Reign Swimwear is the epitome of the modern woman who takes great pride in standing in the power of her femininity. While male fashion has changed, it does not show the massive difference in cuts and design as the female counterparts. Women’s designer bikini is one of the most drastic fashion pieces that took a turn for the unrecognizable in less than a century.
Our store has selections that include sheer bikini materials that make the pair a fit for both the modern and traditional woman. We stock products that make a woman feel free, stimulating and protected at the same time. Why do we think that the bikini will give you protection?
The woman has been a subject of changing patriarchal laws since they started taking ownership of their power alongside the men. Women had to become equal providers after the war when the men who made it back home could not make a smooth transition to family life and the workforce. The female gender began to realize that staying puritanical and demurred was not honor of their expressive, sensual, and progressive nature.
Consequentially, the loosened against requiring women to be draped down in full clothing with the guise of keeping away predatory men. Instead, such men became accountable for any vice and threat to the female body.
Evolution of women’s designer bikini
In the 1800s, bikinis were non-existent. Swimwear could easily be termed to be bathing gowns. The trend kept true to the Victorian era with women wearing draping dresses for an afternoon at the beach. These dresses had buttons up to the neck, long hems, and ruffles bloomers. Some women felt too comfortable in the reduced clothing and would often throw on a legging or stocking.
The 1900s had many catalysts that led to the creation and launch of the bikini. Women empowerment had become a big deal and saying it like it is the standard of the independent woman. Annette Kellerman was a pioneer of form-hugging attire for women and the first woman to swim across the English Channel. She wore a head to toe tight attire buttoned up to the neck and got herself arrested by the Boston Police
Male designers such as engineer Louis Reard spearheaded the infamous launch of the two-piece bikini in the mid-90s. Marilyn Monroe and Brigit Bardot became the iconic representation of the belly-baring bikinis, and thousands of women followed in creating sensations in beaches of the western world.
Reign swimwear is at the forefront of social change with our collection of high end and affordable women’s designer bikini. Our sizzling collections will transition you from the oppressive and laid-back demeanor to a wild and happy one that fits in with the 2000’s pop culture.
The winning factor of our swimwear is that you can choose the more covered pieces if you do not like the tiny two pieces. All wears have a wide variety of sizes from extra small to three times bigger of the extra-large ones.Womens Designer Bikini
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Every year, Atlas Free celebrates heroic leaders in the fight against human trafficking. Named after historical abolitionists, these awards celebrate the pioneers, innovators, and leaders ushering in freedom across the world.
Olaudah Equiano was an 18th-century survivor of the transatlantic slave trade and leader of the British anti-slavery movement. His contemporaneous account of how traffickers operated contributed to the end of the British slave trade. Atlas Free presents the Equiano Award to a human trafficking survivor working to end modern slavery.
William Wilberforce was a British politician who led the charge to abolish the slave trade throughout the British Empire in 1807. Atlas Free presents the Wilberforce Award to a political leader or activist dedicated to combating modern slavery.
Josiah Wedgwood was an English potter, businessman, and abolitionist who was instrumental in the British Anti-Slavery Movement. He was one of the most successful entrepreneurs of the 18th century, and his company is still around today. He created an anti-slavery medallion that said, “Am I Not a Man And a Brother?” that leaders used to raise awareness for the cause. Altas Free presents the Wedgwood Award to leaders using businesses in the fight for freedom.


By Sally S.Thomas:
Lilypons Water Gardens History
Shortly before the bombs stopped bursting in Europe in 1917, George Leicester (“Lester”) Thomas bought Three Springs Farm (now Thanksgiving Farm) on U.S. Route 15 (now MD 85) in southern Frederick County, Maryland, USA, today an easy one-hour drive northwest of Washington, DC.
Along U.S. Route 15, Thomas created ponds for growing lively goldfish and beautiful waterlilies. This soon became a big attraction to motorists passing by. Drivers began to stop and ask to how to obtain the ornamental fish and aquatic plants. Three Springs Fisheries was born.
Fish were sent in steel containers via train from Adamstown, MD, all over the country. Waterlilies were shipped by mail and many folks came to the site to select their beautiful blossoms.
Founder Grandfather G. Leicester Thomas, Grandmother Pearl Thomas, Mother Virginia B.Thomas, Brother George L. Thomas, III, Father G. L. Thomas, Jr., Charles B.Thomas. Seated, Grandmother Genevieve, circa 1953.
In 1927 Thomas bought two farms on Lily Pons Road where today’s Lilypons Water Gardens exists. Here he created hundreds of ponds and an intricate canal system to supply and control water to these ponds. Stunning water plants and sparkling fish thrived and a landmark was born.
A catalogue was printed in 1929 to reach a national market. The Lilypons catalogue won many awards for excellence in the 1980s and 1990s from the Direct Gardening Association and Direct Marketing Association.
Lily Pons, french opera singer.
In 1936 Lily Pons, the great Metropolitan Opera soprano and Hollywood star, visited Three Springs Fisheries and christened the post office there, “Lilypons, Maryland” from which she sent her Christmas cards over many years. It was a huge local occasion with the Maryland Governor and his entourage in attendance. A fifty-year celebration recreated the 1936 events in 1986 including the family of band leader Andre Kostelanz, Lily Pons’ husband, in attendance.
In the 1950s the introduction of polyethylene enabled fish to be shipped via mail and air freight. Also around this time the business management passed from Lester Thomas to his son, George Leicester Thomas, Jr. “GL” wrote the first book on water gardening from the “Lilypons” point of view. Also he brought in talented writers and illustrators from the Baltimore Sun to create the catalogue. Also the Sun’s great A. Audrey Bondine took many beautiful photographs of the aquatic plants and ornamental fish as well as customer ponds featured in the catalogue.
In 1966 the business was bought by France and Lease Bussard and Annebelle and Carlton Strube. Frances and Annabelle were daughters of George Leicester Thomas and sisters of “GL.” Under this management Charles B.Thomas and George Leicester Thomas, III, took on the operations of Three Springs Fisheries. In 1975 the Bussards and Strubes were ready to retire and the next generation of Charles and George, III, bought the business.
Charles B.Thomas and Nymphaea “Virginia”
This was an amazing time since so many things came together to make the new future for Three Springs Fisheries. Charles B. Thomas became president and George Thomas, III, became Vice President of the 250-acre aquatic farm. Charles soon changed the name from Three Springs Fisheries to Lilypons Water Gardens, reflecting the emphasis on aquatic plants. Charles hybridized two beautiful waterlilies, Nymphaea ‘Virginia’, a beautiful white and N. ‘Louise’, a beautiful red, both named in honor of his mother, Virginia Louise Thomas. He authored five books on water gardening.
Charles B.Thomas with Sally L.Thomas
The space program brought us many new products, one being fiberglass. Pools made of this material enabled the creation of a pond an easy operation. These new pools could be dug into the ground or just placed on top of the ground. At this time the great English landscape architect Russell Page extolled the future of gardening with water. The English had always been in love with water gardening.
Queen Victoria’s famous glass house was built based on the structure of the Victoria Lily’s pad structure. UPS and air freight companies enabled the shipment of perishables so much faster. Styrofoam was a helpful innovation for shipping ornamental fish, protecting them from sudden temperature change.
Charles Thomas waged a campaign at the horticulture departments of colleges and universities to make water gardens a part of their programs. He became an active member of American Horticulture Society, Garden Writers Association, Direct Marketing Association and Direct Gardening Association. He presented lectures at universities, garden clubs, Master Gardeners, and garden associations all across the USA and several foreign countries. Charles steadily appeared on national radio and television to promote interest in and knowledge about water gardening. In 1985 he founded the Water Lily Society which soon became the International Water Lily and Water Garden Society. This brought so many new ideas and people into the ways of water gardening.
Charles B.Thomas with keynote speaker Anthony Archer-Wills at IWGS Symposium 2017 banquet
The water garden can expand a small yard into a more expansive environment, and with a larger garden, the sky is the limit.
Lilypons Water Gardens passed on to the fourth generation in 1998 when Margaret Thomas Koogle became president of the company, and owner in 2017.
What new things will evolve and how will gardeners utilize this garden venue to enhance their gardens and renew their spirits in the years ahead?


