Garner North Carolina History
There are plenty of Garners selling their homes and the community has a lot to offer its residents. Garner is designed for a variety of activities and opportunities in Garner and this has been a source of attraction to many North Carolina residents for many years.
In the historic neighborhood, you can enjoy performances by the North Carolina Symphony, national tours, and concerts by nationally renowned artists and musicians. There are so many things to do, from trails and parks that connect all neighborhoods of Garner to the performing arts. If you are looking for dinner, you will find a variety of restaurants, shops and restaurants with a wide selection of food nearby. Events and festivals are also held throughout the year, such as concerts, art shows, concerts and other events.
With a few exceptions, all school districts in North Carolina are organized at the district level, and students are often assigned to schools regardless of the community in which they live. Garner is also home to one of the state's largest public schools, the Garner School District. NC State University is just 15 minutes away and UNC - Chapel Hill School of Public Health is 45 minutes away. General aviation services are also available in Garner, as well as Charlotte, Raleigh, Durham and Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.
Garner is entirely in Wake County, and the city limits are entirely within that area, but the densely populated Cleveland community in Garner, North Carolina. Garner's postal address, which has a population of about 1,000 and a total of 4,500 residents, includes the cities of Raleigh, Durham, Raleigh - Chapel Hill and Cleveland, as well as parts of Durham and Durham.
Nearby attractions include the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Garner High School and Garner Museum of Art. The Garner Public Library, the only public library in the city, has been listed in history for decades and is registered in the National Register of Historic Places.
Sometime in the 1870s, the railroad acquired a stop for timber and water, located roughly in what is now downtown Garner. Garner was the section head of the railroad until the late 1870s, when Bingham founded his post office.
Built in 1902, it became indispensable to the community as it delivered mail, carried passengers once a day from Raleigh, and established Garner as a local market and cotton dispatch. A map from the 1850s shows that the railroad passed through Garner, roughly where downtown Garner is today, before crossing it. The significance of this development lies in the fact that it was to become one of the longest-traveled rail corridors in North Carolina's history. This is because of what became of the long - busy corridor between Raleigh and Raleigh - Chapel Hill and between Garner and Asheville.
After all, some sources have named H.C. Garner as the founder of the city, but history does not have much to confirm what we know little about. Although many of the Garner family came from a runaway state, none of them seems to have lived in St. Mary's Township in the late 1890s. The town is named after its founder, and he was named after his wife Mary and son George, in honor of his father.
In 2018, Garner's population is estimated at 28,858 and is home to about 1,000 people, most of them residents of St. Mary's Township. Some notable individuals who hail from the city of Garner, NC, are: Garner and his wife Mary, son George, daughter Mary Ann and husband George.
We continue our innovation and revitalization efforts to preserve Garner's history and ensure that its growth remains stable year after year. Garner is growing and thriving as a beautiful North Carolina town, and we are making Garner one of the fastest growing areas of St. Mary's Township in the state. Looking for a Garner, the NC home for sale is at the heart of our values of energy, enthusiasm and excellence and serves as the foundation for the success of our community and our local economy. We grow and prosper in Garner while preserving our history, but we have ensured that our growth has been steady for years.
Active adults looking for a new home for sale in Raleigh, NC should take advantage of the opportunities offered by Auburn Village and the many other options in Garner.
Auburn Village will also be home to several health care providers, including WakeMed Medical Center, Wakemed Health System and WakeMe Health. In addition to Garner, Auburn Village and surrounding communities in Raleigh, NC serve as gateways to the Raleigh-Chapel Hill area and other parts of North Carolina. Residents who want to visit a nearby metropolitan area are in luck, as they can drive to get everything the city has to offer in terms of shopping, dining, shopping and entertainment.


About St. Andrews and the surrounding area
“St Andrews is a former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, named after Saint Andrew the Apostle. The town is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world and the oldest in Scotland. The University is an integral part of the burgh, and during term time students make up approximately one third of the town’s population. St Andrews has a population of 16.680, making it the fifth largest settlement in Fife.
There has been an important church in St Andrews since at least the 8th century, and a bishopric since at least the 11th century. The settlement grew to the west of St Andrews cathedral with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness burn to the south. The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation. The famous cathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins.
St Andrews is also known worldwide as the “home of golf”. This is in part because the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, founded in 1754, exercises legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico), and also because the famous links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of golf’s four major championships. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.”
Quoted from Wikipedia
What to do when visiting St. Andrews?
Trip Advisor – Visit this site to get some inspiration


“Hospice” comes from the Latin word “hospitium” meaning “guesthouse”. For many centuries, hospices were known as places of rest for weary travellers. This concept of hospices changed when, in 19th century Ireland and London, a religious order established hospices as places of care for the dying. Then, in 1967, Dame Cicely Saunders founded the modern hospice movement when she set up the first modern hospice, St. Christopher’s Hospice, in London.
Around the World
The hospice movement made such great impacts that, today, there are thousands of hospice services in Europe and North America. The modern concept of hospices is also becoming increasingly important in Asia Pacific countries. The Asia Pacific Hospice Palliative Care Network (APHN) was established in late 2001 to link all those who are interested in developing hospice and palliative care services in this region. To date, there are over 800 members representing some 500 hospice services in over 20 countries, including Australia, Bangladesh, Japan, Mongolia, Pakistan and Singapore. The APHN secretariat is based in Singapore.


The importance of Velletri, in the history of the area, setting it apart from all other towns of the Castelli enough to get her to consider a special case. The ancient Volscian city of Velester (or Velcester) gave very hard time to the Romans, who with difficulty managed to subdue under King Anco Marzio, twice broke free from this yoke, and only in 338 BC was finally transformed into municipium with the name of Velitrae. But even before Rome were the Etruscans spread their culture to this area in their attempt to reach the Pontine plain and the south of Latium, of this attempt have been many inscriptions and pottery. In imperial times the patrician villas were numerous in this area and that of the gens Octavia grew the future Augustus. In 410 A.D. the invasion of the Goths reached the town and Alaric sacked hard Velletri.
In medieval times Velletri was still a thriving city and staying faithful to the Pope managed to maintain their independence without being subjected to various lords and families in other villages of the Castelli Romani dominated every area with several upsets over the years. The city was one of the first independent municipalities of Latium, ruled by a power which had the motto "Est mihi et libertas papalis imperialis" his program. In 1299, the authority elected as Pope Boniface VIII, later clashed with Rome and was finally covered by the dispute between the Lambs and Wolves, that is, the Guelphs and Ghibellines: This internal struggle between supporters of the Pope's power and supporters of the imperial power was shared in many Italian cities (Just think of the Florence of Dante).
Its strategic location (The Appian Way passes through Velletri before entering the Pontine plain and head towards Naples) has made the place too great a node in the event of conflict, in 1744 became embroiled in a battle between Austrian and Neapolitan troops, including the 1798 and 1799 was at the center of clashes between French troops and bands sanfediste.
In 1849, for the defense of the Roman republic, Garibaldi earned an important victory against the Bourbons. During the Second World War the city suffered a major bombing in 1944 shortly before the liberation of Rome by German troops and was reduced to a pile of rubble, ready to rebuild the city back to the importance it had before the war and was the basis for development that puts today Velletri the most important cities of Latium. From the point of view, the city offers scenic views of the surrounding area with ease, you can admire the mountains of Ciociaria and Lepine, to the sea Terracina and the Pontine plain. Inside the modern Velletri you can grasp the remains of the past and present examples of urban planning, not always a human scale, the remains of Roman Velitrae are often hidden by the buildings and streets. The complex of the Cathedral of St. Clement, dating from 327 AD, hides the remains of a Roman temple dedicated to Mars, the Church of the Stigmata of St. Francis actually stands on the site of a temple Volsci; most of the discoveries are now far from Velletri, however, until 1800 the important Museo Borgia, now depleted despite the preservation of unique pieces, was known throughout the world and even Goethe he was amazed despite its distance from Rome.
The church of St. Mary of the Trivium, with clearly visible next to the Tower, is one of the most emblematic buildings of the city, built in 1353, as remembered by a plaque, withstood wars and bombings. Worthy of note are the Town Hall restored after the last war, cites a statement introducing the monumental door Napoletana from the south to the city, recently restored and home of the sommeliers of the Castelli Romani.
A curiosity: in 1780 Pope Pius VI had to restore the Appian Way, abandoned since the late Middle Ages to the raids of pirates and replaced with more upstream pathways that crossed the other countries of the Castles, the track was expected to focus directly on Terracina from Genzano, cut off from the way the most important city in Velletri. The citizens of Velletri as did the initial design was modified by restoring the bend of the Appian Way to the city and in turn the population TU shoulder the burden of financing the reconstruction of the road.


Keeping some of your wedding cake for your anniversary or the birth or christening of your first child is a great way to bring back some fabulous memories of your wedding day.
But little did Queen Elizabeth realise on her wedding day back in 1947 that a piece of her wedding cake would be so well preserved as to be auctioned 66 years later! The slice of wedding cake was discovered in a filing cabinet and was put up for auction in 2013. It was beautifully presented in its original Buckingham Palace case, dated November 20, 1947 together with a compliments slip that read: ‘With the best wishes of Their Royal Highnesses The Princess Elizabeth and The Duke of Edinburgh’.
The original wedding cake was an enormous 9 feet high with 4 layers and some incredibly intricate decoration. It contained rum and brandy which helped to keep it from deteriorating although it was probably no longer edible – the auctioneer said he wouldn’t recommend eating it! It only reached £560 at the auction which was less than anticipated, however it is still a beautiful piece of history.


