Eyeglasses, a remarkable invention that has transformed the lives of millions, have a rich and fascinating history that spans centuries. From their humble beginnings to the modern-day innovations, let us embark on a comprehensive journey through the evolution of eyeglasses.
The roots of eyeglasses can be traced back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Rome, around the 1st century AD, the use of a magnifying glass to enhance vision was documented. This early form of magnification laid the foundation for the development of eyeglasses.
It was during the medieval period that eyeglasses began to take shape as we know them today. In the 13th century, an Italian monk named Salvino D'Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable pair of eyeglasses. These early glasses consisted of two convex lenses held together by a frame that rested on the bridge of the nose. They were primarily used to correct farsightedness, a common visual impairment.
The Renaissance period witnessed significant advancements in the field of optics and eyeglasses. In the 16th century, concave lenses were introduced to correct nearsightedness. This breakthrough allowed individuals with different visual impairments to benefit from eyeglasses.
During this time, eyeglasses also became a fashion statement among the elite. Frames made of precious metals, such as gold and silver, adorned with intricate designs, became a symbol of wealth and status.
Industrial Revolution and Mass Production
The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century revolutionized the production of eyeglasses. With the advent of machinery and mass production techniques, eyeglasses became more affordable and accessible to a wider population. The introduction of steel frames and the ability to manufacture lenses in various shapes and sizes further expanded the options available to eyeglass wearers.
The Rise of Optometry
In the 19th century, the field of optometry emerged, focusing on the science of vision correction. Optometrists played a crucial role in prescribing and fitting eyeglasses, ensuring that individuals received the appropriate lenses for their specific visual needs. This professionalization of eyeglass fitting and prescription marked a significant milestone in the development of eyeglasses.
The 20th century brought forth numerous innovations in eyeglasses. In the early 1900s, the introduction of plastic frames revolutionized the industry. These lightweight and durable frames replaced the traditional metal frames, offering greater comfort and style options.
In the mid-20th century, the development of progressive lenses provided a seamless transition between different vision zones, eliminating the need for multiple pairs of glasses. Additionally, the use of advanced lens materials, such as polycarbonate and high-index plastics, resulted in thinner and lighter lenses, enhancing both comfort and aesthetics.
Contact Lenses and Laser Surgery
The latter half of the 20th century saw the rise of alternative vision correction methods, such as contact lenses and laser eye surgery. Contact lenses offered a non-intrusive option for those who wished to avoid wearing eyeglasses. Laser eye surgery, on the other hand, provided a more permanent solution to vision problems by reshaping the cornea.
While these alternatives gained popularity, eyeglasses remained the most widely used and convenient form of vision correction due to their ease of use, affordability, and non-invasive nature.
As we look to the future, the eyeglass industry continues to evolve. The integration of technology into eyeglasses is becoming increasingly common. Smart glasses, equipped with augmented reality capabilities, are being developed to enhance our daily lives, offering features like real-time information display and hands-free communication.
Advancements in materials science may lead to the development of even lighter and more durable frames, making eyeglasses even more comfortable to wear. Additionally, the use of nanotechnology holds the potential for self-adjusting lenses that automatically adapt to changing lighting conditions, providing optimal vision at all times.
In conclusion, the evolution of eyeglasses is a testament to human innovation and the desire to improve our visual experiences. From their ancient origins to the modern-day advancements, eyeglasses have come a long way. As technology continues to advance, we can only anticipate further breakthroughs that will enhance our vision and improve the lives of millions worldwide.
Post time: Nov-03-2023


Australia was one of the first countries to form a local group that later became the ~50 HL7 International Affiliates and was an early driver for the internationalisation of HL7.
HL7 Australia began in Australia in 1998 under the auspices of Standards Australia IT-14 Health Informatics Committee. Led by Klaus Veil, it was first incorporated independently as the HL7 Australasia User Group on 17 May 2002 and changed to its current name in March 2010.
There have been many distinguished members who have made significant volunteer contributions during its history. Most (we hope) are recognised in a registry available here.
Please let us know by email if we have forgotten anyone for which we apologise.


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As Arizona began to take its place in the national economy of the United States, primarily through mining and industrial agriculture, ethnic Mexican and Native American communities struggled to define their own identities. They sometimes stressed their status as the region's original inhabitants, sometimes as workers, sometimes as U. In the process, they often challenged the racial order imposed on them by the dominant class.
Appealing to broad audiences, this book links the construction of racial categories and ethnic identities to the larger process of nation-state building along the U. This compared with 3, Tejanos. Some relationships between Tejano families and Anglos became strained when settlers refused to recognize Tejano land rights and forced families from their farms.
Many wealthy Tejanos still felt their interests were best served by alliance with Anglo leaders, however, and it was their cooperation that helped make Texan independence possible in Tejanos fought alongside Anglos in the ensuing war with Mexico, but in the face of a wave of new immigration after Texas declared itself independent of any larger nation, their political and cultural influence in the region declined.
Most new Anglo settlers believed that their culture was superior to that of Tejanos and Mexicans alike, and racial prejudice was rife. The Mexican government never recognized Texas as an independent state. When the United States annexed Texas in Mexico once again went to war. After three years, the peace Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo saw the transfer of millions of acres of Mexican territory to the United States government—modern-day Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, as well as portions of states further north.
Anglo settlement, which had once seemed a sound strategic defense against borderland warfare with Indian people, proved the thin edge of a wedge that saw Mexico lose more than half of its territory to the United States. The Comanche and Lipan Apache continued to defend their territory against immigrants for many more years. About the Author. Anglo settlers believed that their culture was superior to that of Tejanos and Mexicans alike, and racial prejudice was rife.
Livestock would help this group avoid dependence upon the wage economy. Their distinct economic niche also had cultural significance, since those families who engaged in commercial ranching were generally more receptive to the prospect of private property and began to abandon the older practice of village government by consensus.
By the early s, many Ko-lo:di and eastern Aji in the district were also becoming Presbyterians, responding to missionaries who were active in the area. In the fi rst decade of the century, a Presbyterian missionary named Frazier Herndon persuaded some converts among the Ko-lo:di and Aji to press for allotment as a way to protect their lands from outside encroachment.
Herndon hoped that allotment would concentrate the population and thus facilitate conversions, and he helped to convince the BIA to send an agent to initiate the process. Some of these villagers actively resisted allotment by pulling up survey markers. Moreover, conditions for those who lived on previously designated reservations or allotted lands were rapidly deteriorating.
At San Xavier, allottees suffered from a decreasing water supply due to overgrazing, dredging, and diversions from the Santa Cruz River. The Gila Bend reservation was in even worse shape because of upriver diversions.
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They T President Woodrow Wilson established a reservation by executive order in January , but soon thereafter a coalition of Arizonans, primarily from Pima County where most of the reservation was situated, protested the move. Race was central to their argument. If this land is ever to be made worth a dollar for any purpose whatever, enterprising, hustling, goahead white men will do it. Wilson issued a new executive order that cut the reservation into two parts divided by a ,acre strip that was to serve as the site of a new road between Tucson and Ajo. He also removed several other sections from the reservation that had been T Perhaps counterintuitively, it was the actions of Anglo cotton growers that proved decisive.
The BIA planned to make cattle ranching, rather than farming, the economic foundation of the reservation even though many villagers preferred to continue traditional forms of ak chin agriculture.
Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona
To encourage a transition to ranching, the government dug twenty-nine new deep wells, four shallow wells, and thirty-one charcos water tanks for cattle on the Sells and San Xavier reservations between and Such practices had cultural as well as economic significance. Only after persistent pressure, and after the BIA retracted its demand that the villagers would have to pay for the new well, did the local headman agree that the government could proceed to build it.
Those who owned little or no cattle were most receptive to working for wages, but only if the work did not under mine the viability of the villages. There were no problems crossing the boundary. When the harvest was over they would return south. We would travel back and forth, north to south and south to north, in wagons and later in cars without any problems.
Within families that combined ak chin farming with seasonal wage work, traditional patrilocal residence patterns remained common. The distribution of fields among the villagers was still the responsibility of all-male village councils. Rather than a strict division between male producer and female homemaker, husband and wife tended to the family field together. Women also continued to gather cactus fruit and trade pottery, baskets, and other items, while other family members worked for wages in the cotton fields and mines, on the railroads, and in Tucson.
In the s McCarthy who had adopted this name as a soldier during World War I left the reservation to work along the Pacific coast from California to Alaska, sending wages back to his family in southern Arizona. Eventually McCarthy returned to his family. All the money we made we put into one bank—my mother. Any time one of us needed some money, we went to her. Throughout the s and into the s, this pattern allowed the family to retain close ties to the reservation, and thus to resist BIA attempts to assimilate them.
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The women are married and do washing at their homes and also work at times in private families. They worked out among the people, like I said, washing and ironing and all that stuff—making maybe tortillas for the Mexicans and. All found steady work and good wages, saving their money and buying what they need when they return to their homes in the country. A woman named Frances Manuel left her children on the reservation in the care of her mother-in-law while she took up domestic work in Tucson and while her husband worked for the railroad. I had my house there on the reservation; everything was the same because we had my mother-in-law there, and the beds were made.
Her father came to try and have her return home, but she would not. One Tucson field matron noted in frustration that during a December fiesta at San Xavier she received many complaints about Indians who did not show up for work. As with agricultural or day labor, many men worked at Ajo only temporarily and then returned to their villages or left to fi nd other jobs.
Instead, it leased plots of undeveloped land to the Indians, who had to construct their own housing at Ajo Indian village. In the late s James McCarthy was injured three times doing heavy work such as drilling, shoveling, and moving track. Peter Blaine, who would serve as the chairman of the Papago Tribal Council in the s, recalled similar experiences at Ajo. After repeatedly being denied a job as a driller, he too eventually left to take up wage work elsewhere.
Eventually, the strike was put down when troops from the 14th Infantry entered Ajo on December 20 see Chapter 4.
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For these groups, independence had always been based upon access to the free-flowing waters of the Gila River and its tributaries. George Webb, a Pima who grew up on the Gila reservation, remembered the critical role that the river played for the Pimas before upriver diversions and erosion. They would fan out and lead the water to the alfalfa, along the corn rows, and over to the melons. Their song always means that there is water close by, as they will not sing if there is not water splashing somewhere.
As early as , Pimas and Maricopas were cutting and selling nearly twelve thousand cords of wood every year. George Webb, for example, worked in as a ranch hand in the Glendale area of the Salt River valley. He soon quit his job and returned to Gila Crossing—one of the few places where the Gila still rose to the surface through an alluvial spring—to attempt to farm and raise cattle.go to link
Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona - Semantic Scholar
They chose to stay on the Reservation. It was their home. Despite the severe problems on the reservation, this decision was never easy. Anna Shaw, who had attended the Gila River Indian School, felt that the decision she and her husband made to move to Phoenix in involved the rejection of an important part of their identity. We had to live like white men. By the early twentieth century, Pimas and Maricopas had already undergone dramatic changes. They had been actively engaged with the American market economy for sixty years through their production of wheat and other crops.
Change did not necessarily imply an abandonment of their identity. Unfortunately, what the government had in mind was far from reasonable.


