Alabama Stands with Israel - a Forerunner State
Alabama, a forerunner state in standing with Israel.
Then and now, Alabama recognizes Israel’s Right to Exist as a Jewish State and now condemns the Anti-Semitic Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.
In 1943 World War II was in full swing as the Axis powers were waging war against Europe and America. The extermination of the Jewish people in Europe was beginning. In the midst of the chaos of war, Alabama decided to take a stand for the Jewish people, do what was right, and made their place in history.
Leading the nation as the first state to officially call for the establishment of a Jewish state and homeland, the Alabama legislature passed unanimously in both the House and the Senate a Joint Resolution, Act 144 (SJR4) in 1943, supporting the creation of the state of Israel as a Jewish state and urging action from the US government and the United Nations. It was five years before it became reality.
On April 7th, 2016, the Deputy Speaker of the Knesset (Israel's Parliament) the Honorable Hilik Barr, spoke to a rare joint session of the Alabama legislature. He addressed the Lt. Governor and Alabama legislators with a well-received passionate speech describing the shared enemies of Israel and the United States and honored Alabama for being at the forefront of standing with Israel and against the political, cultural and economic attacks being perpetrated on Israel through the BDS movement.
Deputy Speaker of the Knesset, Hilik Barr said in his address to the joint session of the Alabama legislature;
“Once again, Alabama is standing in the frontline of defending justice, and protecting Israel, and we are proud of you, and we are grateful of this. It is because of people like you, here in Alabama, that we know that Israel will never, ever stand alone.”
Alabama legislators that had assisted with the Joint resolution in February were honored by Mr. Bar with recognition for standing with the Jewish State.
Robin Rowan (Church4Israel and HisEvents) with Mobile, AL Representative Victor Gaston and the Honorable Hilik Barr of Israel
John Buhler of Huntsville, founder of the Alabama-Israel Task Force, networked with Jewish and Christian leaders and attorneys throughout the state organizing the effort. Church4Israel of the Mobile, Alabama area worked closely alongside calling on Gulf Coast legislators to assist in getting the bill passed. Representative Victor Gaston of Mobile was thanked for his efforts as was Senator Rusty Glover of Mobile and Senator Tripp Pittman of Baldwin County.
It takes a team effort! John Buhler of Huntsville (Alabama-Israel Task Force), Daniel Odrezin of the Birmingham Jewish Federation, Attorney Lenora Pate, Senator Tripp Pittman (Baldwin County), Robin Rowan (Church4Israel), Steven Brickman and Donald Hess.
State of Alabama Recognizes Israel’s Right to Exist as a Jewish State and Condemns the Anti-Semitic Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.
2-17-2016 Robin Rowan for Church4Israel, see the original article here.
Alabama Senate Joint Resolution 6 “DENOUNCING THE BOYCOTT, DIVESTMENT, AND SANCTIONS (BDS) MOVEMENT” quickly passed unanimously both the House and Senate and was signed by Alabama Governor Robert Bentley on February 16, 2016.
The strongly worded Joint Resolution “reaffirms its support for the State of Israel as a Jewish State” and “recognizes that the Jewish people are indigenous to the land of Israel.” It also condemns “delegitimizing Israel by denying the historical Jewish connection to the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, or the Holy Land.”
The purpose of the Resolution is to recognize the resurgence of global anti-Semitism currently being at its highest point since World War II and condemns the anti-Israel activities on college campuses. It recognizes that the increased Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement has resulted in “intimidation and violence on University campuses, is harmful to the State’s Jewish citizens and has a deleterious impact on the educational environment.”
Other States that have passed similar Resolutions are New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Tennessee and California. Legislative Bills against the BDS movement have been passed by Illinois and South Carolina.
Alabama has a great history of supporting Israel. Before Israel existed, in the midst of World War II, Alabama led the nation in an official call for the establishment of the Jewish State and Homeland. The Joint resolution was unanimous and signed by the Governor on June 10, 1942.
Alabama State Senator Arthur Orr from Decatur sponsored Senate Joint Resolution 6 and said, “The BDS movement has targeted the Jewish state for economic and political sanctions and with a dramatic increase of BDS activity now also reaching U.S. college campuses, our position must be clear. Alabama sends a strong message with SJR 6 denouncing the BDS Movement and affirming we stand with our closest ally in the Middle East.”
Alabama House Speaker Pro Tem, Victor Gaston of Mobile stated, “I am proud to have had a role in the House Rules Committee assisting with the now unanimous passing of this important Resolution. The Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement has no place in the State of Alabama as it harms the United States’ greatest ally and friend to Alabama, Israel.”
Jewish and Christian leaders united from across the state to help get this important Resolution passed.
The Birmingham Jewish Federation, Church4Israel based on the Alabama gulf coast and leaders in Montgomery and Birmingham came together with leadership from The Alabama-Israel Task Force in Huntsville to get this important Resolution passed. Alabama’s support for Israel is represented in unity of the Christian and Jewish communities throughout the State.
For more details on the dangerous BDS Movement see Church4Israel article “The Presbyterian Church USA Turns Against Israel"
The State of Alabama is clear on its stand. – Excerpts from SJR6 –
“BE IT RESOLVED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF ALABAMA, BOTH HOUSES THEREOF CONCURRING, That we unequivocally denounce and reject the international Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement and any furtherance of this movement in this state.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That the Legislature of the State of Alabama rejects any activities that contribute directly or indirectly to the delegitimization of the sovereignty of Israel as a Jewish State including, but not limited to, promotion of economic, cultural, and academic boycotts against Israel.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That the Legislature of the State of Alabama considers the international BDS Movement and its agenda inherently antithetical and deeply damaging to the causes of peace, justice, equality, democracy, and human rights for all peoples in the Middle East.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That the Legislature of the State of Alabama reaffirms its support for the State of Israel as a Jewish State, recognizes that the Jewish people are indigenous to the land of Israel, condemns all attacks on the people of Israel, supports Israel’s right to engage in lawful acts of self-defense, opposes all attempts to economically and politically isolate Israel within the international arena, and opposes efforts to assault the legitimacy of Israel as the sovereign homeland of the Jewish people.”


Article written by Joely Pope, a recent graduate of the dual MAAA/MPA program at SPEA. Joely has been in Bloomington the last 5 years and has had the opportunity to work for some great organizations like Girls Inc. and the Monroe County YMCA. She has a passion for Superheros, dogs, and getting caught in the rain. During her time at SPEA she served as Graduate Assistant with IU Theatre and the SPEA Career Development Office, interned with the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis and the Indiana Arts Commission, and still had time to be the official, unofficial MAAA photographer.
One year of planning, seven weeks traveling, 15 countries, and more museums, tours, and historical sites than I can count, hello summer 2016. Before my inner Arts Admin geek comes out and I muse about museums or sound pretentious discussing personal discovery, let me introduce myself. After over a month of traveling I have this part down:
“Hi, I’m Joely from Indiana in the United States, that’s kind of by Chicago. I just completed two Master’s degrees in two years and decided I needed to take a break before finding a job, so I am doing a speed tour of Europe. My degrees were in Arts Administration and Public Affairs focusing on nonprofits.” This is the part where I usually get confused looks, so to follow up I usually say “it’s kind of like a business degree in the arts and social services, pretty much a business degree in everything that won’t make me money but makes me feel good about myself and the world.”
So that’s me, or at least the me that can be paired down to an introduction. Don’t tell my professors though because it is a terrible elevator speech.
I wanted to share some of things I’ve been thinking about during this past month of travels. While this trip has been a treat/relaxing time for me following a super busy two years spent getting two Masters—it has also been a time for me explore lots of different cultural organizations in another country and put my arts admin hat on a in the real world. My first topic of discussion is….
Museums specifically built for their exhibit
Beautiful buildings that evoke a sense of grandeur and impressive, intimidating architecture. Many museums in Europe housed in elaborate and imposing buildings. I love the history of the buildings and the palaces that a lot of museums once were, but my favorite museums on this trip were the ones designed recently. The ones I have learned the most from were built specifically for the story they are trying to weave and the collection they have. The museum designs were an experience in their own right. I had never experienced a larger museum that was constructed specifically to tell the story of the museum.
The Jewish Museum in Berlin, the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, and the Titanic Museum in Belfast all had buildings constructed specifically to house the exhibits and tell the history of the Jewish People in Germany, Vincent Van Gogh and the Titanic, respectively.
These museums are historical museums, built for a very specific purpose, and the layout helps communicate the story and enrich the symbolism of the space. Each of these museums was designed for their collection making the museums unique and the most comprehensive museum experience I have ever had. Places like the Louvre and the Uffizi have amazing works and the buildings themselves are stunningly beautiful with a rich history, but I get lost in the immensity and intimidating nature of them. These three museums led you at your own pace chronologically through the museum painting a holistic picture of the story they are trying to communicate. For me, there is far less “museum fatigue” and the desire to bounce around in museums that lead you through like this.
Titanic Museum in Belfast
The Titanic Museum was the first museum I had ever experienced having a building that was designed to create a museum for a specific historical event. Moving through the museum was an absolute pleasure. After seeing the first portion they send you to the fourth floor in a lift that looks industrial. This was a very pleasant way to transition from learning about making the ship to seeing how the ship was decorated and then how different classes’ living quarters varied. As you went down stairs you relived the sinking of the ship and finally about the rediscovery of the sunken ship.
Jewish Museum in Berlin
Every aspect of this museum layout was carefully planned. I was told I needed to visit this museum but was absolutely blown away when I entered the space. At first you enter a building that looks like any other museum, fancy stone exterior and intimidating height. You go through security and begin to make your way downstairs, soon you realize this is a museum like you’ve never experienced before. The building connects underground to another building and has three axes, the Axis of Exile, the Axis of the Holocaust, and the Axis of Continuity. Each of these axes serve different purposes.
The Axis of Exile leads you down the hallway with the names of countries where Jewish people fled to during the Holocaust. The Axis of Exile ends in a garden designed to make you feel unbalanced and unsure. Walking through the sloped garden the pillars are both a support and a constant obstacle. It made me slightly sick to walk through, and that was the point. The symbolism of being disoriented in another country was apparent as people stumbled through the garden.
The Axis of the Holocaust had possessions that once belonged to victims of the Holocaust and shared the people’s stories. The hallway ended with the Holocaust Tower which was an unheated tower, where the only light came in from a small slit high above you. If you were quiet you could hear what was happening outside. The experience of being so confined and isolated while still being able to hear the world carry on around you was surreal. The tower was haunting and even though I could leave at anytime it was as if I was frozen there. It was a very powerful way to end the hallway that displayed artifacts from some of the victims of the Holocaust.
The Axis of Continuity was the main part of the museum. At first the staircase looked small, but as you approached you saw that it extended up about three flights. This is where the museum took you through various exhibits starting with early Jewish culture and discussing the contributions of Jewish people in Germany. The museum explored what it meant to be Jewish and German as well as how discrimination started and was prevalent throughout German history.
Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam
“He made art in spite of his illness, not because of it.” The Van Gogh Museum was very clear that his art was not because of his mental illness. Since Van Gogh is my spirit artist, and I too have suffered from mental illness, I greatly appreciated the museum discussing his mental illness and psychotic breakdowns but focusing on his drive and dedication as a painter as well as his attempts to get better. The museum was chronological, except for the very beginning. Upon entering the first floor you come face to face with the painter himself. A variety of his self-portraits line the walls. The museum introduced you to Vincent the man before introducing you to Van Gogh the artist. It was a great way to start. You stared at how he painted himself and viewed the pallet he used and then slowly worked your way through his art as he improved, discovered himself, and his own unique way of painting. Going through several floors watching his progress as a painter and hearing his letters to his family makes the ending a more tragic. Looking at the last painting he made before shooting himself leaves you needing more. It is a sobering experience, looking at the final works and seeing a man trying to find hope. The museum however does not end on this sober note. The last part of the exhibit are paintings from artists inspired by Van Gogh, you get to see his legacy. Seeing the impact he had on the art world is a perfect end to a rather sad story.
It might not work to design an entire art museum for a specific collection, when the idea of an art museum is to constantly grow and display lots of different pieces and exhibits—not necessarily guide people through a specific narrative. I have yet to find an art museum that tells a cohesive story in such a meaningful manner as these historically-focused museums. Perhaps only historical events can have these types of moving, narrative-focused museums built for them. 10 out of 10 Joelys recommend these museums!


Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez: Home of Great Legends
Where is Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez?
Nestled just east of the bustling downtown metropolis of Mexico City and 8 miles south of Mexico City International Airport lies the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez, a historic racetrack that has seen some of the greatest moments in racing history, and has made an indelible mark on the world of motorsports.
The track was originally built in 1959, and was the first permanent racing circuit in Mexico. The track still largely follows the outline of the original course, with the most notable change being the awe-inspiring and totally terrifying Peralta corner that’s now been split in two, winding through the ancient Foro Sol baseball stadium for one of Formula 1’s most unique views.
The race track was named after the Rodriguez brothers, Pedro and Ricardo, who were both renowned race car drivers from Mexico City. They had a passion for motorsports, and wanted to bring their love of the sport to their home country, along with their father who apparently had some pull. Since its inception, the track has been home to some of the most exciting races in the world.
From Formula One Grand Prix to NASCAR, the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez has seen some of the greatest drivers in history take the wheel and conquer the track.
Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez: A Race through the ages
The track has also seen some of the most memorable races in history, including the 1986 Mexican Grand Prix, which saw Gerhard Berger take the checkered flag in a dramatic finish. Although Ayrton Senna started that race in pole, he was unable to secure a victory.
The race was also the site of Michael Schumacher’s first podium appearance, the first of his 155.
Today, the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez is still one of the most popular tracks in the world. It hosts a variety of races, from Formula One to NASCAR, and continues to be a place where drivers can push their limits and thrill the crowds. The track has been a major player in the world of motorsports for over sixty years, and its legacy will continue to live on for many more. Whether you’re a fan of motorsports or just curious about the history of the track, Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez is a must-visit destination for any racing enthusiast.
There have been many famous racers who have competed at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez. Some notable examples include:


Limited Art Edition of 1824 copies, each numbered and signed.
Facsimile book that reproduces the original published in 1824.
Spectacular and exclusive binding with lectern-shaped opening.
More than 500 original recipes.
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THE FIRST AMERICAN COOKBOOK
We present a facsimile reproduction of the oldest cookbook in the United States of America.
Limited and numbered collection of only 1824 copies for the whole world, in homage to the year of its publication.
With a spectacular binding in simile leather, not only decorative but also practical, which also allows the book to be consulted in lectern format.
Mary Randolph’s recipe book, The Virginia Housewife, was published in 1824 and such was its success that it was reprinted twenty times before the outbreak of the Civil War.
More than 500 recipes filled its pages, from Southern dishes to European recipes such as gazpacho and polenta. It also published the first curry recipes in the United States.
Did you know?
In 1982 the famous American chef and cookbook writer James Beard praised Mary as a forward-thinking culinary genius and was particularly impressed by her skill in the use of tomatoes. At a time when they were rarely used, she offered recipes for tomato ketchup, tomato jam and soy.
And the famous Spanish chef based in America, José Andrés, uses, although it is a typically Spanish dish, Mary Randolph’s gazpacho recipe, serving it in several of his famous restaurants in the United States.
The recipe for the famous Mac & Cheese, whose invention is attributed to the former president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, were first published by Mary in her famous recipe book. But perhaps you didn’t know that Randolph was President Jefferson’s sister-in-law.
The shape of a lectern allows you to have the book open in your kitchen or in any space in your home, not only to decorate it, but also to cook the best recipes of the United States in the early 19th century.
Exclusive limited and numbered edition of 1824 copies
We have added to the facsimile, old illustrations of vegetables, plants, mushrooms, fish, partridges, pheasants, types of potatoes…which decorate the inside of the book and allow you to have it open on a lectern, decorating your kitchen or any space in your home.


John James Audubon’s seminal Birds of America, a collection of 435 life-size prints, is still a standard against which 20th and 21st century bird artists are measured. Frameworks Gallery is an Authorized John J. Audubon “The Birds of America” Audubon Centennial Edition Dealer.
The original edition of Birds of America was printed on handmade paper 39.5 inches tall by 28.5 inches wide, and is housed at Trinity College. The principal printing technique was copperplate etching, but engraving and aquatint were also used. Watercolor was then added by hand. Audubon funded the costly printing project through a pay-as-you-go subscription. From 1826 to 1829, he travelled around the UK and to Paris, lecturing on ornithology and frontier American life in an effort to entice wealthy patrons to subscribe to the series of prints. Subscribers included the French king Charles X, the British queen Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Lord Spencer, and, later, the Americans Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.
Prints were issued in sets of five every month or two in tin cases and each set usually included one very large bird, one medium-sized bird, and three small birds. In 1838, at the end of the thirteen-year project, 435 plates (87 sets of five) had been issued.


Today we celebrated the founding of North Dorset Turbos Swimming Club 20 years ago with a BBQ and fun and games in the glorious sunshine. Around 100 current and former swimmers, coaches, committee members and their families came together to mark the occasion. As well as fun in the pool, a bit of volleyball and tug-of-war we heard stories from the early days when Chris Gassmann and Sally Muir started what was first called Gillingham Swimming Club. We were especially honored that Dorset County ASA President Gail Nuttall joined us, and brought chocolate for our swimmers!
Thanks everyone for making the day such a success! Go Turbos


