Like many items of the Victorian Era, the Avalon House was built with painstaking detail: Black exterior scrollwork; stained glass windows; decorative exterior corbels; interior molding with bullseye plinth blocks; a pebble dash exterior finish incorporating beach stones, shells and sea glass from the Jersey Shore; and a third-story tower with a view of the Atlantic Ocean. When George W. Kates—Avalon, New Jersey’s first tax assessor—built the home in 1895 to serve as his summer cottage, he incorporated these distinct features to rival other Queen Anne-style homes built around the same period.
That history would have been forever lost to time if not for the efforts of one the home’s previous occupants to relocate the home—once slated for demolition—and restore it to its original charm in a neighboring town 20 miles away. Renters will soon be able to enjoy all of the Victorian charm and craftsmanship of the newly restored Avalon House at its new home in Cape May, New Jersey.
With its prominent tower, wrap-around porch, and traditional cedar shake siding exterior, the home was a distinctive feature of Avalon until 2017, when the home was sold to a developer who planned to level the historic property to make way for new construction. As it was one of the few remaining Victorian-era homes left standing in Avalon, the Scharnikow family that had owned the home from the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s made an effort to preserve the home as a historic city landmark. Unfortunately, the landmark designation was not granted, so the family bought back the home for $1 with the stipulation it would be relocated.
The Avalon House was disassembled and moved north to a muddy storage yard in Egg Harbor Township, where it sat in pieces for more than a year while the Scharnikow family obtained the permits to physically transport the home 40 miles south to a plot in Cape May. Sitting in the mud without a foundation for more than a year, however, took a toll on the home’s flooring, exterior, and structural elements. By the time the home reached its final destination in Cape May, much of the home was in need of a serious facelift.
After the harrowing move, the Scharnikow family took great effort to retain the original circa 1895 appearance of the house while blending elements of old and new to make it comfortable and functional for the 21st century. Modern improvements included an addition doubling the home’s square footage from 1,820 to 3,559 square feet, converting the layout from a 3 bed/2 bath to a 6 bed/5 bath, bringing all of the plumbing and electrical up to code, and adding closest space. The family also maintained or restored many of the original Victorian features, including much of the original wood flooring and stained glass windows; classic light fixtures; and an original claw foot tub from the late 1800s. Two feet of height was added to the home’s third-story viewing tower for a better view of the coastline.
"I really took my time researching the house and had George Kates in mind when putting the house back together," said Scharnikow. "I studied pictures and even interviewed older family members to recreate certain elements lost to time. I found a single piece of black scrollwork under the old cedar shingles in one area of the house and recreated it to go around the entire house. My overall philosophy was not to move an old house to make it look modern—it had to be updated for the year 2020, but retain its Victorian cottage roots."
One area that needed attention was the home’s original cedar shake siding. Much of it was soft or rotted after spending months in storage. The Scharnikow family turned to Paul Burgin Builders of Cape May, which selected CertainTeed Cedar Impressions polymer shingles to recreate the aesthetic of the home’s original cedar shingles without the maintenance challenges typically associated with traditional wood shingles.
"The siding is by far the single most significant element to the home’s exterior," said company owner Paul Burgin. "It’s the entire shell of the house, and being in such a highly visible location, I wanted it to be era-appropriate, appealing and interesting. It also has to survive the test of time, which is why I was so attracted to CertainTeed and the various shingle shapes that were available, especially the half-cove, which I thought would really stand out for areas like the tower."
Burgin utilized a combination staggered shingles on the front and older sides of the house; scalloped, octagon, and half-cove shingles on the front, gable, and tower; and sawmill shingles on the majority of the addition, which was built onto the back of the home. In all, 5,400 square-feet of polymer siding were used to restore the Avalon House’s original, off-white façade for decades to come.
No one was happier with the restoration of the Avalon House than the home’s owner, Adrienne Scharnikow.
"I regularly catch people stopping to take pictures, which is the icing on the cake," said Scharnikow. "We were so happy to be able to maintain the historic look while also upgrading to longer-lasting materials. I couldn’t be more pleased with the way the Avalon House turned out."
For more information on visiting the Avalon House: www.vrbo.com


Shaun Bailey is a Conservative member of the London Assembly.
Windrush Day is a special anniversary for me. 70 years ago, HMT Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks and marked the beginning of one of the most significant contributions to British life in the last century. The passengers on board this ship came with ambition, skills, and a desire to play a part in the UK’s reconstruction after World War Two. On Windrush Day, it is more important than ever to shine a light on what made this event so integral to the Britain we live in today.


UNG professor and students explore Sicily's ancient past
2017 Sep 14
This summer, University of North Georgia (UNG) assistant professor Dr. William Balco stood on the Sicilian ground occupied by inhabitants during the Iron Age and relished learning new elements about their civilization.
The anthropology coordinator took nine UNG students to Monte Bonifato, a forested mountain in northwestern Sicily. The students spent four weeks searching for artifacts from multiple ancient cultures who populated the area during the past 3,000 years.


The Salvation Army began its work in London, England, in 1865 when William Booth, a minister, abandoned the conventional concept of a church and a pulpit and took his message of hope to the poor, the homeless, the hungry and the destitute. By 1867 The Salvation Army had developed into a ministry offering basic schooling, reading rooms, penny banks, soup kitchens and relief aid to the destitute.
The Salvation Army began its work in Canada in 1882, just fifteen years after Confederation, and quickly began giving hope to those in need in this country.
The first open-air ‘meetings’, or worship services, were held in Toronto in January 1882, and in London, Ontario, five months later. These were led by British immigrants who had known the Army in their homeland. Official Salvation Army operations began in July of that year when Major Thomas Moore arrived from the U.S. headquarters to take charge. By then there were 11 ‘corps’ or church congregations in Ontario, and a year later Canada was declared an independent ‘territory’, responsible for its own governance within the worldwide organization.
From the beginning, the Army in Canada adopted founder William Booth’s philosophy that there is little point preaching ‘salvation’ to hungry people. And so the concept of ‘soup, soap and salvation’ took hold, later to be developed into the comprehensive social service programs The Salvation Army operates today, many of them in partnership with government.
When the Army came to Canada, there was much opposition to its methods from civic politicians and other entrenched interests in the early days, and Salvationists were often beaten and jailed for their activities in the streets of Canada’s cities and towns. Despite this, there was eventual acceptance of the movement as it demonstrated the social benefits that accrued from its activities. The men’s social work began in 1890 with a Prison Gate Home in Toronto. The same year a children’s shelter was opened. The first maternity home was opened in Saint John, NB, in 1898, precursor to The Salvation Army Grace Hospitals. In 1901 The Salvation Army recommended to the federal government that a prisoner probation system be adopted, leading to Canada’s first parole program. In 1908 salvage work (now called ‘recycling’) began in Toronto, leading to the well-known Thrift Stores. In 1911 the first juvenile detention centre was established in Manitoba and turned over to the Army to operate. That same year a farm colony was established in Coombs, BC.
The Salvation Army’s status in Canada was entrenched in law in 1909 when parliament passed an Act giving the organization legal standing, its governance to be conducted by The Governing Council of The Salvation Army in Canada, a structure that continues to this day. The Canadian Territory was initially led by British and American officers, but by 1903 a consolidated Training College was opened in Toronto, allowing Canadian Salvationists to take more leadership responsibility.
In 1914 the Army shared in the national tragedy of the sinking of The Empress of Ireland in the St. Lawrence. On board were 167 Salvationists, bound for an international congress in London. Most of them, including the national commander and members of the Canadian Staff Band, were drowned. The Staff Band was not re-formed until 1969.
Canada’s involvement in the Great War of 1914-1918 saw the appointment of the first Salvation officer as a chaplain in the Canadian armed forces, and the donation of five motor ambulances to forces serving overseas. At the end of the war, military hostels were opened in Kingston, London, Toronto, Winnipeg and other cities, for returning soldiers.
Innovation in social services continued even as the organization matured: the first seniors’ residence, or Eventide Home, was opened in Edmonton in 1926, and Grace Hospitals were opened in major cities across the country.
The onset of World War II found the Army accompanying Canada’s armed forces overseas not only as chaplains but as the operators of Maple Leaf Clubs, providing rest and relaxation for the troops.
By the end of the war, there were clubs in Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland and India. They were mostly staffed by Salvation Army Auxiliaries, some of them as young as twenty years old. They provided a taste of home, with Canadian cooking, mail forwarding and social activities, including dances and short-term accommodation. On the home front at the end of the war, Salvationists at Canadian ports welcomed the ‘war brides’ of Canadian servicemen.
In the post-war years, further social service innovations included an anti-suicide bureau and victim witness assistance programs, the latter eventually being absorbed by the criminal justice system.
The Salvation Army’s quasi-military structure allows the ability to quickly respond to urgent needs – the Halifax explosion, Winnipeg flood, Quebec ice storm and 9/11 to name a few. As the ethnic and cultural makeup of the country changed, so did the demographics of the Army. Salvationists now formally worship in 11 languages and provide services in many others.
The Canadian Salvation Army has produced many outstanding leaders, not only for the domestic scene but also for the international movement. In 1975 Clarence Wiseman was elected General (international leader) of The Salvation Army, to be succeeded in 1977 by Arnold Brown. Bramwell Tillsley became General in 1993 but had to retire the following year due to ill health. In 2011 Linda Bond was elected the 19th General. In 2018, Brian Peddle, became the 21st General of The Salvation Army, which currently has more than a million members and serves in 131 countries.
The Salvation Army is now the largest non-governmental direct provider of social services in the country, serving over 1.7 million people each year, in 400 communities across Canada. The Salvation Army offers practical assistance for children and families, often tending to the basic necessities of life, provides shelter for homeless people and rehabilitation for people who have lost control of their lives to an addiction.
The Salvation Army’s Christmas Kettle Campaign has raised funds for more than 125 years to meet its demand for services. The Campaign has grown into one of Canada’s most significant and recognizable annual charitable events.
To accommodate the changing times, The Salvation Army in Canada continues to evolve. While the same values and goals still exist, new, innovative and effective programs such as community kitchens, skills-training and addictions day-treatment programs are addressing rising community needs.
Today, in Canada, The Salvation Army has nearly 700 active officers (clergy), more than 16,000 soldiers (church members) and over 32,000 adherents – those who call the Army their church home, but who are not formal members. There are more than 300 corps (churches) and over 130 social service institutions of various kinds. As well, there are over 130,000 volunteers and more than 9,000 people employed by The Salvation Army in the Canada and Bermuda Territory. More than 20 Canadian officers and lay-staff also serve in other countries from The Caribbean to Papua New Guinea.
The Salvation Army is currently active in 131 countries with a mission to meet human needs, without discrimination, be transforming influences and promote the dignity of all persons.