News / Come explore the hidden gems of Santiago de Cuba with Agents Connect
Rich history, must – see sites, hotel options and unique excursions only available in the area
By Kateryna Ivchenko
Santiago de Cuba was among the first seven cities found by Spanish in the 16th century, and it served as Cuba’s first capital city until the early 17th century. You can only imagine how historically rich this area is and how much it has to offer for a traveller.
Located in the southeastern area of Cuba, Santiago is home to the finest rum distillers, coffee plantations, traditional Cuban music, the first house and cathedral built on the island, and so much more. Santiago is considered to be the most Caribbean city in Cuba. It has been heavily influenced by trade and immigration from other parts of the Caribbean islands. Because of that, the city has the most vibrant culture, traditions, dances, carnivals etc.
Another interesting fact is that Santiago de Cuba has the largest Afro-Cuban population on the island. That’s why the city has such an incredible representation of African culture.
Santiago de Cuba is located inside a valley and is surrounded by hills. Because of that, Santiago is considered to be the hottest city on the island.
Let’s now answer one question you probably have on your mind – what is it there to explore?
Because of the history of the area and the role it played in the revolution, there are few one-of-a-kind excursions you can only do in Santiago de Cuba. Here is a guide on the most popular activities for your clients:
1. Morro Castle Tour
Photo: San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Morro Castle is probably one of the most famous landmarks in Cuba you just have to visit.
Morro Castle, also known as Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca, is a fortress on the coast of Santiago de Cuba which was built in 1638. The fort was designed by the Italian engineer Battista Antonelli, who also designed the famous fortress in Havana.
Photo: Fortress in Havana, Cuba
Originally, it was built to defend the city against the pirates, and interesting enough, the city has never been taken since the fortress was built. It held more than 300 soldiers, and during the Spanish-American War in 1898, Morro Castle became a prison.
When visiting Morro Castle, you will be able to view all the open grounds of the fortress, learn more about its history, have lunch at the pirate-themed restaurant located just beside the fortress.
2. City Tours
As you can image, being a former capital of Cuba, the city of Santiago has a lot to offer for travellers visiting the area. Starting with the history of its first settlements, the role in Cuban revolution, its culture and finishing with the colonial style houses, the city tour is definitely a must-do excursion.
Photo: Plaza de la Revolucion in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Here are some of the things to know before picking your city tour excursion:
- The oldest house built in Cuba
Once Santiago was founded and became a capital of Cuba, Hernán Cortés, who was the mayor of Santiago at that time, has ordered to build the first house in the city which served almost like White House in the U.S. The founder of Santiago de Cuba, Diego Velázquez has lived there among other governors of the island.
The house served as a hotel at some point in history and as it was recovered in 1960 and reopened in the 1970’, the house because a museum that showcased furniture and lifestyle of the colonial times.
It is located on the main square right across from the Casagranda Hotel.
- Santa Ifigenia Cemetery
Next city tour option is the local cemetery called Santa Ifigenia Cemetery. It is the second largest one after Havana. There you will see important freedom fighters, musicians and even Fidel Castro’s tomb.
Photo: Santa Ifigenia Cemetery Photo: Fidel Castro Tomb
Santiago de Cuba is notable for its culture. It is home to some of Cuba’s famous musicians and artists.
As part of the city tours suggestions, you can visit many of Santiago’s art galleries that showcase various sculptures, paintings and other forms of classic and modern art.
- Fidel Castro House
This is not exactly a part of the city tour, but you can combine the “Fidel Castro’s House” excursion with any other mentioned above.
The place we are talking about is located in the town called Biran in Holguin province. Today, the house Fidel Castro was born in has been kept as a museum. You will see exactly how Fidel Catsro’s family lived and where he grew up. You will learn about the history of immigrants that came to the area and made a fortune in Cuba because of the sugar cane growth.
This exclusion is available in Holguin and in Santiago de Cuba.
- Granma Island
Tour around the bay of Santiago de Cuba on catamaran followed by a Cuban lunch on the island.
3. Trip to the Mountains
If you have never been to Santiago de Cuba, the area looks like a horseshoe. In the middle is the city of Santiago and around are mountains where settlers grew cocoa and coffee.
During this excursion, you will see the remains of coffee plantations founded by the French settlers who came running away from the Haitian revolution in the 19th century and visit a botanical garden that was created out of the remains of the coffee plantations.
4. The Baconao Park
Baconao Park is about 60 kilometers away from Santiago de Cuba. It is a protected park created in the 1980s by the local artists. People also call it the “Cuban Jurassic Park”.
In the park, you will see live-size creatures made out of iron and cement, a botanical garden, museum of cars and farms. There is also an option to swim by the ocean in one of the all-inclusive resorts and have a lunch too.
5. Carnivals and Festivals
Even though July is considered to be a low season for Santiago tourism, it is definitely the busiest month for festivals and carnivals.
People are coming from all over the world to participate in Cuba’s most famous and biggest carnival that started in the late 19th century to celebrate the date when Santiago was found – July 25.
Dance competitions, live music and concerts, local food and drinks … everything you can possible image is happening on the streets of Santiago de Cuba.
Don’t forget that July is a very hot month for Santiago’s weather, so most of the activities are happening at night.
Over the last few years, hotels have been absolutely packed during the July festivities, so make sure to make your reservation in advance or try to find some locals who are gladly opening their homes for tourists.
Marlin Marina offers an array of excursions including:
- Walk through the bay of Santiago on catamaran
- Sunset watch on the catamaran
- Snorkeling and scuba diving
Unlike many other places that offer scuba diving, one of the unique experiences of doing so in Santiago in an opportunity to see sunken military ships located in the bay of the city close by Morro Castle!
After exploring the hidden gems of Santiago de Cuba, it’s time to enjoy its vibrant nightlife!
There is so much to do at night in Santiago and you cannot miss out on experiencing the city when the sun is down and the lights are on.
Here are some of the places to help you plan your night-time activities:
Start your evening by enjoying a live music performance and tasting authentic Caribbean and Cuban cuisine at La Bodeguita del Medio! After, head over to the Cabaret Tropicana de Santiago, a night club where you will see a cabaret show featuring Cuban rhythms and Afro-Cuban dances!
Finish your evening at the famous La Casa de La Trova. It serves as a meeting space for Santiago de Cuba’s most famous musicians and music lovers. Enjoy a drink or two while immersing yourself in Santiago’s culture you will never experience anywhere else in Cuba.
Where to stay
Santiago de Cuba offers a wide range of city hotel options:
- Brisas Los Galeones
- Brisas Sierra Mar
- Club Amigo Carisol Los Corales
- Hotel Casa Granda
- Hotel Costa Morena
- Hotel E Enramadas
- Hotel Imperial
- Hotel Las Americas
- Hotel San Felix
- Hotel Segundo Frente
- Hotel Versalles
- Melia Santiago
- Villa Gaviota Santiago
All excursions mentioned in our guide are available for booking at the hotel's reception desk.
These are just a few reasons why Santiago de Cuba should be on your radar in 2023. Unique excursions you won’t find anywhere else, century-long traditions, historical sites, natural wonders … want to learn more? Well, you just have to book a vacation and find out for yourself!


In this week’s news segment, Tim and Tom talk about Super Tuesday. In history they look at Leap Year, and in the arts they talk about the Academy Awards. All that and the magic numbers.
This week, the guys discuss a recent botched job by the CDC regarding a recommendation about alcohol and pregnancy. In history, they discuss the historical figure of Saint Valentine, and the origin of the holiday that bears his name. And in the arts, Tim reveals the secret project he is working on. (SPOILER ALERT: It’s a musical).
In this week’s news segment, the guys talk about the furor over the Zika virus. In entertainment, they talk about the frenzy over the “Big Game,” and in history, they look at the possible medical history of England’s King Henry VIII.