History Of Trinity
On August 28, 1881, A small group of men (17) met at 1007 Stark St. in the home of Ludwig Guckemus. It was decided at this meeting to form a Lutheran Church and Christian Day Care School. Within a week of drafting the resolution, (On September 4, 1881), the first service was conducted. The service was conducted in German, by Mr. Conrad, a candidate for the Lutheran ministry. In November of 1881 the Reverend C.J. Oelschlaeger of Ohio was called to be the first pastor of Trinity. Under his direction a constitution was drawn and the church became permanently organized. In December 1881 the congregation elected its first officers. In 1883 Trinity became one of the first of the few churches in central New York to join the Missouri Synod, a mid-western Synod. All of the members of the first congregation were German immigrants. They lived in a self contained community, the Church was "their whole life, social and religious," like one large family.
The First Church Building
Pastor Germann served until 1920. He tendered his resignation in September, however he did continue to serve as Pastor Emeritus until his death in 1932. In October of 1920, The Reverend Louis Henze became the third Pastor of Trinity. Many changes occurred under his guidance. A new parish house was erected and the church was renovated and redecorated. Stained glass windows were installed as memorials. Pastor Henze served until 1931. Reverend Elmer Giese became Pastor of Trinity in December of 1931. Once again a series of changes occurred within the congregation. A substantial increase in membership and a decrease in the congregation's indebtedness was realized. Also, organizations such as a vested choir, a Walther League for youth and a men's club were started, along with "The Dorcas Guild and "Altar Guild. On December 8,1946 in celebration of the 65th anniversary of Trinity Lutheran Church and the 15th year since Pastor Giese's installation, the congregation participated in a "public burning of the church mortgage ( $24,500). Two years later, Pastor Giese accepted a call to Grace Lutheran Church in the Bronx.
The Reverend Arthur R. Kleps of NY city was installed as the new Pastor of Trinity on October 3, 1948. In 1951 a relocation committee was formed. Steps to relocate were taken as membership was declining. The City of Utica was changing and many of Trinity's members were moving to other parts of the city. On February 17, 1955 the church purchased its present day site, a 3 acre plot from the estate of Margaret Beekman Harter. The new site was purchased for $30,000. The Hamilton Street property was sold for a price of $37,500. The the cost of the new church building was $246,000.
On January 12, 1958 the last service at the Hamilton St. church was held. Temporarily, services were held at the Old Dutch Reformed Church on Genesee st. The dedication of the new church was planned for May 11, 1958, however, the dedication was postponed because of a cracked marble altar panel and a last minute decision to add light diffusing terra cotta tile to the large chancel windows. On June 8, 1958 at 10:00 AM the dedication ceremony took place.
Pastor Kleps retired in 1966, and in 1967 Reverend Wilfred A. Hansel became the sixth pastor of Trinity. Pastor Hansel , loved by his people, faithfully served them for the next 18 years. Pastor Hansel placed a high emphasis on youth programs and young people groups. It was during these years that Trinity established its own Vacation Bible School and Pre-School. Also, various efforts were made under Pastor Hansel's guidance to become involved in community outreach. Food donations were made to "The Anchor and "The Rescue Mission. Trinity also aided many needy community families. Many came to faith directly through the faithful efforts of Pastor Wil.
On January 20, 1985 The Reverend Steven D. Simon was installed as Pastor of Trinity. A native of Fort Wayne, Ind. Pastor Simon brought with him a wealth of musical talent which he shared with everyone. Sunday evening worship services were held and praise music was introduced to the congregation. Keyboard and guitar instruments were used and opportunities for volunteers to sing a solo were employed and enjoyed by all. "On the Right Track," a group started up by Pastor and 3 other members, made many public appearances in the Utica area. Family nights and square dancing were also part of the Simon years, as were many other events aimed at getting the church family together more often. Pastor Simon made use of the new Christian radio station and ministered to many by broadcasting messages of hope and salvation. Pastor Simon is loved and missed by his Trinity Family.
Reverend Herbert H. Grieves Jr., a native of Boston, was installed as Pastor of Trinity on October 27, 1991. Elder training, Elder home communion, Blended Worship Music, Helping Hands Ministry are but a few of the new ministries begun by Pastor Grieves during his term. The congregation erected an addition to the present structure to better serve the needs of the community, taking us into the 21st. century. Pastor Grieves retired in April 2002.
The Reverend Dr. Richard M. Mokry was installed on November 17, 2002 by Dr. John Brunnner , LCMS Eastern District President. Pastor Mokry is from Rome, NY where he was a member of St. John's Lutheran Church. Pastor is married to Miriam Kohlmeier Mokry and has six children, residing in Utica. Pastor Mokry received LCMS colloquy certification at St. Louis Seminary in December 2001.
The current Pastor of Trinity is Pastor Peter N. Saie


Before the time of Buddha, the middle part of Terai (flat land) in Nepal was ruled by Mithila Kings. This kingdom spread from river Tista from the east of Nepal to river Narayani as its west end, Chure hills in the north to mid of Bihar in India.
Bara lies in this part of the historical area. Bara is a district and currently lies in State 2 of Nepal.
It is believed that the word Bara originated from 12 goddesses that have been protecting the region from 12 different locations. 12 (Twelve) is pronounced “barah” in Nepali and the local language Bhojpuri, hence the word “Bara”. The 12 places (also called “Gadhi”), the goddesses have been residing are:
1)Nijgadh, 2)Tamagadhi, 3)Bariyarpur Gadhi, 4)Simraoungadh, 5)Ramgadhi (currently in Bihar, India), 6)Newalpurgadhi, 7)Parsa Gadhi, 8)Narainiyagadhi, 9)Jeetpurgadhi, 10)Alaugadhi, 11)Jamunigadhi, 12)Tiyargadhi.
The Mithila kingdom was later attacked by the “Khas” kings of Jumla and the kingdom was completely destroyed. During 11th century the place saw dawn of Doy Kings, who moved the capital to Simraungadh and the Kingdom again started flourishing.
This region was never ruled by foreign invaders. Shiva Singh was the most famous Doy king, who ruled over all of Mithila territory expanded his kingdom in the west from Makwanpur & Palpa to Gorakhpur. During 13th century, Samsudin chief general of Badshah Gayasudin Balwan from Delhi completely destroyed Simraungadh. Hari Singh Dev was the last Doy king.Â
King Hari Singh fled to Bhaktapur as his son was married to a Malla princess of Bhaktapur. Later all the small kingdoms of Nepal were unified by King Prithvi Narayan Shah and a Shah dynasty was established. During this period, army of British East India Company attacked Nepal numerous times. One battle was fought at Parwanipur-Jeetpur area of Bara jointly by the Nepal army and the local citizens with the British East India Company and British East India Company lost the battle. Later the citizens of Bara were awarded by the King Prithvi Narayan Shah.
Later a Rana regime was started in Nepal by Jung Bahadur Rana with the help of the British in India. He made the Shah king of Nepal as a puppet king. One of the Shah Kings, Shree Panch Rajendra Bir Bikram Shah tried to overthrow Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana. The king was staying in a camp in Barewa, Kalaiya. There was a battle between the Rana army and the local people of Kalaiya, who supported the King. Almost all the local people who came to fight for the king died, but they were able to safely send the King to India at that time.
Bara has been a historical district with so many powerful kings ruling the area and with so many historical events. Now the district is one of the most agriculturally productive and industrialized districts of Nepal.


Car Model Details:
From 2000 to 2001, a special edition "Birkin" was produced, celebrating Tim Birkin of the "Bentley Boys.
There was a final series of cars built in 2000 with the 4.4-litre BMW engine designated the Arnage Birkin, of which 52 units were produced and are distinguishable by their three-dial as opposed to five-dial instrument center dashboard configuration.
- Standard Alpine pop up navigation system.
- Park distance control to the front and rear.
- Increased rear seat leg room (by modifying the design of the front seatbacks).
- Power folding exterior mirrors.
- Modifications to the steering rack to reduce steering effort at low speeds.


Di Journey is a socio-historical documentary comprehensively exploring immigration and race relations through the chronicles of the African-Caribbean community in Britain.
It follows the dramatic multi-generational mobilisation of the British Caribbean people to settle in and change modern Britain. It's also a story about the rebellious spirit and important cultural contribution of this community to a uniquely vibrant and diverse London and Albion.
Di Journey is comprised of 12 chapters and covers ground from the colonisation of Jamaica up to the present day issues the Black community is confronted with in the UK. Among the interviewed are prominent British intellectuals, academics, life-long activists and artists.
There's an academic sociological, historical and culturological line along with a parallel emphasis on the existential/personal experience, including through the stories of 4 members from 3 generations of a London Jamaican family - the Baileys.


|About ROBINSON & FAMILIES FOOTPRINT IN THE SANDS OF TIME
All genealogies are a work in progress. Although I began my research years ago,
at times family and job responsibilities took priority and my fascinating hobby
made its way into a cardboard file box. Today, however, time permits indulgence
in genealogy as much as I choose. The cardboard box has given way to open files
and of course, piles of papers on my desk.
Genealogy is exciting...challenging...fascinating...and frustrating! Often when
we have the time, many 'ancestors' are no longer alive to be asked the 'what, when,
where, why and who' questions. The puzzle seems to have so many pieces... and finding
'one' piece, sometimes, seems to be an almost insurmountable task. But little by
little, the puzzle takes shape...and the lives of our ancestors are finally
beginning to come together.
Our family history is not one of great adventures or phenomenal accomplishments.
No... it is the genealogy of courageous families who came to a new land to make a
new life. It is the genealogy of hard-working families who worked the farms, mined
the coal and worked in the mills. Everyday life was hard. Survival was often a
struggle. Yet they pursued the dreams they had...and they are the grass roots of
Is my genealogy finished? Heavens no! As I attain one set of goals, a new set is
developed. Will my genealogy ever be finished? Probably not! Most importantly, I
want our children to know and be proud of their heritage... and I want to share the
greatness of our ancestors with the world.
If you find information from my genealogy that helps in your research...that's great!
If you have information I'm lacking...let's share! In the meantime...read on and enjoy
the documented family history and the family stories that make the people come to life!
You will find many points in my files that need further study. I do not claim to be
the final authority on my files and all information is subject to further research.
It is hoped that the information provided, in these files, will encourage more
research. If this is done then I have accomplished my goal.


