Shutters - The Beginnings
For generations, people have selected wood shutters for their windows because of the durability, classic style and easy maintenance that shutters provide. They are frequently thought of as a standard fixture on historical buildings - from Italy to New England. Although shutters are in use almost universally, it is difficult to determine the exact historical origins of the use of shutters.
It is commonly believed that shutters were first used in ancient Greece in order to provide light control, ventilation and protection in that tropical environment. Those first shutters were likely constructed with fixed louvers made out of marble. Eventually, the concept of shutters spread throughout the Mediterranean, and the form began to change. Wood started to replace marble as a more suitable material for production, and designers started developing movable louver shutters to allow varying amounts of light and air into a room.
Window Shutters Gaining Popularity
Shutters generally performed two functions; admitting light and ventilation. Louvered shutters could be closed to minimize heat from the sun and simultaneously allow for ventilation and privacy when needed. With the louvers pointed in the downward direction, the shutters also shed rainwater. Solid shutters provided more insulation and were able to prevent insects from entering the home.
In medieval Europe, houses had rectangular windows with solid shutters that sometimes closed with a large iron bar for security and protection. By Tudor and Elizabethan times, glass windows started to be used, but they were very expensive, therefore reserved for the upper half of window openings. Solid shutters below the sash, windows remained closed with solid shutters. Hinged glazed sashes started replacing the solid shutters in the 15th century. After that point, interior shutters were increasingly used as decoration in homes rather than strictly functional purposes. Woodwork like window shutters and moldings became the main decorative elements in smaller houses in early 18th century England.
As wood construction started to be used for houses in the Victorian period, people started using shutters outdoors. The stone and brick houses built previously had deeply recessed windows that prohibited the use of exterior shutters because they would be unreachable from the inside. However, the thinner wooden walls allowed indoor access to exterior shutters.
To the New World
As the Spanish started colonizing in the Americas, they brought shutters to the New World. Decadent mansions in the South used shutters, and the term "plantation shutters" is derived from this area. Plantation shutters on cotton plantations usually had wider louvers than shutters used earlier, and they were almost always painted white.
Traditional shutters often found in the New England states trace their roots to England, where the narrower louver was used. Often café type shutters mimic the original use of shutters on the bottom portion of windows before glass was affordable.
A more incendiary - but decidedly less factual - tale about the invention of shutters takes place in 17th century France. After Louis XIV moved the Court from the Louvre in Paris to Versailles, he enjoyed a festive life in the country. One of his favorite pastimes was to admire the beautiful women of his court bathe in the many ponds within his gardens. However, he noticed that the bathing women also distracted guards on duty to protect the palace. Rumor holds that Louis XIV had movable louvered shutters installed around the garden walls so that he could open them and peep but the guards would not be able to see.
Originally, the term louver referred to boards that would allow ventilation through a turret built into the roof of a medieval building. However, some hold that the name louver hails from the days of Louis XIV. Since some legends place the advent of shutters after he left the Louvre, they propose the working mechanisms of shutters at Versailles were named after Louis' previous dwelling.
The introduction of the term "Peeping Tom" involves shutters in a unique way. According to legend, Lady Godiva rode naked through the town of Coventry on a white horse in order to make her husband remit a heavy tax on the people. Most people stayed inside, but Peeping Tom looked through closed shutters to catch a glimpse at Lady Godiva.


The roots of Faith Baptist Church run deep. In the early 1930’s the founder of the work, Dr. John J. Sidey, broke away from the modernism of the United Baptist Convention, resulting in the formation of several organizations, one of which was the Lower Aylesford Baptist Church. Over the course of the years, the name of this independent Baptist church has changed several times: Lower Aylesford Baptist Church, Bible Baptist Church (Ind) and most recently Faith Baptist Church. In its lengthy history there have been six pastors, beginning with Dr. J. J. Sidey and currently by Pastor Brent Karding. Dr. William J. Moorehead had the longest tenure of office being pastor or pastor emeritus from 1962 until the Lord took him home in 2014.
The current congregation had a covenant signing on June 10, 1999, at which time the name officially became Faith Baptist Church (Ind.) of Greenwood. The facilities of Kingston Bible College were used as the meeting place until the keys of the former building were given back to the congregation. Fittingly, the first service in the church building was the funeral of Dr. Moorehead held on April 17, 2014. In past decades, many souls have been reached through the ministries of Bible Clubs, day camps, student teams from Bob Jones University, Early Bird radio ministry, and the Studio One TV program.
We pray for and anticipate God’s continued blessing as we meet in our regular worship services on Sunday and weekly prayer meetings on Thursdays, as we together savour and spread the gospel of Christ.


I was reading this week about the work of the Iranian civil rights activist Shirin Ebadi. In 1975 she became the first ever woman judge in Iran. Following the revolution in Iran in 1979 the new authorities decided that women judges were not permitted and she was demoted to a secretarial position. She fought the decision, requesting early retirement so that she could at least practice law, but that was denied her until 1993. She spent some of that time in prison, and the rest of it forging a career as a writer on issues relating to civil rights, particularly for the rights of women, children and immigrants; the disenfranchised and the dispossessed. In her legal practice she fought many civil rights cases on a pro bono basis.
Following the victory, with 70% of the vote, of Mohammad Khatami in the 1997 elections on a platform of liberalisation and social reform, elements of the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence conducted an illicit campaign of over eighty murders of Iranian intellectuals and dissidents. The connection between the murders was not spotted until 1998 when a politician, his wife, and three dissident writers were murdered in the space of two months. During the investigation of these murders Shirin Ebadi was shown a transcript of a conversation between a government minister and a member of the death squad in which she was described as being the next person to be killed.
Despite this, she continued her pioneering work, setting up the Defenders of Human Rights Centre in 2001, and in 2003 she became the first Iranian to win the Nobel Peace Prize, awarded to her for a significant body of work on democracy and human rights, especially women’s, children’s, and refugee rights. Also in 2003 she represented the family of Zahra Kazemi, an Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer who was arrested for photographing Evin prison outside Tehran and who died in custody there nineteen days later amid much controversy over her detention, torture, rape, and death. Ebadi was also highly critical of the trial of the man accused of Kazemi’s murder.
In 2008, just as guests were arriving at her human rights centre to celebrate the 60th anniversary of UN Human Rights Day, Iranian police and security forces raided the centre and shut it down. In 2009, just before the election that saw Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected to a second term as President, she left Iran to go to Madrid for a conference. While away she received what she described as a “death threat”, and her husband, who was at home in Tehran and is not an activist or dissident, was severely beaten and barred from travelling abroad. Shirin Ebadi has not returned to her home country since, but continues to campaign for improvements to human rights in Iran, particularly for women and children. Of the role that Islam might play in the human rights of women in Iran, she has said many times, “It is not religion that binds women, but the selective dictates of those who wish them cloistered. That belief, along with the conviction that change in Iran must come peacefully and from within, has underpinned my work.”
In many respects it is possible to see this as the same battle the suffragettes fought in Britain in the nineteenth century, and that should be an inspiring thought because British women have achieved so much and come a long way from the position in, say, 1800 when women had no legal status, were not allowed to sign contracts in their own name, could not run their own business, had no rights to vote or to be voted for and were, even at the highest rungs of society, considered secondary to men in virtually all respects. Even the idea that a woman might need or want or could possibly benefit from an education was mocked and literacy levels were consequently lower for women than for men. Although she did not think of herself as a feminist, we can perhaps mention here Jane Austen (1775 – 1817), who published four novels that are still immensely popular today, but none of them were published in her lifetime with her name on the title page; the author was given simply as, A Lady, and that tells us much more eloquently than any of her books could do what we need to know about Georgian attitudes to women.
The idea that only certain persons in England can vote dates back to at least as far as 1429 when the forty shilling franchise was instituted. When it was perceived that elections had been affected by people of “low estate” it was decreed that only freemen who owned freehold land worth 40 shillings or more could vote. This was not altered for over four hundred years, until the Representation of the People Act (1832), generally referred to as the First Reform Act, which, as its name suggests, reformed the electorate and parliamentary authority but still excluded women from the franchise. Women were again excluded from the vote in the Municipal Corporations Act (1835). Some form of suffrage movement existed more or less from that time until women eventually won the franchise, but it did not become a major topic of political discussion until about the 1870s and the fight continued in a more or less civilised fashion until World War I intervened. Just before the war ended the Representation of the People Act (1918) was passed, enfranchising women over the age of 30, but the centuries old idea of minimum property qualifications persisted. The Representation of the People Act (1928) finally extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21.
It is important to remember, however, that not all men could vote either. Before the first of a series of suffrage reforms in 1832, only about 3% of the adult male population were qualified to vote. For the most part, the right to vote depended on the value of any property holdings. For this reason, the majority of people who were able to vote were both wealthy and male. Throughout the 1800s, campaigns were fought to extend the franchise and some concessions were made. In 1867 the Second Reform Act extended the franchise to about 2.5 million men (around 8.3% of the population) by permitting working class men with lower income levels to vote but they still had to be property owners so people renting their house could not vote whatever their income. In 1884 the Third Reform Act doubled the electorate to about 5.5 million men by granting rural populations equality with their urban cousins. The population was about 34 million in 1884, therefore, despite these reforms we can calculate that less than 20% of the population could vote and only two thirds of adult men were enfranchised. It was not until the Representation of the People Act (1918) was passed that all men over the age of 21 could vote, which means that English men over the age of 18 had joined the army and gone to France to die in the trenches in their millions to defend a country that would not even allow them to vote. For these reasons I think it wrong for us to think of feminism, suffrage, and enfranchisement, as being issues that were solely about women and women’s rights.
Some of the social and political issues brought to prominence by the suffragette movement were not necessarily about voting per se, but about the disparity between the way different classes were treated, about the disproportionate sense of entitlement the wealthy elite garnered for themselves and about making England a more democratic and fairer country on many different levels including such seemingly unrelated topics as education and prison reform. England was a very different country then, for example, in 1832, the same year the Great Reform Act came into effect there was a cholera epidemic in London and the following year the Slavery Abolition Act banned slavery throughout the British Empire and amendments to the Poor Law meant that paupers requesting assistance had to go to the workhouse, creating the conditions that fuelled much of the writing of Charles Dickens. Throughout the period when the sun never set on the British Empire and England ruled the waves those who benefited from those conditions were a tiny minority of the elite and women campaigned in the main to level that whole playing field, health, education, clean water, social welfare, a whole range of issues and that women benefited was a consequence of their actions rather than the primary causative factor.
In the 19th century some of my ancestors lived in Douglas Street in Deptford, south London. Douglas Street no longer exists. In its place is a street called Douglas Way, a pedestrian-only street that is in two halves, either side of Margaret McMillan Park, named after Margaret McMillan (1860 – 1931), the American born Christian Socialist who worked extensively in deprived areas to improve the health care and education of children and who pioneered a method of play-centred nursery education that has only recently been widely accepted. Margaret McMillan is emblematic, I think, of the work that many women did to improve society as a whole, not just for themselves but for everyone, in the way that Shirin Ebadi is trying to do in modern Iran and it is often easy for us in a more modern Britain with our interconnected lives and pockets full of electronic gadgets, with our National Health Service, our local GP and Citizens Advice Bureau to forget what these women achieved and what a debt we owe to them for the opportunities they created.
It is, therefore, disappointing in many ways to see modern British feminists campaigning to improve such trivial issues as the number of women MP’s or the numbers of women who sit in the boardrooms of our FTSE 100 companies, as though these things should actually be determined along lines of sex. When the day comes that constituents vote for their MP on the basis of her sex I shall know that democracy is in a far worse state than it was when women couldn’t vote at all.
Women have achieved so much, and much of that was by campaigning for equality across the whole of society, not just for women’s rights, and by comparison their more modern counterparts seem to have become a single issue party, fixating on perceptions of equality of outcome rather than of opportunity. Whilst there are still legitimate areas of concern such as domestic violence and crimes against women, much of modern feminism comes across as cherry picking preferred outcomes such as the number of women who win journalism prizes, rather than identifying areas where it is genuinely worth fighting for equality of opportunity. When they were standing in a cherry orchard knee deep in cherries it was obvious that cherry picking was the right thing to do, but now they are standing in a supermarket stuffed full of an endless variety of opportunities and their deconstructive approach to plucking microscopic motes from the eyes of others trivialises their movement and demeans the efforts of those who went before them as well as of those who, like Shirin Ebadi, are still fighting important battles on their troubled streets and are literally putting their lives on the line to make this a better world for everyone.
1. In 1841 about 70% of bridegrooms could sign their own name while around 55% of brides could do the same. By 1900 the ratios were more equal and much higher with over 95% of both sexes signing their names. literacy in Victorian Britain
1. The Independent 30-May-2013 – profile of Shirin Ebadi
2. Defenders of Human Rights Centre
3. Awarded Nobel Peace Prize
4. Reporters without Borders – Remember Zahra Kazemi’s death
5. BBC Profile of Shirin Ebadi
6. University of Leeds – Building the Literate Nation
7. 19th Century Women Writers by Abby Wolf – pbs.org
8. UK Parliament – 40 shilling franchise
9. UK Parliament – Reform Act (1832)
10. National Archives – Representation of the People Act (1918)
11. Internet Archive – Representation of the People Act (1918)
12. Vela – Written By Women


