Privacy seems to have been banned shortly after the turn of the 21st century. It soon became obligatory for citizens to maintain an online account of their everyday lives. This was done through social media outlets; social networking sites, blogs, GPS locator updates. Failure to participate in this activity led to ostracisation from society.
The rise of social networking websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, has been well documented. These outlets were fully embraced by all streams of society as handheld mobile devices made uploading images and entering updates possible at any time of the day and at any location on earth.
The beginning of the end of privacy arrived with the election of Judd Starsky as the 45th President of the USA in 2016. He succeeded Barack Obama, who was famous for his use of Facebook to spread his campaign message, as well as being the first African-American president.
Starsky first came to prominence when he won The American Dream in 2013. This was a reality show, in which contestants could demonstrate their individual skills in order to win votes from the audience at home. Starsky’s non-threatening boyish good looks, combined with an athletic figure (later exposed as being steroid-fuelled) and a reasonable singing talent, established him as the firm favourite of the audience, comprised mainly of females aged mainly 15-30.
Starsky was catapulted into instant fame and wealth, and began to lose his ‘golden boy’ moniker as he developed an all-too-obvious dependancy on crack cocaine. However, his fame only increased when a ‘sex tape’ emerged of Starsky and his then current girlfriend, Shona Carter. Carter was a leading Hollywood actress, who was more famous for her beauty and string of boyfriends from the film and music industries than her acting abilities. The same week the tape emerged, Starsky was admitted to hospital after losing control of his custom-made Aston Martin sports car on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Blood tests revealed he had ten different narcotic substances taken, as well as a large quantity of champagne.
In order to avoid a prison sentence, Starsky admitted himself into the Charlie Sheen Clean Machine detox centre, the favourite of the richest celebrities and children of investment tycoons at that time. His cold turkey recovery was broadcast live from his suite 24 hours a day. This allowed the world to watch as his hallucinogenic visions of Jesus Christ led him to become a born-again Christian, renouncing all alcohol and narcotic substances, including substances such as coffee and deodorant containing alcohol.
In 2015, Starsky married Marian Whitfield, the creator of the Trust cookie empire. Whitfield had discovered a recipe for cookies that were not only fat free but also reduced any adulturous thoughts in the cookies consumers. It was later discovered that regular consumers would die of either testicular or ovarian cancer within five years, but government officials kept this information hidden until after Starsky’s death in 2022.
Starsky and Whitfield became the moral leaders of Western society, and their combined fan base helped Starsky easily win the 2016 presidential election, standing as a candidate for the recently formed Oprah party.
However, Whitfield had also bought the Facebook company, and a vast amount of their fortune came from this enterprise. One of Starsky’s first bills to pass Congress was to make a Facebook page essential for every citizen as proof of identity. US citizens were legally obliged to update their status at least once a day. Two days without an update led to a warning, three days a fine and four days without an update led to a tazoring by the government Facebook enforcers. Foreigners without Facebook pages discovered on US soil were immediately deported.
US citizens were also obliged to update their status picture once a week, within certain guidelines. This image had to one be taken by the account holder of themselves posing in a sexually attractive manner, as external beauty also became a legal requirement. Conventionally unattractive people were rounded up on the streets and sentenced to extensive cosmetic surgery. The Beauty Bill had decreed that physically beautiful people were generally richer, therefore in order to avoid a second recession, it was the duty of all Americans to transform themselves into specimens of physical perfection.
A computer chip was invented in Silicone Valley in 2017 that allowed people to connect with their computers kinetically. This meant typing was no longer necessary and status updates could be renewed with every passing thought of an account holder. The TickerTape Headband soon followed, which presented an individual’s status update on a LCD screen on their forehead.
The Facebook law was soon seized upon by security forces across the world, as its potential for monitoring public unrest was soon recognised. China, intially suspicious of the internet, was quite pleased to allow its citizens to wear the TickerTape Headband and implement the Facebook law. This change in regulations dealing with the internet garnered China approval from numerous political leaders worldwide. China was also able to develop cheap generic headbands, which helped propel it into the position of the largest economy in the world, overtaking the US in 2018.
The TickerTape Headband was soon worn by almost two-thirds of the world’s population. If it was not required by law, as in the US, Europe and China, it was quickly adopted by the rising middle classes in countries like India, where larger numbers of people had a disposable income to spend on gadgets like this.
Judd Starsky died in 2022. He cut his leg while hiking in the Rocky Mountains. Due to his religious convictions, he refused to use disinfectant which contained alcohol. His wound became infected with the lethal FAD virus that was sweeping the American continent and he died in agonising pain three weeks later. By the time of his death, privacy had become a distant memory for the vast majority of mankind. Society did not regain the option of privacy until fossil fuels became exhausted and computers became obselete.


The legendary fashion designer Dame Mary Quant has died aged 93. Mary is best known for being credited with designing the mini skirt – a look which epitomized the 1960’s and remains popular today.
A statement from her family to the PA news agency, per BBC News, said she “died peacefully at home in Surrey, UK this morning.”
“Dame Mary Quant died peacefully at home in Surrey, UK, this morning.
“Dame Mary, aged 93, was one of the most internationally recognized fashion designers of the 20th century and an outstanding innovator of the Swinging Sixties. She opened her first shop Bazaar in the Kings Road in 1955 and her far-sighted and creative talents quickly established a unique contribution to British fashion.”
News of her passing came shortly after Dame Mary received the Companion of Honor award in King Charles first New Year’s Honors List – which is one of the highest honors awarded.
The award is given to, per the Mary Quant website, those who have made, “a major contribution to the arts, science, medicine, or government lasting over a long period of time”
Mary was born in south east London on February 11, 1930. The designer’s creativity and flare bloomed from a young age. It was while studying for a diploma in art education at Goldsmiths College that she met her husband Alexander Plunket Greene – who later helped her found her brand.
She’s remembered for being one of the most influential fashion designers in British history and is often credited with creating the mini-skirt. However, the designer himself never made that claim.
“It was the girls on the King’s Road who invented the miniskirt,” she once said, according to The Industry. Fashion. “I was making clothes easy, youthful, simple, in which you could move, in which you could run and jump and we would make them the length the customer wanted.”
The King’s Road, a famous road in London’s Chelsea which was also home to Vivienne Westwood’s first clothing store, was where Mary first opened her shop, Bazaar.
As the brand grew from strength to strength, so did its strong brand identity – which was very much inspired by Mary’s own distinctive look – which became known as “Chelsea Girl.” Short skirts, big prints, colored tights, peter pan collars, and blunt pixie cuts for days – the clothes were at the time of revolution.
Models like Twiggy and stars like Cilla Black and Patty Boyd popularized the Chelsea Girl look – which remains hugely influential to this very day.
Tributes from the fashion world and beyond have flooded in as the news of the designer’s passing was announced.
Patty tweeted, “Very sad news today to learn from the passing of the 60s online creative, fun genius, much-loved lady, Dame Mary Quant. Mary insisted on making George’s and my wedding coats in 1966; his, Black Mongolian Fur and mine , Red Fox. A true icon. RIP.”
Former editor-in-chief of British Vogue Alexandra Shulman tweeted, “RIP Dame Mary Quant. A leader of fashion but also in female entrepreneurship- a visionary who was much more than a great haircut.”
The New York Times and INYT fashion director/critic Vanessa Friedman also tweeted, “RIP Mary Quant, who freed the female leg. We owe you.”
The Victoria and Albert Museum said in a tweet, “It’s impossible to overstate Quant’s contribution to fashion. She represented the joyful freedom of 1960s fashion, and provided a new role model for young women. Today’s fashion owes so much to her trailblazing vision.”


In 1841 Hungary was part of the Habsburg Empire, under the rule of Ferdinand I of Austria - Emperor of Austria, President of the German Confederation, King of Hungary and Bohemia, as well as associated dominions from the death of his father, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, until his abdication after the Revolutions of 1848.
This book has come a long way - 171 years have passed since it was published. PRAXIS POLITICA CIVILIS is a political-administrative manual with appliance in the Hungarian territory of the time. Although it didn't have covers, it went through time remarkably well preserved.
It is written in Latin, thus available for lecture only to someone who knows the ancient language. But in itself it is a special book for an antique collector. It is that incredible feeling of touching history!
This book has been in my family's library for a long time, and is now on the look for a new owner. If it sends vibrations and you want to know more details, please leave a comment and we will get back to you. Thank you for your interest!


The History of Monroeville U. M. C.
In 1953, George Snodgrass talked to some other Methodists about starting a church in the Monroeville Area. The three-acre Sarah Graham homestead was purchased by the Pittsburgh Conference as the site for the new church in July of 1954. On the property were two buildings - an 8 room farmhouse which would be used for a parsonage and church school building, and a 3 room house which was converted into one large room for church services. The Reverend Robert Geisinger, a part time student supply minister, led the first service on October 31, 1954.
A charter was granted on February 6, 1955 with 46 charter members. Robert C. Siess was assigned to the church as a full time minister on May 22 of the same year. The first building Fund Drive began in September and an architect was hired to design a "contemporary church" for a "contemporary community." On December 20, 1957, the building was dedicated in time for the Christmas celebration.
Over the years, the Monroeville United Methodist Church has continued to serve the community. A parsonage was purchased in 1959 on Garden City Drive, a new sanctuary and educational facility was constructed February 27, 1966, and another parsonage on Northwestern Drive was purchased in 1968. In 1968, the parsonage on Garden City Drive was sold and later a new parsonage was bought on Garden City Drive.
As the church grew, the need for additional space was realized, and on November 29, 1992 a new Fellowship Hall, narthex, parlor, remodeled kitchen and nursery were consecrated.
As MUM looks to the future, the vision is, that through worship, hospitality, fellowship and education, we can offer our ministry to people of all ages.
The following pastors have served the Monroeville United Methodist Church:
|Robert Willis Geisinger||Oct. 1954 - May 1955|
|Robert Clarence Siess||1955 - 1968|
|Donald Franklin Cook, Associate||1967 - 1969|
|James Henry Cox||1969 - 1972|
|Richard Lee Weber, Jr., Associate||1969 - 1972|
|Wesley Edward Blaha||1972 - 1987|
|Arthur James Decker, Associate||1972 - 1976|
|James Richard Wagner, Associate||1976 - 1982|
|Nelson Thomas Thayer, Associate||1982 - 1983|
|Mark Alva Lenz, Associate||1983 - 1986|
|Kenneth Elliott Jones, Associate||1986 - 1990|
|William LeRoy Jones||1987 - 1996|
Judith Elizabeth McFarland Leftwich, Associate
|1990 - 1991|
|Thomas Duane Whitehead, Associate||1991 - 1993|
|James Hartley Ritchie, Jr., Associate||1994 - 2002|
|David Lee Morse||1996 - 2007|
|Cynthia Bloise, Associate||2002 - 2008|
|Donald W. Dotterer||2007 - 2009|
|Brenda Rochford, Associate||2008 - 2010|
|Tom Barnicott||2009 - 2014|
|Ed Schoeneck||2014 - 2022|


