briant, Beryl Coe, Fraser Faulknor, Pam Sefton and Sheila Summers. Fraser was thanked for his service as President and David Johnston, founder member, was thanked for his time on the Committee.
Thanks were given to Summerset for their five years as our principal Sponsor, without their valuable help the Chorus would not have been possible. We welcomed Arvida our new sponsor who will be presenting our shows.
1st April ‘Walking on Sunshine’ The first performance took place at the Waipuna Hotel and Conference Centre and was presented by Arvida. We acknowledge the generosity of the Mt Wellington Trust, ‘Giving is Good’ A second performance of the show on the 2nd April was well received by the Trust guests.
7th April Four shows in rapid succession were given to Arvida villages in Christchurch to great appreciation.
8th April ‘Walking on Sunshine’ public show was well attended and received a standing ovation at The Piano, a classy venue in the Christchurch City. Chorus members were thankful for the splendid accommodation provided by Arvida.


"The Realm of Zoronmore, 1,000 years ago, witnessed the clash of two warring kingdoms—one under the red flag and the other under the yellow flag. They ravaged each other's lands with no end in sight. Both Generals, weary of the conflict, decided to settle the war through a strategic game on the battlefield. This Duel of Wits, known as 'WITS QUEST,' was a engaging strategy game enjoyed by soldiers from both kingdoms in their leisure time. The game unfolded with both Generals' men observing. The kingdom under the red flag emerged victorious, and both armies returned home to convey the news to their respective Kings.
However, this outcome did not sit well with the Kings, each determined to annihilate the other in war. Consequently, both monarchs chose to arrest and hang their Generals for insubordination and defiance of the crown. The gruesome display of the hanged Generals in each kingdom enraged the armies and citizens, prompting a collective uprising in both countries to seize power and establish a democratic republic. The sacrifice of the Generals galvanized the minds of the people, leading to an era of peace.
Over the past 1,000 years, the story of the Wits Quest game has been passed down from generation to generation as the game that halted a war and sparked a revolution. It became the 'power to the people' game. Today, whenever individuals face conflicts or disagreements, they simply engage in the people's game of Wits Quest to determine the winner of their dispute. This practice gained such popularity that the game is now played in all realms of Shalconi, and there is an annual Wits Quest tournament at the Tournament Tower in all Realms."


Blenko Glass Company has been a family owned and operated company since 1893. We have been located in Milton, WV since 1921. With Exquisite color, skilled craftsmen, and imaginative designs have made Blenko famous in the time-honored craft of hand-blown glass. In a world of ever increasing automation, we at Blenko pride ourselves in paying particular attention to the forms and designs of our hand crafted products. We all need, now more than ever, hand-made possessions that are unique and inspiring.
William J. Blenko
In London on December 8th, 1854 William John Blenko was born to a middle class English family. William became interested in glass adornment at an early age, and being encouraged by his mother apprenticed himself to a glass craftsman. He attended school and became a pupil of a philosopher John Tyndall. Early in the 1880s he went into business for himself making what is known as rondels (Round Window Panes), while experimenting with other processes of making glass superior to his competitors.
At the age of 38, he came to New York to experiment with the wonder fuel natural gas. Hearing that this fuel was abundant around Kokomo, IN he went there and started up one of Americas first gas-fueled operations.
The year was 1893, he was producing glass but it would not sell. The American window makers would not accept his products, although it was made by Old World methods. There was a natural prejudice against a domestically made glass. The stained glass studios were European and wanted European glass. This was later known as “The Cleveland Panic”. Discouraged by this he decided to return to England and export the same product he was making in Indiana. He came back to Indiana in 1899, and started a trans-Atlantic shuttle that would end in Milton, WV 23 years later.
He chose the little farm town of Milton because the Industrial Development Dept of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad sold him on the idea of Milton as a good place to work. It was a dependable source of sober, industrious labor and natural gas, used in all the glass furnaces, was cheaply priced. In the spring of 1922 William arrived in the small town of Milton, where he soon began unloading the tools of his trade into a small hillside barn. He then went to work building a furnace, with the help of a newly recruited crew of locals. Within a few weeks, glass was being made.