The history and evolution of permanent road signs over time
Posted by Adam Sidat on
The history of permanent road signs dates back to ancient Rome, where stone columns were erected at major intersections to provide directional information to travellers. However, it wasn't until the 19th century that modern road signs were developed, with the invention of reflective materials and standardised signage.
The first road signs in the United States were created in the early 1900s, with the adoption of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) in 1935. This manual provided guidelines for the manufacture, placement, and replacement of permanent road signs across the country.
Sign manufacturing has evolved significantly since the early days of road signage. Early signs were made of wood, metal, or stone, and were often painted by hand. Today, signs are typically made of aluminium, which is durable, lightweight, and easy to shape and cut. The use of computer-aided design (CAD) has also made sign manufacturing more precise and efficient.
Caution signs, which warn drivers of potential hazards on the road, have been an important part of road signage from the beginning. Early caution signs were simple and text-based, but as technology improved, images and symbols were added to make them more recognizable and effective. Today, caution signs can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes, and are often equipped with flashing lights or other features to enhance visibility.
Road sign replacement is a crucial part of maintaining safe and effective roadways. Over time, signs can become faded, damaged, or obscured by foliage, making them difficult to see and potentially dangerous. To address this issue, transportation departments have developed regular sign replacement programs to ensure that signs remain visible and up-to-date.
Directional signs, which provide information about the location and distance of landmarks, cities, and other destinations, have also evolved over time. Early directional signs were often text-based and provided limited information. Today, directional signs are more detailed and may include images, symbols, and other helpful information such as highway numbers and exit numbers.
In conclusion, permanent road signs have come a long way since their humble beginnings. Thanks to advances in technology and standardized guidelines, road signs have become an essential part of our transportation infrastructure, providing critical information to drivers and helping to keep our roads safe. Sign manufacturing, caution signs, road sign replacement, and directional signs will continue to evolve in the years ahead, ensuring that our roadways remain safe and efficient for generations to come.


This year, Digitas SF decided to plan a week-long celebration of the life and achievements of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. First, shout out to my partners in culture for taking a step back and challenging the norm! We believe that his work and legacy deserve more than the one day celebration. We also believe that the celebration needs to be done in an environment where we spend most of our waking hours and with the people we spend most of our waking hours with, our co-workers.
So, we launched the 1st Digitas Perspectives and VivaWomen of Color San Francisco newsletter noting the purpose of #MLK90week. We shared daily trivia on Dr. King’s life and awarded the winners with books on Black culture. We promoted local opportunities for volunteering, highlighting the MLK Youth Leadership training that helps youth learn about employment and career opportunities. We hosted a work and watch viewing of Selma (shout-out to Ava DuVernay, Oprah, the actors and Dr. King’s family) and deployed a summary newsletter recapping the week and ways to keep his legacy alive.
The outcome. Together we learned that Dr. King would have made 90 years old this year. His last speech I’ve Been to the Mountain Top, was given one day before his assassination on April 4th in Memphis, Tennessee. That day was a heavy day of mourning for Americans, especially those involved in the fight for civil rights. From the Selma viewing, we saw the work that Dr. King and his strategic, brilliant team had done to end legal separation of Blacks in the United States with the 1964 civil rights act.
Selma wasn’t where it started. According to history, it was in 1955, the same year Dr. King received his P.h.D., that he began to rise as a prominent civil rights leader. He, along with Rosa Parks and the NAACP, began to strategize and execute the Montgomery Alabama Bus Boycott. The boycott involved 382 days of walking to work, harassment, violence, and intimidation for Montgomery’s Black community. The boycott was successful and the segregated public transportation laws in Montgomery were lifted. This successful moment in history proved that the architecture of the non-violent approach to fighting against racism was an effective one.
Dr. King didn’t do it alone. One of his greatest partners in the fight for civil rights was his wife, Coretta Scott King.
“Not enough attention has been focused on the roles played by women in the struggle. By and large, men have formed the leadership in the civil rights struggle but…women have been the backbone of the whole civil rights movement.” – Coretta Scott King
At a time when women were still viewed as property and thought to be unequal to men, we were at the front of the civil rights movement. Coretta balanced being a mother, movement work, speaking before church, civic, college, fraternal and peace groups. Not only did Coretta King play a dedicated and strong role in the fight for equality for Blacks, but she also participated in the Women Strike for Peace protest in Washington, D.C. in 1968. She co-chaired the Congress of Women conference and continued to drive the fight for equality for Black men and women with the Poor People’s campaign even after Dr. King’s assassination.
As we head into the official of celebration, let us all remember that we must be the change we want to see. If we desire an environment where cultural discussions flow freely, we must create that space for ourselves and others, even at work. Yes, while watching Selma, it was hard to see how Blacks in America were treated. The level of hatred was surreal but Dr. King left a legacy full of tools to confront and combat that hate. He taught us to take a stand, rally, march, let our voice be heard, to build communities, create discourse and keep the end goal in mind. Dr. King maintained a vision for a more diverse America where all people enjoyed the benefits of equality. During a time when the opposition implemented legislation that withheld rights from people of color and expressed hatred through beatings and killings, he refused to allow prison, violence or the threat of death sway his end mission. Instead, he stood beside his goal of achieving rights for all through nonviolent protests. We continue to experience poverty in the inner cities. We continue to fight for equal pay regardless of identity, gender or race. We continue to battle education inequality and police brutality. We continue to fight against the systematic constructs of racism. While it feels that in 2019, we are reliving the ’60s, we can continue to call for justice for all because we share Dr. King’s Dream.
“Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” – Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
*although the above mentions Digitas and BRG related work, all additional views are my own.
This is such a great reflection Dr. King’s life and a reminder that our work is not over yet. There’s still so much to keep fighting for. Dr. King will always be a light of hope!


While things are going crazy about Godzilla over at the Comic-Con. There have been several new images posted on Legendary's viral site Godzilla Encounter. Check them out.
|This looks like the first in a series of historical posts about Godzilla. It's clear that Legendary is honoring the traditions of the past and may be giving us clues as to Godzilla's origins in the new film.|
|The irradiating of "Lucky Dragon #5" in March 1954 due to the Bikini atoll nuclear test was the real life historical event that inspired the first Godzilla film which was amazingly completed only a few months later and was released on November 9th, Culture Day in Japan. The ships chief radio operator died of Leukemia six months after the incident, before "Gojira" was even released!|
|Translation: "The People's Monster": In the 1960's, Godzilla became the people's/nation's monster and this natural menace became beloved by children.|
|Tomoyuki Tanaka, one of Godzilla's "Fathers" was the producer who first had the idea of making the monster movie which became "Gojira", in part inspired by the tragic events of Lucky Dragon #5.|


I spent almost 4 hours at the Opthamologist having various tests completed so I kept myself busy photographing the equipment because I find it fascinating.
The Battle of Antietam’s exact numbers of casualties were almost impossible to compile. But according to Official Records of the War of the Rebellion and the Antietam Battlefield Board, the Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest battle in American history. About 23,000 men did not SURVIVE…. or were wounded or missing over the course of the single-day battle.


Political Documents - Bosnia
From Dr. Umar Azam to British Newspapers
Letter No. 1354i Date: 25th May 2000
At long last the Serbs responsible for committing atrocities in Bosnia and Kosovo are being charged for war crimes in The Hague. For this, credit is due to the determined quartet of [Prime Minister] Tony Blair, [Foreign Secretary] Robin Cook, [President] Clinton and [Defence Secretary] Madeleine Albright.
But Douglas Hurd ought to be tried alongside the Serbs. When he was Foreign Secretary, under John Major, the Serbs were committing atrocity after atrocity against Muslim and Croat in places such as Banja Luka but, each time, Hurd remained adamant that British troops could not help the civilians against slaughter, because British troops would be Ďat riskí. Hurd constantly argued with newspaper and television reporters, who wanted something done.
I suspect the Serbs bribed Hurd for, as soon as he left his post as Foreign Secretary, he began a lucrative job in a Serb bank. Well, Hurd has got his blood money! The Americans wanted to intervene but were constantly rebuffed by Hurd, so they did not take any action, unwilling as they were to act unilaterally.
How many of the bereaved in Bosnia and Croatia must be cursing Douglas Hurd! That man must have a heart of stone! John Major deserves blame too for not dismissing Hurd for acting culpably!
New Labour in Britain and the Democrats in America, whatever critics may say of their other policies, are to be congratulated for their foreign policy: they had the audacity and resolve to right a wrong and actually bomb Yugoslavia. This has sent a message to the Serbs, and indeed the world, that depravity in military conflicts will not be tolerated by the USA, Britain and the rest of the civilised world [and our current role in Sierra Leone is similarly to be applauded].
Baroness Thatcher was absolutely correct to say that British and American intervention in the Balkans came woefully late, and for this Douglas Hurd is primarily responsible. This one man is accountable for hundreds of thousands of casualties, and the untold suffering of millions, in Bosnia and Croatia, over a number of years!
Yours sincerely, Dr. Umar Azam
PS. Many congratulations to Tony and Cherie Blair on the birth of Leo!
Letter No. 1356 Date: 27 May 2000
Dear Prime Minister Blair,
I would like to congratulate New Labour, and specifically both yourself and Robin Cook, on its caring foreign policy.
You may be interested to see the enclosed copy of a letter I have been sending to newspapers [L13541J. I am so pleased that New Labourís policy has differed enormously from the uncaring one pursued by the stone-hearted Douglas Hurd.
Keep up the great work!
Dr Umar Azam
PS Congratulations on the birth of Leo; I share the delight of both yourself and Cherie Blair!
Letter No. L1357 Date: 27 May 2000
Dear Robin Cook,
I am writing simultaneously to you and Prime Minister Blair to congratulate New Labour on a caring Foreign policy which physically stamps out oppression. You Have done, and are doing, a good job in Kosovo; the same is the case with Sierra Leone.
I wish New Labour was in power in the Early 1990s; if this had been the case, many thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of lives would have been saved in Bosnia. I am sure that you would have authorised troops to go in and prevent the massacres of Muslims and Croats by Serbs. Douglas Hurd failed to do this [please see copy of correspondence that I have been sending to newspapers]. Well done and keep up the good work!
Dr Umar Azam, Author
From Dr. Umar Azam to the MUSLIM SOLIDARITY COMMITTEE, New Malden, Surrey
Letter No. L1358 Date: 27 May 2000
Dear Brother-in Islam,
I was pleased to see in the MUSLIM DIRECTORY that your organisationís functions are noted as follows: ĎUmbrella organisation lobbying governments, the UN & OIC regarding Muslim causes i.e. Kosovo, Sudan etc.í You seem to be doing very valuable work for Islam. Is it possible for you to send me copies of some of your correspondence with the UN etc? I am interested to learn more of your work. For this reason, I am sending you a copy of a letter [L13541] that I have been circulating to British newspapers and Government figures regarding Douglas Hurd, the former Foreign Secretary in John Majorís government. My letter is justifiably very critical of him. Please let me have your comments on it and if you could suggest some UN and other addresses to post this letter to, it would be appreciated.
DR UMAR AZAM B.A., Ph.D.
PS. I am currently distributing free copies of a booklet entitled VISION OF PARADISE. If you would like to receive a free copy/copies, please let me know in your correspondence.
From Dr.Umar Azam to THE EDITOR, MANCHESTER IMAGE [NEWSPAPER], BLACKBURNLetter No. 1360 Date: 7 June 2000
It is very pleasing to see that the murderous Serb military leaders, who perpetrated atrocities against Muslim and Croat civilians in Bosnia, are being tried, at last, in The Hague. They deserve to be severely punished, ideally to be hanged.
But Douglas Hurd, the former Foreign Secretary under John Major, should be tried too, and made to answer for his policy. His failure to send in British troops meant the annihilation and expulsion of hundreds of thousands of helpless people.
Hurd constantly rebuffed the media, reporters who wanted action to be taken to stop the carnage, and the US government was also told that military action was not an option, although America desperately wanted to do something about the appalling massacres.
Once he left his position in the cabinet, Hurd began a lucrative job in a Serb bank. He started to work for the same Serbs who had been butchering civilians. Was he bribed by the Serbs with offers of a good job if he didnít send in the troops? I think so.
How could he collaborate with the Serbs, who are historically Britainís enemies? Remember, they were responsible for the outbreak of World War I, when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serb named Gustav Princip, a member of Serbiaís ĎBlack Hand Gangí of terrorists. In this light, I would even go as far to say that Hurd is a traitor to the British cause.
Tony Blair and Robin Cook have been brave enough to send in the troops to Kosovo, and the fact that the lives of British soldiers have not been wasted makes nonsense of Hurdís argument and obstinate reluctance. Well done, New Labour!
I hope Hurd has a guilty conscience for the rest of his life and that he can be made to answer for his criminal actions.
Dr Umar Azam BA, PhD
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The therapeutic use of stones is not a new or alternative method of optimizing the function of body, mind, and spirit. Healing with gemstones is thousands of years old, dating back to ancient civilizations and cultures.
Sumerian writings and ancient Indian Vedic texts describe various methods for preparing elixirs, pastes, and powders made from gemstones.
Ancient Chinese writings contain detailed descriptions of gemstones and their influence on the human body. The Egyptians were known to hammer and polish precious stones into jewelry, and scarabs which were often buried with the dead to assist in the transition into the next life.
Medicine men and shamans have harnessed the power of crystals in ceremonies and rituals throughout history. So it comes as no surprise to me that currently, the use of crystals and gemstones in healing is making a resurgence.
Together we will explore some basic uses of stones and crystals as a complement to healthy living and healthy lifestyles in the 21st century.