Wine-growing was first established in the region by the Romans, in the 4th century A.D. However, wines had been growing naturally in the local forests beforehand, but had never been cultivated.
In the 12th century, the name “Ruedin” makes its first appearance in the written records, and by 1614, the domain was already known in Cressier.
During this period, wine-growing was closely linked to the Church, particularly the monks, who had to make wine for mass. The villagers at this time would have been mainly self-sufficient farmers and wine-growers.


From Encyclopaedia Britannica
Porcelain, vitrified pottery with a white, fine-grained body that is usually translucent, as distinguished from earthenware, which is porous, opaque, and coarser. The distinction between porcelain and stoneware, the other class of vitrified pottery material, is less clear. In China, porcelain is defined as pottery that is resonant when struck. In the West, it is a material that is translucent when held to the light. Neither definition is totally satisfactory: some heavily potted porcelains are opaque, while some thinly potted stonewares are somewhat translucent. The word porcelain is derived from porcellana, used by Marco Polo to describe the pottery he saw in China.
The three main types of porcelain are true, or hard-paste, porcelain; artificial, or soft-paste, porcelain; and bone china. Porcelain was first made in China—in a primitive form during the Tang dynasty (618–907) and in the form best known in the West during the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368). This true, or hard-paste, porcelain was made from petuntse, or china stone (a feldspathic rock), ground to powder and mixed with kaolin (white china clay). During the firing, at a temperature of about 1,450 °C (2,650 °F), the petuntse vitrified, while the kaolin ensured that the object retained its shape. Attempts by medieval European potters to imitate this translucent Chinese porcelain led to the eventual discovery of artificial, or soft-paste, porcelain, a mixture of clay and ground glass requiring a “softer” firing (about 1,200 °C, or 2,200 °F) than hard-paste porcelain. Although there is a superficial resemblance, artificial porcelain can generally be distinguished from true porcelain by its softer body. It can be cut with a file, for example, whereas true porcelain cannot, and dirt accumulated on an unglazed base can be removed only with difficulty, if at all, whereas it is easily removed from true porcelain.
The first European soft-paste porcelain was made in Florence about 1575 at workshops under the patronage of Francesco I de’ Medici, but it was not until the late 17th and 18th centuries that it was produced in quantity. The secret of true porcelain, similar to the porcelain of China, was discovered about 1707 at the Meissen factory in Saxony by Johann Friedrich Böttger and Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus. The standard English bone china body was produced around 1800, when Josiah Spode the Second added calcined bones to the hard-paste porcelain formula. Although hard-paste porcelain is strong, its vitreous nature causes it to chip fairly easily, whereas bone china does not. Hard-paste porcelain is preferred on the European continent, whereas bone china is preferred in Britain and the United States.


The first tools were likely made from wood, stone, and bone. The earliest evidence for human-made tools comes from Africa, where early Homo species lived 2.6 million years ago. These early toolmakers used basic materials that they could find in their environment to make simple chopping and cutting tools.
As humans evolved and began to migrate to different parts of the world, they adapted their toolmaking methods to suit the local materials available. In Europe, for example, early humans used flint—a type of hard rock—to make sharp knives and spears.
The first materials for tools were likely wood and stone. Wood was probably used for early spears and other hunting weapons, while stone was used for cutting and scraping tools. As humans began to domesticate animals and cultivate crops, they would have needed new tools for tasks like chopping wood, digging holes, and grinding grain.
Over time, people learned to make tools out of metal, which is stronger and more durable than wood or stone.
Material For All Engineering Tools And Instruments | Engineering Tools
How were the First Metal Tools Made
How were the First Metal Tools Made
The first metal tools were made using a process called smelting. Smelting is a process of heating up ore until it becomes molten.
Once it is molten, the metals can be separated from the impurities. The impurities float to the top and are skimmed off. The metals sink to the bottom and are poured into molds to cool and solidify.
Stone Age Tools
The Stone Age is a period of time in human history when the use of stone tools was prevalent. The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods: the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic.
The Paleolithic period is the earliest of the three and spans from approximately 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BCE.
This era is also known as the Old Stone Age. The main characteristic of this period is that all tools and weapons were made from stone or bone. Some notable inventions during this time include the handaxe and spear.
The Mesolithic period began at the end of the last Ice Age, around 10,000 BCE. This era is also known as the Middle Stone Age or sometimes just simply as “the Meso” for short by archaeologists. The climate warmed up considerably during this time which resulted in more plant and animal life being available for humans to eat.
This led to people becoming more settled and living in one place instead of moving around constantly like they did during the Paleolithic period . Inventions during this time included fish hooks , baskets , and bows and arrows . The Neolithic period began around 8500 BCE in some areas but didn’t really start taking off until 4000 BCE .
It ended between 4500 BCE-2000BCE depending on where you were located geographically . This era gets its name from the Greek words “new” (neo) and “stone” (lithos). During this time, new technologies were developed such as polished stone tools , pottery , domestication of plants and animals , and eventually Metallurgy which would lead to Bronze working .
Types of Stone Tools
There are many types of stone tools, and each has its own unique purpose. Here is a quick guide to the most common types:
1. Scrapers: Scrapers are one of the oldest and most versatile tools used by humans.
They were originally used for scraping meat and hides from animals, but can also be used for woodworking, gardening, or even as a household utensil. 2. Choppers: Choppers are large, heavy-duty tools designed for chopping through tough materials like wood or bone. They were probably first used during the Stone Age to make spears and other weapons.
3. Awls: Awls are sharp pointed tools that were originally used for punching holes in leather or fabric. Today they are commonly used by carpenters and tailors. 4. Drills: Drills are long, thin pieces of metal or stone that were originally used for drilling holes in wood or bone.
Today they are commonly used in construction and carpentry work. 5. Hammers: Hammers are heavy, solid pieces of metal that were originally designed for pounding nails into woodwork (hence the name).
What was the First Tool in History?
The first tool in history was likely a simple stick or stone that was used for hunting or gathering. Over time, as humans began to settle down and develop agriculture, they began to create more complex tools out of materials like bone, wood, and metal. These early tools were used for tasks like chopping wood, digging holes, and grinding grain.
How were the First Tools Made?
The first tools were likely made by early humans during the Stone Age. This was a time when our ancestors began to use stone and other materials to make simple tools. The first tools were probably used for tasks like chopping down trees, skinning animals, and pounding rocks.
Over time, early humans began to develop more sophisticated tools. They learned how to fashion sharper blades out of stone and how to create better-fitting handles for their tools. They also began to experiment with different materials, like bone and wood.
As early humans continued to evolve, so did their toolmaking abilities. By the end of the Stone Age, they had developed a wide range of sophisticated tools that allowed them to survive in a variety of environments. Today, we continue to use many of the same principles that our ancestors used to create their firsttools.
What Materials the Ancient Tools Made Up Of?
The ancient tools were made of a variety of materials, including wood, stone, and metal. Each type of material had its own advantages and disadvantages, which the ancient people used to their advantage.
Wood was perhaps the most common material used for tools, as it was easy to find and work with.
Stone was also quite common, especially for heavier or more durable tools. Metal was less common, but still used for some tools because it could withstand more wear and tear than other materials. Each type of material had its own benefits and drawbacks.
For example, wood was easy to work with but not as strong as stone or metal. Stone was strong but difficult to shape into the desired shapes. Metal was tough but often expensive to acquire.
The ancient people were very skilled at working with the materials they had available to them. They took advantage of each material’s strengths and weaknesses to createtools that were perfect for the task at hand. With such skillful craftsmanship, it’s no wonder that many of these ancient tools are still in use today!
What were Tools Made Out of before Iron?
The first tools were likely made of wood, stone or bone. Archaeologists have found stone tools that date back over 2 million years ago. The discovery of how to make fire would have also allowed early humans to create new tools and technologies from materials like charcoal and obsidian, a type of volcanic glass.
The first tools were likely made of stone, wood, or bone. These materials were easy to find and worked well for early humans. As time went on and people began to understand more about how the world worked, they began to create better tools using metals like copper and iron.
Today, there are all sorts of different materials used to make tools, from plastic to titanium. It all depends on what the tool is needed for and what properties are desired.


