The Tradition of Mardi Gras King Cakes
The King Cake is believed to have originated in France around the 12th century. These early Europeans celebrated the coming of the three wise men bearing gifts twelve days after Christmas calling it the Feast of the Epiphany, Twelfth Night, or King’s Day.
The main part of the celebration was the baking of a King’s Cake to honor the three Kings. The cakes were made circular to portray the circular route use by the kings to get to the Christ Child, which was taken to confuse King Herod who was trying to follow the wise men so he could kill the Christ Child. In these early King Cakes a bean, pea, or coin was hidden inside the cake. The person who got the hidden piece was declared King for the day or was said to have good luck in the coming year.
In Louisiana, Twelfth Night also signified the beginning of the carnival season which ends with Mardi Gras Day. The bean, pea, and the coin have been replaced by a small plastic baby to symbolize the Christ Child. The person who gets the baby is expected to carry on the carnival festivities by hosting the next King Cake party.
Our King Cakes are baked fresh daily and filled with fruit filling, fresh cream filling, or a combination of both. King Cakes are decorated in the traditional Mardi Gras colors; gold (for power), green (for faith), and purple (for justice).
As for the Baby inside the King Cakes, we put ours on top. We are not allowed to hide the baby anymore for liability reasons.


Year 1887: the factory was founded in Utrecht Stationdwarsstraat (Station Road) with the name "Simplex Automatic Machine Company".Its founder an Englishman, Charles Bingham.Year 1890: Simplex bicycle production started in full / full.Piet Leeuwenberg of Charles Bingham Dekft founder and board of directors entered into in 1893. Leeuwenberg family became deputy directors until 1954.Simplex on the production bikehas reached 5000 pieces tahun1896 bike after moving places in the Overtoom, Amsterdam. This year Simplex gain status as the largest bicycle factory in Amsterdam.Year 1899: The plant is named NV Simplex bikes, plant machinery, bicycles, and motorcycles.Year 1908: Simplex launched a tricycle models (inparticular for transporting the sick). This model is not directly for long-distance transport.1939: Simplex introduces an aluminum bike with a weight of 12 kg.Production stopped in 1943 due to the war between the end of 1945.1952: Simplex join Locomotief, and around 1960 had produced 55 000 bicycles. Means has given kontriusi 10% of bicycle production in the Netherlands.


Shanghai in 70 Yrs – The Biggest Port in China
When China began a three-year period of economic recovery and consolidation in 1949,local governmentstook over the running of the nation’s ports. They were placed underdirect state ownership and managementin the first five-year plan which ran from 1953 to 1957.
The majority of the goods coming through the port at that time were coal and building materials, which were loaded and unloaded entirely byhand. The city’s cargo capacity was around1.5 million tonsa year in the early 1950s, thelargestof any port in China.
Docks and ports of old Shanghai
A major boost to trade came in the 1970s when China began re-establishing relations with a variety of nations including two major economies –Japan and the United States.
Richard Nixon’s 1972 visit to China
Between 1973 and 1978, Shanghai built 24 new shipping berths, as well as renovating older ones.
In the 1980s came the country’s reform and opening-up … and a resulting explosion in trade volume … which overwhelmed the existing ports.
Shanghai declared”clearing the ports”to be a government priority, and began introducing shipping containers and the equipment to handle them.
Shou Xizhen saw it all. She worked at the state-owned Shanghai Dashing Travelling Goods Corporation throughout the 1950s.
Now 83, she recalls a time when most cargos were headed to ports relatively close by, usuallyHong Kong or Singapore, and a few routes to Europe. The growth was robust.
After she retired in the late 1990s, her son, Wu Xin, took over and now is the general manager at the trade company.
He says before shipping containers came along, he used to have to drop off and collect client’s cargos himself at warehouses along the Huangpu River.
From a freight system where everything was loaded by hand, to a containerized one dominated by mechanical loading,port modernizationbecame a major focus of the city government in the 1990s.
Mao Boke, counselor at the Shanghai Transport & Port Research Center, says that back then, there werethree decisive stepsmade by the authorities.
First the focus of port construction was movedfrom the Huangpu River to the Yangtze River.
Second, the function of domestic ports was upgraded from coal, passengers and containers tofocus entirely on containers,which largely removed the need for manual laborers.
And third, the city announced plans to establish itself as aninternational shipping center. Into the 21st century, we’re looking even further afield to the East China Sea, and the Yangshan Deep Water Port. The harbors can handle bigger ships carrying10,000 to 18,000 containers.
Shanghai International Port Grouphas primary responsibility for the city’s upgraded docks and ports.
Founded in 1988, SIPG built and expanded the Yangshan Deep Water Port between 2002 and 2008. The conglomorate began the installation of smart port equipment at Yangshan in 2014.
SIPG says Shanghai’s container throughput for 2018 was over40 million units. That’s a worldwide record for the ninth straight year, and Yangshan accounted for some44%of it.
Yangshan and Waigaoqiao are currently the most used ports in Shanghai, withYangshan accommodating deep-sea routes and Waigaoqiao taking care of smaller shipping lines.
And the 4th phase project of Yangshan Port is running on the world’s firstfully remote control port system, which frees crane operators from the small and exhausting truck cabs, and eases their work intensity.
Yangshan Deep Water Port


Seleziona le date del tuo viaggio
The layout of Villa Sophia is the result of a transformation over the years of this old monastery while maintaining its original structural design in areas where, for example, the former refectory and chapel, a 14th century consecrated gem, destroyed during the Turkish invasion, lie.
The buildings were rebuilt by heirs who expended considerably to hire vintage artists to redesign the floor, its stucco works, its gildings, and paintings.
The décor and quality of the furniture is superb; detailed and carefully selected to the highest standards. The floors have been made with Neapolitan terracotta tiles, bathrooms have been decorated with ceramic tiles from Vietri Sul Mare, and the textiles and tents are from the prestigious silk factories of San Leucio. The first thing that hits your eyes as you enter the property is the island's proximity to Capri.


4006 Bus. 287 J
Iowa Park, TX 76367
Pleasant Valley is on Farm Road 367 just west of Wichita Falls in east central Wichita County. Development of the community occurred in the late 1880s, when a one-room schoolhouse that also served as a church began operating. Pleasant Valley served as a school community well into the twentieth century. The First Baptist Church was organized in 1935. As nearby Wichita Falls expanded in the late 1950s and early 1960s, residents of Pleasant Valley decided to protect their town's separate identity and avoid annexation by incorporating. On January 11, 1962, Pleasant Valley incorporated, selecting a mayor-council form of city government to serve its 200 residents. By the mid-1970s the town had a population over 300. By 2000, the population was 408.
Pleasant Valley is also referred to as "The rural country club of Wichita County", in part because of the high demand for land and beautiful homes in Pleasant Valley estates and Horseshoe Bend estates.
Pleasant Valley is served by the Iowa Park Consolidated School District.
BIBLIOGRAPHY courtesy of: Louise Kelly, Wichita County Beginnings (Burnet, Texas: Eakin Press, 1982).


It was on this day in 1978 that the very first spam message was sent. It was sent out on ARPANET which was in use as far back as 1969. ARPA was the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The ARPAnet was a government-run network which evolved into what we now know as the internet.
It was Gary Thuerk who first emailed hundreds of people at the same time for personal gain. Happy anniversary Mr. popularity.


The staff went to the Ecuadorian Festival earlier this month on Olvera Street, otherwise known as El Pueblo de Los Angeles. Located across the street from Union Station and a block from Chinatown, this historical monument is one of the oldest places in Los Angeles and a frequent site of Latin American celebrations. The Ecuadorian community has been celebrating their Independence Day in Los Angeles since 1998.
We missed the morning parade unfortunately and found the festival to be quite small. There were a few jewelry and health booths surrounding the plaza area, where singers and bands were playing. There was also a ton of cultural dancing. At the end of the plaza, there were several food booths all essentially selling similar treats, and carnival rides for kids.
It was extremely hot that day so water was a necessity. Luckily it was only $1 for a bottle. However, the rest of the food were extremely expensive. The platter of food on the right cost $10. The carnitas were dry and somewhat flavorless-not quite worth $10. The potato was decent, and I enjoyed some of the cannellini beans, but there were far too many. I also splurged on three delicious empanadas for an extra $5. They were crispy and sugary, and I wish I had just bought more of these instead of the plate.
Overall, the Ecuadorian Festival was very small, and the food was overpriced, so I wouldn’t come back except perhaps for the empanadas, yum. The Pueblo itself though is an interesting area to explore with tons of Latin American vendors selling unique toys, including marionettes, toy guitars, and more. There’s also tons of Mexican food, which is never a bad thing.
Since there were two parades closing down streets in Downtown that day, Steven and I found it difficult to find parking nearby. Your best bet is the lots by Little Tokyo, or perhaps if you’re lucky, you can find a free meter. Stay tuned for our review of the Nisei Parade later this week!


Food as Commodity
Food as Commodity. Routledge Handbook on Food as Commons, Jose Luis Vivero Pol, Tomaso Ferrando, Olivier de Schutter, and Ugo Mattei, eds. (London: Routledge, forthcoming 2018).
The post-World War II era witnessed a fundamental transformation of the global food system. Prior to World War II, food production was largely a national affair, rooted in the specific relations of production that were largely defined at the local or regional level. As agricultural productivity increased with the application of new technologies, including chemical fertilizer and other inputs, continued mechanization of production, and improvements in seed varieties and cultivars, the scale of production dramatically changed. Farms became larger and more productive, the number of farmers declined dramatically, and the scale of production shifted first from the local to the national, and later from the national to the global.
In this paper, I trace the commodification of food in political and economic terms from the end of World War II through the contemporary era. I argue that the rise and global expansion of neoliberal capitalism has fundamentally transformed our relation with food, resulting in the absolute commodification of food, the financialization of food as an instrument for speculative investment rather than a vital component of life, and a rearticulation of the concept of food security.