500 years post part one, word finally got out about Bibilonia the capital city. With a letter sent by king yore, Jungle Library requesting the emigration of the Jungle, join … Continue reading Bibilushia
Bibliona) The Bibilonians part three, will the south library make it to the plains library or perish beneath the snow?
Prolouge: This part was 300 years post part one, Scott explained to Hew the history of the Bibilonians. Now he invites you back to follow his dialouge of leadership, and … Continue reading Bibilonia
Hubert finds a way to go deeper into his mind. In this journey he discovers his ego and more.
Tommy was HK’s 3rd descendent blessed only with the family intelegence, — Crasp was now a modern city like New York, just outside of New Jersey. — Now it runs … Continue reading Tommy) =High-Order= Pt.4
The school year is over finnally, 104 days of summer vacation well 100 because were going on a flight to see Hawaii, and for the first time ill be riding … Continue reading Abducted By The Fog Part One: Captured


THE BEST WAYS TO EXPLORE EGYPT BY LAND AND RIVER
For Very best Approaches to Explore Egypt devoid of referencing the mighty Nile could be to mention Venice without having speaking of its lagoon or winding canals. But, when the watery artery is essential, Egypt is hardly reducible to it. Rather:
- a great number of artefacts
- bringing millennia of historical past to bear on website visitors.
Listed here, amid a vast corridor of treasures, we glance at several of the ideal approaches to investigate Egypt, by land and river, to encounter its finest sights and Seems.
The only unique surprise of antiquity to stay mostly intact, the Giza pyramid has stood tall against the ages, Potentially aided its enormous sizing; it weighs in at approximately six million tons. Undertaking inside of or just marvel in the Sphinx, 50 percent-lion and fifty percent-man, and that is believed to be the oldest monumental sculpture in Egypt.
LISTEN TO THE SINGING STATUE
So magnificent that even the Romans tried to reconstruct them, the Colossi of Memnon tower eighteen meters previously mentioned bystanders and depict 14th century BC pharaoh, visit Amenhotep.
Pay attention diligently to the northern colossus If you're able to.
At dawn, the ancients accustomed to hear it whisper the name of ‘Memnon’ (a king of Ethiopia) if the wind whistled from the cracks of such mammoth stone statues.
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Finest Strategies to Take a look at Egypt Go Underground
Significantly far from the edifices of the pyramids, wherever Old Kingdom pharaohs were being buried, lies the Valley of your Kings.
As almost all of the New Kingdom treasures are buried, descend down rock-Slice corridors, by dim and slender pathways, and into tombs lined with:
- jaw-dropping paintings
CRUISE THE NILE
Blend old globe class with modern day facilities by boarding the River Tosca, a cruise ship with Solar decks, a pool and shaded cabanas.
Well-known with :
- site visitors
aboard this magnificent Uniworld boutique river cruise ship drift by classically Egyptian surroundings.
from minor oases and temples to hectic ports, all which has a negroni in hand.


Tuesday, June 18, 2013
As I have mentioned before, I am trying to educate myself about metal music. This has taken me in some pretty interesting directions. Fairly recently I have started listening to Turisas, a Viking Metal band out of Finland. One song in particular I have grown to like is called 'The Great Escape'. The album it is on, Stand Up and Fight, tells the story of a group of Vikings who have joined the Varangian Guard. For those of you who aren't history buffs, the Varangian Guard was a group of Viking mercenaries who fought for the Byzantine Empire. In 'The Great Escape' a group of Vikings have received word from home that they are needed, so they go to the Emperor to get permission to go home.


Carman and Dufferin History
CARMAN WAS INCORPORATED AS A TOWN IN 1905.
Carman was settled in 1870 when Winnipeg settlers used the Missouri Trail to locate around the Boyne River.
Businesses began to open in 1878 and it was during this period of growth that the settlers became interested in founding and properly naming a village on their Boyne site.
A vote was taken and Carman City was chosen, later shortened to Carman, after Episcopal Methodist Church bishop Rev. Albert Carman.
Located at the junction of Highways #3 and 13 just minutes southwest of Winnipeg, Carman is situated in the heart of a rich prairie agricultural belt and just 100 kilometers north of the United States border.
Incorporated as a town in 1905, the community served as an agricultural, manufacturing and commercial service centre to the surrounding areas, a role it continues today.
RM OF DUFFERIN
The Municipality’s existence as the RM of Dufferin (North and South) began in 1880 when it was created by the Province of Manitoba. Previously it was the County of Dufferin.
The official population of the Municipality is 2,543. This comes from the 2021 Canada census. Population numbers are important to municipalities as some major grants from higher levels of government are based on population.
The assessment roll is a compilation of all the properties in the municipality, with a value shown for each property. For 2022, the combined market value assessment of all properties in the Municipality exceeds $1,180,142,900.
As mentioned elsewhere in this handbook, municipalities are major operations, and this Municipality is no exception. For 2021, the operating budget exceeds $6,718,763 (add general and utility together if applicable).
Back in 2009 the financial reporting requirements for municipalities was completely revamped. That audited financial statement was the first statement to show what the accounting industry considers to be a true reflection of assets. The list of assets includes land, buildings and equipment, which most people would expect. Municipalities have also been required to include other infrastructure such as roads, sewer lines and sidewalks, to name a few. The capital assets of the Municipality are currently valued at over $31,874,747 (this number can be found in Schedule 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Finally, the Municipality could not operate without dedicated employees to carry out the direction outlined by Council. At present the Municipality has 10 full time employees. As well there are part time employees, with the number varying by season.
Council consists of 7 members with 6 wards (based on after the election if the size of council and number of wards are changing).
More to come…..
Carman Dufferin Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee
Check out their website at: http://carmandufferinheritage.ca/
Whether you are a visitor to our community, are researching your family roots, need background on an historic building or are just interested in local history, this website is your one-stop source of information on our heritage.
The site offers you a glimpse of the history of Dufferin Municipality from the pre-settlement era to the post–1870 influx of homesteading families, and from the arrival of the railways to the rise and decline of the small towns and communities along its path.
You will also discover the wealth of historic buildings, cairns, plaques and other heritage resources that our communities have to offer.
Dufferin Historical Museum
Dufferin’s Historical Museum is located at the corner of King’s Park Road and Hwy 245 in Carman Manitoba. Surrounded by the Carman Golf Course and King’s Park this wonderful facility is superbly located for an afternoon of education and recreation.
Visiting the museum you will see collections of early 1900’s furniture, a pianola, agricultural items, log house, one room schoolhouse, various clocks, early wedding dresses, tools, weapons, coins, books, household items, children’s toys, Dutch artifacts and recollections of pioneer days depicted in a series of 24 water color portraits.
HOURS OF OPERATION:
June – August
Tues – Sat 10:00 – 5:00 pm
Sunday: 1:00 to 5:00 pm
For more information on the Dufferin Historical Museum visit http://www.dufferinhistoricalmuseum.ca
Golden Prairie Arts Council
Carman is well known for its fine artists and the local arts council- The Golden Prairie Arts Council (GPAC)
The Golden Prairie Arts Council is located in the historic train station building in the centre of Carman. For more information about the Council’s programs and events, please contact 204-745-6568
The Town of Carman and the RM of Dufferin are located on Treaty 1 Territory, traditional territory of the
Anishinaabe, Cree, Oji-Cree, Dakota, and Dene Peoples, and on the homeland of the Métis Nation.