We passed through a large town, which apparently was right inside the Capitalist territory, so it received all of the hardcore goods from the other factions. The town was called Sapronas, and it was run by a bunch of big, tough-as-nails motherfuckers who walked the streets wearing suits and carrying quality guns.
I watched these guys, who called themselves the Mob, beat a guy to pulp, right out in the middle of the street. Then the leader took a bat and bashed in his face, killing him within seconds.
This town was the only self-made town that was thriving, one of the Mob gangsters told me. He said that every other town was poor, falling apart, and dying due to extremely heavy taxation. But this town had Ricardo Saprona, a man who rose from complete poverty to dominate the town with a massive amount of cash. Because of this, the town was considered a province, and the taxation was completely dependant on Saprona's decisions. Saprona decided that instead of taxing his people, every citizen has to work for the province in one way or another. Instead of cash, he asked for labor.
But this town was also a hotbed for raiders, who would wander in from the Fairfax Ruins and start some trouble. That's what the "soldiers" were for, who would kill the raiders right when they stepped inside the city. Sometimes, they'd kill whoever would enter, unless a crew leader would say otherwise.
It was frightening, walking through the city streets, seeing this big guys with their eyes aimed at you. My men and I didn't stay long. We just stocked up on supplies and kept on walking.


Did you know that hair is the second fastest growing tissue in the body? Only bone marrow grows faster. Hair has always been an important part of fashion. In Imperial Rome, women’s hairstyles were complicated and may have included a mass of curls on top, in rows of waves, drawn back into ringlets or braids. Some noblewomen’s hairstyles were so elaborate that they required daily attention from several slaves and a stylist in order to be maintained. During the reign of the red headed Queen Elizabeth, women and aristocratic men used borax, saltpeter, saffron and sulfur powder to color their hair red. Later, during the 17th Century, a hairstyle called “The Tower” became popular; wealthy women competed to see who could have their hair styled (by servants and hairdressers, of course) as tall as possible.
If you’re looking for hair salons in Virginia, it is important to note that there are a variety of different ways to find salons in Virginia. When looking for an Arlington va hair salon, the best thing to do is ask a family member or friend for a recommendation. You can also look for a hair salon virginia online. However, make sure you check out reviews or testimonials when finding salons in virginia online.


Imagine, when Bashar al-Assad and his regime was
confronted with an uprising in early 2011, he could have
wisely stepped down, initiated a democratic transition or negotiated a power-sharing agreement. He instead declared war on his own people, caused one of the largest refugee exodus in modern history, laid the foundation for radicalisation, indirectly gave birth to ISIS, lost half his territory to ISIS, killed hundreds of thousands of Syrians, lost the heritage of centuries, lost international legitimacy, opened up his government to interference from Russia and Iran (and the Gulf monarchies who exploited and supported his opponents).
Not to mention the latest terror attacks, nothing certainly original, but the blood splattered in Ankara, Sinai, Beirut and Paris has a trail that, in part, goes back to the chaos in Syria.
It could have all been so different, and all this heartache and agony for what? Because Assad could not bring himself to, at the very least, sit at the same table with protest leaders and citizens during the honeymoon days of the Arab uprisings. No, he just could not do it. It was beneath him. Alas, power and privilege is so intoxicating that it makes you believe the price of civilisational collapse is worth it.


In this groundbreaking biography, Jung Chang vividly describes how Empress Dowager Cixi – the most important woman in Chinese history – brought a. Empress Dowager Cixi Jung Chang Epub File, gunday movie download hd utorrentinstmank. However, she supported technological and military modernization. Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China by Jung Chang. Read online, or download in secure EPUB format.
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No notes for slide. Jung Chang Publisher: Empress Dowager Cixi — is the most important woman in Chinese history. She ruled China for decades and brought a medieval empire into the modern age. At this time, Cixi was often bed-ridden with a liver ailment.
In April of , Empress Dowager Niuhuru suddenly died at the age of 44, possibly of a stroke. Naturally, rumors quickly spread through the foreign legations that Cixi had poisoned her, although Cixi was herself probably too ill to have had any part in a plot.
She entered the court as a low-ranking consort, or wife, of the Xianfeng emperor and bore his heir, the Tongzhi emperor. When Tongzhi ascended the throne as a child, Cixi became an empress dowager and an unusually. Cixi was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and ruled over China for 47 years from to her death in Though her exact origins are unclear it is very likely that she came from an Empress Dowager Cixi was a remarkable woman who helped launched modern China.
Some parts of her history remain obscure, but there is no doubt that she acquired enormous political influence. She did this by exploiting her position as a royal concubine, engaging in court intrigues and manipulating those around her.
Her good-hearted personality was no match for Empress Dowager Cixi, who managed to sideline the naive and candid Empress Dowager Ci'an.However, they failed because of internal corruption and the denial of changing times. The lampshade remains ex cmmi stevens' first palmitic proposal, next such fellowships and setbacks, to a wearable synchronization above each she must irk within what whoever handicaps as her sample albeit her principles.
She was born in China in , and came to Britain in In the meantime Martin Dimnik has published two books about the "Dynasty of Chernigov" and The world Chang describes here, in fascinating detail, seems almost unbelievable in its extraordinary mixture of the very old and the very new.
Toggle navigation. This ebook is only available for sale into the following countries: This eBook is not available in your country. E] [D. She ruled China for decades and brought a medieval empire into the modern age.
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Sit back, relax and enjoy the beauty and tranquillity of the Loch Lomond National Park. Have a wander around the picturesque highland village of Luss.
Travel into Rob Roy MacGregor territory and the Trossachs. Stunningly beautiful with picture postcard views at every corner, its forest covered mountains and shimmering highland lochs will take your breath away.
Enjoy a leisurely visit to the home of the Stuart Kings and Mary Queen of Scots. Stirling Castle is historically, one of the most notable castles in Scotland.
Departing Glasgow we make our way to the picturesque highland village of Luss which sits on the shores of Loch Lomond.
There has been a settlement here for over a thousand years at least. It is known that the Vikings passed through Luss in 1263 plundering the nearby communities. There are many items of historical interest both inside and outside MacKessogs Church including the “hog back” Viking grave dating from around the 11th century.
Enjoy a one hour scenic cruise on Loch Lomond, passing stately homes and Ben Lomond Scotland's most southerly Munro.
We will stop for lunch at Aberfoyle, a bustling little village where you can enjoy some free entertainment (May to September only) with sheepdog and Indian runner duck displays.
After lunch we climb up through the dramatic Dukes Pass into Rob Roy MacGregor territory. Don't forget your camera as there will be opportunities for you to take some great photos.
Stirling Castle, is one of Scotland's most important castles and is associated with many great historical figures such as Mary Queen of Scots, William Wallace (Braveheart), Robert the Bruce and Bonnie Prince Charlie.
You will have time to visit the castle and hear about the key moments of Scotland’s long, violent and bloody history including Stirling Bridge where William Wallace (Braveheart) defeated a much larger English army in 1297 and Bannockburn where Robert the Bruce did the same in 1314.
More 1 Day Tours
3 Day Tours
Images Copyright- VisitScotland/ScottishViewpoint
Mon, Wed, Fri & Sat throughout the year.
Seniors over 60
Students (With Valid ID)
Children between 3 and 15
We regret children under 3 years of age are not permitted on our tours.
Costs are for transportation by air-conditioned mini- coach and services of a professional driver-guide.
Lunch and Refreshments
Loch Lomond Boat Cruise
Tour Departure Point
11 George Square Glasgow
Outside Monteith House
(Next to Greggs)


FYG Study Trip to Athens
4-11. April 2017
The First Year Group traveled to Athens from April 4 until April 11. Among historical and cultural activities, the excursion included a visit and topical engagement with the documenta 14, which will take place in Athens and in Kassel this year.


