The Mandalorians are one of the elements in the Star Wars story that very rarely appear in the film. Maybe you could say the appearance of the Mandalorians themselves can be counted on the fingers in the film. The figure of the Mandalorians themselves for some Star Wars fans is often associated with Boba and Jango Fett, two characters who are actually not even the original Mandalorians.
Although only appearing very little or briefly in the film, the popularity of Mandalorian is truly extraordinary. In fact, the popularity that later made Disney agreed to make The Mandalorians TV series that aired on the Disney Plus platform. Here are various things that happened with Mandalorians in the past.
War of the Mandaloreans and the Cloning War
Planet Mandalore was briefly referenced in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones, although it is not known what the role of the planet Mandalore was in the conflict. However, in the series The Clone Wars , Mandalore was shown to have an important role in the war, which later became known as the Mandalore War (Siege of Mandalore).
This happened even though the Mandalorians did not side with either side and tried to stay on the neutral path. Darth Maul went to the planet Mandalore and then took over the leadership of a group called Death Watch, which was a class against all matters relating to mandalorians.
Darth Maul successfully infiltrated the highest levels of government in Mandalore, which then caused the Republicans to go to Mandalore to stop the action. Republic then creates troops in Mandalore and helps them to stop Darth Maul and his troops. One of the Jedi Order members, Ahsoka Tano, led a clone who fought to stop Darth Maul and his troops.
In the midst of the war came the famous Order 66, and as a result, everything turned into chaos. Ahsoka and Maul managed to escape, the Republic – which later turned into an Empire – destroyed control of the planet Mandalore.
The Arrival of the Imperial Nation and the Remaining Clans
After being taken over, Empire later established the Imperial Academy on the planet Mandalore in order to build and train new Mandalorian troops, including Sabine Wren who appeared in the Star Wars: Rebels story. Sabine then secretly made a very powerful weapon, increasing the tension between the Mandaloreans and the Empire.
Some clans in Mandalore were exhausted by the domination of the Empire on their planet, and then rose to fight against the Empire. This fact resulted in the civil war of the Mandalorean people themselves. Bad for Mandalore but good for the Empire, because the civil war made it easier for the
Empire to control Mandalore and its entire clan.
Some clans had to be exhausted and die from the war, but others were able to survive. Unfortunately, even though some of them survived and survived after the war they still had to be under the leadership of the Empire, and never regained their legendary reputation.
The level of destruction caused by the cloning war on the planet Mandalore, which resulted in many Mandalorians to be lost, is inevitable. That made the Mandalorean nation a dying nation, with only a small population or race.
Mandalorians After the Original Star Wars Trilogy
Most of the information about Mandalorians comes from the animated series The Clone Wars and Star Wars: Rebels . There was no other information about Mandalore or Mandalorians after the original Star Wars trilogy, which made the fate of the Mandalorian people uncertain until finally a series about the Mandalorian at Disney Plus appeared.
In the initial episode of the series, a new event, the Great Purge, was added to the Star Wars canon story. This is an indication that the relationship between the Empire and the Mandalorian has deteriorated over time. Most of the clans on the planet Mandalore have been used up, forcing some other Mandalorians to flee and hide on other planets.
For this reason, most people in the galaxy believe that the Mandalorians have been killed, killed and slaughtered by the Empire. This could explain the comment from Burg in episode 6 about the Mandalorians who were considered dead. But, of course that is not true.
As we know in episode 3, after completing his mission for the Client in Nevarro and returning Baby Yoda to the Empire, Dyn Jarren then brought a gift given to him to give to a group called the Tribe. The group contains people (Mandalorians) who survived the Great Purge incident.
The Tribe deliberately makes strict rules for its members, and try hard to make the class remain under the radar alias is unknown to anyone. However, the secrecy was under threat when they united to assist Mando in dealing with other bounty hunters.
They must now look for a new hiding place on another planet. The second season of The Mandalorian is currently being produced, it is possible that more information about the history of the Mandalorian that has not been revealed can be displayed in the Star Wars canon story.


While THE GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an intergovernmental organization with its own headquarters and staff, whose scope covers both traded goods and trade in the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although used for multilateral agreements, multilateral agreements have led to selective exchanges and fragmentation among members in several rounds of negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round). WTO agreements are generally a multilateral mechanism for the settlement of GATT agreements.  GATT and its successor, the WTO, have succeeded in reducing tariffs. Average tariff levels for large GATT participants were about 22% in 1947, but were 5% after the Uruguay Round of 1999.  Experts attribute some of these tariff changes to the GATT and the WTO.    The fifth cycle took place again in Geneva and lasted from 1960 to 1962. The discussions were named after U.S. Treasury Secretary and former Undersecretary of State Douglas Dillon, who first proposed the talks. Twenty-six countries participated in the cycle. In addition to reducing tariffs by more than $4.9 billion, it has also led to discussions on the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC).
Another was the internal crisis of 1965, which ended with the Luxembourg compromise. Preparations for the new round were immediately overshadowed by the chicken war, an early sign of the impact of variable levies under the Common Agricultural Policy. Some participants had expressed concern that the convening of UNCTAD, scheduled for 1964, would lead to further complications, but its impact on the negotiations themselves was minimal. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on 30 October 1947 by 23 countries, was a legal agreement to minimize barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs and subsidies, while maintaining important rules. The GATT is expected to stimulate economic recovery after the Second World War through the reconstruction and liberalization of world trade. The GATT was first discussed at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the result of the failure of negotiations on the creation of the International Trade Organization (ITO). On 1 October 1947, signed in Geneva, it came into force on 1 January 1948. It remained in force until the signing of the Uruguay Round agreements, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995, until the signing on 15 April 1994 in Marrakech of the Uruguay Round Agreements that established the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO succeeds the GATT and the original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in force under the WTO, subject to amendments to the GATT in 1994.   Nations that were not parties to the GATT in 1995 must meet the minimum conditions set out in certain documents before joining; September 2019, the list included 36 nations.  The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries whose primary objective was to promote international trade by removing or removing trade barriers, such as tariffs or quotas.


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The man on the ground twisted his body around on his crushed leg, pinned under the pony, aimed deliberately at the white figure, and fired. Felipa's firm hold upon her revolver turned to a clutch, and her mouth fell open in a sharp gasp. But very deliberately she put the revolver into its holster, and then she laid her hand against her side. At once the palm was warm with blood.
[See larger version]He did not see that there was just the faintest shadow of pausing upon Forbes's part, just the quickest passing hesitation and narrowing of the eyes with Felipa. She came forward with unquestioning welcome, accustomed to take it as a matter of course that any traveller, minded to stop for a time, should go into the first ranch house at hand.
In the meanwhile her Majesty was pleased to communicate to the members of the Privy Council assembled at Buckingham Palace on the 23rd of November, her intention of contracting an alliance with a Prince of the family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The story of her affection for her cousin is well known through Sir Theodore Martin's admirable "Life of the Prince Consort." The declaration was made by her Majesty in the following terms:"I have caused you to be summoned at the present time in order that I may acquaint you with my resolution in a matter which deeply concerns the welfare of my people and the happiness of my future life. It is my intention to ally myself in marriage with the Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Deeply impressed with the solemnity of the engagement which I am about to contract, I have not come to this decision without mature consideration, nor without feeling a strong assurance that, with the blessing of Almighty God, it will at once secure my domestic felicity, and serve the interests of my country. I have thought fit to make this resolution known to you at the earliest period, in order that you may be fully apprised of a matter so highly important to me and to my kingdom, and which, I persuade myself, will be most acceptable to all my loving subjects." Upon this announcement the Council humbly requested that her Majesty's most gracious declaration might be made public, which her Majesty was pleased to order accordingly.After the departure of the British fleet, the Jacobin troops, townsmen, and galley convicts, were perpetrating the most horrible scenes on the unfortunate Toulonese. Even the poor workmen who had been employed by the English to strengthen the defences, were collected in hundreds, and cut down by discharges of grape-shot. Three Jacobin commissioners, the brother of Robespierre, Barras, and Freron, were sent to purge the place, and besides the grape-shot the guillotine was in daily activity exterminating the people. The very mention of the name of Toulon was forbidden, and it was henceforth to be called Port de la Montagne.