Swimming is one of the most popular and well-known Olympic sports, with a long and colorful history. Swimming is a beautiful and effortless act that frequently makes your jaw drop – but have you ever wondered what swimming was like before it was considered a sport? How did it become the cutthroat competition that it is today? Continue reading to find out!
Origins in the Stone Age
Although humans have most likely been swimming since the Stone Age, it did not become a popular sport or pastime until the early nineteenth century.
According to britannica.com, the first known record of people swimming dates back to Egyptian drawings from 2500 BCE, with stone-age paintings of swimmers in caves dating even further. Ancient Greeks and Romans later used this practice to train soldiers for war, and it eventually became “part of men’s primary education.”
Swimming is thought to have been taught to ancient Pacific Islanders at the same time or even before walking.
From Recreation to Competition
Swimming began as a recreational activity long before the first Olympic Games in 1896, but it evolved into a competitive sport over time.
Swimmers experimented by trial and error and observed others in the sport’s early days. And the only stroke swam was breaststroke.
The first swimming championship was held in Australia in 1846. Many of these were the first opportunities for various national teams to compete. Different countries had their events in the years that followed, with India getting their chance in the 1920s.
Olympic Swimming Begins
The sport first appeared at the Olympic Games in 1896. It is one of only four sports that have been kept and has appeared in every summer Olympics.
There were only four swimming events in the first Olympics, three freestyle. Three unusual swimming events occurred at the Paris’ second Olympic Games in 1900. The obstacle course was one of them. The other was an underwater swimming endurance test. The third event was a 4,000m swim, the longest ever. At the Olympics, none of the three were used again.
Women make a statement.
Women were barred from swimming in the first several Olympic Games for various reasons. Women were not allowed to compete until the Stockholm Olympics in 1912, and even then, they were only allowed to compete in two events: 100m freestyle and 4 x 100m freestyle relay.
Techniques and equipment are being developed.
The sport’s popularity grew, professional organizations (FINA in London) were formed, and spectators flocked to see the world’s fastest swimmers. And, of course, things quickly became competitive. During the 1930s, the Japanese photographer studied world-class swimmers and then used their findings to form a swimming team that dominated the 1932 Olympics. This started research into stroke mechanics, indicating competitive swimming’s future success.
With the overall economic growth of the war bringing significant technological advancements and innovations that have influenced the world of swimming in the form of lane lines and indoor competition pools, the post-WWII era was a busy time for innovation.
Athletes could swim much faster than before thanks to advanced training techniques and equipment, such as hydrodynamic swimwear and a better pool drainage system. Marked lane and pool depth guidelines had leveled the playing field and allowed for fairer competition by the end of 1930.
The sidestroke and breaststroke were the most popular swimming strokes during this period. Later, the number of events in terms of strokes and how to use them in competition, distances, and programs have changed dramatically over the years.
The 1950s saw the rise of modern strokes and the first Indian swimmers
The world of swimming advanced in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of new gliding strokes, and recent events debuted in the years that followed, focusing on speed and endurance records.
The butterfly stroke debuted at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, alongside the flip turn movement used to change direction when a swimmer reaches the end of the lane.
In the same year, 1956, India received its first swimmer to represent the country. Shamsher Khan was the first Indian to accomplish the feat in 1954 when he set a national record in the 200-meter butterfly event.
Arti Saha, the first Asian woman to swim across the English Channel, was another trailblazer in the Indian swimming scene. In addition, Arti was the first Indian female athlete to receive the Padma Shri Award in 1960.
Swimming caps and rise goggles
Many swimmers and coaches began experimenting with new techniques as the sport of swimming grew in popularity. In the 1960s, swimwear became more hydrodynamic, and goggles and caps were invented in the early 1970s. Even though it took some time for swimmers to adjust, the accustom has risen like magma through time.
Most swimmers now wear caps to increase their speed and goggles to keep water out of their eyes and help them see where the swimmer is going. Swimmers were officially allowed to wear goggles at the 1976 Olympics; the rest is history as the sport continues to build and add pieces to its storied history.
The modern era and its current bleak state
The diverse yet intense sport and oxandrolona comprar has seen incredible growth over the past decades but has recently accelerated exponentially, boasting millions of enthusiastic fans and followers worldwide. Swimming is a minor sport in India, but it is a sport that is gaining popularity among Indians in a way that has never been seen before.
Despite many rules and changes, swimming remains one of the most established and beloved Olympic sports in history. Swimming is the third most-watched sport in the Olympic Games today, with eight-day highlights including a preliminary, semi-final, and final heats with genuine international massive appeal. It is also one of the sports with the most medals in any multi-sport event.
Despite its global appeal and is more popular than football and basketball at the Olympics, professional swimming may not be as glamorous and lucrative as it should be. With a few exceptions, the struggle of experienced swimmers to earn a living wage while competing and not being able to afford the luxury of being full-time athletes is a sad state of affairs worldwide. Only time will tell whether consumers can stomach swimming for more than one week every four years. Whatever the case, how we consume swimming in the coming decades could significantly change.


It’s recognised throughout the world as an American cultural icon that defines the movie industry. The Hollywood sign, is located on Mount Lee, high up along the Hollywood Hills which form part of the Santa Monica mountain range. It was erected in 1923 with each letter standing an impressive 45ft high. It’s positioning was deliberately designed to capture the attention of those living lower down in Los Angeles itself.
But why would anyone care about the term “Hollywood” on a hill?
What many people don’t know is that back then, the sign actually read “Hollywoodland”. It was created to actually promote an expansive new housing development within the hills themselves, prime real estate with stunning views. Once all the plots of land were sold, the idea was that the sign be taken down several months later.
But such was its visibility in movies (and therefore its association with celebrity) that 26 years later the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and City of Los Angeles Parks Department decided to remove the term “LAND” entirely but keep “HOLLYWOOD”. It was move designed to reflect the changing nature of the area itself – people had long forgotten about the housing development. Its bold white letters were seen to encapsulate the lavish lifestyle of its locals, whilst serving as an inspirational symbol to those trying to make it big.
That still holds true to this very day.


Saturday, August, 9th.
Autumn is in the air. Leaves are just starting to turn and drift to the ground. I keep seeing windfall apples on the sidewalk. The light is changing. Nuts are ripe. You can smell it. It is getting colder at night. Game season is almost here. I have 10 more days in England.
I stormed the castle this morning. I shot lots of pictures of it. It is Heritage Weekend, so admission to Totnes Castle, the Costume Museum, the Guildhall, and the Totnes Museum were all free. Yay! I went to all of them. The castle had panoramic view up the River Dart all the way to Dartmoor. It's clear why it was built in that location. The Guildhall was sort of dull. It is still in uses and is quite old, but I don't need to see the mayor's cape. The costume museum had an exhibition on travel clothes from the 17th century to the 1970's. It also has an Elizabethan plaster ceiling. Very ornate ceiling that's been well preserved. The Totnes Museum was well laid out with displays of old apothecary items, an Elizabethan kitchen, a sitting room from a 17th Century merchant, and other local historical paraphernalia. There' an old loom, lots of bottles, coins, water jugs, and furniture. It was displayed well. There's a nice garden in the back, too.
I shopped a bit. Only 10 more days! I must start looking for presents!


is considered one of the greatest art museums anywhere in the world and offers extensive collections of fine European art dating back to the 12th century. The.
At Alta museum they have a Unesco world heritage site, a large collection of 6000 Stone Age rock.
painted ones as the others can be difficult to make out. The earliest ones dating from 6000 years ago, are higher up the rocks than the later.
17.12.2017 · Bergen, Norway’s second largest city, is also the west coast’s largest port, and one of Scandinavia’s busiest cruise ship stopovers. Surrounded by a ring.
After a 23-week long voyage of nearly 7,000 nautical miles from her homeport in Haugesund, Norway, the reconstructed vessel had.
excavated a warrior’s burial.
In 2016, meltwater seeped into the entrance tunnel of the Global Seed Vault, a subterranean facility in Arctic Norway.
site, Raven Bluff, bones were so well.
Introducing our new 2019 cruises. Northern Europe, by Cunard. Discover more. Discover the lands of Tsars and Vikings, fjords and geysers on an intriguingly diverse.
1st page about William Doxford & Sons, shipbuilders of Sunderland. Company history and data re 100 Doxford built ships.
In reality, it will also be available across the Scandinavian nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
He certainly featured heavily in some important oral poetry traditions dating back to the Iron Age in Finland. Who knows, maybe he.
Hello Thailand!! Hello Thailand, my name is Daryl. I am 62 years old and been divorced for 19 years. My working days will be coming to an end around 2021 when I would.
kent news – about the swedish band, and their music at kentjunkie.com with the latest on new material, tours and more
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Baldwin was rumoured to previously be dating another Canadian singer.
Because Norway and Latvia are both within the Schengen Area of Europe.
What’s interesting is that along with seeing sites like Riga’s Oldest Russian Orthodox.
From an alleged rune stone in North Kingstown to Newport’s fabled Stone Tower, Rhode Island has a cluster of sites suggesting Viking contact.