Airwan Temple: The pride of Kathua
Dr. Narinder Paul
Airwan Temple is situated at village Airwan near Nagri-Parole in district Kathua of Jammu and Kashmir and is situated at about 15 Km West to the district Headquarters. There is a famous Lord Shiva Temple located at village believed to have been built during the 4th century A.D. and is the most prominent sacred as well as historical place in the district. There are many schools of thought relating to the origin of the name of the village. Some believe that the village Airwan got its name from Airawat, the famous white elephant of Lord Indra, the King of Paradise (Swarag Lok). The records available with the district administration reveal that the village derives its name from the adjoining Ravi River. Literally speaking, Airwan is a splited word – “Air” means air which enlivens the entire biolife and “wan” means gain or win means win over the air which supports the life. It is a small village well irrigated by the natural springs and covered by the lush green foliage.
The temple can be reached from the National Highway 1-A from three different routes. Firstly from Kathua town, secondly from Palli Morh and thirdly from Saktechack Morh. It lies at about 15-20 Km from the district headquarters from these different routes. Different sources of transportation i.e. buses, metadoors etc. are available to reach there and one more prominent features is that the traditional horse driven carts are still major source of transportation on this road particularly from Nagri to Airwan temple and vice versa. Villages which surround the Airwan temple are Barmora, Nangal, Pandori, Padyal, Sadyal, Jamraal, Sumwan, Jagaien etc. All the villages surrounding the temple possess well irrigated land and have very excellent agriculture potential.
As per the available legends, Airwan is the place when Airawat was reborn. One legend says that famous king elephant Airawat was revived from one of the superb springs at this place. The legend says that: while the river Ganga was being brought from the heaven to the earth, its flow was obstructed from a big stony mountain in her way. Every effort was made to remove that obstruction but all in vein. It then came to be known that the obstruction could be removed only by Lord Indra’s King elephant Airawat. Accordingly, prayer was made to Lord Indra to send his elephant to do this job for the welfare of the living beings on earth. He agreed and the Airawat removed that obstruction. After doing the job, Airawat became prideful of his might and said that the flow of Ganga had been with its blessings. Reacting to it Maa Ganga Ji decided to teach him a lesson that he is not as mighty as he is prideful of. The flow of Ganga Ji increased and it washed away the proudy elephant with its streams. It carried away the elephant by its mighty flow to the underground of earth called “Pataal Lok.” The stream of Ganga ji flown to the Patal Lok was named as Patal Ganga or Gupt Ganga as it flew secretly under the earth.
After hearing that his loving elephant has been washed away by the strong springs of Ganga, Lord Indra was much bothered. Immediately he reached the earth along with other Devtas of Dev Lok and became anxious of getting his beloved elephant back. He was then told by Narad Muni to meditate hard for Lord Shiva who could bless him with his elephant. Acting on the advice, Lord Indra meditated hard upon Lord Shiva. After being happy over the meditation, Lord Shiva appeared there and blessed him that he will get his elephant back from Gupt Ganga. Cosequently, Airawaat came out of the Patal Lok via a spring on the earth. The place where Lord Shiva appeared was left with small natural lingum of Shiva which later came to be known as “Aap Shambhu”. Ashok Jerath writes in his famous book “Dogra legends of art and culture” that at Airwan, where Lord Indra had meditated, a temple in commemoration was erected by a king named Govind Chand. However, available historical literature reveal that the temple of Lord Shiva at Airwan was built by King Vikramiditya during 4th century. One more legend says that an Anonymous devotee of Lord Shiva from Village Nagri used to visit village “Rakh Sihari” daily for worship of Lord Shiva as there was no temple nearby. One day he could not reach there due to the flood in the river Ujh and it filled him with grief. That night Lord Shiva appeared in his dream and asked him to excavate a place at Airwan where he will find its divine lingum. He acted and found the lingum upon which later on a temple was erected.
The temple is a place of attraction for the devotees of Lord Shiva all over the J&K, addjoing Paunjab, Himachal, Haryana and other states. Annual fairs are held at the temple during Maha Shivratri and Baisakhi festivals. People throng the temple to take holy dip on ‘‘Chaitra Chaturaash’ (in March) every year and pay obeisance to the sacred shrine of lord Shiva. The sacred stream of Gupt Ganga through which Airawat was regained by Lord Indra is considered as pious as Ganga. There are bowlies near the temple where pilgrims take bath before worship. During aikadshi people take holy dip in the stream as it is believed that it enables them to get rid of their sins. Moreover, people who cannot afford to flow the mortal remains of their dears at Haridwar immerse them in the stream and hence it is considered as sacred to the mortal beings even after their death.
(The Author is Agriculture Extension Officer)


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Adonia was a movable festival that took place in ancient Athens (and possibly Rome) in what is now July or August, traditionally nine days after the 7th new moon of the year, or the 9th of the month of Hekatombion and lasting till the full moon. The fixed date of July 19th is used today by some traditions


Last Updated on Wednesday, 07 October 2009 18:33
Written by By Martha B. Denton, Roanoke Rapids Chapter #2332, Roanoke Rapids, N.C.
Wednesday, 07 October 2009 17:56
The cemetery will be dedicated Sunday, October 11, 2009 at 2 p.m. The unmarked burial area will now have a large marble marker inscribed with every name of the 170 soldiers buried here. Attached is the list of soldiers, as well as photos of the burial site. Below is a history of the cemetery compiled by Martha Denton of the Roanoke Rapids Chapter of the NC Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The UDC maintains ownership of the cemetery and has raised the funds over the past year to clear the cemetery of debris and overgrowth and to create and install the marker.
“During the War Between the States, the town of Weldon, North Carolina, was a very important point,” writes Mrs. Ida Wilkins, President of the Junius Daniel Chapter UDC in the Confederate Veteran Magazine 1928 about “The Soldiers’ Burying Ground.” The town was situated directly on the line of four important railroads. One of these was the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, the longest railroad in the world at that time, and also known as the “Lifeline of the Confederacy.” These railroads, the Wilmington & Weldon, the Raleigh & Gaston, the Seaboard & Roanoke, and the Petersburg Railroad were the main arteries for the transportation of both troops and provisions from the South to Richmond and the Army of Northern Virginia. Thousands of Confederate soldiers were kept in and around Weldon at all times. At first many of these soldiers, unused to camp life, suffered from diseases of various kinds, and many died. There being no hospitals at this time, the homes of the citizens were opened to them, and they were nursed with loving care during the winter of 1861-62. A small wooden Methodist chapel, the only one in Weldon, was taken and filled up by the government as a hospital. This was enlarged and equipped as a regular, though rough and temporary, hospital structure. Mr. W. N. McGee, of the New Orleans Zouaves, was detailed as officer in charge. Numerous wounded soldiers were brought here for treatment. During the war approximately 165 soldiers died and were buried on a beautiful elevation on the west side of town. It has since been known as the “Soldiers’ Burying Ground.” A list of these men was kept by Mr. John K. Campbell, a prominent citizen of the town. The graves were not numbered or marked. Mr. Campbell died in 1865, and though this list was found in his papers, it was not preserved.
In the years that followed, efforts were made to restore and preserve the graveyard, but these were ineffectual. The land belonged to a woman who would not sell it or permit its improvement. She passed away and the land was sold to uninterested persons. The cemetery fell into a sad state, leading a concerned Confederate veteran to write an article in the local paper, THE ROANOKE NEWS on May 28, 1896. It was titled “Unmarked Graves” and reads as follows: “At this, the season of flowers, and the time of the year when our beloved dead are being honored and memorial services are being held all over the fair Southland, the thought occurs to me, why is it that there has never been a word said about the Confederate dead who sleep in the old graveyard near the banks of the Chockoyotte? It seems to me there might be some means of at least knowing who they were, where they were from, and how they died. I have been told that quite a number fill those unknown graves, and why should they not be remembered? As we have no local record of those who died and were buried here I suppose there is no way at this late date of finding out who they were, but if there are those whose duty it is to look after these things I would be very glad indeed if it could be done, as I know these gave up all for the lost cause, as well as those whose graves are marked by marble shafts and are on each returning spring crowned with the emblems of immortality.”
According to the Confederate Veteran Magazine
article, “the exact plot of the soldiers’ cemetery came into the hands of a highly respected Negro, David Smith, who said he had known of these men and learned to love them, and he would give the land to the local U.D.C.” The gift was gratefully accepted on March 13, 1913; the plot was surveyed, and the three-fourths acre of land was deeded to the Junius Daniel Chapter and properly recorded. On one corner of the lot sloping down to Chockoyotte Creek are the remains of an old breastworks, built in the 1860’s for the protection of Weldon.
On May 10, 1913, the Junius Daniel Chapter held their first Confederate Memorial Day Service at the Soldiers’ Burying Ground. The graves were decorated with flowers and a pledge was made to have it in fine condition by the next Memorial Day. The chapter was organized August 29, 1902, and through the years the chapter pleaded with the community for help in maintaining this special place since there were no funds for its upkeep. There were many efforts by local government and civic groups that helped the ladies to preserve the grounds, but as they feared, this sacred plot always returned to a wilderness of briers, vines, bushes, trees and trash. Sadly this Chapter was disbanded in 1986.
In the fall of 2004 this Cemetery was formally deeded to the N C Division. A plea was answered once again when the General Matt W. Ransom Camp # 861 SCV came forward with their assistance in cleaning of the cemetery. The City of Weldon also assisted in the clean up effort by hauling away trash and debris after the work days. Members of the Roanoke Rapids Chapter # 2332 assisted with the work days and served refreshments. Over the past four years the area has been cleared of trees, undergrowth, vines and trash. During this period, weed killer was applied and the grounds raked, mowed, and grass seed was sown. It is finally a serene place of beauty!
This article is written with the hope that it may perhaps reach the eyes of someone who recognizes an ancestor’s name or remembers the town of Weldon, N.C. Below is a list of soldiers who died at the Wayside Hospital and are presumed buried in the “Soldiers’ Burying Ground”. The North Carolina Division plans to place a monument at the cemetery with the names of these soldiers. An October 11, 2009, dedication ceremony is planned with the public invited to attend. You can support this Division project by “Adopting a Soldier:” For at least $30.00, a soldier’s name, unit, state, and date of death can be engraved on the monument. Most of the soldiers are from North Carolina, but some are from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia. Anyone contributing to the “Adopt a Soldier” Project will be listed in the N. C. Division Minutes Book. You can adopt as many soldiers as you wish. The cemetery is the property of the North Carolina Division UDC and the Roanoke Rapids Chapter # 2332 serves as custodian of the cemetery. Checks should be made payable to the “NC Division Treasurer” and mailed to Caroline N. Odom, 4625 Bennett Memorial Road, Durham, N.C. 27705-2366. On the memo line, please write: “Adopt a Soldier Project-Weldon Cemetery”.
Let us do our duty and care for this cemetery as the Old Confederate veteran requested in 1896. By erecting this monument we will honor these soldiers that have lain here unknown for so long, and remember they gave their all for the cause so many years ago.-“Lest we forget.”
Confederate Deaths (19.5 kB)
Bibliography- Weldon Cemetery Article by Martha Denton
1. The Roanoke News
May 28, 1896
March 13, 1913
May 15, 1913
May 14, 1914
March 16, 1922
2. The Confederate Veteran 1928
3. The First Railroad Hub in the South, Weldon, N.C. – Larry Denton,
ACL/SAL Railroad Historical Society, Inc.
magazine-Lines South 1999, 1st quarter
Lines South 1999, 2nd quarter
4. The Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, “The Lifeline of the Confederacy- from a speech by Larry Denton to the Children of the Confederacy N C Division Convention-2000
5. Confederate Deaths and Burials in Weldon, NC 1861-1865. Information compiled in 1992 by Raymond W. Watkins, Falls Church, VA. From Record Group 109, the compiled Confederate military service records found in the Nat’l Archives, Washington, D.C.
6. Chapter Histories, North Carolina Division , UDC 1897-1947
7. Minutes of the Sixteenth Annual Convention of the UDC, NC Division at Salisbury NC October 9, 10, 11, 1912.