In 1883, the reactionary German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, a Prussian autocrat through and thru, proposed the well being care model that came to be adopted by many European nations and that echoes decisively right now in the American health care apparatus. Though no social reformer, Bismarck viewed universal medical insurance as an effective tactic in his grand design for German unification, which trumped his conservative tendencies. What has come to be known as the Bismarck Model survived the German militarism of World Battle I, the unstable democracy of the Weimar Republic, Naziism, World Conflict II and its aftermath, and eventual reunification. Its durability cannot be doubted. Armstrong was arrested in New Orleans at age 9 for against the law” that as we speak could be called Hanging Out” and once more at age eleven for firing blanks from a pistol into the air on New Year’s Eve. He was sent to the Colored Waifs House, a reform college for boys operated by the personal non-profit Coloured Branch of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Kids. He was eventually released into the custody of his father, or mother, or aunt, depending on the source. Yogurt is not really an excellent supply of probiotics because come corporations pasteurize the yogurt after the micro organism has been added – killing them. Handmade pickles are one of the best. They keep you wholesome and probably go an extended option to retaining you slim.
Health Coverage and Strategy Associates , LLC (HPSA) … Read More


By Conal Healy
WHAT do the names Amiens, Messines, Passchendaele, Bullecourt and Pozieres have in common? They were the names of train stops on the outskirts of Stanthorpe, Qld.
Of course, they were also some of the deadliest battlefields of World War I and half-a-world away from the sleepy city that nestles high on the Granite Belt of South-East Queensland.
The train line that serviced the “battlefield stations” is long gone, so are the stations, and sadly so are the diggers who fought in that war to end all wars.
Around 100 years ago, WWI returning soldiers were offered selections on the outskirts of Stanthorpe as a thanks for their military service. The train stops to service this suburb were named after the European towns that a lot of war veterans must have tried to forget, or to mentally move on from.
At the time (1920) The Amiens Branch Line would have been big news, it was opened in 1920 by HRH Edward, Prince of Wales (later to become King Edward).
Today most of the diggers’ land selections are covered in orchards, or in vineyards.
A POIGNANT reminder of the settlements can be found in the station signs which survive at the Stanthorpe Heritage Museum.
Stepping inside the museum is like stepping back in time, if you are over 40 years of age. It’s like stepping into another world – if you are under 40.
To the touch-screen generation the 22,000 contents must seem from outer space, or to have come off one of the First Fleet ships.
For example, there are big, black heavy telephones which had to be hand-cranked. There were phones where the numbers had to be turned on a dial using your index finger, rather than being prodded by a stylus, or tapped on a smart phone.
On display were the latest – in the 1950s and 1960s – multi-media Home Entertainment Centres which played vinyl records (at 33rpms and at 45rpms) and the wireless too. It wasn’t exactly portable – more of a piece of furniture. In the same display were the first portable record players, about the size of a small suitcase, and which could play music in Hi-Fidelity Stereo, or in Mono (at a pinch).
For younger members of Spotify generation, in the middle of the last century music came on plastic disks, called records. This is getting technical, I know, but a diamond tipped “needle” would run along the “etched grooves” in the plastic disk and the resulting scratches – ie the music – would be “amplified” and transferred to a “Loudspeaker”.
There were no such features as “repeat” or “skip” but you did have a choice between a “single” (about three minutes worth of music on EACH side of the disk), a Long Playing record (LPs tended to last for 20minutes, but you could flip it over for a second 20-minute) record or the inbetween mode, the Extra Play (EP) which usually had enough music for around eight minutes, about three or four songs.
Moving into the SoHo exhibits, there are wonderful range of typewriters. Again – for younger readers – a typewriter was an early communication device. Similar to a laptop, a typewriter had features that included “instant save” and “print” functions, most were extremely durable (could be dropped or on occasions flung across the room and still continue to work). The email function was slow in typewriters, sending a letter usually involved the use of – pardon the technical expressions – envelopes, stamps, bodily fluids from your tongue and possibly a trip to the nearest Post Office by car, bike, horse and buggy, or by walking.
For the generations of children who believe that bread, milk, butter and jam comes from the fridge (or maybe the Local Supermarket), the kitchen in the Stanthorpe Heritage Museum must seem like an industrial zone. In many ways it was. In most 20th Century households it was the place where meals were “made”, as in produced and constructed (and not simply a place where a “packaged something” is reheated).
This museum kitchen reflects the industrial side of cooking: Bench-top mincers, meat safes, ice-boxes, rolling pins, metal sieves, butter pats, jaffle irons and metal counter-balance weighing scales with accompanying measuring weights (in pounds and ounces, naturally). This was a kitchen were families (or if you were lucky, servants) actually worked, this wasn’t a place for a touch of “recreational cooking”.
Back in the 20th Century, life was a lot less convenient, compared to today. And this is reflected repeatedly in the museum’s 22,000 exhibits spread across eight rooms/buildings.
As you would expect, there are the early pioneer era wooden hut structures (and their furniture and household necessities) – these would look “ancient” to most 20th Century parents, but in the other buildings are the donated items (from the middle half of the century) that really catch the eye.
I dare anybody to walk through the museum and not say “My mother had one of those …” or “My Gran had one of those in her house”. Items that would have end-up up in a rubbish dump 30 years ago are nicely displayed, ready to generate a long-forgotten memory from a by-gone age.
In the space given over to the school exhibits, there are stern wooden desks (complete with inkwells), a picture of a young Queen Elizabeth, as well as blackboards, counting frames, an oil heater, a pair of wooden dividers, and a large wall map of Australia which illustrated the wealth and features of this vast brown land. It stands in almost glorious isolation from its Asian neighbours.
I’m sure if I looked hard enough there would find a map of the globe where most of the continents (including Australia) were shaded pink, indicating that the Great Britain and her young Queen still held sway over vast portions of Planet Earth.
Yet another relic from a different age.
The Stanthorpe Heritage Museum is at 12 High Street, Stanthorpe. Opening hours: Wednesday to Friday, 10am-4pm; Saturday, 1pm-4pm; Sunday, 9am-1pm. Groups by appointment. Entry cost: $7
Where is Stanthorpe?
An hour and a half from Brisbane, two hours from the Gold Coast and a two hour drive from the Sunshine Cost. The region is well connected via highways and road networks including the Cunningham, New England, Warrego, Leichhardt, D’Aguilar, Brisbane Valley and Gore Highways and the Great Inland Way and the Adventure Way.
Want to know more?
Department stores: Target County.
Food Stores: IGA, Woolworth and Aldi.
Winter: Owing to its elevation, Stanthorpe features a subtropical highland climate. At an altitude of 811 metres (2,661 ft), Stanthorpe holds the record for the lowest temperature recorded in Queensland at −10.6 °C (12.9 °F) on June 23, 1961. Sleet and light snowfalls are occasionally recorded, with the most significant snowfall in over 30 years occurring on July 17, 2015.
Summer: December – 15/27 (Eight rain days); January – 16/28 (Eight rain days). February – 16/26 (Seven rain days).
Like what you see? Check out Mick In The Middle on Instagram.


Cabot Credit Union was officially chartered on June 6, 1931 after successfully completing the filing process with the Department of Banking.
On February 1, 1956, Cabot Credit Union changed our name to Cabot Employees Credit Union to better reflect the membership of the time. When Cabot Machinery Division was sold to Ingersoll Rand Oilfield Products, membership was made available to Ingersoll Rand employees beginning on September 11, 1980. By December 18, 1985, the credit union once again changed our name to support the select employer groups becoming Cabot & IRI Employees Credit Union.
Keeping pace with the many changes in our select employer groups, today we are known as Cabot & NOI Employees Credit Union. in 2012, Cabot & NOI Employees Credit Union was granted a community charter that allows us to provide service to anyone who lives, works, worships or attends school within a 10-mile radius of the credit union building.
Building on the foundation of our strong past, we look forward to serving our members into the future.
The Credit Union membership is open to all subsidiaries of Cabot Corporation, Cabot Oil & Gas, National Oil well and National Oil well Varco. Other select employer groups are: Hunting-Titan; Ford Family Health Care; Fluid Compressors; Midwest Compressors; Thurmond-McGlothlin; Engine Parts & Supply; Willis Mfg.; Pampa Regional Medical Center and Briarwood Church.


Designating this 25-mile stretch of the Houston Ship Channel as an official National Heritage Area
As a kid growing up in Houston, one of my favorite memories was when my grandparents would take my brother and me to the San Jacinto Monument, where I learned the inspiring story of Sam Houston and the battle of San Jacinto, and how Texas won its independence from Mexico right there on Buffalo Bayou in 1836.
The same region became the original site for the city of Houston later that year and quickly developed into a bustling center for commerce between the Southwest and Mexico due to its location. Houston’s waterways and natural resources gave birth to industries that continue to drive our national economy today. Houston is the fifth largest metro area in the United States and the Port of Houston is the largest port in the nation in terms of foreign tonnage exported. We have one of the biggest energy and petrochemical complexes in the world, giving birth to our nickname as the "Energy Capital of the World."
Less than a mile away from the San Jacinto Monument is the historic Battleship Texas, which was a modern marvel when she was commissioned in 1914. The Battleship Texas was an innovative ship, setting the historical record of firsts among U.S. battleships: the first to mount anti-aircraft guns, the first to launch an aircraft, the first to receive commercial radar and the first battleship in the U.S. to have a memorial museum. The Battleship Texas is not only recognized as the flagship of the Texas Navy, but also has been deemed an official National Historic Landmark, one of only 46 in our state.
To honor the historic, cultural and national significance of the Buffalo Bayou area, I have worked to designate this 25-mile stretch of the Houston Ship Channel as a National Heritage Area. In 2002, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison and I introduced the Buffalo Bayou National Heritage Study Act to commission a study on Buffalo Bayou. The resulting report, which was released in 2010, highlighted Buffalo Bayou’s rich history and economic impact. The study determined that Buffalo Bayou is eligible for National Heritage Area designation. If awarded, it would be the first National Heritage Area in Texas.
National Heritage Area status would not only recognize Buffalo Bayou as a nationally distinguished site for its historic, cultural and scenic characteristics, but it would also spur economic growth through increased national exposure and tourism. The distinction would provide the benefits of being listed as a federal National Heritage Area and would not restrict improvements or local commerce. The status has been supported by our local governments, organizations and industry groups.
The final step to have Buffalo Bayou recognized as an official National Heritage Area is passing a federal law that would add the site to the registry. Since the 111th Congress, I have introduced legislation to designate Buffalo Bayou as a National Heritage Area. Former senator Kay Bailey Hutchison was a strong supporter in the Senate and my colleagues in the House, including fellow Houston Representatives Pete Olson, Sheila Jackson Lee, Al Green and Steve Stockman, have provided bipartisan support as well.
I am hopeful that the Buffalo Bayou National Heritage Act is passed in Congress and signed into law so that Buffalo Bayou is officially recognized for its national significance. From 1836 to present day, our area has played a pivotal role in our nation’s history, economy and culture. Proclaiming Buffalo Bayou as a National Heritage Area would create an opportunity for generations across the U.S. to visit Houston and enjoy our great city.