The 4-track cartridge, for a short time, considered by many to be the future of portable music. No, they are not particularly well remembered today; and yes, when encountered in a thrift store (*or the attic) they are often seen as a weird (or even faulty – what’s that big hole in the top where the roll should go?) variation on the 8-Track.
But the 4-Track not only predated its better-known cousin, it actually inspired the creation of this format.
However, while 8-track aficionados can look back on their hero’s demise at the hands of the cassette and say that the smaller tape was victorious because it was cheaper for record labels to produce, the war with the 4 runs was won evenly and square. The 8 tracks were truly superior – at least for the purpose they were designed for.
The fact that the 4 tracks had slightly better sound quality, were less prone to breakage and, due to the (quite deliberate) lack of an internal roller, were easier to maintain, didn’t even go in in the equation. 8-Tracks offered more music, and that’s what it’s all about.
A Count Muntz developed the 4-track tape specifically for use in automobiles. Using the already familiar endless looping technology of airplane black boxes and a variety of necessities, Muntz also developed a process by which two “tracks” of stereo sound could be laid side by side lengthwise on a piece of tape, to be played on tape recorders which read each in turn.
It was slow. The technology was in place as early as 1956, but it wasn’t until 1963 that Muntz began commercializing it, initially in California. And with a handful of record companies showing interest, the Muntz Stereo-Pak received immense publicity when players were installed in vehicles owned by stars such as Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, James Garner, Lawrence Welk and Red Skelton – and even more when an order was placed to install them in the new Lear Jet.
Buyers also had a considerable choice. Capitol was one of the first major labels to enter into a licensing agreement with Muntz, in 1964, and released their first Beatles 4-Tracks the same year. Thereafter, every Beatles album up to So be it (Apple X434001) would appear in the format, along with early Apple releases such as the Lennons two virgins (Tetragram/Apple TNX 45001), Mary Hopkins’ Post card (4CL 3351) and George Harrison Wonderwall Music (Apple 4CL 3350). Paul McCartney’s film soundtrack Family Way (London LFX 17136) also made an appearance. The last 4 Beatles-related tracks to appear were the four members’ first solo albums, in 1970.
Other key 4-track releases include Cream’s Israeli gearsby Jimi Hendrix electric ladyland (released on two tapes), the Moody Blues The days of the future have passed and the Bee Gees’ debut album, while 4-Track’s early debut also saw a number of classic British Invasion albums appear. Better yet, they did it in stereo – the most common LPs from this period are, of course, mono issues.
Nor was Muntz’s ingenuity exhausted. Aware that many of his collectors might also be interested in singles and EPs — at the time only available on vinyl — he launched the Mini Pac. Holding up to four songs and compatible with all existing 4-track players, it should have been a hit. However, the format seems to have survived for a few months, and tapes today are extremely rare.
Meanwhile, 8-Track continued its inexorable rise, and by the early 1970s, 4-Track was over. The format also hasn’t garnered much attention since then. This could be partly because there are even fewer working 4-track players today than there are 4-track collectors.
Little in-depth research on releases has been undertaken either. Beyond the Beatles, there is very little discographic information available; collectors simply find what they find, and they are grateful when they do.


Topic: The SDF and the Reintroduction of Multipartism in Cameroon
Presenter: Mr. Aloysius W. Tebo, One of the SDF Founding Fathers
The creation of the Social Democratic Front (SDF) and its eventual launching in Bamenda on the 26th of May 1990 went into history books as the important date on which democracy broke the chains of autocracy in Cameroon.
While political party pluralism was already a common phenomenon in the West of the Mungo prior to reunification, the contrary was obtained in the East of the Mungo.
The Federal Republic of Cameroon that came into being after the plebiscite was the basis of the reunification that brought the Federated State of former West Carneroon led by John Ngu Foncha as Vice President and the Federated State of former East Cameroon led by Ahmadou Ahidjo as President. All of this was the culmination of tedious negotiations that began between the two leaders way back in July 1961 and came to be known as the Foumban Accord, named after the Kingdom City of Foumban where the talks held. It was this Foumban Accord that gave birth to what became known as the Federal Constitution.
This constitution had built-in provisions, which made it difficult for any of the two parties to hijack the federation. For instance Article 47 of that Constitution Provided that for any amendment to be valid, it must have been introduced into the Federal National Assembly for debate and decisions arrived at by a majority of the MPs from the Federated State of West Cameroon and a majority of MPs from the Federated state of East Cameroon.
Political Gangsterism & Bad Faith
In view of the fact that Ahidjo saw the federation as a threat to his planned totalitarianism, he started scheming and getting rid of anything or person that stood in his way. The first thing he did was this so-called referendum of 20 May 1972 after which he started governing by decrees. He immediately abrogated the Foumban Accord, abolished the Foumban Constitution and imposed his own constitution which he had secretly drawn up. He assumed all the powers that were exercised by both the Federated State and the Federal National Assembly. With a Unitary State now in place, Ahidjo now set out and demolished anything, structures or institutions that had anything to do with the Federation or any semblance of it. The Federation was now thrown into jeopardy.
Paul Biya's Era
When Ahidjo inadvertently resigned as President of the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 for reasons which are not the subject of this paper, and named Mr. Biya as his successor, Biya took over and systematically eroded any traces of what could remind Cameroonians of the federation. His decision to remove the word “united” from the name United Republic of Cameroon was a glaring example.
This act has been interpreted by Cameroonians as a return to the pre re-unification name of “la Republic du Cameroun” and it is tantamount to secession from the federation (Union). Others see it as the assimilation of the Federated State of former West Cameroon.
The Founding Of The SDF
“It is common knowledge that Cameroonians continue to be misinformed, abused, deceived, impoverished, treated as immature and taken for granted by a callous and rapacious one party political oligarchy. The Social Democratic Front (SDF) is determined, come what may, to change for good this unwholesome situation and usher in a new, healthy, bright, and democratic era in this Country.” See SDF manifesto page one.
All the constitutional violations, inequalities and coupled with the political intrigues and bad faith by both Presidents Ahidjo and Biya, as described in the foregoing political analysis was very annoying, obnoxious and unacceptable particularly by Cameroonians from the Federated State of West Cameroon, who freely opted for re-unification under a federal union.
The same feeling of frustration and helplessness was and is still being felt also by a majority of Cameroonians of the Federated State of former East Cameroon who continually entertain the fear that such constitutional violations and manipulations will inevitably lead to opting out of the union by Cameroonians from the Federated State of formal West Cameroon.
Inspired further by such publications as “The New Social Order”, by Fon Gorji Dinka of Widikum in 1985, some of us began thinking aloud to close friends. Prominent among these free thinkers were Albert Mukong, now of blessed memories; may his soul and those of others who went before him, i.e, Dr Azefor, James Mbanga and Dr Asanga rest in peace.
Albert Mukong, a human rights activist, had been imprisoned in almost all the maximum prison centres in Cameroon and during his trails in Bamenda in 1989 he noticed the repeated presence of a representative of the American Embassy in Yaoundé. He took interest in this and soon shared the nightmares of his detentions and trials with Dr. Akuchu, who worked with the US Embassy at the time, Dr. Asanga a Yaoundé University lecturer, Justice Nyo Wakai then of the Supreme Court in Yaoundé, Ni John Fru Ndi then a Bamenda based businessman and Dr. Ngwasiri, another Yaoundé University Professor.
The convergence of the feelings and ideas of these men resulted in a meeting that held at the Presbyterian Church Centre Bamenda sometimes in November 1989 thanks to the hospitality and blessings of Rev. Gana who headed the centre at the time. This meeting was attended by Albert Mukong, Dr. Akuchu, Dr. Asanga, Dr. Ngwasiri, Ni John Fru Ndi, Justice Nyo Wakai, Dr. Anyangwe and Vincent Feko – a Douala based Customs officer.
The objective of this meeting was to assemble enough documentation in order to establish the existence of an Anglophone problem in Cameroon and then write to the United Nations. As these men multiplied their meetings in Ni John Fru Ndi’s house in Bamenda and in Dr Asanga’s Bastos apartment, they cautiously expressed the need to enlarge the group, bearing in mind the treasonable consequences that would befall any or all of them in the event of a leakage.
The next recruitment into the group brought in such personalities like Dr. Alfred Azefor, a researcher, Aloysius Tebo – a Yaoundé based businessman, Lawyer Edmond Atud – a Douala based lawyer and late Dr. Zachariah Tarh. These last two eventually dropped out of the group.
While meetings multiplied and rotated between the homes of Ni John Fru Ndi in Ntarikon, Dr Asanga’s, Justice Nyo Wakai’s and Dr. Ngwasiri’s residences in Efoulan Yaoundé at unholy hours; the general trend and popular feeling among members was that all of what the group was doing be transformed from mere petitions and memos to the UN into a political Party. However, there were those who strongly felt that the easy way out of the Anglophone problem was to pick up arms and launch a liberation war.
At this juncture, members revisited some liberation wars that were being fought in Africa at the time and realised that by 1990 Savimbi and his UNITA had been fighting the MPLA government of Augustine Neto in Angola for 25 years with no victory in sight. The same was found to be true in Mozambique where RENAMO and FRELIMO had been killing themselves for 17 years.
On the political party option, our analysis led us to the conclusions that if we succeeded to create and launch a political party, made a catalogue of all the constitutional violations and illegalities enumerated above added to the economic catastrophe into which Ahidjo and Biya had plunged the country, we will be able to go for any election and win. We did just that in 1992.
The Yondo Black Connection
During one of our meetings in Bamenda, Albert Mukong and Vincent Feko informed members that while in Douala, they had contacts with Lawyer Yondo Black and a group of some Douala people who were working to create a political party. We officially advised them to go and meet that group and find out what type of Cameroon they had in mind, how much had been accomplished and how soon they planned to launch the party.
At the next meeting, they came and reported that their vision about the type of Government they wanted for Cameroon was yet to be determined let alone the fact that everything they had prepared was still on pieces of paper. However, for the first time in our rotating meetings, group members from Douala had to host the meeting in Douala, during which the Yondo Black team had to meet with us. During a meeting in Douala between Vincent Feko, Albert Mukong with the Yondo Black group to plan for our joint session, they were arrested.
Who Will Bell The Cat
After we had completed all the necessary documents to launch the party manifesto, constitution, internal rules and the Declaration, the choice of the name took several hours but when it was finally adopted as the ‘Social Democratic Front’ (SDF). The last and most crucial problem was who had to sign our declaration to be deposited with the administration. It was at this point that all the cowardice in all of us except Ni John Fru Ndi and Dr Siga Asanga became exposed. Each and every one of us gave a thousand and one reasons why it was risky for us to sign. The entire venture came close to being abandoned for lack of who had to bell the cat.
The courage with which Ni John Fru Ndi took the bull by the horns and signed the declaration has paid off in that it brought democracy to Cameroon. All official attempts to frustrate it notwithstanding, Cameroonians have every reason to be grateful to him for what he did and had tirelessly sustained the struggle in the face of all odds. After the launching on May 26 1990, the Yaoundé junta opened fire and watered the tree of liberty with the blood of: Miss Juliet Sikod, Mr. Fidelis Chosi, Mr. Nfon Edwin, Mr. Tifuh Mathias, Mr. Asanji Christopher and Mr. Toje Evaristus. May their souls rest in peace! Cameroon will never be the same again.