Oviedo Florida History
If you are looking to buy or sell a house in Oviedo, Florida, this is the place to be. Here is all you need to know before you pack your float and head out to start a new life in Ovieso Florida. If you are interested in buying property in or near Ovyingo in Florida, look for the latest listings of properties for sale in and around Ovyingo. From here you can plan a property show, request information on the sale of your home inside or outside of Ovieda Florida and search for all late listings for house sales in Ovieda. You can also search Oviatedo's real estate listings on MLS for houses, apartments, condos, townhouses and more.
Oviedo is also a city in northern Spain and is the twin city of Ovieda, Florida, but the original Ovyingo was abbreviated from the city of Aulin, a city in northern Spain founded in the 8th century and known as the capital of the province of Castile - La Mancha (now Spain). Spanish explorers who discovered Florida and settled there and renamed this city Ovieso in honor of their discovery of Florida. In 1879 he was appointed the first mayor of an area formerly called Jesup Lake settlement, and in 1870 he emigrated to OvIEDO. Visit the city's historic site, historic City Hall and historic buildings and learn more about the city and what inspired it in the Sunshine State.
Today, Oviedo is pronounced differently than o - vee - dough, but Aulin liked the idea of having a Spanish name for the state that fits, so he decided to call his post office location OvIEDO. The connection between Citya and Ovyingo in Spain still exists and is still used today as the town hall of the city of Ovieso.
The Spanish town of the same name, which postmaster Andrew Aulin saw on a map, he called Oviedo. There is indeed another city in Spain called Ovyingo, founded much earlier, in the 8th century, but it was the first city Andrew saw and he liked the idea of giving his post office a Spanish heritage, and the State of Florida joined it.
When Seminole County was separated from Orange County in 1913, Oviedo was a congregation of 500 people, and when it was incorporated in 1925, it had grown to 800. When the first post office was founded to honour the Spanish heritage of the state, Andrew Aulin called the settlement "Ovyingo." Juan Ponce de Leon founded a settlement on his land with a group of colonists, including a priest. The ruins are still a historic landmark in the USA and also the site of one of the oldest churches in Florida, the Church of the Holy Cross.
New businesses and industries soon followed, and many of them moved to Oviedo from other parts of Florida, such as Florida State University and the University of South Florida. New companies and industries soon followed, some moving to Ovyingo and others from other parts of the state.
Chickens are a common sight in historic downtown Oviedo, which is most often seen wandering through the bushes, enjoying the good weather in Florida and occasionally stopping traffic as they cross the road. Many ancient artefacts from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dating back to 2000 years ago, were allegedly excavated here.
The area around Oviedo was and is sparsely populated, apart from a few Seminoles and African-American volunteers who were associated with the Seminole tribe known as Black Seminoles in what was then Spanish Florida. To prevent it from becoming part of Ovieso Chuluota, Seminolo County recognized Taintsville as a township. The area that comprises OvIEDo is and has always been sparsely populated, apart from the few Seminoles, African-American freelancers and some of them who in the early years of the Spanish rule of what was then Spanish Florida belonged to the Seminole tribes known for their black skin and black hair. However, this is the area that is not yet closest to a full-fledged city.
The adjacent Central Florida Research Park, originally founded in 1978, is now the largest research park in Florida. At this time, the Oviedo - Chuluota - Taintsville Research and Education Center was selected as the location of Florida's first research center, the Florida Institute of Natural Resources. The adjacent Central Florida Research Park, originally founded in 1976, and the adjacent Florida International University Research & Education Centre, both in Taintville, have since become the larger research parks in Florida.
Although the city has traditionally been rural, there has been an influx of new developments in recent years to support its rapid growth. Although the city of Oviedo - Chuluota - Taintsville, Florida, a city that has historically been rural but has experienced an exodus from the countryside to the cities due to lack of development space, new developments have supported the rapid growth of this city. While the village of Chulula, Florida, is a traditionally rural town, but is experiencing an exodus to the city where land is lacking for development, newer developments are being supported.


The Rutherford County Schools Education Foundation is proud to introduce the first class of Rutherford County Schools Hall-of-Fame Inductees. On the evening of Saturday, April 13th 2013, the Education Foundation inducted the inaugural class into the Hall-of-Fame.
The inaugural class includes:
For other years, please visit the RCS Hall of Fame page
RCS Hall of Fame >


At Hogwarts, the Sorting Hat was a living magical hat that identified which one of the four Houses every new student belonged to the most. Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin were the four Houses. Godric Gryffindor, was one of Hogwarts’ four founders, was the initial owner of the Sorting Hat. It was generally kept in the Headmaster’s office before it was required.
In a series of songs, the famed Hogwarts sorting hat quiz recounted its origins. There at beginning of each term year, the first-year pupils were queued up and their names were read out alphabetically. The hat was then placed on each person’s head as they sat on a stool.
By 1991, the hat had become damaged and worn; it was patched, tattered, and filthy. A tear all along the brim expanded like a mouth to speak and sing. It communicated to the wearer within the hat in a little, quiet voice, utilising Legilimency to interpret and respond to their thoughts. After some deliberation, the hat proclaimed its decision loudly for everyone to listen, and the student was sent to the chosen residence. The evaluation period ranged from less than a second to more than 5 minutes (known as “hatstall”).
The sorting hat quiz seemed legendary for refusing to accept that it had ever sorted a pupil incorrectly. When Slytherins acted altruistically or selflessly, Ravenclaws flunked all of their examinations, Hufflepuffs were lazy but academically bright, and Gryffindors were cowardly, the Hat stood firm in its initial choice. On the whole, though, the Hat has made very few mistakes throughout its many years of operation.
According to legend, the Sorting Hat was fashioned around a thousand years ago and originated as a regular hat owned by Godric Gryffindor. When Gryffindor and the other founders, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw, and Helga Hufflepuff, questioned how they would continue to sift the students after the four were gone, Gryffindor removed his hat from his head and charmed it with their collective wisdom. All four founders sought to guarantee that students were assigned to their eponymous homes, which were chosen based on each founder’s student preferences.
The Sorting Hat, fully alive, was responsible for sorting and splitting students into Hogwarts Houses, and did so for a millennium, handing it down to every new Headteacher of the institution. It is kept on a bookshelf in the existing Headmaster’s or Headmistress’s room while not in use.
One of the creators so far, the only known relics, Godric Gryffindor’s Sword, could be magically plucked out from the hat by any Gryffindor deemed worthy, no despite how secure the sword’s placement. It was uncertain why it was possible, but it was associated with extreme allegiance to Hogwarts.


