Filipinos have been immigrating to the United States since the early 1900s. In 1903, pensionados arrived in the US from the Philippines to study in colleges and
universites. Starting in 1906, Filipinos came to Hawaii, Alaska, California and Washigton to work on sugarcane plantations, farms, lumberyards, and salmon canneries. In the post-WW II era,
Filipino physicians, nurses and other health care workers came to the US for specialty training. Most of them stayed in the US after their training stint and married Americans and raised families. In late 19th and early 20th century California, they were not allowed to marry White people, which included Mexican Americans.
Filipino immigration in the United States dramatically increased after the US Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act in 1965.
The U.S. Military also played a significant role in bringing Filipinos to the United States. The US began recruiting Filipinos into either the United States Navy at Subic Bay Naval Base to crew US Navy vessels and the United States Air Force at Clark Air Base. After their service stints, they settled in the US mainland. Additionally, many American soldiers married Filipinos and brought them to the United States.
There are also many significant populations of Filipinos in the country of Canda.


We invite you to enjoy the history of the home and its surroundings. You’ll find that from the beginning, the house was destined to entertain guests.
Dr. Clarence H. Bailey was born in 1868 in Clayton, New York. He received his Doctorate of Dental Surgery from the University of Michigan in 1896 and practiced in Detroit. In 1897, he married Charlotte Conover and in 1908 they migrated to Oregon with their son, William.
The C.H. Bailey house was built in 1909. In January 1910, Dr. and Mrs. Bailey “opened their home with a reception to about 70 of their friends and neighbors. Dancing and other forms of amusement entertained guests until 12:00am when a bounteous supper was served.” (Roseburg News Review, January 25,1910)
Paul Zegers, Artist
The home was constructed in the transitional box style. It was one of the few houses in this style in Douglas County with a two-story veranda and gable roof. In 1927, the Baileys added to the rear of the house, enclosing a kitchen nook that once served as the wood shed, a laundry room, and three bathrooms. In 2006, we enclosed the upstairs veranda and added a two-story wing to the west side of the house.
In 1909, Dr. Bailey began farming their acreage. The Bailey farm comprised of 50 acres all in fruit bearing orchards. Thirty acres were dedicated to apples: Newtowns, Delicious, Spitzenberg, Gravenstein and Winter Bananas. Twenty acres were in prunes, peaches and cherries. The Baileys sold their apples under their own label, ConleyCott Orchards, locally and at coastal areas in Oregon.
The name was chosen as a combination of Dr. Bailey’s mother’s maiden name and Mrs. Bailey’s mother’s maiden name. Sadly, there are only a couple remaining fruit trees. In the 1950’s, the Baileys uprooted them to replace them with Christmas trees.
Dr. Bailey was a founding member of the South Deer Creek Grange, No. 440 in 1911 and served as its first Master. He also served as Master of the Pomona Grange (a county-wide organization made up of subordinate granges) and during his incumbency the broccoli industry of Douglas County was developed from a purely local industry to one shipping to all parts of the United States. The South Deer Creek Grange is situated about a ½ mile from the Bailey House and in 2000 was converted into a family residence. Projects such as better roads, rural mail service, and improvements in education were upper most in drawing membership to the Grange.
Dr. Bailey was Fruit Inspector for Douglas County from 1911-1912, served as editor of the Oregon Grange Bulletin from 1929 until 1940, and was a member of the Oregon State Grange Executive Committee from 1922-1932. He is listed in the Who’s Who in Oregon, Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women Who are Building a State, Vol. I, 1929-1930, Oregon City Enterprise Publishers, Oregon City, Oregon, page 28.
The property remained in the Bailey family until 1990 and Dr. Bailey’s grandson lives locally with his wife and family. They have visited the home providing us with an original ConleyCott Apple crate label and pictures of the Baileys sorting apples in the barn. One picture shows the wife of William Bailey, Winona, sorting apples while wearing nylons, heels, and a skirt! Those were the days!


Services for Older Citizens’ home began its life in the late 1920’s as a dormitory for nurses at Cottage Hospital. It was originally known as the Newberry House, recognizing Helen Newberry who donation funded the acquisition and construction.
In 2012, Henry Ford Medical Center – Cottage agreed to donate the use of the property to Services for Older Citizens for a nominal sum. Services for Older Citizens then embarked on an extensive reconstruction project, made possible by generous donations from hundreds of community residents, turning the former dormitory into a state-of-the-art center for senior activities and community events. In June 2013, Services for Older Citizens moved into the newly named John A. and Marlene L. Boll House.
Rooms at The John A. and Marlene L. Boll House are available to rent for private events and local community organizations. Call Services for Older Citizens at (313) 882-9600 or click here for further information.


THE STORY OF THE ENGINEERING BRILLIANCE AND HUMAN SACRIFICE BEHIND THE 93-YEAR-OLD PANAMA CANAL.
by Joachim Bamrud, World Business
Man has landed on the moon, CNN and the internet have given us instant access to world events, while mobile phones have made communications available any time, anywhere. Yet, one achievement, dating back nearly a century, still stands high and tall (or should we say wide and deep): the construction and opening of the Panama Canal.
The waterway, which was formally opened in 1914 after 10 years of construction, today accounts for 5% of global ocean-going commerce, 12% of US ocean-going commerce and a growing share of booming US-China trade. In fact, the US and China are the top users of the 82km waterway.
Each year, more than 12,000 vessels transit the canal, which links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In total, more than 922,000 vessels have used the waterway since it opened 93 years ago. And all using the same basic technology as when the first ships used the canal to cross the isthmus.
"That the locks at the Panama Canal are still working nearly 100 years later without any major problem is testament to the standard of design and construction employed," writes Matthew Parker in his extensive new book on the construction of the canal, Panama Fever: the battle to build the canal. The use of concrete was a daring gamble at the time, but it has stood the test of time.
As Parker points out in this well-written historical overview, the canal was opened despite a series of major obstacles, ranging from financial and political uncertainty (especially under the French company that initially started the construction in 1880), diseases such as yellow fever and malaria, and accidents. In total, more than 6,000 workers died during the decade of US construction (1904-1914) alone, according to official figures.
The construction had other negative consequences, including racial tension (most of the workers were from the West Indies, while the managers were typically white Americans). Parker also paints a critical picture of the legalities surrounding the basis for the US construction of the canal - Panama obtained independence from Colombia in 1903 in return for granting the US full control over the Panama Canal and its surrounding Zone (they were handed back to Panama in 1999 and 1979 respectively, as a result of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter treaty).
Reading Panama Fever, one cannot help but see some interesting parallels. The US government spent $400 million to build the canal. In today's money, that is $5 billion - nearly the same amount that the Panama Canal Authority plans to spend on a seven-year expansion of the waterway, starting this year.
Parker notes that the original plans by French diplomat and Suez Canal builder Ferdinand de Lesseps called for a width in the Panama Canal locks of only 61 feet, which would have been too small for the larger ships that sailed when the waterway finally opened. "It became increasingly apparent that the de Lesseps canal, had it been completed, would have been almost immediately obsolete," Parker writes.
In the end, the canal was 110 feet wide. The width has again become a key issue, as an increasing number of vessels (so-called post-Panamax ships) are too large to pass through the waterway. Hence, the planned expansion, which will add two new locks, one on the Atlantic Ocean side and the other on the Pacific.
Another interesting parallel is the rivalry with Nicaragua. The US had originally planned to build a canal in Nicaragua to compete with a French-run canal in Panama, but eventually abandoned the idea. However, serious plans, of which Nicaragua's new foreign minister is a big proponent, aimed at building a Nicaraguan alternative to the Panama Canal still exist.
Even the opening celebrations in August 1914 - dampened by the outbreak of the first world war - have some parallels with recent times. The 1999 handover of the canal from the US to Panama - much anticipated by some, feared by others - was a subdued event. The US government was represented only in a minor capacity due to fear of the impact of any canal debate on the US presidential campaign in 2000.
Parker deserves praise for combining a wealth of information with well-written prose. The book is full of personal testimony and anecdotes, giving each step of the construction a human touch. As Panama embarks on the first major overhaul of the canal since it was opened, this book provides a fascinating and rewarding perspective.
Panama Fever: the battle to build the canal, Matthew Parker, Hutchinson, £20, ISBN: 0-09179-704-7.
Joachim Bamrud, editor-in-chief of Latin Business Chronicle, was a Panama correspondent for Reuters andUPI in the early 1990s.
Originally published in World Business, March 7, 2007
Read more at https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/bookshelf-crossing-isthmus/article/636375#U4De6IUc8wgJKqGp.99
Panama Fever, By Matthew Parker, Anchor
Copyright © Joachim Bamrud.