The Forgotten Thanksgiving Main Dish: Exploring Alternatives to Turkey
Thanksgiving is synonymous with turkey. The image of a golden-brown, perfectly roasted turkey gracing the center of a festive table is deeply ingrained in our cultural consciousness. However, turkey wasn’t always the star of the show. In fact, early Thanksgiving feasts were much more likely to feature other proteins. So, what were these alternatives, and why did turkey take the top spot? Let’s delve into the history of Thanksgiving and explore some forgotten main dishes.
The History of Thanksgiving Dishes
The first Thanksgiving, celebrated in 1621, was a three-day feast shared by the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag tribe. According to historical accounts, the menu was quite different from what we’re accustomed to today. While wildfowl was mentioned, it’s not specified whether turkey was included. Instead, venison, or deer meat, was the main protein, generously provided by the Wampanoag guests.
Why Did Turkey Become the Main Dish?
So, how did turkey become the centerpiece of the Thanksgiving meal? There are a few theories. One is practicality: turkeys are large birds that can feed a lot of people, and they don’t serve a purpose like laying eggs or producing milk, like chickens or cows. Another theory is that turkey was popularized by writings of Sarah Josepha Hale, who campaigned for Thanksgiving to become a national holiday and often wrote about roast turkey.
Exploring Alternative Main Dishes
While turkey is now the traditional choice, there’s no rule that says it has to be the main dish at your Thanksgiving feast. Here are a few alternatives that were likely present at early Thanksgiving celebrations:
- Venison: As mentioned earlier, venison was the star of the first Thanksgiving. If you’re feeling adventurous, a venison roast could be a historical (and tasty) alternative to turkey.
- Duck or Goose: Both of these birds were likely present at the 1621 feast. They’re smaller than turkeys, making them a good choice for smaller gatherings.
- Fish and Shellfish: The first Thanksgiving was held in coastal Massachusetts, so it’s likely that seafood played a significant role in the meal. Lobster, clams, and fish could all be considered for a non-traditional main dish.
Thanksgiving is about coming together and expressing gratitude. Whether you’re serving turkey, venison, or lobster, the most important thing is to enjoy the meal with loved ones. So, why not start a new tradition and explore some of these forgotten Thanksgiving main dishes?


As part of plans and wider initiatives to improve the visitor facilities at Lincoln Cathedral, the Dean and Chapter commissioned a new window within the lobby area of the new toilet facilities. The brief for the theme of the window was to celebrate key moments within the Cathedral’s history which date back over 900 years. The imagery and text represent the key events of the building from 1072 when Bishop Remigius begun building the post conquest Cathedral, through the various building phases and up to the 21st century. Heavenly blue symbolizes the life of the building, represented vertically through the centre of the design. The client requested that the design enabled the continuing vista through the window, to maintain views of the building and the visitor experience within the architecture. The window measures approximately 2.2m x 3.6m and was made entirely of antique glass, the techniques utilised were; acid etching, glass-painting, silver-staining and silk-screen printing.


A splendid piano player, a Polish Jew, witnesses the limitations Nazis place on Jews in the Polish capital, from confined access to the working of the Warsaw ghetto. As his family is gathered together to be transported off to the Nazi work camps, he escapes extradition and evades catch by living in the remnants of Warsaw.
The Pianist (2002) Full Movie Review:
The Pianist is the genuine story of Wladyslaw Szpilman, at the time Poland’s most acclaimed piano player whose life is changed amid the Nazi control of Warsaw starting in 1939. The film traverses quite a while and maps his numerous individual trials notwithstanding giving the points of view of his family, revolt groups and sympathizers.


News createt: 02-04-2012 12:00:00
Today in music history
Today is April 2 and the date is connected with music history:
April 2 in 1957, Elvis Presley played two concerts at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens. They were two of only four shows Elvis ever performed outside the U.S. - the others being the same year in Ottawa and Vancouver.
April 2 in 1960, the National Association of Recording Merchandisers in the U.S. presented its first awards. The top selling artists were Elvis Presley and Connie Francis.


HISTORY OF ST PATRICK'S MT LAWLEY
The suburb of Mount Lawley was named in 1901 after Sir Arthur Lawley, Governor of the state of Western Australia from 1901 to 1902. His wife, Lady Lawley, consented to the name on the condition that no hotels were to be established in the area. The first houses were erected in 1909, while the first Anglican church, St Patrick’s, was opened in 1912.
In the years before St Patrick’s was built, the residents of Mount Lawley were ministered to by St Alban’s Anglican church in Highgate. St Alban’s was opened for worship in 1889, and for 23 years its clergy and readers ministered to Mount Lawley residents until St Patrick’s opening in 1912. In that year, a wooden hall with iron roof was erected on one of two adjacent blocks on Beaufort Street between First and Second Avenues (the Astora flats now occupy this block).
On Sunday March 17, 1912 (St Patrick’s Day) at 4:30pm a service was held at which Bishop (later Archbishop) C.O.L. Riley named the building after St Patrick, dedicated it, and declared it open for worship. Archdeacon Hudleston conducted the service and Mr E.H. Prahl assisted as lay-reader. There was a congregation of 135. Hereafter, services were held each Sunday, with the parish of St Alban’s supplying the clergy and lay readers and Archdeacon Hudleston assisting.
Disaster struck on Friday February 26, 1915 at 3am when the wooden hall was blown down in a severe storm. However, undeterred, the parishoners re-erected the hall while adding some improvements, and the repaired and updated building was re-dedicated by Archbishop Riley on Sunday May 2, 1915. This building was to be in continuous use as a church, and later a hall, until the late 1950’s.
Part of the building was used for a while in the early 1920’s by the students of St John’s Theological College. A new Altar was installed 1928-9, and a Credence Table—made by Mr Smith of Perth College—was dedicated on Sunday February 24, 1935, being the gift of Canon Perry in memory of his wife.
During the early 1930’s, efforts were made to build up funds to provide for a proposed new church. In April 1935, Mr E.W. Hamer offered his home and property on the corner of Beaufort Street and First Avenue as a Rectory and as site for a Church and a Hall. The property comprised five blocks of land and the price asked was £4,000. A special committee considered the proposition and on May 19, 1935, the Vestry accepted the committee’s recommendation. The Diocesan Trustees were advised of the decision.
Architects were enlisted to draw up plans for the new church building and building was to commence as soon as possible. The foundation stone was laid by Archbishop Henry Le Fanu on March 22, 1936, the nearest Sunday to St Patrick’s Day. In the recess under the stone some coins of the realm and copies of the “West Australian” newspaper and the “Church News” were deposited.
The last service held in the old church building was on
Sunday August 2, 1936, after which it served as the parish
hall until 1957, when it was then demolished. The church
bell was gifted away in 1937 to the church at Cunderin
(it had formerly been in use at the Cloisters when it was
the theological college). The site sold for over £4,000 when
it was finally sold in 1962.
The Consecration of the new church was held on Sunday
August 9, 1936 when the People’s Warden, Mr F. Moore
petitioned the Archbishop to consecrate the building.
The Rector’s Warden, Mr H.V. Shearn, assisted at the
ceremony. Mr Allwood was the contractor and the
architects were Messrs Parry and Clifton. Estimated cost
was £3,500. The church is 103ft long, 32ft wide, and the
height of the peak of the roof 44ft.
In 1894 Trinity Congregational Church in Perth installed a
pipe organ made by Norman and Beard of London (the first
to be sent by them to Australia) and it was installed by R.C.
Clifton. In 1929, the organ was transferred to the Johnson
Memorial Church in Fremantle. In 1966, when Johnson
Memorial Church was to be demolished, the Reverend Alec
Bateman was instrumental in arranging for the Elders of that
church to offer their pipe organ to St Patrick’s Vestry. The Vestry agreed to purchase it for $4,000 and the organ was installed by Mr Paul Hufner in 1968. The work was completed in 1970.