You might know that this blog, Quarters One, began at Fort Riley, KS when my husband was the Commanding General of the 1st Infantry Division and we lived the commander’s home known as Quarters One. Every year, HASFR ( the Historical and Archaeological Society of Fort Riley) hosts a Christmas Tour of Homes…not just one you tour by computer but one you actually attend! It’s magnificent and magical and so much fun to see how people decorated their historic quarters.
Their recent tour, posted on social media, got me feeling nostalgic and I thought I would share some photos from our time there at Christmas.
Thanks to the magic of my dear friends Rick and Rob at Gatherings at 3 Thirteen (formerly known as Gatherings on the Prairie) Quarters One was turned into a Christmas wonderland!
My photography skills have come a long way since these days!!
|A Christmas welcome from the Big Red One!|
|This sweet reindeer was just passing through but he was a great touch to our decor!|
|This was really my excuse for not wanting to vacuum on this side…|
|Everything on the porch got touch of fresh greenery.|
|Our theme this year was Woodsy Glam.|
lots of natural elements mixed in with silver, velvet, and crystal.
|We had the same Christmas decor on our stairs for the past 7 years, it was time to change it up and we did! The birdhouse added a touch of whimsy and accentuated our outdoor theme.|
|One of the five fireplaces in Q1…this tile came from Italy and symbolizes our much loved 173d Airborne Brigade.|
|This fireplace is reserved for Santa!|
|A little angel reading a “book” we added a few pages of our own to make it a Christmas story.|
|Italian stockings made by my friend, Aly. The painting is a Rembrandt reproduction found at a market in Italy, he reminds me a little of St. Nick!|
|‘Tis the season to be Joyful! We decorated both sets of dining room chairs.|
|The dining room sideboard.|
|An ornament given to me by a German friend.|
|My very favorite room! An antique corbel makes a great centerpiece and the oyster shells are votive holders.|
|Over sized sugar bowls serve as mini soup tureens.|
|We’ve used the “Duty First” ribbon a lot! It came from StationaryStudio.com.|
|This is the island in the kitchen and it is where we always eat when it’s just the two of us. The Big Red One glasses belong to Quarters One.|
|We moved this desk into the kitchen from the living room, it really “cozied” up the big space!|
|We had over 200 visitors on the Tour of Homes, our Historical Society did a magnificent job!|
|There goes Leigh, our HASFR president and the head docent for the day at Quarters One. I loved the period costume she wore, it added a great touch to the event. For more Christmas pictures of Quarters One visit us at www.facebook.com/Quartersone!|
Thank you for taking this Christmas stroll down memory lane with me! I have lots of photos of our former military quarters from Fort Riley, Fort Myer, and Fort Meade on the Quarters One Facebook page!
With Gratitude, Shand


My sister and I spent three perfect days in California last December.
We flew into San Francisco and drove down Highway One to Cambria (see that post here),
took an impromptu trip from Cambria to
Walmart Paso Robles (see that post here),
and visited the astoundingly beautiful Hearst Castle (see part 1 of our Hearst Castle tour here
and part 2 of our Hearst Castle tour here).
In 1957, it was donated (!) to the State of California and it is now a historical monument.
Three different tours of the castle are offered. The Grand Rooms Museum Tour offers the social rooms of the main house (this is the tour recommended for first time visitors). The Upstairs Suites Tour includes the private rooms of Mr. Hearst, including his study and his library, and several guest rooms. The Cottages and Kitchen Tour include the wine cellar, tours of two guest cottages and, of course, the kitchen. All tours include time outside in the gardens and both amazing swimming pools, as well as a 40 minute movie
(on a 5-story screen!) giving the history of building the castle.
Every time this magical trip to California starts to seem like a dream, I do a blog post and viola!
December seems just like yesterday.
Sandy and I took the Grand Rooms and the Upstairs Suites tours.
Each tour is about 40 minutes, and is guided by extremely knowledgeable tour guides.
Mr. Hearst was quite the entertainer and his many and frequent house guests
were accommodated in extreme luxury.
Naturally, a winding staircase is a must in any castle ...
Many - probably most - of the architectural features came from authentic and
(obviously) old castles from around the world.
These two carvings were on bedroom doors ...
The corridor was dark, and I wasn't able to get a clear photo of the woman above ...
but she clearly did not want you knocking at that door ...
and she really looked as though she were going to step right out of that wood work
and give you a piece of her mind!
The clothes that you see laid out are period appropriate,
and could have been worn at the castle back in its hey day when Mr. Hearst
was entertaining movie stars and socialites.
Mr. Hearst considered the ability to stay connected of great importance.
There are many telephones in the castle, which for the time was unusual.
And if you didn't want to make a phone call,
perhaps dashing off a quick letter about your visit on a typewriter would suffice?
This is Mr. Hearst's bedroom ...
and the painting on the right is his beloved mother. She took him for picnics on this site when he was a boy, and then made a grand tour of Europe with him that obviously influenced his tastes.
Adjoining Mr. Hearst's suite of rooms is the suite of rooms designated for his long time companion,
actress Marion Davies.
Evening tours are also offered in the fall and spring on weekends. It's truly enchanting to look up and see the lights of the castle twinkling on top of the hill.
But then, Hearst Castle in any light is a magical sight.
For more information about Hearst Castle, see http://www.hearstcastle.org/
and by all means ...
if you go ...
take me with you!


Kern County Scottish Society, Inc.
Located in the historic Kress Building
1401 19th St. Suite 105
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Kern County Scottish Society Board of Directors
Chieftain - Karen Abercrombie
Immediate Past Chieftain - Tony Urzanqui
Vice Chieftain - Bruce Marshall
Vice Chieftain - Marty Brownfield
Vice Chieftain - David Stroud
Treasurer/Vice Chieftain - Lisa Stroud
Secretary/Vice Chieftain - Kristi Wood
Board Members: Gary Lockhart, Jan Lockhart, Ted Nelson,
Holly Nelson, Erich Rodgers, Lori Figard, John Olinger, Joshua Manion
Kern County Scottish Society, Inc. a non-profit 501 (c)3 educational organization dedicated to preserving the American Scottish cultural heritage.
Established July 1971. Serving Bakersfield, Kern County and the great San Joaquin Valley of Central California.


With this book, the author (Senior Lecturer in Early Modern History at the University of Bristol) synthesizes scholarly research on the history of European Jewry from the late fifteenth to the late seventeenth century. It results in a concise but very informative overview of the situation of Jews in the Christian West of the early Modern era. The seismic religious conflict inside the Christian Church, the Protestant Reformation, with its strong reference to the Bible (of which the first part de facto is the holy Book of the Jews) triggered a reformulation/reconsideration of the view on the Jews (both their religion and their presence). By the way, the author uses the term ‘Reformation’ as a generic term, not restricted to the Protestant Reformation(s), but referring to an amalgam of religious reforms, theological changes, and reformulations of the relation between ‘church and state’, that took place in the period at stake. This generic use is common to the Anglo-Saxon world but contested on the continent (mainly in Germany).
In telling the story of how European societies dealt with the Jews in their midst, the author moves beyond stereotypes about the relation between Jews and Christians (both theological and personal). The relevant events are treated with academic attention, perusing most recent scholarship in the field. After a timeline and an introduction (p. ix-xxv), follow eight chapters (p. 1-204), of which the titles and subtitles are telling. So instead of a summary, I simply quote them: A Contested Inheritance: Judaeo-Christian Relations on the Eve of the Reformation (1). A New Dawn? Re-evaluating the Jews at the Start of the Reformation Era (2). Dashed Hopes: Jews and the Early Reformation (3). People of the Book: The Reformed Church and Judaism (4). A Tridentine Response: The Catholic Church and the Jews (5). Fault Lines: Jews in a Confessionally Divided Christendom (6). Caught in the Crossfire: Jews and Christians in the Era of the Thirty Years War (7). Heightened Expectations: Messianism, Millenarianism and the Hope of Israel (8).
The book itself being summative, a summary is impossible. Some elements that caught my attention: In chapter 3 the city-reformation of Strasbourg is treated (Capito, Bucer). There true interest in Jewish scholarship (including rabbinica) went hand in hand with a very strict control on the presence of real Jews inside the city: a kind of ghetto without walls. Dealing with Geneva (Calvin) in chapter 4 Austin grasps the opportunity to introduce his hero, Giovanni Emmanuele Tremellio (1510), a baptised Jew, who then became the celebrated Hebrew Scholar and Bible translator: Emmanuel Tremellius (1510-1580). Austin dedicated his Ph.D. Research to him. Also interesting to read is the relative relevance of Jewish monotheism for Miguel Servet’s polemic against the doctrine of the Trinity. In chapters 3, 4, and 6 it becomes clear that the insistence on the ‘sola scriptura’ principle (source and yardstick of the Christian faith, including the Old Testament) in the long run also made a difference in the way ordinary people looked on the Jews and their traditions. Via Bible translations, and historical exegesis (sermons, lessons, and catechisms) the new views of the elite seeped through to the masses. The openness to Hebrew/Jewish Studies remained a characteristic in the Protestant Reformation, but was almost always accompanied by an act of usurping the Old Testament, often claiming the title of ‘Chosen people’ for the own Church (with proto-nationalist connotations). In the internal confessional divide between Lutherans and Reformed, the accusation of Judaizing became stock polemics on the part of the Lutherans against the Reformed (based on differing views on the way Christ is represented in the Old Testament). In the Tridentine Reformation (ch. 5) conversion of Jews became (remained) predominant. But whatever the new positions and attitudes towards the Jews might have become, all christian groups and countries remained united in their rejection of the Jewish religion (theological anti-Judaism), and Jewish people (proto anti-Semitism). The author, however, also makes clear that religious and secular motives (often economic or social) were so intertwined that they cannot really be disentangled. In this context the occasional outbursts of violence against Jewish communities are dealt with (ch. 7). The book ends with a survey of the messianic movement surrounding Sabbatai Zevi and the first tendencies inside Jewish communities in Europe to move to Palestine (ch. 8). The author suggests links between Jewish messianism and Christian millenarianism, both using kabbalistic calculations with regard to the coming of the Messiah. Christian millenarianism is often accompanied by the expectation of a Jewish conversion movement at the end of times (based on Romans 11,26). Judaizing practices in politics took the form of a sanctification of the Sabbath (on Saturday), or of a policy of tolerance among the Puritans (Cromwell) to include Jews while excluding Catholics.
After the conclusion (p. 205-214), follow the endnotes (40 pages), a relevant bibliography (30 pages), and an index (10 pages), all printed in small type. This succinct but scholarly overview deservers to become a handbook for students interested in the complex and intricate relation between Jews and Christians in early Modern Europe.
Kenneth Austin, The Jews and the Reformation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020. xxv, 295 p. ISBN 978-0-300-18269-1


