Download Martin Luther King Jr Books Online
Martin luther king jr books online free download. Martin Luther King Jr. was the most important voice of the American civil rights movement, which worked for equal rights for all.
He was famous for using nonviolent resistance to overcome injustice, and he never got tired of trying to end segregation laws (laws that prevented blacks from entering certain places, such as restaurants, hotels, and public schools).
InKing was the youngest. Dr. King’s best-selling account of the civil rights movement in Birmingham during the spring and summer of On Ap, as the violent events of the Birmingham campaign unfolded in the city’s streets, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., composed a letter from his prison cell in response to local religious.
Dr. Martin Luther King books - View this select list of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. books that are great for both children and adults. The Father of Civil Rights. Martin Luther King Jr. was a devout Christian pastor.
Even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. Book One includes Lewis’s childhood in rural Alabama and his life-changing meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. Book Two follows Lewis from the Nashville sit-in campaign to the landmark March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. In Book Three, John Lewis prepares to risk everything in a historic showdown to end voter suppression in a town called Selma.
Memphis, Martin, and the Author: Katisha Smith. King of New York: Northern Patronage and Support for Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, By Jones, Rhonda Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, Vol. 38, No. 2, August Free download or read online The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.
pdf (ePUB) book. The first edition of the novel was published in Augustand was written by Martin Luther King Jr. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format. The main characters of this biography, history story are Martin Luther King 4,3/5(12,1K). I Have a Dream (Book & CD) by King Jr., Martin Luther () Hardcover. by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | Jan 1, out of 5 stars 1. Hardcover $ $ $ shipping.
Only 1 left in stock - order soon. Other options New and used from $ Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (King Legacy) Book 1 of King Legacy | by Martin Luther King and Clayborne Carson | Jan 1. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day celebrates the life and civil rights work of Dr.
King. Martin Luther King war ein amerikanischer Baptistenpfarrer und Bürgerrechtler. Er wurde am Januar in Atlanta (Georgia) geboren und am 4. April in Memphis Tennessee ermordet.
Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung, der Martin Luther King angehörte, verurteilte die Rassentrennung in öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln und Einrichtungen. Nach dem Vorbild von Gandhi, der mit dem. He turns to the teachings of Dr. Martin Luther King to make sense of his experiences.
A Time to Break Silence: The Essential Works of Martin Luther King, Jr., for Students by Martin Luther King, Jr. (Grades 9 and up) This helpful volume contains a collection of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s most important writings and speeches, chosen by. Martin Luther King, Jr., is without a doubt one of the most influential and pivotal figures in twentieth-century history. In addition to his work as a Civil Rights leader, his role as a father and pastor, he also was an extensively published writer.
However, he never had the chance to write an autobiography in the traditional sense. We as readers in the present day and the future have lost the 4,7/5(). Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most important civil rights leaders in American history. He worked hard for equality and taught others how to stand up for what they believed in.
This book tells the story of his courageous life from his birth in to his death in Free download or read online Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, JR., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference pdf (ePUB) book.
The first edition of the novel was published in December 1stand was written by David J. Garrow. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format.4,3/5(1,6K).
Peter Ling’s acclaimed biography of Martin Luther King Jr provides a thorough re-examination of both the man and the Civil Rights Movement, showing how King grew into his leadership role and kept his faith as the challenges facing the movement strengthened after Ling combines a detailed narrative of Martin Luther King’s life with the key historiographical debates surrounding him and Reviews: 1.
This book seeks to reframe our understanding of the lawyer's work by exploring how Martin Luther King, Jr built his advocacy on a coherent set of moral claims regarding the demands of love and justice in light of human nature.
King never shirked from staking out challenging claims of moral truth, even while remaining open to working with those who rejected those truths. His example should Cited by: 5. Dr. King’s best-selling account of the civil rights movement in Birmingham during the spring and summer of On Ap, as the violent events of the Birmingham campaign unfolded in the city’s streets, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., composed a letter from his prison cell in response to local religious leaders’ criticism of the campaign. The resulting piece of extraordinary. I read Martin Luther King Jr. by Amy Pastan and how Martin Luter king changed the world and how one should fight for there belifs and what they think is buxz.uralhimlab.ru example that is shown in the book is how african americans were not able to sit down in buses unless a white american was not asking for a seat on one day a lady by the name of Rosa Parks was on her way home tired of working sat down 4,1/5.