In 1925, William H. Blenko and his wife Marion (daughter of Henry Hunt of Hunt Stained Glass Studios in Pittsburgh, PA) came to Milton to help his father in the day to day operations of the factory. Needing still larger production areas and better shipping facilities, the Blenko works moved to their present location near the main line of the C&O Railroad across the river from Milton.
During the depression era William became aware that there would be a need to expand the product line to more than just stained glass. So in 1929, he secured the services of two Swedish Glass Craftsmen. They trained the Blenko crews to craft beautiful pieces of glass by hand. Production increased and in 1930, the company changed from Eureka to Blenko Glass Company, and so came the tableware line of glass products that have made “Blenko” a household name all over the world.
William H. Blenko, Sr.
John Blenko died in 1933, and William H. Blenko Sr. took over the
larger responsibilities of the company. He became the President, and
presided over the steady growth Blenko experienced for 30 years. William
H. Blenko Sr. died in 1969. Marion Blenko worked seven days a week from
1923 until her death in 1989, as treasurer, secretary and retail sales
William H. Blenko, Jr.
Their son William H. Blenko Jr. was introduced into the trade learning
various phases of the operation in the company at an early age. He
worked at the plant during summers in his school years and graduated
from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1942. He received his B.S.
degree in Industrial Engineering. During WWII he was a Captain in the
U.S. Air Corps. And while stationed in England he met the English girl
who was to later become Mrs. Blenko. They later had two sons.
Richard D. Blenko
Richard D. Blenko, fourth generation President joined the
company in 1976. He attended Marshall University and the University of
South Carolina graduating with a B.B.A. in Business Management. He was
actively involved with the business and community. He energetically
promoted Blenko Glass and the art that goes into hand blown glass
through many venues including Public Broadcast Television.
Walter J. Blenko, Jr.
Walter Blenko is the current President and part owner of Blenko Glass Company. He has been involved in the company since 2003. Walter graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology with a degree in engineering, he later went on to pursue and graduate with a degree in law. He also maintains a career in patent law near his home in Pennsylvania. Walter is a grandson of the founder of Blenko Glass Company and maintains that the tradition of American made glassware should continue.


• Charles Marais (abt 1640-1689) and Catherine Taboureux (abt 1642-1729)
• Claude Marais (1662-aft.1729)
• Charles Marais (1668-1711)
• Isaac Marais (1677-?)
• Maarie-Madeleine Marais (1682-1716)
• Philippe Foucher (abt 1657-1708) and Anne Souchay (abt 1659-after 1708)
• Anne Foucher (1681-1713)
• Esther Foucher (1683-1689)
• Jacques Foucher (1685-1689)
• Gaspard Foucher (1667-1688)
• Jacques Pinard (1665-1712) and Esther Foucher (1666-1697)
• Gédéon Malherbe (1663-1713)
• Estienne Bruère (1665-before 1750)
• Jean le Roux (1667-1711)
• Gabrièl le Roux (1669-1711)
• Pierre Sabatier (1665-?)
• Jean Machepaste (1662-1689)
• Paul Godefroy (1665-1699)
• Marguerite Basche (1665-1688)
The Voorschoten belonged to the Chamber of Delft and the Captain was Frans Villierius. It was a flyboat (Fluyt) with 3 masts and a rounded hull, 130 Dutch feet long. It was capable of carrying 150 people. The ship had to seek refuge against a gale force wind and heavy seas and on 13 April 1688 arrived at Saldanha Bay. Governor Simon Van Der Stel sent the Jupiter to go and fetch the Huguenots and it arrived in Table Bay on 26 April 1688 with 192 people on board. Amongst them are 22 Huguenots and the bachelor Estienne Bruere. Estienne was a wagon builder.
He must have arrived with fear and excitement in his heart 6,000 miles from home. This was not a romantic arrival but a very difficult trip for a refugee. He had to accustom himself to a land and climate different to what he knew. The culture was Dutch. He had to practice his trade but as farmer had to till virgin soil that had never been cultivated. Unlikely that he had any previous farming experience as a 23 year old tradesman. Things were certainly not easy. Within two generations the French language ceased to exist as home language and in 1707 the French language was banned in official communications with the Dutch authorities.