The Filipino-American War, a war most (including most Filipinos) know almost nothing about, was the testing ground for all future US invasions. This 30 min doc by Richard Concepcion is a great primer.
Most of the US-based professors featured in “Politics of US Occupation” traced a historical similarity in the United States government’s savage wars of annihilation of America’s native Indian population to its “first major foray” in colonialism in the Pacific.
“It was extremely racist, in fact. The fighters themselves were vicious racists who came from the Indian wars,” said Noam Chomsky, referring to the US military who came to the Philippines after slaughtering hundreds of thousands of native American Indians. Chomsky, a Linguistics Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has taught now for 55 years.
Gen. Arthur MacArthur, for example, was a veteran himself of Indian wars. He ruled the Philippines as military governor general from 1900 to1901. Gen J. Franklin Bell, another Indian wars veteran, caused 11,000 deaths in Batangas from 1901 to 1902. Gen Jacob Smith, also another veteran of Indian wars, ordered civilian killings in Samar from 1901 to 1902. Gen Leonard Wood, again another veteran of Indian wars, massacred 600 to 3,000 Moros at Bud Dajo in 1906, while Gen. John Pershing massacred 400 to 2,000 Moros in Bud Bagsak in 1913.
The statement that most American soldiers said about a good Filipino being a dead Filipino is “actually carried over to the Mindanao war, called the Moro war, after 1902,” said Asian American Studies Professor Nerissa Balce of Stony Brook University (New York).
If not for love then, as the US government would have us believe, what are their savage invasions for? Balce affirmed that it was all about “the desire for colonies.” She said the US effort to “misrecognize the historical facts of that war” is only part of its trying to “restrict impulse to remember”.
The colonization was part of a move to take further part into China’s market, which had been an ideal since the 18th century, said Chomsky. He added that the US wanted to use the Philippines “as base for further entry into China.”
The explanation of Sergeant Howard McFarland of Company B, 43rd Infantry, in a letter in the 1900s, said that “At best, this is a very rich country; and we want it. My way of getting it would be to put a regiment into a skirmish line, and blow every nigger into a nigger heaven.” They shot and bayoneted 75 Filipinos in just one morning. [Italicized text from Bulatlat.com]


We started project Baat by the fact that we are faced with ending of era of our two axle passenger car that marked important age of passenger transport in our region. Currently only a couple of these cars still exists and while there is still some time, we have started gathering the information and facts of this car and they have been implemented in the model to preserve this way this part of our industrial heritage.
Here is a short story about these two axle passenger cars which were in use on the territory of former Yugoslavia. These cars were made in different factories on this territories with some minor differences and were (or still are) in use from the beginning of the sixties of twentieth century till present days.
Characteristics for era 1960-1969
Cars were marked with symbol JŽ – JЖ and used the code Bs according to those days standards of markings which meant whole second class car.
One could find cars with whole first class compartments on the territory of Slovenia marked with code A.
Characteristics for era 1969 - 1980
According to the new standards all cars got new markings with new Yugoslavian railways sign JŽ in inflated rounded square similar to the shape of earlier television tubes. The code for the second class cars changed to more descriptive Bggissll with computer code and control number. In Slovenia these cars were running on all tracks. They were painted in standard green color RAL 6003 with black skirt.
Characteristics for era 1980 - 1991
The national standards for markings were changed again and the code was shortened to Baat meaning second class (B), two axle car (aa) and passage in the middle of the car (t). As from previous era UIC computer code with control code was also in use. These cars were used on all major and regional routes in Slovenia. Cars were still in green color but the black skirt in Slovenia slowly disappeared.
Characteristics for era 1991 - 2000
In 1991 Slovenia separated from Yugoslavia and these cars remained in full green color until late 1993. In summer 1992 new Slovenian railways logo was introduced (JŽ logo was removed soon after Slovenia declared independency) but code Baat remained until these days.
In 1993 these cars have been repainted in white color with gray skirt, yellow and orange stripe along the centre body of car and yellow doors. Due to this colorful scheme these cars got nickname "canaries".
They were in use as a set on relations Ljubljana-Zidani most-Sevnica, Ljubljana-Postojna, Jesenice-Nova Gorica-Ajdovščina. In 1994 there was derailment of cars near Zalog and these cars were taken off regular service on main railroads and they could be seen only on few regional routes, especially from Jesenice-Nova Gorica-Ajdovščina until 1999.
The passage between cars also got new small roof for the rain protection of passengers (1993/94).
Characteristics for era 2000 -
All the cars except two were taken off regular service which is now provided with other cars or electric/diesel motor units. The last two cars in regular use are used on car train on route Bohinjska Bistrica-Most na Soči, painted in complete white with gray skirt. One is 15,50m long, the other is 15,90m long. In Croatia the last four cars were refurbished for use in museum train, otherwise in the mid 2000's they were also pulled off the regular service. In Slovenia all these cars were scrapped (especially in 2005-2008) except for the mentioned two which remain in service.
In the 2nd part of the TV show called "MINIATURNE ŽELEZNICE" (Miniature Railway) broadcasted on the Slovenian national television TV Maribor, an article about our Baat coach project was presented. Show, produced by Videoprodukcija Gaber, can be seen also on YouTube.
If you have any additional firm information or photographs which could add details in above data we kindly ask you to share them with us via e-mail email@example.com. This way we could get much clearer picture about these interesting cars from our past.
If you want to become an owner of a coach Baat model, visit the subpage Store.
If you have any additional firm information or photographs which could add details in the data we kindly ask you to share them with us via e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org. This way we could get much clearer picture about these interesting cars from our past.


T h o m G o r s t
Acrylic on canvas. 1000mm x 1000mm
It started as an abstract composition of ship elements based on golden ratios and diagonals, which I've been using for some time now as a way of disciplining a painting's geometry. It has rivets - I researched into shipyard riveting before I made them - and they are clogged up with puddings of paint, and rust seeps through from below.
It's just a hundred years since merchant ships of all sides started to be sent to the bottom in the First World War. I have always been sensitive to the memory of the sailors on all sides who died in that way - I learned that from my own father's deeply emotional trips to the Cenotaph on Remembrance Day just how strongly he believed that the bond between seafarers was stronger than even national allegiances in time of war.
So I have called this painting Remembrance in honour of the seafarers who perished a century or so ago as a result of the grievances being pursued very far away from them. And, unlike those partisan poppies at the Tower of London that have recently been in the news, this respects them all.