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1988 SOJ Demo. The first studio recording the
band ever made was a 5-song demo which included "Electrocute",
"Freight Train", "Fortress Of Solitude", "She
Said Dark", and "Other Shore".
band was a serious enough concern by spring of '89 for the boys to
start work on a full-length album to sell at shows. This album was
made at C&J studios, a 16-track analog facility in midtown Manhattan,
over about a month's time, and featured the guest harmonica work of
Blues Traveler's John Popper (as did the "God
Street Wine" album 8 years later). It was released on cassette;
the band had 1,000 made, all of which were sold or given away as demos
The Purple Tape. In
need of a new demo to reflect their work with a horn section and a
funkier sound, the band went back to C&J Studios armed with a
4-piece horn section and four new tunes: "Dirty Little Secret",
"Brand New Pussycat", "Change Your Mind", and
"Edgar's Back In Town".
Live At The 712 Club. The
712 Club, an illegal bar in Harlem, became the band's "home venue"
in the period 1990-91.
The Bedroom Tapes. When
the band signed with Geffen Records at the end of 1993, their first
task was to prepare demos of all the tunes they wanted to give consideration
to in recording their first major label album (which would become
"$1.99 Romances"). To this end
they lugged the disassembled remnants of Crossroads Studios, including
a huge MCI console, up to Ossining in the dead of winter and set the
band up in Lo's bedroom, where they recorded over 40 songs in about
Various 3- and 4-song demos were made from 1989 through 1992; the
most common one features "Electrocute", "Crazy Head"
and "Freight Train" and was made at Crossroads in 1991.


JPL Archives Collection Statement
The mission of the JPL Archives is to identify, collect, preserve, and make available for research the historically valuable permanent records (i.e., records of enduring value) and oral history collection of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Through the preservation of these records and interviews the research and development activities and administrative operations of JPL from the Laboratory’s beginnings in the late 1930s to the present are documented.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s primary mission is the robotic exploration of space, the solar system, and the Earth, in order to foster human understanding of our universe. Its archival collections reflect this mission so that historians in the future can recover JPL’s efforts. In addition to this material, we also intend to conduct and collect oral histories with laboratory personnel and with select NASA officials. Finally, we collect and add to our Historical Reference collection documents created at JPL or generated by organizations other than JPL but that are 1) relevant to JPL’s activities, 2) useful for background research or reference on JPL-related historical events, 3) or helpful to historians reconstructing context.
The Core Collection
The JPL archive has two different tasks that need to be balanced: it must provide access to the records of prior projects, whatever their format, for the lab’s researchers, and it must provide access to records for historians. If storage space in the archives and its electronic repository, and resources for processing materials to make them available were unconstrained, this would not be problematic. But that is not the case. Service to the lab community takes precedence within the archives, and records still in active use by the lab community will be retained either in the onsite facility, the offsite (contractor-operated) facility, or electronic archives. As part of the core collection, the archives will focus on records related to the lab’s primary mission of robotic space and planetary exploration, the development of technology to support this mission, and to the lab’s evolution as an institution.
JPL has an historical collection begun by R. Cargill Hall that is synthetic in nature, collected from a variety of sources, and including copies made from other JPL collections. This is the Historical Reference Collection. Some examples from the most current series (16- ) of documents in Historical Reference Collection are: final report of the Galileo Project, Jack James’ privately published autobiography, a program for the JPL Open House held in November 1948, and press releases from the Embassy of the USSR on Sputnik.
What the JPL Archives Does Not Collect
1. Collections of formal JPL documents, such as JPL D-numbered documents. These are collected, scanned, permanently retained, and made available by Engineering Document Services. The Archives collaborates with EDS to make sure that new documents it receives are included in the Document and Image Management System (DIMS) before they are dispositioned.
2. Collections of miscellaneous papers and/or documents, formal or informal, where the bulk are not related to JPL’s primary mission.
3. Non-record material such as memorabilia.
4. Materials not primarily related to JPL, its origins, its employees, or its activities.


We are in Montepetrolo, south of Lake Trasimeno. The Tiberi farm was born at the beginning of the 20th century and still today sees three generations involved, Cesare Tiberi, his son Piero and his nephew Federico. There are only 3 ha on hills of 350 m asl, with 50-year-old vines (and in the case of the Granella grape, also called Pecorina, a 150-year-old plant) and skeleton-rich soils. Four generations took turns in working the vines and even today those methods of managing and processing the grapes in the cellar have remained unchanged as they did then. This has allowed us to pass on not only a respect for the land, but above all the varieties that the land has contributed to enhance: Gamay del Perugino, Canaiolo, Grechetto, San Colombana, Moscato, Malvasia, Trebbiano, Ciliegiolo and Pecorina grapes. In the cellar the gestures of the past have remained. Spontaneous fermentation, maceration on the skins to pass all the identity of a vintage and a territory to the must, management of the hat of pomace with daily breaking, light pressing with a manual press and racking following the phases of the moon. While the world of wine has accelerated, here the rhythms and the sense of gestures has remained the same.


Thursday, February 9, 2012
"His Master's Voice"
Recognize this bit of imagery? More popularly associated with the old RCA ads, "His Master's Voice" was actually an original painting from English artist, Francis Barraud, in 1899. The Curious George immortalized in "His Master's Voice" is "Nipper", a fox terrier Barraud had inherited from his deceased brother Mark. Along with the dog, Francis also inherited a cylinder phonograph and a few recording his brother, Mark, had left behind.
As it turned out, those recordings preserved not only his late brother's last words but also his voice as evident by Nipper's piqued interest in the familiar sound emanating from the phonograph horn. Nipper's unabashed reaction to his master's voice piping from the phonograph didn't escape Francis Barraud's attention either and so he committed the scene to canvas. He would later copyright the original painting under the title of "Dog Looking at and Listening to a Phonograph".
After shopping the painting around to various phonograph companies, Barraud would not find a buyer for his work until 1900. The Gramophone Company purchased the rights to Barraud's work under the condition that he modify the image to feature one of their products instead. "His Master's Voice" went from a print ad to the name of a particular radio model to becoming the trademark for the Gramophone Company, which would later become RCA. Embedded below is an ad that was run in Australia.
On a side note, the "HMV" model radio was never actually sold in the States; however, the image was internationally used as a watermark to this day.


Bay of Islands Luxury Cruise
Write yourself into the history books with a luxurious cruise on board one of New Zealand's most historic boats, the 'Alma G'.
Enjoy a day cruising the waters of the Bay of Islands, experiencing the sights and sounds that inspired the writings of the legendary Zane Grey. more
Bay of Islands Big Gamefishing
Alma G is available for Big Gamefishing charters in the Bay of Islands. Zane Grey fished aboard the Alma G in the 1920's and still holds several world records. more
Matt Watson! - Extreme Fisherman
In an attempt to repeat the amazing feats of pioneering American fisherman and adventurer Zane Grey, we roll the clock back 100 years, and head out from historic Paihia aboard the Alma G...more


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The NAACP, National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People, is a membership organization and is funded by membership dues and contributions.Click here in order to go to the NAACP website.
They state "For more than ninety three years, the NAACP has been built on the individual and collective courage of thousands of people. People of all races, nationalities and religious denominations, who were united on one premise --that all men and women are created equal.
Although, one could write great prose about the triumphs of the NAACP, there is nothing more powerful than the facts of how the existence of the oldest civil rights organization has changed the face of history for this country. And despite threats of violence, and official government policies that were racist the NAACP continued and will continue to persevere."
They further state "Since its inception the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was poised for a long, tumultuous and rewarding history. Although it may be possible to chronicle the challenging and harrowing legacy of the NAACP, the real story of the nation's most significant civil rights organization lies in the hearts and minds of the people who would not stand still while the rights of some of America's darker citizens were denied."


Lucia de Jesus dos Santos was born on March 22, 1907 in Aljustrel, a village in the parish of Fatima, Portugal. She was the youngest of a popular family of seven children, six girls and a boy. By the time she was 8 years of age, she, was occupied with the tending of the family’s sheep, as her brother and sisters had before her
She was at times a very secretive girl but a natural leader whose company was often sought by other children. On May 13, 1917, while tending the sheep in the Cova da Iria, a woman, who later identified herself as the Blessed Virgin Mary, appeared to Lucia and her two cousins, Francisco and Jacinta Marto. The Lady requested that the children return to the same place, at the same time on the thirteenth day of each month for the next six months, when she would appear to them in the same way. On the sixth encounter of October 13th 1917, she promised to perform a miracle for all to see.
Lucia was blessed with the ability to see, hear and speak with the Lady, and became the main conduit for her communication. After the prophesised death of Jacinta and Francisco, during the flu pandemic of 1919, Lucia alone remained to carry the mission assigned by the “Woman from Heaven”
The Bishop of Leiria ordered that Lucia, as the only remaining one of the three Seers, be removed from Fatima, in order to spare her from the continual questioning that she came to endure. In 1921, in great secrecy and under strict orders never to divulge her true identity, Lucia left for Porto, where a school run by the sisters of St. Dorothy was situated. Later she became a sister in this congregation.
In 1946, seeking a more contemplative life, Lucia entered the Carmelite convent of St. Teresa in Coimbra, where she made her profession as a Discalced Carmelite on May 31, 1949. She took the name Sister Maria Lucia of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart
Over the years, Sr. Lucia would write two books, ‘Memoirs’, recounting the events of Fatima in her own words, and ‘Calls from the Message of Fatima’, giving answers to the many questions about living the message of Fatima, which she has been asked over the year.
Lucia passed away on February 13, 2005, aged 97.
On February 20, 2006 her body was finally laid to rest in the Basilica in Fatima, where her now beatified cousins Francisco and Jacinta are entombed.