The Online Books Page. Online Books by. Martin Luther King (King, Martin Luther, Jr., ) Online books about this author are available, as is a Wikipedia article. King, Martin Luther, Jr., Beyond Vietnam: An Address Sponsored by the Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam (Palo Alto, CA: Altoan Press, ) (multiple formats at buxz.uralhimlab.ru). Martin Luther King Jr. Day is a great opportunity to talk to kids about important values like peace, perseverance, and racial equality. These books can help.
Raise Kids Who Love to Read. Baby & Toddler () Pre-K (3–5) Growing Reader (6–8) Tween (9–12) Teen (13+) Discover Baby & Toddler () Pre-K (3–5) Growing Reader (6–8) Tween (9–12) Teen (13+) Editor's Pick.
Book that. I am Martin Luther King, Jr. (Ordinary People Change the World) by Brad Meltzer (Author), Christopher Eliopoulos (Illustrator) Featured voices: Alana and Kal.
Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; Janu – April 4, ) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from until his assassination in King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent Born: Michael King Jr., Janu. American Prophet is a course about the inner life and thoughts of Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Many history books tell us that King was a civil rights leader who advocated for peaceful protest and made inspirational speeches.
But what was he really thinking and feeling during the various campaigns in which he participated? How did he even become a civil rights leader in the first place?
In November and DecemberDr. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered five lectures for the renowned Massey Lecture Series of the Canadian Broadcasting buxz.uralhimlab.ru collection was immediately released as a book under the title Conscience for Change, but after King’s assassination init was republished as The Trumpet of buxz.uralhimlab.ru: Eric Kofi Acree. The Sword and the Shield: The Revolutionary Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. by Peniel Joseph | 30 Apr out of 5 stars Hardcover £ £ 99 £ £ Get it Friday, Aug FREE Delivery by Amazon.
More buying choices £ (16 used & new offers) Kindle Edition £ £ 99 £ £ Audible Audiobooks £ £ 0. 00 £ £ Free. Martin Luther King was a great American who worked for civil rights in the United States in the s and 60s.
He fought for the rights of African Americans and many people, blacks as well as whites, supported him. In he received the Nobel Peace Prize. King was born on Janu in Atlanta, Georgia. He had a brother, Alfred and a sister, Christine.
For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Martin Luther King, Jr. webquest print page. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found at Biography - Martin Luther King, Jr. Back to History for Kids. Martin Luther King Jr. was one American's great leaders. He dreamed of a world free of hate, prejudice and buxz.uralhimlab.ru all playlists here: buxz.uralhimlab.ru The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. has become the definitive record of the most significant correspondence, sermons, speeches, published writings, and unpublished manuscripts of one of America's best-known advocates for peace and justice.
Threshold of a New Decade, Volume V of the planned fourteen-volume series, illustrates the growing sophistication and effectiveness of King and. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, this is the most comprehensive book ever written about the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. David J. Garrow had unrestricted access to Martin Luther King's personal papers, to thousands of pages of newly released FBI documents and more than interviews with King's closest friends and enemies.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. By Sharon Crowley; January 3, ; We had a great Twitter chat about David Dinkins’s speech. You can check out #DiscussMLK here! Martin Luther King is dead now, and we, the mourners and losers, are left with his dreams—with decisions to make.
He is dead now, and there are no words we can say for him, for he said his own. He is dead now, and any eulogy must be. Martin Luther King, Jr. (born Michael King, Jr.; Janu – April 4, ) was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the Civil Rights buxz.uralhimlab.ru was best known for improving civil rights by using nonviolent civil disobedience, based on his Christian beliefs.
Because he was both a Ph.D. and a pastor, King is sometimes called the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Born: Michael King Jr., Janu. Learn about Martin Luther King, Jr. the social activist and Baptist minister who played a key role in the American Civil Rights Movement from the mids until his assassination in This month we honor Martin Luther King, Jr.
by learning about his life, what he stood for, and how his work impacts us today. In kindergarten, sometimes the idea of inequality or injustice can be a difficult concept to understand. These FREE Martin Luther King, Jr. Printables are a great way to teach these difficult concepts to young children. Martin Luther King Jr. Clinica Campesina Health Center Campus is an urgent care center and medical clinic located at 74 SW 6th Ave in Homestead,FL.