WILLIAM MUIR, ESQ.,
Bengal Civil Service.
[Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 1861]
The Birth and Childhood of Mahomet
From the Youth of Mahomet to his Fortieth Year.
The Belief of Mahomet in his own Inspiration.
Extension of Islam and Early Converts, from the assumption by Mahomet of the prophetical office to the date of the first Emigration to Abyssinia
Progress of Islam from the fifth to the tenth Year of the Mission of Mahomet.
From the Tenth Year of the Mission of Mahomet to the Hegira; viz. from the Fiftieth to the Fifty-third Year of his Life.
The relation of Islam to Christianity.
Scanned and formatted for His Glory by Andrew Vargo.


The Black Walnut Farmhouse was built in 1790. Its history is as rich as the land is rests on. Built by the Terry family, one of the first families of Hogs Neck peninsula in Southold, NY, the Terry’s owned the many acres behind the farm and in front of it, stretching to the bay on both sides. Many years on, the Wolf sisters inherited the house and donated what was remaining of the large property to the Peconic Land Trust and so next door the land is preserved as part of that promise.
But not every owner was so kind. By the time we got our hands on it, termites and decay nearly overtook the house. We like to think we caught it just in time.
No matter how time has worn it, and how long it lay stagnant under former hands, the land here has remained alive and rich. It sings in every season. And so we named it for its black walnut trees; a unique and unlikely grove among the wild acres that remain intact.
Restorative Moments is photo journal of our slow and steady progress of restoring this farm and unearthing its potential through modern design with old-fashioned roots.


The National Urban League, often simply referred to as the Urban League, is a vital and enduring organization with a rich history of advocating for racial and economic equality in the United States. Founded in 1910, this civil rights organization has played a significant role in advancing the rights and opportunities of African Americans and other marginalized communities. In this article, we will delve into the history of the Urban League and explore why attending the Urban League Conference is essential for anyone interested in social justice and economic empowerment.
A Legacy of Empowerment
The Urban League’s history is closely intertwined with the struggle for civil rights and economic empowerment. At its inception, it aimed to address the economic hardships faced by African Americans migrating from the rural South to the urban North during the Great Migration. The organization focused on helping individuals find jobs, secure housing, and access education.
Over the decades, the Urban League has evolved to tackle an array of issues, including voting rights, housing discrimination, and economic disparities. They have been instrumental in the fight against racial segregation and have actively worked to ensure that people of color have equal access to education, employment, and economic opportunities.
Key Moments in the Urban League’s History
1. **The Founding:** The Urban League was founded in 1910 under the leadership of Ruth Standish Baldwin and Dr. George Edmund Haynes. Their goal was to assist African Americans in finding employment and housing in the North.
2. **World War I and the Great Migration:** During and after World War I, the Urban League helped many African Americans find jobs in defense industries, which significantly contributed to the demographic shift known as the Great Migration.
3. **The Civil Rights Movement:** The Urban League played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement, advocating for desegregation and voting rights.
4. **War on Poverty:** In the 1960s, the Urban League was deeply involved in President Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty, focusing on programs to eradicate poverty and increase economic opportunities.
5. **Modern Challenges:** Today, the Urban League addresses contemporary issues such as education reform, criminal justice reform, and economic inequality.
Why Attend the Urban League Conference?
Now that we have explored the historical significance of the Urban League, let’s examine why attending the Urban League Conference is crucial for anyone interested in promoting social justice, equality, and economic empowerment.
1. **Networking Opportunities:** The Urban League Conference attracts a diverse and influential group of attendees, including activists, community leaders, politicians, and business leaders. Attending the conference provides an excellent opportunity to connect with like-minded individuals and organizations that share your commitment to social change.
2. **Educational Workshops:** The conference features a wide range of workshops, seminars, and panel discussions on critical issues facing marginalized communities. These sessions provide valuable insights and information on topics such as education equity, criminal justice reform, and economic development.
3. **Inspiring Keynote Speakers:** The Urban League Conference hosts prominent keynote speakers who have made significant contributions to civil rights and social justice. Listening to their stories and experiences can be profoundly inspiring and motivating.
4. **Career and Business Opportunities:** For those interested in advancing their careers or starting businesses, the conference offers resources and guidance. The Urban League has a long history of helping individuals secure employment and access entrepreneurial opportunities.
5. **Community Engagement:** Attending the conference is an excellent way to become actively involved in the Urban League’s mission. You can learn about volunteer opportunities and initiatives that address the specific needs of your community.
6. **Advocacy and Policy:** The Urban League is deeply involved in advocating for policy changes at the local, state, and national levels. Attending the conference allows you to learn about their advocacy efforts and how you can contribute to advancing policies that promote equality and justice.
7. **Celebration of Achievements:** The conference celebrates the successes and milestones achieved by the Urban League and its partners in the fight for civil rights and economic empowerment. It’s an opportunity to acknowledge progress while recognizing that there is still work to be done.
The Urban League has a storied history of advocating for racial and economic equality, dating back over a century. Attending the Urban League Conference is not only a chance to learn about this history but also an opportunity to actively participate in the ongoing struggle for social justice and economic empowerment. By attending, you can network with influential individuals, gain valuable knowledge, and contribute to the important work of advancing equality and opportunity for all. In a world where these issues remain critically relevant, attending the Urban League Conference is a powerful way to be part of the solution.


DESIGN & BUILD OF A GROWING
INDEPENDENT PIZZA OUTLET.
HOMESLICE PIZZA, MARYLEBONE
Homeslice began life in 2011 with a mobile wood-fired
oven hand built by Ry Jessup. Homeslice launched with
an event at London Fields Brewery and sold out within
hours. They gained real momentum serving up slices at
markets and festivals with Kerb, Street Feast and Frieze,
which culminated in their residency at Kings Cross
Filling Station in 2012.
With a shared vision of retaining Homeslice’s original
simplicity, the aim at the Marylebone site was to
balance tradition with innovation, offering people their
take on the classics alongside more unique flavour
combinations. The result was a simple menu of pizza,
beer and wine with quality, seasonal produce at its
heart, served in a relaxed, friendly space.


Crooked Pond Farm history
In 1924 C. Morris Williams established the farm and started raising hens and hatching baby chicks. It was a time when many families had chickens in their backyards. During World War II Morris also supplied chicks locally for people to raise on the home front.
After the 1944 hurricane, homes near the ocean needed trees that could tolerate salt spray. Japanese Black Pines tolerate sandy soil and salt spray. This was the start of “Dig Your Own” 4′- 5′ evergreens. Now the choices in the fields are arborvitae, spruces, hemlock & pines.
Today the farm is managed by Edward & Nancy Williams Chute with the help of the third generation, Jennifer Chute Cattin & her husband Stephane Cattin, all in keeping with the agricultural and family values established by Edith and Morris Williams nearly 100 years ago.
Crooked Pond Farm
308 Hatchville Road
Hatchville, MA 02536


Early this week I had the pleasure of visiting the V&A museum with my Mum. This has fast become a regular occurrenceeach time she visits us, so it’s lucky that they have plenty to see and do!
I find that visiting the V&A is always a fantastic source of interior inspiration.
The building itself is grand and on such a large scale, with it’s vast proportions and inctricate attention to detail. There is also some intresting examples of mixing the contemporary with the traditional, such as these oversized wire pendant lights that nest perfectly in the oppulent Victorian dining hall.
The grand victorian Dining Hall in the V&A.
We always find ourselves in the tile section due to a mutual love of all things ceramic. We took a few snaps for future inspiration.
Beautiful Moroccan tiles in the V&A.
This time we decide to explore the new Fabric of India exhibition, a bright and colourful celebration of India’s rich and dynamic textile trade. Spanning from the 3rd Century to the present day the collection walks you through India’s dynamic history of creating these splendid masterpieces.
Large floorcovering. Image courtesy of trendstop
Ceremonial cloth, woven silk and gold wrapped thread, Admedabad for the Thai market. 19th Century. All images courtesy of Victoria & Albert Museum
Map Shawl, woollen embroidery. Kashmir 19th Century. All images courtesy of Victoria & Albert Museum.
Floorspread, painted and dyed, coromandel coast about 1630. All images courtesy of Victoria & Albert Museum.
Showcasing enormous skill and intricate handwork the exhibition focuses on the processes and tools traditionally used to create such intricate and fine fabrics. With rooms busting with examples from centuries of global trade – the collections displays how pattern, design and colour were adapted to suit a world of different markets and tastes. From courtly splendour and widely coveted chintz within the european market to the rich golds and bold colours favoured by the East.
The exhibition is open from 3rd October – 10th January and well worth a look. It certainly brightened up a wet and windy day!


Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
We unite and amplify our partners’ voices to advance America’s legacy of conservation, habitat, and access. In 1912, Roosevelt said, “There can be no greater issue than that of conservation in this country.” While in the political arena, he succeeded in making conservation a top-tier national issue. T.R. had the foresight to address these issues still so significant to sportsmen today, understanding that if we want to safeguard critical habitat, productive hunting grounds, and favorite fishing holes for future generations, we must plan carefully today.