The Cliff Hotel lounge – The perfect room to relax
The Cliff Hotel Lounge area was one of the first areas to be completed in our refurbishment project. While we’ve endeavoured to give many of the refurbished areas a modern feel, we felt the lounge should be kept as a reminder of the deep history of the hotel. Guests will note a number of pieces of the original furniture which have been painstakingly and loving restored to give the room character and a sense of history in this delightful part of the hotel.
The Lounge is a comfortable area for our guests to relax and enjoy a tea or coffee. Every day at The Cliff Hotel there are daily complementary newspapers for all of our guests to enjoy and also complementary magazines, as well as being the perfect area to enjoy the popular Cliff High Tea Experience from our afternoon menu.
Throughout The Lounge Wi-Fi is available to all of our guests free of charge if they want to come sit at the front of the building for some peace and quiet on their laptops or tablets.


The Civil War was one of the most definitive moments in the history of the United States. Every American, if not every educated person in the world, has at least a basic knowledge of the American Civil War. The great war about slavery, or even more so, freedom. The freedom of all men, regardless of color, religion, or any kind of belief. North versus south, brother vs brother. Many Americans still have pretty deep feelings about the repercussions of this conflict today. Some would even say that the ideas that we fought about back then are still being fought about 150 years later.
There is a small town in south central Pennsylvania that unfortunately for them, became one of the most important locations in the nation. Gettysburg was just a small town that happened to be at a crossroads of many main routes through Pennsylvania between Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and Shippensburg, PA. Read more here. The population in 1860, three years before the Civil War changed the town forever, was only 2,400. At the end of the battle, which took place in 1863 between July 1st and July 3rd, roughly 8,000 men had lost their lives in Gettysburg. Incredibly, only 1 Gettysburg resident was killed while the three day battle raged all around the town. Her name was Jennie Wade. Her story is tied to the war in various ways, as most American’s were during this time, and is worth looking into further if you’re interested. She is buried in the Gettysburg National Cemetery alongside the other thousands who died over those few summer days.
Gettysburg National Cemetery is one of many locations millions of Americans have visited since this historic battle. Gettysburg became a place to pay your respects to those who fought for freedom soon after the Union won the war and continues to be a popular destination today. Tourism has become a huge industry for Gettysburg over the years, for the most part, tastefully. Being a national park, the battlefield has no commercial interests related to it, and stays largely as it was in 1863. If fact, the national park service is continually trying to keep the landscape as close to how it looked during the battle by studying photos from that time, trimming and planting accordingly.
The main attraction to the park is, of course, to tour the battlefield, which covers about 6,000 acres. But before you begin one of the many guided tours or your self-guided auto tour, you should start at the Gettysburg Museum and Visitor’s Center. The current museum and visitor’s center was built in 2008 and features the restored cyclorama. Read more about the cyclorama here. It’s definitely worth spending an hour or two looking through the various exhibits which illustrate American life in the mid 19th century and, of course more specially, a chronologically sorted, very well presented display of the three days of the battle of Gettysburg. Admission to the museum is not cheap, and just in case you want to spend more money, there is a very nice cafe, along with a large gift shop featuring everything from historic texts and battlefield auto tour CDs to civil war toys, t-shirts and fudge.
After you’ve spent too much money, you can at least feel better that the main feature of Gettysburg is free, after all, it’s a national park.
Gettysburg National Battlefield Park is the largest gathering of monuments in the world. Overall there are more than 1,300 monuments spread out over around 6,000 acres to explore. This comes as no surprise in spots as you weave in and out of the sometimes pretty intricate sculptures. Little Round Top and the Pennsylvania Monument are the largest monuments and should not be missed. Little Round Top is a collection of castle like structures, one which can be climbed up through, on top of an exposed hill overlooking Devil’s Den, another park favorite. The Pennsylvania Monument is a 110 foot granite memorial hall which can also be climbed and offers very scenic views of portions of the battlefield and town. Etched in bronze on all sides are the names of the roughly 34,000 Pennsylvanians who fought here at Gettysburg. Devil’s Den, while not a monument per se, although there are many surrounding it, is possibly the favorite stop for visitors. While it was an important location during the battle, the draw is the collection of gigantic boulders which were deposited here a couple million years ago. It’s an impressive field which can be climbed and explored freely. There is an obvious section where all travelers wander around, however if you have the time, there are many more huge boulders to explore across the road. Just watch out for snakes in the summer.
The monuments in Gettysburg can signify a range of subjects. For the most part they are broken down between the two sides, union and confederate, with the respective markers being placed in their historically accurate positions throughout the battlefield. For example, the monument for the 20th Maine has been placed where that company made their stand on little round top. But this is just one example, the monuments in Gettysburg can be in honor of the state where soldiers came from, the units in which they served, or for individuals such as generals and other commanding officers like Longstreet and Meade. For obvious reasons, the union monuments greatly outnumber the confederate ones, however the confederacy is well represented here. There are a few other monuments around that honor specific locations or events, like the Gettysburg address and the high water mark. Also, there are additional monuments outside of the National Park that are on private land or the surrounding areas which have been placed because a specific battle or event happened there.
While most people will focus on the battlefield, the entire town of Gettysburg is a monument to those 3 days in 1863. They layout of the town is largely the same as it was then, with countless historic building throughout the area. The historic significance of Gettysburg has kept up interest in leaving places as they were instead of constantly updating and rebuilding everything like most towns around Gettysburg have done in the last 150 years. If you have the time, it’s well worth it to walk around and explore the entire town.


The current cosmetic market is filled with countless types of makeup in a world of different color variations. Today we even have trained professional cosmetologists for a variety of jobs from personal makeup artists to help with particular events or occasions to specialized costume cosmetologists on a movie set. However, makeup is a very old idea. With the rise of ancient civilizations and of a distinct ruling class, the intention of trying to improve one’s individual looks to show off one’s power, wealth, or even accentuate a person’s natural attractiveness brought about the rise in the cosmetic industry. The use of red ochre as a type of decorative body paint can be traced back to early prehistory even. The only problem is that these founding cultures had not yet developed our modern synthetic blends for makeup that mostly hide imperfections and to highlight features that are considered to be beautiful on the face of the wearer. Without these early pioneers in cosmetics though, we would not have taken the steps to create our modern cosmetic market.
The ancient civilization of the Nile River Valley known as Egypt is one of the most notable records of early cosmetic use. Countless papyrus scrolls exist with some of their cosmetic recipes, and archaeologists have even found some containers with the residue of these makeup mixes. The natural tinted clay pigment known as red ochre was the favorite way for Egyptians to rouge their cheeks and lips. The most famous makeup of Egyptians is probably their eyeliner. Even modern makeup artists still enjoy using at least simple black eyeliner to accentuate the eyes of the wearer and sometimes pull a line of the black pigment outward from the corner of the eye to closely resemble paintings and decorated, painted busts that have been collected as artifacts from this ancient civilization. The original black pigment the Egyptians used was called kohl. However, it was made from a combination of different materials rather than a single item from nature. By grinding together burnt almonds, ochre, oxidized copper, malachite, lead, and crushed antimony one creates a dark black powder that would then be applied with a small stick to give the effect of more almond shaped eyes when put along the edges of the upper and lower eyelids. This special combination was also thought to reduce eye infection and to help restore failing eyesight in addition to reducing the glare of the powerful Egyptian sun. Modern scientists have investigated these ancient claims to find out that the combination of minerals can prove to be helpful in small amounts as an eye antiseptic and easily help with glare as even football players know to apply black paint beneath their eyes to help reduce the whiteout effect of a brightly shining sun.
Before the ancient Greeks invaded Egypt to establish the ruling Ptolemys and adopted several of the ancient Egyptian cosmetic combinations they did have their own techniques for the beautification of the human form. Since the Greek goddess Aphrodite was considered to be the human personification of beauty and drawings and raised relief carvings of her were everywhere, the Greeks were pretty set in their standard of beauty. Normal women who were not Aphrodite used cosmetics to increase their public appeal. A mixture of honey and olive oil was frequently applied to skin to give it a lighter color, act as a moisturizer, and give the skin a shimmering quality. Rather than using the Egyptian formula for kohl, Greeks would merely grind used charcoal and mix the powder with olive oil to create eye shadow instead of using eyeliner. Crushing iron oxide (rust) into a powder could be used as a rouge colored blush. Also, the ground iron oxide was frequently mixed with olive oil (the basic staple for Greek cosmetics and everyday life) and beeswax to make a paste for a type of lipstick or lip gloss to redden lips. However, cosmetic use was light in Greek women as they preferred as natural a look as possible to create the ideal beauty. Depictions of Aphrodite never showed a woman slathered in makeup with artificial beauty enhancers; therefore, Greek women truly attempted to keep makeup as light as possible to live up to these expectations of beauty. They really preferred to use the skin mixtures to increase what nature had given them rather than cover things up with foundation or concealer like in modern times or even during the major reign of the Roman Empire when makeup was considered to be the height of beauty and expressions of wealth and status.
The ancient Romans were very close in their take on makeup as our modern world. The wealthy and affluent Romans were patrons to cosmetology as fashion was pretty much standard for the different levels of society. Therefore, to show their wealth and status, the Romans (particularly Roman women) were very much into extravagant makeup and elaborate hairstyles—even stylish wigs. Since Romans were prominent leaders in the slave trading of the ancient world, they felt as though a few select slaves could prove useful in helping to act as the cosmetologists of early history. These slaves were the ones who came up with new inventive styles for wearing makeup and arranging locks of hair. The higher quantities of makeup and the more expensive the mix of ingredients would be a sign of a woman’s status in society and the wealth of her family. Hygiene was of great importance to Romans. Each new Roman urban area would always have the building of a large bath, or bathhouse. Aristocratic and wealthy women would also apply moisturizing creams after their social bath in the changing rooms of the bath building. Roman women were also some of the first habitual makeup wearers and would have multiple layers of makeup to create a perfect or ideal look on the canvas of a woman’s face (whether they were attractive to begin with or not). The first layer of makeup would consist of a paste like foundation to completely cover the skin of the face and make it appear lighter in color. The average Roman woman who wore makeup would usually have a foundation of chalk, orris root, and a small amount of fat to make it thick enough to cover any facial imperfections. Really wealthy women would go all out though with a foundation of white lead paste as it was a better mixture to lighten the skin, cover flaws, and create an overall look. However, since the foundation was poisonous (even though the civilization did not know the dangers of lead based makeup) many rich women who wore it a lot (as in daily) would get sick or even die without a solidly known cause. Following in the way of the Egyptians, the Roman women would achieve red pigmentation in their lips and cheeks with red ochre. The makeup to beautify the eyes though was of special importance. Again, Romans took a leaf from the Egyptian cosmetic book to use kohl as both an eyeliner and even an eyebrow pencil since emphasis of the eyebrows were very important. Ground saffron and crushed malachite stone were used for colored eye shadows—saffron for red-oranges and malachite for green.
As you can see, cosmetics have come a long way over the years. Things you may want to consider…. What ingredients are in your current cosmetics? Are they water, cream, oil or silicone based? New ingredients are invented daily and technology and trends change to look, feel and texture of cosmetics. Everyone is different and enjoys a different feel & look to their cosmetics, & it is most important for you to get your “perfect fit” in your cosmetic regime. Drop by and see us and we will be happy to help you with your cosmetic needs at Penny Miller Cosmetology Academy.