In that opening sentence of ＾The Aeneid,￣ the poet Virgil begins his tale of soldiers. Some 2,000 years later, the survivors of the worst tragedy of American history began to be commemorated on what we now call Memorial Day.
In the 1870s, it was a walk to the cemetery where the graves of Union dead were decorated with flowers. Memorial Day is now a long weekend of crowded roads to the beach, babies slathered in sunscreen and that particular orgy of patriotic display that is more a collective shout of ＾hooray for our side￣ than a thoughtful pause to consider the men and arms about which we sing.
War fascinates us with its specter of men, and now women, who do things that are absolutely contrary to what modern society says we should do: They put themselves at risk of death in service to the nation.
We don¨t generally reward violence, but in war we demand it. And if we are not careful, we honor war rather than those very few who suffered through what war really is and suffered what it does to people.
It¨s easy to see how our fascination so often goes wrong. Properly understood, Memorial Day honors the sacrifice of the few for the many. The people who have gone to war when they were called are worthy of our thanks and respect because they gave of themselves. We honor these people not because they were killers, but because they gave themselves up to be killed.
Encouraging the young to offer themselves up is a very old idea indeed.? Greek solders were armed with shields and spears. The shield was heavy. A man could not run away with it. However, it was large enough to carry his body if he died in combat.
＾H tan h epi tas,￣ ?Spartan mothers told their young sons as they gestured toward the shield. ＾With this, or on it.￣
Memorial Day speeches often get this all wrong. U.S. Army Gen. Lucian Truscott got it right when he dedicated a cemetery full of dead Americans. In a book written by World War II cartoonist Bill Mauldin, the general is quoted as saying that the men buried there didn¨t give their lives, but had them taken away.
＾He turned his back on the assembled windbags and sparklers,￣ Mauldin wrote, ＾and talked to the crosses in the cemetery, quietly, apologizing, and then walked away without looking around.￣
We live in a time of unbridled aggression. Instead of a honk of the horn and perhaps a middle finger, unhappy drivers too often whip out handguns and shoot one another, sometimes to death. War, to those haven¨t seen it, appears to be a good thing. Death and destruction are called the ＾price of freedom,￣ and the more violent your rhetoric, the stronger you must be.
This divides us, and that¨s nothing new. Even this holiday, which was not celebrated in the South until recently, was long called ＾Yankee Memorial Day.￣ Confederates honored their dead and lauded their side on April 26.
Memorial Day can¨t be co-opted by the far right as a celebration of spilling blood in the name of America. Neither can it be an occasion for collective guilt for all the death and horror that history has left us with.
That¨s all wrong. It¨s also profoundly disrespectful to the men and women who have served, and especially to those who died.
On Memorial Day, we honor our war dead because of their sacrifice. We should not let that slip into a notion of honoring war itself or the governments that sometimes stupidly slaughter young people.
Amid the patriotic music and speeches about patriotism in war (often made by people who don¨t know war), let¨s turn away from the glamor of aggression, and remember and honor the dead themselves, from the GIs who were gunned down on the beach at Normandy to the wounded who drowned in shell holes at the Battle of the Somme in World War I, the 18-year-olds killed by punji sticks in Vietnam and those who died in the desert sands of Afghanistan and Iraq.
This weekend, let¨s honor our fallen soldiers for sacrificing their lives, and honor ourselves by thoughtfully remembering what those sacrifices really mean. It may not be as much fun as drinking beer at the beach and congratulating ourselves for being Americans, but it¨s much more important.
Frances Coleman is a former editorial page editor of the Mobile Press-Register. Email her at firstname.lastname@example.org and ＾like￣ her on Facebook at www.facebook.com/prfrances.


Siem reap is one of the most recognisable places, not only in films but also on the covers of travel magazines. The city is visited by millions of tourists every year .
Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992, there are approximately 50 Buddhist and Hindu temples dating back to the 12th century within its grounds. While most of the structures have collapsed and covered in greenery, history buffs will delight in the many well-preserved stone carvings as they provide a glimpse of the once prosperous Khmer empire.
The biggest and most recognisable temples are: Angkor Wat, Bayon, Angkor Thom, Ta Prohm, Ba Phuon.
It was the most incredible place I have ever visited. The magical atmosphere of this place makes you want to stay there and admire.


I'M 60 years old and I have found that as people get older, their family, nay, their communities history is often written by unqualified individuals with agendas of some sort or another.
I hope with this blog, to encourage autobiographer's of all ages to document their true lives as they happen or have happened..
Our future depends on our past to properly advance our society.
One way we can learn from our history is by the Autobiographies of everyday people.
How many times have you been at a family get together and granny comes out with a story from her past that you never knew about.
If people wrote autobiographies, or at least kept good old diaries, not only would you reconnect with your families past but the wider historical data contained in everyday stories which is invaluable to our society as a whole.
I URGE everyone to post their thoughts about my blogs aim.
Autobiographers and Diarist unite to keep history accurate!!
AVAILABLE NOW: NO CREDIBLE THREAT


Grand View Public School was constructed between 1922 and 1923 on a site of 5.25 acres, with a gross area of 20,802 square feet. The architect of the two-story building was F.W. Warren (who also designed Elizabeth Ziegler P.S.). The general contractor was G.E. Mather who charged $35,792, not including plumbing and heating. The official opening of this public elementary school took place in April 1923, under the guidance of John Cowie (who was also the Principal of Central School).
In September 1934, Grand View School officially became Preston Continuation School where grades 9 and 10 were taught. Classes began with six teachers; two of whom taught in the old market building near Central School until a new addition was finished. The addition was designed by Mr. J.H. Paterson, Architect, of Preston, and built by Dunk Bros. Construction Co., Kitchener. The Principal during this time was Mr. Robert Geddes, who took the position at a salary of $1,800 per year. Construction of the six-room addition was underway by the end of September 1934 and was in use by the beginning of January 1935. Conditions during the four months of construction were not ideal, but the staff and students took it in stride.
Student enrolment increased from 120 in 1934 to 240 in 1940 when Grand View officially became Preston High School. During World War II, a total of 133 men from Grand View served in the armed forces including the Principal at that time, Mr. Geddes. Tragically, fourteen of those men lost their lives in active duty during the war.
In 1946, a major addition to the curriculum was added–agriculture, taught by Mr. A.O. Stager. The school acquired a chicken house, beehives, a tool shed, a garden tractor, and a garden.
The high school served the needs of the Preston community for several years. Changes continued through this time with the curriculum and also with a broader extra-curricular program. Activities such as Glee Club, Hockey, Football and many other sports were introduced during this time. The high school student body eventually moved in 1956 to the newly constructed Preston High School on Rose Street and Grand View Public School became an elementary school once again.
Grand View underwent more construction with the addition of a gymnasium in 1969, designed by Kyles, Kyles and Garratt Architects, and built under contract by Dunker Construction for a cost of $84,300. The gross floor area of the addition was 4,517 square feet.
Grand View is now a new building which opened in September of 2012. Images of our new facility are on the home page of our website. Our boundaries have changed to include the Deer Ridge Community as well as our Preston Community. We are currently supporting almost 340 full time students this year!
Grand View Public School maintains strong ties with its community. Many of our students have had parents and grandparents attend this school and many of them come to visit the school regularly. We, at Grand View, see our school not only as an academic institution but also as a family where we care about all of our students’ needs.


About the Film
At age 14, every child attending school in Germany is brought face to face with the nation’s past. For many, this means confronting the reality of the Holocaust for the very first time. “The Lesson” explores how new generations in Germany grapple with this tragic history, following a group of children coming of age in the town of Fröndenberg.
Director Elena Horn traces the educational journey of four students over the course of five years. From the first uneasy discussions in the classroom, to an emotional visit to the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp, the students are introduced to the atrocities committed in their own community.
Complicating matters, students hear conflicting ideas from their gym coach that contradict the formal curriculum, and are exposed to locally nascent far-right groups that manifest in the form of neo-Nazi football hooliganism. As the journey deepens, some students are shocked to discover direct familial links to Nazism.
Caught between conflicting family histories, the official line of classroom education, and experiences at the concentration camp, each child struggles to form his or her own views.
Lily becomes inspired to campaign against the local right-wing party, the AfD. She finds no support from her peers. Indeed, Lee declares she and her family would rather remain silent than speak up. And, Nele is left torn in two minds on the subject, unable to find her away amidst the myriad of conflicting perspectives she encounters.
The experiences of these children highlight the fractured and disparate memory of Nazism in Germany, and brings a timely call for better education on the topic.
With a haunting overlay of rare archival footage, the film sharply underscores the power of education as a military tool, laying out the architecture of the Nazi educational curriculum that was installed in public schools before World War II for wartime indoctrination of the populace with Nazi ideologies.
“The Lesson” sheds light on the powerful truth that “Mitlaufer” or “bystanders” enabled the rise of Nazism in the 1930s. But the film brings hope by focusing on everyday German citizens who take a stand against the rise of the far-right.
This haunting societal study exposes how easily far-right movements can grip society, and how the ghosts of Germany’s dark past still linger. “The Lesson” is timely, essential viewing amidst the resurgence of xenophobia and the global far-right.
Director – Elena Horn
Producers – Elena Horn, Alevtina Nepomniachtchikh
Executive Producers – Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, Alevtina Nepomniachtchikh, Keve Zvolenszky
Music – Mattis Schaeffer
Editors – Alessandro Leonardi, Marc Recchia