Estienne became known as Steven which is the Dutch version of the name and the Bruere became known as Bruel and later Bruwel and ultimately Bruwer as we know it today. We pick up more about him in all the archives using the various spellings used at the time.
Estienne Bruere (25) married Ester de Ruelles (16) in 1690. They had no children together. She was born on 6 Nov 1674, Guînes, , Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Estienne is mentioned in various documents after arriving in the Cape. He is next mentioned in these records in 1690 when he receives assistance from the Batavian Fund. The Batavian Fund was providing pecuniary assistance to the immigrants in the Cape Of Good Hope. Luckily for us they kept meticulous records. Various researchers we give credit to have studied these and some even makes this information available in electronic format. Using this information we get a glimpse into the life of Estienne Bruere, those around him and those that follow them later on. In 1690 he appears as "Estienne Bruere and his espoused Esther de Ruelle," a daughter of Daniel de Ruelle.
Die NGK Drakenstein was established in the year 1691 in what is known as Paarl today. This was the third oldest congregation of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid-Afrika. The current ldest church in use in the country was built on site in 1805. The initial Bruere family had a lot to do with this church as members. Pierre Simond was the first preacher from 1691 until 1702 and he came to Africa in 1688 with the Huguenots. A lot can be read about him. Pierre Simond was in Stellenbosch first, just like Estienne Bruere. They must have known each other well with only a few memebers in the congregation. The second preacher was Petrus van Aken, 1714 - 19 Desember 1724).
Estienne Bruere (28) a Wagon Builder by trade started the farm Rust-en-Werk in Dal Josaphat. (Wellington) This was allocated to him by the VOC in 1692.
Susanna Du Puys (15) with her widowed mother arrives in the Cape from Amsterdam 1693
The farm Rust-en-Werk in Dal Josaphat transported onto Estienne Bruere's name on 28 Aug 1694
Ester de Ruelles (27) died about 1701
Estienne Bruere (38) married Susanna Du Puys (24) on 19 Feb 1702.
Susanna Bruere [b1] is born around 1703. in Drakenstein, present day Paarl. No records for her birth or christening is found but she is the Scheepers Family Matriach. She was also the first child of Estienne after his marriage to Susanna. In later documents of the VOC in 1720 where he requests a farm it is mentioned that he has 6 children and his youngest son was only born in 1722. (als zijnde beladen met een vrouw en ses kleijne kinderen)
Pierre Simond the preacher that came to the Cape and was the dominee at Drakenstein left the parish in 1702 and the new preacher Petrus van Aken only joined in 1714. She might therefore have been christened somewhere else like Cape Town or Stellenbosch and more than likely in Drakenstein itself but the travelling preacher might not have entered it in the registered or the register might have been removed by Pierre Simond and only returned later. The latter scenario is the popular believe as Pierre left under a cloud but was refused free passage by the VOC and was in the Cape for a few years until making it to Europe under his own steam. This would explain the absence of any record for her.
Estienne Bruere (44) buys the farm "Kykuit" from Fiscal Jan Blesius. *According the FW De Klerks Family Tree.
Martha (Maria) Bruere [b2] is born in 1709. Martha (Maria) Bruere is christened on 11 Aug 1709 in NGK Stellenbosch. The Drakenstein parish were they stayed did have a preacher at the time.
In the Inventories Of The Orphan Chamber – Cape Town Archives Repository [MOOC10/1] on 29 November 1709 it is clear that Estienne is active and getting established in his new home. The sheriff was sent to collect some money from him for items he bought for 43 Ryksdalers and 6 Stuiwers from the estate of Lambert Smit. .
1 waterpot en een houte stoel etc:a 1:3
2 rakjes 1:5
1 vat met een balij 5:1
50 stuks schapen 35:5
Johanna Magdalena (Anna) Bruere [b3] is born in 1711. Johanna Magdalena (Anna) Bruere is christened on 8 Nov 1711 in NGK Drakenstein.