AuthorProfessor / InstructorSubject /ClassDateWOMEN US - HISTORYWomen in the unify States of America play dissimilar social functions from the runner of the humanity War II up to the peculiarity of the Cold War . It changed as time changed and as the race accept the vital portions the American women played in the study of the American community . During this course of time , American women fight back against the enemies of the country and fight for the equality and their overcompensate of self- organic evolution Alongside this development , the government of the United States and Soviet heart and soul were challenged to provide the ideas in the social system of the new Germevery after WW II . To present and abide by the American women this show impart discuss some of their fightings code from the pre- stone-cold w ar to the present . In addition , this essay will also provide information close the lives of the American during the cold warThe Cold War never involved any in truth employments betwixt the US and the Soviet fusion . However , it was a long , tension-filled occasion struggle between these both brawny countries . It was a fight between fabianism by the Soviets and capitalist economy of the US . The ideals of these two incompatible government systems matched each others growthSoviet Union and the United States were Allies during World War II When the two countries did not agree with the rehabilitation of the Germany , the result was the division of Germany into eastern (Communist and West (Capitalist . This marked the separation and battle for supremacy of US and Soviet UnionCommunism gave the Soviet its power and control of Eastern atomic number 63 and industrious some nations in East Asia . This communism was alarmed by many volume because of its atheistic nature . Many mess saw that it became an instrume! nt that attacks the freedom of religion . Thus , this guardianship impelled investigations to those who were suspected following the ideology of communism .
On the other hand , capitalist economy in the US from the graduation of the post-war period until the 70 s was described as state capitalism by Marxism thinkers . In addition , many of the countries that follow the capitalist government have developed their economic growthIn the course of this battle of supremacy between the soviet and the US , many changes happened in the society of the United States . Among these changes are the role played by many American women in the development of the country . The encounter given to them during the WW II continued to prosper . The publication of the commence Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan was considered a key factor in the revival of the women s movement . In this book , Friedan argued that women should see themselves as individuals , not simply housewives and mothers . She articulately proved that the problem was not women being educated but the narrow definition of women s role in the society . Here , Friedan showed critical comparative dodge of the fiction articles published in the magazines between the 1930-50 s and countered the conservative ideologies about women through...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com
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Create an inventory and assess the industrial heritage on a brownfield site, as part of the material for informing a comprehensive master plan. This will help to achieve consensus to future actions and uses of historic features without compromising the integrity and cultural history of the site.
Cultural heritage can be reinforced through festivals, events and social links with the industrial past. A compelling and professional PR enhances the acceptance and popularity of the cultural heritage and thus connects the industrial past with modern life.
It is essential to undertake a full assessment of the specific conservation needs, costs and special skills and resources required for effective and sustainable restoration.
Be aware of legislative framework related to industrial heritage assets
Ensure that all interest groups are acknowledged in decisions regarding the treatment of industrial heritage in a brownfield site development.


~Notes of Queen Anne's County from the Centreville Record January 1923~
submitted by Trish Surles
In 1811 Nathan Jackson's tavern is spoken of in the levy court record as Robinson's Old Tavern. It was situated at the intersection of the road from Holliday's with the post road to Church Hill.
In 1812 Samuel Denny has an ordinary at Hall's Cross Road.
In 1814 a license was granted to John Wright to keep an ordinary at Kent Narrows.
Cleaves' Tavern stood in 1812 somewhere in the vicinity of Beaverdam Causeway
In 1825 John K.B. Emory of Queen Anne's county was treasurer of the Eastern Shore of Maryland.
In 1803 Major Richard Harrison was sheriff of Queen Anne's County
In 1777 Turbitt Wright was in the Senate of Maryland from Queen Anne's County
In 1835 a license was granted to R.H.Gardner to retail merchandise at Sharptown, Kent Island
In 1801 Robert Wright of Queen Anne's county was in the United States Senate from Maryland.
Thomas H. Nicholson who for many years had been Clerk of the Senate was in October 1835 appointed Secretary of the State of Maryland
In 1841 Thomas Wright the third of Queen Anne's County was appointed the Secretary of the State.


Two very different quotes, (click on them to hear them), from those who were, and who thought themselves, responsible for the hundreds of thousands of people, mostly civilians, who were killed either directly or indirectly by the nuclear bombs America dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
To my mind Oppenheimer was not responsible. Such technology would have been developed by others, and turned into weopons. Truman on the other hand – well, he was responsible. And if the killing of a single person is wrong, how can you ascribe in words a sufficient degree of wrongness to such an act as ordering nuclear weapons to be detonated over population centres.
I wonder if anyone in the entire future history of mankind will be directly responsible for so many simultaneous human deaths as happened in those two brief flashes of manmade sun fragments.


Our Scotland genealogists research on location. They will find and analyze the best records available to further your family history research.
Over the centuries, Scotland has become established as a nation of record-keepers. Fortunately, many of the records kept over the centuries have survived to the present day and offer excellent opportunities to successfully conduct Scottish genealogical research.
Our genealogists in Scotland have many years of experience and are available to research on location in archives and libraries across Scotland, including:
- Scotland's People Centre
Birth, marriage, and death records (including recent records not available online), censuses, wills and more
- National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh (NAS)
Historical records created by businesses, landed estates, families, churches and other corporate bodies
- National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh (NLS)
Reference library specialising in Scotland with several world-class collections. Around 15 million printed items, plus Scottish newspapers, magazines, manuscripts, maps, music
- Edinburgh City Libraries
Local and family history collections focusing on Edinburgh and the Lothians
- Scottish Catholic Archives
Contains over 800 years of parish records and history on the church. Includes letters of Mary, Queen of Scots; baptismal records for individuals; and manuscripts and papers
We also have genealogists who are available to research in the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, which contains numerous records for Scotland.
Our professional researchers can do research projects of many sizes and for many budgets. We customize the amount of research provided according to your needs.
If you would like to learn how our genealogists can further your research, request a research quote.
Some of the major records sources that can be used for genealogy research in Scotland include:
- Civil birth, marriage, and death registrations from 1 January 1855
- Births and baptisms, banns and marriages, burials—church records mainly for the pre-1855 period. Most are old parish registers (OPRs) created by the established church. The very earliest go back to 1553, but many begin much later. Coverage and the content of records are spotty.
- Divorces since c1560
- Scottish census records, mainly 1841-1911
- Kirk Session records—the established Church (the Kirk) was responsible for moral matters (illegitimacy, drunkenness, disputes etc), poor relief (until 1845) and other matters in each parish. People can appear in these records for a variety of reasons
- Directories—from the second half of the 18th century, they list tradesmen, individuals, some (but not all) people living in the relevant town or county
- Emigration and Immigration records from 1600s, including passenger lists since before 1890
- Land and property records—Scotland has particularly good records including valuation rolls (owners, tenants and occupiers of property) from 1855-1989
- Wills and testaments (documents relating to the estate of a dead person) since 1513
- Military records since 1707
- Newspapers—local and national
- Taxes—various taxes with records for all or part of Scotland since 1600s