Some will remember the 1980s as the year the Victorian Railways (known as VicRail from the mid-1970s) begin to change appearance and become known as V/line from 1983. As part of the change which began in 1981, a promise was made by the then State Government to improve country passenger services which were still operating with old wooden rollingstock, most edging on 70 years old. Apart from the introduction of some additional S type cars in the 1940s and the Z type cars in the 1950s, the new deal would include the single biggest upgrade project to the country rollingstock up to that time. 54 brand new carriages were built between 1981-1984 to improve service and comfort on these country services. They became known as the N cars and ran in a set of 3; a BN Ecomony car, a BRN Economy car with a Snack Bar and finally a ACN First class car with facilities for the guard. Initially hauled by B-class diesel locomotives painted in Vicrail orange and silver 'Teacup' or 'Cup and Saucer' livery to match the cars, they would later be hauled by rebuilt B-class locomotives known as A-class. The cost of rebuilding the B-class into Turbocharged A-class was not cost effective, so it was decided to build new locomotives to haul the new carriages. The new locomotives were appropriately known as N-class and entered service between 1985-1987.
More details on the upgrade project can be found on the following V/line video which is now on youtube:
The reason for this short history lesson? Well today I decided to finally buy a Auscision Models N car set. It fills a gap in my passenger stock collection as something was needed to go with my previously acquired Auscision N-class locomotive. The models are a fine representation of the cars, the set I picked representing how most sets appeared between 1983-1990 when the railways changed its name and logo from VicRail to Vline and simply replaced the logo on the cars, retaining the silver stripes. The underframe has a nice level of detail and the interior comes complete with seats, curtains and luggage racks. The BRN car comes complete with the Snack counter and food racks (even the Microwave!). The ACN is correctly modelled for the period with a Guard's periscope on the roof (removed by the late-1990s on all sets). The seats are correctly coloured according to the class of car (purple for First, brown for Economy). The thing that would set the model off is to stick some people in, not fully loaded as most trains ran with plenty of empty seats except at peak times or special holidays. A D van is included which handled goods that could not be accommodated in the Guard's van good compartment in the ACN car.
Anyway here are some photos of the set:
One job, aside from adding passengers, will be to aquire some silver striping decals to cover the window blanks where the Snack Bar is on the BRN. Otherwise they are ready to see service behind an N-class or even a blue and gold X-class.


Fractional Jet Ownership is generally acknowledged to have gotten its big push in 1964 with the involvement of well known and respected individuals prominent in aviation circles including General Curtis LeMay, General O.F. Lassiter, Arthur Godfrey and Jimmy Stewart. General Lassiter was the person who created a company which used U.S. Air Force principles in aircraft utilization and management.
In 1965 William P. Lear Jr. and General Paul Tibbets Jr. joined the company, then known as Executive Jet Aviation. In 1986, a subsidiary known as NetJets was created.
Richard Santulli is considered the visionary who created the concept of selling fractional ownerships in business jets to companies and individuals who need some business jet transportation, but for whom neither charters nor ownership of a complete airplane fulfilled their needs. This program was begun in earnest in 1987 and the NetJets concept of fractional ownership was born. In 1998, Warren Buffet's Berkshire Hathway, Inc. bought the company for $725 million.
It has been predicted that fractional jet ownership or leasing will someday be the dominant form of business jet operation by companies and individuals.


Welcome to Owl Ranch
Some info for Hope on Mosby Family History:
`In The Mosby Family History book By James H Mosby, The surname Mosby is a form of the old de Moresby, whitch in turn sprung from Mourice, Moriseby or morrysbye, meaning Morris' or Maurice's bye or dwelling.. Wales is names as the probable birthplace of the original Moris or maurice who gave his name to the manor Moresby. It seens when Edd Mosby the emirgrant for some reason changed the spelling to Mosby. apperantly when he left England it was spelled Moresby, as some who went to the South Pacific and Austrralia as due to the naming of Port Moresby , New Guinea
Also, I asked the woman who runs this website to do a lookup on Mosby. Here is what her email to me said:
"This name is Norwegian in origin. It was given to one who came from Mosby, the name of several places in Norway. Mosby means "place where malt is crushed."
Lastly, Hello, my mother, a born-Mosby, had a Norwegian girl-friend in Paris, France, and this lady told her it was a typical Norwegian name. When you read a little bit the History of England, you learn that at the beginning of the first millenium, the island of England was populated by monks in monasteries, and the Vikings from Danemark and Norway thought nothing wrong with invading England very often because they thought it was great and easy to serve themselves with all the gold and silver hidden in those monasteries with no army. This could explain why Mosby became an english name, very early on. The Vikings or Normen (=Normandy) were very strong, and went all over Europe, by estuaries (Seine, Volga, Thames)


All information on this website is brought to you exclusively by a Sullivan Farms expert having lived in Sullivan Farms for 12 years:
office: (615) 778-1818
mobile: (615) 406-1314
fax: (615) 690-8963
9175 Carothers Pkwy
Franklin, TN 37067
Your Neighborhood Realtor, Susan Salazar
Susan Salazar and her family lived in Sullivan Farms (the Chase section) for twelve years. Her two sons, Drew and Sidney, attended Winstead Elementary and now attend Page Middle School. Susan has served on the neighborhood Welcome and Social Committee. If you are considering buying a home or selling a home in Sullivan Farms, contact Susan Salazar to assist you in your real estate needs. No one knows Sullivan Farms better than the neighborhood expert!
History of Sullivan Farms
The following is a history beginning in the 1960's of the Sullivan Family and Sullivan Farms as written by its matriarch Lyn Sullivan.
Thirty years ago, as Lewisburg Pike, Highway 431 wound its way past Franklin and onto Lewisburg, Tennessee, it was a rural road, following the Harpeth River for a few miles past the Franklin city limits, then winding through the gently rolling hills that mark Middle Tennessee.
Around our 357 acre farm there were no subdivisions. The property of Hugh and Sarah Dallas (now Dallas Downs) was on the North, Joe Bowman’s (now Oakwood) farm lay on the Southside, on the East side Marjorie and Horace Edgmon had a modest homesite, (now Redwing Farms) while our property went all the way to the railroad tracks on the west.
Prior to moving to what we loving called “Paupers Paradise”, the Russel Sullivan family were like Williamson County gypsies. We moved to this area from Fort Dodge, Iowa with Russel driving a 1960 Nash Rambler, pulling a U-Haul trailer with all our worldly possessions, and Lyn traveling by plane with Jim (18 monts) and Mike (3 months). Russel was a native of Williamson County but following a stint in the the Marine Corps and the University of Tennessee, he settled in the Midwest as a livestock buyer for Hormel Packing Company of Austin, Minnesota. Lyn, a native a Minneapolis, Minnesota, met Russel in Austin, where she worked for a local radio station. Two years and two children later, they headed south.
The first summer, we lived in historic Cool Springs when it was owned by Dr. C.S. Robinson, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt who spent his summers in Michigan. Russel worked for his father, the late Gilbert Sullivan and in October 1962, we lived with his parents after the Robinson’s returned to reclaim their home. In December, we moved into a small home on Old Hickory Blvd that had no storm windows, no central heat and in January, it hit 15 below zero. Russel worked in Knoxville and Lyn relearned her Girl Scout skills in firebuilding.
Early in 1964 Russel learned that the “Andrews place” - the farm belonging to the late Jess Andrews and his wife, Martha Andrews Kidwell was for sale. It was mired in legal entanglements that only a lawyer and former Sheriff Gilbert Sullivan seemed to be able to untangle, but Russel made arrangements with Mrs. Kidwell to rent the farm for the first year with an option to purchase all 357 acres the following year. This was a major undertaking for the family. We took out a 30-year mortgage, and pledged the first year’s wheat crop to make the initial payments.
February, 1964 saw the family, with Lyn pregnant with a third child moving into the large farm house. The house had been fairly well maintained. The Andrews had added a master bathroom and closets and decorated the home with wallpaper suitable to the 1930’s and ‘40s.
In addition to a large home, we acquired a gentle mix-breed collie dog named Comet, a good swing set for the children, and a welcome addition for Russel, two black gentlemen, Preston and Leo who worked for the Andrews. Preston and his wife Laura lived in a small house that had been moved to the property from Jackson Lake when their home had burned in the late ‘50s or early ‘60s. Preston’s last name was Hodge and it was always assumed it was taken from the name of the original owners, Bob Hodge.
Leo (I was never sure of his last name) lived in a pre-Civil War slave cabin situated toward the old tobacco barn just above the creek. It was a two room cabin with a front porch which had several reincarnations (once as a pig barn) and it was also cleaned up, furnished with fashionable country antiques and used in the forgettable movie “W.W. and the Dixie Dance Kings” starring Burt Reynolds. (More on Burt, Dinah and Jerry Reed later.)
Russel Sullivan always said “farming’s a great way of life but a poor way to make a living.” He once remarked that he would have to make $12,000 before he could put a loaf of bread on the table. This called for long hours in the field, on the tractor, sometimes plowing the fields until midnight. He made good use of the children as they were growing up. When the eldest Jim turned eight, he decided it was time to help feed the livestock. He picked the coldest day in January to take Jim with him, in mom’s cast off winter jacket to feed the cattle and hogs.
We started our farming career raising hogs, cattle, wheat, corn, tobacco and soybeans. Hogs were known to help pay off mortgages, three months, three weeks and three days from birth to the market. Russel had some cattle which his father had pastured for him then he purchased more from a local buyer. He had been assured the cattle had been properly vaccinated for brucellosis but when the cattle began to get sick, this proved not to be true. He had to get rid of most of his first herd of cattle and take a major loss. Not a good way to start your farming career.
There were also lots of old bandy chickens and roosters in the barnyard. In 1964, Lewisburg Pike was quiet and rural, with minimal traffic and the cackling chickens would wake up the children from their naps each afternoon.
The children (Jim, Mike, Pat and Kate) had a wonderful, giant playground in the large yard and the creek that wound around the farm. The boys would play games using the creek on one side of the driveway as “base one”, another as “base two”. They also made the shade of a 150 year old pecan tree in the north side of the yard an oversized sandbox. They dug a pit for their dump trucks and toy tractors and hung a huge rubber tire swing from a lower branch. When a fierce storm leveled the tree in 1973 it took two tractors and every member of the family, plus a few neighbors to haul away the limbs.
Hollywood comes to Middle Tennessee
Early in 1974, we learned from realtor friends that a movie company was looking for a country location to film a movie starring none other than Burt Reynolds! They were looking for a spot where they could film in a 360 degree angle and not see modern homes. The movie moguls had checked out several locations but none was suitable.
On short notice, I learned they were coming here to discuss the possiblility of using our farm. As luck would have it, the kids had left a coke bottle on the coffee table, peanut butter cracker crumbs on the couch and a stray sock was peeking out from under a chair. Housekeeping was not a strong point in my life. They offered Russel $500.00 for the privilege of using our farm for a week's worth of filming. Russel politely said “thanks, but no thanks” and sent them on their way.
By this time they were getting desperate. They came back with a counter offer of repairing our front driveway, fixing a bridge across the creek in the front and money enough to help pay for Russel’s bright red new grain truck parked in the granary. They also promised that all the clutter would be picked up by the company before they left town.
In early April, things began to take shape. Gravel trucks put new gravel on the driveway from the front entrance to the tobacco barn.
Carpenters began reconstructing Leo’s House (he no longer lived there, he was working at Gilbert Sullivan’s farm on Mallory Lane) making it look like the home of a scrap dealer in Mississippi. They put newspapers on a small room behind the main living area, and knocked out the walls between the two rooms, hanging country style quilts between them. This was so they could put a camera in either room and film from any angle. The cabin was furnished with country antiques from Franklin antique dealers and it looked quite elegant for a scrap dealers home. The yard was littered with the scrap, including barrels full of rusty parts and an old Nash car parked in the front yard.
Filming started a few weeks later. The first night they hoped to film a shot of a 1955 Oldsmobile going up in flames as the sun was going down. It was a nice idea. We had gone out to dinner with friends that night, came back and they were still working to get the shot. As we watched, they would set up a scene, the director shouted “action” and one of our dogs would start howling. “Cut” - and try it again. We witnessed a grade A, supersized temper tantrum from the star when the shot didn’t go as planned. He was supposed to strike a match to his belt buckle and set fire to the car. The car had been doused with enough gasoline to travel from here to Memphis. When the car didn’t go up in flames, Burt began shouting, swearing and throwing whatever was close at hand. The director, John Avildsen put his arm around his shoulder and tried to placate the star. He finally settled down, but those witnessing the shot realized Burt knew he could have been seriously burned by the conflagration if it was not done properly. It was quiet on the set and they managed to finish filming about midnight and this was only day one.
Friends and relations wanted to come see Burt and company. We learned that the Metro Nashville Police Department was stationed at the front entrance and if people wanted to come, they had to tell us when they were coming, how many and what kind of car they were driving.
That didn’t deter the teenagers. One brave soul had her mother drop her off on Bowman Lane. She and her dog marched down the southside hill, and when I met her at the gate she said she wanted to see Burt Reynolds. I told her she was trespassing and that I had three big dogs on the property. She was unphased. She headed off to meet her hero and I later saw her mom pick her up at the front entrance. Years later I found out three teenage boys climbed over a back fence and got onto the movie set, no hassle!
Union rules says actors eat on set every six hours. Meals were served all hours of the day and night by Mickey Chonos from his portable kitchen. Hearty meals, not just sandwiches were served to cast and crew and a few Sullivans managed to bribe Mickey into feeding them as well.
Burt Reynolds, Art Carney, Jerry Reed and Connie Van Dyke were on the farm for a week. After the last truck had left the scene, Russel made a thorough check of the entire movie set to see if, as promised, the place would be cleaner than they found it. To his surprise, it was. All he found was one paper detailing the “Crew Call” for the day - who was supposed to be on the set. Its in the family scrapbook.
At the time, Burt Reynolds was dating Tennessee native Dinah Shore and everyone hoped she'd come to the farm. Rumors were rampant that Dinah, a far bigger star than Burt, would be there. She never came.
This marks the end of Mrs. Sullivan’s account of the history of the Sullivan Farm from the time they arrived. I would like to thank Kate Sullivan Watkins for getting me the Sullivan Family / Sullivan Farms History. She was so nice to have her Mom provide me with lots of information. -- Susan Salazar