Partnering with the Wolf Humanities Center
In partnership with the Penn’s Wolf Humanities Center, the A•Book•A•Day Program is donating twelve new titles of diverse children’s books and three academic publications for the Behind the Book initiative. These titles will be added to the libraries of the Henry C. Lea School and the Penn Alexander School in West Philadelphia to be used by both students and educators.
Partnering with Penn’s History of Art Department
We are honored to announce the new partnership between the History of Art Department and the A•Book•A•Day Program. Our program is dedicated to finding titles that promote visual literacy, and we are always looking for exciting new publications that feature the work of brilliant artists. The following selection of books is going to the Henry Charles Lea and Penn Alexander schools thanks to the generous support of Penn’s History of Art.
Partnering with Sephardic Balkans: Jewish Heritage Trips
In support and solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement, Sephardic Balkans: Jewish Heritage Trips is contributing multiple copies of the following titles to the Henry Charles Lea and Penn Alexander schools. Thank you.


He could have added ton of money to fame, yet taking care of neither, he found joy as well as honor in being handy to the globe - This epitaph on the grave of George Washington Carver is evidence enough of the contribution this remarkable African-American made by designing brand-new agricultural innovations that reinvented farming in numerous parts of the USA. He declined several profitable offers as well as maintained functioning to generate a number of licenses on ranches and also commercial products in the late 18th century and after that in the initial couple of decades of 19th century.
Several experts consider mr. Banneker Benjamin the very first African-American technology creator, who spearheaded of creation to be adhered to later on by numerous other African-Americans. Banneker was a multi-faceted individuality, as he was not only a creator but also a leading light of the anti-slavery motion. He is born in mind for bringing out a Farmer’s Almanac. He is credited with building the first wood watch as well as forecasting numerous holy occasions on the basis of his very own estimations. Surprisingly he did all this with self-education. He died in 1806.
Madame CJ Walker is another well-known African-American woman who altered the United States cosmetic market. From a washing employee to the head of a business empire, she covered this journey in a period of 16 years. She created a number of females’s cosmetics and also hair care products in the early years of the 20th century and also never looked back.
In the last couple of years, a number of African-American creators have actually had a lasting impact in mostly all areas by bring out impressive innovations. As with most exertions, invention help and product development assistance is available from both sources. Consider example Dr. Mark Dean. He holds even more than 19 patents, including 3 of the initial 9 PCs of IBM. He has played an instrumental duty in establishing the 1-Gigahertz chip, which has phenomenal ability. There is a long remarkable checklist of African-American innovators who, in the words of Walker, provided themselves a begin to continue of others.


Official Alumni Portal For Andhra University Old Students
About the Alumni
Andhra University was established in 1926 by the Madras University Act to serve the entire linguistic region of Andhra as a residential teaching- cum-affiliating University. The Telugu speaking people are emotionally attached to the University as it was the result of a prolonged struggle of Telugu elite. Andhra University is not just one of the oldest educational institutions in the country but also the first to be conceived as a residential multi-disciplinary University. The 88 year old institution is fortunate to have Sir C.R. Reddy as its founder Vice chancellor and Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the second Vice-Chancellor followed again by Sir C.R.Reddy and Dr. V.S. Krishna. The foundations laid by these three visionaries proved to be fruitful in the succeeding decades.