ASHFORD COMMUNITY CHURCH – Sunday 27 November 2022
Civil Engineer and Project Manager
Hero of Faith who worked on the frontline
His Vision – RISK – RESIST – REBUILD
Mission accomplished – Nehemiah 6:15 – walls completed in 52 days
Jewish History (all dates BC)
David established Jerusalem as capital of Kingdom of Israel (1004). He made Solomon king (967) who built the first Temple (960). Soon after the Kingdom divided into North (Israel) and South (Judah) and Jerusalem became capital of Judah (922).
Just over 200 years later, Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, conquered Judah (597) and the Jews were exiled to Babylon for 70 years. He had the Temple destroyed in Jerusalem (586).
50 years later, the Babylonians themselves were defeated by Cyrus, king of Persia, who allowed some of the Jews to return to Jerusalem (538). They built the 2nd Temple. Later Ezra returned from exile to become High Priest in Jerusalem (457?)
At this time Nehemiah, a Jew, was a high official in the Persian court of King Artaxerxes I at the capital city of Susa which lay 150 miles east of Tigris River in nowadays Iran (444). He thought things were going well in Jerusalem until he heard that the city walls were still in ruins.
Chapters 1-2: LESSON 1
- He was obedient to God’s calling to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem
Am I attentive and open to God’s prompting?
- He prayed and fasted for guidance
Do I pray, and perhaps fast, in times of uncertainty?
- He waited for the right opportunity to act
Am I impatient to get things done?
- He took advantage of his privileged position
Do I use my skills and talents appropriately?
- He was bold in his requests
Do I press for the best solution to a problem?
Chapters 3-6: LESSON 2
- He formulated a plan for carrying out the work
I rush into action without proper thought?
- He gained the respect and confidence of the workers
Do others have confidence in me?
- He persisted in the face of opposition
Do I give up if things get difficult?
- personally supervised and encouraged the volunteers
Do I support others personally?
- He achieved completion by attention to detail
Do small details matter or will a rushed job do?
Chapters 8-9 and 13: LESSON 3
- He reinstated the reading of the Law of Moses
Do I spend enough time reading God’s word?
- He required the people to repent of their sins before God
Do I regularly confess my mistakes and sinfulness?
- He instituted a festival of joy and thanksgiving
Do I exhibit joyfulness and thankfulness for the good things
- He ensured the Temple was kept pure and holy
Are my words and actions pure and holy?
- He governed with justice and fairness
Am I fair and just in my decisions and actions?
- He was a civil engineer
Am I civil (polite and obliging) in all I say and do?
Summary of Nehemiah
PRAY PLAN PERSEVERE PRAISE


As you can probably guess, the term ‘Victorian architecture’ comes from the reign of Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom from mid-1837 until the beginning of 1901. During that time the British used to name the architectural styles after the monarch ruling in this period. So this tendency in architecture originates from Britain but it was spread in other countries, even other continents. In the past royalty was very fond of art and different influences from unfamiliar and therefore interesting cultures. This is why this particular style combines elements from the Middle East and Asia. It is believed that the Victorian style was conveyed in other countries by English architects who emigrated to the four cardinal points of the world taking their knowledge of what’s in trend at home to the new destination they wend their way to. That’s the reason why Victorian homes can be seen in Australia, Canada, the USA, New Zealand, etc. At that time, the communication and transportation industry were already developed to such an extent that information could travel faster so as news for what’s fashionable in other remote locations.
The Victorian period overlaps the Industrial Revolution, meaning technology development. This surely contributed to the more complex elements of home design at the time. There are very typical traits of a house that is built on this style which are strongly distinctive. The first thing that might draw your attention when seeing such a home is the sort of tower-looking part of the roof, which is often present. Another part of the roof is steeply pitched and built as different parts and not as a whole, so it doesn’t have a regular shape. Usually, the gable faces the front of a house, not the sides of it. But as the roof is divided to many parts, some gables might be turned sideways. The walls are intended not to have a smooth effect, so they are built of textured shingles. Asymmetry was probably honored during the period since the whole house is constructed with such an idea in mind. Starting from the front, the porch might spread along one side of the house and have detailed ornaments on the railing. Dormers are also very typical. Bay windows that lay outward of the main level of the construction are also quite common. Such houses are usually built of wood and have two stores. The exterior of a Victorian home as above described is very easy to recognizable.
Believe it or not, Victorian style home design is still found interesting and appealing by many. There are houses that are constructed to look that way with a few modern touches here and there. They actually have a kind of romantic appearance and can turn into the pride of any neighborhood. Nowadays, the very existence of them preserves the spirit of the past, making the property unique and remarkable. From the outside it may look like taken out of a history book, but from the inside they can be decorated according to the contemporary tendency if that’s how you prefer it. If you want to be a proud owner to such a home, you have to know that you can change the interior and take it compliant with your particular needs and preferences. One room can be converted into a walk-in closet, for example. The kitchen may be transformed in such a way so that today’s appliances can fit in. A garage can be also added without differing from the rest of the house.
The clash of modern and old shouldn’t actually be a clash but integration and combination in order for both to be shown and neither forgotten.


This represents the national history of the country with its archaeological findings and collections of fossils, where the skeleton of “Lucy” dating back to 3.2 million years is found.
It is founded in the main campus of the Addis Ababa University by the Institute of Ethiopian Studies with the aim to preserve the country's historical and cultural heritages. It has complete collections that describe almost all the tribal groups in Ethiopia. Here you will have an overview about the history, culture and traditions of the people of Ethiopia. The collections include the nomadic tribal groups that are now living just as man's forefather lived thousands of years back.
A beautiful church with a baroque style of European architecture which is unique to both Ethiopia and Africa and is dedicated to the Holly Trinity. Here you will find scripts of the imperial families, statues done by a Greek sculpture, Stained glass window paintings from the Old and New Testament in the Bible and coffins of Emperor Haile Silassie-I; the founder of the church, and his wife.
St. gorge Cathedral is which is located at the heart of the city is the church where Emperor Haileselassie is coroneted as the Emperor of Ethiopia. In Its Museum we visit clothes and valuable personal materials of the former Ethiopian kings, religious crosses, and manuscripts and old paintings.
It is the highest pick in Addis with an altitude of 3200 meters, which was the site for the first palace of Emperor Menelik-II, the founder of Addis Ababa. Here there is St. Mary church, where Emperor Menelik crowned Emperor in it and you will admire the par anomic view of the city with its surrounding forests with its breath taking air.


Our story began in 1940 on Hempstead Turnpike in Bethpage, Long Island, which at the time was primarily farmland. Our grandfather opened his small retail store selling fresh turkeys to the public in November. Later, he added farm fresh eggs, sweet butter, baked breads and other customer requests.
In 1949, our grandfather was the first to offer rotisserie chickens cooked over an open flame in barbecue ovens. He was truly a pioneer in retail take out food, expanding his menu to include fresh homemade salads to complement his rotisserie chicken. A short time afterwards he added his soon to be famous southern fried chicken and barbecued spare ribs. This turned into a thriving take out business. His menu kept growing as he met his customer’s needs. Before long he had a complete catering menu designed for the holidays. Eventually his customers were using his take home catering service all year long. Our grandparents created recipes and made all the spices for the products that they sold in their retail store. As you would imagine, complete take out meals and catering was a very new concept in the 1950’s and became very popular on Long Island.
Now over 7 decades and 4 generations later, we are still family owned and operated with hundreds of freshly made items for our customers to choose from. We still use many of the same recipes and cooking methods used by our grandfather. Some are looked upon as old fashioned by today’s standards, but this is how we maintain our high quality and consistency. The value of our generous portions, personalized customer service, quality ingredients and our family recipes has made our stores a success and we thank you for choosing Zorn’s. Let us be part of your next occasion...
Start Your Own Zorn's Tradition!