They are open today from, helping you get immediate care. While. Martin Luther King Jr. Clinica Campesina Health Center Campus is a walk-in clinic that is open late and after hours, patients can also conveniently book online using Solv.
This is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King lived during a time where you were judged by the color of your skin. So, Martin Luther King decided to fig. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, in Memphis, TN. While standing on the balcony of his hotel, he was shot by James Earl Ray. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington D.C. Photo by Ducksters.
Interesting Facts about Martin Luther King, Jr. King was the youngest person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is a national holiday. At. Teaching students about Martin Luther King Jr.’s life and legacy is a great way to show how courage and resilience can change the world. The inspirational message of Dr. King and the stories of his efforts to end segregation and racism in America will have a tremendous impact on students as they recognize how Dr.
King’s words still resonate today. While there will not be classes on Dr. Martin Luther King Day, Monday, January 18, the campus will be part of an IU social justice conference, offered online. Join all of IU to hear faculty, staff, and student-led panels. Featured speakers include Civil rights icon Angela Davis, as well as Alicia Garza, co-founder of Black Lives Matter. Frida Kahlo Coloring Book: Coloring Books For Adults And Kids On Her Trail: My Mother, Nancy Dickerson, TV News' First Woman Star My Country, 'Tis of Thee: My Faith, My Family, Our Future Malcolm X und Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. (20,3 x 25,4 cm – Gerahmter Kunstdruck – Schwarzer Rahmen) Qualität schwarzen Rahmen; 25,4 x 20,3 cm; Open Edition; Schiffe, gerahmt und fertig zum. Mayor John Tecklenburg introduces Anita Zucker at a press conference Tuesday, Decem, as the keynote speaker for the the 49th annual Rev.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration breakfast. Martin Luther King Jr. Scholarship Application Eligibility. To be considered for the Martin Luther King Jr. Scholarship, students must: Be a high school senior who is a resident of or attending school in one of the following zip codes and be on track to graduate by June,; (Franklin, Garfield, NOVA, interagency sites, Rainier Beach, South Lake.


The Moorings on Hidden Lake
Hidden Lake is located on the south edge of Westminster, at West 68th Avenue between Lowell and Sheridan boulevards.
The 87.8-acre body of water is surrounded by residences, along with Westminster High School to the north and the 8.6-acre Hidden Lake Open Space to the west. Many of the homes around the lake include boat docks.
While much of the lakeshore is private property, public access to the western shoreline is found by parking along West 69th Avenue off Sheridan Boulevard. Hidden Lake Park, located on its eastern shore along Lowell Boulevard and West 66th Avenue, also provides a point of access.
Water enters the lake from the northwest and comes primarily from stormwater runoff. This may be supplemented by the Reno Juchem Ditch, which originates from Clear Creek. Excess water exits the lake through a spillway located along the short eastern dam wall near Hidden Lake Park. From there it enters a storm drain and ends up in Clear Creek.
The lake and its water have not been used in decades other than for recreational purposes. Today the lakebed is owned by four different entities and these are separate from the surface recreational rights.
When Colorado was first settled in the 1860s, there was just dry land and no lake at this location. However, one appeared there by the late 1880s – how this came about is not currently known.
Over the following decade, this shallow body of water came to be known as Westminster Lake or Mayham Reservoir. It appears to have been about the same size that it is today. These early names indicate that the lake was originally named after Westminster University and not the town of Westminster, which was founded years later in 1911. Westminster University was a Presbyterian college located two miles north of Hidden Lake between Federal and Lowell boulevards (the landmark facility later became associated with the Pillar of Fire Church and Belleview College and remains standing today). Throughout the 1890s, New York philanthropist Henry Mayham (1851-1927) was busy promoting the school. In addition to raising funds and working with architects, he speculated in area properties and development schemes. Through means that are no longer clear but may be attributed to Henry Mayham himself, the large shallow lake south of the college became known as Westminster Lake or Mayham Reservoir, names that stuck with it for some time.