sid meier’s civilization revolution ds
¡¡¡¡¡°The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing ¨C Edmund Burke
¡¡¡¡Edmund Burke was an influential Anglo-Irish politician, orator and political thinker, known for publicly expressing his opposition to the French Revolution. Born in Dublin in 1729, Burke went to London to study law, but soon gave this up and pursued a literary and political career. He became a member of parliament in 1765 and had a 30-year career as a political theorist and philosopher.
¡¡¡¡Later praised by both conservatives and liberals, Burke believed that the government should be a cooperative relationship between rulers and subjects. He also said that most men in a nation are not qualified to govern it, stating that those who are elected to represent the people should possess a greater level of wisdom than the public. The past is important, but change is inevitable so, in order to keep a balance between the new and the traditional, society needs to learn how to adapt. Therefore, we should construct civilisation by giving weight to our ancestors, but also consider ourselves and the needs of future generations.
¡¡¡¡This article is not about Edmund Burke. It is about one of Sri Lanka¡¯s greatest sons, Tikiri Bandara Ilangaratne or T. B. Ilangaratne, who in so many ways epitomised the values that Burke believed in during his time. His revolutionary policies and the people owned public institutions he created or helped to create demonstrated in no uncertain manner that he was never a man who stood in silence when it came to public policy and governance for all and not a favoured few. T.B. Ilangaratne, a family man, a novelist, poet, union leader and politician, born on the 27th of February 1913, passed away peacefully on the 21st of May 1992 having lived a life dedicated to a selfless service to the people of Sri Lanka.
¡¡¡¡One enduring characteristic of T B Ilangaratne was his unassuming nature, his simplicity and his affinity to his family that never faded throughout his life. He and his wife, Tamara Kumari Ilangaratne or TKI as she was fondly referred to, ran a home which had been more like a community hall and there had always been a pot of rice and a simple meal in the home as everyone who had visited, and there had been many from the two electorates represented by TBI and TKI, had never left their home hungry.
¡¡¡¡There had never been any discrimination on status or any other discriminatory practice and whoever having a meal had been served at the main dining table. Being a crowded household, children of TBI and TKI, and their cousins and friends who had been regular visitors, sometimes had their meals either in the kitchen or in their rooms. The family home had been one of joy and had been full of very meaningful life.
¡¡¡¡Both TB Ilangaratne and his wife, as members of Parliament, along with other members of Parliament at the time, unlike those of today who find it difficult to even walk, let alone travel in public transport, had not been given fleets of vehicles. They were entitled only to public bus and train passes, and unless they had their own transport, which the Ilangaratne¡¯s did not have, their only mode of transport to and back from their respective electorates had been public transport.
¡¡¡¡Despite these challenges, TB Ilangaratne had one objective throughout his life and that was to be of service to others, in particular to those who were left behind by the legacy of colonialism and supremacy of money for a few at the cost of exacerbating the plight of those who were left behind by that few. His achievements in introducing far reaching policy reforms in independent Sri Lanka, which continued till the end of the seventies, have to be looked at through such a prism.
¡¡¡¡His vision and approach to policy settings paved the way for others to emulate and set the direction for a fairer Sri Lanka and opening opportunities for those who had been denied such opportunities.
¡¡¡¡Throughout his life and especially during his political career, he was a person who not only thought of or just empathised with people in society, who were poor, homeless and the lower middle class who were left behind by the Colonial administrations and then by those who took over from them, but actually introduced ground breaking policies to raise the standards and hopes of such people.
¡¡¡¡Besides the accolades that he got, which were many and richly deserved, he was also at the butt end of the nastiest characteristics of many fellow countrymen who assigned all manner of derogatory labels to him, which were totally unjust and untrue. Not only was he subject to such vilification, even his family was not spared and they had to endure these on behalf of a husband and father who did and always did, what was in the best interest of the mass of Sri Lankans who were left out of the post-colonial Sri Lankan dream.
¡¡¡¡In the days before the advent of social media, these vilifications were spearheaded by interested parties including the monopoly media who were the servants of the masters at that time, masters who had been affected by the far reaching public policy changes introduced by T B Ilangaratne.
¡¡¡¡His life¡¯s philosophy and his political philosophy were no different to each other. Simplicity and equal opportunities for everyone irrespective of ethnicity, religion, caste or any other discriminatory practices, guided his thinking. In this respect, he saw common ground with the left movement in the country and the leaders of the left movement.
¡¡¡¡His socialist orientation and outlook brought him very close to a scholarly Buddhist bikkhu, Venerable Walpola Rahula who had his early education at the Vidyalankara Pirivena, and who maintained close links with the University. There is no doubt that Ven Rahula had a lasting influence on T B Ilangaratne and they remained lifelong friends.
¡¡¡¡These socialist leanings had irked D S Senanayake and his fellow supporters in the government of the day. Senanayake was the first Prime Minister of the country then known as Ceylon, who was in the 1940s, the Leader of the House of Representatives. They saw the Buddhist clergy as a threat to their power, and influence with the rich segment of the polity.
¡¡¡¡In the early part of the 1940s, the leading Buddhist monks of the day had taken a stand to campaign for broad basing the public policy settings of the country and to extend the country¡¯s social structure to the majority people in the country who had been left behind by a few who controlled most aspects of the country¡¯s economy.
¡¡¡¡This was no ethnic or religion based campaign although the leading Buddhist monks had taken it on themselves to launch such a campaign on behalf of the wider mass of people of the country. In this regard, monks led by Yakkaduwe Pangnarama, Kiriwattuduwe Pannassara, Walpola Rahula and others and lay persons like young T B Ilangaratne had taken the lead to introduce what was referred to as the Vidyalankara declaration which articulated a new vision for the country.
¡¡¡¡Politicians, businessmen and women, and others belonging to the governing class led by D S Senanayake, who was then the Leader of the House of Representatives, had been vehemently against this declaration and the call to action by the Buddhist monks. The animosity between Senanayake and his supporters and the Buddhist clergy had intensified to the extent that they had prevented monks like Venerable Rahula from receiving their daily mid-day meal. It is at this point that the role played by TB Ilangaratne comes into focus, as he, although a poor clerical hand at the time, had arranged with well-wishers to supply the mid-day meals to Ven Rahula and other monks. Ven. Rahula had made special mention of this effort on the part of TB Ilangaratne, and their friendship flourished.
¡¡¡¡Ven. Walpola Rahula was a scholar and a writer. He became the Professor of History and Literature of Religions in the North Western University in the US, the first bhikkhu to hold such a chair in the Western world. He later became a Professor Emeritus at the same university and in 1964, the Vice Chancellor of the Vidyodaya University in Sri Lanka (now Sri Jayewardenepura University).
¡¡¡¡Navaratne Rajakaruna Wasala Tikiri Mudiyanselage Tikiri Bandara Ilangaratne was born on February 27, 1913 in Tumpane, Hataraliyadda, Waligodapola, as the fourth child in a family with seven siblings. His father was a well-known general practitioner of traditional ophthalmology. He began attending school in 1917 at Galagedera Vidyalaya and received his secondary education from St. Anthony¡¯s College, Kandy. Ilangaratne wrote three plays while in school (Akikaru Putha, Himin and Anda Nanda). On September 4, 1944, Ilangaratne married Tamara Kumari Aludeniya in Gampola. Tamara Kumari Ilangaratne (TKI) was elected as the member for Kandy (1949-1952) and Galagedara (1970-1977). They had four children Udaya, Sandhya, Rohana, and Upeksha.
¡¡¡¡He was a Member of Parliament for Kandy, Galaha, Hewaheta and Kolonnawa in Colombo district. He served as the Sri Lankan Cabinet Minister of Labour, Housing, Social Services, Finance, Commerce, Food, Trade and Shipping, Public Administration and Home Affairs and he also functioned as the Acting Head of State during Sirima Bandaranaike¡¯s time as Prime Minister in a career spanning more than three decades.
¡¡¡¡As extensive as his political experience and achievements, he was also well known for his literary talent and authored several classic novels and is best known for writing Amba Yahaluwo (1957), a popular children¡¯s novel. His novels Tilaka Saha Tilaka, Lasanda, Nedeyo, Sasara, Niwena Ginna, Nayana and Kale Mal have been adapted into movies. Amba Yahaluwo and Vilambheetha were made into a television serial. Altogether he has written 50 Sinhala novels, and two English novels ¨C Matchmaker and Amba Yahaluwo which were also translated to French. He also translated Tale of Two Cities written by Charles Dickens to Sinhala as ¡®Denuwara Kathawa¡¯.
¡¡¡¡T B Ilangaratne left school after passing the London matriculation exam upon which he joined the government service as a clerk in the General Clerical Service. In 1941, he tried his hand at acting, playing King Dhatusena in the play of the same name by Gunasila Withana and in the movies ¡®Radala Piliruwa¡¯ and ¡®Warada Kageda¡¯.
¡¡¡¡In 1947, T B Ilangaratne¡¯s leadership qualities were recognised by the membership of the Clerical Service and he became the President of the Government Clerical Services Union (GCSU). There were many trade unions representing the working class under Dr NM Perera, Dr S A Wickramasinghe and Peter Keuneman, but his vision was to involve the clerical staff to fight for their civil rights and also towards gaining independence from the British Empire. He organised a massive rally at the Galle Face Green against colonial rule and this led to his dismissal from the Government Clerical Service.
¡¡¡¡He then contested and won the Kandy electorate in the 1947 general election as a Socialist candidate, but was unseated as a result of an election petition. At the request from the people of Kandy, his lifelong friend, companion and wife, Tamara Kumari Ilangaratne, affectionately referred to as TKI, contested at the by-election and became the MP for Kandy. An election petition may have got rid of T B Ilangaratne, but the people of Kandy did not.
¡¡¡¡T. B. Ilangaratne joined the editorial board of Lankadeepa newspaper writing the political column under the pen name Andare while his wife TKI continued as a Member of Parliamentary opposition.
¡¡¡¡The following year he contested a by-election in the Kandy electorate as an independent socialist candidate defeating Fredrick de Silva, and entered the House of Representatives of Ceylon and was sworn in on May 18, 1948.
¡¡¡¡It was around this time that S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, who would become Prime Minister in 1956, left the government of D. S. Senanayake and joined the opposition. T. B. Ilangaratne recognised and wrote of this move of Bandaranaike as the greatest political sacrifice he had made. He invited S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike to address a socialist group of Kandy headed by Queens Counsel Sri Nissanka and himself. At the meeting S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike announced his vision to follow a middle path and expressed his desire to join hands with T. B. Ilangaratne to form a new political party. The seeds for the birth of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party were sown and Bandaranaike¡¯s vision became a reality when both T. B. Ilangaratne and his wife, as convenors and founder members together with 42 others formed the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. This included D. A. Rajapaksa, the father of Mahinda and Gotabaya who were to become Presidents and Heads of State of the country, and another sibling, Chamal, a Speaker of Parliament of Sri Lanka, and Basil, a cabinet minister himself. The key role played by T. B. Ilangaratne and TKI in the formation of the SLFP and leading it to one of the most stunning political victories is perhaps not known to many.
¡¡¡¡He contested the 1956 general election from Galaha as the candidate of the newly formed party SLFP, defeating Theodore Braybrook Panabokke and re-entered the House of Representatives in a landslide victory. Prime Minister Bandaranaike appointed him to his Cabinet as the Minister of Labour, Housing and Social Services.
¡¡¡¡In 1959 S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, a visionary who gave a life and purpose to the very ordinary ¡®common man¡¯ fell to an assassin¡¯s bullet, although the conspirators to the assassination were people engaged in commercial activity who had lost out on some deals, which were unprincipled, unethical and not in the national interest, and rightly turned down by Bandaranaike. The chief conspirator, former Viharadhipathi of the Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara, Mapitigama Buddharakkitha, was tried and convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, and he died in prison while serving his sentence. In the immediate post S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike cabinet, T. B. Ilangaratne assumed duties as the Minister of Home Affairs, which included the department of police that investigated the assassination and which eventually led to the conviction of the assassin and the conspirators.
¡¡¡¡He contested and was elected in the general elections of March 1960 and July 1960 from Hewaheta. He was appointed Minister of Commerce, Trade, Food and Shipping by Sirima Bandaranaike who became Prime Minister having led the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in the July election. In 1963, he was appointed Minister of Finance and then Minister of Internal and External Trade in 1964.
¡¡¡¡T. B. Ilangaratne lost his seat in the 1965 general election. He, however, returned to Parliament from a by-election in 1967 from the Kolonnawa electorate and sat in the opposition. He was re-elected in the 1970 general election from Kolonnawa and was appointed to the cabinet with the portfolios of Foreign and Internal Trade, thereafter, Trade and Public Administration and Home Affairs. In 1974 he served briefly as the acting Prime Minister. Ilangaratne retired from politics on April 12, 1986.
¡¡¡¡There is a strong possibility that TB Ilangaratne¡¯s very significant and unparalleled achievements are not known to many as such interested parties have for years, carried out a successful campaign to hide them from the public and vilify him for activities he was never part of or had any association with.
¡¡¡¡His achievements are overwhelming, and amongst the major achievements not mentioned so far in this article are the following.
¡¡¡¡Declaring a holiday on account of the May Day and recognising this as a special day for workers, establishment of the Employees Provident Fund. The Employees¡¯ Provident Fund (EPF) was established under the Act No. 15 of 1958 and is currently the largest Social Security Scheme in Sri Lanka. With an asset base of Rs. 2,540 billion as at end 2019, the EPF today has become a huge ¡®Peace of Mind¡¯ for the employees of institutions and establishments of the Private Sector, State Sponsored Corporations, Statutory Boards and Private Business.
¡¡¡¡The adoption of the Labour Disputes Act, creation of Shops and Office Employees Act, passing of Maternity Leave Act, providing light work to pregnant mothers, implementation of the Workers¡¯ Compensation Act, establishment of the National Wages Commission, establishment of Vocational Training Centres, abolition of the right of employers to dismiss employees abruptly, facilitation of trade union representatives to attend foreign conferences.
¡¡¡¡Some of the institutional work he was responsible for were, nationalisation of private petroleum companies such as Royal Dutch Shell, Mobil gas, Caltex and Esso transferring its assets to the newly formed Ceylon Petroleum Corporation, and its refinery to refine crude oil, nationalization of insurance and the establishment of the Insurance Corporation, establishment of the People¡¯s Bank, establishment of the National Lotteries Board, adoption of the Shipping Corporation Act, establishment of Sathosa, launching the Oberoi Hotel created under the Sathosa establishment, establishment of State Trading General Corporation (now known as Rajawasa), establishment of the State Tractor Corporation, establishment of the State Textile Corporation (Salu Sala), establishment of the Consolidated Export Corporation (Consolexpo), establishment of Co-operative Services Commission, establishment of the National Fruit Board, establishment of the National Pricing Commission, creating a price control department to protect consumers, transfer of dried fish importation business to the State (CWE) on account of a gold smuggling racket amongst some private importers, to the CWE.
¡¡¡¡He is also credited as the first Finance Minister to present the national budget in Sinhala, the reason for this being the budget in Sinhala were to open the doors for entrepreneurs from the cities as well as villages to Sri Lanka¡¯s economic opportunities, and to broad base the naturally agro based country and to create opportunities for students to study economics in the Sinhala language as such opportunities were restricted to those who studied in the English medium up until then. He was also responsible for widening Tea exports, hitherto restricted to Britain, directly to the rest of the world, breaking the monopoly of Oil imports restricted to England, and opening importation from the Middle East and Russia.
¡¡¡¡It would not be misplaced to assign any other label than what Mahatma Gandhi said of great men ¨C ¡®You must be the change you wish to see in the world¡¯, to T B Ilangaratne. He epitomised that and he was always the change he wished to see in Sri Lanka. His singular achievements, his dedicated service to the country he loved, demonstrate this beyond any doubt. He is assured of an honoured place in Sri Lanka as a man for all seasons and a visionary leader for generations to come.
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KOSOVO after the chaos
A journey through the Mitrovica region in the footsteps of ethnic cleansing,
through the ruins of devastated, gutted places.
The inhabitants of Mitrovica were trying, with a force that only those who have lost everything can feel, to rebuild their houses of which nothing remained but wasteland, foundations, or at best, shreds of walls witnessing the violence of the facts ...
There were only eight thousand intact houses left in the area out of a total of ... twenty eight thousand.
SRBIJA, veut dire Serbie. Une guerre de tags se livre aussi sur les murs entre les militaires serbes et les combattants de l'UÇK, Armée de libération du Kosovo, organisation paramilitaire qui a combattu pour l'indépendance du Kosovo à la fin des années 1990.