About the Author
|Glenn M. Stein was born in
in Miami, Florida, but grew up on a barrier island on the East coast,
and now lives in Central Florida with his
wife and twin daughters. Having started collecting and
at age 12, Stein has specialized in medals related to polar exploration
last 21 years. He has written several articles about medal
medallic design for specialist journals, and gives public lectures and
displays related to polar history.
|Obverse side, full size
||Reverse side, full size
Medal, natural size.
Click on image for larger view.
My intention is to provide anyone who seeks it, useful information regarding the medal commemorating the 1872-76 worldwide voyage of HMS Challenger, which (in hindsight) celebrates the beginning of the modern science of oceanography. The author would be pleased to receive any additional information about the Challenger Medal, and in particular, be made aware of other existing examples of this medal. Please contact me at email@example.com.
The objects of the Expedition have been fully and faithfully carried out. We always kept
in view that to explore the conditions of the deep sea was the primary object of our mission,
and throughout the voyage we took every possible opportunity of making a deep-sea
observation. Between our departure from Sheerness on December 7th, 1872, and our arrival
at Spithead on May 24th, 1876, we traversed a distance of 68,890 nautical miles, and at intervals
as nearly uniform as possible we established 362 observing stations.
Professor Sir Charles Wyville Thomson
But the work of the Challenger Expedition had only just begun. A group of specialists, men learned in their own subjects, would spend years describing and drawing the specimens that filled storehouses and laboratories. Then, the daunting task of publishing the results fell for the most part on the shoulders of John Murray. For the authors of the Challenger Reports, they '...received nothing more than a copy of the publication and a small honorarium to cover their expenses. In further appreciation it was resolved that a Challenger medal be struck (sic). The Treasury refused to pay for it and John Murray had the medal designed and executed at his own expense and himself sent replicas to those who had shared in the expedition or in the preparation of the Report. He himself was honoured by the Royal Society when he was admitted Fellow in 1896. Official commendation by the Government was deferred until 1898, when the Queen conferred to John Murray the rank of KCB [Knight Commander, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath] in recognition of his outstanding contributions to science.' 1
Contemporary writings in the journal Nature stated the medal, '...is being presented by Dr. John Murray to the naval officers of the expedition, the contributors of memoirs to the report[s] on the scientific results of the expedition, and to members of the civilian scientific staff, as a souvenir of Challenger work.' 2 There were instances where medals were issued to individuals who fell outside this scope. One person concerned was Laurence Pullar. He had an engineering and business background, was a man of wealth, and took a broad view of public service. Pullar was also a life-long friend of Murray, and a Fellow of both the Royal Society and Royal Society of Edinburgh.
NUMISMATIC DETAILS OF THE CHALLENGER MEDAL 3
Obverse: Commemorates the voyage. In the center is a head and shoulders left-facing profile of the Roman goddess of wisdom and war, Minerva (in one of her many roles). Next to her is the image of an owl, her sacred bird (which is why wisdom is associated with owls). 4 These figures are superimosed upon a globe with lines of latitude and longitude. I know of at least one example of the medal with only the lines of longitude on the globe. 5 Partially encircling Athena and the owl is what appears to be an evergreen laurel branch; to the Greeks and Romans the laurel symbolised acquired immortality, both in battle as well as in the arts. 6 The whole is bordered by water, indicating the Expedition's round-the-world voyage. Figures from the sea include the Roman god of the sea, Neptune, who is grasping what appears to be a bottom sampler trawl in his right hand (disclosing treasures from th18752e deep). He cradles his trident in the left hand. A stylized dolphin is close by, and two mermaids support a long ribbon, which carefully conceals their charms. The ribbon bears the words: VOYAGE OF H.M.S CHALLENGER/1872-76. (Fig. 1) All images courtesy of St. Columba's Hospice, Challenger Lodge, Edinburgh.
Reverse: Commemorates work on the Challenger Reports. The central figure is a standing armored knight, throwing the gauntlet from his right hand into the sea (presumably to Neptune), whose trident appears above the waves - this being the crest of H.M.S. Challenger. The trident is partially wrapped in a long ribbon, which extends the entire circumference of the reverse. The ribbon bears the wording: REPORT ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE CHALLENGER EXPEDITION 1886.95. (Fig. 2)
Size: 75 mm ( 3 inches ).
Metal: bronze (possibly also manufactured in silver, and though I have never seen an example in this metal, one example supposedly exists, and Brown states the medal
was manufactured in silver). 7
Designer and Sculptor: William S. Black (an Edinburgh artist who actively exhibited between 1881-97) and William Birnie Rhind, RSA (1853-1933/an Edinburgh sculptor). 8
How manufactured: Cast.
Manufacturer: Unknown maker in Paris.
Naming: Recipient's first name and surname are engraved on the edge at six o'clock,
in sans serif capital letters. Sometimes, only the first and middle initials are engraved.
Number Cast: Unknown.
Number Issued: The List of Recipients of the Challenger Medal., 120 medals
were issued. Below, the List reveals the totals of issued medals from Aug. 29, 1895
through Feb. 15, 1897.
' Up till Aug. 29.
95 medal have been despatched (as per list)
4 without names (1 to Mr. Irvine Smith - Aug. 27.95)
1 " " taken to Holland by Mr.(sic) Murray
1 engraved Monteith [this is struck through]
Dec.16.1895. Jan.14 96
107 medals engraved 111 medals engraved 118 medals engraved (Feb.15/97)
1 Dr. Murray 1 Dr. Murray 1 Dr. Murray
1 Mr. Irvine Smith 1 Mr. Irvine Smith 1 Mr. Irvine Smith
11 in office 7 in office 120 '
The medal was issued from the Challenger Office, Edinburgh, in a fitted hinged
case, which has 'James Crichton & Co., 47 George St., Edinburgh' printed on the white
fabric of the inside lid. It came with a simple handwritten document noting the
recipient's name, and that it was a souvenir of Challenger work. 9 (Fig. 3) Several medals
were hand delivered by Dr. Murray, but the majority of them were sent by post.
CHALLENGER MEDAL ROLL
Assembling a complete
medal roll presents various challenges. Laurence Pullar's award is but
example, as he did not (as far as I am aware) fit the criteria for the
and yet he received a medal. Two other problems derive from the article
Nature. These writings state that Murray was presenting medals '...to
officers of the expedition, the contributors of memoirs to the
report[s] on the
scientific results of the expedition, and to members of the civilian
staff, as a souvenir of Challenger work.' Firstly, there are nine
included in Walter Crane's Challenger Expedition Reports. Portraits
Contributors, Reproduced from the Photographs Presented by Them to John Murray, etc. (1897), who do not
appear on the
List of Recipients of the Challenger Medal, and there seems no
reasons for their omissions. The second problem is whether or not
'contributors' included their assistants; perhaps in some cases the
yes, but in others no. Frederick Gordon Pearcey had one foot in each of
worlds, as he was a Domestic 3rd Class in the Royal Navy, and an
the Naturalists onboard. His shipmate, Writer Richard Wyatt, must have
significantly helped in the recording of data, and was thus rewarded
medal. One recipient was a certain 'Miss Sclater', who was possibly
Sclater's daughter, but this cannot be confirmed. I cannot find links
Expedition or subsequent scientific work among several individuals at
of the Roll, but more research and time will undoubtedly unmask their
Please note that naval ranks shown are those existing at the time of
NAVAL PERSONNEL RANK NOTES
1) ABBOTT, William J. Actg. Asst. Engr. Medal sent to HMS St. George,
Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
2) ALDRICH, Pelham First Lieutenant Medal sent to Captain Aldrich,
(1844-1930) HMS Hawke (Mediterranean
Squadron), Admiralty, London.
Medal known with document in the
NMM Collection; named "PELHAM
ALDRICH". Donated by Aldrich's
great-nephew. 10 Promoted to Comm-
ander after Expedition. Entitled to the
Arctic 1875-76 Medal (First Lieut., HMS
Alert). Commanded the Western Sledge
Party (Ellesmere Island) during the
Arctic Expedition. Captain's Good
Service Pension, November 1894. Rear
Admiral, 1898. Admiral Superintendent
of Portsmouth Dockyard, 1899-1902.
Attended the departure of the Royal
Coffin from Gosport, at the funeral of
Queen Victoria, 1 February 1901. CVO
(1902). Admiral 1907. Retired 1908.
Aldrich's journal is in the RGS archives.
3) ALLEN, Alfred J. Engineer Shown as Allan on the List. Medal sent
to a residence, but then forwarded to
4) BALFOUR, Andrew F. Sub-Lieutenant Medal sent to Commander Balfour, HMS
Penguin (Australian Station), Admiralty,
London. Balfour captained the Penguin
from 1893-95. In 1895, he made three
soundings in over 5,000 fathoms in the
Kermadec Trench, the deepest obtained
to that date.
5) BETHELL, George R. Lieutenant Medal sent to Commander Bethell,
43 Curzon Street, Mayfair, London.
Also entitled to the Egypt 1882-89
Medal/no bar and Khedive's Star 1882
(Lieut., HMS Minotaur). Later an MP
for Holderness Division, Yorkshire, for
6) BROMLEY, Arthur C.B. Lieutenant Assistant Surveyor, 3rd Cl. Medal sent
to Captain Bromley, HMS Endymion,
(Channel Squadron), Admiralty, London.
7) CAMPBELL, Lord Sub-Lieutenant Medal delivered by post. Log-Letters
George Granville from The Challenger (London, 1877).
8) CARPENTER, Alfred Lieutenant Medal sent to Commander Carpenter's
agent in Westminster, London.
Received the Albert Medal, 2nd Cl.
during the Expedition (Stanley Harbour,
Falkland Islands, 20 January 1876), and
awarded the RHS Bronze Medal for the
same incident. DSO and specially MID
for services during the annexation of
Burma, and received the thanks of the
Governement of India. Entitled to
IGS/Burma 1885-7 (Commander-in-
Charge of the Marine Survey of India,
1884-September 1889); Egypt 1882-89
Medal/no bar (Commander, in
command of the survey vessel
Myrmidon) and Khedive's Star, 1884-86.
In 1889, received a letter from the Indian
Government noting its appreciation
of his valuable services. FRMS; FZS.
9) CHANNER, Arthur Sub-Lieutenant Medal sent to Captain Channer, Light
House Department, Colombo, Ceylon.
Entitled to IGS/Burma 1885-7, when
Assistant Superintendent of the Indian
Marine Survey, and served with the
Naval Brigade (MID). Assistant Super-
intendent, First Grade, Indian Marine
Survey, May 1882 to August 1887.
10) HAVERGAL, Arthur Sub-Lieutenant Assistant Surveyor 1st Cl.
(1851 - ? ) Medal sent to Captain Havergal,
Hydrographic Department, Admiralty,
London. Specially promoted to
Lieutenant for services during the
11) HIGHAM, Robert Actg. Carpenter Medal sent to HMS Victory, Portsmouth.
12) HOWLETT, William A. Asst. Engr. Medal sent to HMS Grafton, Chatham.
13) HYNES, John Asst. Paymaster Medal sent to HMS Northampton,
14) MACLEAN, George Staff Surgeon Medal sent to Surgeon-General
Maclean, RN Hospital, Haslar, Gosport.
15) MACLEAR, John Commander Contributor to the Narrative. He was
Fiot Lee Pearse second-in-Command throughout the
(1838-1907) entire voyage, and was afterwards
promoted to Captain. Assistant
Surveyor, 2nd Class. Medal delivered
by Dr. Murray. Retired Vice-Admiral,
23 August 1897. Entitled to
Crimea/Sebastopol, Baltic, Turkish
Crimea Medals (Midshipman/HMS
Algiers), China 1857- 60/Taku Forts
1860 (Lieutenant/HMS Sphinx),
Abyssinia 1867-68 (First Lieut./HMS
Octavia). He is reputed in Dictionary
of National Biography 20th Century
and The Times' obituary to have
served as a Naval Cadet on HMS
Castor during the South African War,
1850-53, but he is not on the Medal
Roll. In addition, a photograph of
Maclear wearing his miniature
medals does not show him with
the South Africa 1834-53 Medal.
16) NARES, George Strong Captain Contributor to the Reports.
(1831-1915) (1872-74) Medal delivered by Dr. Murray.
Also entitled to the Arctic 1818-55
Medal (Mate/HMS Resolute/1852-54)
and Arctic 1875-76 Medal (Captain,
HMS Alert - Commander of the
Expedition). FRS (1875), RGS
Founder's Gold Medal (1877). Gold
Medal of the SociŽtŽ de Geographie
de Paris. KCB upon his return from
the Arctic Expedition. Vice-Admiral
on the Retired List in 1892.
17) PEARCEY, Fredk. Gordon Domestic 3rd Cl. Assistant to scientists, with duties
in the chemical laboratory.
Medal delivered by post.
Employed by the Challenger
Commission upon his return of the
Expedition. Contributor to the
Reports. Along with Writer 3rd Cl.
Richard Wyatt, one of only two other
ranks to receive the medal.
18) RICHARDS, R.R.A. Paymaster Medal delivered to Erlands, Crondall,
Hants. Unpublished journal rests in
the archives of the RGS.
19) SLOGGETT, Henry Charles Sub-Lieutenant Medal sent to Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.
(1852-1905) Later resigned his commission and went
to medical school in Edinburgh. Dr. Sloggett,
his wife and daughter, arrived in Honolulu in
1896, having come from the state of Washington.
In 1900, he helped organized the Honolulu
Microscopic Society. He was also a member of
the Medical Association of Hawaii and its president
20) SPRY, William J.J. Engineer Medal delivered to Therapia, St. Andrews
James Joseph Road, Southsea. The Cruise of HMS Challenger
( ? - 1906) (London, 1880).
21) SWIRE, Herbert Sub-Lieutenant Medal sent to Commander Swire,
(1851 - 1934) HMS Australia, Southampton.
The Voyage of the Challenger (two
volumes, limited edition; London,
22) THOMSON, Frank Tourle Captain In charge of survey. Contributor to
(1875-76) the Reports. Medal sent to Thomson
at The Palace, Hampton Court, London.
23) TIZARD, Thomas Henry Staff Cmdr. Asst. Surveyor, 1st Cl. Contributor
(1839-1924) to the Narrative and Meteorological
Observations. Medal delivered by
Dr. Murray. Probably entitled to the
Baltic Medal. CMG (Queen's Birthday,
June 3, 1899). Shown on the 1901
and 1907 Retired Lists with a CB, but
this may be in error for the CMG.
24) WYATT, Richard Writer, 3rd Cl. A Chief Petty Officer rating. Medal
delivered to 113 Powerscourt Road,
Portsmouth. Along with Domestic
3rd Cl. Fredk. G. Pearcey, one of
only two other ranks to receive the
medal. On 4 April 1873, Wyatt discovered
Schoolmaster Adam Ebbels in his hammock,
dead from apoplexy (stroke).
CIVILIAN SCIENTISTS TITLE(S) NOTES & SPECIALTIES
25) BUCHANAN, John Young Chemist & Contributor to the Reports.
(1844-1925) Physician Specific Gravity of Ocean Water.
26) MOSELEY, Henry Nottidge Naturalist Medal awarded posthumously
(1844-91) and sent to Mrs. Moseley.
Zoologist and Anthropologist.
Notes by a Naturalist on
HMS Challenger (London, 1880).
Contributor to the Narrative.
Hydroid and other Corals;
Phosphorescent Organ of Ipnops.
Royal Medal (1887); MA; FRS (1877);
27) THOMSON, Sir Director of Civilian Medal awarded posthumously and
Charles Wyville Scientific Staff sent to a Miss Dawson (presumably
(1830-82) a relative). Contributor to the Reports.
First Editor of the Reports. Introduction
of the Zoological Reports. FRS (1869).
Thomson was an important proponent
for ocean research in the 1860s, which
ultimately led to the Challenger
Expedition. He was the Chief Scientist
for the dredging voyages of HMS
Porcupine and Lightning, and authored
The Depths of the Sea (1873), which
summarized the findings of these
voyages and presented the case for a
global oceanographic voyage.
28) WILD, John James Artist & Secretary At Anchor: A Narrative of
(1828-1900) Experiences Afloat and Ashore
During the Voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger from 1872 to 1876.
(London, 1878). Thalasa, an Essay
on the Depth, Temperature, and
Currents of the Ocean (London, 1877).
Contributor to the Reports.
A Swiss national.
29) WILLEMOES-SUHM, Naturalist Medal awarded posthumously and
Dr. Rudolf von sent to his mother. Marine Biologist.
(1847-75) Died at sea of erysipelas, aged 28,
13 September 1875, on passage to
Tahiti, and buried at sea. A memorial
tablet given to the family by Thomson,
Murray, Buchanan, Moseley and Wild,
now rests at the family burial place in
Bad Segeberg (about 30 miles south of
a conscious decision to invite the world's premier specialists to
conduct the investigations
and write the various reports. This was done at the vigorous insistence
J.J. Thomson, who experienced considerable pressure to give a
role to British scientists.
CONTRIBUTORS SPECIALTIES NOTES
TO THE REPORTS AND/OR POSITIONS
30) AGASSIZ, Alexander Echinoidea. Marine Zoologist and
(1835-1910) Oceanographer. FRS (1891).
Agassiz performed extensive explor-
ations in the U.S. littoral areas, prior to
the Challenger Expedition. He was an
advisor and valuable assistant to
Thomson immediately following the
Expedition, and participated in cataloging
of the specimens and forming the initial
plans for the Challenger Reports.
31) ALLMAN, George James Hydroida. Marine Zoologist. Royal
(1812-98) Medal (1873); Brisbane Gold
Gold Medal (1877); Conning-
ham Gold Medal (1878); The
Linnean Medal (1896). MD;
LLD; FRCSI; FRS (1854);
FRSE; MRIA; CMZS.
32) BEDDARD, Frank Evers Isopoda. Member of Editorial Staff.
(1858-1925) Naturalist to the Challenger
(1882-84). MA; DSc; FRS
(1892); Prosector of the
Zoological Society (1884-
1915); FRSE; FZS.
33) BERGH, Rudolph Nudibranchiata; Invertebrate Zoologist. MD.
34) BRADY, George Copepoda; Ostracoda. MD; FRS (1882); FLS; FGS.
35) BROOK, George Antipatharia. Medal awarded posthumously
(1857-93) and sent to his wife. FLS; FRSE.
36) BROOKS, William Keith Stomatopoda. American Zoologist known
(1848-1908) for his research into the
anatomy and embryology
of marine animals. Elected
a Member of the National
Academy of Sciences in 1884.
37) BUCHAN, Alexander Atmospheric and Meteorologist. Medal known
(1829-1907) Oceanic Circulation. with document, held at St.
Challenger Lodge, Edinburgh.
Secretary of the Scottish
Meteorological Society in
Edinburgh. MA; LLD.
38) BUSK, George Polyzoa. Medal known. Named
(1807-86) "GEORGE BUSK", and
Ex-Surgeon, Royal Navy.
and Palaeontologist. RS
Royal Medal (1871); GS
Wollaston Medal and Lyell
Medal. X-Club Member. 11
FRS (1850); FGS. Busk appears
in the group photograph of
the Royal Society's scientific
party onboard the Challenger
39) CARPENTER, Philip Herbert Comatulae and Medal awarded posthumously
(1852-91) Stalked Crinoids. and sent to his wife.
Crinoidologist (Zoologist &
Palaeontologist). FRS (1885); FLS.
Son of William Benjamin Carpenter
(1813-85), a physiologist who contributed
to the Reports, but is oddly absent from
Challenger Medal List.
40) CHUMLEY, James Secretary to the Acknowledged in the
Director & Editor. Challenger Reports for
41) COMBER, Thomas Contributor to
42) CREAK, Ettrick W. Magnetical Results. Medal sent to Staff Commander
(1835-1920) Creak, Hydrographic Department,
Admiralty, London. Medal exists
to 'E.W. CREAK'. Promoted to
Second Master, 9 December
1858. Captain, RN, in 1901,
and Director of Compasses
in the RN's Hydrographer's
Dept. Instructions for the
set of magnetic instrucments
used by the 1901-04 British
National Antarctic Expedi-
tion were supplied by Creak.
FRS (1885); KCB (1901).
43) CUNNINGHAM, Daniel John Marsupialia. MD; FRS (1891); FRSE.
44) CUNNINGHAM, Contributor to Posted to the Royal College of
Joseph Thomas the Narrative. Surgeons, London.
45) DENDY, Arthur Monaxonida. Zoologist. BSc; FRS (1908);
46) DITTMAR, William Composition of Chemist. FRS (1882); FRSE
(1833-92) (Wilhelm) Ocean Water. (1863); Fellow, Institute
of Chemistry; Chemical
Society of London' s
Graham Medal; Hon. LLD,
47) FINSCH, Friedrich Birds of Tongatabu Naturalist. The Finsch
Hermann Otto and the Fiji Islands. Crater on the Moon is
(1839-1917) named in his honor.
48) FORBES, William A. Anatomy of Tubinares; FLS; FGS; MBOU.
Birds of Cape York, &c. Posted to Mrs. Forbes.
49) FULTON, Thomas Member of the MD (1884); FRSE.
Alexander Wemyss Editorial Staff.
50) GIBSON, John Analysis of Manganese
51) GRAFF, Ludwig Von Myzotomida. Zoologist.
52) G†NTHER, Albert Shore Fish; Pelagic MA; MD; PhD; FLS;
Charles Lewis Gotthilf Fish; Deep-sea Fish. FRS (1867). Royal Achive
(1830-1914) Winner (RS, 1878).
53) HAECKEL, Ernst Radiolaria; Deep-sea Biologist & Philosopher.
(1834-1919) Medusae; Deep-sea MD; PhD.; Hon. FRSE.
54) HADDON, Alfred Cort Polyplacophora. Zoologist & Anthropologist.
(1855-1940) Regarded as one of modern
British anthropology. FRS
55) HARMER, Sidney Frederic Cephalodiscus. Zoologist; FRS (1898).
56) HEMSLEY, William Botting Botany of the Expedition. Botanist and Taxonomist.
(1843-1924) FRS (1889).
57) HENDERSON, Anomura.
58) HERDMAN, William Abbott Member of Editorial Marine Zoologist and
(1858-1924) Staff. Tunicata. Oceanographer. President
of the Liverpool Geological
Society (1898-1900), being
awarded the Society's Silver
Medal (1922). Knighted (1922).
DSc; FRS (1892); FLS; FRSE.
59) HERTWIG, Richard Actiniaria. Zoologist. Knighted (1910).
Karl Wilhelm Theodor von
60) HOEK, Paulus P.C. Cirripedia; Pycnogonida. Marine Zoologist. Member,
(1845-1914) Royal Academy of Sciences
61) HORSLEY, Reginald Ernest Member of Editorial Staff.
62) HOYLE, William Evans Member of Editorial Malacologist. MA (Oxon.);
(1855-1926) Staff. Cephalopoda. MRCS; FRSE.
63) HUBRECHT, A.A.W. Nemertea. Zoologist. LLD; CMZS.
64) HUXLEY, Thomas Henry Spirula. Medal awarded posthumously