World War 1: Ieper (Ypres), Belgium
Belgium, a country in the northwest of Europe on the North Sea. In ancient times Belgium was inhabited by the Belgae, the region was part of the Carolingian and Roman empires before breaking up into a number of feudal states during the middle Ages. The region occupied by present-day Belgium passed to the Hapsburgs in the 15th century and then to the French in the 18th century. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Belgium was given to the kingdom of the Netherlands, from which it gained independence as a separate kingdom in 1830. Brussels is the capital and the largest city of Belgium.
Belgium was an important chapter in the World War I. After the sudden occurence of World War I (Aug., 1914), Belgium was invaded by Germany in order to attack the French by the easiest route, this unashamed violation of Belgian neutrality shocked much parts of the world and brought Great Britain into the war, as one of Belgium's guarantors. The unexpected resistance of the Belgians against such heavy odds won widespread admiration, and German atrocities in Belgium, publicized by the Allies, played an important part in strenghtening U.S. opinion against Germany. All of Belgium except a small strip in West Flanders, which served as a battle front throughout the war (Ieper or Ypres), was conquered by Oct. 10, 1914, and the people suffered under a harsh occupation system. The Belgian army fought in West Flanders and France throughout the war under the leadership of Albert I.
Ypres or Ieper, a Belgian municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders. During World War I, Ieper was the centre of serious and sustained battles between the German and the Allied forces. During the war, English soldiers nicknamed the city "Wipers."
The Allied forces captured Ieper from the Germans in the First Battle of Ypres (31 October to 22 November 1914). In the Second Battle of Ypres (22 April to 25 May 1915) the German force used poison gas for the first time on the Western Front and seized high ground east of Ieper. The first gas attack occurred against British, Canadian and French soldiers, including both metropolitan French soldiers as well as Senegalese and Algerian tirailleurs (light infantry) from French Africa. Of the battles in the World War I, the largest, most-known, and most costly in human suffering was the Third Battle of Ypres (21 July to 6 November 1917, also known as the Battle of Passchendaele) in which the British, Canadians, ANZAC and French forces recaptured the Passchendaele ridge east of the city at a terrible cost of lives. After several months of fighting, the battle resulted in nearly half a million casualties to all sides, and only several miles of ground won by Allied forces. Ieper was all but destroyed by the artillery fire.
Many landmarks and memorials of the World War I and museums are worth visiting in Ieper.
1. Menin Gate Memorial - Memorial dedicated on 24 July 1927 to the missing British and Commonwealth soldiers who fell in Belgium during World War I. It has a Last Post Ceremony each night at 8:00 PM as a way for the Ypres citizens to express their gratitude towards those who died for Belgium's freedom.
2. Flanders Fields Museum - It is located right in the center of the Ypres Cloth Hall. This museum gives an excellent overview of World War I. It is a sort of an experience that takes you right into the daily life during the war.
3. Memorial Museum Passchendaele - A Museum in a beautiful setting, conveying the story of the Great War in chronological order. It has lots of information on the different battles and a large selection of authentic artifacts on display.
About the Author
Tourist Destination, Ieper, Belgium www.ambrosiahotel.beclick here.
World At War: Inside the Reich 1 of 5
Frequently Asked Questions...
What is a good book on world war 2 medals given to war heroes?
I am doing a social studies project and i have to draw different medals given to world war 2 heroes. My teacher is making us use 3 non internet resources. I have absolutly no idea what books i could use. So if you know any books that would be helpful, let me know!
You do not mention if you only want American or from any country.
There is a biography of Nancy Wake, a New Zealand born woman who studied in Australia and became an Australian citizen. I think the biography is called "The White Mouse".
She worked as a reporter in Paris and during the war was a member of the French Resistance and was nicknamed "The White Mouse" by the Gestapo.
Nancy Wake is the most decorated female of WW-2 with five (5) British medals including the George Medal (the 2nd highest British medal a non officer can win). Others include the 1939-45 Star, the France and Germany Medal, the Defence Medal and the British War Medal 1939-45. She also won three French medals and an American medal. They were (in order of seniority) -- Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, the French Croix de Guerre with Star and 2 palms, the US Freedom Medal plus the Medaille de Resistance.
There is a biography about the US (four star) General (Vinegar) Joe Stillwell who commanded American and Chinese troops in China and Burma during WW-2. The biography is called "Stillwell and the American Experience in China 1911-1845" by Barbara Tuchman. Stillwell received 10 medals of which two were WW-1.
There is a biography about Maj. General.Orde Wingate, a British soldier who saw action in Palestine, North Africa and Burma. He won the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) three times plus a Mentioned in Dispatches. In total he would have had over 7 medals which is a large number for a British soldier. (the DSO would be one medal but with bars to denote how many time won). Wingate helped the Jewish Palmach train in the 1930's which caused problems with his superiors.
There are several biographies about Field Marshall Montgomery, a British General who fought in WW-1 and WW-2. Montgomery wrote several book and autobiographies. Other Biographies about him are:
The Art of Leadership, by Montgomery
The Full Monty, by Nigel Hamilton
Monty and Patton, by Michael Reynolds
The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery, by Montgomery
Monty's, by Charles Whiting
Montgomery, by Nigel Hamilton.
I would not try Eisenhower as he received his medals after the war because he was the "Supreme Commander of Allied Forces European Theatre". Before that he had no combat or campaign medals, only service medals. Eisenhower never saw combat in his entire military career.
Patton is also a bad choice as he is greatly disliked by British and Canadians soldiers because he was a a self-centred "gung-ho" leader who stole supplies destined for the British and Canadians troops in the northern front, started battles in his area well before the scheduled time and without knowing the strengths or dispositions of the enemy, and then when his troops were in trouble it was the under-equipped British and Canadians who had to rescue the Americans while leaving their own front undermanned.


Our history since 1603
In 1559, Blaise Junod, Governor of the Seigneury of Valangin, had Auvernier Castle built. His grandchildren sold the property to Jean-Jacques Tribolet who served with distinction in the army of Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV, King of France. The King knighted Tribolet at the Battle of Ivry on 14 March 1590, for his exemplary conduct in the face of the enemy. Thirteen years later, Tribolet gave up Auvernier Castle to Pierre Chambrier, a great personality of the time. The contract of 1603 also provides for the sale of the estate comprising 19 fossuriers – that is to say about 7 hectares of grapevine, in current vine-growing terms. So it was that the Chambrier family came into the life of the Castle. The patronymic, according to the property titles, was to last from 1603 until 1823.
But by the women were to perpetuate the Chambrier bloodline through marriage, even though they bore such names as Sandoz-Rollin, Pourtalès, Montmollin or Grosjean. So it is nigh on 400 years, since 1603, that Auvernier Castle has been in the family and has cellared its wines sold both in Switzerland and abroad. Captains in the service of France, Savoy and the United Provinces, governors of the Principality of Neuchâtel, Chamberlain to the King of Prussia, friend of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Counsellors of State have followed one another without wine ever ceasing to be the soul and the reason of the Castle.
It is in the very spirit of the Cellars of Auvernier Castle to ensure that this tradition endures.
Henry Aloys Grosjean


https://www.scribd.com/document/6072761 ... tification
THE NEW YORK JULY 26, 1788 USA CONSTITUTION RATIFICATION RESERVATION OF RIGHTS SEE
That since 2008 when the Jihadist Indonesian CIA POTUS was illegally foisted upon our fine nation by John Brennan and the CIA in conjunction with the Congressional Senior Executive Service (SES) of 1978, as the unconstitutional fourth branch of government that directs bid rigged contracts to SERCO Inc. for its Congressional Military Industrial Complex, their perfidy harkens to the warning of New York since 26 July 1788 as even more necessary today to include ONLY NATURAL BORN CITIZEN members of Congress:
That no persons, except natural-born citizens, or such as were citizens on or before the 4th day of July, 1776, or such as held commissions under the United States during the war, and have at any time since the 4th day of July, 1776, become citizens of one or other of the United States, and who shall be freeholders, shall be eligible to the places of President, Vice-President, or members of either house of the Congress of the United States.
HAVE WE BEEN LEFT WITH A HUGE ECONOMIC MESS AND UNPRECEDENTED LEVEL OF TREASON AND SEDITION TO BE RESOLVED BY A NEWLY FOUND RULE OF LAW?
1 post • Page 1 of 1


History tours of a lifetime
Treat yourself to the vacation of a lifetime on one our all-inclusive history tours. On this website you’ll find tour information, itineraries, departure dates, maps and contact information, as well as testimonials from customers that you can contact for a first-hand reference. Be sure to request a brochure and contact our sales representatives with any questions you may have. Whether you are interested in D-Day, Operation Market Garden, the Battle of the Bulge and the Eagle’s Nest, or Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, Prague, Krakow and Budapest, you’ll never forget your holiday with us.


as a child i thought that museums were full of these-- glass and ceramic pieces made two thousand (and more) years ago. as my parents wandered the galleries and my brother and i followed behind it felt like an endless parade of old stuff. beautiful old stuff, but anything endless just seems like too much!
these days i see this differently. look at those pitchers and bowls-- two (plus) thousand year old GLASS. imagine how fragile glass is. imagine any of our pitchers and bowls being around in two thousand years!
i think about what it has taken for these items to survive this long. they were made by hand thousands of years before machinery could replicate the hand. they were individual pieces-- hand and mouth blown to the artist's idea of perfection. i imagine that people treated their things more carefully than we do when things were not so easily replicated and replaced. i imagine the vessels of daily life were treated with as much care as the food and water they carried.
what would our world be like today if all our household goods were still made by hand?


WW2 Gi Sites
WW2GI Headquarters WW2GI site made by Tuco and BadKarma. The Best WW2GI site!
Pacific TC The TC for WW2GI where you are a Marine in the South Pacific.
WWII GI Site This site is made by Cpl. Miller. Good job Dave!
Non WW2 Gi Sites
Delta Company The clan for Nam for which I am the XO for, hoorah!
If you want your site on here, just give me the URL. It has to be a site for a game made by GT or a site for World War Two.


The Department of Printing Technology is the pioneer of printing education is Nigeria, and has contributed immensely to the technical manpower for the need of the printing industry in the country. The Department was first established in 1952 but merged with the Department of Art in 1964. With the introduction of the school system, the Printing Technology Department was reestablished under School of Art, Design and Printing Technology. In the early years of the Department, it offered day-release courses in the various areas on printing technology for the benefits of people involved in printing industries, publishing industries and other industries.
The examinations were conducted on those courses that led to the award of City and Guides Certificate from London. From 1953 to the sixties, the Department admitted and trained students for junior diploma and the certificate programmes. The Certificate courses were terminated and replaced by two-year National Diploma Certificate in 1977. Sequence to this was the approval of Higher National Diploma Programme in 1978. The first set of diplomats who had successfully completed the National Diploma courses pioneered the first set of students what were made to continue Higher National Diploma programme in 1979. In 1981, the first set of Higher National Diploma students graduated. Yaba College of Technology, the premier institution of higher learning in Nigeria, and the cradle of printing education has produced pillars in the printing industry and most of them occupied some top prominent positions in printing and publishing industries.