Juneteenth, celebrated each year on June 19, is the commemoration of the day in 1865 when federal troops liberated more than 250,000 enslaved Black people in Galveston, Texas. On Thursday, June 17, 2021 history was made. After a decades-long effort by many activists ― including 94-year-old community activist Opal Lee — Juneteenth became a federal holiday.
In reflecting on what this moment in history means, Vice President Kamala Harris sums it up best: “We have come far, and we have far to go. But today is a day of celebration. It is not only a day of pride. It’s also a day for us to reaffirm and rededicate ourselves to action.”
Even though we have made incredible strides towards progress, more than 150 years later, there is so much more that needs to be done. NAMIC will be there every step of the way, advocating for greater diversity, equity, inclusion – and truth and justice – in our communities and our workplaces.
A. Shuanise Washington


May Day is an annual holiday celebrated on 1 May to recognise workers all over the country for their efforts and contributions to the nation. We all know that the festivity stretches beyond businesses and workers to schools and children, allowing people from all walks of life to join hands and commemorate the workers in their lives. But where did May Day even originate from, and how does Singapore celebrate the holiday differently from the rest of the world?
1 – May Day VS Mayday
If you have watched your fair share of action movies, you have probably heard the phrase, “Mayday, Mayday”, an internationally known distress call.
So, you might be wondering what the correlation between the two is, and the answer is – nothing.
As it turns out, the code, invented in 1923 by airport radio officer Frederick Mockford in London was to signal pilots and ground staff of an emergency in a way that could be easily understood. He coined the word ‘mayday’ as it sounded like the shortened version of the French term, ‘m’aider’, meaning ‘come and help me.’
On the other hand, May Day is the celebration of workers where they are acknowledged for their efforts and contributions to their workplace.
2 – It Originated Where?
While the holiday is still widely celebrated, the origins of the holiday date way back to the ancient Romans taking over the British Isles in 43 A.D. Then, the May Day celebration became a combination of two festivals; the Celtic festival ‘Beltane celebrating the transition from Winter to Spring and Summer, and ‘Floralia’, which was devoted to the worship of the goddess of flowers, Flora.
You may have noticed that the two festivals are not related to workers like the May Day we know today, and that is because it wasn’t until the late 1600s that May Day developed into a festival for labourers.
During the interregnum period from 1649, May Day was banned and considered a blasphemous celebration but was later reinstated during The Restoration period from 1660 to 1688 under Charles II of England. May Day continued to be a civic celebration and developed further into a festival for labourers and farmers.
May Day, as a day of commemoration, was one of the many customs that Singapore had adopted from the British. However, only some workers were given paid holidays until the People’s Action Party came into power in 1960 and made May Day a public holiday for all workers.
3 – The May Day Evolution
The development of May Day as a celebration for workers continued into the United States in the 19th century, at the height of the Industrial Revolutions and the infamous ‘Haymarket Affair’.
After the Federations of Organized Trades and Labour Unions (FOTLU) attempted to ease the inhumane working conditions by proclaiming that eight hours shall constitute a legal day’s labour, on May 1, 1886, protests started.
While the protests were rather peaceful, on 3rd May, the police and protestors clashed at the McCormick Reaper Works.
The next day, a rally was planned at Haymarket Square to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the police. However, a bomb was detonated by an unidentified individual, killing and wounding both protestors and the police.
It was then in 1889 that 1 May was declared by a pan-national organization called the Second International as International Workers’ Day to pay tribute to the contributions and achievements of workers like we do today.
4 – A Worldwide Celebration
Officially, May Day is celebrated in 66 countries worldwide, including Singapore, Indonesia and Belgium.
Unofficially, there are many other countries who recognise and celebrate May Day as a day to acknowledge their workers for their efforts, such as Canada, Japan and Ireland.
5 – Same Occasion, Different Traditions
With so many countries celebrating the holiday, you may wonder how their celebrations may be different from those in Singapore.
In Singapore, May Day is celebrated as a mark of solidarity amongst workers, commemorating the historical struggles and gains made by workers and the labour movement.
While many countries participate in rallies similar to Singapore, many also engage in protests such as other countries.
The original and most iconic May Day festival tradition that is still celebrated in some parts of the UK is dancing around a ‘Maypole’; a stripped and painted tree or a simple painted pole, with long ribbons attached to the top to be held while dancing.
Although traditions may have changed, the holiday is still thriving in many countries. Whether it is giving flowers to your loved ones or giving speeches, May Day continues to be acknowledged as a day to commemorate workers.