In the Inventories Of The Orphan Chamber – Cape Town Archives Repository [MOOC10/1.72] on 10 February 1712 Steven Bruel must get 60 Ryksdaler from the estate of Lodewijk Pretorius that died .
Estienne Bruere (48) is granted the farm De Veerkeyker in the Land Van Waveren, south of Slangenhoek (Worcester/Robertson). Brewelskloof and Brewelskloof-Hosiptal is named after the family. (Bruere became Brewel and Bruwel) 12 Jan 1712
Steven Bruere [b4] is born in 1714. Steven Bruere is christened on 7 Oct 1714 in NGK Drakenstein. The new preacher Petrus Van Aken was now at Drakenstein church.
Anna Du Puys sensured by the Church Council of Drakenstein for her relationship with her slave in 1716 according to Spoelstra’s research. She was sensured because “eenseer boos leeven et haren slaaf lijden”. She had to sell the slave to be allowed back into the church, but refused. Later she claimed her husband refuses. He was then summonsed as a result he claimed the slave was already sold, but the Church Council demanded proof before allowing her back into the church. A lot has been written by various authors about her conduct at the time. In the context of slaves, the harsh conditions and the times she lived in it gives one a different perspective of the incident. The issue for the church was more than likely that the slave like most slaves at the time in the Cape from the Islam faith or a heathen. Slaves that practiced Christianity were not christened or baptized either as that would require them to be set free. Relationships across race barriers and between slaves and their owner happen often especially in Cape Town itself. In the rural area like Drakenstein this was however frowned upon and why the church consistory banned her from using communion. Interesting is that Steven Bruere the oldest son was born 2 years before this. He had no children of his own. The youngest son Johannes was born in 1722, six years after the unknown slave was sold. All the Bruwer’s are descendants of Johannes the youngest son.
Esther (Hester) Bruere [b5] is born in 1717. Esther (Hester) Bruere is christened on 12 Sep 1717 in NGK Drakenstein
In the Inventories Of The Orphan Chamber – Cape Town Archives Repository [MOOC8/3.94] on 14 April 1718 Steven Bruel buys on auction for 1 ½ Ryksdaler from the estate of Beeletje Frederikszs that died “2 Coornvorken, 1graef, 1 pik”. Also at this auction is David Senecal that buys some household items.
In the Resolutions Of the Council Of Policy Of Cape Of Good Hope – Cape Town Archives Repository on Tuesday 21 November 1719 it is clear Estienne is still working of the debt he has.
“Estienne Bruere is in wesen, woond over de Bergh Rivier omtrent de Wagemakers Vallije, en in staad om jaarlijx iets af te doen ƒ357:10: “
Elizabeth Bruere [b6] is born in 1720. Elizabeth Bruere is christened on 18 Aug 1720 in NGK Drakenstein
In the Resolutions Of the Council Of Policy Of Cape Of Good Hope – Cape Town Archives Repository on Tuesday 12 January 1722 Estienne request the land of 61 morgen he is occupying as a loan property to become his own property. It is clear from the text that he is an honest hardworking citizen with a wife and six children. His youngest son was not born as yet.
“Geeft met behoorlijk respect te kennen Uwe Wel Edele Gestr. en E. Agtb. ootmoedigen dienaar, Steven bruere, landbouwer aan Drakensteijn, hoe denselven al ruijm neegen jaaren in leening heeft beseten seeker stuk lands gelegen onder het district van Drakensteijn, waar op hij al enige nodige gebouwen, soo van hokken als cralen, heeft getimmert, welk land ook met permissie van Uwe Wel Edele Gestre. is gemeeten en groot behouden 61 morgen en 400 quadraat roeden, gelijk 't geannexeerde caartje kan aanthoonen, soo neemt den supplt. de vrijheijd Uwe Wel Edele Gestr. en E. Agtb. zeer ootmoedig te versoeken dat gem. stuk land aan hem (als zijnde beladen met een vrouw en ses kleijne kinderen) in eijgendom mogte werden gegeven. Soo is goedgevonden denselven 't versogte land ter groote van 61 morgen en 400 quadraat roeden bij deesen in eijgendom te verlenen, ter consideratie 't selve al neegen jaaren precario beseten heeft, en dien persoon seer naarstig en van een eerlijk leven is”
Estienne (Steven) Bruere (57) obtains permission to the farm "De Hoop" 61 morgen in Robertson district on 27 Mar 1722 for his oldest son Steven (12) which became a Bruwer farm for generations .