San Francisco's Cable Car on Hyde Street with Alcatraz in the background.
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California.
San Francisco through the Golden Gate Bridge.
Seagull in San Francisco.
Golden Gate Bridge
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco.
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge in the evening.
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the bay waters in the evening.
The new Oakland Bay Bridge with Oakland city lights.
The New Oakland Bay Bridge
The new Oakland Bay Bridge.
Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California.
Alcatraz sign in the New Industries Building on The Rock.
Flowers on Alcatraz with San Francisco Bay and the Golden Gate Bridge.
The Painted Ladies, San Francisco, California.
San Francisco's 1907 Columbus Tower with the 1972 Transamerica Pyramid.
Columbus Tower (also known as the Sentinel Building) and the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, California.
Images © BottlebrushPhotography. A2S4AWP


In 1888 interest was shown in establishing a Cottage Hospital in Guernsey. A meeting was called and an Association of Subscribers was formed which raised funds to rent a house in Candie Road. This became known as The Victoria Cottage Hospital. With five beds, the hospital was opened by the Bailiff on the 1 st May 1888. Patients were charged according to their means with the balance of running costs raised through donations and subscriptions. Medical treatment was free.
In 1891 a new hospital was opened in Cambridge Park Road and the Candie Road premises were vacated.
In 1898 the Girls Industrial Home at Amherst closed and the premises were offered to the Victoria Cottage Hospital, together with £100 per annum for five years to help maintain and run the hospital. The offer was accepted. While the new hospital had 25 beds, only 16 were used at the outset.
In 1918 it was resolved to drop the word “Cottage” and the new name became The Victoria Hospital. Over the years various improvements were made to the hospital. In 1936 the funds of the hospital were incorporated and the name Victoria Hospital Incorporated was born. During 1938 the States approached the hospital with a view to it being included in the scheme for a general hospital which was being erected at Le Vauquiedor. The second World War intervened and in June 1940, at the beginning of the Occupation, the President of the Island Medical Services wrote to the committee stating that until further notice the Victoria Hospital Corporation is in abeyance.
All patients were moved to the Castel Hospital which served as an Emergency Hospital for the remainder of the Occupation years. The new hospital in Le Vauquiedor was used as the German Military Hospital.
In July 1945 the members of the Victoria Hospital Committee met and decided not to re-open the Victoria Hospital.
On the 9th December 1946, it was agreed to sell the buildings to the States for £10,932. These funds and other monies subsequently received were invested. The income from these investments are now distributed to the residents of the Bailiwick of Guernsey to assist with medical or medically related expenses.
The States named the Private Ward at the new Princess Elizabeth Hospital, Victoria Wing.


Many of the ancient people of Europe marked the end of harvest season and the beginning of winter by celebrating a holiday in late autumn. The most important of this holiday that influence later Halloween customs was Samhain, a holiday observed by the ancient Celts. A tribal people who inhabited most of western and central Europe in the first millenium BC. Among the Celts, Samhain marked the end of year and the beginning of the next. It was one of 4 Celtic holidays linked to important transition in the annual cycle of season.
Samhain began at sundown on October 31th and extended into following day. According to the Celts, pagan religion, known as Druidism, the spirit of those who has had died in the preceding year roamed the earth on samhain evening, the Celts sough toward of these spirits of offering of food and drinks. The celts also built bonfire at sacred hilltop sites and formed rituals, often involving human and animal sacrifies, to honour druid duties.
In Britain, Romans blended local Samhain customs with their own pagan harvest festival honoring pomona, goddess of fruit trees. Some scholars harvest suggested that the game of bobbing for apples derives from this association of the holiday with fruit.
In British folklore, small magical beings known as fairies become associated with Halloween mischief. The Jack O’Lantern, originally carved from large turnip rather than pumpkin, originated in Medieval Scotland. Various methods of preceding the future, especially concerning matters of romance and marriage, were also prominent features of Halloween throughout the British Isles.
Between the 15th and 117th centuries, Europe was seized by historical fear of switches, leading to persecution of thousand of innocent women. Witches were thought to ride flying a brooms and assume the form of black cats. These images of witches soon joined European superstition as symbols of Halloween.