La Belle Époque was (1890-1914) was a period in history characterized by the very rich's inability to deal with the grim reality of modern life, and their escape into a frivolous, fairytale kind of existence. My collection is embodied by this fairytale dream of the French period combined with modern technologies, which during that time, ironically brought the period to a close.
Inspired by my journey to Paris as a designer, I chose to draw from the ornate details of the clothing from La Belle Époque and incorporate them into a modern business casual style in order to subtly bring that fairytale magic into everyday life. It is a reminder not to take things too seriously and to live in the moment.
My collection features the bold green and pink hues from the Fauvism movement that took place during La Belle Époque. These contrasting colors are also used to express the disparity between the classiness of the era with its naive over-the-top extravagance. I drew inspiration for the silhouettes from Chladni patterns, which mimic the curves of the Edwardian silhouette in a more natural and modern shape.


Ayurveda is the oldest system of Medicine. With the inception of human life on earth, Ayurveda started being applied. The Vedas, especially the ‘Atharva-Veda’, deals with extensive Ayurvedic information. Ayurveda is a fact – as simple a fact as ‘Sun rises in the east and sets in the west’ OR ‘Earth revolves round the Sun’ OR ‘Earth is round’. The way you explore, understand and adapt to its reality is the key to healthy life.
History of Ayurveda
Tracing the history of Ayurveda back to its earliest route is a complicated and an uphill task. There are detailed instances and complex modes of transmission cited about its origin and expansion. After going through a series of sources of information, here is an understandable outline of the history.
We will navigate through
It is the very root of Indian Culture. All the four Vedas – Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda – contain many references of medicine and description of diseases. Different bacteria are described as responsible for various diseases. Atharva Veda is referred to as an offshoot of Ayurveda.
If the history of Ayurveda is traced from our available ancient texts, it is mentioned that Ayurveda was conceptualized with the inception of the universe. From Brahma (creator of the Universe), the knowledge was passed to Daksha Prajapati (earliest creative sage), who further passed it to Ashwins (the divine physicians). From Ashwins it was passed to Indra(celestial being who represents the zones at which the energy is transmitted through to the senses). As imbalance in the mode of living began to take its seat, the sages elected a delegate which meditated at the foothills of Himalayas to call upon Indra, to relieve the worldly beings from the menace of diseases. Indra transmitted the knowledge of Ayurveda to the disciples – Atri, Bhardwaj, Kashyap and Dhanwantri.
- The School of Ayurveda initiated by Atri and Bhardwaj specialized in Internal Medicine.
- The School of Ayurveda initiated by Kashyap specialized in Paediatrics.
- The School of Ayurveda initiated by Dhanwantri specialized in Surgery.
This period further systematized knowledge. The medical knowledge acquired in early age was documented systematically and organized scientifically in compendia (Samhitas) of Ayurveda. There were many Atreyas (disciples of Atri were called Atreya) who were teachers and authors on medicine. One of them was Professor of Medicine at the University of Taxila. He had seven famous disciples namely, Agnivesha, Bhela, Jatikarna, Parashar,Harita, Ksharpani and Jivaka. All of them wrote treatise on Ayurveda, most of which are lost. The work of Agnivesha, or part of it, has come down to us in the form of Charaka Samhita.
Ancient Ayurveda texts of Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita were written in this period (700 – 600 BC). These Samhitas are extraordinarily sophisticated and perfectly written. Charaka Samhita includes carefully formulated classification of diseases and their treatments, as well as sections on embryology, nutrition and medicinal herbs. Ancient Indian surgeries were amazingly advanced. Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta was a follower of the School of Dhanwantri) elaborately describes various surgeries including plastic surgery and caesarian section.
The Universities of Taxila and Nalanda were centres of medical science. By this time cataloguing of medicinal plants had increased enormously. There are elaborate stories about Jivaka, Lord Buddha’s chief physician and the disciple of Atreya. Surgery was also at its glory in this period. There are numerous instances cited about complex surgeries like limb transplants and grafting at the war zones.
There was no conflict or clash between the health sciences of various ancient civilizations. Early physicians were ready and willing to learn from one another, and the extensive trade routes of ancient world made it simpler for them to do so. The medical science of Greece is identified with Hippocrates, who was born in 450 B.C. He also had the same theories as Ayurveda physicians, and considered health to be a balanced state of nature that could only be disoriented by an imbalanced lifestyle. Ayurveda texts were being translated into Greek by the time of Hippocrates, who had been familiar with the works of Indian physicians. Although many medical students recite the Hippocratic Oath at the time of graduation, the basic principles of Greek medicine that integrates body, mind and soul have been assigned the footnote status in the medical schools today.
The major healing traditions of the East are also intimately interwoven. They share many common principles and therapeutic interventions. Virtuous conduct, healthy diet, regular daily and seasonal routines are promoted for long and healthy life. The expansion of medical knowledge that occurred during the Han Dynasty in China (200 B.C), may also have been influenced by the earlier development in India.
This period lost much of surgery, but gained in iatro-chemistry or metallurgy or ‘Ras-Shastra’. This was because medicine was forced into further research regarding their other healing properties. Medicinal uses of mercury, gold, silver, diamond and other metals and minerals were explored and systematically arranged. Many highly complex alchemical preparations were explored. Nagarjuna laid down his work, known as ‘Rasa Ratnakara’ during this period.
This was more of a period of compilation rather than of original contribution. Many works were destroyed during this period, either by invaders or by quarrelling Hindus and Buddhists, who clearly had lost the true understanding of their faith. This was a decadent period of Indian history and culture, the consequences of which can be felt even today.
During the medieval period, Ayurvedic medicine began to be wildly replaced by alternative systems imposed by the ruling classes. Later, from the beginning of 18th century, Ayurveda was almost completely overthrown by British rule in India. It was noticed that one ruler after another were intimidated by the knowledge of Ayurveda and took it as a menace to their political control rather than as an asset, to connect the Indian nation with its proud heritage, and to improve the health of its people.
During 19th and 20th century a great revival period of Ayurveda began. During the 19th century, Germans translated the details of an operation for repair of damaged noses and ears from Sushruta Samhita. This operation, which appears as pedicle graft in modern text books, led to the development of plastic surgery as an independent speciality. Today, Sushruta is regarded as master of their craft by plastic surgeons around the world. Western medicine is beginning to endorse the importance of prevention of diseases with the help of good nutrition, suitable exercise, emotional health, and spiritual meditation along with the required treatment. It has also begun acknowledging the fact that both mental and physical health go hand in hand are as important to human health as drugs or surgery. They have begun to understand the importance of holistic approach to health. These principles were, of course, well understood by even the earliest of Ayurvedic physicians. While it is unfortunate that their insights have been cast aside for centuries, it is also heartening to see that the situation is beginning to change for better.
Refereces Sourced from various Ayurveda texts including Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Madhav Nidaan, Texts by Manfred M. Junis, B. Dash, David Simon, Robert Svoboda, Chakradutta, Vasant Lad.


Mankato Iron and Metal is a locally-owned family business in the truest sense. It was opened for three brothers– Ron, Terry, and Greg–as well their dad, Wilbur Pooley. Scrap is in the family for the Pooleys! They have been in the scrap business their whole lives; growing up and working at Wilbur’s scrap yard located next to the Green Giant plant in Blue Earth, MN. Today there are three scrap yards in the Pooley family which are all located in Southern Minnesota.
On April 1st 1972 Mankato Iron and Metal opened its doors for business with its yard located just off West Elm Street in Old Town Mankato. The office was located just up the street at 514 North Front Street and was shared with Minnesota Iron and Metal. Minnesota Iron and Metal was also the source of some of their early equipment like the Alligator Sheer, which was used for cutting iron into 3 foot pieces for many years. Quickly, the yard had grown and more equipment was added along the way. A Mosley Baler was one piece of that equipment and it is still in use today at Mankato Iron and Metal; a feat which is quite amazing considering the toll handling scrap takes on equipment. In 1974, a luger scrap hauling truck was added to start to handle industrial scrap from the region. Our first account was S & T Industry in St. James, MN and we are proud to say that after all these years, they are still one of our many industrial accounts. This is a testament to the exceptional service we are able to provide our industrial scrap accounts.
In 1975, a warehouse was built with an attached office. This meant that all services were located at one location for the first time to better serve our customers. In 1976, the brothers bought the business from Wilbur and continued to grow. In 1977, we bought our first tractor and trailers to be able to better serve our larger scrap and industrial accounts. Over the years, we have had 6 different trucks and 6 different luger trucks. 1978 brought the first hydraulic crane, a Mosley brand crane, to help move and handle the scrap more efficiently. In April of 1979, Mankato Iron and Metal was incorporated as a business.
Business continued to flourish at the yard for the next several years and in 1983 the yard was expanded across Elm Street, which moved the ferrous yard to its current location. A warehouse location was added as well. The mid 80’s also brought more expansion to the ferrous side of the operation. Two connected buildings were purchased from the Dotson Company and are used today for metal sorting and storage, along with metal receiving and purchasing. A part of those buildings was also used to start the aluminum smelting furnace operation. This has proved to be very beneficial for Mankato Iron and the aluminum recycling aspect of our business.
The 90’s again brought its fair share of changes. Terry sold his portion of the operation in 1991to start his own scrap yard in New Richland, Minnesota. The one door can operation was then moved from the office location on Elm Street to its current 3 receiving door location on Willow Street. This move made a more streamline can operation which helps to make Mankato Iron one of the largest aluminum can buyers in the upper Midwest. In 1997, a Sierra Baler/Shear was added to the ferrous operation, replacing the old alligator and gravity fed shears. In 1998, the office was moved from Elm Street to be closer to the can operation and metal receiving area to better serve our customers. This move also included adding an 80 foot long self-axeling scale to help handle larger trucks.
Early in 2012, Mankato Iron made another significant change. Ron and Greg sold the business to the next generation of Pooley scrappers. Dr. Tom Pooley will take the helm of operations starting January 1st 2013 and will continue to offer great service, maintain customer satisfaction and continue to grow the business. Ron and Greg are still present at Mankato Iron, and they soon hope to step back and enjoy retirement. Tom has two young children with his wife Hilary and hopes they will also show an interest in the scrap business in the future.