By Andrew Snyder
The Oxford Club
Here's a story I bet you haven't heard before. It's worth a read. This interesting tale details the original "Black Friday" - a day that every American should know and understand. After all, you'll notice some eerie similarities between past and present. Virtually the same calamity could happen today.
The financial tragedy started in the late 1860s with something no government can resist tackling. America's leaders were manipulating its currency in hopes of boosting the economy. You see, America was loaded with debt after the Civil War. The federal government had issued hordes of paper money, backed by little more than a promise. These "greenbacks" pushed gold coins out of the market, sending the price of the precious metal plummeting.
It's not all that different from the fiat currency in our wallets today. If it were suddenly backed by gold (a very limited resource), the price of the metal would surge. Andrew Johnson knew it. So as part of his post-war economic stimulus plan, the government began buying the fiat currency and replacing it with money backed by Washington's huge stockpile of gold.
In other words, America traded a flimsy government promise for something with real value - something the economy could build on.
No Good Deed
Two men - Jay Gould and Jim Fisk - took note of the plan and worked to take advantage of it. They were convinced the price of the metal would soar, but only after the government stopped flooding the market with its gold stockpile. At the time, Washington controlled the then-tiny gold market. If prices rose, it would lower them by selling its gold. If prices dipped, it'd buy and raise the metal's price.
Believing the government would eventually stop selling gold or would flat-out run out of the stuff, Gould and Fisk saw an opportunity. They'd buy gold and wait for the government to stop selling. But then Ulysses Grant took office. He vowed to continue the plan by dumping even more gold into the market. Gould and Fisk didn't like the idea. Not a bit.
So they did what any good lobbyist with a chunk of change at stake would do. They cozied up to the right people and offered to line their pockets. In this case, they became good "friends" with the man married to Grant's sister. They used him to get close to Grant, where they could directly influence his thoughts on gold.
It worked. They got Grant to name another of their schemers to a high post at the Treasury.
"America was loaded with debt after the Civil War. The federal government had issued hordes of paper money, backed by little more than a promise. These 'greenbacks' pushed gold coins out of the market, sending the price of the precious metal plummeting.
"It's not all that different from the fiat currency in our wallets today."
In fact, he was put in charge of the gold sales. As a man on the inside, he'd alert Gould and Fisk if and when the government was going to push more of its gold stockpile onto the market and lower prices. With their scheme in place, the nefarious duo bought their gold. A lot of it. They eventually ended up with some $60 million worth of the metal. Their buying sparked a fast-moving bull market as other investors took note and piled in.
Over the span of just a couple weeks in 1869, the price of gold soared. The value of a $100 gold piece surged to $130... then $140... all the way to $160. Grant soon got suspicious. He uncovered bribes offered to his wife and family.
He knew he got duped.
On Wednesday, September 22, Gould found out his plot was foiled. His man on the inside quietly told him Grant was onto him and would soon flood the market with gold. Gould secretly started selling his gold the next day... sheepishly neglecting to tell his partner in crime who had millions on the line.
On Friday, September 24, word hit Wall Street. A telegraph hit New York announcing Grant was breaking the bull's back. He ordered the Treasury to dump $4 million worth of gold into the open market.
Prices plunged. The markets were stunned... as was Fisk. Almost instantly, gold fell by 20%. Stocks followed in kind. Foreign trade came to a halt. Commodity prices imploded, dipping by more than 50%.
Investors went bankrupt. And the economy was shattered. "Black Friday," as it quickly became known, was painful. And yet, as remains oh so true today, the perpetrators walked away unscathed. Although his partner let him hang out to dry, Fisk never realized his losses. He lied and said his brokers bought the gold without his permission. They paid the bill.
Gould, you'll remember, sold much of his gold the day before the meltdown. He walked away with some $12 million. Although Grant tried, the government found them guilty of no crimes. Gould went on to use his newfound wealth to build an empire. He eventually controlled the Union Pacific Railroad, Western Union Telegraph Company and the Manhattan Elevated Railroad.
Fisk, on the other hand, later got shot and killed... supposedly over some money and a girl named Josie. The first Black Friday took place nearly 150 years ago. And yet the same themes run true today. Washington is still manipulating the economy... to the benefit of a few.
Gold still surges and falls on a whim. The well-connected, white-collar criminals that set the financial world in a tailspin rarely get punished. And men still get shot over money and women.
Some things - especially on Wall Street - never change.


Casino malahide fry modelspoorbaan
Fingal County Council is delighted to announce the official opening of the Casino Model Railway Museum, Malahide following the completion of a €4m restoration programme on the historic Casino building and conservation of the Fry Model Railway Collection.
12.11.2015 Experience the iconic model railway collection crafted by Cyril Fry, now housed in the beautifully restored Casino cottage in the heart of Malahide Village and … 'The Casino and Fry Model Railway will be a wonderful amenity for locals and visitors to enjoy and I look forward to officially opening this iconic Malahide landmark to the public later this year.' MasonSlots Casino Casino Malahide Fry Model Railway is again a relatively new online casino that is well put together. This online casino has chosen a … Yuma Az Casino Events Knowing that amount is critical as it tells you how much from Yuma Az Casino Events your winnings you can take. It Yuma Az Casino Events is okay to ask: You are entitled to ask about anything you have Yuma Az Casino Events doubts about.
The Casino Model Railway Museum at Malahide, Ireland is the display home for the Fry Model Collection in the refurbished Casino cottage building in central Malahide. It opened to the public on 22 January 2020. The railway and collection was moved from its previous home in Malahide Castle in 2010. The collection originated from the work of Cyril Fry who had created the collection to run on his layout at his cottage in Churchtown, Dublin.
The apartments were developed on the grounds of the original Casino House, a late 17th century thatched shooting lodge once owned by the well-known denizens of Malahide, the Talbot family. Today, the custodians of Casino House are Fingal County Council, who have plans to complete a full restoration and to create an exhibition space to house the Malahide is a significant step closer this week to welcoming home the town's beloved Fry Model Railway into a beautifully restored landmark thatched cottage in the town, known locally as 'The Casino'. The Casino building dates back to the 1800s and was originally part of the Malahide Castle estate, owned by the Talbot family. It was a private family home up until 1999.
04.11.2011 The Casino Model Railway Museum is housed in the beautifully restored Casino cottage which is a major landmark in the heart of Malahide Village. It is a 200-year-old Cottage Orne and one of the The Casino is a striking development of 115 modern apartments on beautifully landscaped grounds located in Malahide, a picturesque coastal village approximately 15km from Dublin City Centre. The Casino is located on the Dublin Road alongside Malahide Railway Station, directly opposite Malahide Demesne and Cricket Club, approximately 350 metres from The Diamond, in the heart of Malahide …
The Casino Model Railway Museum now open daily all year round Experience the iconic model railway collection crafted by Cyril Fry, now housed in the beautifully restored Casino cottage in the heart of Malahide Village and just a 10 minute walk from Malahide Castle
105 Malahide apartments at The Casino for more than €40m Homes produce rent roll of €1.9m but market rental value is around €2.37m Wed, Dec 14, 2016, 06:00 Casino Malahide Project Update The conservation and protection of the Casino and its restoration and extension to provide a suitable home for the Fry Model Railway collection remains a priority project for Fingal County Council. Following a public planning consultation the Council accepted the recommendation to Casino Malahide Fry Model Railway, gambling leo dict, slot op netflix, unibet poker software free download Malahide Castle and Gardens is one of the oldest castles in Ireland. Set on 260 acres of green parkland, this magnificent and historic castle was been home to the Talbot family for over 800 years.
The Fry Model Railway Collection was bought by Dublin Tourism from the late Cyril Fry’s widow in 1976, and is now in the care of Fingal County Council. The restoration project is expected to change the landscape of tourism in Malahide, drawing thousands of visitors beyond the grounds of the castle and into the village itself.
Malahide is a significant step closer this week to welcoming home the town's beloved Fry Model Railway into a beautifully restored landmark thatched cottage in the town, known locally as 'The The thatched Casino is beautifully restored and could be put to so many other uses but is wasted on this display. the original Fry railway, when it was located in Malahide Castle was a great place to visit as part of the overall experience of the castle and the estate but it fails to impress as a stand alone attraction. … The thatched Casino is beautifully restored and could be put to so many other uses but is wasted on this display. the original Fry railway, when it was located in Malahide Castle was a great place to visit as part of the overall experience of the castle and the estate but it fails to impress as a stand alone attraction. …
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This week, the children investigated Thomas Farynor’s involvement in the Great Fire of London.
They wrote diaries based on his point of view. Some of the children thought he started the fire, others think that other people were involved. They also found Samuel Pepy’s diary buried under several centimetres of soil and a spade that clearly had 1666 written on it. We feel a bit like detectives and there’s a lot of work to do!


The Perth Masters championship was inaugurated in 1971 by former World Champion Chuck Hay and his fellow directors of Perth Ice Rink.
The trophy was contested every year until 1987.
From then until 1994 the tournament did not take place.
However in 1994, with the assistance of local curlers under the chairmanship of David Hay, the event was restored as the premier event in the Scottish Curling Calendar.
This year will be the 48th time this illustrious Championship has been contested. Over these years we have hosted many of the games legendary teams, from all corners of the World. Olympic, World and European Champions regularly enter to vie for the Masters Trophy.
The Perth Masters has prided itself as the number one event in the World, outside of Canada. The event is skilfully headed by Chairman, Peter Loudon, a former World Champion and Olympic competitor himself.
This has been a key element to the Masters success over the years. It has always been organised by past championship competitors and all from the City of Perth. Another vital part of the event is the quality of the ice and curling stones which Paul Martin, our Ice Technician, prepares for the World’s elite athletes.
Once again this year we have a star studded field from thirteen different nations, competing for the £18,700 prize fund with a £7200 first prize.
The Masters is played for annually in a triple knock out format with 8 teams qualifying for the quarter finals, semi final and the final on the Sunday.
The City of Perth is regarded as being the “Curling Capital” of Scotland. Whilst a small City of 50,000 people, its curlers have made a big mark on the Curling World. Europe and Scotland’s first ever World Champion in 1967 was Chuck Hay and Scotland’s 2nd World Champion was David Smith in 1991 – both teams contained only Perth Curlers. Currently, Perth born Eve Muirhead – 2013 Ladies World Champion and four time World Junior Champion flies the flag for City of Perth curlers on the global stage.
The history of curling in Scotland can be found dating back as far as 1540. It is also clear that the first recognized Curling Clubs were formed in Scotland, and during the 19th Century the game was “exported” wherever Scots settled around the world in cold climates, most notably at that time in Canada, USA, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway and New Zealand.


On May 26th, 2019, Gerald A Turner passed away in Markham, Ontario. Turner worked in our Department from Sept 1963 to July 2004 assisting the staff and students as a technician. Turner will be sorely missed by the MSE Department and those who knew him.
His passion was aviation history and aircraft modelling. A life member of both Canadian Aviation Historical Society and the American Aviation Historical Society, Gerald was active in the Aerobuffs group of 1/72 scale aircraft modellers from the time he arrived in Toronto. Curious about the world, his interests included reading most of Isaac Asimov’s books; cooking; following Formula 1 races; travelling to England, the United States, other Canadian provinces and visiting small towns in Ontario; listening to the folk music of Peter, Paul and Mary and Pete Seeger; watching Tiger Cat football games and Jeopardy on television.
Though living with Parkinson’s Disease for the last fifteen years he kept up his backyard vegetable garden, adding a new variety each year, and made household improvements. He continued his reading and modelling interests during the past five years at Parkview Home in Stouffville where he especially enjoyed the activities of mental aerobics and the weekly quiz challenge. In the past year he presented two aviation programs at Parkview on Aviation and World War I.
A visitation will be held at DIXON-GARLAND FUNERAL HOME, 166 Main St. N. (Markham Rd.), Markham on Thursday May 30, 2019 from 7-9pm. A second visitation will be held on Friday at 10am followed by a Memorial Service in the chapel at 11am.
Complete obituary and details about the funeral can be found here.