Battlefield Combo Series - World War I
Item #: 5662
Title: World War I
Contents: 8 British Army and 8 Germans in Pickelhaube
About the New Sets:
BATTLEFIELD COMBO SERIES
We are starting with a selection of 22 different sets.
The sets will consist of two different opposing armies already in the range. These sets can be used for small dioramas or school projects.
(Armies in Plastic reserves the right to change the color of figures in sets at any time)


Dominic R. Verdi
On October 15, 1970, Dominic R. Verdi joined the Plaquemines Parish Sheriff’s Office under the administration of Sheriff H. B. Schoenberger. Prior to that, Dominic served for 2 years with the Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office. Prior to that, Dominic retired from the New Orleans Police Department after 20 years of service. Dominic served for over 38 years in Law Enforcement.
During Sheriff Schoenberger’s administration, Dominic served as an Investigator in the Belle Chasse area where he lived.
On July 1, 1984, Dominic now working under the administration of Sheriff Ernest Wooton was promoted to the rank of Chief of Narcotics and was given the task of forming the first Narcotics Unit in the Sheriff’s Office. The Narcotics Unit is still in existence today. On February 17, 1986, at approximately 5: 10 PM, Dominic Verdi was attending a Regional Organized Crime Information Center Conference in Houston, Texas? as he was traveling on the outskirts of Houston when he was involved a horrible traffic accident and was killed in the line of duty.
Gerald R. Bubrig
In 1961, Gerald G. Bubrig joined the Plaquemines Parish Sheriff’s Office under the administration of Sheriff Chester A. Wooton. Jerry served for nine years as a patrol deputy working in the Port Sulphur area. In 1969, Louisiana 23 was only a two-lane highway. On the night of March 14, 1969, shortly before midnight, Jerry received a call.
While en-route, a car occupied by 6 teenagers was traveling northbound on LA 23 in the Nairn area. At this same time, Jerry was traveling south. The car occupied by the teenagers, for some unknown reason, crossed the center line into the path of Jerry’s police unit. Jerry veered to the right onto the shoulder in an attempt to avoid colliding with the oncoming vehicle but was unsuccessful. In the aftermath, there were 7 dead, including Deputy Jerry Bubrig who was killed in the line of duty.
Douglas James "Jimmy" Landry
On July 30, 1956, Douglas James “Jimmy’ Landry joined the Plaquemines Parish Sheriff’s Office under the administration of Sheriff Chester A. Wooton. Jimmy served for 16 years as a patrol & civil deputy. In 1969 Jimmy continued to serve under the administration of Sheriff H. B. Schoenberger. On the night of May 30, 1972, Jimmy was involved in a traffic accident just south of Belle Chasse and was killed in the line of duty.