By the 1930s, the lake had become known as Mud Lake, a more fitting designation because it was actually a very shallow, silted-in body of water that was largely a mud flat. Open fields and country residences surrounded the lake, which by then was situated one-half mile south of the original town of Westminster. A marsh occupied the grounds to the west, between the lake and Sheridan Boulevard.
During the 1950s, a greenhouse operation was constructed along the lake’s north shore, possibly to take advantage of the nearby water. It also appears that the eastern shore was reshaped during this period to form an earthen dam wall.
Between the 1960s and 1980s, the lake retreated somewhat from its earlier shoreline as it became silted-in and shallower. Residences began to appear along the south shore during the 1960s and in 1976 Westminster High School was constructed to the north (this building was demolished and replaced with the new high school found there today which opened in 2010). During the mid-1980s, the lake was dredged and deepened.
Over the following several years, the soils excavated from the lakebed were used by the Colorado Department of Transportation to construct the nearby segment of Interstate 76 between Lowell Boulevard and Interstate 25.
Deepening of the lake improved its overall health and appearance and it remains a place of recreation and scenic beauty today.


Oglethorpe University Presidential Announcement – March 11
Join us as we introduce the 17th president of Oglethorpe University.
Wednesday, March 11 at 4 p.m.
Conant Performing Arts Center
Reception with the new president to follow
No RSVP required
Watch the announcement live on Facebook
In April 2019, Oglethorpe’s 16th president, Dr. Lawrence M. Schall, announced that he will step down, effective June 30, 2020 after 15 years of service to the university. His successor has been chosen by a committee of faculty, staff, students, alumni and trustees following an exhaustive international search.
Be a part of history as his successor is announced and we celebrate the next era at Oglethorpe!
Archived video of the announcement, photos and more information about our 17th president will be posted online at oglethorpe.edu/president17 following the live event.


Yarmouth History Center’s mission is to collect, preserve, and educate the public about the history of the town of Yarmouth and the area of ancient North Yarmouth. We exhibit and share our wonderful local history collection at our museum at 118 East Elm Street in Yarmouth, Maine and are now thrilled to offer a new digital archive of Yarmouth’s own newspaper, The Shopping Notes, published from 1953 until 2021. This online collection is available free of charge to all. Our initial digitization phase includes the earliest issues, but we plan to continue digitizing this extensive archival collection and sharing it here. If you would like to make a contribution to support this effort, please visit our website (https://www.yarmouthmehistory.org/the-notes/) or call us at 207-846-6259.


Swedish massage . . . the classic massage.
Swedish massage, as we think of it in the United States, is a modality that was brought to Europe from India via France.
This modality was erroneously thought to have been first used and documented in the West by Swede Peter Henry Ling (1776-1837), at one time widely considered to be the Father of Swedish Massage. Ling was not the person who documented the strokes known under the French names we recognize today and use in the massage.
It was really Dutch practitioner, Johan George Mezger (1838-1909), who documented the strokes we in the United States think of as Swedish Massage. Swedish massage, utilizing effleurage (stroking), petrissage (kneading) and other strokes is called classic massage in Europe.
Thus, the massage we traditionally think of as Swedish massage might easily be considered a classic massage with roots as old as Sanskrit!
1. Pages from History: Swedish Massage from Massage Magazine, Robert Noah Calvert, April 23, 2014


It is a date that will be remembered for all time. July 20 1969 – the day man first set foot on the moon. That one shining moment was witnessed by a television audience of six hundred million people across the globe. Remarkably, those immortal images came via a “dish” in outback Australia. It may have been one small step for man, but for a handful of Aussie scientists, it was a giant leap. And one that almost didn’t happen…..Based on an amazing true story The Dish tells the funny and moving tale of Australia’s part in the Apollo 11 moon mission.


High Wycombe Junior Football Club
PO Box 2071
High Wycombe WA 6057
Located in the Kalamunda Shire, Scott Reserve is named in honour of E.W. Scott, who fought and lost his life during World War II and is the Home of the Mighty Bulldogs.