(1825-95) and sent to his wife. FRS (1851);
Royal Medal (1852); President of
the Royal Society (1883-85). X Club
member.11 Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog'.
65) K…LLIKER, Rudoph Pennatulida. FRS (1860); Copley Medal
Albert Von (1897); FMRS; Hon. FRSE.
66) LANKESTER, Edwin Ray Invertebrate Medal sent to the Zoology Laboratory,
(1847-1929) Zoologist University of Oxford. A disciple of
Huxley, Lankester's father (Edwin) was
a medical doctor and friend of Huxley's.
Director of London's Natural History
Museum from 1898-1907). FRS (1875).
67) LENDENFELD, Robert von Phosphorescent Spongiologist and
(1858-1913) Organs of Fish. Cnidariologist.
68) LƒOPOLD, Alexandre Caecidae. Malacologist.
Guillaume, Marquis de Folin
69) LINSTOW, Otto Von Entozoa. Helminthologist. MD.
70) LYMAN III, Theodore Ophiuroidea. Naturalist. Served in the
(1833-97) American Civil War as a
Aide-de-Camp on Gen.
George G. Meade's staff.
71) McINTOSH (M'Intosh), William Annelida; Botanist and Marine
Carmichael Cephalodiscus; Zoologist. Professor
(1838-1931) Phoronis. of Natural History,
University of St. Andrews
(1882-1917). MB; LLD;
72) MILL, Hugh Robert Contributor to Geographer and for ten
(1861-1950) the Narrative. years Librarian at the RGS.
73) MILNE-EDWARDS, Alphonse Ornithologist and Medal sent to the Natural
(1835-1900) Carcinologist History Museum, Paris.
74) MURRAY, George Robt. Milne Cryptogamic Published An Introduction to
(1858-1911) Botanist the Study of Seaweeds (1895).
Posted to the British Museum,
75) PARKER, William Kitchen Development of the Marine Zoologist and
(1823-90) Green Turtle. Naturalist. FRS (1865);
Royal Medal (1866).
76) PELSENEER, Paul Pteropoda; Anatomy of Chemistry Teacher and
(1863-1945) Mollusca; Spirula. Amateur Malacologist.
77) PIGOTT, T. Digby Ornithology. Medal known. Named
(1840-1927) "T. DIGBY PIGOTT".
Ornithologist. CB (1890);
78) POLƒJAEFF, Nicolai Calcarea; Keratosa. Spongiologist. MA.
79) QUELCH, John Joseph Reef Corals. Zoologist. BSc (Lond.).
(1854 - ? )
80) RENARD, Alphonse-Franois Deep-sea Deposits; Geologist and
(1842-1903) Petrology of St. Paul's Petrographer. Bigsby
Rocks. Medal (London Geological
81) RIDLEY, Stuart Oliver Monaxonida. Medal known.
(1853-1935) Named 'S.O. RIDLEY'.
Spongiologist. MA; FLS.
82) SALVADORI PALEOTTI, Birds of Ternate, Ornithologist. Last of the
Count Adelaro Tommaso Amboyna, &c. original Honorary
(1835-1923) Fellows of the AOU.
83) SALVIN, Osbert Steganopodes; Ornithologist. The Godman-
(1835-98) Impennes; Salvin Medal of The British
Procellariidae. Ornithologists' Union, is
named after him.
84) SARS, Georg Ossian Schizopoda; Cumacea; Marine Biologist.
85) SAUNDERS, Howard Laridae. Ornithologist. FZS; FLS.
86) SCHULZE, Franz Eilhard Hexactinellida. Zoologist.
87) SCLATER, Philip Lutley Birds of the Admiralty Ornithologist. FRS (1861);
(1829-1913) Islands, &c. FLS; Co-founder of The
Society for the Preservation
of Wild Fauna of the Empire
88) SELENKA, Emil Gephyrea. Marine Zoologist.
89) SLADEN, W. Percy Asteroidea. Marine Zoologist.
(1849-1900) FZS; FLS; FGS.
90) SMITH, Edgar Albert Lamellibranchiata; Malacologist. At the
(1847-1916) Heteropoda. British Museum. FZS.
91) SOLLAS, William Johnson Tetractinellida. Geologist. Other scientific
(1849-1936) interests included zoological
and in his later years,
became a leading authority
in the latter. MA; DSc; LLD;
92) STEBBING, Thomas Amphipoda. Cleric and Gentleman-
Roscoe Rede Naturalist. MA; FRS (1896).
93) STUDER, Theophil Alcyonaria. Zoologist. MD and PhD.
94) TAIT, Peter Guthrie Pressure Errors of the Physicist and Mathematician.
(1831-1901) Thermometers; Physical FRSE; Royal Society's Royal
Properties of Water. Medal (1886); Hon. Fellow of
Edinburgh Maths Society.
95) THƒEL, Hjalmar Holothurioidea. Zoologist.
96) THISELTON-DYER, Systematic Medal sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew.
Dr. William Turner Botanist Director of Kew (1885-1905). FRS (1880);
(1843-1928) KCMG; CIE. He was Sir Joseph Dalton
97) THOMSON, Sir John Arthur Translator of Naturalist. Knighted (1930).
(1861-1933) Zoological Reports.
98) TURNER, Sir William Cetacea; Pinnipedia; Anatomist. MB; LLD;
(1832-1916) Human Skeletons. FRS (1877); FRSSL&E.
99) WATERS, Arthur William Polyzoa. Zoologist. FLS; FGS.
( ? - 1930)
100) WATSON, Morrison Anatomy of the Anatomist. MD; FRS (1884);
(1846-85) Spheniscidae. FRSE.
101) WATSON, Rev. Robert Boog Gasteropoda. Medal known. Chaplain,
(1823-1910) Royal Army; Zoologist.
LLD; FLS; FGS; FRSE.
102) WRIGHT, Edward Perceval Alcyonaria. Marine Zoologist. MA;
(1834-1910) MD; Sec. MRIA.
OTHER RECIPIENTS TITLES, SPECIALTIES NOTES
103) ANDERSON, W.S. ?
104) BLACK, William S. Edinburgh Artist Designer of the Challenger Medal.
105) DICKSON, Edinburgh hydrographer Friend of Sir John Murray.
106) FOSTER, Michael Physiologist FRS (1872). KCB (1899). From 1881-1903,
(1836-1907) one of the secretaries of the Royal Society.
107) GOSCHEN, Rt. Hon. Member of Parliament First Lord of the Admiralty (1871-74 and
George Joachim 1895-1900). Chancellor of the Exchequer
(1831-1907) (1886-1892). The latter position may be
the reason he was issued a medal. Goschen
may have assisted with funds to publish the
108) IRVINE, Robert Chemist FRSE. Co-authored papers in the Proceedings
(1839-1902) of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Among others,
he was one of the instigators of the Scottish Marine
109) MONTEITH, Dr. James ? Medal List states: 'handed to Mrs. Monteith,
per Lily Murray August 27, 1895'.
110) MURRAY, Mrs. ? Acknowledged in the Challenger Reports for her
assistance. Evidently not Sir John Murray's wife.
111) NANSEN, Fridtjof Polar Explorer Presented personally by Dr. Murray on
(1861-1930) 15 February 1897. The medal was doubtlessly
given in recognition of the oceanographic
work carried out by Nansen during the Fram
112) PULLAR, Laurence Financer (?) Medal known. Named
(1838-1926) 'LAURENCE PULLAR'. FRSE
(1903) and FRGS; LLD, University
of Edinburgh (1926) in recognition
of his generosity in the promotion
of scientific research. Pullar was a
life-long friend of Sir John Murray,
and this association drew him into
his interest in scientific research.
With Pullar's financial aid, a steam
yacht was built and equipped for
oceanographical work near the
shores of Scottish sea-lochs, which
enabled Murray to carry on these
investigations for several years.
This is but one example of Pullar's
financial assistance toward the
advancement of science. It is
claimed in some writings that
Murray did not tolerate the red tape
of government, and when the
Treasury became stubborn, he
spent his own money to bring out
volumes of the Report.12 It would
seem possible that Pullar also put
money toward the publishing, and
perhaps as a result of these
financial contributions, was given
a Challenger Medal by Murray. To
date, however, the author has not
uncovered any direct link between
Pullar, the Challenger Expedition
or the Reports.
113) RICHARDS, George Henry Rear Admiral FRS (1866); CB (Civil/1871); Knighted
(1820-96) (1877); KCB (1886); Arctic 1818-55 Medal
Richards had an extensive background
as a surveying officer, and in 1864,
was appointed Hydrographer of the Navy.
He retired from the RN in January 1874,
and in December of that year, served on
a committee to plan the Arctic Expedition
of 1875. Richards appears in the group
photograph of the Royal Society's scientific
party onboard the Challenger (December 1872).
114) THE ROYAL SOCIETY Sent to Burlington House, London.
115) SCOTT, A.R. ? Hand delivered to recipient at the Challenger Office.
Acknowledged in the Challenger Reports for his
116) SCLATER, Miss ? Possibly the daughter of Philip Lutley Sclater.
Acknowledged in the Challenger Reports for
117) SMITH, Irvine ? Issued unengraved.
118) TURBYNE, Alexander Merchant Captain In the Reports, Turbyne is described
( ? - 1905) as 'being in charge of the Marine
Biological Station at Millport' and
having been for many years
'Captain of Dr. Murray's steam
Yacht 'Medusa' '. The Marine
Biological Station at Millport was
established on the Isle of Cumbrae
in the Firth of Clyde, in the spring
of 1885. The Report relates that
Turbyne 'worked for over 13 years
under Dr. Murray's instructions
(including 10 years consecutively)',
conducting practical investigations
'while matters strictly scientific
were undertaken and prepared for
press by men with a scientific
training.' The above would explain
the award of the Challenger Medal.
At some point, Turbyne live aboard
The Ark, a lighter converted into a
floating laboratory by Murray. The
Ark marked the establishment of the
Marine Station at Millport, the oldest
in Scotland. Turbyne evidently went
to work for the Fisheries Department
of Cape Colony in 1898, and died as
a result of a gun accident in East
London, South Africa, on 15 July 1905.
119) WEIR, Mrs. ? Sent 'C/O James Murray, Supt.
Can. Pac. Rl. [Canadain Pacific
Railroad], Winnipeg, Manitoba'.
Acknowledged in the Challenger
Reports for her assistance.
120) One unengraved medal. Taken to Holland by Dr. Murray.
Below are individuals who do not appear on the List of Recipients of the Challenger Medal,
but who were evidently in every way entitled to the award, whether through participation in
the voyage or having contributed to the Reports. Though it is possible that medals were not issued
to some of these men due to their deaths, Busk, Carpenter and Huxley are a few examples of
posthumously awarded medals. Perhaps some families could not be traced? As for the naval
officers/warrant officers, excepting Commander Lloyd, it is possible that the other RN men had left
the Service and could not be traced. But this again does not offer a certain answer to the question
of why these men do not appear on the List.
ROYAL NAVY RANKS NOTES
1) COX, Richard Boatswain In charge of stores.
2) CROSBIE, Alexander Staff Surgeon
3) FERGUSON, James H. Chief Engineer In charge of engines.
4) HARSTON, Henry C.E. Sub-Lieutenant
5) LLOYD, Edward W. Sub-Lieutenant Retired Commander on
Sept. 15, 1899. Emergency
List, 1901. Cmdr., Tyneside
Division, RNVR, April 1, 1905.
In charge of Ordnance Dept.
of Messrs. Armstrong,
Witworth & Co., Elswick. CB
(Civil) on the coronation of
King George V, June 19, 1911.
6) MARCOM, Alfred Asst. Surgeon
7) OLDHAM, Cecil F. Sub-Lieutenant
8) WESTFORD, Fredk. W. Carpenter
CIVILIAN SCIENTISTS SPECIALTIES NOTES
9) BATE, Charles Spence Macrura. Invertebrate Zoologist
(1819-89) and practicing Dentist.
Licentiate Royal College of
Surgeons; President, Odonto-
logical Society (1885).FRS
10) BRADY, Henry Bowman Foraminifera. FRS (1874); FLS; FGS.
11) CARPENTER, Orbitolites. Physiologist who
William Benjamin published extensively in
(1813-85) fields as far apart as mental
marine biology and religion.
Lyell Medal (1883). CB; MD;
LLD; FRS (1844); FGS. Father
of Philip Herbert Carpenter.
12) CASTRACANE degli Diatomaceae. Biologist. He was one of
Antelminelli, the first to introduce micro-
Conte Francesco photography into the study
(1817-99) of biology.
13) DAVIDSON, Thomas Brachiopoda. Palaeontologist. FRS
(1817-85) (1857)-Royal Medal (1870);
(1865); Honorary degree
by the University of St.
Andrews (1882); FLS;
14) GARROD, Alfred Henry Anatomy of Carpophaga. Vertebrate Zoologist.
(1846-79) FRS (1876)
15) HAY, Arthur Birds of the Philippines. The Ornithological Works
(9th Marquis of Tweeddale) of Arthur, Ninth Marquis
(1824-78) of Tweeddale (1881). Served
as a soldier in India and the
Crimea. President of the
Zoological Society of
London. FRS (1871).
16) MIERS, Edward John Brachyura. Curator of the Natural
(1851-1930) History Museum in
17) WHITE, Francis Buchanan Pelagic Hemiptera. Entomologist. MD; FLS.
Summary of Sir John Murray's Titles & Awards, Etc.
Note: Murray is not shown on the List as receiving a medal. This may well be an
indication of the gentleman's modesty, as he evidently did not have a medal
engraved for himself. Still, the total number of medals cast is unknown, so
he more than likely kept an unnamed specimen for himself.
MURRAY, Sir John Naturalist Considered the founder
(1841-1914) of modern oceanography.
Seven of the 50 volumes of the
Challenger Reports were written
largely or entirely by Murray. He
was also the Editor, contributor
to the Narrative and wrote the
Summary of Results. Deep-Sea
Deposits. FRS (1896); FRSE.
Cuvier Prize & Medal (Institute of
France/1894); Humbodt Medal
(Berlin Society of Geography/1895);
Royal Medal (RS/1895); Founders
Medal (RGS/1895); Neill Medal (RSE/
1880); Makdougall-Brisbane Medal
(RSE/1886); Order of Pour le MŽrite
for Arts & Sciences (Prussia/1898);
Cullum Medal (AGS/1899); Clarke
Memorial Medal (RSNSW/1901);
LŸtke Medal (IRSG/1904); Livingstone
Medal (RSGS/1910); Grand Cross of
the Royal Order of St. Olav (Norway/
1910); Helen Culver Medal (GSC/1911);
Vega Medal (SAGS/1912); Agassiz
Gold Medal (Academy of Sciences,
Murray created the Alexander Agassiz
Medal in honor of his friend. The medal
is awarded for an original contribution
in the science of oceanography.
KCB (1898). In 1886, he put forth a plan
to send two ships on a major Antarctic
expedition. Although it was never
put into action, eight years later, the
RGS used his ideas to promote the
British National Antarctic Expedition.
Actg. - Acting
AOU - American Ornithologists' Union
Asst. - Assistant
CB - Companion of the Order of the Bath
CIE - Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire
Cmdr. - Commander
CMZS - Charter Member Zoological Society (?)
CVO - Commander Victorian Order
DSO - Distinguished Service Order
Engr. - Engineer
FGS - Fellow of the Geological Society
FLS - Fellow of the Linnean Society
FRCSI - Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
FRGS - Fellow Royal Geographical Society
FRMS - Fellow of the Royal Meteorlogical Society
FRS - Fellow of the Royal Society
FRSE - Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
FRSSL&E - Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh
FZS - Fellow of the Zoological Society of London
GSC - Geographic Society of Chicago
Hon. - Honorary
IGS - India General Service Medal 1854-95
IRGS - Imperial Russian Geographical Society
KCB - Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
KCMG- Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George
LLD - Legum Doctor (Doctor of Law)
MB - Bachelor of Medicine
MID - Mentioned in Despatches
MRCS- Member of the Royal College of Surgeons
MRIA - Member Royal Irish Academy
RHS - Royal Humane Society
RN - Royal Navy
RNVR - Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
RS - Royal Society (London)
RSA - Royal Society of Arts
RSE - Royal Society of Edinburgh
RSGS - The Royal Scottish Geographical Society
RSNSW - The Royal Society of New South Wales
SAGS - Swedish Anthropological & Geographical Society
VPPS - Vice President of the Palaeontographical Society
Ms. Clara Anderson
Dr. David C. Bossard
Dr. David M. Damkaer
Mr. Roy L. Davids
Dr. Margaret Deacon
Ms. Judith Farrington
Mr. Daniel Fearon
Dix Noonan Webb (DNW)
Mr. Mark Sikes
Mr. John I. Simper
Ms. Barbara Tomlinson
Mr. Martin Wagner
Mr. Bryan Williamson
Alder, Jenny (2005) The Stebbing Collection. Foyle Special Collections Library, King's College London. www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/library/speccoll/stebbing.html
Archives Hub (2005) Collection of Correspondence of Frank Evers Beddard (1858-1925) www.archiveshub.ac.uk/index.html
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Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Journal, Autumn.
Bourner, Karen (2000) Laurel or Bay - Laurus Nobilis. www.geocities.com/Athens/Atlantis/3699/laurel.htm
Brown, Laurence (1987) A Catalogue of British Historical Medals 1837-1901. London: Seaby.
Brunton, Eileen V. (2nd ed., 2004) The Challenger Expedition, 1872-1876: A Visual Index. London: The Natural History Museum.
George Busk www.1911encyclopedia.org
The Catholic Encyclopedia www.newadvent.org/
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Census) http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/census/main_census.asp?indid=&spouse_id=
Clowes, Sir Wm. Laird (1903) The Royal Navy, A History From the Earliest Times to the Death of Queen Victoria (Vol. 7). London: Sampson Lowe, Marston and Company.
Coakley, F. (editor) Who was Who? (2004) William Abbott Herdman, 1858-1924. www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/people/antiqarn/wherdman.htm
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Crane, Walter (1897) Challenger Expedition Reports. Portraits of the Contributors, Reproduced from the Photographs Presented by Them to John Murray, etc. London: Dulau & Co.
Davie, Peter (Compiler). 2001. MALACOSTRACA Latreille, 1802 www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=MALACOSTRACA;pstrTaxa=1;pstrChecklistMode=1
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Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929) www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Lankester.html
Eimer, Christopher (1987) British Commemorative Medals and their values. London: Seaby.
Enersen, Ole Daniel (2001) Who Named It? Richard Karl Wilhelm Theodor von Hertwig. www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2105.html
Everson, Gordon R. (1978) The South Africa 1853 Medal. London: Samson Books Ltd.
Fact Monster (2005) www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0848559.html
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2003) www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/FRSE.html
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The Geological Society www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=geohome
Gill, Mrs. (1880) Six Months in Ascension: An Unscientific Account of a Scientific Expedition. London: John Murray.
Hansson, Hans. G. (undated) Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/personetymol/petymol.b.html
Hatch, Dr. Robert A. (2003) project bio-dic (Darwin's Friends and Comtemporaries). http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/13-NDFE/darwin/05-Darwin-friends.htm
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Illinois Mycological Association www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/index.html
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Jensen, J. Vernon (1970) The X Club: Fraternity of Victorian Scientists. The British Journal for the History of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Joslin, E.C., Litherland, A.R., Simpkin, B.T. (1988) British Battles & Medals. London: Spink & Son Ltd.
Kemp, Peter (editor) (1972) The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea.
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Lancaster University Pamphlet (1976) www.lancs.ac.uk/users/history/studpages/lanchistory/vicky/turner.htm
Linklater, Eric (1972) The Voyage of the Challenger. New York: Doubleday and Company Inc.
List of Recipients of the Challenger Medal. August 1895 [- February 1897] (handwritten document) Murray Library. The Natural History Musuem, London.
Litherland, A.R. & Simpkin, B.T. (1990) Spink's Standard Catalogue of British and Associated Orders Decorations & Medals with Valuations. London: Spink and Son Ltd.
Living Rocks of Mexico (2004) The Who's Who of Ariocarpus. www.living-rocks.com/people.htm
Mamiya Medical Heritage Center http://hml.org/mmhc/mdindex/sloggett.html
McManus, B. Minerva www.vroma.org/~araia/minerva.html
Meijer, T. (2004) Ice-Age Molluscs. http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Meijer.T/tm/paginas/an-arch-bpers-h.htm
Missouri Association for Creation (2004) www.gennet.org/facts/haeckel.html
Moore, P.G. (2002) Capt. Alexander Turbyne and the origins of the Marine Station at Millport. London: The Linnean.
Morgan, Daniel (2001) Descendants of James Bannerman. www.mit.edu/~dfm/genealogy/bannerman.html
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Nature (November 1885) Presidential Address to the Royal Society. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/UnColl/Nature/RS85.html
Nature (1895) A Souvenir of "Challenger" Work. London.
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Wilson, A. & McEwen, J.H.F. (1939) Gallantry. London: Oxford University Press.
1 Boog-Watson, 1967.
2 Nature, 1895.
5 P. Rodger, Appeals Officer, March 27, 1995.
6 Bourner, 2000.
7 Linklater, 1972 and Brown, 1987.
8 C. J. Burnett, Curator of Fine Art and Medals, 12 January 1995, and Eimer, 1987.
9 Rodger, op.cit. and B. Tomlinson, Curator, Antiquities, Aug. 5, 1998.
10 Tomlinson, ibid.
11 The X Club was a dinner club formed in 1864 by nine eminent scientists, who had long been intimate friends, so
they would not drift apart due to their various duties, and in order to further the cause of science. The Club
held monthly meetings from October to June, and was extremely active for two decades, but this activity gradually
lessened. The regular communication helped X Club members to gather their efforts on behalf of science against
what they felt to be the obstructionist activities and ideas of conservative scientists, certain theologians, and non-
scientific society figures. Members at the birth of the X Club were: George Busk (1807- 86), Joseph D. Hooker (1817-
1911), Herbert Spencer (1820-1923), John Tyndall (1820-93), Edward Frankland (1825-99), Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-
95), Thomas Archer Hirst (1830-92) and John Lubbock (1834-1913). William Spottiswoode (1825-83) became the ninth
member of the Club at its second meeting. Much of the discussion at the meetings focused on the affairs of the
Royal Society. By 1864, all were Fellows of the Royal Society, except Spencer who, due to principle and possible
resentment, flatly refused to agree to his being nominated. The X Club exerted important influence in the Royal
Society, in the British Association, in various other scholarly societies, in the Royal Institution, and in the publishing
of scientific works.
12 Linklater, 1972.
13 Shipley, Sir Arthur E. (Zoologist 1861-1927)