Born at 96 Cliftonpark Avenue, Belfast, on 28 October 1907, John Harold Hewitt was a renowned poet, art historian and collector and political activist.
Hewitt worked as an employee of Belfast City Council for 29 years in the Museum, before moving to Coventry. He returned to Belfast in 1969. Describing himself as ‘a man of the left’, Hewitt had an active political life and was involved in the British Labour Party, the Fabian Society and the Belfast Peace League. He was an early advocate of the concept of ‘regionalism’ as a means of establishing personal identity, as opposed to traditional sectarian concepts based on politics or religion. He rooted his own regional identity within the island of Ireland and famously described his identity as Ulster, Irish, British, and European. Despite Ulster’s entrenched sectarianism, Hewitt reached out to all citizens in his pursuit of the arts and social justice.
In 1930 he was appointed Art Assistant at the Belfast Museum and Art Gallery. During the thirties he and his wife Roberta participated in civil rights activism and socialist policies. They were instrumental in the formation of a progressive art group, ‘The Ulster Unit’, which included John Luke, Colin Middleton and others.
THE GLENS OF ANTRIM
In these years he also discovered the Glens of Antrim, an unspoiled, spectacular landscape, with a people for whom the traditional myths and legends remained vividly alive. Hewitt wrote about this landscape and the people there that continued to influence his poetry for the rest of his life.
His influence on the arts in Ulster at the time was significant. In the words of Edna Longley:
“His cross-sectarian ideal of Regionalism energised writers, painters, and general cultural activity during the post-war period. It recovered ancestral voices and provided some of the basis for a second take-off in the 1960s”.
In 1957 he moved to Coventry as Art Director of the Herbert Gallery and Museum, returning to Belfast on his retirement in 1972.
In 1976, he was appointed first Writer-in-residence at Queen’s University and in 1983 he was made a Freeman of the City of Belfast in recognition of his profound contribution to our society.
An avid supporter of equality, opportunity and justice for all, John Hewitt officially opened The Belfast Unemployed Resource Centre (BURC) on Mayday 1985. A social enterprise business was established in Belfast to raise funds towards the running of the centre – this was to become The John Hewitt Bar, which opened in 1999, named in tribute to the ethos and beliefs of the poet.
DEATH AND LEAGACY
John Hewitt died in Belfast on 27 June 1987. He donated his body to Queen’s University for medical research. There was no funeral, but a week later three hundred people gathered in the Lyric Theatre Belfast to remember him. John Hewitt’s personal library and literary archive were bequeathed to Ulster University. In 1989 a memorial stone cairn for John Hewitt was erected on a hillside in Glenaan, one of the nine famous Glens of Antrim near Ossian’s Grave.
The John Hewitt Society was established, to honour the poet’s memory and to encourage the continuing exploration of his ideas and ideals: breaking down parochialism, exclusive concepts of identity, and sectarian hostility towards the ‘other’.


About Southern Skies FCRC
How Our Club Started
Until the early 1970s, there were few Flat-Coats in the Southeast and were seldom seen at dog shows. In the following thirty years, the flat-coat population grew. Flat-Coat owners sought each other out and worked co-operatively to share information and provide activities for their dogs. The early owners gathered at local shows to share information and experiences. They took part in informal training days to prepare dogs for Working Certificate tests. Flat-Coats were beginning to be seen in Obedience rings. Many owners were members of the Flat-Coated Retriever Society of America, Inc. and travelled to National Specialties to meet other owners and breeders and to return home with a better understanding of the breed.
By the late ‘90s, there was an active core of Flat-Coat fanciers. There was a greater participation at the National level as well as the regional. A match was held in the Atlanta area. A WC/WCX test followed. These events created interest in holding other events in the region and led to discussions concerning the formation of a regional flat-coated retriever club with strong ties to the national Parent Club.
In April of 2002, a request was made to the FCRSA for the requirements leading to the formation of a local club and the responsibilities of being an affiliated regional club. This information was sent by Dr. Nancy Schenck, then FCRSA Vice-President and one of the early Florida flat-coat breeders.
May 11, 2002: The first official meeting of the Southern Skies Flat-Coated Retriever Club, with 20 members in attendance, was held at the home of Claire and Martin Koshar in Montverde, Florida. The club’s first Officers and Board were elected:
Recording Secretary-Donna Chocianowski
Membership Secretary-Katy Postrozny
Board Members: Joan Dever, Mary Smith, PJ Lacette
Board Members & Committee Chairs 2022
Supported Entry Trophy
Susan Schultz Poole
Annual Awards Chair