The United States has historically been forced to try to influence events in the region from the “outside”—relying on diplomacy to deal with subjects such as the effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war Israeli/Palestinian conflict and the Kurdish question. · effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war After World War II, as both the United States and the Soviet Union competed for global power, Afghanistan increasingly turned to the Soviet Union for support after the United States established. " It was on effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war the ground and operating in Afghanistan just 15 days after the attacks, thus technically beginning the Afghanistan War.
By afghanistan the spring of over 1,000 US and 300 British troops had been killed. · Afghanistan War, effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war international conflict in Afghanistan beginning in that was triggered by the September 11 attacks and consisted of three phases. afghanistan In 1979, a year after a coup, the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan to support its communist. · Six words. War has many effects on a region, including economic, cultural, political, and social disruption. Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait. One of the 3 causes of the causes of the Afghanistan war was that the U.
Recovery for Afghanistan afghanistan has been a struggle. How the world&39;s civilized nations collectively fight against terrorism will determine the future course of international relations. That is what history would suggest. We use research and a public website to facilitate debate about the costs of the post-9/11 wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. We are witnessing a structural change every bit as significant as what occurred in 19. Attention had shifted to Iraq in 20, and now Obama was forced to escalate the war in Afghanistan.
· The effects of war on the environment can be devastating. The cost of caring for war veterans typically peaks in the three or four decades after a conflict, she said. The United States will effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war become the dominant military power in the region and will seek to influence events through direct action, as well as through diplomacy. Pre-war effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war speculation (often exaggerated) here yields to post-war realities. As was the case in the 1990s, when the UN failed to impose an effective, acceptable solution to the atrocities in Rwanda and Bosnia, the organization risks becoming irrelevant in determining the course of inte. The stakes are extremely high in a war on Iraq, for a variety of reasons.
In October, this figure has risen to 64 percent. Maur Sheil at the site of the Battle of the. That the UN passed a series of resolutions demanding the disarmament of Iraq over the past 12 years, that Iraq ignored them, and that there was no consequence for having ignored them, raises the afghanistan question of the relevance of UN-sponsored diplomacy. Note: See other terrorismarticles on IRMI. The impact of the change in international relations in the region that is likely to result from U. Ultimately, the war in Iraq is less about oil and more about influencing the course of events in the Middle effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war East.
involvement in the war in Afghanistan winds down, the brazen lethal attack effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war on the Karachi International airport by the Pakistani Taliban graphically highlights the principal unfortunate legacy of the needless nation-building Afghan conflict: the destabilization landscape of neighboring Pakistan. In 1979, a year after a coup, the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war to support its communist government. Those war landscape effects include elevated rates of disease due to lack of clean drinking water, malnutrition, and reduced access to health care. In this image by Irish landscape photographer Michael St. Arnold wrote this book at the point in time when the war reached the point of landscape stalemate.
His regime is increasingly desperate for cash and more restrictions will inevitably be placed effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war on North Korea&39;s missile and weapons exports. -led regime change in Iraq will be profound. Islamabad decided to become a party to the war at the behest of the West to achieve its own strategic goals - to. They often refrain from using factory-made explosives, for example, and instead use materials afghanistan that can be easily obtained from local sources (such effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war as ammonium nitrate). Perhaps the best example of this is the fact that Al Qaeda (AQ) used locally-sourced American-made materials (Boeing landscape airplanes) to effects destroy American targets on September 11. Iraq, Israel, and. Complicating the landscape further is the fact that so many tools of achieving m. Even today, a century after the start of the Great War, the countryside still bears scars.
This is a declassified document release from the CIA, written in 1983, analyzing the economic impacts of the Afghanistan war not only on the Soviet economy, but the economy of Afghanistan, depicting the disastrous effects of the war on the effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war Central Asian trade. The highest precipitation occurs in the Kabul region of the northeast. Following its independence, Amanullah attempted to modernize and incorporate Afghanistan into world affairs. Impacts of war include species loss, habitat destruction, and the loss of protections. Before the war with the United States, they were engaged in a civil war, which came following a war with the Soviet Union in the 1980s, so there has been little effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war time for the country to find relief. Though the Afghanistan war initially was visualized by Soviet leaders as a small-scale intervention, it grew into a decade-long war involving nearly. · Lasting Effects.
The war has awakened in the American people an interest in geography, an appreciation of the significance of geographic factors in effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war the control of industrial and commercial life. effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war Collins “Understanding War in Afghanistan is an excellent primer on a hugely complex conflict. In the 18 months that have passed since the events of 9/11, the world has changed in many profound ways. Traumatic brain injury has been called the "signature injury" of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, with almost 350,000 diagnoses since. The Costs of War Project is a team of 35 scholars, legal experts, human rights practitioners, and physicians, which began its work in. Many of the effects of the Cold War are so ingrained in the American experience that we just take them for granted. 1The views expressed herein are the author&39;s and do not reflect the opinions of Asian Development Bank or any other organization. In July of, walking off effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war the bus after returning from Afghanistan, I never imagined being able to describe my war in six neatly packaged words.
Understanding War in Afghanistan by Joseph effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war J. effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war Joseph Collins—a veteran Afghan watcher, National War College professor, and respected strategist—guides the reader expertly through the geography, history, and recent dynamics. The withdrawal of USSR helped US to become the sole super power. But the effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war United States is less likely than before to succumb to Kim&39;s blackmail and Kim is probably more likely to lash out as a result. Indeed, terrorist organizations have "harvested" the globalization effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war process to improve their methods of operation.
Obama had approved the deployment effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war of effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war an additional 17,000 effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war personnel in early and would add another 30,000 in, as well as overseeing an increase in. See full list on irmi. · The first CIA team to enter Afghanistan was code-named "Jawbreaker. As prisoners are exchanged and the combat portion of the long and exhausting U. Should this happen, a very serious situation would develop on the Korea. A small band of terrorists, a tiny fraction of a percent of the global population, have succeeded in changing most of our lives, perhaps forever. What is perhaps most significant about the changes is the genuine unpredictability of future events, and the extent of their significance on global politics and economics.
· By, the civil war in Afghanistan had been raging for twelve years since the Soviets left, but there were very few people, inside or outside the American government, who had kept up with the. Farther south, monsoon effects moderate the climate near the Pakistan border and increase rainfall as far effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war inland as central Afghanistan. . After nearly a quarter-century of communist rule, the Soviet occupation, civil war and the repressive afghanistan order of the Taliban, billions of American aid dollars have ushered in a new class of. The effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war landscape real “wild card,” in my view, is what happens on the Korean Peninsula. · See photos of Afghanistan, including Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif, in this photo gallery from National Geographic.
Kim Kong Il may just be posturing with his latest nuclear antics. Effects-based operations (EBO) is a United States military concept that emerged during the landscape Persian after Gulf War for the planning and conduct of operations combining military and effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war non-military methods to achieve a particular effect. In conclusion, we still have many problems with the terrorist effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war group right now a lot of people are dying and there&39;s still many conflicts in the world happening. · In June, only effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war 34 percent of interviewees in Helmand’s Marjah district thought that NATO forces were afghanistan winning the war. . This could result in a more meaningful impact on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, the resolution of which could, in turn, effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war hold the key to a changed view of the United States in the Muslim world.
While the &39;security apparatus&39; in place at airports is much more thorough and sophisticated than it was two years ago, it is truly shocking how large the gaps in security in other modes of transportation are, and how vulnerable to attack we remain. Questions of security afghanistan now permeate our lives. Political Vacuum. effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war · The war in Afghanistan should be studied in relation to political culture, political economy and broader national and effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war afghanistan regional history. 9 British forces invaded Afghanistan alongside the United States in October. Prior wars and civil conflict in the country have made Afghan after society extremely vulnerable to the indirect effects of the current war.
The first effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war phase—toppling the Taliban (the ultraconservative political and religious faction that ruled Afghanistan and provided sanctuary for al-Qaeda, perpetrators of the September 11 attacks)—was brief, lasting just two months. Print Anthony Arnold provides a right-wing overview of the American perspective on the Afghanistan war. A serene city of mosques and gardens during the storied reign of the emperor Bābur (1526–30), founder of the Mughal dynasty, and for centuries an important entrepôt on the Silk Road, Kabul lay in ruins following the long and violent Afghan War. When considering a business trip or holiday, effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war we now routinely factor into the equation whether a destination effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war is considered ‘safe&39;, what is the least potentially dangerous route and method of travel to get there, and what additional time must be added to account for the now ‘routine&39; enhanced security checks.
What caused the effects on the landscape after the afghanistan war Afghanistan War? Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective. War in Afghanistan. landscape This will change once Saddam is overthrown. The withdrawal of Soviet Union left far reaching effects on Afghanistan, substantiated as under:- Unipolar World/Demise of USSR.
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What it is: Located just North of I-85 off of Guess Rd., the Duke Homestead site is where the Duke family lived and produced tobacco as well as the site of a small tobacco museum. I was a little wary about taking the kids for a morning there, but we actually had a great time. We started with a walking tour of the historical buildings where the Duke family lived and worked. I wouldn't recommend taking the guided tour with children under 3, but they had a great time touring the buildings at their own pace. The guided tour would be interesting, however, without the young kids. My 3 year old was mildly interested in the historical tobacco shed and homestead complete with antique furniture. Fortunately, the grounds are filled with lots of grassy areas to run so it's an excellent place for kids to just run around and explore while taking in a bit of history.
After our outdoor adventure, we did head in to check out the museum briefly. It's pretty dated and there wasn't a whole lot to interest the kids, but there were a few buttons to press. It was also a topic that was fairly hard to explain to toddlers. We did pick up a Moon Pie in their small gift area on the way out which was a fun treat. Then, we headed back out to eat our picnic lunch at a lovely collection of picnic tables overlooking the homestead in a field under a large tree. This was the best part of our outing. The table we found was perfectly toddler size and shaded and the field was nicely contained. The kids happily played under the tree for quite a while after we ate. We had a lovely morning. It wasn't a typical outing for us, but it was fun, and I think the kids always get some good out of going someplace historic.
What we liked: We loved the grounds, and it was fun to run around in the grassy fields past the zig-zagging wooden fences. The picnic area was a great place for a toddler lunch.
What we would change: The museum wasn't particularly interesting for our crowd and some of the exhibits weren't working, so we felt the grounds were the more interesting part of the trip.
Website and other important information:
Address: 2828 Duke Homestead Road, Durham, N.C. 27705
Phone: (919) 477-5498
Hours: Tuesday - Saturday 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Closed Sunday and Monday
1. One of the tobacco buildings
2. A view of the actual Duke homestead
3. Their kitchen
4. One of the museum displays
5. A Liberty Bell made entirely out of tobacco
6. Our picnic area with a view


Start your ancient coin collection now.
You will receive the exact coin as shown.
Yes-these are true ancient artifacts which until the last few years have been in the ground and under water for possibly thousands of years!
Coins are typically made of bronze, copper or other alloys.
We have thousands of authentic ancient coins which can date back 2,000 years!
Coins are generally roman, greek, medieval or from other ancient cultures and civilizations.
Take the time to research this coin and you will know its history.
I have not researched the history of this exact coin-but it is guaranteed to be old and an ancient form of money/currency.
Condition: These do show heavy wear and an attractive aged patina. Please view photos closely.
Size: Measurements are shown in inches.
We have a collection of a few thousand ancient coins and jewelry available-we happily combine on shipping charges.
Great for gifts, jewelry, earrings, necklaces, or stocking stuffers.
Again-yes-these are true ancient coins!


HISTORY OF SUISNISH HOUSE
Suisnish House is believed to date back to the mid 1800s. Originally having been part of the Raasay Estate, it is understood that it was the farmhouse of Royston MacKenzie who was a tenant sheep farmer from about 1854.
Over time the house has been extended, with servants’ quarters being added to the rear around 1892.
It was also used in the early twentieth century as the mine manager's house until about the second world war. The mine was situated to the rear the property.
The property was purchased along with a lot of other property on the island by John Green, a doctor from Sussex in the 1960's but fell in to disrepair.
It was then purchased by a local family in the mid-1970's who renovated the property. They used it as a family home and then more latterly as a holiday home.
The house was originally called Suidhisnis House and then Suishinish House. According to Iain Mac an Tailleir (2003) which shows the derivation of Gaelic place names the word Suidhisnis is derived from Norse where it means "seething headland". Others have said the translation is more like "fertile ground".


Marriage and dating customs in guatamala Sexchat descarga gratis
Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City.
The first capital, Villa de Santiago de Guatemala (now known as Tecpan Guatemala), was founded on 25 July 1524 near Iximché, the Kaqchikel capital city.
Hernán Cortés, who had led the Spanish conquest of Mexico, granted a permit to Captains Gonzalo de Alvarado and his brother, Pedro de Alvarado, to conquer this land.
Alvarado at first allied himself with the Kaqchikel nation to fight against their traditional rivals the K'iche' (Quiché) nation.
After they arrived in the New World, the Spanish started several expeditions to Guatemala, beginning in 1519.
Before long, Spanish contact resulted in an epidemic that devastated native populations.The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations due to the high degree of interaction and cultural diffusion that characterized the region.


We all know that slavery once existed and is now gone – at least to a certain extent. Some individuals believe that the masters actually become compassionate and gave the slaves their freedom. It must be noted that every slave who was emancipated earned his or her right and independence to live by fighting for it. Some even didn’t live long enough to live as an independent man for one day. The following are some of the most famous slave revolts that took place in history.
The Spartacus War
If you have watched the movie 300, then you know what this is about. Spartacus was a gladiator who decided to revolt against his masters for his freedom. The Third Servile War is one of the most famous slave revolts in history. Thousands of slave soldiers fought for their freedom under Spartacus in order to overthrow the Roman Empire. Unfortunately, the rebellion failed and most protestors got crucified for rebelling against their masters.
The Haitian Revolution
This was something that happened only a few centuries ago. This is known as the most successful slave rebellion in history. Even though the fight started as a slave revolt, the protesters ended up creating an entirely independent and free country. It was inspired by the French revolution since the latter happened around this time. This success inspired many countries in the United States and the Caribbean to revolt against slavery.
The Baptist War
Known as one of the bloodiest uprisings in history, the Baptist’s War was Jamaica’s attempt to overthrow slavery. Even though the slaves of Jamaica were largely inspired by the abolishment movements in Great Britain, their rebellion failed. This is mainly because they didn’t have enough resource and they were not strong in terms of numbers. This led to the bloody death of more than 600 slaves in Jamaica. This makes us feel utterly disgusted and according to the article by Dr Jonathan Brown slavery, this is precisely why must talk about slavery more openly.
Apart from these, some of the other famous slave rebellions that happened in the past include ‘The Zanj Rebellion’ and ‘Nat Turner’s Rebellion’.