COWRIES, THE CURRENCY OF TRADING
Small shells, often called bujis or bouges in French archives (a deformation of the original Portuguese) and “whitish milk in colour [and] the size of an olive” (Prévost, 1748), were imported from the Maldives to the Gulf of Guinea via Europe within the framework of the transatlantic trade of enslaved African peoples. They were adopted as a form of currency as each one was identical in size and rot-proof. Therefore, it was possible to accumulate and transport them. Moreover, their rarity in West Africa made them precious objects.
THE WIC, THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY
The Westindische Compagnie (WIC) held the monopoly on trade and warfare in the Atlantic region between 1624 and 1674 and again between 1674 and 1738, while subsisting as a legal entity until 1791. Its main activity became the trade of enslaved people as the company accounted for a quarter of the total Dutch slave trade.
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT (18TH-19TH CENTURIES)
It was not until the end of the 18th century that the first abolitionist societies were established in Europe, whose members, intellectuals of the Enlightenment or evangelical Christians, aimed at putting an end to the slave trade. They sought to change the law, by organizing petition campaigns. In a second phase, new abolitionist societies, in the years 1820-1830, tackled the problem of slavery. Their members were shocked by the daily violence suffered by men, women and children on the cotton plantations.


Originally published on KQED’s NewsFix.
There is a first time for everything. There was the first time I ever Rollerbladed, the first time I stepped onto an airplane and the first time I covered a 1930s ball.
This weekend I attended the Art Deco Society of California’s (ADSC) Preservation Ball, honoring the 40th anniversary of the Paramount’s restoration. And like many of my first times, I was nervous. The invitation clearly stated, “Black/white tie or vintage formal/cocktail attire in the style of the 1920s, ’30s or ’40s requested,” and my wardrobe is mainly composed of sneakers, jeans and the occasional hipster cardigan.
As a reporter, I truly wanted to blend in. As an unequivocal tomboy, I dreaded the idea of wearing a ball gown. My research led me to one of the most famous scenes with Marlene Dietrich in “Morocco,” a 1930 movie in which she wears a tux and overtly flirts with a woman. With that in mind, finding a tux for a woman my size – I am quite short – wasn’t going to be easy.
I always assumed that hipsters were the only ones who found a use for vintage shops. In reality, these shops have a real clientele: faithful customers who wouldn’t wear anything but clothes from the Roaring ‘20s or the Great Depression.
The Art Deco Society’s website provided guests with a list of vintage stores in the area. I picked the first one on the list and drove to San Francisco the day of the ball, hoping for a miracle. I headed for the Haight and entered a store called Decades of Fashion. It smelled like old clothes. It was filled with relics from every single decade until the 1960s. An androgynous woman dressed with a dapper 1920s look asked me how she could help. I said I was looking for a tux for a ball in Oakland.
“The Preservation Ball?” she said. That’s when I realized that this event was bigger than just a few people gathering to play dress-up.
She took me through a maze of aisles, each dedicated to a style or an era.
“This is our tux section,” she said, as she started sliding hangers. She found an original 1920s tux that was exactly my size. Once I tried it on, my anxiety level dropped. I had found my outfit for the ball … seriously. With the tux, I purchased a bowtie from the 1930s, suspenders and four studs for the shirt – they didn’t use buttons at the time.
The ball was held at the Paramount Theatre in honor of the 40thanniversary of its preservation and restoration. The Paramount opened its door in 1931, two years after “Black Thursday,” which was the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. It was a time when people badly needed entertainment.
Jack Bethards was the former executive director of the Oakland Symphony in the 1970s.
“It was a great show business time,” Bethards said. “The studio system was turning out wonderful movies of all types, including big lavish musicals, which of course were ideal in this building.”
Business was in full swing until the demand for large movie theaters dropped.
“In the 1970s, large movie theaters that seated 3,000 people were simply not drawing that kind of audience anymore,” Bethards said. “Many theaters were broken up into smaller individual theaters we called multiplex.”
At the time, the Oakland Symphony was looking for a new home and purchased the Paramount Theatre in 1973.
“At that time, the art deco style wasn’t really recognized,” Bethards said. “It was considered to be passe and so many people, including many donors to the project, thought that the theater ought to be modernized, updated and simplified in design. But we set up a very simple standard. Architecture first, show business second.”
After nine months of work and $1 million, the Paramount Theatre was completely renovated and had regained the splendor it once had. Since then, the management of the Paramount has made an ongoing effort to preserve the building. It was declared a California registered landmark in 1976 and a year later became a national historic landmark.
The ball was the opportunity to celebrate the restoration of the art deco building. And what better way to do so than time travel?
I walked from my apartment in downtown Oakland to the Paramount in a tux. It was a long five-minute walk and I honestly didn’t know what to expect. I was walking on Broadway when I first saw the 1930s Ford. A tall broad-shouldered man in a top hat and small circular glasses stepped out of the car. He trotted around and opened the door on the passenger side. A woman, wearing a long ostrich feather in her hair and ermine fur covering her shoulders, elegantly emerged from the car. It felt like a window back in time. Their attitudes, their gaits, everything was perfectly on point. They must have been doing this a lot.
Reporter Lauren Benichou is working on a story about a Bay Area community of 1920s, ’30s and ’40s enthusiasts who go to great lengths to preserve the lifestyle of these eras.