Roosevelt Row, the walkable arts district in downtown Phoenix. Nationally known for its arts and cultural events, impressive murals, award-winning galleries with rotating exhibitions from renowned artists, incredible local restaurants, boutiques and more.
The Artists’ District connects downtown Phoenix to historic neighborhoods including Garfield, Evans Churchill, F.Q. Story, Willo, Roosevelt, Historic Roosevelt and Grand Avenue.
Muse is located in the highly desired Willo neighborhood across the street from the Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix Theater Company and the Arizona Opera.


The picture on the left, appearing in varying places around the site including as an icon, is from an old newspaper (But Club) that my wife & daughter picked up at a market in France. It is cyclist Wim van Est on his way to victory in the 1950 Bordeaux-Paris, Van Est was the first Dutchman to wear the yellow jersey in the Tour de France, but is probably most famous for falling down a ravine while descending the Col d’Aubisque in the 1951 TdF, ending about 60m below the road before climbing back up on a chain of tyres – story here and there’s even a film of it on YouTube. I’m sure he was anything but Grumpy at the time of the picture as he was on his way to winning the race, but he certainly would be justified later!
Memes, etc I’ve found in varying places including CyclingMemes
And of course, we can’t forget The Rules courtesy of Velominati.com


JK Fasham’s Sculpture Restoration Services: Cultural Heritage Conservation08 August 2023
Preserve cultural heritage with JK Fasham’s sculpture restoration services. Safeguarding artistic legacies with our sculpture conservation experts.
Sculpture restoration is the process of repairing, conserving, and preserving sculptures that have suffered damage or deterioration over time. This process involves careful examination, documentation, and treatment of sculptures to restore their original aesthetic qualities and structural integrity without compromising their historical and artistic value.
Cultural heritage, after all, plays a vital role in preserving and celebrating the history, art, and traditions of a society. Sculptures hold a special place within cultural heritage as they embody the artistic mastery and storytelling of a bygone era. And since sculptures can get damaged due to natural deterioration, human intervention, or the ravages of weather, they should be restored to effectively carry out proper cultural heritage conservation.
Here are some of the primary purposes of sculpture restoration in cultural heritage conservation.
Preserve Artistic Masterpieces
Sculptures are often considered masterpieces of art as they showcase the skill, creativity, and craftsmanship of their creators. By restoring sculptures, these artistic treasures can be preserved for future generations to appreciate and admire. Restoration helps maintain the integrity of the original artwork, allowing people of the current and future generations to experience the beauty and cultural significance of these sculptures as intended by the artists.
Retain Cultural Identity
Sculptures are not only meant to showcase the talent of their creators, but they can also retain the cultural identity of a community or a nation. They reflect the history, beliefs, and traditions of a specific time and place. Through preservation and restoration, these cultural identities can be safeguarded, ensuring that future generations can connect with their roots and understand the rich heritage that has shaped their society.
Provide Historical Documentation
Sculptures provide valuable historical documentation, offering insights into the past. Some of them can depict historical events, influential figures, and societal norms of different eras. Restoration not only safeguards these historical artifacts but also enables researchers, historians, and art enthusiasts to study and interpret them, contributing to the collective knowledge and understanding of society’s history.
Prevent Irreversible Loss
Neglect, vandalism, environmental factors, and natural aging can lead to irreversible damage or even the complete loss of sculptures. Restoration interventions aim to prevent such losses by addressing issues like deterioration, structural instability, and surface damage. Experts in preserving and restoring sculptures can identify and address these problems promptly, mitigating further deterioration and ensuring the long-term survival of these cultural treasures.
Enhance Public Engagement
Restored sculptures have the power to engage and inspire the public. By returning sculptures to their former glory, restoration creates an emotional connection between viewers and the artwork. Public engagement with restored sculptures can foster an appreciation for cultural heritage, encourage dialogue, and heighten awareness about the significance of preserving their respective shared history and artistic legacy.
Boost Economies and Tourism
Sculptures can often attract tourists, boosting local economies and promoting cultural tourism. Restoring sculptures not only enhances the visitor experience but also contributes to the overall appeal of heritage sites. Well-maintained sculptures generate a sense of pride in the local community and attract tourists who seek to explore and learn about different cultures.
Sculpture restoration plays a pivotal role in cultural heritage conservation. By preserving artistic masterpieces, retaining cultural identity, and so on, sculpture restoration ensures the survival and appreciation of one’s rich cultural heritage. Through the meticulous and informed practice of sculpture restoration, sculpture restoration experts can safeguard your cultural legacy and pass it on to future generations, preserving the beauty, history, and legacy of your ancestors.
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What is Bachelor Of Arts (BA) in History?
Bygone are the days but are you interested in knowing the origination the days from where we came and how things changed by the time. Knowing history is always interesting just like listening to your childhood stories. Listen to the stories of our ancestors. How they fought for the nation, how the development occurs in all the areas from early mid-ages to now.
Bachelor’s of Art in History ( History Hons) on distance mode is a 3-years undergraduate program. It consists of 6 semesters in that 3-years program, which can be pursued just after completing intermediate. Bachelor’s of art in history( history hons) is the study in which one will cover the whole syllabus of history from basics to advanced by doing the research of historical bodies, and then the analysis of the products.
Bachelor of Arts in History is the study of the evolution of human civilization from the pre-historic ages to the invasion of modernization. One will understand the human civilization extension from pre-historic times. BA in History Distance Education ( history hons) is something in which you look into all the events that occurred in ancient times.
History means art in which you will learn from where all the big art formation made by ancient artists. The art of building structures and made it an infrastructure until the end of the world. In a bachelor’s of art in history distance education (history hons) enlighten us with the reality of how things occur and changed by the time with a lot of inventions.
History is a never ending, and vast topic to study as everything will become the history one day and then it will definitely become the part of history to study. Whether it is about fiction, science, mythology, freedom fighter, politics, etc. It is one of the most popular, interesting, and vast topics to study. It includes all the manuscripts, infrastructure, monuments, wars, events, festivals, creatures, politics, nation, freedom, freedom fighter, etc.
We study the years of when and where the battle held. How we get the freedom and who are the freedom fighters who fought for us. Politics has changed drastically within the time what is the reason behind and who became the first president or prime minister. Bachelor of art in history distance education (history hons) is a kind of memories kept by our ancestors for us to study and then to learn of how it works, how can we change the world within the time span.
It a time travel in which we travel throughout the time to grab the knowledge of every microscopic thing that happened in the past. We get to know about societal change and the views of people changed by time. The diplomatic change, the cultural change of the people, and so on. Some of the types of history are mentioned below for your reference:-
There are six types of history that are:
- Political history- Bachelor of arts in political history (history Hons) is about the study of politics of how politics has changed over time. The ruling parties changed and the rules to be followed by all political parties, and the public. The new rules included, and the acts such as taxes, tenure of the leader, minimum to maximum age and qualifications, and so on.
- Diplomatic history- In diplomatic history (history Hons) we deal with the history of international relations between states. In this, we influenced the decisions of a foreign government and its people by questioning, dialogue, and measures. It is basically a relation between sovereign states.
- Cultural history- It includes anthropology like cultural tradition and cultural interpretation.
- Social history- Social history (history hons) is the history of the people.
- Economic history- Economic History ( history hons) is the study which we study about economy-related changes from ancient time to know.
- Intellectual history- Intellectual history ( history hons) is what in which you study abut the intellects people from the historian times and how they served for the change.
Is BA in History Distance Education a valid course?
BA in History (history hons) is a valid course as one can pursue the course online, and study online by taking classes anytime they want. One can also search for a deep knowledge of the particular topic online or can repeatedly watch the video till the time they understand it.
BA in history distance education is valid as it needs more theoretical knowledge than practical knowledge. You have to read about historical places, people, and wars. For that, you have to go through several books and papers. History is more about reading. One can search a vastly detailed brief of the topic online.
What are The Benefits Of An Distance BA In History?
The key benefits of a distance bachelor’s degree ( history Hons) in history as so many as it is more comfortable and I informative online:-
- Studying online BA in History Distance Education can save a lot of your time as one can take classes anytime they want.
- Online classes are best for working professionals as they don’t have to attend 8 hours class daily by leaving their job. Working professionals can pursue a BA in History Distance Education online without leaving their job.
- The aspirants seeking government jobs and are preparing can opt for online classes so that they can prepare for competitive exams and BA in History Distance Education at the same time.
- BA in History Distance Education also helps the student in their competitive exams as it also plays an important role in competitive exams syllabus.
- Online classes are quite comfortable and flexible as one can pursue it without getting disturbed and its also less costly. BA in History Distance Education is basically pocket-friendly.
Eligibility Criteria for Distance BA in History
- The eligibility criteria for BA in History (history Hons) is very simple as one needs to be highly interested in history-related knowledge.
- Students who have successfully passed their Intermediate examinations (10+2) with 50% from a recognized education board can pursue the course distance BA in History.
- 10+2 pass out with any of the stream can pursue the program BA in History.
- Candidates with art as a subject in intermediate can also pursue the BA in History course.
Distance BA in History Course Details
BA History (history Hons) syllabus is divided into 6 semesters in 3-years. Each year has 2 semesters, and the BA history syllabus is all about historical events that happened from an early age. The 1st year BA history syllabus, Then the 2nd year BA history syllabus, and then the 3rd year BA history syllabus is mentioned consecutively semester bys.
|Semester I||Semester II|
|Paper I – History of India-I||Paper IV – History of India-II|
|Paper-II- Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Ancient World||Paper V – Social Formations and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World|
|Paper III – Concurrent – Qualifying Language||Paper VI – Concurrent – Credit Language|
|Semester III||Semester IV|
|Paper VII – History of India-III (c. 750-1206)||Paper XI- History of India-IV (c. 1206-1550)|
|Paper VIII – Rise of Modern West-I||Paper XII- Rise of Modern West-II|
|Paper IX (a) I: History of United States of America (C. 1776 – 1945)||Paper XIII (a) II: History of the United States of America (C. 1776 – 1945)|
|Paper IX (b) I: History of the USSR (c. 1917- 1964)||Paper XIII (b) II: History of the USSR (c. 1917 – 1964s)|
|Paper IX (c) I: History of Africa (c. 1500 – 1960s)||Paper XIII (c) II: History of Latin America (c. 1500 – 1960s)|
|Paper IX (d) I: History of Southeast Asia – The 19th Century||Paper XIII (d) II: History of Southeast Asia – The 20th Century|
|Paper X – Concurrent – Interdisciplinary||Paper XIV – Concurrent – Discipline Centered I|
|Semester V||Semester VI|
|Paper XV- History of Modern Europe I (c. 1780-1939)||Paper XIX – History of India-VII (c. 1605-1750)|
|Paper XVI –History of India-V (c. 1550-1605)||Paper XX- History of India-VIII (c. 1857-1950)|
|Paper XVII – History of China & Japan – I (c. 1840-1949)||Paper XXI- History of China & Japan – II (c. 1840-1949)|
|Paper XVIII – History of India-VI (c. 1750-1857)||Paper XXII – History of Modern Europe –II (1780-1939)|
|—||Paper XXIII – Concurrent – Discipline Centered II.|
Distance BA in History all Subjects
BA History subjects are divided as per the time span of ages. BA History subjects have been emphasized on the change in time from early ages to now the modernization. BA History subject is all about the historical change and emergence of political views, king and leaders by the time:-
|History of India: Ancient to 600 CE||Reconstructing Ancient Indian History; Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers; Harappan Civilization; Vedic Corpus and transition to Janapadas and Mahajanapadas; Mauryan and Post Mauryan era; Age of the Guptas; Aspects of Society; Religious Development;|
|History of India: 600 CE to 1500 CE||The emergence of major Political centers – Kannauj, Bengal, Peninsular India Arab; Ghaznavi and Ghori’s Invasion of India; Agricultural Expansion; Urban Centers; Indian and Oceanic Trade; Sanskrit Literature Temple; Cave Architecture Polity; Institutional Structure Varna System;|
|History of India: 1500 CE to 1800 CE||The Mughal Empire – Foundation and Consolidation of Mughal Empire; Ideology and State in Mughal India; Economy in Mughal India; Crisis of the Mughal Empire; Society, Religion and Culture in Mughal India;|
|History of India: 1800 CE to Modern India||East India Company: Theory of Rent; Socio-Religious Movements in India; Rural Economy and Society; Early Resistance to Colonial Rule; Revolt of 1857; Colonial Intervention and Growth of Modern Education; Indian Nationalism; The Gandhian Era.|
|Ancient World History||Paleolithic and Mesolithic Cultures; Bronze Age Civilization; Nomadic groups in Central and West Asia; Slave Society in Ancient Greece; Polis in Ancient Greece; Major centers of Ancient Mediterranean World – Mesopotamia, Egypt and Persia; Political History of Greece; Macedonian Expansion; Political, Sociological and Cultural History of Rome|
|Transformation of Europe||Nature of Feudal Society; Crisis of Feudalism; Economic Crisis in the 14th century; Europe Fall of Constantinople; Development of National Monarchy; Economy in the 15th century; Economic expansion of Europe in the 16th century; Proto-Industrialization Renaissance; Renaissance Humanism Economy of the 17th century; Europe Scientific Revolution; English Civil War of the 17th century|
|European History||Understanding the 18th century Europe; Social, Economic and Political background to French Revolution; French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte – Rise and Fall; The Vienna Congress; Metternich and the Conservative Order Pattern of Insurrection in France and other Central European Countries; Emergence of nation-states in Central Europe; Unification of Italy and Germany; Russian Modernization.|
|World Politics||The Versailles Settlement of 1919; The League of Nations; The reparation issue and its impact on international relations; The Great Depression and its international repercussions; Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany; Diplomatic Background of the Second World War – Policy of Appeasement, the Munich Pact, Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact.|
|History of East Asia||China; Pre-colonial China; Colonial penetration in China; Popular movements in China including Taiping Revolution Restoration, Reform and Revolution in China; Nationalism and Communism in China; Japan Pre-restoration Period; Meiji Restoration; Popular and Democratic Movements; Economic Modernization; Emergence of Japan as an Imperial Power|
|History of the United States of America||Making of the Republic; Evolution of American Democracy; Early Capitalism; The Agrarian South AnteBellum Foreign Policy; Civil War Industrial America; U.S. Imperialism; Afro-American Movements; Women’s Movements; Religious, Cultural and Intellectual Trends|
|History of Africa||Historiography of Africa; Commerce and Migration (1500-1900); Patterns of Colonization; Structures of Colonial Control; Economic Transformation; Emergence of new Religious and Cultural Identities; Popular Protests, Rebellion and National Liberation Movements|
|History of Latin America||Conquest of America and its repercussions; Economic Transformations; Bolivar’s Vision and the Emergence of New States in the first half of the 19th century; Assertion of the U.S. hegemony in the Twentieth century|
Duration of Distance BA In History
- The duration of the whole program of BA in History (history Hons) is of 3-years.
- BA in History (History Hons) in those 3-years is divided into 6 semesters.
- Distance BA in History (history Hons) can be completed in 3 to 5 years.
Fees of Distance BA History
The fee structure of BA in History (history Hons) is varied from Rs 18000 to 1 lakh for the complete course. The fee structure of BA in History (history Hons) depends on each university. Each university has different fee structures and admission criteria.
Scholarship of Distance BA In History
The scholarship criteria depend on various categories and also it is based on the merit list:-
- Children of any Police Personnel of any State or UT
- Children of any doctor are it private/government
- Children of Paramedical staff
- Children of Media person
- Children of Paramilitary personnel
- Children of sanitation workers/municipal committee or housekeeping staff.
Scope for Distance BA History & Career Overview
The scope for BA History honors is very vast as one can have many career options and a great scope. One can have a lot of career options:-
- Public Services
- Social Worker
- Civil Services
You can have your career after doing BA in History (History hons) in various big companies such as:-
- Historical fiction
- Public Relation
These are some of the job opportunities for the aspirants who have completed their BA in History (history Hons).
Top Open Universities providing BA in History
There are many Universities in India that are offering distance learning in BA in History. It is difficult to find which university is best. Here is the list of top universities that are providing specialized distance learning courses.
- Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
- Delhi University
- Chandigarh University
- Jaipur National University
- Sikkim Manipal University
- Osmania University
- University of Mumbai
- Tamil Nadu Open University