Our area has a diverse and exciting history of Native American tribes, missionaries, government officials, adventurous settlers and those seeking timber to harvest from the rich northern Michigan woods.
The story of our area began centuries ago, but the written history of our villages begins in the mid-1800s. Northport traces its history to 1849 when the town was formally organized as a village. Just a few years later, town founders began an aggressive campaign to sell land, bringing an influx of new people to the area.
The village of Omena also boasts an early mission history that starts in the mid-1800s as well when the Rev. Peter Doherty established the Omena Presbyterian Church.
Throughout the history of the area members of native tribes and immigrants played a large role in the development of the area. Their legacy is found in the names of our streets and roads and the occasional reference by locals to certain geographic areas of the township as the Bohemian settlement, the Swedish settlement and the Norwegian settlement.
Agriculture, tourism, sailing, fishing and hunting have been part of the local history of the Northport-Omena area for generations and remain important to the local culture and economy today.


The history command in Linux and Unix-like systems is a command line utility that displays a list of the previously executed commands in the current shell session. By default, the history command will display the commands in the order they were executed, with the most recent commands appearing at the bottom of the list. Each command is preceded by a number, which is the command's history number.
For example, if you run the history command in Linux, you might see output similar to this:
1 pwd 2 cd Mail 3 date 4 ls -la 5 history
This output shows the history of commands that have been executed in the current shell session. Each command is preceded by a number, which is the command's history number. You can use the history number to re-execute a command by prefixing it with an exclamation point (!) , for example !3 will execute the 3rd command in the history list, in this case it will be date
The output will be slightly different if you execute the history command in FreeBSD. The output will also show the time of execution for each command,
1 18:12 man history 2 18:12 w 3 18:13 ls -la 4 18:13 history 5 18:13 df 6 18:13 du
You can also use keywords or patterns to search for a specific command in the history list. For example, you can use the history | grep command to find all commands that contain a specific word.
history | grep "ls"
The history command also accepts options to customize the output, for example:
-c: Clear the history list. -w: Write the current history list to the history file. -n: Append the new history lines (those entered since the beginning of the current bash session) to the history file. -r: Read the history file and append its contents to the current history list. -p: Perform history substitution on the following args and display the result on the standard output. -a: Append the new_history list to the history file.
The history command is a powerful tool that allows you to easily recall and re-execute previous commands, and it's a great way to keep track of what you've done on the command line and to learn new commands.


The 1920s witnessed the birth of the Harlem Renaissance—a flowering of African American art, literature, music and culture. Alpha brothers Charles S. Johnson, W. E. B. DuBois, Countee Cullen, Noble Sissle, were entrepreneurs and participants in this creative upsurge.
During this time, the Fraternity had chartered 85 chapters in the United States and initiated over 3,000 members. During the Eighteenth Annual Convention of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, which met in Detroit, Michigan on December 27-31, 1925, the convention authorized the establishment of Graduate Chapters at Nashville, Tennessee.
Tau Lambda Chapter was organized in 1926, at what was then called Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State College at Nashville, Tennessee, after its application was accepted by the General Convention. Brother Maney Owen, president of the Chi Chapter (Meharry Medical College), set aside the chapter in January, 1927.
The charter members were Brothers
- G. W. Gore
- W. S. Ellington, Jr.
- C. H. Harper
- Roy Clinthorne
- James J. Tapp
- J. W. Riley.The first initiates were Brothers
- R. B. J. Campbell
- I. I. Moore
- W. S. E. Ellington, Sr.
- A. R. Turner
- A. E. Lockert.
In its first quarter century, working as a chapter, Tau Lambda requested and was granted permission to host the 25th General Convention of the fraternity, and the 29th Anniversary Convention. 1935, Tau Lambda, along with Chi, Alpha Chi, and Beta Omicron chapters, served as host chapters. The Convention held its sessions at Fisk University, Meharry Medical College, and Tennessee A&I State College.Tau Lambda Chapter planned cooperatively with Chi, Alpha Chi, and Beta Omicron. The roster of visitors and delegates numbered 230. There were 55 chapters that were officially represented by one or more delegates and members.
Although Tau Lambda continued functioning as a good chapter, the most memorable of its events concerned the individual achievements of its members: Brothers Meredith G. Ferguson as the Fraternity’s General Treasurer; William D. Hawkins as General Auditor; Charles S. Johnson as the first African-American president of Fisk (1947); and George W. Gore as president of Florida A & M (1950).
YEARS 1951-1976The second quarter century was one in which the chapter continued to provide leadership to Alpha Phi Alpha beyond Nashville. Brother Zenoch Adams served ably State Director for the District of Tennessee. During Brother Adams’ tenure, three chapters were established in Tennessee: Kappa Theta at Vanderbilt University; Kappa Eta at Memphis State University; Mu Beta at University of Tennessee Martin, Theta Pi at Austin Peay State University, Eta Phi at University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, Nu Eta Christian Brothers College, and Kappa Xi at Middle Tennessee State University. Kappa Zeta Lambda in Clarksville and Kingsport TN
Brother Floyd Jones later assumed the position. Meanwhile, the chapter honored all of its observances and performed all of its duties but recognized that it could so far better if it had a home of its own and an instrument for a more efficient focus of its efforts.
YEARS 1976-PresentThe current half century is one in which it has all come together. The individual accolades have continued: Brother Ponder became Alpha Phi Alpha’s General President; Brother Julian Blackshear became General Counsel; Brother Otis Floyd became TSU President and later Chancellor of Tennessee’s Board of Regents. However, two achievements longed for and sought most came to pass: Tau Lambda’s home of its own and an instrument to focus its efforts for greatest impact.
The ambition of the chapter was demonstrated by unusual leadership by Brother William L. Hipps and Brother Julian Blackshear who led the local campaign to purchase a fraternity house. With the support of the brotherhood, the idea and proposition became a reality in May 1990
The chapter’s existence has been marked by the notable achievements of its members involved in every aspect of business, social, civic and educational development of Nashville. Medical practitioner and educator, Brother Axel C. Hansen, served as president of Alpha Chi at Fisk University and later of Chi Chapter (Meharry Medical College), and penned the words to the fraternity’s Sweetheart Song. Through the years, the chapter has grown in reputation and influence. Brother Frederick Humphries served as president of Tennessee State University from 1975-85; Brother Otis Floyd became the 5th President of Tennessee State University, and later Chancellor of Tennessee’s Board of Regents.
Several chapter members have held national offices in Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity: Henry Ponder, (during his 12 year tenure as president of Fisk University) became General President; Julian Blackshear, General Counsel; M.G. Ferguson, General Treasurer and Reavis Mitchell, National Historian.
In addition, the chapter sponsors numerous civic and social activities in the community including Project Alpha, Go-to-High School, Go-to-College, Voter Registration, Boy Scouts of America, March of Dimes, the Yellow Rose Ball, Sweetheart’s Dinner, and the annual Mack C. Jolley Senior Citizens Holiday Luncheon.


Heartland Health Care Clinic Enjoys Significantly Reduced Transcription Turnaround Time with Transcription Unlimited
Memorial Hospital in Abilene, Kansas opened its doors in 1922 as the Dickinson County Hospital Company. However, its ownership was given in 1959 to the Hospital District No. 1 of Dickinson County, Kansas, and it remains that way today. Memorial Health System was formed in February 2003 to encompass all affiliates of Memorial Hospital in Abilene, and in 2011, the health system began construction on a new building for inpatient and outpatient services, including renovation of the current facility into office space for physician clinics.
One of Memorial Health System’s affiliates, Heartland Health Care Clinic, serves the healthcare needs of families in and close to Abilene, Kansas. The clinic specializes in family medicine and also offers sick and well pediatric care, women’s health services, acute and geriatric care, immunizations, general surgery and other family medicine services.