Johannes Bruere [b7] is born in 1722. Johannes Bruere is christened on 6 Dec 1722 Cape Town. Johannes is a very important figure for the Bruwer’s as all the Bruwer’s are descendants of him.
Susanna Bruere [b1] (23) married Gerrit Scheepers 9 Jun 1726 - Drakenstein
Estienne Bruere (63) sells the farm De Veerkeyker on 25 Nov 1728 to Philippe Mesnard [Menaer] (b5) for the Minaar family.
Estienne Bruere (65) starts farming on “leeningplaats de Zandrivier geleegen aan de Rietfontijn” more commonly known as Willemnelsrivier. This farm still form part of the Bruwer family farming activities. In 1820 Jacobus Stephanus Bruwer took control of most of the farm after he bought the farms from two of his brothers and their families who joined Piet Retief's Trek to Port Natal. Jacobus Stephanus was a prosperous farmer and is the ancestor of most of the Bruwers still farming in the Robertson area. He was also on the board of directors who founded the town of Robertson in 1853.
Maria Bruere [b2] (23) married David Senecal 30 Nov 1732 - Stellenbosch
Estienne Bruere died before or during 1750 as his daughter in her Last Will and Testament on 5 November 1750 refers to him as deceased.
MOOC8/10.71a, Hermanus Keeve is owed on 28 Augustus 1760 van Susanna du Plessies wed:e Bruel over boekschuld 39:20. Proof that Estienne has died already and that Susanna Du Puy was now using the name at the time of “Susana du Plessies”


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The heroic working women of World War II inspired this factory wardrobe of camp shirt, pleated slacks, and overalls with sweetheart bib. Rosie the Riveter was the fictional character pictured in posters to recruit women into the work force during World War II in the late 1940’s. Women started working in large numbers building airplanes, slacks or overalls, and “utility clothes” became the uniform of Rosie and her colleagues. Folkwear pays tribute to the accomplishments of the heroic women with this hard working wardrobe of Shirt, Overalls, and Slacks to sew.
The Shirt is styled from men’s sport shirts and is know today as a “camp” shirt. It is timeless is a crisp white cotton and lots of fun made extra-large in bright tropical prints or patterns.
The pleated Slacks have side pockets and a back zipper. Straight legs fall smoothly from the hips for a clean look. Add the sweetheart-shaped bodice for Overalls with straps that cross in the back.
The pattern includes historical information and instructions for a knitted sweater and a crocheted snood to keep hair in place.
Suggested fabrics: For Shirt, choose medium-weight cotton, rayon, silk, or blends. For Slacks and Overalls, choose medium to heavyweight cotton, wool, blends, corduroy, denim, velvet, or velveteen.
This pattern has lots of ease, which was useful to working women who needed to do lots of moving around. Just keep that in mind when determining your size (a muslin may be helpful too).


Colin Powell, the first Black US secretary of state whose leadership in several Republican administrations helped shape American foreign policy in the last years of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st, has died from complications from Covid-19, his family said on Facebook. He was 84.
Leaders mourn a ‘trailblazer and role model’
Top diplomat during turbulent time
CNN’s Deidre McPhillips, Jake Tapper, Jennifer Hansler and Kylie Atwood contributed to this report.


The company was founded by Robert Coghlan who, having worked for the family steel business, Coghlan Bright Steel, in Leeds since the early 1940’s, came down to London to set up a Bright Steel Stockholding business, on the ground floor at 55-57, Strafford Road, Acton, London W3.