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Ford Media Center
Ford Factory Established by Henry Ford in Cork on April 17, 1917
Cork, April 12, 2017 – Monday, April 17, this year marks exactly 100 years since Henry Ford established Henry Ford & Son Limited on the Marina in Cork, his ancestral home city.
It also will kick off a week-long series of activity that will see great-grandson of Henry Ford and Executive Chairman of Ford Motor Company, William Clay Ford, Jr., arrive in Cork to mark the centenary and participate in a number of commemorative events, including a visit back to the ancestral home of the Ford family.
“I am excited and honored to be coming home to Cork to celebrate 100 years of Ford in Ireland,” Ford said. “Ford has deep roots in Cork, not only through my family’s historical connection, but also through the impact that the Ford factory has had as an engine for prosperity for the area over many decades.”
Henry Ford’s father, William Ford, with his siblings and parents, emigrated from Ballinascarthy, Co. Cork, to the US in 1847 during the Famine and Henry was subsequently born in Michigan in 1863. Always proud of his Cork roots, he came back to the city and opened the first purpose-built Ford factory outside of North America here in April 1917.
During the week of April 17, William Clay Ford, Jr. will attend a commemorative event at Ballinascarthy and will unveil a plaque marking the centenary as well as attending a Gala Event at Cork City Hall. Other planned activity will include an event recognising the valuable contribution of Henry Ford & Son Ltd. pensioners at a Civic Reception hosted by the Cork City Lord Mayor Cllr. Des Cahill. There will also be an event at University College Cork announcing a partnership between Ford and the University.
Commenting on the centenary, Ciarán McMahon, Chairman and Managing Director of Ford Ireland, said: “We are thrilled to welcome Mr. Ford to Cork for the centenary celebrations. What a great opportunity to mark the wonderful legacy and contribution to Cork and indeed, Ireland, that Ford has made in that 100 years.”
“The factory is sadly no more, but Ford remains one of the best-selling brands in both the car and van market in Ireland,” he added. “Several of our models including the Fiesta, Focus and Transit are segment leaders while the all new Mustang is in a class of its own.”
“The company is also looking to the future as we plan for the next century of business in Ireland,” said the Ford Ireland chief. “Ford is the company with the largest test fleet of autonomous driving vehicles in the world, and in 2017 we will start testing autonomous vehicles across Europe. The company is moving from traditional vehicle manufacture to being a smart mobility solutions provider as we tackle the global mobility challenges of the 21st century.”
Ford Family Roots in Cork
The Ford Motor Company was set up in Michigan by Henry Ford in 1903. True to his roots, just 14 years later Henry opened the first purpose-built Ford factory to be located outside of North America at the Marina in Cork.
Henry’s father, William Ford, emigrated from Ballinascarthy in Co. Cork (50km from Cork City) with his parents and siblings in 1847 during the Famine; Henry was born in Michigan in 1863. Growing up on the family farm, Henry developed a strong interest in mechanics. At first, he concentrated his efforts on making work easier for farmers but he soon came to realise the potential of the motor car as a force for good for the development of societies across the globe. Although he cannot be credited with inventing the motor car, Henry Ford was the man who brought motoring to the masses: the affordable yet rugged vehicles he was producing through his newly invented production-line manufacturing technique – which has since been copied by practically every vehicle and machinery manufacturer across the globe.
‘Bringing it all back home’ – Ford factory established in Cork 1917
When it came time to expand the business to Europe, there is no doubt that Henry’s Cork roots played an important part in his decision to open a plant in Cork. In his own words, he hoped that the new Ford plant ‘would start Ireland along the road to industry’. The setting up of the Ford plant in Cork was the first example of foreign direct investment in Ireland, many decades before the term was even coined.
The company that he legally established was entitled Henry Ford & Son Ltd. and that continues to be the legal name of Ford in Ireland to this day – the only Ford entity in the world to include the full name of the company’s founder in its title.
When the Cork Ford plant became fully operational, Europe was just emerging from a catastrophic World War and Communist Russia was in the midst of a huge modernisation programme so tractors were the vehicles that were most urgently needed. The Fordson tractor was the main product produced by the Cork plant, which in 1929 became the largest tractor factory in the world. However, the factory also produced passenger models, including the iconic Model T. Indeed, the last Model T ever produced by Ford anywhere in the world rolled off the Cork factory production line in December 1928.
In addition to the Model T, the Cork factory also produced all the other main Ford vehicles that were sold in Europe from the 30s right up to the 70s and 80s including the Model A, Model BF and Model Y; Prefect; Anglia; Escort; Cortina; and Sierra.
With Ireland’s accession to the EEC in 1973, Ireland had to comply with new rules that lifted the previous restrictions on imports of fully built motor vehicles into the country; this, combined with a depressed car market in the late 1970s and early 1980s meant that the plant became no longer viable and, regrettably, it closed its doors in 1984.
In the intervening years, Ford has continued to be a strong player on the automotive scene in Ireland and the company has the widest network of dealers in Ireland with 52 Dealerships providing direct and indirect employment to some 1,000 people across the country.
Ford Motor Company is a global company based in Dearborn, Michigan. The company designs, manufactures, markets and services a full line of Ford cars, trucks, SUVs, electrified vehicles and Lincoln luxury vehicles, provides financial services through Ford Motor Credit Company and is pursuing leadership positions in electrification, autonomous vehicles and mobility solutions. Ford employs approximately 196,000 people worldwide. For more information regarding Ford, its products and Ford Motor Credit Company, please visit www.corporate.ford.com.


Published on August 9, 2019
HERITAGE HOTEL BY THE BEACH: Centara Grand Beach Resort & Villas Hua Hin
Among the ever increasing number of new luxury hotels and resorts in Southeast Asia, one can still see a few historical gems that have weathered through decades — some surviving more than a century —remaining polished, sparkling, and appealing to today’s most discerning travelers. Among them, there is one rare beachside heritage property in Hua Hin, Thailand – CentaraGrand Beach Resort & Villas (formerly The Railway Hotel).
Other gems include the riverside property Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok (formerly The Oriental Bangkok), The Strand, Yangon, Raffles Hotel Le Royal, Phnom Penh (formerly Le Royal), Raffles Grand Hotel d’Angkor, Siem Reap (formerly Grand Hotel d’Angkor), Sofitel Legend Metropole, Hanoi (formerly The Metropole), the Rex, Continental, Majestic and Caravelle, Ho Chi Minh City, and several more.
As the Grande Dame of beach resorts in Southeast Asia, the Centara Grand Beach Resort & Villas Hua Hin is a place where modern functionality has been interwoven with timeless colonial style. Starting life as the 14-bedroom Railway Hotel in 1922, it was built by the Hotel Division of The State Railway of Thailand on land leased from Prince Narai. It was designed by Italian court architect A. Riggazi, and constructed for the grand total of THB 128, 366.75. The first guests checked in on 26th October 1922, and in those days it was the region’s most luxurious accommodation spot. This historic hotel has also had a starring role in the movie The Quest (1996), and more famously in The Killing Fields (1984).
The property was acquired in 1985 by Central Group, who spent two years updating and extending the hotel with love and respect for it’s heritage. It is home to one of the largest topiary gardens in Thailand, and one of the earliest pieces was a giant elephant that spanned the original driveway. The ultimate welcome for guests would include walking through the legs of the elephant, which would also bring good luck. For a period the property was jointly managed by Sofitel, but that partnership came to an end on 1st January 2012 when it was re-branded as the Centara Grand Beach Resort & Villas Hua Hin. Most recently, 100 rooms and suites in the Colonial Wing have been renovated, and a fully equipped Health Club and Kid’s Club has been added to the portfolio of guest facilities. The Railway Restaurant has also been renovated, but retains its 1920’s charm while offering guests a fresh new menu.
Centara Grand Beach Resort & Villas Hua Hin
1 Damnernkasem Road, Hua Hin 77110, Thailand
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If boutiques could have parents then
Turley Road’s doting mother would be Studio 90.
Without question much of what makes Turley Road such a unique place to shop comes from the many years when Studio 90’s name was on the front door and our line was sold nationally.
In an attempt to make things a bit more owner friendly,
while still maintaining our tradition of providing a collection of unique, easy items for women,
Turley Road was born.
By drawing heavily from a rich pool of brilliant designers, especially those from the Chicago area, Turley Road grew into a well-edited store that would have made her mother proud.
Studio 90, the line, carries on and is only available at Turley Road.


Millux is a technology leader in the field of laser processing technologies with a diverse platform of different laser technologies and material processing capabilities. In 1988, when the possibilities of modern laser technology for the application of precision laser processing were still relatively unknown, the company was founded by Dr Jan Reith. In 2017 the company, was acquired by the the Veco Group, which later became, together with the company Veco, Tecan and later also Louwers Hanique , the Muon Group.
In 2021 Reith Laser was rebranded to Millux to further emphasise the technological road that had been chosen. Over the course of over 30 years, the company has developed into an established technology leader in the field of laser material processing technologies co-creating with industry leaders in different high end industries.
Danisha van Gelooven


Anyone who’s been to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture will speak of its elevator ride through time, which takes visitors from the present day to the 15th century and kicks off the first exhibit, Slavery & Freedom. With the launch of a new virtual platform, visitors can now travel on the […]
Eight years ago, I had this dream. I even made a poem about it. I’m not sure what it means, especially who the rabbit is. The rabbit could also be me. I’m not sure, if it’s a prediction, a warning, or just a story. Several applicable, yet very different situations, played a role in my life. I’ve always had lucid dreams. Last decade, they came more often and had a stronger impact on me.
Introduction – International Men’s Day is observed every year on November 19 to celebrate and recognize the socioeconomic, cultural, and political achievements of men. The main purpose of International Men’s Day is to honor the contributions and achievements of men. This day also honors the contributions of men to society, nation, community, childcare, family, and […]