March 13, 2009
Richard Strauss, composer of Till Eulenspiegel’s Merry Pranks, Der Rosenkavalier, and Salome came to America in 1904. He mostly stuck to the major cities, but he made one unusual stop in a small town--Morgantown, WV. He came to West Virginia University, along with Victor Herbert and the Pittsburgh Orchestra.
This singular event came to the attention of WVU music professor Christopher Wilkinson in 1979. His involvement with the story begins with a photograph found at the university:
Discovering Strauss's Visit to WV
Sidney Lloyd Wrightson, Richard Strauss, and Victor Herbert in front of the Pittsburgh Orchestra in Commencement Hall, WVU, March 14, 1904
Now Strauss didn’t come to Morgantown out of nowhere. It was a pet project of WVU’s then music dean, an Englishman named Henry Lloyd Wrightson. He not only arranged the concert, but found sponsors, and tirelessly promoted it—even to the point of getting the university’s president to cancel classes, so that more people would attend the concert.
Bringing Strauss to Morgantown
So, what did people hear and see? How was Strauss received? What was on the concert? Did the audience like it?
The visit, the concert, and the reaction
This event is more than just the story of a famous German composer showing up in West Virginia. It’s a window into American culture in the early 1900s, and competing visions of the role of European music in America and of music studies at West Virginia University:
Morgantown may have moved on quickly from the impact of Strauss, but in Germany, there’s a curious epilogue, around 40 years later:
How Strauss remembered Morgantown
Strauss's Certificate from the city of Morgantown
For more info (and better versions of the images), read Wilkinson’s article about Strauss’s visit to West Virginia in the Bulletin of the Society for American Music. And if you're a photo buff, here's just a bit more about how that picture was taken back in 1904:


English and Polish
about Mother Earth, Venus,
Hindu and Slavic goddesses.
20 of March 2022
A book about the
vast Mother goddess and her many iconic forms
such as Venus and Mother Earth, as well as some
Hindu and ancient Polish goddesses.
Author Adam Wojtanek takes us on a journey to a
time forgotten, when man had a closer
relationship with the earth and the elements, and
when the cult of the Mother goddess thrived
everywhere across the planet.
Adam Wojtanek was
the president of the first officially recognized
religion of the Mother goddess in the Republic of


Dhaka Medical Coleege Alumni Australia at a Glance
In 1939, the Dhaka university council requested that the British Government establish a separate
medical college in Dhaka. The proposal was postponed because of the onset of the Second World War. During that time, the medical centre building became an American armed forces hospital. The Americans vacated the building at the end of the war.
Dhaka Medical College was established in 1946. It is situated in the Bakshibazar area of the city. The academic class started on 10 July which is celebrated as “DMC DAY”. The 1st year, beginning class, or ‘Batch’, was named K-5, 2nd year K-4, 3rd year K-3, 4th year K-2, and 5th year K-1. All the advanced students (K-4 through K-1) had transferred from the Calcutta Medical College, in large part because of the partition of India. At first there were no female students, but now about half of the students are females.
The college’s original building was built before the Partition of Bengal of 1905; being used, as of 1904, as the secretariat (headquarters) of the newly formed provinces of East Bengal and Assam; then, in 1921, turned over to the University of Dhaka, which was founded that year. At that time a part of the huge building was used as the university’s medical centre, another part as the students’ dormitory and the rest as the office of the administrative wing of the Arts faculty.
In 1939, the Dhaka university council requested that the British Government establish a separate medical college in Dhaka. The proposal was postponed because of the onset of the Second World War. During that time, the medical centre building became an American armed forces hospital. The Americans vacated the building at the end of the war.
Major W. J. Virgin, the head of the committee formed to establish the Dhaka Medical College, was the first principal. In the beginning there were only four departments, Medicine, Surgery, Gynaecology and Otolaryngology (ENT). Since the college did not initially have Anatomy or Physiology departments, the students at first attended those classes at Mitford Medical School (now the Sir Salimullah Medical College); but, after a month, Professor of Anatomy Pashupati Basuand and Professor of Physiology Hiralal Saha joined the staff and their specialties were taught in ward no. 22 of the hospital.
There was no lecture hall nor dissection gallery at first. These needs were met after the construction of new academic buildings in 1955. The college did not have any student housing. Male students were allowed to reside in the Dhaka University’s student halls, but female students did not have the use of that facility. The college and hospital premises were expanded with temporary sheds, some of which were built for outdoor services of the hospital and some for student housing. New buildings for housing, college, and hospital were constructed in phases: a dormitory for girls in 1952, a dormitory for male students in 1954–55, a new complex of academic buildings in 1955, and a dormitory for internee doctors in 1974–75. Over time, the original 100-bed hospital has grown to become Bangladesh’s largest hospital. After adding the 500 beds in 2013, DMCH now has 2300 beds.


Who We Are
Welcome to Mumias Online
Congratulations! You have reached the site for Mumias online.
MUMIAS was originally Mumia's, one of the more important upcountry centres, capital of the Luyia speaking mini state of Wanga, and well established by the middle of the nineteenth century at the head of an important caravan route to the coast. King Mumia, who came to power in 1880, was the last King of Wanga. He inherited an army of 10,000 soldiers, half of whom were dispossessed Maasai from the Uasin Gishu Plateau known as the Kwavi. It was this army that was largely responsible for the smashing of Bukusu resistance at Chetambe's Fort fifteen years later.
Even at the beginning of Mumia's reign, Europeans were beginning to arrive in the wake of Arab and Swahili slavetraders, who in turn had been settling in since the 1850s with the full accord of the Wanga royal family. The first was Joseph Thomson in 1883, and by 1894 there was a permanent British subcommissioner or collector of taxes posted here.
Mumia had always welcomed strangers, and he allowed the slavers to continue their work on other groups of the Luyia (notably the Bukusu), but he was unprepared for the swift usurpation of his authority by the British, whom he'd assumed were also there to trade. He was appointed "Paramount Chief" of a gradually diminishing state and then, as an old man, was retired without his real knowledge. He died in 1949, aged over 100 years, and with him the British had succeeded in destoying Kenya's first (and only) indigenous, up country state, almost without notice.
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Aztec burial rituals and procedures indicate a belief in the afterlife which compares to Catholic ideas of Heaven and Hell.
I have grouped my objects into categories, based on the stages of the burial process. These categories can be seen under the collection tab and should be viewed from the bottom up. I cannot change the order, but the steps are in reverse chronological order. Start with "Step 1: Death Itself".
In the description of these "collections", I have written the comparison between the Aztec proccess and Colonial Catholic beliefs.
The reason I am looking at the similarities between the two belief systems is because faith was a large part of the conflict between Spaniards and Natives. The battle over who should control the land and structure society was a long, ongoing debate in which the Catholic Church eventually won. Some natives believed the Spaniards to be “ancestors” and welcomed them with gifts and open arms. Other natives weren’t as convinced, and thus the battle continued.
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Aztec Death Bundle
When they were buried, the family members put their personal belongings and maybe even a lock of hair with them, so that the soul would know where to…
Those who were not cremated, were wrapped and buried in the fetal position to mirror the position of birth and symbolize the return to nature. They…
Preparing a Corpse for Burial
Higher status members of the Aztec society were wrapped, clothed, and cremated. Their ashes were placed in urns, most often depicting one of the many…


Subject Leader: Mrs Moorcroft
Intent, Implementation and Impact
At Micklehurst All Saints history teaching ignites a curiosity in our pupils to learn about how past events have shaped the present day as well as how different cultures and individuals have influenced and shaped Britain over time.
Through effective teaching and learning, from Nursery to Year 6, we equip our children to ask perceptive questions, think critically, weigh evidence, sift arguments, and develop perspective and judgement. Through a varied and engaging curriculum, we help our children to develop a deep understanding of history and strive to inspire children’s curiosity to understand more about the past.


Cinco de Mayo, or the fifth of May, is a holiday that celebrates the date of the Mexican army’s May 5, 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the Franco-Mexican War. The day, which falls on Wednesday, May 5 in 2021, is also known as Battle of Puebla Day. It is NOT a Mexican independence day.
Within Mexico, Cinco de Mayo is primarily observed in the state of Puebla, where Zaragoza’s unlikely victory occurred, although other parts of the country also take part in the celebration.
[Take a Look on The Brightside]
Traditions include military parades, recreations of the Battle of Puebla and other festive events. For many Mexicans, however, May 5 is a day like any other: It is not a federal holiday, so offices, banks and stores remain open.
However, in the United States, Cinco de Mayo is widely interpreted as a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, particularly in areas with substantial Mexican-American populations.
Chicano activists raised awareness of the holiday in the 1960s, in part because they identified with the victory of Indigenous Mexicans (such as Juárez) over European invaders during the Battle of Puebla.
Today, revelers mark the occasion with parades, parties, mariachi music, Mexican folk dancing and traditional foods such as tacos and mole poblano.
And then there’s the tequila…
Reference Source: History.com


The building at 409 State State st boasts ornate embellishments indicative of the Victorian and Eastlake architectural movements. Vastly different from the Spanish style widely seen throughout the city, the building stands out as a landmark all its own. Still holding strong in its original location, the building was erected in 1889 as Faith Mission. The proprietors offered religious services, meals, and lodging to young men seeking religious guidance and looking to get back in the good graces of society. At the time, the location was in the hub of the city’s commercial center. Surviving entirely through the devastating earthquake that rocked Santa Barbara in 1925, the once religiously focused space was transformed into the bustling Hotel Savoy in 1931.
During World War II, the hotel served as a underground brothel for servicemen seeking comfort and less than savory entertainment from its female staff. In recent years, the building has served as offices, various restaurants, a burlesque venue, nightclubs, and now its newest endeavor, is home to Backstage, a hub for entertainment, food, drinks , and nightlife . It is one of the few remaining 19th-century buildings still intact, representing its original façade and structure, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.