It was January 12, 1775, when the original Concord Minute Men signed the muster rolls thus organizing one of the most famous citizen militia units in American history. They led the march to Concord's North Bridge on April 19, 1775, provided the first forcible resistance to the British in the American Revolution, and forever recorded their town's name in the annals of American history The Minute Man is an 1874 sculpture by Daniel Chester French located in Minute Man National Historical Park in Concord, Massachusetts. It was created between 1871 and 1874 after extensive research, and originally intended to be made of stone. The medium was switched to bronze and it was cast from ten Civil War-era cannons appropriated by Congress
Die Minutemen waren eine Miliz in den britischen Kolonien in Nordamerika, die nach Aufforderung innerhalb einer Minute kampfbereit sein sollte. Nicht jeder Milizangehörige war ein Minuteman, sondern vor allem besonders motivierte, wagemutige junge Männer unter 25 wurden in Minutemen-Einheiten zusammengefasst. Die Bezeichnung minutemen wurde auch an verschiedene spätere US-Militäreinheiten verliehen, um an den Erfolg und den Patriotismus der Vorgänger im Unabhängigkeitskrieg.
Die neuesten Tweets von @cminuteme Die Gefechte von Lexington und Concord waren die ersten Kämpfe des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs. Sie wurden am 19. April 1775 in den Orten Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy und Cambridge in Massachusetts ausgetragen. Die Gefechte markieren den Beginn des bewaffneten Konflikts zwischen Großbritannien und den dreizehn Kolonien Concord Minutemen Capital Co LLC - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets Company profile page for Concord Minutemen Capital Co LLC including stock price, company news, press releases,.. Concord Minutemen Girls Soccer, Elkhart, Indiana updated their cover photo. August 22, 2020 ·. 3030. 2 Comments 9 Shares
Concord High Minutemen Football, Concord. Gefällt 839 Mal. The official page for all news about the Concord High School Football Program In 1963, the Acton Minutemen, a ceremonial reenactment company, was formed. On every April 19 since then (Patriot's Day in Massachusetts), they gather, along with Boy Scout troops and others, before dawn, at the Davis Homestead, which still stands. From there they proceed to Concord, retracing the trail first walked in 1775
Concord Minutemen Girls Soccer, Elkhart, Indiana. 258 likes · 2 talking about this. This page will be a place to get up to date information, share ideas, share pictures and celebrate a great season.. Concord Minutemen Athletics. 1,219 likes · 38 talking about this. The official Facebook home for Concord High School Athletics Concord High Minutemen Football, Concord, CA. 838 likes · 1 talking about this. The official page for all news about the Concord High School Football..
At Concord High, the name Minutemen came about in honor of the men who formed the Minutemen militia in Concord, Massachusetts as the American Revolution was beginning in 1775. Check out their 54 Five-Star Yelp reviews Read the Ask the Expert column. The artwork of a Minuteman on the school marquee and parking lot signs shows him holding a rifle. The gender specificity of the name and having. Die erste Strophe der Concord Hymn ist in den 7 ft (2,1 m) hohen Granit -Sockel der von Daniel Chester French geschaffenen Statue Minute Man eingraviert. Sie wurde in Chicopee aus sieben Kanonen aus dem Sezessionskrieg gegossen, die der Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten für das Projekt zur Verfügung stellte Concord Minutemen Girls Soccer, Elkhart, Indiana. 253 likes. This page will be a place to get up to date information, share ideas, share pictures and.. See the Concord Minutemen's Varsity Basketball schedule, roster, rankings, standings and more on MaxPreps.co Concord High Minutemen Football, Concord, CA. 839 likes. The official page for all news about the Concord High School Football Program
Background. Concord was a famous historic town, founded in 1635, famous along with nearby Lexington as the site of several battles that lead to the American Revolutionary War. The town's centerpiece, the Concord Parks and Recreation Department's Museum of Freedom, described these events and welcomed tourists, as the rest of the city shows remnants of patriotic bunting, flags, and signs The 1990 Concord Minutemen believed, though, and it put them within 48 seconds of a state championship. This is their story. PART I: ROAD TO THE DOME. After finishing as the state runner-up in. A Concord man had many rights, and if he had sufficient property (a qualification which was often waived) he had the precious right to vote and participate in town meeting. When General Thomas Gage, the royal governor, attempted to prorogue the assembly of the General Court of the province at Salem, Massachusetts in August 1774, the court reacted by adjourning to Concord where it met as the.
CONCORD MINUTEMEN FOOTBALL. Home. Varsity. Junior Varsity. Inside the Program. History. Fundraising. Contact. More. 2020 Schedule. Summer Conditioning Camp Info. Participant Wavier. Map for Campus Entry and Exit. Available Time Slots for Camp # 1 - June 15 - July 9th Monday - Thursday. Session 1 - 4-5:30 pm - First 4 Week Session is Full . Session 2 6-7:30pm - Space Still Available. Contact. A Revolution begins - A Nation is born. At Minute Man National Historical Park the opening battle of the Revolution is brought to life as visitors explore the battlefields and structures associated with April 19, 1775, and witness the American revolutionary spirit through the writings of the Concord authors
The Concord Minute Men would love to have you! Listen my children and your shall hear, how you can become like Paul Revere. That's rightAll you need is a little interest in colonial history and a need to have fun, and we'll do the rest! Based upon your interest, you'll be trained to play either the Fife or Drum as part of our Music Unit, or you can learn how to Drill, March, and. Wenn die Freiheit ruft . Diese erste Quest gehört bereits zu den Minutemen. Ihr habt Concord erreicht, nachdem ihr aus der Vault entkommen seid und mit Codsworth gesprochen habt Die Minutemen sind vermutlich die erste Fraktion, mit der ihr in Berührung kommen werdet. Am Ende der der Hauptquest Zeitreisen für Anfänger trifft man sie im Museum von Concord.
Minutemen from Concord, Acton, Littleton, and other towns combined forces. After a few volleys were fired, the British light infantry retreated back to the Concord Common area. Lacking central command, with each company of Minutemen loyal to their own town, they did not pursue the redcoats. In the running battle that ensued fifteen miles back to Boston the Massachusetts militia would see their. In February of 1775 Concord was one of the first towns to comply with the order to create Minutemen companies out of the militia. Of approximately 400 militia from Concord's muster rolls, one hundred would also serve as Minutemen. The Minutemen were still better organized and battle-tested than any other part-time military and were a vital and necessary force, playing a crucial role in not. Concord Minutemen Capital Co., LLC Wed 24 Mar, 2010 - 12:00 AM ET Transaction Summary Concord Minutemen Capital Co., LLC (Concord Minutemen) is a fully supported, multiseller, asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP, or CP) program established in February 1998 by The Liberty Hampshire Company, LLC (Liberty Hampshire) Massachusetts, Concord, Concord River, Minutemen Memorial. Minutemen Reenactment. Color postcard commemorating the American Revolutionary War, in particular the critical minutemen companies, USA, September 23rd 1779. Reenactment of the Battle of Lexington by Franklin McMahon. Historic Hartwell Tavern on the Battle Road Trail, Minute Man National Historical Park. The defence of Breed's Hill. Minutemen were civilian colonists who independently organized to form militia companies self-trained in weaponry, tactics, and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War.They were known for being ready at a minute's notice, hence the name. Minutemen provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that enabled the colonies to respond.
Minutemen as the name implies, are members of the Commonwealth Minutemen, operating in the Commonwealth in 2287. Their motto is to protect the people at a minute's notice. 1 Background 2 Interactions with the player character 2.1 Interactions overview 2.2 Effects of player's actions 3 Inventory 4 Notes 5 Appearances 6 Gallery Members of the Minutemen are mostly volunteers, coming from the. The town of Groton, just west of Concord, heard the news about the same time. Forty-one-year-old Lieutenant Zechariah Fitch had to leave behind his wife, who was nine months pregnant, to lead his Groton minutemen toward Concord. Thirty-nine-year-old Lieutenant Job Shattuck, another Groton farmer, gathered his men and marched as well. The same.
2017 Concord Marching Ban To do this, he'll walk the 8.5-mile route, starting from the Billerica Common and ending at Meriam Corner in Concord. So from last year to 2024, I'm doing it on my own, Tringale said
. 322 likes · 98 talking about this. Since 1983, the Concord Marching Minutemen have qualified for the ISSMA state championship every year except 2000 & 2019. The band.. Concord Minutemen Athletics . Nearby gyms & sports facilities. Epic Dance Studios 3700 East Mishawaka Road . Concord High School Football Minuteman Way . Champs Sports 3701 South Main Street . Rupel Toy Trains - Games 23631 US Highway 33 . Play It Again Sports - Elkhart, IN 3527 S Main St . Stock+Field 3501 S Main St . Family Bicycle Center, Inc. 3410 S Main St . Inspire Athletics 24615 County.
Watch the Link broadcast: https://bit.ly/3vdqzoQMinutemen High School vs Indians High SchoolGirls Varsity Softball: The South Bend St. Joseph (South Bend, IN.. Re-enactors dressed as British soldiers march on the North Bridge over the Concord River after battling the minutemen April 17, 2006 in Concord,... Owen Sullivan, 9-years-old, pretends to be a minuteman fighting British forces at the North Bridge over the Concord River April 17, 2006 in Concord,... Children line up in formation as a minuteman re-enactor gives them tips on being a member of the.
Concord Minutemen Athletics, Elkhart, Indiana. 1,211 likes · 77 talking about this. The official Facebook home for Concord High School Athletics Minuteman, in U.S. history, an American Revolution militiaman who agreed to be ready for military duty 'at a minute's warning.' The first minutemen were organized in Worcester county, Massachusetts, in September 1774. Learn more about the minutemen in this article Concord High School is pleased to offer summer kiddie camps for students in grades K-9 next school year. All grades listed in the information refer to the grade the student will be in NEXT school year. If you have questions about a particular camp, please contact the coach listed in the details section for tha
Although performances at the Concord Pavilion are months away, music fans might start thinking about which shows they want to see, as tickets are already on sale. September 28, 2020. Legendary rockers en route to Concord Fans of some of the greatest names in rock will have to wait a little longer to see them in person, but the event remains on the schedule with a new date. August 25, 2020. BY STEVE KRAH www.IndianaRBI.com Head coach Greg Hughes wants to know what his Concord High School baseball team can do between the white lines. But that's not all. Hughes values the relationships he forms with his players. A former head coach at Frankton (Ind.) Junior/Senior High School (2009-2013) and assistant at Fairfield (2018) in Benton The Town of Concord was making ready to pull out all the stops for a tremendous commemoration of the Concord Fight, the centennial of which would take place on April 19, 1875. Part of the plans called for the unveiling of a new monument on the battlefield where American minutemen and militia had driven British Regulars from the Old North Bridge. A Monument Committee had been formed and they. The 'A-1 (sf)' ratings assigned to the series C, and confirmed on the series A and B, U.S. dollar-denominated, standard, callable, puttable, and puttable/callable ABCP notes issued by Concord Minutemen Capital Co. LLC (Concord) reflects: The full credit and liquidity support provided by liquidity agreements; The support providers rated 'A-1' or higher that provide liquidity or indemnification. Concord Minutemen Capital Company, LLC, Series C Deal v1.0 Compared To Asset Backed Commercial Paper v2.0. Moody's Investors Service 20 Oct 2020 Announcement Moody's ABCP activity ending 16 October 2020. Moody's Investors Service 12 Aug 2020 ABCP Program Review.
Concord High School is a 9-12 public high school in Concord, California, United States,. It is one of the six high schools in the Mount Diablo Unified School District.Concord High School was constructed in 1966 and currently provides 144,373 square feet (13,412.7 m 2) in permanent structure, including about 70 classrooms, a library, and other structures If you're coming to tonight's girls basketball game, be sure to bring your mask. Masks must be worn at all times in the building! We appreciate your cooperation so that we can continue to allow..
The 2011 Concord High School Marching Minutemen, in their second year under the direction of Scott Spradling, perform their state championship winning drill,.. Town of Concord 22 Monument Square Concord, MA 01742 Hours Monday-Friday 8:30am-4:30pm Phone: 978-318-3100 Email: email@example.com Concord Minutemen Girls Soccer, Elkhart, Indiana. 256 likes. This page will be a place to get up to date information, share ideas, share pictures and celebrate a great season of soccer Relive the exciting IHSAA 1988 Boys Basketball Semi-State matchup called by the legendary founding father of Indiana sports broadcasting Hilliard Gates (19.. Minutemen on April 19, 1775 at Lexington and Concord have always been grouped together in history and textbooks. But, is that completely historically accurate? Well, no. There is a common misperception that most of the Americans that went to arms on the morning of April 19, 1775 were Minutemen. This view has become part o
In Fallout 4 stoßt ihr in der ersten Stadt, Concord, auf eines der letzten Mitglieder der Minutemen, Preston Garvey. Obwohl es wie eine Quest der Haupthandlung erscheint, ist Wenn die Freiheit ruft (When Freedom Calls) eigentlich die erste Fraktions-Quest der Minutemen. Die darauf folgenden Quests Sanctuary und Der erste Schritt (The First Step) sollen euch mit dem Bausystem der. Battle of Lexington & Concord, April 19, 1775. British casualties at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, where the Minutemen played a major and singular role in the war, amounted to 73 killed and 174 injured. An additional 26 men were listed missing in action. It is believed that 3,763 Americans eventually joined in the battle. If we are to.
Nachdem die Minutemen von Concord nach Sanctuary umgezogen sind (siehe Hauptquest Wenn die Freiheit ruft), schaut ihr in eurem alten Zuhause vorbei und führt dort einen Plausch mit Preston.. Minutemen Begebt euch nach Sanktuary und sprecht mit Preston Garvey über den Signalfänger. Ihr müsst erst die Quest Der erste Schritt abschliessen, damit euch die Minutemen beim Bau helfen. Railroad. Simply never go to Concord, and you can completely skip the Minutemen and Preston Garvey's quests for a very long time if not forever. By going to various Settlements, you will get the same quests - Garvey is just directing you to new Settlements, while you can actually do these things on your own time. You should get the exact same quest you'd get from Preston Garvey if he directed you to the. Massachusetts, Concord, Concord River, Minutemen Memorial. Minutemen Reenactment. Historic Hartwell Tavern on the Battle Road Trail, Minute Man National Historical Park. The defence of Breed's Hill, Prescott in the redoubt, 1775 . Colonel William Prescott watching the construction of the rebel fortifications at... minuteman statue at old north bridge, concord massachusetts - revolutionary war. May 18, 2017 @ 7:21pm. If you leave them in the museum, you will not be part of the minutemen. You'll just have the go to concord quest open, if you talked to Codsworth in Sanctuary. I played as a raider for a few hundred hours and took control of pretty much every settlement before I ever even set foot in Concord Fallout 4. So, you can skip the Minutemen stuff at the start.. User Info: SazukeEX. SazukeEX 5 years ago #1. Saw this posted on the PC version section which was taken from the official forums. [So, on my third playthrough, I was tired of doing Concord, and didn't really want Power Armor. So I skipped it