Newburn and Norling Roads
High Wycombe 6057


IB General Talks
In the realm of academic inquiry, the study of history holds immense significance as it allows us to understand the past and its implications on the present. This article aims to provide an overview of various intriguing ideas for an IB History Internal Assessment (IA) by exploring a wide range of topics from different angles. By examining primary sources from diverse perspectives, students will be able to analyze historical events objectively and gain a deeper understanding of their causes and consequences. Furthermore, this article delves into exploring the role of women in historical movements as well as investigating the impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures. It also highlights the importance of comparing different revolutions and examining the role played by technology in historical change. The significance of art, literature, economic systems, and women's involvement in political movements is also explored within this comprehensive guide. By adhering to an objective and impersonal academic style, this article aims to create a safe environment for readers seeking knowledge about IB History IA ideas.
Analyzing primary sources from different perspectives allows historians to gain a more comprehensive understanding of historical events by considering multiple viewpoints and interpreting the evidence in an objective manner. By examining primary sources such as letters, diaries, photographs, and official documents, historians can access the thoughts, experiences, and motivations of individuals who lived during the time period being studied. This approach helps to counterbalance any biases or limitations that may exist within a single source and provides a more nuanced interpretation of historical events.
When historians analyze primary sources from different perspectives, they are able to uncover hidden narratives and challenge prevailing interpretations. For example, by examining primary sources written by both settlers and indigenous peoples during colonial periods, historians can gain insights into the contrasting perceptions of colonization. This allows for a more accurate representation of the complex dynamics at play during these historical moments.
Furthermore, analyzing primary sources from different perspectives encourages historians to consider alternative explanations for events and phenomena. It prompts them to critically evaluate their own assumptions and question dominant narratives. This process not only enriches our understanding of history but also fosters empathy and respect for diverse viewpoints.
Transitioning to the subsequent section about investigating the causes and consequences of historical events…
Examining the factors that led to significant historical events and their subsequent repercussions is a crucial aspect of historical inquiry. By investigating the causes and consequences of these events, historians can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and dynamics at play during different periods in history. Some key points to consider when exploring this subtopic include:
By examining these various factors in depth, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of why significant historical events unfolded as they did. This knowledge serves as an important foundation for further exploration into other aspects of history such as exploring the role of women in historical movements.
Investigating the contribution of women to historical movements provides a captivating glimpse into the often overlooked perspectives and roles they played in shaping significant events. Throughout history, women have been active participants in various social, political, and cultural movements. Despite facing numerous challenges and pervasive gender biases, their contributions have been vital in effecting change.
One example of the role of women in historical movements is the suffragette movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Women fought tirelessly for their right to vote, organizing protests, lobbying for legislative changes, and raising awareness about gender inequality. Their efforts eventually led to significant reforms and paved the way for future advancements in women's rights.
Women also played crucial roles in civil rights movements around the world. In the United States, figures like Rosa Parks and Coretta Scott King were at the forefront of advocating for racial equality. Similarly, activists such as Malala Yousafzai fought for girls' education rights in Pakistan.
By examining these historical movements through a gender lens, we gain a comprehensive understanding of how women contributed to societal progress despite facing immense obstacles. This analysis allows us to appreciate their resilience and determination while acknowledging that their struggles continue today.
Transitioning into examining the impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures allows us to delve further into understanding historical injustices inflicted upon marginalized communities.
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Delving into the repercussions of colonialism on indigenous cultures offers a profound insight into the historical injustices suffered by marginalized communities. This examination unravels a complex tapestry of cultural, social, and economic transformations that occurred as a result of colonization.
Exploring these multifaceted impacts is crucial in understanding the lasting consequences of colonialism on indigenous cultures. It sheds light on the struggles faced by these communities in reclaiming their heritage and asserting their rights in post-colonial societies.
Transitioning now to comparing and contrasting different revolutions…
Comparing and contrasting different revolutions allows for a comprehensive analysis of their distinct characteristics, objectives, and outcomes. By examining the similarities and differences between various revolutionary movements, one can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to their success or failure.
Revolutionary movements such as the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Russian Revolution are often studied in history due to their significant impact on political systems and societal structures. While all these revolutions aimed to bring about change in their respective societies, they differed in terms of their underlying causes, methods employed, and ultimate outcomes.