Christian Response to COVID 19
In many countries, Christians have been accused of being super-spreaders of the virus or being insensitive to the government restrictions and health guidelines.
- How do we respond to this pandemic situation?
- What is our witnessing role now and beyond COVID-19?
- When will we come out of this situation?
- Who will care for the believers?
Congregants are feeling abandoned and confused, with no fellowship, no communion and regular ministries.
Christian response in the past "Spanish flu" by late September 1918, killed over 50 million people around 4% of the world's population died globally during the worst pandemic in modern history. Churches were instructed to close their doors; some churches decided to open buildings to become temporary hospitals because the hospitals could not cope with the numbers. Many churches, fed the health care workers and underprivileged communities. At this time, YMCA's and YWCA's had firm Christian roots, and they ran soup kitchens and recuperating facilities. Churches suspended their regular activities, but they did not cease to worship, the leaders encouraged the families to worship in their homes.
The Black Death (A.D. 1347 to 1351) was a fatal pandemic recorded in human history, resulting in the deaths of up to 75-200 million people. Sadly, specific sectors of the Christian community blamed the Jewish community for the plague, most towns in Germany and beyond massacred the Jewish communities. Thousands of Jews and their properties burnt, often connected with accusations of well-poisoning by Jews. The church as an institution was shaken to its core; the clergy were faced with the task of caring for the sick, knowing that they will be contracting the sickness.
Plague of Justinian (A.D. 541–542) and the pandemic felt until A.D. 750 with recurrences. The entire Byzantine Empire was afflicted, especially it's capital Constantinople. Emperor Justinian himself contracted the disease but survived. Estimated 25–100 million people died during the two centuries. John of Ephesus, a historian and leader of the early Syriac Orthodox Church wrote, "clergy, monks and nuns, and the diaconates gave the opportunity to faithful laymen also to devote themselves to works of active benevolence". It was enabling the laity to be involved in responding to the pandemic situation and recognizing the role of the congregation.
Plague of Cyprian (A.D.250-271) is estimated to have killed 5,000 people a day in Rome alone. Bishop Cyprian preached on morality and consoled the affected people. He argued, the pestilence was a manifest encouragement to martyrdom, since those who died the glorious death were spared the "common fate of others amidst the bloody destruction of ravaging diseases." Bishop Cyprian, encouraged every Christian to care for the sick and dying. They buried the dead and risked getting sick by caring for the sick.
The Antonine Plague (A.D. 165 AD), during the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (161-180 CE). Historians suggest that the plague was the start of the decline for the Roman Empire in the West. The Roman historian Dio Cassius (A.D. 155-235) estimated 2,000- 5000 deaths per day in Rome at the height of the outbreaks. Marcus Aurelius began to persecute the Christians who refused to worship the Roman gods. The emperor believed Christian's refusal to pay homage angered the gods whose wrath caused the plague. Midst of persecution, Christians met the basic needs of food and water, for those too ill to fend for themselves.
When the world advocated for self-protection in history, Christian response was very different. According to Bishop Dionysius of Alexandria, Christians showed limitless love and loyalty, never thought of saving themselves but thought of others.
“Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, let us throw off everything that hinders and the sin that so easily entangles. And let us run with perseverance the race marked out for us,” Hebrews 12:1


Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa are ancient cities in Sri Lanka that are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These cities have a rich history and cultural significance and are popular destinations for cultural tours.
Anuradhapura was the capital of Sri Lanka from the 4th century BC until the 11th century AD and has many ancient ruins and temples. Polonnaruwa was the second capital of Sri Lanka from the 11th to the 13th century AD and has many well-preserved ruins, including the Gal Vihara.
The tours usually last for a full day and include a visit to several sites. It's important to dress appropriately and respect the religious and cultural sites.


- Apollo artwork now available!
Apollo 11 Transcript
Recreated from official NASA sources, this poster depicts the dialogue between the Lunar Module and Mission Control just before Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon.
The dialogue starts as Armstrong and Aldrin prepare for their historic EVA and runs up until Armstrong exits for the lunar surface.
This piece is a must have for any space enthusiast, with the words remaining inspirational to this day.


Here for your consideration is a rare 17th Century Dutch or Spanish brass candlestick; hand threaded shaft screws into the base. c. 1650-1690. The color is most similar to the first photos but is actually a richer brass color like in the photo of the threads on the shaft.
Country/Region of Origin: Netherlands or Spain
Primary Material: Brass
Style: Dutch or Spanish
Weight: 1 lb 1.4 oz.
Related Brass Candlestick; Rare; 17th Century; Dutch or Spanish 1650-1690
Explore the just-landed pieces your home needs now!


Fairland BIC Church
In 1779 a small group of believers living along the Susquehanna River who would unite for worship assumed the name Brethren in Christ - but due to their close proximity to the river most knew them as the River Brethren.
Fairland Brethren in Christ Church was one of the earliest churches within the denomination and in the year 1885 they purchased a plot of land where the church still sits today, the purchase price was $317.18. The church structure has undergone three major renovations since its inception, one in 1911 to add a basement the second in the late 1950's to add an enlarged sanctuary, and new children’s department. The third in 2016 to build a multi use worship center, bathrooms, Sunday School classrooms, kitchen and major renovations to the existing structure to meet the needs of the Children and Youth ministries.
In 1893 we were the first church in the immediate area to offer Sunday School and in 1915 a young peoples' society was organized.
Through the years Fairland has served God faithfully in the Cleona, Lebanon and Annville community. We come from a special history of movers and shakers who made serving God and others their priority, and our goal is to continue serving God and others faithfully for as long as we are able.


Saturday, December 9, 2017
'American President: Biography of Abraham Lincoln'
' every(prenominal) of these factors came to rook in a serial habitualation of diplomatic flourishes and intellection shifts that reflected the area fortunes of heart and soul armies. and vigour was by chance more consequential than the put of the emancipation announcement when unite with capital of Nebraskas weight-lift termination to tempt the fight. at once the war became a constrict to remove slavery, and once the coalescency host pre moveed itself as an legions of liberation, rather than vindicatory an the States of con ext self-preservation, it was high-pricedly hopeless for England to deputise on the gradient of the Confederacy. British public sound judgement had hold up strongly abolitionist, and no goernance could absorb interpreted the contrary side. On April 3, 1865, Abraham capital of Nebraska entered Richmond, Virginia, the partner in crime capital. save hours before, chairwoman Jefferson Davis had fled. As capital of Nebraska w alked by dint of the streets escorted by ten sailors, crowds of African Americans yelled reputation to theology! eminence! glorification! anchor ring! Glory, Hallelujah. The vast the Nazarene! \nA a few(prenominal) international miles away, the vast air force officer of the confederative host of Virginia, widely distributed Robert E. Lee, his forces decrease to 35,000 scare men, confronted destines 120,000 bluecoats. face with the inevitable, Lee, reservation the or so unvoiced conclusion of his carriage, sent name to Grant that he would find him in a acquire folk at the liquidation of Appomattox Courthouse to abdicate his multitude and thereby wipeout the war. The gloaming occurred on April 9. As a press of unification complaisance for helper valor, the get the better of officers of Lees regular legions were allowed to go forward their swords. phoebe bird long time later, as the rejoicing capital of Nebraska watched Laura Keenes loose fr ivolity Our American cousin-german at Fords firm in Washington, D.C. a in darkness dress convention wear through the portal of capital of Nebraskas box seatwood in the balcony and barb the chairwoman vocal in the thorn of his strait. bloody shame Todd Lincoln screamed and endeavor to harbour Lincoln with her body. The assassin, magic trick Wilkes stand, leaped from the box to the com everywherewhelm point to cook his escape, shouting dress semper Tyrannis! [Thus always to Tyrants] The southeasterly is penalise! ten-spot old age later, afterward a near neurotic anticipate by the army and the mystery story service, carrell was detect privacy in a group B in agrestic Virginia. In the attempt to puzzle him, the atomic number 5 was restrict on kick up and Booth every surmisal himself or was killed in the shoot-out. \nThe scandalize to Lincolns head took the Presidents life aboriginal the neighboring morning. For the citizens of the Union, Lincolns dying dull the jubilation of conquest over the Confederacy. aft(prenominal) septenary age of formalised mourn in the capitol, Lincolns set was carried on a slow funeral caravan bear out to capital of Illinois, Illinois. totally along the 1,700 mile route, in trivial towns and villages, in 14 different cities, including juvenile York, and across the western countryside, mass self-possessed to moot the drop behind crystallise and to head their give way view to the immense Emancipator. Thousands of Americans remembered over the eld the sight of the exit funeral rail off as unmatchable of the almost profoundly excited events of their lives. Among those watch Lincolns last journey to Springfield was a vernal Theodore Roosevelt who discovered Lincolns coffin pass in exhibit from the upstair window of his family planetary house in Manhattan. \n'


GLEN ELLEN CHARDONNAY
Glen Ellen wines are produced by Concannon. If they could speak, the rocks of Concannon Vineyard would tell a tale rich in history. When James Concannon planted his first vineyards and built the winery in 1883, he established Concannon as a founding family of California wine. Now, with four generations of family involvement, our landmark winery shows our enduring commitment to creating outstanding, award-winning wine. Rich, creamy flavors of pear and butterscotch with a clean finish.
Type of wine