The automotive sector was becoming increasingly important within the manufacturing industry and stockholders were seen as a vital part in the supply chain for those customers whose demand was too small to warrant mill deliveries. This new industry soon became established in catering for the exact needs of precision engineers whether it be for bar lengths or sawn cut pieces.
After a successful start, a Compulsory Purchase Order was imposed on the premises, to make way for high rise flats being built in the area. The Company moved to one half of a new building in Gordon Road, The Causeway, Staines, Middlesex and doubled its physical size to 12,500 sq. ft. Many companies were moving out of London at the time and relocating along the new motorway corridors under construction that were stretching out from the capital.
Elder son Anthony Coghlan joined the business.
New automatic bandsaws were purchased to cater for the ever increasing demand for sawn cut pieces being required on CNC machinery and bars cut in half or in three, for automatic bar feeders in the repetition turned parts business.
Younger son Robin Coghlan joined the business.
The Company takes over the other half of the unit and new offices were built which comprised 23,000 sq. ft. of warehouse and 4000 sq. ft. of office space, enabling us to stock and handle many more different specifications and sizes.
The Company designs and begins the manufacture of its own patented bright steel bar handling system. Based on a modular system, it will allow one man to handle and reorganise over 500 tonnes per week while providing batch traceability at all times. Stock checks will take a matter of minutes to complete.
London’s new orbital motorway the M25, was completed and with the Company located only one mile from junction 13, this turned out to be a stroke of good fortune with this motorway critical in transporting our goods to market all around the south of England and for customers collecting and suppliers alike.
The first of three 10m span Demag overhead gantry cranes were installed to operate the new storage system and improve the handling of stock.
Stainless steel is added to the range.
The stock range continues to expand so that we now stock the largest range of engineering steel in the south of England. Aluminium and brass are also added to the range to cater for an increasing number of “multi metal” consumers looking to purchase their materials from one supplier.
Steelmaster, our own bespoke computer software and specifically developed for our business, goes “live”. This metal trading platform is fully integrated into every aspect of our stock, whether it be bars, sawn pieces or “specials”, giving us complete batch traceability, automatic certification and commercial control.
The Company is now operating a fleet of 8 vehicles daily.
Following the death of Robert Coghlan, ownership of the Company is transferred to his two sons, Anthony and Robin who have worked for the Company for many years on the commercial and works sides respectively.
The Company purchases its first carbide cold saw.
After 3 years of manufacture, the Company completes its own design of a high density long shorts system that allows short ends to be retrieved for cutting within a matter of minutes.
Box section and Sheet are added to the range.
The Company celebrates 60 years of trading.
Nigel Holland and David Tomlin are appointed Finance and Sales Directors respectively.


Effective March 18, 2020, our office is closed to the public and remains closed until further notice. We currently have limited staff on site daily and are processing requests as quickly as possible with the staff available.
Requests for vital records may still be submitted to our office via regular mail. Please be advised that due to the closure notice and limited staff, the processing and completion of requests are delayed, and we are currently processing at 12+ weeks from the receipt of the request.
Uncertified copies of birth certificates for genealogical purposes are available to individuals, who may not otherwise be entitled to receive a certified copy, upon completion of the picture_as_pdfApplication for Search of Birth Record Files, if the person's date of birth precedes the current date by 75 years or more. Eligibility will be determined upon receipt and review of the documentation submitted. You can also contact the county clerk in the county where the birth occurred (List of County Clerks).
Uncertified, genealogical copies of death records of persons who died more than 20 years ago, but not before 1916, may be requested either from the Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Vital Records or from the county clerk in the county where the death occurred (List of County Clerks).
Uncertified, genealogical copies of death records of persons filed before 1916 may be obtained from the county clerk in the county where the death occurred (List of County Clerks) or from Illinois Regional Archives Depository System if it holds death records for that particular county (Illinois Regional Archives Depository System).