Notes from the Archives
Appeared March 1998, Bullet 'N Press©
The Smith & Wesson
Number 2 Army In The Civil War
By Charles Pate
The following article is an abstract
a book on Smith & Wesson Military Firearms being written by Charles
W. Pate. This book will cover the period from the Civil War through the
Viet Nam War. Although significant material on the period up through
War I is available, documentation on later arms is quite limited. Input
from readers to this author on military Smith & Wesson arms from
post World War II period would be most welcome. Charles Pate may be
by U.S. mail at: PO Box 6322, Falls Church, VA 22040, or email
At the time the Civil War started, Smith & Wesson was the only authorized manufacturer of revolvers employing a bored-through cylinder, a feature which was required in order to efficiently use modern cartridge ammunition. Since 1857 the firm's only production firearm had been the diminutive Model 1 revolver in .22 rimfire caliber. While the market was good for its .22 caliber pocket pistol, S&W recognized its limitations early on and wanted to answer the growing demand for a larger design with the advantages of the Model 1. Their solution to this demand was a scaled up version of their latest .22 caliber revolver, the Model 1 Second Issue. The new .32 caliber revolver was called by the factory the Number 2 or Belt Pistol. Perhaps due to its use in the war, collectors have since named this revolver the Model 2 or, more commonly, the Number 2 Army.
The Number 2 is a tip-up, spur trigger, 6 shot revolver. It was made of forged wrought iron and was designed to fire a cartridge known today as the .32 Long Rim Fire The barrel is hinged at and has a fastening catch on the bottom strap. To load the revolver, one tips the barrel up, removes the cylinder and loads it, and then returns the cylinder to the frame. To remove spent cartridges, one removes the cylinder and punches them out, one by one, using the rammer pin located under the barrel. A notch cut in the rear of the cylinder stop, which is mounted in the top strap, serves as the rear sight. The cylinder stop was held in place by two pins until about serial number 3,000, at which point a third pin was added. This change from two top strap pins to three was the only significant change during its production.
A great many of the orders S&W received during the Civil War came from soldiers or men soon to be soldiers. Those looking for dependable protection could do no better than the Number 2 Smith & Wesson which could be loaded quickly with waterproof metallic ammunition and was of a size suitable for the belt or a small holster. Cooper & Pond, a large New York dealership, attempted to obtain an order for the Number 2 from the Army during the war. In a November 6, 1863, letter to Captain Balch of the Ordnance department in Washington, D.C., Cooper & Pond stated they were sending an example of the Number 2 to the Ordnance Department and requested an opinion of its merits for military use. They reportedly were prepared to supply several thousand revolvers if requested. Unfortunately, the Army's response has not been found, but since no orders materialized, we can only assume the federal government had no interest in obtaining this revolver. Perhaps the small caliber was objectionable. At that time, the Army had, or had on order, a sufficient number of handguns. Another likely reason for the Army's lack of interest would have been the need to procure special ammunition for the revolvers, resulting in additional expense and complication of the supply system. Whatever the reason, others, including many individuals and one state, felt differently.
It is generally acknowledged that a significant number of individually purchased Number 2s saw service, sometimes quite active service, in the Civil War. However, because they were purchased in this way, little documentary evidence is available. Little information was retained at the factory, primarily correspondence, and no serial number records. To quote John Parson's authoritative study of early Smith & Wesson pistols, which is based on these correspondence files:...Its [the Number 2 revolvers] popularity with Union soldiers was not limited to officers. Thus Charles Scarrett of the 16th Kentucky Volunteers wrote that his pistol had killed two rebels...Corp. J.O. Sherwin wanted a dozen for his company in the 83rd Illinois, and William H. Golder sought six for his friends in the 8th Iowa Infantry. ...Within a single month in 1864 requests for price lists came from the 126th Illinois at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, the 3rd Wisconsin Veteran Volunteers at Atlanta, the 115th Ohio at Murfreesboro, and the 38th US Colored Regiment at Bermuda Hundred. Capt. Frederick Livermore, Massachusetts Volunteers, wrote "most of our officers have your make." Capt. H.L. Wheat, 11th Missouri Cavalry, considered the Number 2 the "best belt revolver I have yet seen" as did Major D. Frazar, 13th New York Cavalry.
Individually purchased Number 2 revolvers were used by a wide variety of people, privates to high ranking officers (one of whom was later elected President of the United States), scoundrels to heroes. The lowest serial number of these revolvers noted by the author is serial number 283. This revolver is a 5" blued pistol with approximately 30-40% finish remaining. It is inscribed in script on the backstrap "F.A. Bushee." Francis A. Bushee was born in Lawrence, Mass. on August 7, 1840. His father died when Francis was 13 and at the age of 14 he went to Lowell to work in the textile mills. While he had to continue working in order to help support a widowed mother, he apparently obtained a good education, judging from his well written letters in the pension files. He had been working at a mill near Springfield (the city where the pistol was manufactured) for approximately five years and had achieved modest success when the war started. He joined Company F, 1st Mass. Cavalry, on September 5, 1861, and served with that unit until his death. After surviving numerous major battles, Private Bushee was killed during Sheridan's cavalry thrust toward Richmond on May 11, 1864, in Ashland, Va.
Serial number 5335 is a 6" blued revolver with a good bit of blue, shows some wear and has a lanyard ring on its butt. This revolver is attributed to Washington M. Postley, who joined the 78th New York Infantry Regiment as First Lieutenant and Adjutant on May 17, 1862. He was quite a character. He went AWOL and was charged and found guilty by court martial but the records of the conviction were lost so he was returned to duty. Shortly thereafter (July 1863) he resigned. He returned to his home in New York City and married in 1864, but apparently deserted his wife after about six years together. After his death (April 21, 1910), she filed for the $2.00 per month pension he had been receiving, stating "...he had a violent temper and never supported me. For a few months after he left me he called occasionally to see his children and then never came again."
In stark contrast to Postley, a hero owned serial number 18552, a silver plated 6" pistol engraved on the backstrap "Capt. Gerard Reynolds, 11th Pa. Cavalry." Reynolds apparently was a capable and brave leader, being cited for gallantry in action. He was killed in action near Roanoke Station, Va., on June 25, 1864. Sergeant Nelson M. Ward attempted to recover Reynolds' body for approximately twenty minutes under intense enemy fire. Finally, when he could not, he removed Reynolds' personal effects, including this pistol, and returned to friendly positions. Ward's heroic action earned him the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Last to be mentioned here is the Rutherford B. Hayes revolver, serial number 22592, which is a blued 6" pistol. Hayes served ably in several capacities throughout the war, including brigade and division command, and was promoted to Brig. Gen. in January of 1865. No information is available on when, where or how President Hayes acquired his Number 2; however, inventory records state the pistol is now in the collection of the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library, Fremont, Oh.
It is impossible to say how many Number 2s saw service in the Civil War, but it is reasonable to assume that a significant percentage of the approximately 40,000 produced during the war years did. The great majority of those used by the military were individually purchased arms. Not all were, however, and in addition to these privately purchased arms, there is one documented official state issue of the Number 2.
In 1862, the large Cincinnati dealer B. Kittredge and Co. ordered 2600 Number 2 revolvers. While it is certain that some of these weapons were sold to individual soldiers, the author believes Kittredge probably had a numerically more significant customer in mind when the order was placed. John McAulay, in his research at the National Archives, had discovered the State of Kentucky obtained 731 Number 2s from Kittredge between August 1 and September 8, 1862, and another two revolvers on May 11, 1863. Kentucky paid Kittredge $13.75 for each revolver. Based on the number of revolvers issued, the state apparently purchased additional revolvers, but the total and the source from which they were obtained are unknown.
Most, if not all, of the revolvers used to fill the Kentucky order were almost certainly under 10,000 in serial number. Kittredge may have acquired some Number 2s before the order for 2600, but the author believes most of the 1862 Kentucky revolvers came from this Kittredge order. According to Parsons, these 2600 revolvers were marked with the dealer's name. However, it appears that only some of these Kittredge Number 2s were, in fact, marked by the factory. Factory marked Kittredge Number 2s are quite rare. One Number 2, serial number 7493, has been reported to have Kentucky provenance and it does not have the Kittredge marking. This suggests that not all of the revolvers shipped for the order of 2600 Number 2s were marked with the dealer's name. All of Kentucky's Number 2 revolvers are thought to have been issued to the 7th Kentucky Cavalry. Mustered into federal service on August 16, 1862, at Paris, Ky. The 7th Kentucky Cavalry was issued 690 Wesson carbines, 600 U.S. altered muskets, and 736 Smith & Wesson Number 2 revolvers. Seventy thousand rounds of Number 2 ammunition were issued at the same time. Only two weeks after being mustered into federal service, the 7th Kentucky participated in the August 30 Union defeat at Richmond, Ky. The Union suffered over 5000 casualties, including 4300 captured. In this battle, the 7th had five killed, 25 wounded and 238 captured. Undoubtedly, the 7th lost many of their Number 2 revolvers in this battle. The 7th went on to some notable engagements, including Wilson's raid into Alabama and Georgia in the spring of 1865, and was mustered out of service on July 10, 1865.
It is believed that the 7th Kentucky was the only unit officially issued Number 2 Smith & Wesson revolvers, at least in significant numbers. No federal issues are known to have occurred. The federal government did sell a total of seventeen as surplus between June 1871, and October 1874. These were most likely guns which had been captured from the Confederates. It is interesting to note that McAulay found the sale prices to be as high as $15.25 each! The diversity of surviving examples can make this pistol the subject of a substantial collection, especially if the collector includes engineering variations, finish, barrel length and historical association as criteria. In this respect, a word of caution is advised. When collecting Kittredge or inscribed pistols, especially those associated with historic figures such as Civil War soldiers, one would expect to pay a premium over what the same pistol would otherwise cost. One should also expect to encounter dishonesty. If you question your own judgment as to the originality of the piece, it would be wise to consult one or more experts in that area of collecting.
©1998 Bullet 'N Press
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Hill City, Kansas