- Asolo boots are the perfect companion for thru-hiking and trekking
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Asolo Men’s Tahoe Mid GTX Boots Black/Safety Yellow
Asolo has always been a pioneer for innovation, in fact, the first revolutionary idea introduced by its founder was the first Mountain Boot made of a combination of leather and textile (Cordura) and shortly after he introduced also the first Mountain Boot lined with Gore-Tex – innovations that changed not only the market, but also the way of making outdoor footwear. Asolo is today a family business runned by the Zanatta Family who today counts four generations of shoemakers and has the commitment to find the perfect melting of tradition, quality and innovation.


Take a step back in time as you visit the historic John Slaughter Ranch.
The Amerind Foundation A Museum of Native American Archaeology, Art, History, and Culture www.amerind.org
A “Wonderland of Rocks” is waiting for you to explore at Chiricahua National Monument.www.nps.gov/chir
Cochise Stronghold is located to the west of Sunsites, Arizona in the Dragoon Mountains at an elevation of 5,000ft. www.cochisestronghold.com
Coronado National Memorial commemorates and interprets the significance of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado’s expedition and the
resulting cultural influences of 16th century Spanish colonial exploration in the Americas.www.nps.gov/coro
Douglas Golf & Social Club 18 holes, par 71, 6246 yards, rating 68.8 slope 117. Built in 1932 by WPA, this is one of Arizona's oldest courses. The front nine offers a traditional golf layout. The back nine features desert golf.
Only 90 minutes southeast of Tucson is a place where the skies are clear, the air is cool and the mountains rise above a quaint
historic town. There you will find yourself back in the early 1900’s.www.copperqueen.com
When Captain Whitside led his column from the 6th Cavalry into southern Arizona and into the annals of history, he could scarcely
be aware that the temporary post he was ordered to establish in the foothills of the Huachuca Mountains would survive to play a major role in the drama of the western United States.
In the spring of 1974 Bishop Francis J. Green, of the Diocese of Tucson, made the request for a Christian renewal center to be established in Cochise County, the southeast corner of the diocese. On December 12, 1974 the ground was broken for Our Lady of Guadalupe Church, with Bishop Green presiding over the historic occasion. He also presided over the church dedication on June 24,1981. www.holytrinitymonastery.org/
Southern Arizona, the real old west in the year 1907. Wyatt Earp and Geronimo were still battling with blazing glory throughout this part of the country, Arizona had yet to become a state and the Gadsden Hotel first opened her doors, providing gracious hospitality to all who passed through.www.hotelgadsden.com
In November 1974 two young cavers, Gary Tenen and Randy Tufts, were exploring the limestone hills at the base of the Whetstone Mountains. In the bottom of a sinkhole they found a narrow crack leading into the hillside. Warm, moist air flowed out, signaling the existence of a cave. After several hours of crawling, they entered a pristine cavern.
Lake Parker Park is located on Lake Parker it is a 100.5 acres of native Florida vegetation. The park is accessible from Robson Road and Granada Road off of Lakeland Hills Boulevard. Lake Parker is used by nature enthusiasts for bird watching and families of all ages.
Ramsey Canyon, located within the Upper San Pedro River Basin in southeastern Arizona, is renowned for its outstanding scenic beauty and the diversity of its plant and animal life.www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/arizona/preserves/art1973.html
Rex Allen Museum and Willcox Cowboy Hall of Fame - Rex Allen, 1920-1999, known as the "Arizona Cowboy" and "Mister Cowboy," brought much pride to the people of Willcox, Arizona. Rex was a real cowboy legend starring in western movies.
"The Town too Tough to Die" Tombstone
Tubac was established in 1752 as a Spanish presidio (fort). Working artists' studios now surround the grounds which once served as the home for a Spanish military garrison. Tubac remembers its origins at the Tubac Presidio State Historic Park located in the village's Old Town, and no visit to Tubac is complete without a stop at our State Park.http://www.tubacaz.com/
The Whitewater Draw Wildlife Area lies within the Chihuahuan desert grassland habitat type.