The American Revolution sought independence from British rule and established a democratic system of government based on principles of liberty and equality. In contrast, the French Revolution was driven by social inequality and sought to overthrow an oppressive monarchy. The Russian Revolution aimed to dismantle the autocratic rule of the Tsarist regime and establish a socialist state.
Despite these variations, all three revolutions witnessed extensive violence and upheaval during their course. Additionally, each revolution had its own unique set of challenges and complexities that influenced its outcome.
Transitioning into the subsequent section about investigating the role of propaganda in shaping public opinion it is important to understand how revolutions utilize various means to shape narratives that influence public perception.
To gain a nuanced understanding of the impact of propaganda on public opinion, it is crucial to explore the mechanisms by which revolutionary movements strategically manipulate information dissemination to shape narratives and sway societal perceptions. Propaganda plays a significant role in shaping public opinion during times of revolution as it serves as a powerful tool for controlling and influencing the thoughts and behaviors of individuals. By exploiting emotions, biases, and fears, propaganda can effectively mold public sentiment towards supporting or opposing revolutionary causes.
One way in which propaganda shapes public opinion is through the use of persuasive techniques such as emotional appeals, loaded language, and selective presentation of facts. Revolutionary movements often employ these methods to create a sense of urgency, unity, or national pride among their supporters. Additionally, they may demonize their opponents or present them as threats to societal values and stability.
To better understand this phenomenon, we can examine a table comparing various revolutions and their respective propaganda strategies:
RevolutionPropaganda StrategyRussian Revolution (1917)Utilized posters and pamphlets to depict the ruling elite as oppressive exploitersChinese Communist Revolution (1949)Employed mass campaigns featuring slogans and images that glorified communism
Analyzing the impact of World War II on global politics allows us to further comprehend how historical events can shape international relations beyond wartime conflicts. Despite its devastating consequences, World War II marked a turning point in global politics by reshaping power dynamics among nations and establishing new international institutions.
By examining the aftermath of World War II through an analytical lens, we can delve into its long-term effects on diplomacy, economic systems, human rights frameworks, and territorial boundaries worldwide. This analysis will shed light on how this transformative event influenced political ideologies such as nationalism or liberalism while also providing insights into post-war reconstruction efforts aimed at fostering peace and stability.
Transitioning from studying the role of propaganda in shaping public opinion during revolutions to analyzing the impacts of World War II on global politics allows us to explore how historical events intersect and influence one another, ultimately shaping the course of human history.
The impact of World War II on global politics can be analyzed by examining its lasting effects on diplomatic relations, economic systems, human rights frameworks, and territorial boundaries worldwide. Firstly, the war led to a significant shift in diplomatic relations as new alliances were formed and old ones dissolved. The United Nations was established as a platform for international cooperation and conflict resolution, aiming to prevent future global conflicts. Secondly, the economic systems of many countries underwent profound changes due to the war's destruction and subsequent reconstruction efforts. This period saw the rise of new economic powers such as the United States and the Soviet Union, leading to a bipolar world order during the Cold War era. Additionally, World War II brought about greater recognition and protection of human rights worldwide. The atrocities committed during this conflict highlighted the need for international legal frameworks that safeguarded individuals from similar abuses in the future. Lastly, territorial boundaries were redrawn after the war with numerous countries gaining or losing land based on post-war agreements and treaties.
In exploring the influence of religion on historical events, it is essential to consider how religious beliefs have shaped societies throughout time.
Religion's profound influence on historical events can be observed through its role in shaping societies and guiding individuals' actions in significant moments throughout history. From ancient civilizations to modern times, religion has played a pivotal role in shaping the beliefs, values, and behaviors of communities worldwide. By examining the influence of religion on historical events, we gain a deeper understanding of how faith has impacted political, social, and cultural developments.
To illustrate this point, let us consider a 2-column and 5-row table that showcases some notable examples where religion influenced historical events:
Historical EventRole of ReligionThe CrusadesReligious conflict between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy LandThe Protestant ReformationMartin Luther's challenge to Catholic Church authority led to religious schism within ChristianityThe Indian Independence MovementMahatma Gandhi's religious beliefs shaped his nonviolent resistance against British colonial ruleThe Iranian RevolutionAyatollah Khomeini's Islamic ideology drove the overthrow of the Shah and establishment of an Islamic republicThe Civil Rights Movement in the United StatesReligious leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. drew inspiration from their faith to fight for racial equality
This table serves as a reminder that religion has been intricately intertwined with historical events throughout time.