The Furnival Press was founded in 1861 by George Barber, a Victorian entrepreneur who came from the Kent coast to London to seek his fortune. The business occupied premises on the corner of Furnival and Cursitor Streets in Holborn, where initially the business concentrated on printing for the legal profession, followed in due course by parliamentary work, printing for the city livery companies, and music printing.
Richard took over the company following his father’s death in 1901. The business stayed in the hands of the Barber family right up to 1960, when it was taken over by its Furnival Street neighbour, the Jewish Chronicle. 10 years on, with traffic congestion making the loading and unloading of heavy lorries in the narrow street increasingly difficult, the business moved to Camberwell, employing at that time 70 staff.
Johnny Gumb, who had joined the company in 1969, bought the business with 2 associates in 1982.
Echoes of our early years live on in the printing which we still produce
for two of the Inns of Court and several city livery companies,
and in the depth of our knowledge of printing as a traditional craft and a skill.
We moved in 2002 to Stockwell and introduced our ‘on-demand’
digital printing and large format, facilities which helped to broaden
our loyal customer base.
Now in 2016 Furnival Press has purchased another printing company,
TKO Print, which was a family run business established in 1985.
David Peach, the new owner has been with Furnival Press since 1998.
With new investment, premises, energy and ideas, the company
has just upgraded to new Konica Minolta digital presses,
with associated finishing equipment to cope with any print requirements
and same day turnaround projects.
The new London site offers customer parking and is a 1 minute walk
from Kennington tube station.
Our proud history Abridged
Furnival Press Day out 1906
george barber founder of the furnival press