Your family may be one of many that have boxes full of old family photos. Some of the photographs may even be so old they were made before the invention of color film by Kodak in 1941. Since that time, your family's old black and white images may have been dimmed by the passing years.
What if you want to see more details in the pictures? or restore them to some of their former sparkle?
Image processing programs like WebImage
can do exactly that...
Click the blue Begin Lesson Here
button above to start the activity.


Friday, June 6, 2008
Doughnut Day 2008
Go today to Krispy Kreme to get your free donut.
National Donut Day is celebrated on the first Friday in June? In 1917, Salvation Army female volunteers known as “lassies” prepared thousands of fresh donuts to the homesick soldiers that served in France during World War I. National Donut Day was officially established in 1938 by the Chicago Salvation Army to raise much-needed funds during the Great Depression.
- In the U.S. alone, more than 10 billion donuts are made every year.
- The largest donut ever made was an American-style jelly donut weighing 1.7 tons, which was 16 feet in diameter and 16 inches high in the center.
- Per capita, Canada has more donut shops than any other country.
- The hole in the donut's center appeared in the first half of the 19th Century.
- Adolph Levitt invented the first donut machine in 1920.


Saturday, January 28, from 1-3 pm
Kellen Auditorium, New School
Main floor, 66 Fifth Avenue at 13th Street
We screened, UNTITLED, a non-linear 60 minute film by Jim Hodges, Encke King, and Carlos Marques da Cruz, placing HIV / AIDS within the context of national and international moments.UNTITLED is a people’s history of the last 30 years with AIDS at its center.
After the screening we debriefed the impact of AIDS on our collective history, and together we discussed how we understand ongoing AIDS impacting our lives today, and into the future.
It was a heady discussion in which people made connections between the war in Iraq, the Rodney King bombing, their own sense of isolation, and HIV/AIDS.


The Census shows that the migration of Tamils to the State of Queensland started only very recently. Prior to 1985 there were only a few Tamil families living in the state. Only in 1983 some of the Hindu families felt the need for community worship so monthly congregational prayer meetings were conducted first at homes and then at the SWARA Hall. Since then, regular prayer meetings have been conducted at this hall at Spring Hill.
From our survey it is clear that the worship of Vinayakar in Brisbane was originally started in the form of congregational worship.
As this congregational worship continued to expand, the building of a traditional Hindu temple in Brisbane became a necessity for obvious reasons. As a result a Convening Committee was formed on 25 April 1986 and subsequently this committee registered under the name, 'Hindu Ahlaya Sangam.' The members of the first Management Committee were unanimously elected on 12 October 1986 and the second in March 1998. The subsequent Committees continue to be elected yearly.
The major task for the Management Committees during the period 1987 to
1990 was to raise sufficient funds to purchase a suitable block of land
to build the temple. Finally in 1990, the Management Committee succeeded in purchasing 4.5 acres of elevated, virgin bushland at South Maclean, 35 km South of Brisbane.. Similar to the locations of the Hindu temples in India, this virgin land in Brisbane is also situated in the midst of areas of natural scenic beauty, in proximity to the Logan River at South Maclean.
An application seeking special consent to built Selva Vinayakar Temple was submitted to the Beaudesert Shire Council in July 1991 and permission was granted through the Planning and Environment Courts, Brisbane in May 1992. At the initial stage the committee started building a centre for Selva Vinayakar and additional shrines for Siva, Vishnu and Navagraha.
The building plans were approved by the council in August 1992 and a plan for the centre began to unfold with the laying of the foundation on 10 June 1993. As the first stage the Maha Mandapam (main hall) was completed and the major shipment of the Deities, shrine doors etc. was received from South India. At the same time stapathies and the three sculptors arrived from South India.
The construction of the shrines commenced on 24 June 1994 and after completion of the Brisbane Selva Vinayakar Kovil
the consecration ceremony was held on 5 February 1995. This traditional Kumbabishekam was witnessed by hundreds of devotees and well-wishers came from the other States and Territories also.
Similar to the Hindu temples in India, Selva Vinayakar temple is also situated in the midst of areas of natural scenic beauty, in proximity to the Logan River at South Maclean an area of prevailing peace and inspiration to the devotees visiting this temple.
Selva Vinayakar temple is built according to traditional Indian style in conformity with ancient Sitpa Sastra and Agamas. A beautiful tower (Gopuram) and ornamental icons were also constructed by temple builders and sculptors invited from South India.
Most of the important developments have been completed and many more are in progress.
Now the structure of the centre needs some elaboration. Lord Vinayakar is accorded the main place. The vimanam (the structure that is built over the sanctum sanctorum) of this beautiful Central Shrine of Vinayakar, with its stupi, stands at a height of about 20 feet above the ground level. On the right of the Central Shrine Siva takes His abode and Abirami (Parvathi) is on the left. Maha Vishnu and Lord Murukan find their appropriate places to the rear of the Central Shrine.
The shrines of Navagrah and Vairavar are located in their respective places close to the main entrance. Images are also installed in the niches of the three walls surrounding the Central Shrine. They face the 'prakara', the path which runs round the shrine. Adjacent to the main deity, on the left of the shrine, Chandeswarar is assigned his place. On the right of Lord Siva are Nalvar (Sampanthar, Apper Sundarar and Manikkavasakar) in panchaloga (five metals) and Sri Ramakrishna in granite.
This temple also serves as a centre for various cultural and educational activities. Religious classes are conducted for children; music and dance programs are conducted and scholars and religious leaders are invited to address the devotees on special occasions.
The Sri Selva Vinayakar Temple was rebuilt in the same
location and the new temple was opened to devotees and the Maha
Kumbabishekam was held on the 1st of May 2015.


Famous historic mothers of New Jersey
Anna Harrison, the 9th First Lady of the United States, married to President William Henry Harrison. President William Henry Harrison held the presidency just one month. She also was the grandmother of another president, the 23rd president, Benjamin Harrison. She was born in 1775 in Morristown, New Jersey. Anna’s father was the Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in Southwest Ohio.
During the Revolutionary War, she was rescued by Judge Symmes, who disguised himself as a British soldier, carried Anna on horseback through the British lines to her maternal grandparents in Southold, Long Island. Anna grew up in Long Island and received a significant education for a woman of her times. She attended Clinton Academy in East Hampton, Long Island.
In 1663 the Duke of York assigned part of his claim in the New World to Lord George Carteret of the Isle of New Jersey. It was from his name that the area of Carteret was named. His wife, Elizabeth Carteret, governed the colony, even though she never actually set foot in it. The town of Elizabeth was named for Elizabeth Carteret and it was New Jersey’s first permanent European settlement. Princeton University, known as the College of New Jersey, was founded in Elizabeth in 1746.


In future time, two-litre Group 5 cars will also be a part in selected rounds of the German Tourenwagen Classics-series, further expanding the spectrum. What that might look like shows Carsten Krome, who invited a contemporary witness to a reunion in the historic paddock of the Nürburgring. Armin Hahne celebrated a welcome-back with the Zakspeed Ford Escort, which he piloted in 1977 in the legendary Deutsche Automobil-Rennsportmeisterschaft. Back when he was 21 years old and on the way to becoming a full-time professional.
Continue reading? Gladly, here!


This historic home is one of the oldest houses in El Paso, built with California redwood in 1882 by Thomas Beall, one of El Paso' s first lawyers and the founder of Davis, Beall and Kemp law firm (now Kemp Smith Law Firm). The house has been fully restored and features high ceilings, original hardwood floors throughout, roof, electricity and plumbing updates and central heating with refrigerated air. There is ample parking on site. The front of the property is office-ready, and there is a newly remodeled rental apartment in rear. HUBzone property, C-4 zoning, could be an investment property in Magoffin district, just blocks from El Paso County Courthouse, Federal Building, Mexican Consulate and City Hall.