The passage of time often has a way of rewriting history. So does a few drinks. The half-hour series “Drunk History” — based on the award-winning web series — shows how by re-enacting famous events in history as told by inebriated storytellers. Each episode takes a tour of a U.S. city to explore stories and [Read more…]
Lowell has many “ghost signs” on buildings where you can see remnants of a beautiful, painted, historic advertisement. Restoring them probably isn’t feasible in the short term, but we could recreate the sign on a computer and use a projector to throw the image up on the building in its original location at night.


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We are conveniently located at 5 N. Main St. in Englewood, Ohio on the northwest corner of Main Street and National Road. When you see the building with the historic mural painted on it, that's us. Parking and the entrance are behind the building.
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The York Arts Barge vessel was originally a working barge named the ‘Selby Tony’. The ‘Tony’ was one of a fleet of 17 freight barges owned by BOCM of Selby and Hull that spent their working lives carrying seed and nuts from the port of Hull to be crushed for oil at the BOCM works in Barlby near Selby.
The men who crewed these vessels had a tough life, working all hours of day and night depending on the state of the tide rather than the hands of a factory clock. They had to be canny enough to navigate a shifting and tidal river, physically strong enough to manhandle up to 250 tons of cargo on every journey and brave enough to sail in the worst of weathers with no navigational aids.
The ‘Tony’s’ skipper was a chap called Johnny Roddam. He’s no longer with us, but his best mate from World War 2 and the working years beyond, Laurie Dews, very much is. A sprightly 94-year old, Laurie has a lifetime of yarns about all aspects of the now-vanished Ouse Bargeman’s life.
Local Selby historian David Lewis and Barnsley publishers Pen & Sword of Barnsley have worked with Laurie to produce a book outlining the history of trading along the Ouse to Selby, the tricks and tests of a bargeman’s daily tasks and Laurie’s family history as lightermen going back to the 1860s, working in many of Laurie’s amusing anecdotes along the way.
Laurie is now the last remaining survivor of a way of life that ended when the barges were mothballed in the early 1980s. His anecdotes describe that way of life and give you the chance to enjoy first-hand accounts of the mysteries of “singling out”, the cries of “shordnin” and “deepnin” as your craft navigated dangerous river sandbanks and the joys of family life in a barge cabin. These joys included being lulled to sleep by the steady swing of the oil lamp whilst you lay in the bed ‘ole, the somewhat basic, bucket-based ablution arrangements and sculling around Hull Docks in the cob boat fishing for tiddlers.
The 192-page, full-colour hardback, “River Ouse Bargeman” (ISBN 978 1473 880696) was published in April 2017 and has a recommended retail price of £25 via major booksellers. However, if you contact publishers Pen & Sword via their website www.pen-and-sword.co.uk copies are available for £22.75 by quoting the code ‘Barge 1’. More locally, copies will be available at reduced prices at Selby Library and Spelman’s bookshop in Micklegate, York.


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The exploration of historical information about local meadows as a way to engage people locally in conservation of the meadows was trialled as part of this project. Helen Nicholas from Gower Unearthed was contracted to explore the historical background to Prior’s Meadow.
The resulting report ‘Mines and Meadows’ report establishes the strong historical and cultural links of Prior’s Meadows and how it is used and valued by local people.
Setting out the historical context can uncover a narrative which starts to explore the relationship between people and the land.
The report on Prior’s Meadow gives an interesting example how the story of a relatively small area of land can link into industrial story of the whole Gower and South Wales region.
Prior’s Meadow is relatively unchanged for 600 years and for many local people holds strong memories of time spent in nature. Exploring the historical context of the meadow has linked people’s memories to the distant past and help them understand the meadow better.
Establishing this historical context therefore enhances cultural significance and can play an important part of future meadows conservation strategies and how to engage local people in their future sustainability.
This is why a future project on the Gower will seek to build on this example and develop similar stories for other meadows and also hedgerows (and perhaps other traditional boundary features) on the Gower.


The birth of the cigar is a topic up for debate among many cigar fans. It could be argued that those who invented cigars were the ancient Mayans. However, the Mayans were not the first culture introduced the closest relevant artifact that resembles a cigar to the western world.
Who smoked the first cigar?
It is agreed upon by many modern-day historians and cigar aficionados that the Spanish crewmen of Christopher Columbus first encountered native cultures that smoked a cigar like substance on the island of Hispaniola. The natives there are associated with the Mayan cultures which originated on the Yucatan Peninsula. However, to claim those are people who first invented cigars might be considered bold as the tobacco plant is indigenous not only to the Americas but also to Africa and Australia. One could argue the first cigar ever smoked was in Africa thousands of years before the Mayan culture formed. The word cigar is said by some to be derived from the Mayan word ‘sikar’ which refers to tobacco rolled in thick leaves and smoked. Mayans used the smoke for medicinal, spiritual and social purposes. Europeans left these components of tobacco use behind and introduced its use to Europe for medicinal and social use purposes. The question of who invented cigars still remains open for debate as the Indians who shared the cigar smoking tradition with the Spanish crewmen technically did not produce them for commercial use.
Where were cigars made first?
Spaniards are reported to have adopted the habit of smoking tobacco but it was Jean Nicot a French ambassador who gave his name to the medicinal component of tobacco, now called Nicotine.
It was the Spanish, not the French, who built the first cigar factory on the island of Cuba. The plant would have grown well in certain parts of Spain, however prince Phillip the II of Spain and James the I of England did not take kindly to the sweet and often overpowering effects of nicotine. Growing the plant was forbidden in their kingdoms however the Catholic church began to grow it in certain areas of Italy. Regardless of these obstacles, the Spanish merchants were determined to make a profit of this new European pastime and began to cultivate it in the Caribbean and Americas. Who invented cigars? While many would love to lay claim to the origins of this billion-dollar business the Spanish are most notably credited with its invention.


Part 1 of 4 1855 - 1912
The colorful history
of Lakeside Inn goes back to February 28, 1855 when William Barnhart bought
the property from the United States government. A land grant was signed
by President James Buchanan to Mr. Barnhart. Mr. Barnhart had helped build the
Duck Lake Lumber Mill in 1844 and he
continued his interest in lumbering by purchasing this property to build
a mill. Lakeside Inn's property was at that time known as "Sprigg's Landing."
It was 68 acres. This property included the lakefront along White Lake
and on the hill by what are now the corners of Scenic Drive, Murray Road
and South Shore Drive. Ebenezer Sprigg built a large three-story frame
house by this corner. In later years it was run as a summer resort under
the name of "Fernwood" and some years later was purchased by the Lewis
Family who lived there in the summers and built other family homes, a retreat
house for Catholic nuns and priests from the Chicago area, tennis courts,
etc. In 1857, George Rogers, who built the Long Point Lumber Mill, bought
the land from Barnhart and built a steam power lumber mill. Not long after
he built the mill, Rogers fell overboard from the steamer Oceana while
crossing White Lake and was drowned. In 1860 the property was transferred
to Amos Rathbone of Grand Rapids. It was sold several times after Rathbone
owned it and then came into the ownership of Green, Kelsey and Company.
The area soon became known as "Green's Landing." George Green built a sawmill
on the property. Shortly thereafter, James and Peter Dalton,
whose family had emigrated from the county Roscomon, Ireland in the year
1834, purchased the George Green Mill. The atlas of 1877 shows a group
of buildings clustered about the sawmill of that day including a store,
office, blacksmith shop, carpenter shop and a boarding house. Part of the
main building of Lakeside Inn is the original general store built in the
late 1870's. In the White Lake area at that time were 19 steam powered
lumber mills. The pine lumber industry served the demands of a quickly
The lumbering era on White River and White Lake lasted
from approximately 1837 to 1903. However
by 1882, the forests of the area were nearly depleted and in 1903 the last
log drive of any consequence came down the White River. Remnants of the
lumbering days can still be found in White Lake directly in front of Lakeside
Inn. Particularly with low water levels, one can easily find pieces of
lumber sawed over 100 years ago. Long ago lumber companies simply threw
rejects into the water and these are the pieces that can be found presently.
For the towns of Whitehall and Montague, which were seeing economic problems
after the lumber was gone, the hope of a new livelihood in the resort business
was encouraging. The transition from the lumbering era to the popularity
of the White Lake area as a major resort destination began in the 1880's.
At that time steamers and trains were making regular trips to the area
and bringing with them a ready supply of people who wanted to spend their
summers out of the heat of the cities and into the coolness of the Michigan
By the 1890's the summer resort business flourished
in the White Lake area. George H. Mason, who had married Emma Dalton, daughter
of Peter Dalton, began operating the general store and the Michillinda
Post Office on the site of Lakeside Inn.
They went into the business of renting out rooms above the store.
Guests would arrive from Chicago by steamer. The Goodrich Steamship Lines,
out of Chicago, docked at the end of Scenic Drive at the Michillinda Dock
just to the left of the road.
As a further note, the name
“Michillinda” originated as a combination of the abbreviations of the states
of Michigan, Illinois and Indiana. The name began as so many people from
Illinois and Indiana were beginning to spend their summers here. The area
was known as “Michillinda, Michigan.”
to go to
of the Lakeside Inn Story
In the early 1900's there were
many large hotels dotting the shoreline of White Lake and surrounding areas.
Some of those resorts were: The Michillinda Pines operated by Mrs. John
Austin, Duskewrera Club Inn operated by William Bruce, White Lake Villa
operated by C. W. Johnson, Maple Hurst operated by Mrs. A. Webb, Murray's
Inn operated by William Murray, Sylvan Beach Hotel operated by E. J. Whelan,
The Locust operated by Mrs. P. H. Long, Bellevue run by Mrs. C. U. Smith,
and, of course, Lakeside Inn operated by G. D. Mason.