The architects of the Romes iconic Colosseum designed the citys new 52,500-seat Stadio della Roma, which is set to open in 2016. Although both have used the most up to date building materials to create impressive landmarks; the application of today's building materials has meant that architects of modern stadia have been able to articulate facades in a wider variety of ways than was possible for Roman architects. many people might have thought that it was built by Vespasian himself before knowing this. The Colosseum was built as a gift to the Roman people as a gift from the emperors . What are the similarities and differences between the caste system in India andthe class system of the contemporary United States. you can answer by your own source and knowlege too . What are the advantages and disadvantages of freedom? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. IELTS Speaking Part-1 topics From high school sports to the global Olympic games, sports stadiums play a big role in our sports lives. It is the largest amphitheatre in the world and considered to be one of the greatest Roman architecture and engineering works. It does not store any personal data. The structure was made of a variety of materials, including travertine blocks for load-bearing pillars, external walls, stairs, and radial walls made of tufa bricks and blocks. Athletes or performers can be transported underground in tunnels similar to those found in modern stadiums, and there could be security to protect them. Answer: The footprint of the Colosseum is about half the size of a typical NFL stadium. Titus inaugurated the Colosseum, 5,000 wild beasts were killed in a single day (Grant, 45). 70 and 72 under the emperor Vespasian. The Colosseum is a World Heritage Site, whereas the MCG is not. The approved plan entails the construction of a new stadium with 53,000 seats (17,000 less than the Olympic stadium, where football is played today), in addition to the construction of a new soccer stadium. juin 17, 2022 . MacDonald W. The Pantheon: design, meaning, and progeny. Shepherds Bush Stadium in London was the site of the first modern stadium in 1908 for the IV Olympiad. The Colosseum is made up of three stories, each with its own series of arches and columns. Watch the following video then answer the questions:
Watch the following video then answer the questions: The Architecture of Modern Italy: The challenge of tradition, 1750-1900. Even though it has a very significant difference to architecture in the past, it still has many similarities. There's just so much to see, a . Also, how did the Col. How is the Roman Colosseum similar to modern stadiums? Write your answers in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet. The Colosseum was the largest amphitheatre in the ancient world. Practice Stadiums: Past, Present and Future IELTS Academic Reading with Answers, Explanation and PDF. The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright lights for night-time matches. download word file, 1 pages3.6 It uses 8,844 photovoltaic panels to generate 1.14GWh of electricity a year, reducing the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplying up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when not in use. Between 1900 and 1920, total migration from Europe surpassed that of all western states except California, Missouri, and Texas, according to data from the US Census Bureau. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century(Q17), as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright lights for night-time matches. The Colosseum itself covers about 6 acres while Cowboys Stadium covers 73 which is really an incredible figure when you consider that the Roman stadium still managed to hold about half the amount of people (50,000) that will be on hand for the Super Bowl. Stadiums: past, present and future. . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. After the fall of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire embarked on a golden age, one of the most prosperous periods in history. The exterior of the Colosseum is covered in stone and marble, while the interior is made up of brick and concrete. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Although much of ancient Roman life revolved around negotium (work and business), there was also time available for otium (leisure). For one, the Colosseum was built in ancient times, whereas most modern stadiums are built in more recent times. History of the Roman Circus Maximus. Exotic animals could be seen performing tricks, and natural scenes could be viewed in addition to the recreational activities. When the Colosseum was completed in 80 C.E it was the largest stadium structure that had ever been built. .. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. 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Through detailed description of ancient stadia, and then a . There were drinking fountains in the Colloseum. Differences: The MCG has slightly more seating space. The Colosseums influence on architecture is not limited to its design and construction. The massive amphitheater was built between 70 and 80 A.D. and could seat up to 80,000 spectators. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Makkar Speaking Jan-Apr 2023 Cue Cards The Colosseum was built between 70 and 80 AD by Emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, among others. 4 Temple Of Saturn. 5 What did the ancient Roman structures look like? This is because both have a functional requirement to provide large crowds with good visibility. Earthquakes and stone robbers left it in ruins, but part of it still stands today. A Greek measure of length, being the chief one used for itinerary distances, also adopted by the Romans for nautical and astronomical measurements, equal to 600 Greek or 625 Roman feet, or 125 Roman paces, or to 606 feet, 9 inches. Water was siphoned out of the arena during a mock sea battle in the amphitheaters drainage system. The Colosseum was built over 2,000 years ago and it is still standing today, which is a testament to its engineering and construction. Latest answer posted October 06, 2019 at 11:40:56 AM. Since the Western Roman Empires struggles and gradual erosion of public tastes ended gladiatorial combat and other large public entertainments at the end of the sixth century A.D., the Colosseum has been used for more than four centuries. Theodosius, a convert to Christiannism, ordered the end of persecutions against Christians as well as any reminders to paganism, and he eventually abolished both. Ranging from swimming to playing board games to attending theatre performances, athletics and forms of entertainment enjoyed by Romans in ancient times were not much different from those that exist today. IELTS cue cards 2023 The Colosseum has been used for over four centuries, beginning with gladiatorial combat and other large public entertainments in the early Roman Empire and lasting until the struggles of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual change in public tastes ended them in the sixth century A.D. The download button can be found in the upper right corner of the media viewer if the media asset is downloaded. Discuss how far football stadia resemble the Roman Colosseum in their provision for spectators. Modern stadiums have several retractable seats which allows for people to easily walk through rows of seats. Log in here. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. What modern structures have similar roles or importance? It is said that the Romans were the first to construct an amphitheater like this, and they were extremely proud of it. Which section contains the following information? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. " eNotes Editorial, 14 Oct. 2010, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-colisseum-compare-modern-stadiums-207659. For example Wembley's lettered, arched entrances are similar to the numbered arches of the Colosseum. While the Colosseum may be best known for its massive size and impressive design, it is also notable for its role in the development of modern architecture. D) There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for games. For the sports world, aspects of the Colosseum are indisputably present in modern stadiums. In WriteWork.com. To an ancient Roman who saw it for the first time, standing on its steps at the foot of the Empire State Building would have been comparable to standing on its feet today. The Colosseum was built as a gift to the Roman people as a gift from the emperors of the time, the Flavians. I would like to have its pdf. Modern stadiums have several retractable seats which allows for people to easily walk through rows of seats. Log in here. The Colosseums design features all four classical architectural orders, but columns are the most well-known element. Accessed 4 Mar. Before two thirds of the giant structure was destroyed by natural disasters or plundered for its stone, the great arena would have been even more breathtaking to ancient spectators when it first hosted an audience in A.D. 80. Its unique design, with its massive arches and exterior columns, has been mimicked in countless modern buildings. The Colosseum was a clever way to satisfy the rigid social hierarchy of the Roman Empire. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The Colosseum was a massive theater in ancient Rome that was built from 70-80 AD. Keep watching our website for IELTS & Immigration news and updates. The Colosseum also featured mock battles and re-enactments of famous battles, as well as execution dramas based on Classical mythology.


On History… and Wine.
Posted on July 4, 2015
It’s no secret- we, The Grape Girls, believe our own experiences are made better when we add a little wine. Shopping. Studying. Communing with the world at large. So, in honor of this most patriotic holiday, we decided to take a trip down memory lane. The aim? To embrace a few of our fave historical events and accessorize them, Lo/Tee style. Though wine would not have NECESSARILY changed any outcomes, we believe that everything is better with a little #TipItAndSipIt.
Top 5 Historical Moments That Really Needed to #Wine ON:
5. Signing the Declaration of Independence (1776) –
A.K.A. “The Power of the Pen”
1776. Summer. It’s hot, sticky even. Tensions are running high. There are wigs.
Imagine all of those powdered, unwashed bodies pressed into a room-fighting to change the course of history. What’s gonna make this situation more tolerable? Proclaiming the colonies to be a nation independent of Britain? Uh, no. Wine (duh). A Rosé to be exact. Not only would this light, refreshing libation have taken the temperature down a few notches, IF the Continental Congress had let folks know that they had Rosé, maybe the Declaration of Independence would have actually been signed ON July 4 as is commonly believed.
Life Lesson: Nobody comes to the party without the booze. At least not on time.
4. Expedition of Lewis and Clark (1805) –
A.K.A. “Meri[wether] and Will’s Most Epic Road Trip”
When the U.S. purchase of the Louisiana territory doubled the size of the country, President Thomas Jefferson elected Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to check out the goods. Here’s the thing: The Grape Girls DEFINITELY don’t condone drinking and canoeing, however, Lewis and Clark led a team of (one can assume) capable individuals. At SOME point on that YEAR LONG JOURNEY, either Lewis or Clark could have passed an oar and grabbed a Pinot. Betcha if they had, their trip would have taken like, six months…or at least would have felt like it.
Life Lesson: Prioritize. Organize. Delegate.
3. The Boston Tea Party (1773)-
A.K.A. Operation Cream or Sugar
Many Americans were opposed to this famed act of protestation, viewing it as nothing more than orchestrated vandalism. Dressing up in costumes. Jumping on British people’s boats. Dumping 46 tons of tea into the Boston harbor… turns out that the Tea Party was to the American Revolution what profane graffiti would be to a string of Starbucks storefronts. Inconvenient. Unsightly. Annoying at most. Thing is: You could still get your latte. Know what The Grape Girls think would have REALLY brought the point from the harbor home? Wine (Huh-LOOO). Imagine replacing all of that tea with barrels of a really excellent Cabernet. Heads. Would. Roll. The outrage! The horror! Forget the “Shot heard ’round the world”? More like, “The WINE that took over the universe.”
Life Lesson: You break it, you buy it.
2. Y2K (2000) –
A.K.A. “Wait for it…Wait for it…….Wait for it…”
Yes- this is the chronological oddball of this grouping, but just go with us for a sec.
Remember in 1999 when, like Godzilla, the year 2000 was gonna come in and make the world explode? Yeah…that was weird. Truth be told, if ever there had been a time to go out with a “bang” of bubbles, it was the moments, the hours AFTER the clock struck midnight on 01/01/00; nothing takes out a party like hype gone awry. Champagne. The perpetual party promoter. Had it been PROPERLY flowing, we would have totally forgotten the rush of looming Armageddon…we probably would have lost track of more than that, but no matter! That party was dead the INSTANT everyone remembered they had to go to work two days later….and then remembered the things said when they thought the world was ending.
Life Lesson: It ain’t over ’til it’s over.
1. Prohibition (1919-1933)
A.K.A. “The Great Yawn” A.K.A. “Why?”
Ok…so….yeah. People got touchy. Decisions were made. And then there were bootleggers! Why? Because you know what makes a decade better when faced with The Great Depression? Wine. ANY wine. Just pour the damn wine!
Life Lesson: #Duh.
So as you’re creating your own moments in history this holiday, stop and ask yourself,
“Would a Merlot make this better?”
If the answer is “yes,” grab one and make merry.
If the answer is “no”, all good. Grab the Zin instead.
The Grape Girls. Slightly slurry. NEVER sloppy.
Happy 4th from Lo & Tee!
We #HEART you.