October 23, 2006
Liam Gallagher was working out at the Marriott gym. He ran on the treadmill and I ellipticalled behind him to the right. Chris G identified Mr. Gallagher, though he was wearing a hoodie with the hood up. He also wore a weight vest. Or perhaps it was a bulletproof vest.
We went to the British Museum and saw some things that Captain Cook brought back from Hawaii on one of his voyages. The British Museum's original collection is like a time machine. We were in an Andrew Jackson time machine the other night, with W looking up fun facts. Did you know that Andrew Jackson coined the term 'ok'?
This entry is part of the US/UK 2006 tour


The Jake Leg Stompers
The Jake Leg Stompers evoke the rebellious spirit and colorful pageantry of American popular music before the Second World War, from the Memphis blues to the Virginia Reel; when jazz began, vaudeville was urgent, and folk music was still dangerous.
From their world headquarters in Bucksnort, Tennessee, the Jake Leg Stompers serve up tangy tastes of chicken-fried, pre-war, hokum-billy jug music to gourmet audiences everywhere. Acclaimed for their spirited, eclectic, and wildly unpredictable street performances, the Stompers are equally at home in night clubs or on festival stages.
Since 2005, the Jake Leg Stompers have built a devoted following in Nashville and throughout the Southeast with their engaging and playful public performances — performances that call forth the manners, moods, and repertoire of early 20th-century medicine shows, featuring period dress and vintage instruments.
Having found warmly appreciative audiences in club scenes and festival arenas, the Jake Leg Stompers look forward to taking their road show worldwide to showcase the breadth and joyous abandon of early 20th- century American string & jazz band music.


1 Hour Walk or Jog for Distance
Log Exact Time And Distance
What is Cinco De Mayo?
Cinco de Mayo is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army’s victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza.


About Hanson Chambers
Hanson Chambers was founded by Tim Anderson, John Doyle and David Quick, initially leasing half of the present building in Carrington Street. In 1979, they purchased the whole building and were joined by Derek Bollen QC, John Mansfield and Jonathan Wells. It was at this time that the decision was made to name the chambers after South Australia’s second Chief Justice, Sir Richard Hanson.
Former Members of Chambers
The Hon Tim Anderson KC
Hanson Chambers 1977-2003
Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia 2003-2014
The Hon John Doyle AC KC
Hanson Chambers 1977-1985
Solicitor-General of South Australia 1985-1995
Chief Justice of South Australia 1995-2012
David Quick KC
Hanson Chambers 1977-2001
The Hon Derek Bollen QC †
Hanson Chambers 1979-1982
Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia 1982-1997
The Hon John Mansfield AM KC
Hanson Chambers 1979-1996
Justice of the Federal Court of Australia 1996-2016
Jonathan Wells KC
Hanson Chambers 1979-2023
The Hon Richard White KC
Hanson Chambers 1982-2004
Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia 2004-2013
Justice of the Federal Court of Australia 2013-2022
The Hon Geoffrey Eames AM KC
Hanson Chambers 1986-1987
Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria 1992-2007
Justice of the Victorian Court of Appeal 2002-2007
Acting Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory 2007-2009
Chief Justice of Nauru 2010-2014
The Hon Justice Tim Stanley
Hanson Chambers 1989-2011
Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia 2011-present
The Hon Kevin Nicholson KC
Hanson Chambers 2003-2006
Judge of the District Court of South Australia 2006-2012
Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia 2012-2023
The Hon Justice Chris Bleby
Hanson Chambers 2004-2014
Crown Advocate for South Australia 2014-2016
Solicitor-General of South Australia 2016-2020
Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia 2020-present
Justice of the South Australian Court of Appeal 2021-present
The Hon Justice Michael Evans
Hanson Chambers 2004-2010
Crown Advocate for South Australia 2010-2014
Crown Solicitor for South Australia 2014-2016
Chief Judge of the District Court of South Australia 2016-present
Julie von Doussa
Hanson Chambers 2007-2008
Darren Blight KC
Hanson Chambers 2014-2020
Hanson Chambers 2017-2023
Hanson Chambers 2022-2023
Women’s Safety Commissioner (NSW) 2023-present
Sir Richard Hanson
Sir Richard Davies Hanson (1805-1876) was born on 6 December 1805 in London, the second son of Benjamin Hanson, fruit merchant. Educated at a Nonconformist school in Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, he was articled to the Methodist John Wilks, admitted an attorney in 1828 and practised briefly in London.
In the 1830s, Hanson promoted the province of South Australia. In 1836 he applied for appointment as the first judge in South Australia, but was overlooked for the position.
Early in 1837, Hanson joined the Globe as a political critic. In 1838 he went with Lord Durham to Canada as assistant commissioner of inquiry into crown lands and migration. In 1840, Hanson was appointed by the New Zealand Company to draft legal documents and seek investors to buy land orders. He was appointed Crown Prosecutor for the Southern Districts in 1841, but left New Zealand in 1846.
Arrival in South Australia and Legal Practice in Adelaide
In July 1846, Hanson arrived in Adelaide. On 7 October 1846, he was admitted as a barrister, solicitor, attorney and proctor in the Supreme Court of South Australia. With an office in King William Street he started a practice. In 1849, he appeared in over a hundred cases, but in December was thrown from his gig, damaging his hip permanently. He appeared in court on a crutch after three months, and made Richard Hicks his partner.
On 29 March 1851 he married Ann, née Hopgood, aged 24, the widow of Captain Scanlon of New Zealand.
Parliamentary Career and Premiership
In 1851, Hanson stood as a voluntaryist for Yatala in the first part-elective Legislative Council but his victory was disputed. In June he was appointed acting advocate-general, with the right of private practice and “without the obligation hitherto required of voting with the government”. Hanson drafted and introduced the Education Bill with aid for school buildings and teachers’ stipends and became a member of the first Board of Education. In 1852 he had a leading role in the passage of the Bullion Act, the Grand Jury Abolition Act and the District Councils Act, the first of its kind in Australia designed to encourage local democracy. On the select committee for drafting the colony’s constitution in 1853 Hanson proposed a lower house with a low franchise and a nominee upper house on trial for nine years. He was criticized for abandoning “pure democracy” but argued that his plan was as much as the Colonial Office would accept. This constitution was rejected in London and in 1855 Governor Sir Richard MacDonnell arrived with a decided preference for a unicameral legislature. He was persuaded by a newly-elected council to endorse a bicameral constitution: an assembly to be elected by manhood suffrage under secret ballot and the “cross in the square” system, and a council guarded by householding voters. This constitution was sent to London in January 1856 and received the royal assent in June. When the news reached Adelaide in October, Boyle Finniss formed a ministry with Hanson as his attorney-general.
On 9 March 1857, at the first elections under responsible government, Hanson won the second of six seats for the City of Adelaide. The Finniss ministry fell on 21 August and after two short governments Hanson formed a ministry on 30 September; with some reconstruction it lasted until 9 May 1860. He had introduced forty-six bills as advocate-general and twenty-one as attorney-general. He employed only one clerk but was seldom absent from the legislature, served on many select committees, helped to form the parliamentary and law libraries and made his home a meeting place for politicians in need of advice. Hicks attended to much of his court work, but prominent cases like his defeat of the Anglican claim to a cathedral site in Victoria Square made Hanson the acknowledged leader of the South Australian Bar.
Chief Justiceship and the Boothby Affair
Sir Charles Cooper resigned as Chief Justice and was replaced by Hanson who was graciously farewelled from the House of Assembly on 21 November 1861.
The appointment was challenged by Judge Benjamin Boothby, who believed that he would automatically succeed Cooper and that neither the governor nor Executive Council could appoint anyone else. In chambers, Boothby reiterated this claim, denying the right of Hanson and Edward Gwynne to sit in the court or to pass opinion on the dicta of the “Senior Judge”. When both Houses sent addresses to the Queen for Boothby’s removal, Hanson had opposed them declaring that “we have a Judge against whose character and integrity not one syllable is brought … It would be wrong to punish [him] for expressing his conscientious opinion on the validity of laws, which it is his sworn duty to do”.
One of Hanson’s first duties in the Supreme Court was to inquire into the validity of local legislation, much of which he had drafted. He recommended various amendments to several Acts, “not because he considered them necessary but merely to set the minds of people at rest”. Gwynne sometimes deprived him of a majority in the court, especially in cases connected with the Real Property Act. Hanson had been sceptical about its validity in 1857 and redrafted “Robert Torrens’ clumsy and unprofessional attempt to improve the law”; when it was passed he advised the governor to assent to it on the Queen’s behalf, and worked hard to simplify its operation.
Sir Richard Davies Hanson
The distinction between the letter of the law and its intention was important to Hanson and he expounded it clearly in his minority judgment in Dawes v Quarrel (1865) Supreme Court Reports (Pelham) 1, when it was decided that the South Australian legislature had no “power to establish courts”, as these words had been omitted from the Constitution Act. Hanson argued that, as the Act specifically established representative institutions and the making of laws for peace, order and good government, it was “somewhat singular that the Imperial Parliament should have deliberately deprived South Australia, under the pretence of providing for its better government … of creating Courts of Justice … I must confess this seems to me to raise a very strong presumption against the construction now contended for”. In contrast, Boothby deemed the Constitution Act invalid, and consequently found fault with a large and indefinite number of Acts passed by the colony’s legislature. The imperial parliament came to the rescue with validating Acts but they had little effect on Boothby. To him the colony’s entire legal system was different from that of Britain and therefore repugnant to the laws of England.
By 1866 the administration of justice was in confusion and uncertainty. Boothby was accused in the press of bullying counsel, dictating to juries, quashing informations, discharging prisoners in criminal trials and bringing equity cases to a standstill. Petitions for his removal poured into parliament and both Houses sent addresses to the Queen, but were advised that the only remedies were by appeal to the Privy Council or “to remove him at your own responsibility”.
In the Full Court on 12 April 1867, the Chief Justice declared that “the remarks of my learned colleague have ceased to annoy or affect me in any way because I feel … that by dwelling upon his fancied rights and fancied wrongs, he has incapacitated himself judicially from any reliable conclusions … and therefore I look upon them as I should any other utterance founded upon mental or moral illusion”. Four days later Hanson and Gwynne conferred and adjourned the sittings until next term: see England v Coulthard (1867) 1 SALR 9. Boothby dissented and tried in vain to conduct the Court by himself. On 24 April, Hanson and Gwynne wrote to the governor seeking remedial measures but disclaiming any personal motives or inability to overcome obstructive difficulties. Boothby was given time to prepare his defence before trial by the governor and his Executive Council. He was found guilty of misbehaviour and “amoved” from office on 29 July.
Hanson the Author
Despite his “steady flow of carefully measured words, weighted with calm and logical reasoning”, Hanson often claimed that he turned to law to please his father but wished he was rid of it, especially its “archaic procedures” such as public executions. A voracious reader in his leisure, he turned readily to science and theology and was moved to share his knowledge. He believed in inevitable human progress and abhorred the mental barriers that hindered it. He saw the Bible as “God’s main instrument in the education of the world” only if read with a spirit of inquiry instead of infallible authority. Between 1849 and 1860, he gave several public lectures on this theme and on law in creation, where he rejected Lamarck as “absurd” but confessed attraction to the theories of Charles Darwin, however incomplete.
Hanson published a number of books on theology, including Law in Nature and other Papers (1865), Letters To and From Rome, AD 61-63 (1873), The Apostle Paul and the Preaching of Christianity in the Primitive Church (1875) and The Jesus of History (1869), in which he succeeded in “fusing the evangelical narratives into a clear and consistent whole”, rejecting the miracles but judicially interpreting the record “as an inquirer before the fall of Jerusalem”.
End of Life
On 9 July 1869, Hanson was knighted by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle after at least four recommendations from the governors, Daly and James Fergusson. On return to South Australia, he acted as governor from 18 November 1872 until April 1873, when Governor Anthony Musgrave arrived. Hanson gave enthusiastic support to the founding of the University of Adelaide and, when the Adelaide University Act was passed in 1874, its councillors elected him chancellor and invited him to give the inaugural address on 25 March 1876. It was prepared but not given. He died suddenly of heart disease in his garden at “Woodhouse”, in the Adelaide Hills, on the 4 March 1876, and was buried with a state funeral.