The International Pokémon League is a collection of major Pokémon Leagues from across the globe, and the government of the Pokémon World. It is headed by the International Champion, a role which is contested for every four years during the Pokémon World Championships. The International Pokémon League was formed nearly three hundred years ago,and has remained the dominant global power since its inception. It consists of six continental Pokémon Leagues, over one hundred regional Pokémon leagues and thirty independent Leagues. While its leader is chosen via battle every four years, other roles in the International League are much more traditional in their selection. The current International Champion is Ash Ketchum.
The Pallet AllianceEdit
The roots of the International League began in 1579 A.P.W (After Pokémon Wars), when the five regions of Metone, Unova, Kanto, Dictioy and Sinnoh formed a militaristic and economic alliance. During this time, immigration between these five areas were strongly encouraged, with Metone experiencing unprecedented bursts of economic and population growth. This treaty was refer to as the 'Pallet Alliance', as it was signed on Pallet Hilltop in Kanto, a location which would later become Pallet Town.
This alliance would remain unchanged for at least thirty years, until 1609 when Kanto would establish dominance over nearby regions of Johto and Hoenn. Instead of establishing a military dominance over these two regions, the Kantonese League instead offer for both Johto and Hoenn to keep their independence, if they signed the Pallet Treaty. Despite discontent from the Johto population from the war and the destruction of the Brass Tower at the hands of the Kantonese army, they entered into the Pallet Alliance.
Following these additions to the alliance, smaller Leagues began to willingly present themselves to the members of the Pallet Treaty, desiring the protection and peace that would come with having more powerful allies. Between 1609 and 1620, membership in the Pallet Alliance swelled from seven independent members to over forty. Around this time, leadership of the alliance would previously be split between the five founding Leagues, but this became increasingly difficult as the Pallet Alliance gained more members.
To deal with this difficulty, it was suggested that the Champions of each member league would participate in a contest, the winner being viewed as the public face of the Pallet Alliance. Early competitions were held before every major political event. When this was deemed too costly to continue, a representative Champion was elected to serve a term of four years. The first Champion of the Pallet Alliance was Edmond Barker of Metone.
Despite its growing power, the Pallet Alliance faced many problems. Smaller regions were wary of joining the Alliance for fear of becoming subservient to one of the founding members of the Pallet Treaty. This fear was largely dissolved when the position of the Pallet Treaty Champion was formed. As a result, many regions joined the Pallet Alliance in the hopes of claiming this position and with it, power over many Leagues across the world.
The main opposition to the Pallet Alliance came from the Pokémon Leagues of Orre and Forenzis, who viewed the growing power of the Pallet Alliance with alarm. This came to a head in 1701 when the government of Orre declared war on Unova, the most powerful member of the Pallet Alliance. Within a few short weeks, Orre had launched an invasion force upon Unova, killing Pokémon and humans alike. At this time, Cobalion, the legendary Deer of Steel, began to lead the wild Pokémon of Unova in a battle against the invasion forces. With the major part of their armies either killed or captured and the members of the Pallet Alliance mobilising their forces, the Orre government authorised the use of nuclear weapons against Unova.
Prior to the war, the capital city of Unova was a city called Entra, which was located in the centre of the region. Due to its highly defensible position and the rallying of the wild Pokémon by Cobalion, Orre forces had been unable to get within a day's march of the city. On the sixth of the month of Moltres (August), the Orre government launched nuclear missiles which decimated the city and left the surrounding plain barren. Sensing the destruction caused by these weapons, the legendary Wings of Council stepped in. With the aid of Celebi, Shaymin and the Legendary Dogs of Johto, the damage caused by the nuclear missile was surpressed and eventually contained into a single tree, later known as the Entree. The land was purged of lingering radiation and the legendary Pokémon raced to Orre as fast as they could. However, it was too late. Upon learning of the nuclear strike, the governments of Kanto, Sinnoh and Holon launched simultaneous missile strikes. By the time the legendary Pokémon were able to arrive in Orre and contain the radiation, the majority of the region had been destroyed, and the damage irreparable. At this time, the Wings of Council declared that technology which harnessed nuclear power was banned. Any region who failed to uphold this decree would be destroyed by the combined power of the Legendary Pokémon.
Creation of the International LeagueEdit
The International ConfederateEdit
Having now established itself as a powerful military alliance, the Pallet Alliance continued to grow. Learning from the example of Orre, the Forenzis Continental League joined the Pallet Alliance, bringing its membership to three Continental Leagues, 53 Regional Leagues and four independents Leagues. With the addition of Forenzis to its numbers, the Pallet Alliance renamed itself, called itself the International Confederate in 1705. During this time, the International Confederate was led for the first time by a Champion who did not belong to one of the five founding Regions, Jorge Washer, of the Orange Islands Independent League. Over the next thirty years, the International Confederate would continue to gain members.
The International Constitution and Pokémon AgreementEdit
For several years leading up to the first International Championship, there were many discussions involving the concept of one global nation. It was only in 1729 that the first draft of an International Constitution was brought forward to the International Legislative Assembly by the Champion of Poligem. From here, the Constitution was discussed for several years until it was declared equal for all parties involved in the Confederate. In 1733, a representative from the Wings of Council was sent to the International Legislative Assembly to present a new section to the Constitution which completely removed humans from deciding the fate of Pokémon. Instead, this duty will remain in the power of the Pokémon themselves, or, in extreme cases, the Wings of Council. Discussion over this amendment to what was a finalised document became even more heated. More militaristic nations who used Pokémon as soldiers argued that the Pokémon Agreement would strip them of much of their power, while economic nations had a similar worry about Pokémon who were involved in the workforce. When the Pokémon Agreement was negoiated and agreed to, four Regional Leagues and nine Independent Leagues broke from the Confederate, not wanting to alter the relations their nation had with its native Pokémon.
The first International ChampionshipEdit
In 1735 that the Confederate created and signed the first International Constitution and Bill of Rights, upon paper made from the branches of the Entree in Unova. The Confederate underwent yet another name change and became the organisation known as the International Pokémon League. At this time, the International League had five Continental Leagues, seventy-six Regional Leagues and twelve Independent Leagues under its banner. This year began the tradition of the International Championship, cutting short the reign of the last Confederate Champion, Brock Amir. The first International Championship was held in Orre Colosseum, in memory of the defining battle which had destroyed the majority of the region. Jon Howe of Johto won the first International Championship, and become the first International Champion. At this time, Ho-oh granted his blessing upon the League, conferring a valuable flame to its Champion. The flame of Ho-oh would eventually go on to become the symbol of the International League.
The modern International LeagueEdit
By 1801, the International Pokémon League had the majority of the world's Regions under its control. As a result of the centralised system of government, life across the globe would improve for humans and Pokémon alike. In 1802, an unprecedent event occured when the International Champion was defeated in an exhibition match. Feeling that the current system which only allowed for regional Champions to compete in the International Championships was too confining, the qualifying criteria for the International Championships was expanded. Under the new system, Champions of a region were given an automatic place at the World Championships and Trainers who had completed eight Regional Leagues and two Independent Leagues were now eligible to compete in the World Championships. It was from this decision that the idea of a Trainer Journey was formed, and Trainers began journeying the world so that they may eventually be able to compete at an international level. Diplomacy between regions became much friendlier, and soon, long-standing grievances between Regions were forgiven or forgotten.
The Roles and Duties of the International LeagueEdit
Since the introduction of the International Constitution, the Bill of Rights and the Pokémon Agreement, the International Pokémon League has settled into an administrational role. The League fulfils the following duties:
- Militaristic action against threats to the Pokémon World.
- Liason between the various Pokémon Leagues.
- Enforces the various laws of the International Constitution.
- Development, regulation and control of powerful technology.
- Support of the Pokémon societies.
- Human liason between the Wings of Council and the public.
- Provides emergency support to Regions dealing with national disasters.
- Grants and tracks Trainer Licenses.
Notable International ChampionsEdit
- Jon Howe of Johto: 1st International Champion. Established the Flames of Ho-oh Tradition.
- Samuel Oak of Kanto: 21st International Champion. Willingly retired after his second term and became a renowned Pokémon Professor.
- Eagun Botswana: 22nd International Champion. Founder of Agate Village and researcher into Pokémon Relations with Trainers.
- Cynthia Carolina of Sinnoh: 24th International Champion. Dealt with various Legendary Pokémon emergencies, including the return of Giratina to our Universe.
- Ash Ketchum of Kanto: 25th International Champion and current record keeper for longest consecutive reign at 20 years.. Has won the International Championship five times.
- While Ash Ketchum has the longest consecutive reign of any International Champion, he has not had the longest reign overall. The 8th and 10th International Champion, Whitney Church, was the International Champion for 28 years.
- Kanto has had more International Champions than any other region, with four out of twenty five Champions coming from Kanto.