DeWolf Realty Co., Inc., founded in 1879, is the oldest active real estate company in the United States. The firm was founded by William Morrison DeWolf, who started his career in real estate working for Charles Capp, for whom Capp Street was named.
In 1916, William Morrison DeWolf passed away and the ownership of the firm went to his son, William Waldo DeWolf. During the Depression, Bill DeWolf applied for and received one of two HOLC Sales Brokers contracts awarded by the government for the sale of government properties. During World War II, DeWolf was also awarded a contract for the management of government housing in San Francisco and was an authorized Veteran's Administration property manager for over forty years.
On July 1, 1950, Bill DeWolf decided he wanted to retire and asked O.A. "Bill" Talmage to take over active management of the firm. Mr. Talmage active in developing land and building homes in the suburbs of San Francisco, specifically in Novato, Petaluma, Atwater, Sacramento, and Los Gatos. The firm was also very active in the developing of apartment buildings in San Francisco.
1962, after the passage of the "Cigar Tax Act" which provided for the establishment of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Mr. Talmage along with three other prominent San Franciscans started Western Investment Real Estate Trust, the second oldest REIT in the United States, and until it was sold, the largest REIT on the West Coast. For the first 20 years of its operation, Western Investment was managed out of the DeWolf Realty Co., Inc. office.
In June of 1982, O.A. Talmage retired from DeWolf Realty Co., Inc. and Mr. Talmage's son William A. Talmage took over management of the firm. Today, DeWolf Realty Co., Inc.'s focus is the management of residential and commercial property throughout Northern California, with its main office still located on California Street near 6th Ave., where it has been for over a century.


HISTORICAL & CULTURE TOUR 7 NIGHTS / 8 DAYS
Duration : 8 days & 7 nights
Price : $ 0.00
Day 1,2 - Anuradhapura
Anuradhapura is the first capital of Sri Lanka established in the 4th century BC. It is one of eight World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Its vast network of ancient Buddhist temples, monasteries and places of worship which cover over 40 sq. kms has made it a sacred site to Buddhists around the world. Anuradhapura is now a picturesque ruined city, filled with mystery and steeped in a rich Buddhist culture.
Day 3,4 - Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa is the Island's 2nd largest kingdom. Today the ancient city of Polonnaruwa remains one of the best planned Archeological relic sites in the country, standing testimony to the discipline and greatness of the Kingdom's first rulers. There are rectangle of city walls stand palace buildings and clusters of dozens of dagobas, temples and various other religious buildings. A scattering of other historic buildings can be found to the north of the main complex, outside the city walls and close to the main road.
Day 5, 6 - Dambulla, Sigiriya
SIGIRIYA- is an ancient rock fortress with the site of historical and archaeological significance that is dominated by a massive column of rock nearly 200 meters (660 ft.) high. The fortress inclusive of various gardens and palaces built by King Kasyap. The architectural and irrigational technologies of Sigiriya, such as the Water Gardens, still baffle engineers. As well as wall decorated with frescoes of bare-breasted women is present unique art. Since it was constructed over 1,500 years ago, it is claimed by enthusiast as the Eighth Wonder of the World and is anyway a World Heritage Site.
DAMBULLA- The cave complex at Dambulla is one of the most impressive Buddhist Temples in the world. The temples contain 153 Buddha images, 3 images of kings and 4 images of gods and goddesses. There are also 4 main monasteries
Day 7, 8 - Kandy
In the hill country lays the former royal capital of Kandy is a major tourist destination. It is home to the Dalada Maligawa (Sacred Temple of the Tooth) which houses the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha. With its distinctive architecture, art and music, Kandy is a bastion of traditional culture. Kandy Perahera, the pageant of the temple of tooth where Buddha's tooth is kept is held either in July or August each year to parade the golden caskets is a must see itinerary if one is visiting Sri Lanka during these months. The final night procession is the most spectacular event of the country. More than 50 elephants parade the city accompanied by the drummers, dancers and chieftains.
Galle - Built by Portuguese and fortified by Dutch, Galle Fort is declared as one of the living world heritages as an exceptional presentation of'an urban ensemble, which illustrates the interaction of European architecture and South Asian traditions from the 16th to the 19th centuries. It attracts those who value archaeological reserves and heritage. It is known as the oldest fort in Asia, named as a world heritage by UNESCO. Inside the fort, travelers can find other attractions such as the Dutch Museum, which contains paintings, pictures and furniture of the Dutch Reformed Church.


P.J. Hogan is in his 16th year at the University of Northern Iowa, and his 14th as a full-time assistant coach.
Hogan is responsible for coordinating player development, particularly with the Panthers’ perimeter players, and is heavily involved in recruiting. He also is in charge of coordinating UNI’s opponent scouting as well as the team’s numerous summer camps.
Prior to coming to UNI, Hogan served as the top assistant coach at Southwest State University (known today as Southwest Minnesota State) for two years. At the Division II school, he helped lead them to an overall record of 38-18 and two second-place finishes in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference. The 2001-02 team won 21 games – the second-most wins in school history – and advanced to the conference tournament championship game.
While at Southwest State, he was in charge of recruiting and player development. In addition, he oversaw the team’s strength and conditioning program, and served as the team’s academic coordinator.
Before going to Southwest State, Hogan worked at North Dakota State University during the 2000-01 season as an assistant coach, as well as the 1999-2000 season at Wayne State College. Hogan was part of one of most successful seasons in school history, as the Wildcats went 26-6 and reached the NCAA Division II Sweet Sixteen.
A native of Dubuque, Iowa, Hogan was a four-year letterwinner at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa. He graduated from Morningside in 1999 with a degree in sociology and was named to the North Central Conference’s honorable mention all-academic team.
A high school graduate of Dubuque Hempstead, Hogan was a Class 4A first-team all-state performer.
Hogan earned his master’s degree in leisure services from UNI in 2008.


Home for sale in Mississauga between 600000 to 900000
Home for sale in Mississauga between 600000 to 900000 that’s why best homes for small families. You can buy and sell homes condos in Mississauga. Properties for sale and lease in Mississauga Ontario Canada. Best buying, selling in Mississauga. MLS Listing in Mississauga. New and old homes. condos, detached. Mississauga is one of the best places to live in.
At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the 1600s, both Iroquoian- and Algonquian-speaking peoples already lived in the Credit River Valley area. One of the First Nations groups the French traders found around the Credit River area were the Algonquian Mississaugas, a tribe originally from the Georgian Bay area. The name “Mississauga” comes from the Anishinaabe word Misi-zaagiing, meaning “[Those at the] Great River-mouth”. By 1700 the Mississaugas had driven away the Iroquois, yet during the Beaver Wars they played a neutral or post-emptive role.
Toronto Township, consisting of most of present-day Mississauga, was formed on 2 August 1805 when officials from York (what is now the City of Toronto) purchased 84,000 acres (340 km²) of land from the Mississaugas. In January 2010, the Mississaugas and the federal government settled a land claim, in which the band of aboriginal people received $145,000,000, as just compensation for their land and lost income.
After the land was surveyed, the Crown gave much of it in the form of land grants to United Empire Loyalists who emigrated from the Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolution, as well as loyalists from New Brunswick. A group of settlers from New York City arrived in the 1830s. The government wanted to compensate the Loyalists for property lost in the colonies and encourage development of what was considered frontier.
In 1820, the government purchased additional land from the Mississaugas. Additional settlements were established, including: Barbertown, Britannia, Burnhamthorpe, Derry West, Elmbank, Malton, Meadowvale Village, Mount Charles, and Streetsville. European-Canadian growth led to the eventual displacement of the Mississaugas. In 1847, the government relocated them to a reserve in the Grand River Valley, near present-day Hagersville. Pre-confederation, the Township of Toronto was formed as a local government; settlements within were not legal villages until much later.
Except for small villages, some gristmills and brickworks served by railway lines, most of present-day Mississauga was agricultural land, including fruit orchards, through much of the 19th and first half of the 20th century.
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Owning a home is a keystone of wealth… both financial affluence and emotional security.


ALPHA CHI CHAPTER ANTHROPOS
Alpha Chi Chapter Anthropos group was founded by Alpha Chi Anthropos Matthew E. Peanort Sr., now deceased. He was honored at an Eastern Regional Conference as founder of the Alpha Chi Chapter Anthropos group. As a member of Alchis, Alpha Chi Chapter - Portsmouth, he was an organizer, past president and secretary of the National Anthropos; organizer and former president of Eastern Regional Anthropos.
The group was initially called Alchis which consisted of approximately 12 men in the lives of the sorors. The Alchis elect officers, meet once a month and their sole, purpose is to support the chapter. They attend and support all chapter activities as well as organizing all traveling done by the sorors.
The National Anthropos is an organized male affiliate group of the National Sorority of Phi Delta Kappa, Incorporated. Its membership consists of spouses, brothers, sons, and male friends of active members of the Sorority.
In 1975, Supreme Basileus Arthur Mae Norris revived and reorganized the “Men in Our Lives”. The reorganization took place in Jacksonville, Florida in 1975. Later, Supreme Basileus Norris recommended to the 1977 conclave assembly that the “Men in Our Lives” would become organized as a National affiliate. The Conclave delegates approved the recommendation. The official name was changed to the “Anthropos”—simply referring to the “males”. A total of 147 Anthropos attended the 1977 Conclave in Dallas, Texas. The National Anthropos became fully operational under their new name in July 1977, the first year of newly elected Supreme Basileus Billy J. Mason’s administration.