Visit my newly launched WordPress website apzimmermann.com. You can read my news, as well as essays, articles, and sample chapters from my books.
I am finishing a new book, Stories from Springer Hill, a memoir about living in the wonderful New England town of Newtown, Connecticut.
My other books:
The Case Files of Detective Laszlo Briscoe: True Crime in Newtown, CT, 1889-1933 (2008)
The narrator not only documents the criminal acts, but allows the reader to understand the crimes in the context of the eras in which they take place — horse-and-carriage, agrarian, railroads, the advent of the automobile and decline of the resort era, Prohibition, World War I, and the beginning of the Great Depression.
— A Kindle edition is available at Amazon.com or email me if you would like a hardcopy ($20 plus shipping, tax included).
Eleanor Mayer’s History of Cherry Grove Farm (2005)
Sadly, Eleanor Mayer passed away this year and rumor has it this family farm will be sold. The book is available through the Newtown Historical Society for $20 plus postage (no tax). Write: Newtown Historical Society, …
(editor) The Remarkable Huntingtons: Chronicle of a Marriage by Albert Goodrich and Mary Mitchell.
Anna, a sculptor, married Archer, a bibliophile, Hispanic scholar, poet, businessman, multimillionaire, philanthropist, and above all, a devoted and generous husband. Their remarkable lives unfold through readings of Anna’s diaries.
This book sold out but used copies are available online.
- I was a regular contributor to The New York Times’ Connecticut Weekly section for four years before the section was eliminated. That was a great and “high profile” opportunity. What a thrill to see my stories hit “above the fold” of the front page of the section! I also contributed articles to Fairfield Homes, Housatonic Homes, Horses Monthly, Antiques and the Arts Weekly, Acorn Press, and Fairpress.
- My favorite job yet was features writer for The Newtown Bee, a weekly newspaper serving the town of Newtown, Connecticut.
- I am advising editor to the literary and arts magazine The Newtowner, our lovely homegrown magazine, which premiered December 1, 2010. I don’t really do much for that title, but the editors ask me to research things once in a while.
- I have written articles for Connecticut Magazine, Yankee, Appalachian Trailway News, Twist, Spotlight Magazine, Business Digest, Greenwich Magazine.
You can contact me at email@example.com.


167 YEARS AND COUNTING IT ALL JOY
Before the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation and the gift of the statue of Liberty from France to the United States St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church was born on the South Side of Pittsburgh. The Rev. W. W. Clark was impressed with the thought of having an African American church on the south side of the river; he succeeded in persuading eight persons interested in joining him in this effort. The year was 1846 and they held worship services in a small building on Wright’s Alley.
During its early years, the congregation met with many adverse conditions, moving from place to place sometimes even people’s homes. However, the membership grew and they did purchase lots on South 14th Street near Sarah Street. Under the great panic of 1873 the mortgage was foreclosed. Under the leadership of Rev. W. H. Palmer the congregation began to grow and they were able to purchase a building on Sarah Street near 13th Street.
When the Annual Conference met in May of 1888 the pastor and the congregation could finally say they had made many improvements on the building and that they had paid off all their debts. Rev. T. J. Andrew took leadership of the congregation in 1899 and the people decided to move out of their cramped quarters which became hemmed in by warehouses and factories. They secured a lot at the corner of Warrington and Arlington avenues in Allentown and built a new St. Paul which was dedicated in August of 1900.
The edifice on the corner of Sylvania Avenue and Montooth Street in 1918 was built under the leadership of Rev. George Smith. For the next 82 years many souls were saved and many renovations were done at this location. Here there were many ministries that helped not only the congregation but the community in whole with a Day Care center, Boys and Girls Scouts of America, Health Care Center and a food pantry just to name a few.
On April 5, 1999 the Rev. Dr. Eric L. Brown and the Trustee Board of St. Paul presented a proposal to the Right Rev. Robert Vaughn Webster and Presiding Elder William S. Hopson to consider purchasing the former Christ Lutheran Church located at 400 Orchard Place. This proposal was approved and on Easter Sunday, April 23, 2000 we dedicated the facility to the Glory of God.
This opened up new opportunities to not only worship in a larger facility but to enlarge our territory and footprint to ministry.
In 2010 God sent us our current pastor the Rev. Cheryl Ruffin, the first female pastor in the history of St. Paul. We have truly become a community church. Our community efforts include a “Community of Hope Garden,”* feeding the homeless at Shepherd’s Heart Church, providing food for children at Grandview Elementary School, hosting community forums and meetings, and with funding from the Birmingham Foundation sponsoring the “St. Paul Summer Academy.”* All ventures are to the glory of God. We recently purchased the parcel of land that housed our garden.
We have had many hurdles to overcome but our theme since Rev. Ruffin has arrived holds true “God Is Able.” We are proud to be celebrating over 160 years of ministry to the Lord and we truly do Count It All Joy.
*Green Up Pittsburgh: Edible Gardens is funded by a Cities of Service Impact Volunteering Fund grant and is an expansion of Mayor Luke Ravenstahl’s Green Up Pittsburgh Program and serve PGH initiative and most recently G-Tech sponsored. *Birmingham Foundation funded program.


The URDU sent four Worlds debaters and coach Nina Datlof to tournaments in Hungary and Serbia over spring break. The first tournament, hosted by Central European University, was located in the heart of beautiful Budapest. It was excellently run and we got the chance to meet debaters from all around the world, both in rounds and at social events outside of rounds. The team also got the chance to explore Budapest on days when there weren’t in rounds, visiting sites such as Turkish baths, the Hungarian Parliament building, the famous Chain Bridge, a cemetery, a ballet at the State Opera House and ancient Roman ruins at Aquincum. Although neither of our teams cleared, Miriam Kohn and Reefat Aziz finished on 10 points and missed the break on speaker points.
After touring Budapest, the group caught a train to Belgrade for the second tournament. Although the tournament was hosted outside of Belgrade in the town of Arandelovac, we were able to explore the city for a few days before and after the tournament. Highlights included the national military museum, Belgrade fortress, the Nikola Tesla Museum, visiting the site of a former concentration camp, and wandering the city’s shopping district. Although neither of our teams cleared, both Sarah Hofmann & Katelyn Offerdahl and Miriam Kohn & Reefat Aziz were in bubble rooms for the last round. Additionally, Miriam Kohn was awarded 5th speaker for the Open Worlds division.
All told, the trip was a wonderful experience and it was a pleasure to be hosted at two great international tournaments! All of the debaters came back with broadened worldviews and sharpened debate skills that we look forward to applying at tournaments closer to home.


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