The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
Pre-Islam in Mecca
To many in modern times, it’s difficult to imagine Mecca as once being a sanctuary and place of pilgrimage for polytheism. This land and its people has now become synonymous with devout, committed, and faithful Muslims; it is the holiest Islamic city. However, in the days predating Islam, what many Muslims refer to as the Days of Ignorance, idol-worship was the very lifeblood of the city of Mecca. Pagan pilgrims eagerly flocked to the Kabaa (cube shaped building) in Mecca as a place of pilgrimage to worship their many and various idols in the form of statues. The vast majority of Meccans held the same beliefs and it was a huge part of the Meccan economy to cater to the pilgrims. Therefore, any threat to the very core of this pagan belief was staunchly, and in many cases, ruthlessly met with anger and fury by Meccan political leaders, and their tribes and clans.
Mecca was so much considered THE place to make pilgrimage that Abraha, a jealous Christian ruler of Yemen, built a temple to rival Meccan tourism. He hoped to lure away all the pilgrims and their wealth. A man of the Quraysh later traveled to Sanaa, entered the newly built temple and defiled it as a show of his distaste. Abraha was incensed and swore revenge. He marched an army of forty thousand men to Mecca, led by a white elephant. They held Mecca under siege, with Abraha’s goal to destroy the Kabaa. The mission of the expedition was unsuccessful and is recounted in the Qur'an chapter 105, . This became known as the year of the elephant.
The Prophet’s (SAW) Early Life
Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in the year of the elephant, 570 C.E.*(see Footnote) His father Abdullah had died before his birth from a sudden illness. His mother Aminah was heartbroken from his death, but delighted to welcome her infant. Before her son’s birth, she had dreams that told her to name the boy Muhammad, which was a very uncommon name at the time. After his birth, Muhammad’s grandfather Abdul Muttalib (the father of Abdullah), helped support Aminah and her son. It was common at the time for women to send their young children out in the Bedouin villages to be raised for their early years by wet nurses. It was thought that they would develop better health, language and other sought after qualities. Muhammad was raised by Halima and returned back to his mother around the age of 5. His mother died shortly thereafter from a sudden illness. He was then placed under the care of his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, who took tender care of Muhammad, only to die 2 years after. Following this second great loss in his life, he was raised thereafter by his father’s brother, Abu Talib. Muhammad’s life was hardly carefree; he tended to the flocks of his uncle and pulled his weight to help out his large adoptive family.
At the age of 25, Muhammad was employed by , a wealthy widower 15 years his senior, to manage a large caravan expedition to Syria. With a hefty value of merchandize under his care and supervision, Muhammad returned to Mecca having successfully completed his assignment. Khadijah sought the opinion of an observer of his transactions and affairs while on the voyage and was pleased and impressed to hear of his fairness, courtesy, and honesty in his business dealings; she sought his hand in marriage. Muhammad, who was at first surprised, eagerly accepted.
Their union was one of mutual respect and deep affection. Khadijah bore him 4 girls; his biological sons all died in infancy. By the year 610, all but Fatima (the Prophet's youngest daughter) were grown and married. Out of his desire to expand his family yet reluctance to marry a second, younger wife who could bear him more children, Muhammad bought a young slave boy (slavery was very common at that time) named Zayd ibn Harith; he immediately freed him and adopted him as his son.
It was common after his marriage for Muhammad to retreat for days at a time to a cave in Mount Hira, a few miles from Mecca. There he regularly sought solace and spiritual connection, praying to the All-Mighty.
It was on one of these retreats alone and isolated that the angel Jibril visited him bringing messages from Allah SWT. Jibril said to him, “Read!”, though being illiterate, he replied that he could not. The angel took a hold of him and squeezed him as much as he could bear, and then said again, "Read!" The Prophet said again that he could not. The angel seized the Prophet again and squeezed him saying, "Read! In the Name of Your Lord, Who has created (all that exists), has created a man from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood). Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous, Who has taught (the writing) by the pen, has taught man that which he knew not," :1-4 . This was the first message Muhammad received from Allah SWT.
Muhammad returned to his wife Khadijah immediately, shaken and frightened, and declared, “Cover me!” She comforted him until he became calm and told her about his encounter with the angel.
Subsequently, Khadihjah visited her cousin Waraqa Ibn Naufal, who was old and blind and knew the Scriptures of the Jews and Christians, and is stated to have translated them into Arabic. When she told him of what she had heard from Muhammad, he cried out: "Holy! Holy! Verily, this is the Namus (The Holy Spirit) who came to Moses. He will be the prophet of his people. Tell him this and bid him to be brave at heart." When he later met with Muhammad in the street, Waraqa gave his unwaivering faith and trust in him, by stating, "I swear by Him in Whose hand Waraqa's life is, Allah has chosen you to be the prophet of this people. They will call you a liar, they will persecute you, they will banish you, and they will fight against you. Oh, that I could live to those days. I would fight for these." Truly, his words would ring true.
The years following the first revelation, with Islam in its infancy, were extremely difficult for those who placed their trust in the messenger of Allah and believed in One All-Mighty God. Those who converted to this new faith practiced in secrecy for years. If their beliefs were to be discovered, their very lives were at stake. Many early followers of Islam were murdered, tortured and endured many cruel hardships. Muhammad relied heavily on the support of his wife and daughter Fatimah.
In what became known as “The Boycott”, the Prophet, his immediate family members, and the Ummah (its followers) were ostracized and forced out into the harsh desert surrounding Mecca, enduring exposure without shelter or much food for several years. They survived in part due to sympathetic Meccans, who disagreed with their cruel treatment and smuggled food and supplies to the exiled. Only during the truce months (when anyone was permitted to Mecca during the annual pilgrimage--of course a different sort of pilgrimage at that time!) was Muhammad and his followers allowed back in to Mecca; it was during one of these periods of truce that Muhammad was able to call attention to more and more people both far and wide the cruel treatment they were enduring. This shamed the ones forcing the exile, and they had no other choice but to relent; the boycott was over.
It was following this the Boycott that the Prophet’s beloved wife (Islam’s first follower) succumbed to ill-health due to the exposure. Khadijah had always been Muhammad's main source of comfort and relief from the rejection and hatred aimed at him due to his message. He had lost a loving companion and great source of support. Also within this year, his dear uncle Abu Talib, who had raised him and protected him from the hatred of the idolators, died. The Prophet was beside himself with grief and found his responsibilities difficult to bear.
The Night Journey


The Culture of Peace and National Unity of TajiksAdmin ATSMU
The culture of peace and national unity of Tajiks is a unique phenomenon in the history of mankind
The General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan, signed on June 27, 1997 in Moscow, laid the foundation for peace and national unity. Therefore, this day is inscribed in golden letters in the history of the Tajik people and became the day of a national holiday for our people.
The tragic events of the 90s of the twentieth century once again plunged our people into a whirlpool of grief and despair and subjected history to severe tests. In those terrible days for the nation, almost no one believed in a better future. In such a difficult historical period, the brave and courageous son of the nation, Emomali Rahmon, came to power and with the promise: “I will bring you peace” lit the light of happiness in everyone’s homes and dismissed flowers of hope in their hearts. The efforts and aspirations of the great son of the nation Emomali Rahmon saved our civilized people from chaos and confusion. The path to fratricidal war was closed. The nation has come to unity. National unity is a great achievement and has historical roots. At all times, the great sons of the nation, such as Jamshed and Ismoili Somoni, supported national unity, increasing its value and greatness, maintaining the stability of unity. In our time, this happiness was granted to the great son of the nation, Emomali Rahmon. Each of us must understand the value and dignity of national unity and act daily for its stability. In this regard, the Head of State in his Address to the Majlisi Oli of the country noted that the secret and historical value, as well as the most important factor in all the achievements of our people after gaining state independence, is national unity, peace and political stability. The general agreement on the establishment of peace and national accord in Tajikistan paved the way for the further development and improvement of the country. The constructive role of peace and unity is especially clearly manifested in the direction of strengthening and improving statehood, which in practice provides the necessary basis for protecting national independence,
International organizations and scientific and political circles of the world study the experience of the Tajik world and regard it as a unique and valuable phenomenon in the history of international peacekeeping. In the era of globalization, the dangerous process of confrontation between civilizations is intensifying all over the world, pushing humanity into a whirlpool of dangers. Political confrontations and group struggles indicate that we must value peace and stability in our country, as well as make a worthy contribution to the defense of independence and preserve the values of peace and national unity. The time has come for us, the children of the nation, more closely and more devotedly than ever, to unite around President Emomali Rahmon and strive to further strengthen national unity, prosperity and society progress.
Today, Tajikistan, which has experience in restoring peace and national unity, stands for stability and security in countries around the world, including neighboring Afghanistan, constantly emphasizing the importance of peace for both countries and the region. Completion of negotiations between the parties to the conflict, the end of the war in Afghanistan and the prevention of purposeful and undesirable activities of interested parties using international terrorist groups are among the most important factors in ensuring security.
Tursunova Z. – Department of Information and Public Relations
Translated by Mukhidinova M.
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A document allegedly acquired from the government of North Korea by Western spy agencies appears to shed light on a top-secret North Korean intelligence program to kidnap dozens of foreigners in the 1970s and 1980s. That the North Korean regime engaged in systematic abduction of foreign citizens during the Cold War is not new information. International sources estimate the total number of foreign subjects abducted by North Korean intelligence to be in the dozens. They are said to include 17 citizens of Japan, as well as Chinese, South Korean, Malaysian, Italian, French and Lebanese nationals. In September 2002, during a brief period of rapprochement with Japan, North Korean leader Kim Jong-il admitted that 13 Japanese citizens had been abducted and taken to North Korea in the 1970s and 1980s. They included Megumi Yakota, a 13-year-old schoolgirl who disappeared from Japan 1977 and is believed to have died while in captivity in North Korea. The most famous case of abduction is undoubtedly that of South Korean actress Choi Eun-hee and her husband, the director Shin Sang-ok. The two were abducted by North Korean intelligence operatives in 1978 and taken to Pyongyang. They were then forced to lead the North Korean government’s efforts to develop its motion-picture industry. The two collaborated with the regime until 1986, when they managed to escape while on a visit to Vienna, Austria. On Wednesday, The Washington Times said it had seen a North Korean document “recently obtained” by Western intelligence agencies, which traces the history of the reclusive regime’s abduction unit and directly implicates its late leader, Kim Jong-il, in its creation. The paper cited “diplomatic sources familiar with the discovery”, in claiming that the document shows “how and why” Kim established the unit, called the Investigation Department, in 1977. The unit, known by its Korean acronym JOSABU, operated as part of the ruling Korean Party Central Committee. Its mission was to abduct foreigners, bring them to North Korea, and use them to train North Korean intelligence operatives in foreign languages and cultural knowledge. Some of the abductees were turned into spies and were sent abroad to conduct intelligence operations on behalf of the North Korean state. The document cited by The Times details two meetings, in September and October 1977, in which North Korean leader Kim instructed intelligence officials to establish JOSABU and explained the logic behind the proposed kidnappings. Apparently, Kim believed that if young foreigners were brought to North Korea and instructed for a period of up to seven years they could turn into “valuable intelligence agents who would be useful until the age of 60”. Not long afterwards, North Korean abduction teams were dispatched to various countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Southeast Asia, according to the document. The paper notes that most of the abductees are believed to have been used for training purposes, propaganda activities, or dispatched abroad to conduct intelligence operations.