Sexy long link earrings with great movement and sleek style. Named after the ancient practice of stacking irregular stones to create a balanced tower, each link is made by hand and has its own, unique and slightly irregular shape. The mixed metal version (shown) also boasts the teensiest bit of asymmetry in where the single silver link is placed in the series of four links.
Created solely from found objects from the landscape, the practice of making cairns has existed since prehistoric times. They were used as markers, sometimes of paths or boundaries, or to mark food caches or even tombs.
The final image shows the Cairn Earrings paired with the Cairn Necklace.
Available in sterling silver, sterling silver & 14k gold fill mix, and 14k gold fill.
All Rebecca Haas Jewelry is handcrafted by me in my Southern Vermont Studio from recycled and ethically sourced materials.


Example of our program (2015)
A message from your professor, Dr. Ervan Garrison,
One quarter of all UGA students now study abroad. UGA's Study Abroad Europe, a non-profit, UGA sponsored program, has taken UGA classes to Switzerland, Spain, France, Italy, and Scotland since 1998. In 2015, we will repeat our program in Switzerland and Scotland! The prehistory and early history of the United Kingdom meshes well with that of Switzerland. Both were Celtic lands before the Roman conquest and flourishing provinces thereafter. UGA students will learn, earning 6 credit hours, as they travel to the historic sites in these two countries and they will be amazed at the natural beauty of both. I look forward to having you join me and my colleagues, Phyllis Pritchett de Martini and Nick Dixon in Europe next Maymester.
Dr. Ervan Garrison Phyllis Pritchett de Martini Dr . Nicholas Dixon
Course Director Studies Abroad Coordinator Director of the Scottish Trust
UGA Professor Swiss/American Art Historian for Underwater Archeology
of Geology and Anthropology Fellow at the University of Edinburgh
In Switzerland, you will spend a day in a reconstructed Neolithic village, where you will relive a typical day 4000 years ago, cooking, starting fires, making tools and using Stone Age weapons. You will visit the ancient Roman city of Aventicum. Among its many artifacts the museum contains the famous bust of Emperor Marcus Auralius, the only known example in solid gold. After a visit to the unique site of the Petit Chasseur in Sion on a Friday, students are free for the weekend and in close proximity to Zermatt, the Matterhorn and famous alpine areas for hiking and sightseeing.
Dr. Ervan G. Garrison
Dept. of Geology or Dept. of Anthropology
The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
Tel: (706) 542-1475 /706-542-1097


Rare Jobs documentary highlights early days of NeXT: "A documentary from the 1980s focusing on the early days of NeXT shows late Apple cofounder Steve Jobs at work behind the scenes at his second computer startup, offering a rare glimpse at how the tech guru handled his charges and what he thought of the future of personal computing."
Doesn't seem that long ago. A lot of typing. C, C++, whatevs.
Labels: history of apple, NeXT


Halloween was only introduced in America as a holiday in the 1900s, but its roots date back over 2,000 years. Some of the Halloween traditions we know today come from other cultures and countries, but there are also many traditions from around the globe that are unique to other countries. Here are some interesting Halloween traditions from around the world.
Celtic Ireland was the birthplace of Halloween, with the pagan festival ‘Samhain’, a celebration based on the belief that the dead returned to the mortal world. Bonfires were lit to ward off any evil spirits, and people dropped locks of hair into the bonfires with the hope of seeing their future husband or wife.
Halloween is celebrated in China as Teng Chieh, and families put food and water in front of photos of departed loved ones in order to commemorate their lives. They also light lanterns and fires as a way to guide the spirits that come back to earth for the night.
Austria is another country where the dead are believed to come back at Halloween, so people leave food, water and a lighted lamp on their tables when they go to bed at night to welcome the spirits. Celebrations go on for more than just one night, with All Souls Week being celebrated from October 30 to November 8.
Although Halloween as we know it has only been celebrated in France since the 1990s, the French have honored the dead on All Saints Day (November 1) and All Souls Day (November 2) for centuries. It’s traditional for families to visit the graves of the dead and lay flowers there on these two days.
The Swedish celebrate All Saints Day (Alla Helgons Dag), as well as the more modern Halloween as we know it, and tradition dictates that lighted candles are placed in cemeteries in remembrance of departed loved ones.
While many countries around the world follow more recent Halloween traditions like carving a pumpkin, trick-or-treating and dressing up in crazy costumes, it’s nice to see that more traditional customs still endure.
By Emily Fowler


Lagos is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Algarve and Portugal, boasting a large variety of beaches, geological formations such as Ponta da Piedade, and more for visitors to explore. Lagos is also at the center of the Portuguese Age of Discovery’s history. It was once the home of Henry the Navigator, and it served as a historical shipyard. TripAdvisor classified Lagos as the number 1 travel destination on a list of “15 destinations on the rise” worldwide in 2012.
Praia da Batata
Praia da Batata, known locally as the “town beach,” is the closest beach to Lagos’ town centre. The beach offers a magnificent view of the fortress Forte Ponta da Bandeira, which was built in the late 17th century to guard Lagos by protecting the river mouth from attack. Although Praia da Batata is a small beach, it is sheltered and has calm waters, featuring smaller coves that can be accessed through holes in the rocks.
Ponta da Piedade
When visiting Lagos, you can’t miss Ponta da Piedade. This unique natural feature on the west of Lagos is a beautiful section of limestone coastline made up of sea pillars, arches, and grottoes formed through thousands of years of winter storms. The headland of Ponta da Piedade is a stunning landscape for tourists and adventurers to discover. Visit and explore this breathtaking spot by boat or kayak.


Cecil & Charles Calvert's portrait, by Gerard Soest (c.1600-81)
In honor and memory of the five Barons of Baltimore and Lords proprietary...
In 1625, George Calvert received the 1st title as Baron of Baltimore from James I, King of England. He then petitioned the King for a grant of land north of the Potomac River. A portion of that same valuable, waterfront named Mary Land was later generously donated to form our nation's capital, Washington, D.C.
A portion of our profits will be donated to assist with statewide lobbying efforts to protect the land rights of the consumers that you represent.


QT, also known as QuikTrip, is a Tulsa-based chain of convenience stores. It is mainly located in the South, Midwest and Southeastern United States. Quik Trip offers gas, food and coffee as well as a variety of household goods.
Qt Near Me Now
Do you want to find a Quick Trip location near you? Browse qt gas station near me below to find Quiktrip locations within proximity of your current location. Want to know more about Quiktrip? Continue reading for more information about Quiktrip, including trivia and historical facts.
Small QuikTrip History
Many chains began as one store with the hope of growing. Quiktrip is one example. In 1958, the first Quiktrip store opened in Tulsa near a strip mall. Although the store sold very few groceries, it was able to sell them at high prices. This was in exchange for convenience.
It did well and made its first formal entry into the gasoline business in 1971. As states legalized self-service stations, QuikTrip started to sell gasoline.
QuikTrip’s co-founder decided in the 1970s to remove all slow-moving merchandise from its stock. Cans of vegetables and canned goods were removed, and other items like cigarettes, soda, coffee and cigarettes were given greater prominence and more shelf space. QuikTrip also offered its line of branded goods that it sold from the 1970s through the 1980s. QT Beer was included in this line.
QuikTrip’s original QT stood for “quittin” time. In ad campaigns, QuikTrip used the slogan “It’s Quitin’ Time Again.” QuikTrip quickly expanded into Atlanta and St. Louis in the 1980s.
The brand started to renovate its stores. They replaced the dark, earthy exteriors with brighter, more cheerful interiors. Red was the chosen colour. QuikTrip began offering fast food and fountain drinks in the 1990s.
They also had a self-serve soda fountain and a self-serve coffee bar. Consider how QuikTrip set the bar for convenience stores across the US with their self-serve coffee and soda fountains.
Founder & executive editor of Gas Station Near Me Now. Google Analytics Certified SEO Specialist. Try to help people find answers and solve problems for more than two years. Our mission is to provide honest working advice and inspiration.


There is something special about Italian castles and you can see it with your own eyes! And if you stay in one of our villas, we have something very interesting to offer you – we have partnered up with several tour operators and are ready to provide you with some special discount offers.
One of the most exhellent tours is Castello di Torrechiara – Torrechiara it is a wonderful castle with an incredible view close to Parma and Piacenza. Lady HAWKE with Michelle Pfeiffer and Rutger Auger was shoot here and you will recognize a lot of spots if you know well the movie.
Another castle you can visit it Castello di Rivalta – The castle and the medieval village belong to the Zanardy Landi family, a branch of the Landi familily that owns the castle since the 13 th century.The castle is open for guided tours – you can visit the honour room , dining room, copper kitchen , wine cellar, prisons, bedrooms,tower realized by Pietro Antonio Solari.
One more beautiful castle is Rocchetta Mattei – a very interesting and mysterious castle. This castle was built in 10th century by Dr. Mattei, a very strange doctor: he was interested and expert in alternative medicine as well in occultism so the castle is full of symbols related to different religions and to Freemasonry.
All of these castles are close to you if you stay in our villa and book a tour with us.