The story of Grandma’s Rose actually starts with my dad, who was, at the time the rose first appears, a young man growing up in Franklin County, Massachusetts.
But first a bit of history. My grandparents were polish imigrants, and grandfather came to America and worked in the Pennsylvania coal mines. Grandfather Joseph moved his family north after he developed the “black lung”. I’m told that they moved because the air was said to be better here. After Joseph passed away, Sophie (grandma) made ends meets by using one of the skills she learned while working at her father’s bar in Poland. She made hooch. Being that it was probition at the time, Sophie was able to sell her product to many businesses in town. Yes, Grandma made moonshine.
As a young man, my father said he hunted for meat to help feed his mother and siblings. He roamed the hills of Franklin County with his border collie, and had many adventures. Dad was a born woodsman, and whether he was exploring a forgotten trail; finding a natural spring; or checking out the far side of a mountain, that’s when he was the happiest. That is until he met a cute brunette that rocked his world, but that is another story.
There was an interesting area that my dad and others always called the old world. No one know why it was called that, but I think perhaps because it used to be a settlement that died out long, long ago. You could still see the remains of cellar holes, and piles of rocks that may have been a fence or perhaps a fallen chimney. One day my dad found a rose bush growing near one of those ruined cellar holes; dug it up; and replanted it at home for his mother, Sophie. The bush took well to the change, and grew there for as long as I can remember.
A cutting of the plant was taken by Sophie’s daughter, Veronica to her new home when she married her farmer beau, Henry. The rose did well on Henry’s farm and when they retired from farming, a bit of the rose went with them to live in a small town in the Berkshire’s. Eventually Veronica needed to give up her home on the hill. She spoke to my dad who bought the house and moved in with my family. The rose plant was still thriving at the time, and was lovingly tended by my mother. So the rose had now come full circle and I began thinking of it as “Grandma’s Rose”.
A few years back, my dad passed away, but before he did, he gave me a tiny potted shoot of “Grandma’s Rose”. Over the years since, I have admired the spirit of this plant. It was accidentally snipped by shears; mowed down by my husband; mowed down by a lawn guy; and possibly weed wacked once. Each time it grew back and perserviered through hot summers, cold winters, and (um er) weeds. Finally we wised up, fenced it in, and today, for the first time, it bloomed for us. I believe that this tough little rose, that was probably planted by a hopeful family living in colonial Deerfield, has decided to stick it out.


C-58 and C-55
· The ship is a former US navy vessel used as a minesweeper during World War II – originally named the USS Harlequin –
· Passed hands to the Mexican Navy, who deliberately was sunk it in the 1980s to create an artificial reef.
· After the hurricane damage from Wilma in 2005, which basically split the vessel in two, all the ship’s rooms are accessible to divers, making this a fascinating and many-faceted dive experience.
· You can interact with lobsters, parrotfish, barracudas, manta rays, barracuda, groupers and other impressive marine life.
· Divers can swim around the entire ship as well entering it (known as penetration dives).
The best known of these is the C -58 or General Anaya , built in 1944 in Portland, Oregon and sold to Mexico in 1962 ; in 1980 it was sunk in Cozumel Coast since it could not be used anymore.
Shipwreck in Cancun name is Lieutenant Juan de la Barrera C -55 , was sunk in Cancun, Mexico in 2000 for recreational diving.
Ship Wreck $ 139 usd


Douglas J. Long, Ph.D, A.T.C.
Doug has been fortunate to be first in many positions, many of which have allowed him to be an active member of the athletic training profession. He was the first in his family to attend college. He completed his Bachelor’s degree in 1984 from Kearney State College, a Master’s degree in Exercise Science at Fort Hays State University in 1985, and a PhD in 2008 from the University of Nebraska—Lincoln.
Doug was the first and youngest Head Athletic Trainer at Chadron State College from 1985 to 1989. Doug returned to North Platte, Nebraska, to start one of the first clinical athletic training programs in the state providing athletic training coverage to thirteen educational entities in the North Platte area.
He was the first NSATA President to reside outside Lincoln or Omaha. Doug was the first athletic trainer to receive the Caring Kind Award from the Nebraska Hospital Association for exemplary customer/patient care.
As a member for over thirty years, Doug has been active at all levels of the association. Between 1988 and 1998, Doug held NSATA offices of Public Relations Chair, Secretary/Treasurer, Vice-President, and President. Doug was the Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium Coordinator for the Mid-America Athletic Trainers’ Association from 1998 to 2004.
In 2004, Doug was appointed to the MAATA Board of Directors as Interim Secretary and was elected to two terms of his own. He also served on the NATA District Secretary/Treasurer’s Committee. He was subsequently elected to District President in 2011.


About this event:
Every Tuesday in January
1pm to 3pm
a. Jan 10th- DNA Technology
This topic includes an explanation of how we are related and how we are differentiated through our DNA, and illustrates how this technology has become one of the best tools of criminologists. It covers the ways in which scientists have utilized the principles of DNA structure and function to create the methods used by science in fields of medicine, criminology and genealogy.
b. Jan 17th – Murder Cases
This lecture outlines how DNA analysis was used and misused in the O.J. Simpson trial, the Laci and Connor Petersen murders, the Sam Sheppard trial, and in attempting to discover the Boston Strangler’s identity. New cases, cold cases, and future cases have been and will be subjected to the technologies of DNA. A recap of DNA analysis techniques is included.
c. Jan 24th – Lindbergh Kidnapping
This was the first case dubbed the “Crime of the Century” by the print and radio media. This presentation includes tracing the evidence used to convict Bruno Hauptman of the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr. It addresses how some of the evidence would be analyzed today, and discusses the connection of the Lindbergh case to Agatha Christie’s Murder on the Calais Coach as an interesting side note.
d. Jan 31st – Ancient Mysteries
This lecture illustrates how modern forensic techniques are used to unravel mysteries of the past, such as those surrounding Otzi, the Ice Man, the Bog People of Denmark, the Peruvian mummies, and even the vampire folklore of Eastern Europe. Otzi is probably the most analyzed set of remains in the history of archaeology. Glimpse the past lives and cultures of these ancient, mysterious beings.


"The power cord for a machine that was built in the 1940ís.
It had been repaired once by an employee but that was years ago
also. The cord was so brittle that it crumbled in my hand when I
picked it up"
"This was not 'staged' but does show the right way and the wrong
way that containers should be labelled"


Military Night – July 20th
The Military All-Stars will be taking on the Quincy Area All-Stars.
There will be pre-game festivities including the Quincy American Legion Post 37 rifle salute, Mercantile Bank induction of Wall of Honor recipients, and Military All-Star pre-game ceremonies…The Historic “Red, White & Blue Tour” delivers unique patriotic events designed to honor America. We conduct a choreographed pre-game that includes “Passing the Flag” and “Walk of Honor” ceremonies to celebrate American History in defense of our freedom. Starting in 2019 in the Pacific NorthWest and the Midwest, we will be conducting Gold Star Family Honor Ceremonies.
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I am a former Ships Captain who traveled on the oceans to so many places, meeting people from all nationalities and all walks of life. It was an adventure.
My wife and I became regular visitors to the Franklin area and Macon County in the early 1990′s. We loved it up here.
In 2000 an overseas assignment was offered in Norway which lasted for 5 years.
As the 5 years was drawing to a close we were planning our return to the USA. That planning brought us here where we purchased our home in 2004.
We knew exactly where we wanted to settle down, right here in Franklin, because of the people, the charm of the area, the fairly temperate weather and the magnificent beauty we wake to every morning. It’s another adventure!


Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, politician and revolutionary. His freedom was stripped off him, yet he continued to stand firm for the rights of the South Africans. He played a leading role in the drive for peace in different circles of conflict. Despite many difficulties on the way, he never compromised on his political principles and, therefore, was always a source of strength for the prisoners.
Nelson was born on 18th July, 1918, in Transkei, South Africa. When he was 9 years old, his father died of tuberculosis. His original name was Rolihlahla Mandela. The name Nelson was given to him by his teacher. He was the first from his family to attend school. He was the first South African President elected democratically. He was the oldest elected president – 75 at election — of South Africa.
He joined the African National Congress in 1944 as an activist. Later, he became the founding president of the ANC Youth League. He qualified as lawyer in 1952 and started practicing law with a partner. He remained in prison for 27 years. He was as a D-group prisoner, i.e. the lowest classification, where he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months.
In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, a commendation for his exhaustive work for peace. He addressed the injustice of apartheid. Nelson Mandela spent his entire life fighting for equal grant of opportunities, education and political rights to the people. He believed that there was no peace without equality. It was the reason that even after twenty-seven years of imprisonment, he continued to uphold the political rights of the black South Africans. In 1994, the autobiography of Nelson Mandela was published, titled “Long walk to freedom”. Nelson Mandela was diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer in 2001. His struggle against AIDs became starkly personal in early 2005 because he lost his only surviving son due to the same disease, at the age of 54 years. After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, at the age of 95, Mandela died on December 5, 2013.
Having had honorary degrees from more than 50 international universities, Nelson Mandela remains one of the most awarded persons in the history, receiving more than 250 awards. The peace activist, Nelson Mandela, has made the whole world realize that standing for peace is not so easy but firm determination and strong willpower always end up bearing sweet fruit for all the struggle and hard work.
Written by: Nabiha Malik


China's first city to commemorate the World War II. The world as "the Chinese people won in the unyielding land", has 53 well-
preserved ruins of war.
Canal culture living fossil, Chinese Vernacular Architecture Museum. Eight kinds of architectural styles in one set, seventy temples gathered into one city, the ancient river transport is the only one in North and South blend of Chinese and Western historical and cultural city.
Last paragraph alive ancient canal. Hydraulic remains of the Grand Canal has a unique ancient revetment, ancient wharf complete 6 li Grand Canal by the World Tourism Organization as "alive ancient canal."
Ancient Chinese Watertown. Wang Tong, the city has 18 and 30 Water Street Whalley Lane, boats can swaying, traveled throughout the city.
The country's first base for cross-strait exchanges. December 2009 was approved by the State Council Taiwan Affairs Office of cross-strait exchanges base, an important carrier of cross-strait economic, political and cultural exchanges.