History of Mass Media in IndiaBack
The history of mass media in India can be traced back to the late 18th century when the first newspaper, The Bengal Gazette, was published in 1780 by James Augustus Hickey. However, it was only in the 19th century that the mass media gained significant momentum with the introduction of the printing press and the increasing literacy rates among the people.
During the British colonial period, newspapers played a crucial role in disseminating information and shaping public opinion. The first Indian language newspaper, Samachar Darpan, was published in Bengali in 1818. In 1857, during the Indian Rebellion, newspapers played a critical role in spreading news and views among the masses.
The 20th century saw the emergence of new forms of mass media such as radio, cinema, and television. Radio broadcasting started in India in 1927 with the establishment of the Indian Broadcasting Company. The All India Radio (AIR) was established in 1936 and it became the main source of information and entertainment for the masses. Cinema, too, became a popular form of mass media, with the first Indian feature film, Raja Harishchandra, being released in 1913. Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 with the launch of Doordarshan.
In the post-independence period, mass media in India underwent significant changes with the emergence of private media companies and the liberalization of the media industry. The 1990s saw the emergence of satellite television, which brought in a new era of 24-hour news channels and entertainment channels. The rise of the internet and social media in the 21st century has further transformed the mass media landscape in India, with online news portals and social networking sites becoming popular sources of information and communication.
Today, mass media in India is a diverse and vibrant industry, with a large number of newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television channels, and online media outlets catering to different segments of the population.
Indian Media consist of several different types of communications: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites/portals. Indian media was active since the late 18th century with print media started in 1780, radio broadcasting initiated in 1927, and the screening of Auguste and Louis Lumière moving pictures in Bombay initiated during the July of 1895. It is among the oldest and largest media of the world. Media in India has been free and independent throughout most of its history, even before establishment of Indian empire by Ashoka the Great on the foundation of righteousness, openness, morality and spirituality. The period of emergency (1975–1977), declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was the brief period when India's media was faced with potential government retribution.
History Of Journalism & Mass Communication In India
The country consumed 99 million newspaper copies as of 2007 - making it the second largest market in the world for newspapers. By 2009, India had a total of 81,000,000 Internet users - comprising 7.0% of the country's population, and 7,570,000 people in India also had access to broadband Internet as of 2010 - making it the 11th largest country in the world in terms of broadband Internet users. As of 2009, India is among the 4th largest television broadcast stations in the world with nearly 1,400 stations. Snapshot of evolution of media in India is as below:
Mass media in India - Bengal: The Bengal Gazette was started by James Augustus Hicky in 1780. The Gazette, a two-sheet newspaper, specialised in writing on the private lives of the Sahibs of the Company. He dared even to mount scurrillious attacks on the Governor-General, Warren Hastings', wife, which soon landed "the late printer to the Honourable Company" in trouble.
Hicky was sentenced to a 4 months jail term and Rs.500 fine, which did not deter him. After a bitter attack on the Governor-General and the Chief Justice, Hicky was sentenced to one year in prison and fined Rs.5,000, which finally drove him to penury. These were the first tentative steps of journalism in India. Mass media in India - Calcutta: B.Messink and Peter Reed were pliant publishers of the India Gazette, unlike their infamous predecessor. The colonial establishment started the Calcutta Gazette. It was followed by another private initiative the Bengal Journal. The Oriental Magazine of Calcutta Amusement, a monthly magazine made it four weekly newspapers and one monthly magazine published from Calcutta, now Kolkata.
Mass media in India - Madras Chennai: The Madras Courier was started in 1785 in the southern stronghold of Madras, which is now called Chennai. Richard Johnson, its founder, was a government printer. Madras got its second newspaper when, in 1791, Hugh Boyd, who was the editor of the Courier quit and founded the Hurkaru. Tragically for the paper, it ceased publication when Boyd passed away within a year of its founding.
It was only in 1795 that competitors to the Courier emerged with the founding of the Madras Gazette followed by the India Herald. The latter was an "unauthorised" publication, which led to the deportation of its founder Humphreys. The Madras Courier was designated the purveyor of official information in the Presidency. In 1878, The Hindu was founded, and played a vital role in promoting the cause of Indian independence from the colonial yoke. It's founder, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, was a lawyer, and his son, K Srinivasan assumed editorship of this pioneering newspaper during for the first half of the 20th century. Today this paper enjoys the highest circulation in South India, and is among the top five nationally.
Mass media in India - Bombay: Bombay, now Mumbai, surprisingly was a late starter - The Bombay Herald came into existence in 1789. Significantly, a year later a paper called the Courier started carrying advertisements in Gujarati.
The first media merger of sorts: The Bombay Gazette, which was started in 1791, merged with the Bombay Herald the following year. Like the Madras Courier, this new entity was recognised as the publication to carry "official notifications and advertisements". 'A Chronicle of Media and the State', by Jeebesh Bagchi in the Sarai Reader 2001 is a handy timeline on the role of the state in the development of media in India for more than a century.
Bagchi divides the timeline into three 'ages'. The Age of Formulation, which starts with the Indian Telegraph Act in 1885 and ends with the Report of the Sub-Committee on Communication, National Planning Committee in 1948.
Role of mass media
State of Modern Mass Media: After Independence, the Indian media had evolved, realigned and reinvented itself to a large extent, and now-a-days you can see a clear division between commercial and aesthetic expressions of our Media Giants, sometimes arbitrary. Modern mass communication media is poles apart relative to any aesthetic feeling: vulgarity and arrogance nullify any hypothesis of meaning. Aesthetics is the more powerful answer to violence of modern mass communication. Today’s mass communication media seems to elude every determination, exposing its message to all possible variants, it finishes to abolish it. Goal of mass communication is always the unbiased dissipation of any content, and the world wide web is no exception, and surely is the most efficient media tool.
It’s also very interesting to observe how the old media are becoming more and more permeable to blogs and D.I.Y. information. This phenomenon is not due to a fascination in more democratic information sources. On the contrary - the pressure is rising due to the growth of the eyes’ (cameras and new digital devices) that are watching the same events that mainstream media are reporting to us: the possibility of being uncovered are too many and broadcast journalists are forced to tell the truth (or at least a plausible version of it). As a consequence, blogs have become the major source of news and information about many global affairs. We also have to consider that bloggers are often the only real journalists, as they (at their own risk) provide independent news in countries where the mainstream media is censored, biased or under control.


The Playwrights Database
Buy Plays with Doollee
Each page of doollee.com has links to play/book outlets, either directly to the Publisher, through Stageplays.com and Amazon to the second hand and 1st editions of AbeBooks. These links will automatically take you to the relevant area obviating the need for further search.
whether you are a Playwright who wishes to make their entry definitive, an unlisted Playwright or a User with a tale to tell - we want to hear from you.
download WORD submission template
below is a list of James R Harris's plays - click on a Play Title for more information
Civil War Voices
Civil War Voices
This show is part of the Midtown International theatre Festival. Here's the official blurb: Civil War Voices tells the compelling and passionate true stories of five individuals who lived through the conflict, using their actual words that were left behind in diaries, letters, and other writings. Joe Harris was a cotton planter from alabama with a conflicted conscience. the discovery of his Civil War diary inspired the play. Elizabeth Keckley was born a slave, bought her freedom, and became Mary Todd Lincoln's closest friend and personal assistant in the White House. theo and Harriet Perry were a young, married couple from Texas, who were separated by the war. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain was a college professor from Maine, who enlisted to fight for the Union. Through the lives and words of these individuals, the struggles, hardships and sacrifices of Americans become understandable and real as the Civil War progresses. all new arrangements of traditional melodies of the period by Mark Hayes advance the narrative and sharpen the emotional impact of the stories. the extraordinary music of the period reveals the emotions behind the conflict. the show contains some of the greatest songs of the period such as "Battle Hymn of the Republic," "amazing Grace," and "Sometimes I Feel like a Motherless Child," just to name a few.
June Havoc Theatre, 312 West 36th Street, 1St Floor, New York, NY 10018 24 Jul 2010
To Buy This Play:
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The Stonington Historical Society will mark the 200th anniversary of the four-day Battle of Stonington with special events from Today through Sunday.
- A Battle of Stonington exhibit will be on display at La Grua Center throughout the weekend.
- Today: Stonington’s battle flag and artifacts from the 1812 era will be on display atWoolworth Library, from 5 to 7 p.m. A reception will be held at the Captain Palmer House and author Jim Geary will sign copies of his latest book “Our Flag is Still Here: The Story of Stonington’s Star Spangled Banner — A Scrapbook History.” The display will also be open on Saturday, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
- Saturday: There will be cruises on the Mystic Whaler leaving from the New England Science and Sailing dock and passing historic sites, historic walking tours of Stonington Borough, a commemoration of slain British midshipman Thomas Barratt Powers at 2 p.m. at the Stonington Cemetery, a Bicentennial Patriotic Concert in Wadawanuck Square at 3:30 p.m., and a dinner cruise aboard Mystic Whaler. Reservations are required for the cruises.
- Sunday: An 1812 military encampment will be held from 10 a.m. to noon on the Old Lighthouse Grounds. There will be a bicentennial parade, beginning at 1:30 p.m., from Wadawanuck Square to Cannon Square, followed by a Wadawanuck Square victory celebration with music and I will be marching with other dignitaries. Balladeer Geoff Kaufman will perform “Huzza for Home” at La Grua Center at 4:30 p.m. Reservations are required for Kaufman’s performance.
Come join us in this local remembrance.


Luxury business premises
MORAVÁK is a landmark at the northern end of Moravské Square, only a short walk from the centre of Brno. The unique historical building dates back to the first half of the 20th century. It was built in the functionalist style. Its history is very extensive. For example, it was once the headquarters of the Moravská Typografie and the First Republic daily Moravské Noviny.
Are you looking for a representative, fascinating place for your business located just a few steps from the centre of Brno with everything you need in reach? This is what MORAVÁK is all about – your new business space.