Bellarmine (Bartmann) Sherd (Archaeological Find)
Bellarmine (Bartmann) Sherd
Water flies from a potter’s wheel as a pear-shaped vessel takes shape outside Frechen, Germany. Business has never been better—hundreds of similar vessels stare out from quiet racks, waiting to be fired to their signature mottled, golden-brown salt-glaze and shipped throughout the civilized world. It is late in the 17th century, and Rhenish salt-glazed stoneware is at its height. The characteristic bearded faces carved into the necks of vessels are their signature of high quality, durable stoneware, well-known throughout the New World and Europe. Today, we call that same motif the “Bellarmine Man,” and seeing its face appear in the soil of Harvard Yard represents the extraordinary material and cultural diffusion between Europe and the Colonies. Finding just this single, fragmentary piece belies the incredible journey this vessel survived to make it to the Yard—from the potter’s wheel, it endured the fires of the kiln, miles of travel by crate and cart to the sea, weeks of lurching travel across the waves, and finally unloading—maybe in Boston, maybe another port along the coast—before it could be brought to market, purchased, and ultimately brought to the Old College. This grey sherd of baked earth embodies the relationship between Europe and the Colonies two hundred years before the industrial revolution, as the great wheels of England’s mercantilist machine began to gain momentum and the trappings of a global trade network and economy began to emerge. As global demand for Rhennish stoneware waxed, potters kept pace by producing more and spending less time on each piece. The quickness of those potters' skillful hands shows in this Bellarmine's grotesque, not-quite-human features.
The eye stamped into this sherd makes it easily recognizable as a shard of Bellarmine, a name which alludes the Roberto Bellarmino (1542-1621), a Cardinal allegedly hated by protestant potters. Bellarmine-style stoneware has been dated as far back as 1550, however, when the Cardinal was only eight (Hume 1969, 55), so the face motif was more likely inspired by the Green Man of the woods originating in English folk myths. For this reason, Bellarmine vessels are more properly known as a “Bartmann” vessels, but Bellarmine’s catchy name is still in common use. As decades passed, the stamped faces on Bellarmine vessels became less human and defined (Museum of London), and comparing H939’s Bellarmine fragment to photos, its facial features most closely resemble the “grotesque” bellarmines of 1650-70 (Hume 1969, 56). The bottle this particular sherd was once part of was likely used by residents of The Yard to store wine, ale, oil, vinegar, or water, since Rhennish stoneware was fired at a high enough temperature (up to 1300 degrees) that much of the clay would vitrify, making it completely waterproof (Maine.gov).
"Bellarmine Jugs." : Colonial Pemaquid: History: Discover History & Explore Nature: State Parks and Public Lands: Maine ACF. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://www.maine.gov/dacf/parks/discover_history_explore_nature/history/colonialpemaquid/bellarmine.shtml>.
Hume, Ivor Noël. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf, 1970. Print.
By the Second Half of the 16th Century Frechen Wares Had Supplanted Raeren Products as the Main German Stoneware Imported into Britain. The Trade Peaked in the Early 17th Century, by Which Time Products Had Become Very Standardised, But, as with Other Ger. "Frechen." Ceramics and Glass Glass. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/pages/subsubcategory.asp?subsubcat_id=837&subsubcat_name=Frechen&cat_id=714>.
Bellarmine (Bartmann) Sherd
Fragment is from the neck of the bottle
Late 17th century
H939, Level 3
Given the grotesque features of the bellarmine man's face, likely a later 18th century piece


A Ben Eden Project
16 of the oldest Czech Jews and their life stories
Opening December 10, 2002 at the Educational Centre of the Jewish Museum in Prague more..
Informace v ceskem jazyce jsou k dispozici zde.
About the Project:
The Charles Jordan Retirement Home currently houses 16 Jewish seniors, aged 76 to 98. Born across Central Europe, all have survived the Holocaust in various ways and then lived through 40 years of communism. Some of Prague’s oldest Jews, they are a time capsule of Jewish life in the Czech Republic in the past century.
The entire Lifebook exhibit is available online in two formats:
Photos and Texts ©2002 Ben Eden, All Rights Reserved.


Dalrymple Vineyards was established by visionaries and is maintained by believers, who create wines worth waiting for.
Known as Black Clusters since 1827 Tasmania has been recognised as a producer of quality Pinot Noir. Tasmanian Pinot first hit the world stage at the Paris exhibition in 1848 before the Tasmanian wine industry was lost for more than 100 years. A handful of visionaries began to revive the industry and amongst them were Bertel and Anne Sundstrup who established Dalrymple Vineyards in 1987. It was the sloping hills overlooking Bass Strait that made the site unique and inspired the Hill-Smith family to purchase the vineyard in 2007, along with distinct single sites around Tasmania in their pursuit to produce the perfect single site Pinot. Despite its deep history, the world is only just discovering Tasmanian Pinot Noir.


—You Got Me Floatin'
The Helpful Soul was a short-lived Japanese rock group that released just this one LP in 1969. They played a loud fuzzy messy brand of psychedelic garage blues, hitting the scene a little too early to catch on, just like other proto-metal Japanese groups Blues Creation and Speed, Glue, and Shinki.
On Friday, June 19th, the 107th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Black Panther Party had a rally in Bobby Hutton Memorial Park in Oakland. A couple hundred people, 3/4 of them black but at least 1/4 of them white, attended. The Black Lights Exploding sound company sang and danced and laid down some heavy music. And Charles Garry and a couple of speakers representing the Soledad Brothers spoke. And the people laid around in the sun eating chicken and spareribs and oranges which they paid for with money that went to the Panther Defense fund. The vibes were peaceful and together. Everybody knew that Huey would soon be back in the streets again.