The Nashville chapter of NABA Inc was established in the early 1980’s. These individuals saw limited opportunities for minorities in the profession. They set out to expose those in the Nashville community and paved the way for talented professionals with accounting careers.
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We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. The impact on the African and Asian nations was far more negative than positive. (An empire is a singular political unitnot necessarily based on territorial contiguitythat incorporates different peoples who were previously self-governing and who retain some institutional autonomy.) A. Planters will be unwilling to fight in order to keep their slaves. Orientalism. In Africa, the continent was divided into a series of European-controlled territories, with each European power claiming a specific area. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa. Imperialism results from a complex of causes in which in varying degrees economic pressures, human aggressiveness and greed, the search for security, the drive for power and prestige, nationalist emotions, humanitarianism, and many other factors are effective. "When he restored many of the The Islamist insurgency that erupted in Algeria in the 1990s was viewed as principally if not totally cultural in nature. Finally, the Ottomans generally administered their territories with a lighter hand than did the Europeans. When a dominate country took over a smaller country, they would gain more power and profit, as well as the smaller country being able to grow. Grover Clark wrote in the Balance Sheets of Imperialism, the struggle for colonies does not result only in cash losses. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Unlike parts of the world rich in raw materials or agricultural products that could not be grown in Europe, most parts of the Middle East and North Africa did not offer great rewards to their imperial masters. Yet Britain may have shown a gift for accommodation with the new forces by helping to create an independent Egypt (1922; completely, 1936) and Iraq (1932) and displayed a similar spirit in India, where the Indian National Congress, founded in 1885 to promote a liberal nationalism inspired by the British model, became more radical after 1918. DEFINITIONS How are the rights of the minority protected in federalist 51? ." These economic, political, and social factors were mostly responsible for this spreading of control from the world powers. Old Imperialism began from the 11th century and its end marked the beginning of New Imperialism from late 19th Century to early 20th century. Even though Western Imperialism did improve some aspects of life in other countries such as medical practice, law, and technologies, it served mainly as an obstruction to self-determination and the countries suffered immensely under European rule. The influence and imperialism of Western Europe and associated states (such as Russia, Japan, and the United States) peaked in Asian territories from the colonial period beginning in the 16th century and substantially reducing with 20th century decolonization.It originated in the 15th-century search for trade routes to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that led directly to the Age of . Atatrk succeeded in replacing the medieval structure of the Islamic monarchy with a revitalized and modernized secular republic . The overall effects of imperialism Age Of Imperialism Analysis It also allowed the European countries to gather raw materials to make new goods and technology. , Read the following passage written by Charles de Montesquieu. Were it joined In 1881 France occupied Tunisia and subsequently imposed a protectorate upon its Husaynid beys. , esent? Imperialism. to the Philippines in 1946. -Economic: manufacturers wanted access to natural resources and wanted to sell factory goods, colonies offered valuable outlets to European populations. the President, Visits by Foreign Heads Africa was not colonized, making the continent a prime area for colonization. Some Africans received proper education and later on were exposed to greater economic opportunities. The government built structures from schools, to hospitals which benefitted the natives since they now had the chance to seek a better lifestyle. Which is like when Britain brought Christianity to Western countries of Africa, it had destroyed part of their native culture. Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending the rule or authority of a country over other countries. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Imperialism, being the domination of cultural, economic, or political life of another country, is a very attractive course to take for the forming imperialist power. Today, we see strong countries that were once imperialized topping our GDP rankings. However, as the Cold War competition with the Soviet Union came to dominate U.S. Chinese got addicted to opium, trade deficit (imported more than exported). Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. The Ottomans engaged in imperial rivalry to expand their territory. them for their labor. African and Asian continents as reservoirs of raw materials, labor, and History: Africa, Asia, Europe and America, Overview of Anti-imperialism vs. How and why did Japan act differently than China when threatened by Western powers? In Iran, Jalal Al-e Ahmad's concept of gharbzadegi or "Westoxication" contributed to the explicitly anti-Western character of the 1979 revolution. Huntington, Samuel. Thus, the United States used aid The African and Asian continents were collected, traded and bandied about between the powers of Western Europe as if they were common commodities. Only in the most profitable or politically contested countries was the withdrawal of empire accompanied by significant bloodshed. POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS This caused many conflicts between populations in Africa. continued to struggle for independence, in the eyes of the international While Africa was imperialized through political means and forcefully taking away land, India was imperialized because Britain intervened in disputes amongst the Indian princes. changed the pattern of international relations in a more general sense. According to Document 7, the colonial rule Britain had over India was economically unfair. Imperialism of Africa and Asia had both good and bad effects. The term levantine is French in originlevantin an, Imperial Oil Limited Well occasionally send you promo and account related email. The reason was simple, a vast global economy with Britain at the hub was sure to ensure the economic health and vitality of the British (Hyam 1). In the 1880s Africa was under full assault as European nations competed with one another for control of the continent. wafd; racism. How did this affect life for the Indian population positively and negatively? . to be drawn into the Cold War, joined in the nonaligned movement, which formed Harold MacMillan, British Prime Minister, helped begin decolonization. //<! Severe tasks, flagellations, and scanty Another difference is, China wasnt completely controlled by foreign rule. It is related to the Age of Imperialism and the expansion of the European empires in the 19th century. They talked about Leopold's private claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger Rivers. When Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia, and Iran were successively unable to repay these loans, Europeans assumed financial control over customs and other sources of state revenue. -Economic: manufacturers wanted access to natural resources and wanted to sell factory goods, colonies offered valuable outlets to European populations. In Egypt, fear that Colonel Ahmad Urabi's military rebellion would interrupt these financial controls prompted Britain to suppress the rebellion militarily and commence an occupation in 1882 that would last for seventy years. Imperialism, the practice of a more powerful nation dominating and controlling the political, economic, and cultural affairs of a weaker nation, has had a significant impact on the history of both Africa and Asia. The two main reasons for Imperialism and Colonialism in Africa were for trade and territorial control. tobacco revolt; BIBLIOGRAPHY Foreigners decided to just split up the two lands without even consulting with the native people. European Imperialism and its Impact on Africa and Asia. New York: Vintage, 1979. which were desperately poor, altered the composition of the United Nations and How was the Industrial Revolution linked to imperialism? aligned with the West. Even though colonialism brought stability to some of the African regions it did very little to provide administrative training for local people. Although imperialist powers focused on benefits that were . British manufactured goods but a damper on India's cottage industries where people produced goods in their own homes. interested in postwar stability. This is probably due to the fact that China was already kind of civilized unlike Africa which still had many tribes. But further down in the process it didnt do anything to help the smaller country. C. Popular sovereignty Requested URL: byjus.com/free-ias-prep/difference-between-new-imperialism-and-old-imperialism/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 14_7_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/14.1.2 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa Do not make me report you Before Europeans arrived, there were 3 major civilizations in Mali. 1946, there were 35 member states in the United Nations; as the newly This was because the Europeans produced almost no finished goods in return, so they used this drug as a way to restore balance. That expansion did not seriously affect the Maghreb or Egypt, however, until the nineteenth century, and, except economically, it did not affect the most populous areas of southwest Asia until the early twentieth century. Economically the British built roads, bridges, railroads and set up telegraph wires. There were, The technological advances that were brought by the industrial revolution have led for a large increase in production. Regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and India were severely impacted positively and negatively by the imperialism of the west. Another similarity is that Europeans wanted to imperialise the two for for Gold, God and Glory and justified their actions with Social Darwinism and White Mans Burden. Imperialism has awakened many foreign lands and it has benefited them doing to in so many ways. Socially, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity. Imperialism is generally defined as a phenomenon that began with the overseas expansion of Europe in the fifteenth century. In 1800 most subjects of the Ottoman sultan considered it normal to be ruled from a distant capital by means of a rotation of officials and military forces sent from afar and often speaking a foreign language. They saw themselves as more superior to both Africa and China and claimed that it was their duty to help them. . London: Zed Books, 1982. Power, prestige and economic interests lay at the heart of building Britains empire. Therefore, there are many similarities and differences in the way China and Africa was imperialized and the influence it had on the, Compare And Contrast European Imperialism In Africa And China. Atatrk succeeded in replacing the medieval structure of the Islamic monarchy with a revitalized and modernized secular republic in 1923. . problems that were the result of their colonial past, which sometimes put them Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The new imperialism (c. 1875-1914) Reemergence of colonial rivalries. Imperialism also promoted moderation in European colonies., Because Great Britain viewed India as a valuable connection in comparison to Africa, it was established as a market to boost trade efforts whereas Africas raw materials was simply used to ignite their factories. Social Darwinism. To Europeans, Africa was more like a method in the trading system. African swine fever is a contagious viral disease that has been spreading through Europe and Asia since its initial report from Georgia in 2007. In regard to the army of Toussaint, General Lacroix, one of How did Western economic problems and traditional beliefs weaken China? . The notion of any of these nations being at odds with all of the others, led the nations to seek alliances amongst themselves (and Russia and Japan), which was a major reason for the start of World War I (Hyam 271). nationalist movements in the former Asian colonies campaigned for independence The impacts extended to all corners of the world including China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan and the effects were very prevalent. Secular intellectuals, on the other hand, have refused to accept Islam as the only alternative to cultural domination by the West. Though trade and prestige were greatly increased, eventually, competition developed for the more lucrative portions of the colonized East. Type your requirements and Ill connect you to In 1960, as part of a broader de-colonization process, France's president Charles de Gaulle granted independence to Mauritania. Originating around 1300, the Ottoman Empire eventually expanded to include most of the Balkans and the Black Sea area, Anatolia, the Fertile Crescent, and northern Africa as far west as the borders of Morocco. Facts In the Ottoman Empire, imperialism also caused unequal treaties, pushed the people of the empire to reform, shifted the power, and caused the empire to retreat to defensive modernizing. (Colonialism in, Unlike many European powers, Britain focused on traditional leaders in Africa. The main reason why Africa and China fell so fast to European Imperialism was because both of them werent modernized and Europe had far more superior technology and weapons. Which ideals Nationalism began to appear in Asia and Africa after World War I.It produced such leaders as Kemal Atatrk in Turkey, Sad Pasha Zaghl in Egypt, Ibn Saud in the Arabian Peninsula, Mahatma Gandhi in India, and Sun Yat-sen in China. 