Dickerson led the team in scoring, touchdowns, rushing and passing yards. He became the first individual in the I-AA division to throw for more than 5,000 yards (5,572) and rush for more than 3,000 yards (3,765). Dinkins still holds six MSU single game records, four season records, five career records and led the team to a 27-13 record over his four years and won All-American honors from two different organizations.”Dinkins, a U.S. postal mail carrier, played with the Buffalo Bills of the NFL for two seasons and with the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe.He last played for the Erie Storm in the AIFL. Aided by Dinkins’s return, the Storm rebounded to an 8-6 season in 2010, before losing to the Harrisburg Stampede in the playoffs. Dinkins retired at the end of the season.He is married to Montia Robinson Dinkins and father of Breya, Zianne and Zaire. Pittsburgh native and former Schenley star David Dinkins was one of four former Morehead State University athletes to be honored at a special ceremony Oct. 15-16 during the school’s Hall of Fame events. In addition, the school retired his jersey (No. 8).Dinkins attended MSU from 1998-2000, was the first NCAA player “to rush for 1,000 yards and throw for 1,000 yards in the same season, a feat he accomplished three times,” according to Drew Dickerson, director of athletic media relations for the university.


Mike Tyson is widely regarded as one of the most feared boxers in the history of the sport.
His combination of speed, power, and fearlessness made him an unstoppable force in the ring.
While there are many Mike Tyson knockouts to choose from, these five stand out as some of the most devastating and memorable.
From stunning one-punch knockouts to multi-round beatdowns, these are some of the most impressive Mike Tyson knockouts.
1) KO of Trevor Berbick
Mike Tyson’s first major knockout victory came against Trevor Berbick in November 1986.
Berbick, the reigning WBC heavyweight champion at the time, was no match for Tyson’s ferocious punching power.
From the opening bell, Tyson went on the offensive, stalking Berbick and looking for an opening. It didn’t take long for him to find one.
In the second round, Tyson landed a massive right hand that sent Berbick crashing to the canvas. Berbick managed to get back to his feet, but it was clear he was in trouble.
Tyson didn’t let up, swarming Berbick with a barrage of punches that had the champion reeling. Another right hand landed flush on Berbick’s chin, sending him down for the second time in the round. This time, he didn’t get up.
The knockout was a statement win for Tyson, who became the youngest heavyweight champion in history at just 20 years old.
It also marked the beginning of his reign as the most feared fighter on the planet. Tyson would go on to have many more memorable knockouts, but his dismantling of Berbick will always be remembered as one of his best.
2) KO of Michael Spinks
Mike Tyson’s devastating knockout of Michael Spinks is widely regarded as one of his most impressive performances.
The fight took place on June 27, 1988, in Atlantic City, and it was for the undisputed heavyweight championship of the world.
At the time, Spinks was considered one of the greatest boxers of his era. He had an undefeated record and was the reigning IBF, WBA, and Lineal heavyweight champion.
However, Tyson was a force to be reckoned with and had already earned a reputation for his fierce and aggressive fighting style.
The fight was over before it even really started.
From the opening bell, Tyson charged at Spinks with a flurry of punches. Spinks was no match for Tyson’s relentless assault, and it was clear he was in trouble.
Within 91 seconds, Tyson had delivered a crushing right hook to Spinks’ chin, sending him crashing to the canvas.
Spinks struggled to get up, but the referee counted him out, and the fight was over.
The knockout was so brutal that it became an instant classic, and it’s still considered one of the greatest knockouts in boxing history.
Tyson’s incredible power and speed were on full display, and it was clear that he was in a league of his own.
In the aftermath of the fight, Tyson cemented his status as the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. He had defeated one of the greatest boxers of his era in just 91 seconds, and it was clear that he was the most dominant heavyweight of his generation.
The KO of Michael Spinks remains a testament to Mike Tyson’s incredible skill and power, and it will forever be remembered as one of the most impressive moments in boxing history.
3) KO of Larry Holmes
Another legendary boxer to fall victim to Mike Tyson’s wrath was Larry Holmes.
Holmes, a former heavyweight champion himself, was considered by many to be past his prime at the time of his bout against Tyson.
But that did little to take away from the impact of the knockout that came just 1 minute and 33 seconds into the fourth round.
Tyson started off strong, landing a series of powerful punches on Holmes in the early rounds. But it was the fourth round that saw the end of the match.