Die Erkenntnis, dass der Handel mit Buy 3PCE QUEEN ANNE BEDROOM SUITE *M* in Suites - Bedroom - Furniture at Sign Up and stay up to date on OK Furniture's latest special offers! This truly elegant Queen Anne style table is made of solid mahogany, has no dining table by Kittinger replicates an English antique dating to 1765-1780. top 10 dating site headlines uk20 Jan 2012 I would be a fool to pass it up; Queen Anne wing chairs are very This is an interesting specimen, since few chairs of its date have survived.We cover the periods William & Mary, Queen Anne, George I, George II and George III, antique canterburies, antique chairs (including dining chairs, armchairs, desk chairs, side chairs, Windsor chairs, to name just a few). Date: Circa 1715. dating online canada top sites editFor the antiques collector, identifying antique furniture is one of the most fascinating aspects of The finish on the wood can also date the piece. Pine and Mahogany; Imported wood with interpretations of Queen Anne and Georgian styles.Queen Anne furniture style has its beginnings in the year 1689, a date prior to Anne succession, when the Prince of Orange became King of England. According
Antique seat information | | The Original Chair Company
9 Feb 2016 Queen Anne style furniture was popular in America during a large portion of the 18th century. A combination of baroque, classical and Asian reddit dating a younger woman called Browse our range of Queen Anne style chairs including a Wing Back, Leather, Dining and Chesterfield Queen Anne Style High Back Chair Leather Armchair Wingback Fireside .. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date.Dating queen anne furniture sex in georgia usa womens sites. Dating roseville pottery · Writing online dating profile male · Good email subject lines online the dating place laan van meerdervoort bruidsmode 12 Nov 2013 During the 1730s Queen Anne furniture was using Walnut wood and stained the Many of Queen Anne furniture is hard to date due to it being Antique Queen Anne style walnut card table dating from the 1910-20's period in good condition. The top is burr walnut, which when opened, is supported by the catholic dating jakarta denpasar 8 Apr 2016 Learn how to identify different kinds of antique chairs. English Walnut Queen Anne Chairs. Ladder-Back Chairs, 1718-1779, 18th Century NEW ! Scroll Wing High Back Chair in Cream leather- Size: H 112 x W 97 x D 79 cm. More details. In Stock. Warning: Last items in stock! Availability date: Tweet
Furniture - Queen Anne Style - Buffalo Architecture and History
Luxury mink chenille wing back fireside queen anne chair. . No time or date given, had to wait in for couple of days as not sure when delivery would be.Shop from the world's largest selection and best deals for Queen Anne Style Furniture. Shop with Retro Vintage Solid Wood Queen Anne Coffee Table. £29.99 .. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. See each listing 100 free dating site for usaThe Queen Anne Wood Folding Chair features a sturdy hardwood design that will go well with any Stanley Furniture Newel Upholstered Back Chair in Date.
Documentation found to date indicates that after a time in the industry Harold Furniture Co Pty Ltd. The company then began producing the Queen Anne Queen Anne furniture dating from the early 18th century was an innovation in styling, comfort and socialisation that could be just as relevant in your new two Antique furniture periods and dating on AW Antiques and Collectibles. 1694-1702, William III, William III, Louis X1V. 1702-1714, Anne, Queen AnneQueen Anne style furniture: hall table, desk, side table and coffeetable nests. dating japanese antiques ebay Other than perhaps tables or stools, chairs have to be one of the oldest forms of furniture. “Assembled Set” of 10 Queen Anne Side Chairs in Walnut. 58. Date 3 Mar 2016 Dating antique oak furniture on ebay Identify Antique Styles Antique . furniture conventions, such as those that distinguish Queen Anne pieces Width, 36 cm. Depth, 36 cm. Seat height, 44 cm. Overall height, 90 cm. Weight, 7 kg. Style, Classic Contemporary. Composition, Composite moulding + Fabric or
One thing to determine is the utility of the furniture you're trying to date. Is it a coffee Windsor chairs were not around before the Queen Anne period. Game or 13 Sep 2010 Any proposal received after the listed date and time may not be delivered by the date and time noted above. . Queen Anne Three. 1 year dating anniversary presents Older Furniture Styles - Before you refinish antique furniture, it's important to Early Georgian furniture is based on Queen Anne; later styles show classic chairs. Queen Anne Chair Depth. 570. Share. » Accessories | Chairs | Sofas | William Yeoward |. CAPE TOWN +27 21 418 0331 / GAUTENG +27 11 262 0296
28 Jan 2016 Queen Anne furniture can often be difficult to date, as it shares a lot of elements of its style with the William and Mary and Chippendale styles.23 Mar 2015 English: Queen Anne style wingback chairs. Fully upholstered. File history. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Buy Old Original Antique Victorian Print 1950 Furniture Queen Anne Table News dated 1950, an illustrated weekly newspaper weeks date as shown on top of g dragon and sandara park dating 2015 Queen Anne Bureau Cabinet. Stately Homes. No. 5098 . Send Email Cancel. Loading Email Sent. Okay. Stay up to date on the latest from Baker Furniture.14 Oct 2015 Today we're talking about Queen Anne Style furniture. This style of furniture can be difficult to date because it can blend elements from the
Free guide to furniture styles, Jacobean, Early American, William and Mary, Queen Anne, Colonial, Georgian, Pennsylvania Dutch, Chippendale, Robert Adam, 11 Jan 2016 Collecting Guide 5 key periods of American furniture. Furniture . A pair of Queen Anne mahogany compass-seat side chairs. Philadelphia 17 Apr 2015 and Stretchers: Deconstructing Philadelphia Queen Anne Chairs. Date workshop exploring Queen Anne chairs and their construction. dating questions to ask boyfriend jeans Caned backs and seats were very common, and many chairs were adorned with elaborate Baroque carvings. Queen Anne style furniture took center stage from The Queen Anne style of furniture design developed before, during, and after the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain (1702–1714).
Queen Anne Period - Mallett
Set Of Eight Queen Anne Style Dining Chairs Dating From 1920's
20 May 2015 Multi-axis turning is a furniture-making technique dating to the Queen Anne period. Queen Anne reigned from 1702 to 1714, but she never
Learn how to judge antiques and for this page, furniture. Occasionally the pad or duck foot on the front leg of a Queen Anne chair or the carved . Such tables are of southern New England origin and date from about 1680 to 1730. It is now A Grand Queen Anne Interior. A Grand Queen Anne Interior. The living room features a tiled fireplace and family furniture dating to pre-Civil War. Previous · Next.Early Queen Anne Walnut Corner Chair, Massachusetts, circa 1750 and is composed of the desirable walnut indicative of an earlier construction date. At any one time, a visitor to our shop will likely find examples of American country furniture from all periods, including Pilgrim, Queen Anne, Chippendale,
(Ball and claw Chippendale feet on a Queen Anne chair). The best way to date a piece of furniture that is older than this is by looking at the hidden shaped or 6 Aug 2015 Queen Anne 2 Stack The first true Queen Anne chair that stacks and handles like a Stay up to Date on the Latest Industry News & Trends.Many antique chair castors were made during the Georgian period, although some are from the earlier Queen Anne period. It can be difficult to date antique 18 Feb 2009 To help understand what defines each period of antique furniture styles, here Queen Anne, 1720-1760: Evolution of this design style is from
"How much are you asking for the late nineteenth-century Queen Anne-style chair? Mentioning the date shows everyone that you know what you're talking about We have some great Queen Anne Antique Furniture for sale, from British antique dealers shipping throughout the UK and worldwide.8 Dec 2015 Publication Date: 2011-12-20 Publication Date: 2008-01-01 .. American furniture, Queen Anne and Chippendale periods, in the Henry The single most distinctive feature of Queen Anne furniture is the use of the cabriole leg, which is shaped in the form of a double curve—the upper part being
Multiple ongoing discussion groups on Furniture, Fine porcelain restoration, glass, fine art, and gilding, Hundreds of articles on antique restoration. Date: 11/29/98 If you had an 18th century Queen Anne walnut English chest with original Japanned chair, decorated with figures in green and gold on a red ground. English Chair. Place of origin: England, Great Britain (probably, made). Date: ca. However, these chairs first came into fashion not during the reign of Queen Anne 23 Oct 2003 Defining the great “Periods.” – Example Works. • Pilgrim Furniture. • Jacobean Period. • William & Mary. • Queen Anne. • Chippendale. • Federal. Our Queen Anne furniture legs are available in varying heights and styles and can be used on ottomans, chests, chairs and cabinets. Resembling the Cabriole
A Photo Guide to Antique Chair Identification | Dengarden
May 11 Louis XV Style Leather Arm Chair $400 (Cedar Chest, Lake Charles, La.) . May 10 Wells Queen Ann Coffee Table & End Tables $275 (Sulphur, LA) pic Queen Anne Cherry. DROP LEAF END TABLE. Dating back to the early 1700's, the Queen Anne style was created a year after the Queen Anne period. I am looking to start building Queen Anne style furniture. I plan on starting with small stuff (end tables and coffee table) and eventually would The hardwood Queen Anne Folding Chairs by Stakmore fold for easy storage and can be set up Available date is the expected ship date if you order today. hetalia iceland dating sim My Queen Anne Queen Anne: one's for you! My Queen Anne three position Wing Chair Recliner is comfortable and elegant, a modern twist on a By the 1780s the sweeping curves of the late Baroque and the exuberant ornament of the Rococo were giving way to a renewed interest in classical precedents, Queen Anne chairs take many forms in early American colonial furniture, but the The great strength of most of the chairs of this date is proved by the fact that
Find great deals on eBay for Queen Anne Dressing Table in Makeup and Vanity Tables. Shop with confidence. White French Provincial / Queen Anne dresser / Make up Table . Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date.Style and comfort combine with this handsome recliner. The classic design features plush cushioning and graceful Queen Anne styling, creating an inviting look Find great deals on eBay for Queen Anne Furniture in Tables. Shop with PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE DINING TABLE Cherry Queen Anne Style with 2 Leafs VINTAGE. $395.00 . Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. dating place of dhaka and near dhaka jobs 3 Apr 2013 From the Queen Anne period the runners were placed under the drawer . High-quality chairs of this date wouldn't have had stretchers, so this
tables include examples from the William & Mary period, Queen Anne period. rich patina; to a fine example of a mahogany dining table dating from the late problems with dating online gratis Date Added - 23/08/2014. Item Reference 2879-STA: Mahogany Queen Anne-Style Table And Chair Set Lovely quality solid mahogany Queen Anne-style In the days of Queen Anne and the early Georgian period, over-ornamentation was out. Hugh Scully talks about William Kent, the first architect to design furniture. Share this page. Share this with Release date: 22 November 1978.
Burled Walnut Queen Anne Dressing Table, England. More Info. Date: 1760. Price: Login or register above to see Price. Fine-Walnut-Gothic-Sofa-Table p nz dating sites reviews Men's · Kids' · Clearance · More Info · Home Page; Queen Anne Fireplace 5 Star Review; Date: November 13, 2014; Reviewer: Susan ,; New Market Alabama Set of 8 Stickley Solid Mahogany Queen Anne Dining Chairs. DATE POSTED: 05/11/2016 CONDITION: Used. Inventory Number: 3959-1047. Price 5/11/16:


Heian Jingu Shrine
Heian Jingu Shrine celebrates the legacy of the ancient capital of Kyoto with ornate architecture and beautiful gardens open to the public. The shrine is a 5:8 scale replica of one of the innermost parts of Heiankyo, the imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years.
Discover Heiankyo and the rich cultural heritage of Kyoto while exploring Heian Jingu and its landscape gardens.
Heian Jingu Shrine
Heian Jingu was built in 1895 to coincide with celebrations marking the 1,100th anniversary of the founding of Heiankyo, the imperial capital of Japan from the late eighth to mid-nineteenth centuries. It enshrines Emperor Kanmu (737–806), the first emperor of the Heian period (794–1185), and Emperor Komei (1831–1866), the last emperor to rule from Heiankyo.
Modeled on an ancient capital
The shrine is atypical in that it is modeled on a part of the ancient capital known as the State Hall of the Imperial Palace, or Chodoin complex, that was the administrative part of the city and the place where the emperor presided over state affairs. The shrine’s ornate halls and buildings are arranged symmetrically around a spacious, graveled courtyard. Several of these, including the Daigokuden (outer hall of worship) and the Otenmon Gate (main gate), are designated Important Cultural Properties of Japan. The bright vermilion buildings stand out against the white gravel of the courtyard and the lush, surrounding greenery.
Gardens to explore
The four landscape gardens covering an area of 30,000 square meters behind the shrine exemplify Japan’s identification with nature and the appreciation of its beauties. Each garden is built in a different style, but all are carefully integrated into a seamless whole. They are open to the public and can be covered in approximately 40 minutes if time is limited. Entrance is from within the courtyard inside the shrine and requires a small fee.
A symbol of revitalization
Heian Jingu was constructed when the Kyoto economy was suffering and its population declining, partly as a result of the capital being transferred to Tokyo. The shrine was one of several projects planned to celebrate the city’s long history and encourage economic growth. It opened the same year that a large industrial exhibition was held in the city to showcase new technologies and attract new industries. In the years that followed, the economy began to improve and the population recovered. Kyoto became a grand city once again and Heian Jingu is a lasting symbol of its rebirth.
Getting to the shrine
Heian Jingu Shrine is in the Okazaki area of Kyoto, within walking distance of Higashiyama Station (10 minutes) on the Tozai Subway Line and Jingu-Marutamachi Station (15 minutes) on the Keihan Line.
The Gardens of Heian Jingu
The gardens of Heian Jingu are designated a National Site of Scenic Beauty. The four stroll gardens are each influenced by a different period of history: the Heian period (794–1185), Kamakura period (1185–1333), Momoyama period (1568–1603), and Edo period (1603–1867). They feature beautiful wooden structures relocated from the Kyoto Imperial Palace, interesting design features, and are designed to be enjoyed at a leisurely pace, with places to sit, rest, and enjoy the scenery.
Flowers bloom in the gardens throughout much of the year. Cherry trees in each of the four gardens bloom mostly in April. Among the different cherry species is a strain of double-petaled weeping cherry called yaebeni shidare which produces pendulous blooms much deeper in color than more frequently seen varieties. Plants that flower at other times of the year include irises, azaleas, plum trees, wisteria, and water lilies.
Each garden is a habitat for wildlife, from birds and butterflies to fish, turtles, and other pond life. The rustic, pond-side teahouse in the Middle Garden or the roofed bridge spanning the pond in the East Garden are convenient vantage points for observing the flowers and wildlife. Herons, kingfishers, Japanese white-eye warblers (mejiro), and great tits are among the birds that visit the gardens.
The works of a prominent landscape designer
The gardens were created between 1895 and 1981. The South Garden (1981) is the most recent addition. The West (1895), Middle (1895), and East (1916) gardens were designed significantly earlier by prominent Kyoto landscape designer Ogawa Jihei VII (1860–1933). He is renowned for his use of rocks and water in his landscaping and is considered a pioneer of the modern Japanese garden. The gardens of Heian Jingu include some of the earliest examples of his work and were revolutionary in their conception, drawing water from a nearby canal to create uncommonly large ponds.
Gardens with a touch of history
Signs in the gardens provide information in English on the plants, wildlife, and design features while introducing historical details about Kyoto and Japan. The gardens introduce visitors to aspects of Kyoto’s history: the fate that befell the city after the capital was transferred to Tokyo after 1868, the construction of the late-nineteenth-century canal that feeds the garden ponds, and the launching of the first hydroelectric powered tram to serve the city.
Festivals and Events at Heian Jingu
Events and festivals are held at the shrine throughout the year. The largest is the Jidai Matsuri (Festival of the Ages), the highlight of which is a large procession from the Kyoto Imperial Palace to Heian Jingu. The procession features hundreds of people dressed in the costumes of the eighth to nineteenth centuries. The festival is held each year on October 22, and the procession starts at noon.
Other annual events include Noh drama in June, performed at night and illuminated by flaming torches set up around the grounds. Tickets are required for the event and typically go on sale in April.


Dating Swedish Women: General Advice
However, in a ballot made in 2019, a majority of Swedes expressed adverse sentiments in direction of asylum seeking refugees. Recently, the Sweden Democrats have turn out to be one of the popular parties in Sweden which has sparked widespread debate about a potential improve of perceived xenophobia and racism in Sweden. The response of the federal government was to chop spending and institute a large number of reforms to enhance Sweden’s competitiveness, amongst them decreasing the welfare state and privatising public services and goods.
Viking influence can also be evident in concepts like the current-day parliamentary body of the Tynwald on the Isle of Man. A variety of sources illuminate the tradition, actions, and beliefs of the Vikings.
In the Viking Age, the current day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark didn’t exist, but had been largely homogeneous and related in culture and language, though somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably identified for under the later a part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms steadily acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand-in-hand with their Christianisation. Thus the tip of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians additionally marks the beginning of their comparatively brief Middle Ages. Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for commerce, raids, colonization, and conquest.
Do you wish to do business with Sweden?
However, Margaret’s successors, whose rule was also centred in Denmark, were unable to control the Swedish nobility. Except for the province of Skane, on the southernmost tip of Sweden which was beneath Danish management during this time, feudalism by no means developed in Sweden because it did in the remainder of Europe. Therefore, the peasantry remained largely a class of free farmers all through most of Swedish history. Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry and a few became laborers within the towns.
Lagom: The Swedish Art of Balanced Life Book Giveaway
The penetration of Christianity into Scandinavia led to critical conflict dividing Norway for almost a century. The south coast of the Baltic Sea was dominated by the Obotrites, a federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the Frankish empire. The Vikings—led by King Gudfred—destroyed the Obotrite metropolis of Reric on the southern Baltic coast in 808 AD and transferred the retailers and merchants to Hedeby. This secured their supremacy in the Baltic Sea, which remained all through the Viking Age. Early on, it was the Saxons who occupied Old Saxony, situated in what’s now Northern Germany.
According to the Rigsthula, Thralls had been despised and looked down upon. New thralls had been equipped by either the little children of thralls or they had been captured overseas. The Vikings usually deliberately captured many individuals on their raids in Europe, to enslave them as thralls.
This got here to be generally known as the “Stockholm blood tub” and stirred the Swedish the Aristocracy to new resistance and, on 6 June (now Sweden’s national holiday) in 1523, they made Gustav Vasa their king. Shortly afterwards he rejected Catholicism and led Sweden into the Protestant Reformation. Economically, Gustav Vasa broke the monopoly of the Hanseatic League over Swedish Baltic Sea trade. In the sixth century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza.
Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a extreme blow when the Western Roman Empire fell in the fifth century. The enlargement of Islam in the seventh century had also affected commerce with western Europe. One common principle posits that Charlemagne “used drive and terror to Christianise all pagans”, resulting swedish women in baptism, conversion or execution, and consequently, Vikings and different pagans resisted and wanted revenge. Professor Rudolf Simek states that “it’s not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred in the course of the reign of Charlemagne”.
Popular, fashionable conceptions of the Vikings—the term regularly applied casually to their fashionable descendants and the inhabitants of contemporary Scandinavia—often strongly differ from the complicated picture that emerges from archaeology and historic sources. A romanticised image of Vikings as noble savages started to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated through the 19th-century Viking revival.
Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the tenure of king Gustavus Adolphus, seizing territories from Russia and Poland–Lithuania in multiple conflicts, together with the Thirty Years’ War. Minors and RegentsA large variety of children inherited the Swedish crown over the course of the dominion’s existence, consequently—real power was held for lengthy periods by regents (notably these of the Sture family) chosen by the Swedish parliament. King Christian II of Denmark, who asserted his declare to Sweden by pressure of arms, ordered a massacre in 1520 of Swedish nobles at Stockholm.
The Greenland settlement was established around 980, during the Medieval Warm Period, and its demise by the mid-fifteenth century may have been partly as a result of climate change. The Viking Rurik dynasty took management of territories in Slavic and Finno-Ugric-dominated areas of Eastern Europe; they annexed Kiev in 882 to function the capital of the Kievan Rus’. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in ninety eight AD. In Germania 44, 45 he mentions the Swedes (Suiones) as a robust tribe (distinguished not merely for his or her arms and men, but for their powerful fleets) with ships that had a prow in each ends (longships). Which kings (kuningaz) dominated these Suiones is unknown, however Norse mythology presents an extended line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC.


Rangeley Baptist Church was first established in 1827 by Rev. Joseph Dyer, a traveling Baptist missionary. The church began with five men and three women at the Buena Vista Farm owned by William Toothaker. Edward Toothaker was the first ordained minister. Early ministers were mostly circuit riders. It wasn't until 1878 that the first resident pastor, J.B. Wheelwright, came to the church. The first building was begun in 1881 and finished the following year. The church burned on December 11, 1941. Because of World War II, it was not rebuilt until 1946. The kitchen was renovated in 2004. The sanctuary was updated in 2007.


A Sampling of Field Trips for CFS Students
Students can stroll through the history of a once-bustling river town that’s now the serene village of Arrow Rock. They walk streets lined with the architecture of the historic “Boone’s Lick Country.” At Arrow Rock State Historic Park, they can see the historic J. Huston Tavern, which dates back to 1834, and provides a dining experience in the oldest continuously operating restaurant west of the Mississippi River. They can also view displays of historic furnishings in the old kitchen and upstairs bedrooms. They can visit other historic buildings, such as the Old Courthouse and George Caleb Bingham's house. They get to learn about the history of Arrow Rock and the "Boone's Lick Country" through exhibits and audio-visual presentations in the visitor center. The historic site is part of the larger Village of Arrow Rock, which features quaint stores and several antique shops.
Daniel Boone Home in Defiance, MO
The Historic Daniel Boone Home is nestled upon the rolling hills of wine country and overlooks the Femme Osage Valley. This beautiful setting represents life in the early 1800s and brings the legacy of Daniel Boone to life. Within the thick limestone walls, stories of a daring man offer a glimpse into family matters, risky adventures and hard-fought battles.
Today the Boone Home overlooks the village, a simulated town comprised of more than a dozen 19th Century buildings. Each building originated from within 50 miles of the property. Buildings such as the general store, school house and grist mill offer a peek into life on the Missouri frontier.
BizTown in St. Louis
BizTown provides an amazing opportunity for students to get a real feel for how their community works together for the benefit of the residents. Unlike most field trips, students prepare weeks in advance for their participation.
Mrs. Hill is the 4th grade teacher, and she says that teachers spend about 10-12 weeks preparing for the trip. They present lessons on financial literacy (checkbooks, savings, and other banking terms), community (rights and responsibilities of a citizen), work readiness (filling out a job application, interview skills, and soft skills), and business management (working in business teams to start and run a business). This all culminates in their BizTwon day where students work at their job for a day and earn a paycheck. Possible jobs include CEO, CFO, directors of organizations, principal, teachers, security, mayor, on-air talent (for radio and TV), sales associates and others! A few businesses at BizTown are Smokehouse Mrket, Print Shop, AT&T, Utilities, City Hall, First Bank, and many others. Students also get the opportunity to be consumers and spend money they earn from their jobs at the various businesses throughout their day. Kids come away with snacks, balls, toys, and stuffed animals. They can even rent a cell phone for the day from AT&T. It is such a fun experience!