Ayutthaya – Thailand’s Old City
© Copyright on all photographs – Allan Rufus
85 km north of Bangkok (Now the Capital city of Thailand) you will find the ancient city of Ayuttaya. Ayutthaya was Thailand’s ( or Siam as it was called in 1351) 2nd Ancient Capital City, after Sukhothai. It was the Capital City for 417 years and it was know as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East at that time,
33 kings had ruled during this period starting with King Uthong in 1893 BE, until its downfall after the invasion of the Burmese troops after on/off fighting with them over a long period of about 300 years in 2310 BE. Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese troops after a siege, but had they waited another 20 days, the flood waters may have saved the city.
Ayuttaya then became a colony of Burma for about 15 years, until the young 15 year old Prince Naresuan returned to Ayuttaha from Burma and declared independence for Ayutthaya. He was the 18th King, and reigned Ayutthaya for 15 years from 2133 to 2148 and during this time there was another battle between the Thai and Burmese troops called “A war elephant”. A hand to hand combat on elephants in which the Burmese Prince was killed and this prevented wars for about a hundred years between these two nations. After King Naresuan died in 2148 B.E. there was peace for a long time, but internally there were a lot of assassinations of the kings, and new rulers taking their place.
King Suriyamarindhara reigned from 2301 until the destruction of Ayutthaya in 2310 B.E. During his reign there were a lot of unhappy nobles and they were disappointed with him and they left his administration to become monks. Mean while, the Burmese had seen the chaos that was gripping the Kingdom and decided to once again attack. They conquered all the cities on the way to Ayutthaya. The King was un-capable to rule and he asked Prince Uthoomporn to reign and command the forces and battle the Burmese troops. But after a while, the ex King wished to rule again so the Prince got annoyed and gave up the reigns to the King and went back into the monk-hood. But King Ekkatat as he was known, loved to entertain and loved women and did not take his duties seriously. The Burmese army arrived and besieged the city for a year, digging tunnels and eventually started burning down the city walls.
The Burmese army entered Ayutthaya on the 7th April 2310 BE (Year of the pig). The army killed the inhabitants and robbed the city and burnt down the Great City, which brought the curtain down its glorious prosperity status, its politics and its influence on culture.
The King Naresuan Monument is dedicated to the 18th King who’s numerous military accomplishments re-took Ayutthaya from Burmese rule and asserting Siamese independence once again. Before this, the prince had proved himself as a skilled fighter with a keen sense of military strategy. The Burmese King had sent his troops out to defeat the prince and to kill him and his troops. However, Prince Naresuan defeated the Burmese army and then extended the Siamese territories.
The monument shows the King on horseback, in which he killed the Burmese general with a strike of his lance. Each of the depictions shows a story about the King. The dream about killing the alligator was a sign of great victory over the Burmese. The one where he is pouring water on the ground represents his announcement that he would seek independence from the Burmese.
There are some huge roosters at this site, and the story goes that Prince Naresuan wagered a bet with the Burmese Prince that if his rooster won, Ayutthaya would be freed from the Burmese. His rooster won, and the Burmese Prince was humiliated, and hence the city was saved and the Burmese were defeated.
This monastery was built by the 2nd King, King Ramesuan, at Phukhao Thong or the “Monastery of the Golden Mount.
A temple puppy relaxing and having a morning snooze!
You cannot go anywhere and not see the beautiful roosters that wonder around the temples.
Below is a map of the old city of Ayuttaya. Here you can see how it was surrounded by rivers in which it used to not only bring trade, but also to defend itself against invading armies.
Wat (Temple) Mahathat construction started in 1374 AD during King Borommarachathairat the 1st rule (3rd King). It was a royal monastery and the seat of the head of the Buddhist Monks of the Kamavasi Sect.
It is assumed that after 100 years after the temple was destroyed and burned, most of the Buddha images fell to the ground, and nature took over, and a bodhi tree had encased itself around this Buddha head. This is one of the most famous images of Thailand, and the ancient city of Ayutthaya.
The ancient city had many temples on the island, and in its day, they must have looked fabulous. Now only ruins left for future generations to see.
The Pagoda of Queen Suriyothai below is dedicated to the Queen who was killed in the battle against the Burmese, on the back of her elephant, at Pu Kao Tong (Golden Mountain) field in 2091 B.E.
Queen Suriyothai was concerned about her husband, the 15th King, so she dressed herself up in mans clothing and got on her elephant and rode into battle, where she happened to get in-front of the King who’s elephant had been killed and the Burmese King was about to kill the Thai king, but Queen Suriyothai got in-between them and sacrificed her life for the Kings life. After the Burmese King found out he had killed a women, he felt ashamed and withdrew from the battle field leaving Siam. The Queen had sacrificed herself for her husband, the King and for her Country. She is still to this day venerated and revered in Thailand for her bravery.
Wat Chaiwatthanaram, was an imposing Buddhist monastery and was built by King Prasatthong (24th King) in 1630 AD (Not on the island). It was created to make merit to his mother, and the architecture is based on Angor Wat in Cambodia to commemorate the victory over them.
It was a royal monastery where the King and his descendants would perform religious rites. It was also used as a cremation site for princes, princesses and other royal family members.
In 1767 AD Ayuttaha was invaded and the temple became an army camp, and was therefore abandoned and looted.
Ayutthaya is an island at the confluence of three rivers: the Chao Phraya River, the Lopburi River and the Pa Sak River which was and still is the life line of this Great Ancient City.
This photo below shows the water mark of the floods in 2011 at Wat Chaiwatthanaram, where this whole area was under water, and has done damage to the ancient city of all Ayutthaya structures.
Loads more to come, so please join me along my journey….
Also – The Master’s Sacred Knowledge by Allan Rufus. An inner journey of self discovery to the heart!
Listen to the Audio Excerpt. Get your copy in Paperback or Ebook from Amazon. Facebook Page


Poco: A Seminal Influence On the Country-Rock Genre
If you were anywhere near a radio in the mid 1970s, you heard two hit songs with gorgeous harmonies reminiscent of the bands America and The Eagles: "Crazy Love" and "Heart of the Night."
The artists were a Southern California band named Poco, and critics credit them as pioneers of the sound that came to be known as country-rock. They were created by the breakup of the band Buffalo Springfield, which had included Stephen Stills and Neil Young. The new group made their mark in a hurry. Their first album "Pickin' Up the Pieces" was the only debut album ever to receive a five-star rating from Rolling Stone magazine.
In the years to follow, they were also to become one of the most productive bands ever, with 24 original albums and 26 "Best Of" collections. There were many personnel changes over the years--a sign of the rich base of talent Poco represented. Drummer George Grantham left to join the Byrds, Jim Messina formed Loggins and Messina, and Meisner and Timothy Schmit joined the Eagles.
(Music trivia quiz: the band was originally named Pogo, before finding that the name was copyrighted by cartoonist Walt Kelly, who threatened to sue.)
The founding members of Poco were Richie Furay, Massina, Meisner, and Rusty Young. Young is the only member who's played in every concert since the band's formation, and he recalls the heady atmosphere of the early days: "It was a great time to be in Los Angeles. The music scene wasn’t what it is today, of course. It was before MTV and all this other kind of stuff. It was a real local happening there in Los Angeles. Eras were changing.
"The Troubadour was the hub of it all. We were like the house band at the Troubadour once we got our band together. Everybody hung out there, from Ricky Nelson to J.D. Souther, Jackson Browne, Waylon Jennings … any night there would be interesting people there."
Their performing has sometimes been a rocky road over the years, Young says. "The reason the band survived all this time is that we’ve always had great musicians. When we did our 'Legacy' album in 1989 – that, to me was an amazing record. On one album was the original Poco band – Randy Meisner, Jimmy Messina, Richie Furay, George Grantham, Rusty Young, and me. In that one band you had [members of] Loggins & Messina, the Eagles, Buffalo Springfield and Poco. Four of the most influential bands in American music that all came from this one little group of guys playing together in 1968. I think it’s amazing what we’ve done. We’ve had great talent, we still do in the band today, it’s as good as ever. That’s the reason the band survived. We’ve always had great singers, songwriters and players."
Nowadays, concerts by Poco are fairly rare, which helps make Beartrap 2016 a historical event. "Poco has a history unmatched by any band, "Young says, "and we feel a responsibility to keep audiences captivated with each and every concert. It's been a long ride, and it just keeps getting better."