ASSOCIATE NCC OFFICER
Appreciation by Group Commander
Vision:Empower volunteer youth to become potential leaders and responsible citizens of the country
Mission:To develop leadership and character qualities, mould discipline and nurture social integration and cohesion through multifaceted programmes conducted in Military environment.
Character, Comradeship, Discipline, Leadership, Secular Outlook, Spirit of Adventure and ideals of Selfless Service amongst the Youth of the Country.
A Human Resource of organized, trained and motivated Youth, to provide leadership in all walks of life and be always available for the service to the Nation.
A suitable environment to motivate the Youth to take up career in the Armed Forces.
University Corps (UC)
The NCC has its genesis in the University Corps (UC) which was created under the Indian Defence Act, 1917, with the object to make up the shortages of the Army.
University Training Corps (UTC)
In 1920, when the Indian Territorial Act was passed, the University Corps was replaced by the University Training Corps (UTC).
University Officers Training Corps (UOTC)
In 1942, the UTC was renamed as the University Officers’ Training Corps (UOTC).
The need to create a youth organization at National level to train the young boys and girls to be better citizens and future leaders of our country in all walks 3 of life, including defence forces, was rightly realized by our leaders. A Committee under Pandit HN Kunzru was set up in 1946 at the behest of our first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Recommendations of this Committee paved the way for the formation of NCC. Thus, the National Cadet Corps (NCC) came into existence on 15 July 1948 under the National Cadet Corps Act (No.XXXI of 1948) enacted by the Parliament. In nutshell, the NCC of Independent India was inaugurated on 15 July 1948. The enrolment was open to both school and college/university students. Initially, the Senior Division (Boys in College/ University) and Junior Division (Boys in School) were raised.
In 1949, the Girls Division was raised in order to give equal opportunities to school and college going girls.
The NCC was given an inter-service image in 1950 when the Air Wing was added, followed by the Naval Wing in 1952. Same year, the NCC curriculum was extended to include community development/social service activities as a part of the NCC syllabus at the behest of Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who took keen interest in the growth of the NCC.
Following the Chinese Aggression, to meet the requirement of the Nation, the NCC training was made compulsory in 1963.
However, on the resistance of students against compulsory NCC training and also on the suggestions of some Vice Chancellors in 1968, the Corps was again made voluntary.
The Corps which started in a small way with Cadet Strength of 1.67 lakh has now grown to more than 13 lakh. The network of 774 NCC units is spread all over the country through 4880 Colleges and 7783 Schools.
The NCC was started in our institution with strength of 160 cadets in 1998.Sri TALARI BALAJI is the Associate NCC Officer (ANO) for this 193/E-Coy Palamaner unit.
Motto of NCC:
We the cadet of the national cadet corps, do solemnly pledge that we shall always uphold the unity of india.We resolve to be disciplined and responsible citizen of our nation. We shall undertake positive community service in the spirit of selflessness and concern for our fellow beings.
NCC Flag: NCCFlag Contains NCC Crest in gold in the middle, with the letters "NCC" encircled by a wreath of seventeen lotus with a background in Red, Blue and Light blue. ■ Red depicts the Army, Deep Blue depicts the Navy and Light Blue depicts the Air Force. ■ The seventeen lotuses represent the 17 State Directorates. ■ "Unity of Discipline" (Ekta aur Anushasan) is written at the bottom of the NCC Flag.
Hum Sab Bharatiya Hain, Hum Sab Bharatiya Hain
Apni Manzil Ek Hai,
Ha, Ha, Ha, Ek Hai,
Ho, Ho, Ho, Ek Hai.
Hum Sab Bharatiya Hain.
Kashmir Ki Dharti Rani Hai,
Sartaj Himalaya Hai,
Saadiyon Se Humne Isko Apne Khoon Se Pala Hai
Desh Ki Raksha Ki Khatir Hum Shamshir Utha Lenge,
Hum Shamshir Utha Lenge.
Bikhre Bikhre Taare Hain Hum Lekin Jhilmil Ek Hai,
Ha, Ha, Ha, Ek Hai
Hum Sab Bharatiya Hai.
Mandir Gurudwaare Bhi Hain Yahan
Aur Masjid Bhi Hai Yahan
Girija Ka Hai Ghariyaal Kahin
Mullah ki Kahin Hai Ajaan
Ek Hee Apna Ram Hain, Ek hi Allah Taala Hai,
Ek Hee Allah Taala Hain, Raang Birange Deepak Hain Hum,
lekin Jagmag Ek Hai, Ha Ha Ha Ek Hai, Ho Ho Ho Ek Hai.
Hum Sab Bharatiya Hain, Hum Sab Bharatiya Hain.


Mouldy's Archery is dedicated to helping people practice and expand their archery skills. From beginners to advanced, we have a variety of lessons taught by experts in the field of archery. Check out our classes and sign up today!
18 December 2019, 4:39 pm
Archers have made and shot wooden arrows for thousands of years. They’ve brought down wooly mammoths and helped wage wars such as the battle of Agincourt, where English and Welsh archers shooting longbows defeated a larger French army in 1415. Most archers see the romance and nostalgia of wooden arrows in a well-oiled back quiver. […]READ MORE»


The Rottweiler is an outstanding companion and guard, but ownership of a Rottweiler carries much greater than average legal and moral responsibilities. The Rottweiler IS NOT a breed that fits into every home. Your first consideration in buying a Rottweiler should be the knowledge that for the next ten or more years that dog will be a part of your household. As a companion to your whole family, your Rottweiler will reflect the love and affection you show him. He will represent an emotional investment, not just a financial investment. Therefore, choose him carefully. Know as much as possible about the breed and his breeder before you buy. Deal only with a reputable breeder!
The Rottweiler is said to be descended from the drover dogs of ancient Rome. These mastiff-type dogs accompanied the Roman Legions across the Alps herding their cattle and guarding their camps. One such camp, on the banks of the Neckar River in what is now southern Germany, was the origin of the town of Rottweil (named for the red tile roofs of the villas built by the Romans). Through the mid-1800's, the cattle trade flourished in Rottweil, as did the Rottweiler Metzgerhund (butcher dog), who drove the cattle to market and returned with the filled purses of their masters around their necks. As rail transportation became the primary means of bringing cattle to market, the dogs were used less frequently. Legend has it that by 1905 there was but one Rottweiler left in the town of Rottweil. By the early 1900's though, the Rottweiler gained popularity as a police dog. In 1931, the first Rottweiler was admitted to the AKC Stud Book.


Thursday, October 6, 2011
Testimony from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing: Peace Corps, The Next 50 Years
Today the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a hearing about the next 50 years of Peace Corps. You can read testimony from panelists here. Panelists included former Senators, Peace Corps Director Williams, National Peace Corps Association Director Kevin Quigley and a survivor.


|Updated 6/22/17 5:05|
Real Air Greece was founded in 1994 by Cretan businessmen, based in Heraklion. The first regular itineraries began the same year with two ATR 72 and thus Air Greece was one of the first competitors of Olympic. Up to dues 1995 Air Greece had transported more from 150.000 passengers. The company operated until 1997 with just two aircradfts. In April 1997 acquired an additional ATR72 and in 1999 two Fokker 100 which began also itineraries from Heraklion to three cities of Germany. In 1999 Minoan Lines acquired 51% of the airline, aiming at the growth of Air Greece.However, the company could not more face the always harder competition from Aegean Airlines, Cronus Airlines and Olympic and started collaboration with first. The particular collaboration led to fusion of two companies (concretely Minoikes Lines sold the percentages that kept in the company and thus were led to end another Greek airline).Air Greece virual was founded by a small group of flight simulator enthusiasts in August 2008 wanting to start a new status in Hellenic virtual community.We operate only on-line at VATSIM network, in five continents, with over 50 aircrafts of last generation. Our purpose is to ensure that every member will take the maximum of satisfaction in every virtual flight. Here at Air GREECE we want things to be as professional and realistic as possible while maintaining a massive amount of the humour element!