Established in 1984, Spice Island Marine Services is a family-owned and operated haven for vessels in Grenada, West Indies. The Evans Family, led by the visionary Glyn “Junior” Evans, embarked on this maritime venture at the site that is currently Prickly Bay Waterside, marking the inception of a legacy that would span decades. Their pioneering spirit led to the introduction of the first Travelift in the Southern Caribbean, a testament to their commitment to elevating the region's marine services.
In 2002, a significant milestone was achieved as Spice Island Marine transitioned to its current location in True Blue, continuing to offer unparalleled boating services. The essence of family and community has always been the cornerstone of their operations. This ethos was further cemented in 2020 when Junior, after a remarkable tenure, passed the torch of leadership to his two adept sons, Justin and Dane Evans. This transition not only symbolized a new chapter but also the enduring legacy of a family deeply rooted in yachting excellence.
The heart of Spice Island Marine Services beats with a team mostly comprised of local Grenadian talent, many of whom have dedicated 15 plus years of service, embodying a wealth of experience and a deep-seated passion for marine craftsmanship. The camaraderie among the staff extends beyond the boatyard, creating a familial bond with customers who often become part of the extended Spice Island Marine family. These long-term relationships are a testament to the trust, care, and exceptional service that define the essence of Spice Island Marine.
As Spice Island Marine sails forward, the values of family, community, and unmatched marine expertise continue to be the guiding compass. The journey that began in 1984 continues to navigate the waters of innovation and tradition, with the promise of many more horizons to explore.


BIBLICAL ANATOLIA TOURS
Main destinations for
Cappadocia Biblical Tours are Cave churches, Cappadocia
Cave Monasteries, byzantine churches, Greek orthodox
cave churches,Goreme churches, anatolian churches, early
christian church, byzantine cave monastery.
ANATOLIA DURING THE TIME OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
Approximately 60% of the names of the places
mentioned in the Bible are in Turkey. According to the
Old Testament, Noah's children, the animals he saved in
the ark began the repopulation of the Earth from Mt.
Ararat in the east of Turkey. Abraham's call to
greatness came in Harran in southeast of Turkey. This
city was called Ur of the Chaldeans. Archaeologists have
found that the Hittites, Urartians, Phrygians, Assyrians,
Cimmerians, Lydians and other civilizations who
were important to the Old Testament once lived in Turkey.
King Tiglath - Pileser the third of Assyria conquered
both Israel and Urartu. The people of the Bible left
records of their activities in Anatolia that span the
ages from Noah to St. Paul. Here in Anatolia rise the
two rivers that bounded Eden. Lake
Hazar south of Elazig in the Taurus mountain
range is the source of the Tigris. The Euphrates fed by
the snow and rain of the mountains in eastern Turkey.
The Seven Churches of
the Revelation are in Turkey
Ephesus: Revelation 1:11, 2:1-7;
Acts 18, 19-28; 19:1-41 Ephesians
Smyrna (Izmir): Revelation 2:8-11
Pergamon: Revelation 2:12-17
Thyatira: Revelation 2:18-29; Acts16:14
Sardis: Revelation 3:1-6
Philadelphia: Revelation 3:7-13
Laodicea: Revelation 3:14-22; Colossians 2:1,4:13
ANATOLIA DURING THE TIME OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
Up until the unification of the major part of Asia Minor
under the Roman Empire, its history had been one of a
succession of small states. Roman control began in 190
B.C. When the Seleucid ruler Antiochus the Great was
defeated at Magnesia, and spread in 133 B.C when the
first Roman province of Asia was organized in the region
near Ephesus. Bithynia, Pontus and Cilicia came under
Roman rule. Shortly before the Christian era, Galata and
Cappadocia fell under Roman influence. It was in Antioch;
today's Antakya in southern Turkey that the disciples
were first called "Christians" ( Acts 11:26 ). The
destruction and plunder of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. by the
Romans under Titus was followed by a great emigrations,
conducive to the spread of Christianity in all
directions. The first Christian community came to
encompass the Mediterranean area from Syria to Spain.
Paul and his writings were very important in the spread
of Christianity and the blending of Hebrew and Near
Eastern thought. The period of the early development of
Christianity was one of peace and stability but after
the re - organization of the Roman Empire by the king
Diocletian in 297 A.D.,the area was again split into
small political units. Christianity provided a common
language and religion.
Code LRT 152/C
Cappadocial Tour ( Daily)
Visit Kaymakli underground
city, home to early Christian refugees. Drive into the
magical surreal lunarlandscape of Cappadocia. Visit
rocky hills and valleys dominated by Erciyes Mountain (Mt.
Argeus). Cappadocia was settled by neolitic people then
became the home of Hittites, Romans, Early Christians,
Byzantines and Seljuks.
Visit Devrent valley, Pasabag rock churches, Goreme
Church Valley, Zelve rock monasteries, Avanos town,
Ortahisar and Uchisar rock castle.
Code LRT 152/D
Cappadocia Tour ( Daily)
Visit Soganli village
famous with its rock churches decorated with the frescos
from 14 th.cent. Drive to visit Taskinpasa Mosque,
Keşlik Monastery and Cemil village and its town church.
Drive to Mustafapasa town, after local lunch in an old
greek house visit The church of Helena and Constantine,
St.Basil Church, Sinassos Church and the church of St.Stephanos.
Code LRT 152/I
Istanbul + Cappadocia + Seven Churches Tour
(9 Days/8 Nights)
1st. day: Arrive in Istanbul and transfer to the
Overnight in Istanbul.
2nd. day: Bosphorus Cruise, in the morning and
visit of Chora Church and the Spice Bazaar.
Overnight in Istanbul.
3rd. day: After breakfast, visit Topkapi Palace
and Hagia Sophia. After Lunch, visit the Blue Mosque,
Hippodrome, Basilica Cistern and The Grand Bazaar.
Overnight in Istanbul.
4th. day: Transfer to Istanbul airport for the
flight to Kayseri, Cappadocia Region. Visit Soganli
village and the rock churches,Taskinpasa mosque,Keslik
monastery and Cemil village . After having lunch in a
village house walk in Mustafapasa town and drive tovisit
Kaymakli underground city which is the largest of all
Overnight in Cappadocia.
5th. day: Discover the surreal landscape of
Cappadocia. Visit The Fairy Chimneys, troglodyte
Visit Dervent and Pasabag Valleys, Zelve and Goreme
Open air Museums famous with rockcut churches and
monasteries decorated with the 11th cent. frescos. Visit
Avanos town which is famous with Tile and pottery
workshops, Sarihan Caravanserai and Uchisar rock castle.
6th. day: Transfer to Kayseri Airport for a
flight to Izmir via Istanbul. Transfer to the hotel in
Izmir take a walking tour of Izmir (If time permits)
including a visit to St. Polycarp's Church, the oldest
church building in Izmir.
Overnight in Izmir.
7th. day: Visit The Agora of old Smyrna and drive
to visit Pergamum (Acropolis and the Asclepion – the
ancient medical center.) Visit Thyatira and return to
the hotel in Izmir. Overnight in Izmir.
8th. day: Drive to visit Sardis, Philadelphia,
Laodicea and Hierapolis.
Overnight in Pamukkale.
9th. day: Tour of Ephesus, the world famous great
Ionian city, The Churh of Mother Mary where she spent
her final days, St. John Basilica and Ephesus Museum.
Transfer to the airport for the return flight.


“Luckie” Goodman began SignArt in his garage in February of 1958.
Supplied with a hand full of lettering and show card brushes he drew out and hand painted all of his signs. As a kid, his son Bill was always around to help fill-in letters or paint something in the shop.
In 1974 Bill joined his Dad full time and they eventually moved to its current location at 4226 Blanco Rd. In 1983, the name of the business was changed to Goodman SignArt, Inc. to reflect Bill’s involvement with the management of the company. It was also during this time period that computers and technology were introduced to the sign industry. Luckie decided to semi-retire only working part time lettering show cards and pursuing his interests in magic and life drawing.
In 2000 Bill’s daughter Melissa began working part time in the office and eventually came on board full time. She currently carries the responsibility of helping Bill run the company in the areas of office and operations management, while contributing layouts and designs.
Since the early days and into the present, we have embraced “old School” craftsmanship and the latest in technology to bring the customer the best in design and fabrication.


Have you ever been called a Conspiracy Theorist? Or told “I don’t believe in Conspiracy Theories!” Did you ever wonder where this term even came from and why it is bandied around so much these days?
According to this article, it is because actual conspiracies really do exist. I know it was used on me, to debunk what I was saying. Has this happened to you too?
(NaturalNews) Everybody’s heard the term “conspiracy theory,” and most of us have heard at least one “conspiracy” in our lifetimes. In fact, conspiracy theories abound, but that’s only because actual conspiracies really do exist.
In more recent times there were a great many conspiracies floating around about the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, but perhaps the biggest conspiracy theories of the modern era are tied to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in November 1963.
Some believe that the CIA did it. Others have said it was a mob hit. Still others believe it could have been in response to Kennedy’s desire to stay out of Vietnam. Some have said that they believe it is a combination of these other theories.
In fact, as noted by the Center for Research on Globalization, a Canada-based think tank, the term was actually born from the Kennedy assassination, and was manipulated intentionally by the CIA, coincidentally, to debunk alternative views about what had happened, based on various accounts and other evidence at the time.
Learn more here>>