This Friday, September 17th our school will celebrate Constitution Day with many grade level activities.
What is Constitution Day?
On Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, an event which falls during Constitution Week, many people in the United States recognize the anniversary of the nation’s constitution and the efforts and responsibilities of all citizens. In the summer of 1787 delegates convened in Philadelphia to create “a more perfect union” and to craft the country’s constitution. They worked to develop a framework that would provide balance and freedom, taking into account federal and state interests, as well as individual human rights. The delegates signed the Constitution of the United States on September 17 that year. By June 21, 1788, the constitution was effective, having been approved by nine of the 13 states.


T itibaren Pentre Meyrick, Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan CF71, İngiltere
Yes, it was a reading assignment for my new job, but it was nonetheless very interesting. The book was published for an exhibit in 1994 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, called "Eastern State Penitentiary at Fairmount: Crucible of Good Intentions." The book is a brief yet detailed history of the Eastern State Penitentiary, from the concept of a "penitentiary" in the late 1700s, the opening in 1829, until its closing as a prison in 1971. There are descriptions of the physical area, as well as details about the lives of the inmates, wardens, and a discussion of whether or not the original philosophy was relevant then and now. Eastern State was influential not just for its philosophy of reform and rehabilitation, but for its physical design as well. At this point, there are approximately 300 prisons worldwide who have adopted the radial design as an efficient method of tracking the behavior of prisoners. If you have an interest in historical architecture, social history, criminal justice, or Philadelphia history, I would recommend this book. I think it provides an excellent overview of the place itself, but also how it was a reflection of the times throughout its existence.


If you click 小、the size of words lessens the size
If you click 中、the size of words is normal
If you clich 大、the size of words will be larger.
Dr Erwin von Baelz
When I mention the name Berutu, I think that most people will think about “Berutu water”(a kind of cosmetic) or people who have visited Kusatsu Spa( Onsen) may recall the “Berutu memorial Hall ”.
A professor at the University of Tokyo was lamenting that most students did not know who the “Berutu” is even they see the statue of Dr Baelz at a garden of the same University .
As the number of doctors and the students who knew Dr Baelz gradually decreases , I would like to introduce some of the achievements of this German doctor.
There is a monument stone with a Haiku(Japanese short poet) by Dr Mizuhara Shuoushi(graduate of the University of Tokyo School of Medicine) in Tubingen University inGermany and we can find a copy of this stone at a Japanese garden in the city of Bietigheim-Bishingen, southern Germany .
This is a haiku that praised the achievements of Dr Baelz during his stay in Japan.
The Haiku says that “By your efforts, Japanese medicine began to bloom"(Kimini yorite nihon igakuno hana hiraku).
As Dr Baelz introduced the German modern medicine and established a foundation of modern medicine in Japan, it can be said that Dr. Baelz is the father of modern medicine in Japan.”
Dr Baelz came to Japan at the invitation of the Japanese Meiji government in 1876, and he stayed for 29 years in this country. Meanwhile, he left many achievements in medical education, medical treatment, and medical research. His achievements were not only in the medical field but also in politics, culture and more in a wide range of various fields.
He kept a diary scrupulously during his stay in Japan.
His son, Toku Baelz published his diary in Germany in1931.
with the title “ Das Leben eines deutschen Arztes im erwachenden Japan Tagebucher, Briefe, Berichteher ausgegeben ".
This diary is one of the precious documents of the history of Meiji era.
It was translated into Japanese by three men,:Masahiko Hamanabe, Ryutaro Suganuma and Jinsaburo Yamagami.
Dr Baelz taught physiology in Tokyo University Medical School, He began to teach internal Medicine after Dr Wernich resigned from the University. It is said that the first lecture on psychiatry in Japan was given by Dr Baelz. He showed strong interest in the effect of medical suggestion in the patients affected by Kitsunetuki , Japanese for “possession by a fox spirit. “ All the lectures at the University were done in German, in what is called “Japanisches Deutsche”, and the students were good at understanding the language
He had frequent association with royal families and high ranked government officials like Hirofumi Itoh and Kaoru Inoue and others. He later became a physician of Imperial Family.
He also did medical examination and treatment for many senior officials of the Meiji Government.
Among them were Shigenobu Okuma, Munemitsu Mutsu, Iwao Oyama and the wife, Taisuke Itagaki, Tomomi Iwakura, Aritomo Yamagata.
Dr Baelz sometimes visited them at their homes. He described the procedures in his diary.
The Meiji government invited many foreigners as specialist to aid Japan to become a modern nation in a very short term. These foreign employee were called “Oyatoi Gaikokujin”(hired foreign specialists)
Among them, Dr Baelz was known as a Japanophile. His intense interest in Japan is thought to have been considerably influenced by a Japanese woman named Arai Hana. She later became his wife.
When Dr Baelz returned to his homeland for a short time, letters written in "Romaji" were left adressed to his wife and his son, Toku Baelz .
In addition , his efforts to know Japan and Japanese culture were found in various parts of Japan.
He spottlighted to the study of parasites that were prevailing in those days in this counrty. Although the way to diagnose parasites was difficult, Dr Baelz first introduced the way of examining the Ova of the parasites from feces a ethod that now is common. This way he identified several parasites as causes of diseases in Japanese people.
Studies of the hookworm in this way really advanced. It was also Dr Baelz who first found pulmonary distomatosis and pushed forward in studｙing filariasis and scrub typhus(tsutsugamushi diseases).
The body temperature chart is one of the clues of diagnosis and has a big meaning in the diagnosis diseases. These graphs are commonly used in every hospital in Japan now . But it was not used in Japan in the days before Dr Baelz first used in Tokyo medical school. He used it after the teaching of Professor Wunderlich(senior physician of Dr Baelz)who first invented the chart for the diagonosis.
Dr Baelz first recognized a Mongolian spot in Japanese and he thought it was a spot peculiar to Mongolia race , but it is confirmed now that the spot is found also in Cocacian (about 4% ) and in other races.
It was also Dr Baelz that first pointed carotinoid pigmentation in Japanese skins .
He also left many achievements in the study of nutrition,
Japanology, and anthropological field.
It was Dr Baelz who had introduced the good effect of the hot spring in Kusatsu Onsen(Gumma Prefecture) to the world for the first time. He often visited Kusatsu Onsen and took a bath by himself and studied an acid hot-spring, a high temperature hot spring bath in detail.
The monument of Dr Baelz was built to honor him for his contribution to Kusatsu Onsen.
When he stayed for the winter season at Fujiya Hotel in Hakone , he noticed that some maids there suffered from their hands cracked and chapped. He then devised a therapeutic lotion for them. This was so useful that all maids enjoyed to use it. Moreover it was a lotion that everyone can make easily. It is called “Baelz Water” which is widely used even now.
In spite of busy medical work, he observed Japanese well, and sometimes he criticized Japanese bitterly. One of them is appeared in his diary on February 9, 1889. This was written just before the day of proclamation of Meiji Constitution (The Constitution of the Empire of Japan)
This goes as follows,
" Everyone in the city of Tokyo is wildly excited for the constitution promulgation. The day ia approaching. The preparation of the celebration gate, illumination line is underway.
But to be funny, no one knows what kind of things the Constitution is. "
Dr Baelz also gave the warning about the future of science learning of Japan. This was described in the speech held on November 3, 1901 in the celebration of 25 years commemoration of his staying in Tokyo University.
The speech said as follows,
"You too, gentlemen, have had a considerable number of bearers of this spirit in your midst over the last thirty years. All the countries of the West have delivered to you teachers who enthusiastically wanted to make this spirit here a plant and to the Japanese people. But their task has often been misunderstood; They have been treated as scientific fruit sellers, while they should and wanted to be gardeners of science. Japanese wanted to have only the "products" of today's science, while teachers from western countries were to sow the seed from which, in Japan, the tree of science could develop independently, the tree that cultivates properly, bears ever new and ever more beautiful fruits. Japanese content to take only the latest results instead of studying the spirit that feasts these new results."(summary from the diary of Dr Baelz)


Split seconds before 5:30 A.M. on Saturday, December 16, 1944, an American soldier from Company K, 110th Infantry, manning an observation post atop a concrete water tower in the village of Hosingen, telephoned his company commander. In the distance on the German side of the Our, he could see a strange phenomenon: countless flickering pinpoints of light. Moments later they both had an explanation.......they were the flashes of German guns and The Battle of the Bulge had begun!
Current Date: Dawn, December 18, 1994
Battle Losses to Date
Total (Last Turn)


- HONG LIM Co.,Ltd
- Honglim Co., Ltd. was established in 1992. Since then Honglim Co., Ltd.
has exerted its best efforts to develop the nation’s competition ability.
Thanks to the dedicated efforts, Honglim Co., Ltd was awarded the MillionDollar(in 2000),
3 Million-Dollar(in 2013), 5 Million-Dollar(in 2018) Export Tower, in the anniversary
of Export Day held on November 30, 2000.


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