And, of course both men and women had to wear swimsuits -- I suppose that too was intended to ensure equality. As I vividly remember it the shrivel factor was extremely 'small. The technical quality, style and general appearance of the yellowish group photograph suggests it was taken in the s or s. Sperm structure and motility in the eusocial naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber: Away from the gaze of women and girls, men generally swam naked.
Bottom of the swimming league: Naked mole rat sperm
The YMCA originated in London in as a Christian mission to young men moving into the cities for work and employment. The questioner writes: It happened on a Sabbath, so the religious leaders kept asking him questions, thinking how could it be from a man of God since he did that on a Sabbath against their made-up religious rules? African Americans were also deemed to be a lesser class and were segregated, notwithstanding most of the 19th century discussed they were deemed owned property. In fact, we were created in the image of God. Seems to me they are more prone to drowning wearing something akin to a parachute in the water. But as mothers and sisters and female school mates began to attend, the question was undoubtedly raised as to whether the boys should swim naked in front of them.
Brighton Swimming Club
There is no equivalent of Eakins' pictorial representation of male nude swimming in 19th century British art. Periodically, the Brighton Swimming Club commissioned professional photographers to take group photographs featuring members of the club. Where did this tradition come from? But the growing practice of wearing swim suits for public competitions may have helped to challenge the rule of boys swimming naked in school and YMCA pools. It is unlikely that this photograph would have been commissioned as an official group photograph of the Brighton Swimming Club. Benjamin Franklin was interested in the science of swimming and swam naked in the Thames while stationed in London in the s. Their reality was and is their reality.
You have a few hundred on your list. The ancient yogis were naked. Complaining of a strange swelling in his groin-region, she commands the dim-witted handsome farmer to strip fully naked There were probably very grave concerns about a no swimsuit policy being likely to link the YMCA with the "free love" and other such counter-culture movements of the time, which the Y would understandably, want to avoid. Two unidentified members of the Brighton Swimming Club ? A few seconds exposure was one thing but prolonged nudity was still a bit too much.
2 days ago


Saturday, 7 May 2016
Japanese exhibition about Korean influence on Japanese pottery
The folk craft movement in Japan owes a great debt to Soetsu Yanagi (1889-1961), who coined the term “mingei” (“folk crafts”) in 1925. Yanagi pioneered the notion that Japan’s vernacular crafts had their own intrinsic artistic worth, and should be valued, collected and curated. His desire to share an appreciation of these simple objects with the public grew from an admiration for the Korean craft tradition and it became his mission to foster opportunities for the public to rediscover Japanese and other Asian traditional crafts firsthand. Thanks in large part to Yanagi’s efforts, the mingei aesthetic was born, which led to a growing appreciation of folk crafts.
image and text from here where you can continue reading about this all...


How do you convince hundreds of people to buy a house with a campaign on a limited budget? You create a campaign that cleverly uses the face of a renowned historical figure free of cost.
The Big 72-Hour Home Fest was an epic campaign by Mellow Designs in collaboration with Sankalp Communications. Chanakya is considered to be one of the wisest figures in Indian history. We used his legacy and created a graphic to convince the masses to save big on buying their properties with Puravankara. The idea of scholars is a crowd-puller in India, so the concept worked like magic.
Posted on hoardings across the city and on the front page of major newspapers, the ad sold over 900 homes in 72 hours. It’s no wonder that the campaign also ran its third edition in four other metro cities.


In Memoriam of Elaine Kilbourne, our beloved teacher who passed away on 14 June 2014. She was both a mentor and inspiration to many of her students at Anacostia High School. She taught at Anacostia HS (1948–1968), Wooten HS (1980–1994), and the University of Maryland (1968–1979).
Guy Toscano (1963 Anacostia class) had the great pleasure to have a brick paver—inscribed to her memory as a dedicated teacher—installed at his and my Alma Mater University of Maryland at the Samuel Riggs IV Alumni Center. The brick paver (number G-2) is actually located at the fountain in the Moxley Gardens which is adjacent to the Alumni Center. May she rest in peace and in the hearts of those who loved her!
IN MEMORY, ELAINE M. KILBOURNE
1968-1979, ASSOCIATE STAFF
A blog post written about Ms. Kilbourne for Women’s History Month by the Museum Archivist, Jennifer Morris.
The achievements of Ms. Kilbourne are now available online at the following websites


Portrait of Abraham Lincoln reminds us of the difficult begining of our history. Today, we can appreciate portrait of Abraham Lincoln in many places around us, including libraries, federal and state buildings, universities, and the White House. Have you ever wondered why Abraham Lincoln is consistently ranked by both scholars and public as one of the three greatest presidents in the US?
What do you think our nation is mostly proud of? Having strong political power? Putting an end to the World War II? Or, winning the pursuit to be the first nation on the Moon? Those great achievements are part of one overarching theme. There is nothing more marvelous than the History of the United States of America. With all the twists, turns, ups and downs, we and our ancestors are the people who have been tangibly creating American history based on freedom, liberty and democracy.
Today would not look that bright if there had not been wonderful individuals creating our story. One of such important individuals played an important role in leading the country during Civil War as well as constitutional and political crisis. This individual preserved the Union, abolished slavery, reinforced federal government, and modernized economy. Today we will talk about 16th President of the United States of America, Abraham Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was born to a family of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. As Abraham Lincoln was growing up, he loved to read and preferred learning instead of working in the field. He was raised in a poor family of farmers. Abraham’s dogged pursuit of knowledge caused a strain in a relationship with his father, who opposed Lincoln’s educational aspirations.
As a young adult, Lincoln tried many different professions. For instance, he operated a store and served as postmaster. His unique character and desire for a just society impressed the residents of Hodgenville, who named him “Honest Abe.”
In 1831, 22-year old Lincoln moved to New Orleans where he observed atrocities of slavery. The brutality that he witnessed influenced the way he understood slavery.
Lincoln served in the Black Hawk War. Later, he made an unsuccessful run for the Illinois legislature in 1832. He ran again in 1834 to win. He successfully ran three more times until 1840. Lincoln was a member of the Whig Party. He remained a Whig until 1856 when he became a Republican. Additionally, he studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer in 1836.
Presidency and secession
Lincoln was elected the 16th president on November 6, 1860, defeating Douglas, John Bell and John C. Breckinridge. He was the first president from the Republican Party to become a president. Strong support of the North and West entirely contributed in Abraham Lincoln victory.
At a time, secessionists made clear that they will leave the Union before Abraham takes office. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession, and it was followed by Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Six of those states declared their sovereignty, and they were known as Confederate States of America. They selected Jefferson Davis as provisional President on February 9, 1861. However Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.
After the uprising of the Confederate States of America, President Lincoln faced the greatest internal crisis that any American President had been faced before. After the fall of Ft. Sumter, Lincoln raised decided to fight to save and protect the Union from falling apart. Despite enormous pressures, losses of lives, battlefield setbacks, unprepared generals and assassination threats, Abraham stuck with his pro-Union policy for four years of Civil War. On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. This was Lincoln’s declaration of freedom for all slaves in the areas of the Confederacy not under Union control.
Difficult career of President Abraham Lincoln abruptly ended during the play entitled Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater, in Washington, D.C. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Booth was an American stage actor, a Confederate sympathizer who was against the abolition of slavery. The initial plan conceived of by Booth and his accomplices was to kidnap the President in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners. His plan changed to assassination during Abraham Lincoln’s speech in April 1865. In it, Lincoln promoted voting rights for African Americans. It was common knowledge that both Abraham Lincoln and later 18th President Ulysses S. Grant were going to attend a play in Ford’s Theater. Booth and his accomplices were determined to kill both of them, along with Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward at their homes.
Unfortunately, Abraham Lincoln appeared at the play without his personal bodyguard, Ward Hill Lamon. On Lincoln’s order, Lamon had been sent to Richmond, Virginia. Another bodyguard of Lincoln, John Parker, left Ford’s Theater during intermission for a drink at the saloon next door. Grant, who was supposed to attend the play with Lincoln, had decided to visit his children in New Jersey.
Now unguarded, Lincoln sat in his state box in the balcony. Booth slinked from behind, aimed at the back of Lincoln’s head and took his shot. The President was mortally wounded. Major Henry Rathbone, who happened to be nearby, grappled Booth for some time. However, Booth stabbed Major Rathbone and ran away.
Following the attempted assassination, Lincoln was carried across the street to the Petersen House. He passed away there the following day. This was the first presidential assassination in American history. The nation mourned the loss of its leader. Lincoln’s body was taken to Springfield by train, and he was buried in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery on May 4, 1865.
After having been on the run 12 days later, Booth was tracked down and found on a farm in Virginia, 70 miles away from Washington. After refusing to surrender to Union troops, Booth was shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26.
In 1982, forty-nine historians and political scientists were asked by the Chicago Tribute to rate all the Presidents through Jimmy Carter in five categories: leadership qualities, political skills, appointments, character/integrity and accomplishments/crisis management. At the top of the list stood Abraham Lincoln ahead of Franklin Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, among other leaders of our nation. None of them exceeded Lincoln in any category according to the rating.
American Nation created a Portrait of Abraham Lincoln as a self-made man, the liberator of the slaves, and the savior of the Union who had given his life so that others could be free. Lincoln became Father Abraham, a hero who gave rights to African Americans, an envoy of God to save the Union. With his experience, he understood that eradicating slavery required patience, careful timing, appropriate support and iron resistance.
To achieve all of these things, Lincoln had to break laws that were in place back then, ignoring one constitutional provision after another. He declared war without a declaration of war, before even summoning Congress into special session. He countered Supreme Court opposition by affirming his own versions of judicial reviews that placed the President as the final interpreter of the Constitution.
These greatest accomplishments in the history of our country, such as saving the Union, vindicating democracy, and putting the end to slavery, were conceived of and performed by Abraham Lincoln. He handled the biggest internal crisis in the history of the United States. Lincoln was a leader that America had needed. He was able to energize and mobilize the nation by appealing to its ideals while acting without malice in the pursuit of a more perfect, just and enduring Union.
Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln has been memorialized in many towns and cities around the country. The capital of Nebraska was named after Abraham Lincoln. The first public monument of Abraham Lincoln was a statue erected in front of the D.C City Hall in 1868, only three years after his assassination. Portrait of Abraham Lincoln is widely recognized not only in the United States, but across the world thanks to the 5-dollar bill. Another internationally known image of Lincoln is a granite face of Mount Rushmore in Keystone, South Dakota. Mount Rushmore features 60 foot sculptures of the heads of four Presidents of the United States: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. This is one of the most famous appearances of Abraham Lincoln in today’s modern times.
Portrait of Abraham Lincoln
In 1869, Abraham Lincoln appeared on an oil Portrait of Abraham Lincoln painted by George Peter Alexander Healy. On the portrait, Lincoln is observed alone, leaning forward, with his elbow on his knee and his head resting on his hand. That pose is taken form another Healy’s painting from 1868 called The Peacemakers. The Peacemakers depicts the historic strategy session by the Union high command on the streamer River Queen during the final days of the American Civil War in March 28, 1865. If you want to see Portrait of Abraham Lincoln painted by Healy please visit The White House Historical Association webpage.
Both paintings showcase a man who altered the history dedicating his life to timeless values of our nation. His resistance, wisdom and strategy make Abraham Lincoln a role model to follow, and always remember as a Man of the Nation.
Without any doubts, Portrait of Abraham Lincoln is a great way to remember the struggles in our history. If you would like to have a beautiful souvenir showcasing Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, please Contact us.
- William A. Pencak, Encyclopedia of the Veteran in America, ABC-CLIO, 2009,
- Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory, Oxford U.P., 1995,
- Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Towards None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln, New York: HarperPerennial, 1994,
- Kenneth J. Winkle, The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln, Taylor, 2001,
- Mark E. Neely, The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties, 1992,
- Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, W.W. Norton, 2010
- A monument of Abraham Lincoln, photo credit RachelBostwick via pixabay cc,
- Young Abraham Lincoln, photo credit tpsdave via pixabay cc,
- Lincoln in Rushmore, photo credit werner22brigitte via pixabay cc,
- The Peacemakers, photo credit wikilmages via pixabay cc,
- The Gettysburg Address, photo credit The Q Speaks via photopin cc.