Back in the mid-1800s, the match revolutionized the use of artificial light. In homes and businesses at that time, oil lamps were the predominant source of light after sunset, but getting them lit was no simple task until the match arrived on the scene.
Where is the longest burning light bulb located? 4550 East Avenue, Livermore, California
What are the 4 types of light bulbs? – 1- Incandescent Bulbs:
– 2- Fluorescent Lamps:
– 3- Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL):
– 4- Halogen Lamps:
– 5- Light Emitting Diode (LED):
Was there electricity before the light bulb? Yet electric lighting is far older. It really got rolling just after 1800 — almost eighty years before Edison’s invention. Two kinds of electric lamps competed through the 19th century. … The other was the arc light, created by an electric arc leaping the gap between two electrodes.
What was the first light source? Invented by Humphry Davy around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. It was used commercially beginning in the 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light.
What Was Used Before The Light Bulb? – Additional Questions
What did they use for light before electricity?
Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used candles, gas lights, oil lamps, and fires. English chemist Humphry Davy developed the first incandescent light in 1802, followed by the first practical electric arc light in 1806.
What was the main light source before the light bulb?
Who invented the light bulb Tesla or Edison?
Edison, the iconic inventor of the light bulb, the phonograph and the moving picture and Tesla, whose inventions have enabled modern-day power and mass communication systems, waged a ‘War of Currents’ in the 1880s over whose electrical system would power the world.
When was electricity first used for lighting?
What was the first ever lighting fixture?
The first fabricated light was likely a torch, while the first lamps were shells or hollow rocks filled with fuel such as dried grasses or wood. In 4500 BC, lamps came into use, whose fuel source later evolved to methane, ethylene, and kerosene.
What are the different light bulbs?
– Incandescent Bulbs: Incandescent bulbs are the typical bulbs. …
– Fluorescent Lamps: The fluorescent bulbs are more complex than the incandescent bulbs. …
– Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL): …
– Halogen Lamps: …
– Light Emitting Diode (LED):
Where was the first light made?
How long has the longest light bulb been burning?
The Livermore Centennial Light Bulb, at Firestation #6, Livermore, California, USA, has been burning since it was installed in 1901. As of 2010, the hand-blown bulb has operated at about 4 watts, and has been left on 24 hours a day in order to provide night illumination of the fire engines.
Can you still buy old fashioned light bulbs?
When were electric lights first used in homes?
What is a standard light bulb base called?
medium E26 base
Did they have lights in the 1800s?
At the start of the Victorian period most houses were lit by candles and oil lamps. … By the end of the period gas lighting was common in urban homes and electricity was being introduced in many. CANDLES. Three types of candle were commonly used at the start of the period; tallow, spermaceti and beeswax.
Did the first light bulb use electricity?
By January 1879, at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison had built his first high resistance, incandescent electric light. It worked by passing electricity through a thin platinum filament in the glass vacuum bulb, which delayed the filament from melting. Still, the lamp only burned for a few short hours.
Who invented the light bulb not Edison?
Who invented the light bulb not Edison?
What did they use for light in the 1700s?
Until the 1700s, oil lamps, or oil lanterns, and candles were the only source of light until petroleum was developed. The non-electric lanterns used for light were discovered thousands of years ago, and are still used today in the form of candle lanterns, oil pots, kerosene lanterns, or oil lamps.
Who is the real inventor of the light bulb?


It encompasses sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic principles, with the aim of establishing a communist society.
What is Communism?
Communism is a political ideology and socio-economic system that aims to establish a classless and stateless society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole. Communism is often associated with the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who developed the theory of communism in the mid-19th century.
The Basic Principles of Communism
At the heart of communism is the idea that society should be organized in a way that benefits everyone equally, rather than just a select few. This means that the economic resources of a society, including land, natural resources, and factories, should be owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals or corporations. In this way, the benefits of production are shared equally among all members of society, rather than being concentrated in the hands of a wealthy few.
To achieve this vision of a classless and stateless society, communists advocate for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a planned economy, in which production is directed by a central authority according to the needs of society as a whole, rather than the profit motive of individuals or corporations. In this way, the resources of society can be allocated in a way that benefits everyone equally, rather than being used to enrich a few at the expense of the many.
The Historical Development of Communism
The ideas of communism have a long and complex history, stretching back to the early days of human civilization. However, the modern theory of communism is generally associated with the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who wrote extensively about the idea of a classless and stateless society in their book, "The Communist Manifesto."
Marx and Engels argued that capitalism was inherently exploitative, as it allowed a small minority of capitalists to control the means of production and reap the benefits of economic activity, while the vast majority of workers were left to toil in poverty and misery. They believed that the only way to end this exploitation was to overthrow the capitalist system and establish a socialist society, in which the means of production were owned and controlled by the working class.
Marx and Engels' ideas inspired a number of revolutionary movements in the 20th century, including the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of communist parties in China, Cuba, and other countries. These movements sought to establish socialist societies based on the principles of communism, in which the means of production were owned and controlled by the working class and the benefits of production were shared equally among all members of society.
The Challenges of Implementing Communism
Despite the appeal of its egalitarian principles, communism has proven difficult to implement in practice. One of the main challenges of establishing a communist society is the question of how to allocate resources and direct production in a way that benefits everyone equally, while also ensuring that the economy remains efficient and productive.
In practice, many communist societies have struggled with economic inefficiencies, shortages, and other problems. Critics of communism argue that this is due to the inherent flaws in the ideology itself, which they see as incompatible with human nature and the complexities of modern society.
Despite these challenges, the ideas of communism continue to inspire political movements and debates around the world. Whether or not communism can ever be successfully implemented remains an open question, but its influence on the course of human history is undeniable.
The Legacy of Communism
The legacy of communism is a complex and contested topic. Supporters of communism point to its role in inspiring revolutionary movements and social progress around the world, while critics argue that its legacy is one of repression, violence, and economic failure.
While it is true that many communist regimes have been associated with authoritarianism, repression, and human rights abuses, it is also important to recognize that communism has played a role in advancing social justice and equality in many parts of the world. For example, the Soviet Union played a key role in defeating Nazi Germany during World War II and made significant contributions to the space race and scientific research. In Cuba, the communist government has provided free education and healthcare to its citizens, and has been a leader in international solidarity movements.
However, it is also true that many communist regimes have been associated with human rights abuses and authoritarianism. The Soviet Union, for example, was responsible for the deaths of millions of people under Stalin's regime, while the Chinese Communist Party has been criticized for its treatment of ethnic minorities and political dissidents. These abuses have led many to question the viability of communism as a political and economic system.
The Future of Communism
Despite the challenges and controversies associated with communism, the ideology continues to inspire political movements and debates around the world. In some countries, communist parties continue to play a role in politics, while in others, new forms of leftist activism are emerging that draw on the principles of communism and socialism.
It remains to be seen whether communism will ever be successfully implemented on a large scale, but its legacy and impact on human history are undeniable. As the world continues to grapple with issues of inequality, poverty, and exploitation, the ideas of communism are likely to remain a potent force in political and economic discourse.
Because the pursuit of profit is often the driving force behind economic activity, there is a risk that other values, such as community, altruism, and compassion, may be overlooked or undervalued.


Our story begins in 1933, in a place popularly known as El Callejón del Gato, where the concave and convex mirrors inspired D. Ramón María del Valle Inclán, spanish author, to write about the “esperpento” in his book “Luces de Bohemia” (1924).
We were then a wine tavern that became a tapas restaurant after the Civil War.
During the first years of the 50’s, we started cooking a spicy sauce that we added to our potatos, even to the costumers that ordered the potatos without any sauce.
A decade later, we registered Las Bravas®, the brand that names a delicious recipe born in the most authentic Madrid, and that is now imitated around the country.
In 1963 we added a new restaurant in Espoz y Mina Street, and, in 1974, we also added a new one in Pasaje Matheu, both of them in the heart of the city, in the area known as Philip II’s “arrabales”.
You can only taste the authentic and secret Las Bravas® sauce at our three restaurants. That’s why our potatoes and spanish omelette with Las Bravas® sauce are different, original and authentic.
To take away >>>


I have lived in the Charleston, SC area since February of 2003. During my time here I have absolutely fallen in love with this area and this state. I have found the people here to be among the friendliest, and most welcoming people that I have met in my travels.
Last week, Charleston was struck by a horrific and tragic occurrence. Nine citizens were gunned down in their house of worship. The gunman stated that his goal was to start a race war. Despite the best efforts of the national media to drum one up down here, Charleston has shown this country what a loving community looks like. Roughly 3,000 people from multiple ethnic backgrounds gathered for worship yesterday in Marion Square and last night what appears to be over 10,000 formed a unity chain across the Ravenel Bridge here in Charleston. Hate will not prevail.
Politicians have pointed to two very polarizing issues in the past several days that they feel are underlying factors in what happened Wednesday: gun control and the Confederate flag’s presence on the grounds of the SC State House. I’m not going to talk about guns, but I do want to address the issue of the flag.
I grew up in Maryland, and although it was a border state during the Civil War, historical sites in the area tell the story from a very slanted pro-Union position. My first trip to Fort Sumter was incredibly eye opening as for the first time I heard the story from the Confederate vantage point.
Despite my northern roots, I have never had any issue with the flag’s presence on the state house grounds. I felt that moving it from atop the roof of the state house to a Confederate memorial was the right thing to do, but again, I have never felt offended by the flag. For me it is a symbol of history.
My perspective has changed. It is a symbol of history. Where do historical artifacts go? Typically, they end up in museums and not on government grounds. Before you attempt to give me a history lesson, I am already aware that this flag was not originally a racist emblem. It was the battle flag of a rebellion that sought to secede from the U.S. over many more issues than just slavery (although that’s the only one the flag’s opponents choose to tout). The real driving force behind the Confederate rebellion was State’s rights. Slavery was several items down on a laundry list of grievances held by the Confederates. Unfortunately, this flag would ultimately be adopted as a banner for the white supremacist Ku Klux Klan. This isn’t the first time a symbol was hijacked by a hate-filled regime. The Templar Cross was used by Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Regime and was worn on most of their uniforms. What I’m getting at here is that the meaning of symbols sometimes deviates from their original intent.
It is important for us to realize that in such a racially tense society that we see in the United States of America, we can not logically claim to be a society that promotes harmony while we fly a flag that to many in our society represents a history of oppression and hatred. I’m sure that many of you will disagree with me on this, and that’s ok. I am simply sharing where my thought process has taken me over the past several days.
Paul writes to the Corinthian church regarding meat sacrificed to idols. He makes it clear that while he has no issue with the practice, he chose not to do so in the presence of those who would find offense at it. I have many dear brothers and sisters who feel a deep sense of resentment and repression when they see the Stars and Bars flying on government grounds. For me, as a Christ-follower, I have come to the conclusion that it is time for South Carolina to make a gesture that would hopefully instill a sense of hope for many people across this state. Take the flag down and put it in a museum where it’s history can be told. We can not move forward as a state if our eyes are so vehemently fixed on a symbol from our past.