Celebrate Black History Month during the African American History Festival from 10 am to 5 pm at Cauley Lott Park. The festival will be hosted by UCAN Leaders of Lake County. The event will include entertainment, vendors and a parade at 10 am beginning at the corner of Tremain Street and Lincoln Avenue and concluding at Cauley Lott Park.
Entertainment : TBD
Road Closures: None
Parking Instructions: Nearby Streets
Items Prohibited: Pets, Glass, Alcohol
Bathroom Locations: Public Restrooms: Cauley Lott Park, Portalets: onsite


My name is Bob Jenkins and I am the Fairfield County Coordinator.
We have many genealogical resources available here.
We would be appreciative of any contributions you would like
to make to this site.
Use the box below to search for Fairfield County data.
|A brief history: (from
On December 9, 1800, the government of the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Fairfield County. Residents named the county after the area's "fair fields." Zane's Trace passed through the county. The population grew as people moved westward into the Northwest Territory.
Among Fairfield County's more prominent residents was William Tecumseh Sherman, a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. His brother, John Sherman, was a United States senator and author of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. General Sherman's former home in Lancaster is now a museum.
|Mailing lists/Msg Boards||Maps||Marriages|| Military
|Resources||Surnames||Vital Records||BLM Land Search|
|Visit neighboring counties by clicking their link below|
Assistant State Coordinator Mary


Classic & Historic Gallery
Classic pianos and piano technology lovingly handled by Kessler Piano Service over the years.
Typical mid-20th century Mason & Hamlin grand piano manufactured near Boston
Late 19th century square grand piano of unknown origin
The fallboard of an early 20th century Feurich grand piano made in Leipzig, Germany
Mid-20th century Hornung & Möller grand piano made in Copenhagen, Denmark
An early 20th century Steinway & Sons grand piano manufactured in New York, completely restored.
A late 19th century Bechstein full upright made in Berlin, Germany, all original.
Late 19th century Steinway & Sons grand piano manufactured in New York
An early 20th century Gunther variation on a “butterfly" grand piano, made in Brussels, Belgium, completely restored.
Modern & Festive Gallery of pianos and entertainent systems.


The pottery Beck was created in the year 1750 in Soufflenheim, in Alsace. It always was a family business transmitted from father to son and it is actually managed by Richard Beck, his wife Michèle and their 3 daughters.
The family Beck welcome you in their spacious and functional store of 250 m², so that you can discover their original creations.
Opening hours :
Mon. to Fri., 8:15 to 11:45 and at 13:15 to 17:00 and Fridays until 16:00 and now also on saturdays from 14:00 to 17:00


The Hi-Line Bridge spans the Sheyenne River Valley across the two northern most hills surrounding the city of Valley City. It was formerly called the viaduct by the Northern Pacific Railroad. In 1906 construction of the bridge began and the structure was not completed until 1908. The reason for building the bridge was an economic one: The expense of the large amounts of coal burned by the trains pulling cargo out of the Sheyenne River Valley.
Though the Hi-Line Bridge is no longer utilized for carrying passenger trains across the valley, it continues to play a vital role in the traffic of freight trains. It was also an indespensible tool for moving both men and supplies during both World War I and World War II.
The Hi-Line bridge is 3,096 feet long and rises 160 feet above the Sheyenne River. Approximately 6,880 tons of steel were used to build the structure. One hundred sixty men undertook the tremendous task of constructing the bridge, which cost a total of $750,000.
It has been the mascot of Valley City High School since 1926.