This poster features carefully restored imagery from a broadside placard printed in 1868 in Boston, Massachusetts for the New York & Erie Railroad - the forerunner of the famous Erie Railroad. On this poster the railroad sought to advertise ALL of its great features, using as many fonts as the printer could supply, and the result is a very striking piece that oozes mid-nineteenth-century stylish charm. The different topics shown on this poster could serve as the starting point for a full lecture on the history of railroading in America, but we'll spare you that here. Ben "Gitty" Baker digitally restored this great old poster from a high-resolution scan of a worn and creased original, being careful to carry forward all of the stylish antique charm. These are museum-quality posters printed on thick and durable matte paper - see specs below.
• Paper thickness: 10.3 mil • Paper weight: 5.57 oz/y² (189 g/m²) • Giclée printing quality • Opacity: 94%


History of American Sign Language
"Where Did ASL Come From?" by Bryan Eldredge, Utah Valley University
As the Deaf Community struggles to be understood, it must overthrow many
commonly held misconceptions. One of the most widespread, and consequently
hardest to overcome, is that "sign language" is an artificial
system developed to help deaf people understand English by another means,
much like Braille is to blind people. But American Sign Language (ASL)
is nothing of the sort. One of the best ways to understand ASL is to understand
The name American Sign Language implies a couple of things: that there
are other sign languages, and that the one used in the United States is
somehow indigenous to this country. Both of these implications are correct.
In fact ASL began to form in small ways not long after the first settlers
arrived in America. Some of those settlers carried genes for deafness
with them when they came. In addition to those born here, some of the
people who immigrated here were deaf. Many of them brought sign languages
native to their homelands, and many of those born here undoubtedly developed
what are known as home signs, a rudimentary set of signs which varied
widely from place to place and family to family.
some areas these sign languages or sign systems grew quite popular. Martha's
Vineyard, a small island off the coast of Massachusetts, was an example
of such a place. Because the people on the island were quite isolated
and consequently often married close relatives, a gene for deafness affected
nearly one-fourth of the people on the island. As a result almost everyone
on the island signed. Community and church proceedings were conducted
in sign. Hearing people often used sign language when communicating between
themselves even when there were no deaf people present. Many of the older
people on the island still sign to this day, and many of them have trouble
remembering which of their old friends were deaf and which were hearing,
because everyone signed.
Gallaudet & Clerc
like that on Martha's Vineyard were certainly rare, but they did occur
on a smaller scale in many families and communities. But for most deaf
people in America, the land of opportunity held little for them until
1817. That is when a young minister named Thomas Gallaudet and his new
friend Laurent Clerc, forever changed the course of Deaf history.
short time before 1817, Gallaudet met a Dr. Mason Cogswell who had a young
daughter, Alice, who was deaf. Apparently, Gallaudet was quite fascinated
by the challenge of communicating with and educating Alice. Dr. Cogswell
eventually persuaded Gallaudet to travel to Europe, at the expense of
Cogswell and some other interested parties, to study the methods being
used there in educating deaf people. Gallaudet first traveled to England
to study the method used by the Braidwood family, an oral approach, but
he ran into trouble because the Braidwoods held their "methods"
as business secrets and were reluctant to share them.
a somewhat frustrated Gallaudet met Laurent Clerc, a Deaf Frenchman. Clerc
was traveling with a group from the National Royal Institution for the
Deaf in Paris, demonstrating their educational techniques using French
Sign Language. Gallaudet heard lectures given by Clerc and the others
through an interpreter and was impressed that he decided to travel back
to France with the group to study their techniques. [Clerc had gone to
school at the Institut National des Jeune Sourds-Muets, which was the
first public school for the deaf in the world, founded by a priest named
Abbe De L'Epee, who became known as the "father of the deaf."]
money began to run low, and eventually word came that he would have to
come back to America. Before he left, Gallaudet convinced Clerc to accompany
him back to America. During the voyage to America, Clerc continued teaching
Gallaudet French Sign Language, and Gallaudet taught Clerc English. Once
back in America, these two men founded the first successful school for
the deaf in the United States. There had been other schools earlier, including
some efforts by a member of the Braidwood family, but none had succeeded.
This new school was established in 1817 in Hartford Connecticut.
The establishment of this school would have far reaching effects on the
future of Deaf America. Had the earlier attempts at establishing oralist
schools been successful, the Deaf community might have been very different.
The Hartford school was vital to the formation of what is now referred
to as Old ASL. This early form of ASL was a combination of the French
Sign Language brought over by Clerc and the many other sign systems used
by people who already lived here including the signs used on Martha's
Vineyard. When the first students came to Hartford and learned this early
form of ASL, they often took it back to their homes and taught it to other
deaf people, and eventually, many of these early graduates of the Hartford
school became teachers in other schools for the deaf around the country.
So it is clear that the Hartford school played a key role in standardizing
the language of the Deaf. Today Deaf people from one part of the country
can travel to almost any other part and find people who use the same language
(although ASL does vary somewhat from region to region just as English
has several differing dialects often within relatively small distances).
The changes away from the French Sign Language at the Hartford school
began to appear almost immediately, and the language continues to change
today, as do all other "living" languages. Approximately 60%
of present-day ASL can be traced to its French roots. That is not to say
that 60% of ASL is identical to LSF [Langues des Signes Francais (French
Sign Language)], but rather that the relationship can still be traced.
Even today, residential schools for the Deaf play a significant role in
the standardization of ASL and the continuation of its culture.
University in Washington D.C., the only liberal arts university for the
Deaf in the world, is something of a mecca for the Deaf and particularly
so since the "Deaf President Now" protests in 1988. During these
protests, seen by many people within the Deaf community as the revolution
which finally opened the door to Deaf civil rights, the students shut
down the campus for nearly a week. The school's Board of Trustees, which
was comprised mostly of hearing people, passed over two Deaf candidates
for university president and chose the only hearing one. Dr. Elizabeth
Zinser, the board's choice, had no previous experience with the Deaf community.
The protests captured global attention and eventually the students succeeded;
Dr. Zinser resigned and Dr. I. King Jordan was named as the first deaf
president in the school's 124-year history.
But the Deaf community has suffered in the hands of well-meaning hearing
people before, and sometimes misguided efforts at helping the deaf have
almost destroyed what has become the language and culture of Deaf Americans.
In 1880, the same year that the National Association of the Deaf (NAD)
was founded to bring deaf people together to fight for common causes,
in Milan, Italy the International Congress on Education of the Deaf voted
158 to 6 to recommend that oral methods of educating the deaf should be
promoted over signing. Ironically, of the 164 delegates to the conference,
only one was deaf. The hearing members of the American delegation voted
against the proposal. The one deaf participant, also an American, was
not allowed to vote.
The Milan conference, along with growing belief throughout Europe that
oralism was better than signing, created great concern to Deaf people
who saw their language and culture threatened with extinction. Around
the turn of the century, fears that ASL would be lost were so great that
the NAD established a special fund specifically for the purpose of making
films so that future generations could have something of their language
after its use had been stopped. Yet ASL did survive. There have been periods
when oralism has gained momentum and signing has always suffered in direct
proportion, but the will of the community members to preserve their language
and culture has prevented the demise once believed so inevitable. Deaf
people have always refused to give up their associations with other Deaf
people; whether through clubs, churches, or political organizations, ASL
always found a home, a place where the people who use it maintain the
right to do so.
|Understanding the origins of ASL should help people recognize that ASL
is not a simple support device, a crutch for people with "broken"
ears. It is a vivid, living, whole language which is limited only by the
user's ability to use it, or lack thereof. Ironically, it is the limitations
of the hearing people who have tried to learn ASL that has contributed a
great deal to the myth that ASL can express only concrete ideas. It is impossible
for people with limited abilities to ever unlock or comprehend the true
potential of any language.


Weaving Cultural Identities: Celebrating Heritage and Textile Traditions
A companion book to the weaving project of the Vancouver Biennale's 2018-2020 exhibition that brought together creative individuals from various ethnicities to work with Indigenous and Muslim artists to share, learn, and celebrate cultural and historical knowledge through textile traditions.
7.5 inches x 9.25 inches
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