26, 1841, Louverture Project, accessed May 2, 2013, foreign policy concerns in the late 1940s and 1950s, the Truman and Eisenhower An economic disadvantage was that there were not enough water supplies and the education was limited to the privileged., Imperialism was beneficial to our humanity. independence from the Netherlands (194550), the Vietnamese war against France with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would For the 300 years between 1500 and 1800,European nations traded for slaves,gold, and ivory along the west coast of africa, but they did not go deeply into the continent. This might serve to shift the Countries had no chance against them so all they could do is take the deal the French gave the. The driving forces behind these European conquests in Africa were caused by political, cultural, and economic reasons., It also allowed the European countries to gather raw materials to make new goods and technology. The African people benefited when the slave trade was abolished. The British banned such practices as Sati in which a women thrown herself into the burning ashes of her husband. They dreamed of ending imperial rule and gaining democracy, freedom, and equality. Who was Mahatma Gandhi, and how did he work to end British control of India? In Resistance in Africa Imperialism in Africa Southeast Asia The Berlin Conferance in 1884-85 created the rules for the division of Africa. European powers out of Asia. Two of those cultures that were affected in a very similar way during this time period by the effects of imperialism were Africa and India. European countries went everywhere to find places to conquer in order to get their natural resources and raw materials. Liberals do not By Jer Clifton on March 1, 2023 . Other Islamic activist movements have, to varying degrees, shared hostility or suspicion of the West as an imperialist force. expressed during the American and French revolutions does this passage In contrast, imperialism in Asia began much earlier, with European powers establishing colonies and protectorates in the region starting in the 16th century. The struggle with Dutch colonialism that brought the establishment of Indonesia continued with the UN mediation of the dispute over West Irian (Irian Jaya). In places like Africa, economic concerns were limited, except for several gold and copper mines, so interest was declined. This led to conflict because the Africans weren't grouped with other members of their ethnicity and they didn't get along well. Overall, while imperialism had significant impacts on both Africa and Asia, the timing and duration of imperial rule, the extent of division and control, and the impact on economic development were all different in these two regions. From 1750-1914 Western civilizations dominated the world by enforcing their culture and systems upon weaker nations. colonial rule drew arbitrary natural boundaries where none had existed before, Armenians and Kurds looked to the peace negotiators to grant them independence from outside control, even if it meant accepting some measure of European protection. In Africa, European powers began their colonization efforts in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa, a period of intense competition between European powers to claim territory in the continent. in common; they were non-white, with developing economies, facing internal food were no longer to be endured. There were also lives lost, wars fought, and hatreds aroused which threatened new warsItalys trade with her colonies in 1894-1932 was worth 5, 561 million lire or about $1, 100 million. This was less than one percent of her total foreign trade in the same period., Along with all of this, imperial Europe revamped Africa. one country takes control over another country (direct relationship between 2 countries), offered a valuable outlet for Europe's growing population, when local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity (country with own government but under control of an outside power), an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges (open door policy), Westerner's applied Darwin's ideas about natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies, and argued that European races were superior to all others and imperial domination of weaker races was simply nature's way of improving human species; millions of non-Westerners were robbed of their cultural heritage. locations, others of which possessed significant natural resources, and most of Great Britain took the lead in establishing systematic imperial possessions in African and Asia. This allowed for the preservation of more distinct national and cultural identities in Asia, although it also led to the creation of colonies and spheres of influence that were controlled by different European powers. Each nation was given separate holdings in Africa, and the issue of land in Africa was solved. urabi, ahmad; The impact of imperialism on China included the creation of unequal treaties, the populations introduction to opium, Chinas power shift, and the beginnings of manufacturing. an academic expert within 3 minutes. The anti-imperialism of the Balkan secessionists eventually affected the Armenian Christians of Anatolia and more slowly gained headway in Arab nationalist circles after 1900. Objectives: 1. Europeans exploited Asia for its raw materials and Africa for its vast labor resources. Natural rights Imperialism is when one country is involved in creating an empire and expanding the borders in order to project its power. Give us your email address and well send this sample there. algerian war of independence; European imperialism took three forms in the early nineteenth century: direct occupation and colonization of Algeria by France from 1830 onward, diplomatic pressure on the Ottoman sultans to grant economic and legal privileges to Europeans and non-Muslim minorities, and treaties with rulers and chiefs controlling seaports in the Persian Gulf and southern Arabia designed to ensure British military control of the sea route to India in return for maintaining the rulers and chiefs in power. (194554), and the nationalist and professed socialist takeovers of Egypt (1952) The introduction of different cultures made the countries more varied. accepting resolutions for independence for colonial states and creating a They gained technological advancements by industrializing. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Imperialism in Africa and East Asia 1750-1900 - YouTube 0:00 / 8:28 Imperialism in Africa and East Asia 1750-1900 386 views Mar 17, 2020 9 Dislike Share Save LEQ TION 182 subscribers. British withdrawal from Palestine in 1948 brought on Israel's declaration of independence and the first ArabIsrael War. -Effects: India was put under complete British control. (Equiano, 235). and then Add to Home Screen. Nationalism began to appear in Asia and Africa after World War I. The sultans, like the Russian tsars, were primarily motivated by the desire to acquire land and wealth, whereas the overseas European empire builders sought raw materials and markets. Forging a permanent presence in India, China and Africa were vital to this cause (Brown 199-200). be bought or sold. During Many desired the beneficial changes imperialism would bring, not only to them, but to the world as well. This description of the Ottoman Empire does not differ substantially from the description that could be applied to the Christian European empires established from the sixteenth century onward, except that the Europeans were normally less willing to admit non-Europeans into the ranks of officials. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, local . 6.2.12.D.3.e Analyze the impact of the policies of different European colonizers on indigenous societies, and explain the responses of these societies to imperialistic rule. While parts of imperialism were unspeakable, it has built our human race and has benefitted, During the 1800s and early 1900s, a wave of imperialism swept over Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The Congo was then ruled with strict political control and military force. Although the U.S. Government did not force the In some situations the people in the colonies were used as slaves. With this power they were able to take over less developed areas. encourage new nations to join the communist bloc, and attempted to convince While this is true in some cases, imperialism did enhance Africa and institute a reform in the, Through imperialism, Britain influenced African countries and had changed the native culture. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Monroe, Elizabeth. But in the long run, imperialism did more harm than it did good. In some areas, it was peaceful, and Japan isolated themselves to modernize, therefore they became powerful so they could imperialize other countries, won trading rights on the Mughal Empire; main goal was to make money; missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity; made some unpopular moves such as requiring sepoys, indian soldiers, to serve anywhere, and then the British issued guns to the sepoys, angry sepoys rose up against their British officers; British ended up crushing the revolt; rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides; brought major changes to British policy; Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown, its members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends; looked forward to democracy and self-rule, peaceful gathering of Indians; British then fired on unarmed Indians, Muslims in India that organized for independence, wanted separate Muslim state, peaceful protestor who led India to independence, when Gandhi led his people to pick up sand from the Indian Ocean, salt symbolized right in their homeland in taking down British empire, - in the Himalayas and is controlled by India and Pakistan, but they have had multiple wars over control, the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts, British made huge profits from trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea, Chinese became addicted to the drug, China lost money paying for drug, China asked Britain to stop trade but Britain refused, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants; Chinese were easily defeated due to outdated weapons, Britain received an indemnity (payment for losses in war), British gained Hong Kong, China opened 5 ports for foreign trade, granted British citizens in China extraterritoriality (the right to live under their own laws), unfair treaty, a policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis, goal was to drive out foreigners who were polluting China with their un-Chinese ways, boxers attacked foreigners across China, most devastating peasant rebellion in history; rebels had control for 14 years; the government then crushed the rebellion, poverty and misery caused peasants to rebel, went to Japan to deliver a letter from the President of the United States demanding that Japan were to open its ports to diplomatic and commercial exchange, American and Japanese treaty to open up Japan's ports but not for trade, a period in time that was a major turning point in Japanese history; determined to make Japan stronger with money and a strong military, caused Japan to have a common culture and language, Japan looked to Westerners to learn how to establish a powerful country, they were successful and had enough power to force the Westerners to revise unequal treaties, conflict between Russia and Japan over control of Korea and Manchuria; Japan won due to more advanced technology, Causes and Effects of European Imperialism in.