Exposed Exhibitions – Fotoarchiv der Kunsthalle Basel (22.9.–12.11.2017)
The photo archive of Kunsthalle Basel testifies to more than 100 years of exhibition-making at the institution through nearly 25,000 photographs, a selection of which is exposed to the light again. With their new artworks, Cécile Hummel, Esther Hunziker, Doris Lasch & Astrid Seme, Raoul Müller, and Werner von Mutzenbecher reﬂect on the complexity of the archive and the institution’s long history of exhibiting the now.
The show is curated by Sören Schmeling, head of Kunsthalle Basel’s photo archive, with the assistance of Mara Berger.
Video by 6th Finger Studios


Saturday, May 2, 11am–2 pm
CANCELLED—we are working to reschedule for another date or format, if possible.
Conghao Tian, an art history MA student studying Asian Art at the University of Chicago, will demonstrate the traditional art of Chinese calligraphy as a durational performance. Conghao will, for three hours, slowly copy, from memory, An Ode to the Prosperous Great Tang Dynasty upon Song Dong’s Traceless Stele, on view at the Smart Museum of Art.
An Ode to the Prosperous Great Tang Dynasty is a famous stone stele carved in 771, the middle of the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The text documents the great deed of Emperor Suzong who pacified the Anshi rebellion, probably the most famous rebellion in the history of China, regained lost cities, and recovered the glory of the dynasty. More famous is the calligrapher who wrote down the text that was later carved into stone. Yan Zhenqing (709–785) is one of the most renowned calligraphers in China. He is known for his solid, solemn, powerful, imposing, yet energetic style, which best captures the aesthetic of the prosperous middle Tang Dynasty. Later critics thought of the Ode to the Prosperous Great Tang Dynasty as the best of all Yan Zhenqing’s works.
Conghao writes, “For young calligraphy learners, this stele is often the beginning point of their life-long practice of copying classic works. I began studying calligraphy when I was about five years old and started studying this stele when I was about seven. In the past seventeen years, I have copied it countless times, and it is still my favorite stele. I choose to perform this stele on Song Dong’s Traceless Stele not only because of its rich history and connection to Song Dong’s work, but also because of my personal attachment to this particular monument.”
FREE, open to all.


140th NY Infantry | Living History Organization
The 140th NYVI Living History Organization is a nonprofit organization founded in Rochester, New York during 1982. We are a family oriented group of approximately one hundred individuals and families, centered in Western New York.
As living history interpreters of the Civil War era, we hope to educate people about the integral part soldiers and civilians played in the war effort. Our ultimate objective is to remind people of the sacrifices our ancestors made to make America what it is today.
Each July, we sponsor an event at the Genesee Country Museum. A restored 19th century village located in Mumford, New York.
First kachingled on:
Nov 18, 2011
Description from homepage
Photo courtesy (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en) of Flickr user Marion Doss
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6 visits, last Dec 13, 2011
3 visits, last Dec 19, 2011


This pinball was manufactured by Bally in 1969. It has spent all or most of its life in home use. We have shopped it and it is in immaculate shape. Only 800 of these machines were originally manufactured in 1969, and of the existing machines, we believe that you will never find another one in this condition.
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Where We Are
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Valentia Island is approximately 12km long and 5 km wide and lies in the gulf stream, near the Ring of Kerry. The island is popular with visitors who wish to enjoy an island of incredible beauty, steeped in history, plenty of outdoor activities and great pubs and restaurants. The island is connected to the mainland by a bridge at Portmagee, and there is a ferry service from April to November between Knightstown and Renard Point (for Cahirsiveen). Activities nearby include boat trips, angling, diving, cycling, horse-riding and many beautiful walks. There are a number of good pubs and excellent restaurants nearby. Boat trips to visit the famous Skellig Rocks go from nearby Portmagee and can be arranged locally.
Situated in the old village of Dohilla, Coastguard Patch is originally one of twelve stone houses built at the end of the eighteenth century for coastguard families. In the nineteenth century, the houses were occupied by mining families. Slate from this mine roofed the Houses of Parliament in London and the British Museum. Close by on the sea shore is a geological site of world importance, the footprints preserved in sandstone of a tetrapod dated to 385 million years ago. A tetrapod was the first fish-like animal which developed four legs and drew itself out of the primordial slime at at the estuary of an ancient river.


Sunday 24th July – RAF Barnham visit.
It took over three years to finally meet Keith, the owner of the Gorse Industrial Park and take a tour, because Covid had reared it’s ugly head, but it was well worth the wait.
Although not military anymore, the unit is unique as a former Cold War nuclear weapons maintenance facility.
A group of eight of us met at Thickthorn McDonald’s to commence our cross-country rideout via Watton to the Gorse Industrial Park, near Thetford, it was here that we met Keith and were welcomed by him in the visitor’s centre.
He regaled us with a short history of the site complimenting it with a couple of short films, interspersing this with witty anecdotes of his professional life and how he and his wife came to purchase the property, it was informative and funny but a complete eye-opener as to what was happening close to Thetford during the Cold War.
Once Keith has finished this part of our visit, Richard, his son and a Honda Africa Twin owner took us around a walking tour of the old nuclear bomb maintenance facility, pointing out the original buildings, double fences with a wide open section in between each fence that would have housed trip wires with flares attached to warn the guards should anyone be stupid enough to try to breach security, the facility also housed RAF guard dogs, watchtowers with a clear field of view of all the site, which was in turn illuminated by harsh white light from lamp posts. The concrete fence posts were arranged “out of line” every few yards so patrolling RAF personnel could see right along the fence line.
Why all this near Thetford, well it was because Britain’s nuclear bombs named Blue Danube were maintained here and the nuclear core for those bombs were stored on site in specially designed “hutches”. There were more hutches than cores to fool the Russians into thinking that we had more nuclear bombs than we did. We were shown around all of the site, some now
left to nature for the birds, bees, insects, and sheep which the site now houses, we did see a couple of kestrels which have made the location their home too. Richard told us of what each building was used for and how they had been preserved which included taking original paint samples so completed hutches could be painted as they would have been done originally. We completed Richard’s extensive and very interesting tour by returning to the main site to where one of the bomb maintenance facilities had been refurbished.
Here we met Keith again who opened this large building and explained that the bombs were hoisted off the back of a lorry and placed onto a trolley before being taken tail less into this building for maintenance. We returned to the visitor’s centre to complete our tour of this fascinating Cold War facility by Keith showing us another short film and wishing us a safe journey home. Finished? not quite, Richard invited us to climb into their fully-refurbished watchtower where he explained the major points of the
site from an overhead view and a few of us took him up on his offer.
The site is so unique that English Heritage/Historic England have become involved to assist in keeping this unique Cold War facility in existence, money well spent in my view.
What did they tell the locals of what was going on here at it’s height? – well nothing but the rumour of training monkeys for space flight was never confirmed or denied!!!
I really can’t thank Keith and Richard enough for all the time and trouble they went to today for us and I bet they had heard “I didn’t know this was here” many,
many times before, it was a brilliant visit.
Let to right
Top: Watchtower (one of five). Hutches general view. Single hutch.
Centre: Lead lined double nuclear core storage. Core container (Core is size of a grapefruit). Overhead gantry for lifting bomb.
Bottom: Double fence from watchtower. General view of site from watchtower. Blue Danube bomb (replica).
Wroxham and Hoveton Lions Charity Fete, Sunday 7th August 2022.
We were invited back to the Lion’s Charity Fete once again following the Covid restrictions and managed to muster a group of seven bikes from HOC members and friends.
We were joined by Freda in her car, bringing a gazebo giving us much-needed shade and Michelle in her van supplying us with bacon rolls and coffee which were also very welcome, so thank you ladies for that. Once the fete was open, we had a steady stream of people round, looking at the bikes, asking questions, and telling stories of “back in the day”. Mark and Michelle’s son, Josh kindly spent time with us during the day and his bike bolstered our line up to eight solos. Phil was busy demonstrating all the bells and whistles on his Gold Wing to anyone who stopped to admire his bike, and there were quite a few. Most of us took the time to wander around the stalls and attractions including Andy, who returned with an armful of ice lollies to keep us cool, thanks Andy.
We received a visit from a couple of the Lions committee members who thanked us for our efforts and as the crowds began to diminish, we slowly began to pack up, answered a few more queries then returned by various routes to our homes, a very successful day.
Thank you all who came, giving your time freely to support the Lions charity and answer so many questions.