FAIRHAVEN ANTIQUE FESTIVAL
Fairhaven is held in a small unincorporated community in eastern Israel Township, Preble County, Ohio, it lies along State Route 177 & around David Goods home. Fairhaven was laid out and platted in 1832. Fairhaven is a commendatory name for the scenic location of the original town site. A post office was established at Fairhaven in 1833, and remained in operation until 1932.
Fairhaven Antiques Festival started around 1975 with the Fairhaven Antiques Festival Association & continued til 2011 and held the first week of June. The FAFA started out with John Auraden (1936 - 2003), Clark Garrett (1927-1987), Harriet Schmitt (1923 - 2015) & later David Good that still lives in the home above where the show will be taking place & across the street which he also owns. . By popular demand, Bovard Promotions, LLC., has decided to revive the show after being closed for 9 years.
Fairhaven Antiques Festival has had exhibitors from New England states to Southern State as far south as Florida to far as West of Texas with customers coming from all over the country. This coming year 2021, we have around 50 exhibitors from New England states (Maine, New Hampshire, Mass., ), exhibitors from Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Penn., South Carolina, Tenn., Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin.
The gates will open Thursday morning at 10am and end at 6pm & Friday morning at 10am -5pm. with a $10 admission.
See you all Thursday morning,
Katherine Bovard of
Bovard Promotions, LLC


The Ben Franklin Bridge, Interior of City Hall, the Philadelphia Art Museum
East Philadelphia from the Schuylkill, Mikveh Synagogue Interior , The South Street Bridge
West Philadelphia from the Schuylkill, Interior of 30th Street Station, the East Falls Bridge .
Each triptych shows the connection of Philadelphia through its bridges and its buildings. Multiple layers of drawings chronicle the complexity of an evolving city and how it connects intersecting old and new, native and foreign.


Livro: The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia
Autor: Phillip Knightley, Colin Simpson
Peso: 600 g
Encadernação capa dura com sobrecapa. Livro em inglês.
T.E. Lawrence was a complicated man, gifted, charismatic, and enigmatic. Knightley and Simpson have documented that for much of his adult life, he was an official and unofficial agent of the British government, who spied out the lay of the land in the Middle East prior to World War I and was a highly successful agent of influence with the Arab tribes during the war. In the post-war years, he enjoyed remarkable access to movers and shakers in and out of government on a variety of causes. Lawrence was also a troubled man, who felt some shame over his illegitimate birth and who never quite got over his experiences in the desert, whatever they were. He was badly conflicted over the official deception of the Arabs, and as Knightley and Simpson document, he likely suffered after the war from what we would now term post-traumatic stress syndrome.


When the Ancestral Race colonized Thalea, they resembled Ritjessians at first. Since they were efficient in technology, climate control towers were constructed. These towers were spread everywhere and kept the world of Thalea in a livable state. They harnessed their own Dark Matter energy, but instead of using the power in outward bursts, they developed the conversion process of the energy into a physical form. Civilizations were created, but after the Ancestral Race ascended from Thalea, there was no one left to govern the ones left behind. There were not enough people to maintain the climate towers either and the towers ceased function. The planet's weather reverted back to ice and snow.
Because of this, Thelians' appearance began to evolve. Their light skin became darker to absorb heat efficiently, and the skin and fur on their bodies grew thicker to fight the cold. The remaining Thelians fought for power for years on end. In the process, the control towers were turned to ruin. When the warring did finally end, the cities sat dilapidated and the survivors regretted it all. Technology didn't solve anything so they started a new, simple lifestyle - only keeping what was needed to survive. The civilians converted the ruins of Thalea into make-shift housing. All usage of Dark Matter powers became outlawed and over the next hundreds of years the abilities were also lost to time. The Thelian symbol was branded into society as a reminder of the past as it resembled the eye rims their ancestors had before them.


The Chinese origins
The word "Bonsai" (pronounced "bone sigh") is a Japanese word
and means "a tree in a pot" whereas the Chinese actually called
the art form penjing. Bonsai do not originate from Japan but
from China and this fact in itself shatters many beliefs.
However, the detail around the history of Bonsai is still based
mainly on historical assumptions and beliefs, which are from
of the most common beliefs relates to a Chinese legend of a
fourth century A.D. Chinese poet and civil servant called
Guen-ming who is thought to have started growing chrysanthemums
in small pots. Many people believe this was the start of Bonsai
even though the earliest evidence of Bonsai was found in the
tomb of Prince Zhang Huai, of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 A.D.).
In his tomb were found two wall paintings showing people
carrying plants in small pots which looked remarkably like
It is clear that Bonsai as
an art form was a passion of the Chinese aristocracy, monks and
nobility for hundreds of years, however eventually it did
permeate fully into Chinese society. During the Ch'ing dynasty
(1644 - 1911) Bonsai became a hobby of the "middle classes"
equivalent of China and thus became embedded into the full
sub-culture of Chinese life.
The introduction of Bonsai to Japan
During the Heian period (794
- 1191 A.D.) Buddhist monks brought Bonsai to Japan probably
some 400 to 600 years after it originated in China. As in China
the art of Bonsai was practiced by the nobility and the wealthy.
What caused all strata of society in Japan to start enjoying the
hobby was the Chinese invasion of Japan in the fourteenth
century. Once Bonsai was fully introduced into Japan, the art
was refined to an extent not yet seen in China. The Japanese
looked to the perfection of nature as their inspiration for
developing the art of Bonsai further than the Chinese had done
in the previous millennium..
These cultural differences can still be seen now and we owe much
of the refinement techniques of the art to the Japanese.
As well as creating many
advanced techniques of refinement the Japanese simplified the
pots to add greater emphasis to the tree itself. They created
special times of the year and places in the house to display
their best Bonsai and their passion for the hobby infused Bonsai
into the Japanese culture and heritage.
How the West was won
The introduction of Bonsai
into western civilisation started once Japan opened its borders
to trade and non-Japanese culture in the nineteenth century.
Exhibitions in Paris in 1878, 1889 and in 1900 gave Bonsai trees
some prominence and exposure. However, in 1909 an exhibition in
London really announced the arrival of Bonsai as an art form.
Popular critical opinion still wasn't convinced by the beauty or
aesthetic charm of Bonsai until just after World War 2.
It was this global event that really pushed the popularity of
Bonsai in the West to new levels as returning American soldiers
brought home Bonsai trees from their adventures in Japan.
Today we see Bonsai
nurseries in most western countries as well as the introduction
of many native trees by new Bonsai artists, as the development
of this hobby and art form takes further steps forward.


The fastest pro League of Legends first blood record has been broken
During the League of Legends Championship Series (LCS) Spring Split over the weekend, a record that stood for seven years was broken. The previous record for the fastest first blood (first kill) in a professional League of Legends match was 39 seconds. That was until Counter Logic Gaming (CGL) took the virtual stage.
Fastest LoL first blood record
The previous first blood record was achieved all the way back in the 2013 World Championship group stage during a match between SK Telecom T1 and Lemondogs. The record was previously held by Tabzz. Fast-forward over seven years, and it has finally been broken. The new record is an extremely low 37 seconds.
This happened in the LCS Spring 2021 match between CLG and Evil Geniuses. At the 30 second mark, without the mid laner of EG, Jiizuke suspecting anything, CLG’s support Smoothie managed to hook him with the anchor of his Nautilus. As soon as Jiizuke was immobilized, all of CLG decided to attack the player, throwing all their available abilities at that moment and spending some Flashes until Finn with his Irelia managed to secure the first blood.
Despite this record-breaking first blood, CLG didn’t end up winning their match against Evil Geniuses. Counter Logic Gaming also didn’t make it to the 2021 Mid-Season Showdown and didn’t do all too well during the Spring Split. However, the squad did secure first blood in 16 of their 18 matches.
This new record for the fastest first blood in pro League of Legends history will likely stand for years to come unless Counter Logic Gaming has even more tricks up their sleeve.
Header image via Riot Games.


Jim & Patty's Coffee
Good Coffee, No Backtalk since 1973
- ABOUT US -
In 1972 Jim and Patty Roberts discovered fresh roasted coffee beans at a little shop in Eugene, Oregon called The Coffee Bean, owned by coffee pioneer Jeff Ferguson. A far cry from Folgers. Soon Jim went to work for Jeff and sold pour-over brewed coffee at the Eugene Saturday Market. By 1976 he and Patty were operating their own shop in Portland, called The Coffee Man. In 1983 Coffee Man became Coffee People, and soon the battle was on with a newcomer in town, Starbucks. Coffee People grew to 25 stores in and around Portland, as well as a number of locations in Eugene, Chicago, Denver, Arizona and California. They opened one of the first espresso drive -thrus in the nation in 1990, called Motor Moka. By 1998, Jim and Patty sold their shares in the business and left for other adventures. On November 11, 2002, they opened Jim and Patty's Coffee. The new mission: the best drinks with the best beans, the best baked goods made from scratch in house, and all done without taking life too seriously.
Welcome to Jim and Patty's!


NOTE: Please pay attention to the comments at the end of this post. Historians of the era tend to deeply disagree with what I say here. I still contend that the list of witch killings tends to skip the 13th century, and that major events in that century almost certainly led to genocide level loss of life, and those killings were justified with the same rhetoric and “logic” as later witch killings. Also I think the typical estimates accepted by historians are very conservative since they can’t possibly adequately sample the behavior. So, my estimate is probably very high, but the standard accepted estimates are probably very low.
I recently came across a reference to the total number of people killed for being Witches in Europe since the historically documented practice began in the early Middle Ages. (The idea of Witches is much broader than the European practice.) The number was in the tens of thousands. Looking at the reference for this in Wikipedia, this seems to be about the number accepted by Teh Wiki and whoever it is that is in charge of this particular knowledge at this time. The Wikipedia article also gives a very late date for worship of “Satan” as part of defining a “Witch.” None of this seemed right to me because of a document I recently read, which gave me the impression that Satan was a big deal quite a bit earlier on, and that the number 40 or 50 thousand was way to small.
In looking around at various sources, I’ve noticed what might be hyper skepticism over this topic. Darin Hayton is nearly vitriolic, even hyperbolic, in chastising someone else for using the phrase “hundreds of thousands.” In his post addressing the question “How Many Witches were Executed?!?”, he mentions the 40-50 thousand number, but also provides a table that adds up a bunch of numbers, by country, adding up to low vs. high estimates for executions between 57,401 and 61,651. These data are from the 14th through 17th century.
There are a few problems with these data. One is that Witch killing did not begin in 1300. There are important pre-1300 documented cases. Also, it did not end in 1700, though the post 1700 numbers are probably small. Another problem is that these numbers, as far as I can tell, are known cases or estimates of the outcome of known “Witch Hunts.” However, there seems to have been times and places where the trial and execution of Witches had become a poorly documented local matter that may have gone on as a routine slowly piling up bodies but entirely under the radar of those who must see it on paper for it to exist. As an archaeologist who has frequently compared the documented and the undocumented realities of Euro-American culture I would not finch at a 10-1 ratio of cases estimated from historical documents to actual cases. If the numbers add up to 60,000, than 600,000 would not shock me.
Nor am I proposing such a large number. I am merely noting that the method of estimation that seems to be preferred is probably way too conservative, and the time period included is at least a century too short.
I also would like to challenge the idea suggested by Teh Wiki (well, by the page maintainers) that Satan was a late comer to the equation. There seems to be evidence that a link between Witchcraft and Satan as an entity goes back farther. And, I’m going to make this challenge on the basis of a single source. Feel free to have at it.


The first dental license was issued 150 years ago. It’s been a minute! At Oak Hills Dentistry, we think it’s high time all our patients had a history lesson. After all, dental patients should be grateful for the advances made in dentistry during the past century and a half. There was a time when blacksmiths […]
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