A series of brutal uppercuts sent Holmes reeling into the ropes, his legs visibly wobbly.
Tyson then landed a final, devastating right hand that sent Holmes to the canvas.
Though he managed to get back to his feet, the referee quickly stopped the fight, declaring Tyson the winner by TKO.
The KO of Larry Holmes was significant for several reasons.
It cemented Tyson’s place as a dominant force in the heavyweight division, and it was also a moment of redemption for Tyson, who had previously sparred with Holmes as a teenager and was reportedly bullied by him.
For Tyson, it was a moment of sweet revenge and a defining moment in his already impressive career.
Overall, Mike Tyson’s knockouts were a spectacle to behold. They were swift, powerful, and often left opponents on the canvas struggling to regain their senses. The KO of Larry Holmes is just one example of Tyson’s ability to deliver a devastating punch and leave his mark on boxing history.


Mississippi generates some 60 p.c of The us’s farm-lifted catfish. Professional catfish production began while in the state while in the mid-nineteen sixties. The Mississippi Delta metropolis of Belzoni, billed because the Catfish Capital of the globe, features a catfish museum and hosts an yearly catfish Pageant.
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Mississippi’s economy became less depending on agriculture in the next 50 percent of your twentieth century, and the volume of farms and farm acreages declined appreciably. Because of the early 21st century the sector represented just a very small share with the point out’s gross merchandise and used an even scaled-down phase with the population.
In contrast to its Principal- and secondary-university file, Mississippi contains a distinguished historical past of bigger education. Although it did not endure the American Civil War, Jefferson College (founded in 1802) was among the earliest general public postsecondary institutions from the state. Elizabeth Female Academy (Launched in 1818) is taken into account by some historians to generally be the very first Gals’s college or university. In the late nineteenth century the Mississippi legislature allocated a part of the state’s land-grant resources to Alcorn University, which had been recognized at Lorman in 1871, and renamed the establishment Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College or university. Alcorn A&M, which can be now Alcorn Condition University, was the first land-grant faculty in the United States for African American students, and it continues being notable One of the region’s Traditionally black universities (HBUs).
Until eventually the mid-20th century the dominance of a rural, unhurried lifestyle typically worked into the state’s advantage. In this manner of existence was manifest partly within a lifestyle of gentility, the legacy of which continues to be apparent in the numerous historic mansions located in this sort of aged towns as Columbus, Biloxi, Natchez, Vicksburg, and Holly Springs.
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According to this, historians now estimate the death toll was better than in official records. Fire broke out in the segregated Lee County Instruction School, which was ruined. Its bricks ended up salvaged for other makes use of.
Afterward, a satirical cartoon from the event was posted, inspiring a Brooklyn candy shop proprietor to create a stuffed “Teddy’s Bear.”
Rail transportation, a significant section over here of and that is solely intrastate, has commonly declined since the late twentieth century.
Geographers may speak from the Yazoo basin in the northwestern Element of the point out, but into the folks of Mississippi it is the Delta, historically characterized by aristocratic plantation traditions and now a area of really mechanized farming.
…the Delta region of northwestern Mississippi. The pioneers of the design and style performed a essential role in acquiring the marketplace for conventional blues recordings during the nineteen twenties and ’30s, even though the subsequent era of Delta-born guitarists contributed to the increase of Chicago blues, electric blues, plus the folk blues revival in…
The widest navigable segment while in the shipping and delivery channel of the Mississippi is Lake Pepin, exactly where the channel is approximately 2 miles wide.
Lots of people of your Coastline have been attracted not only by the world’s place and enjoyable weather but in addition by its employment opportunities in many industries, gambling casinos, and vacation resort accommodations.
An intermediate court docket of appeals, which consists of ten judges (two from Every single in the point out’s five congressional districts) who're elected to eight-12 months terms, hears instances assigned to it from the point out Supreme Courtroom.
Nevertheless the velocity modifications as drinking water levels rise or drop and where by the river widens, narrows, gets extra shallow or some combination of these components. It will require about 3 months for drinking water that leaves Lake Itasca, the river's source, to get to the Gulf of Mexico.