Transitioning into the subsequent section about investigating the role of technology in historical change, it is important to recognize that just as religion has shaped past events, technology continues to shape our world today.
Technology has played a transformative role in shaping historical events, revolutionizing industries, and altering the course of human civilization. Throughout history, advancements in technology have propelled societies forward, facilitating new forms of communication, transportation, and production. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge, enabling the spread of ideas and information on a mass scale. Similarly, the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries brought about significant changes with inventions such as steam engines and mechanized textile production.
Technological innovations have also had profound effects on warfare and military strategies. The development of gunpowder during the Middle Ages shifted power dynamics by democratizing warfare and rendering traditional fortifications obsolete. In more recent times, advancements in communication technology have transformed how wars are fought with drones and cyber capabilities becoming integral components.
Moreover, technology has shaped economic systems by creating new industries while making others obsolete. The advent of automation has drastically altered labor markets while computerization has revolutionized data processing and analysis. These technological changes have led to both opportunities for growth as well as challenges such as job displacement.
Technology's impact on historical change cannot be underestimated. From its influence on communication to its role in warfare and economic systems, technology continues to shape our world today. Transitioning into examining the role of art and literature in historical movements demonstrates another aspect where cultural expressions have influenced societal transformations throughout history without directly mentioning 'step'.
Examining the cultural expressions of art and literature provides insight into the transformative power they had in shaping historical movements. Art and literature have long been used as powerful tools to convey messages, challenge societal norms, and inspire collective action. Throughout history, artists and writers have played a crucial role in advocating for social change and highlighting significant issues within their societies.
Artistic movements such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, or Modernism not only brought forth new aesthetic ideas but also served as catalysts for broader societal shifts. For example, during the Renaissance period in Europe, art became a means of expressing humanist ideals and challenging religious dogma. This artistic movement not only influenced visual arts but also contributed to political changes that emphasized individualism and secularism.
Similarly, literature has often acted as a mirror reflecting society's struggles and aspirations. Literary works like George Orwell's "1984" or Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" have shed light on oppressive systems and fueled public discourse around important issues such as totalitarianism or slavery.
By examining the role of art and literature in historical movements, we gain a deeper understanding of how these cultural expressions can shape collective consciousness and inspire social change. Transitioning into analyzing the impact of economic systems on societies allows us to explore another crucial aspect in understanding historical transformations without losing sight of their interconnectedness.
Economic systems have a profound impact on societies, shaping their structures and influencing the distribution of resources and opportunities. The choice of economic system, whether it is capitalism, socialism, or communism, affects not only the way wealth is generated and allocated but also the social relationships within a society.
Capitalism, for example, emphasizes private ownership and free market competition. This can lead to economic growth and innovation but also to inequality as wealth concentrates in the hands of a few. In contrast, socialism aims to address this inequality by advocating for collective ownership and government intervention in economic affairs. While it promotes more equitable distribution of resources, it may also reduce individual incentives for innovation.
Communism takes collectivism even further by advocating for the abolition of private property altogether. While this can create an egalitarian society where everyone's needs are met, history has shown that centralized planning often leads to inefficiencies and lack of motivation.
Understanding the impact of different economic systems on societies allows us to analyze historical events through an economic lens. It helps explain why certain societies have experienced rapid industrialization and others have struggled with poverty. Investigating how these economic systems intersected with gender dynamics provides valuable insights into understanding societal transformations throughout history.
In examining the role of women in political movements…
Investigating the role of women in political movements provides a deeper understanding of how gender dynamics have shaped societal transformations throughout history. Women have played significant roles in numerous political movements, often challenging traditional norms and advocating for equal rights and opportunities. Their contributions have been instrumental in advancing social justice and promoting inclusivity within political systems.
To delve into this topic further, consider the following:
Understanding the role of women in political movements helps us recognize their agency, resilience, and determination to effect positive change despite facing systemic barriers. By acknowledging their contributions, we can work towards building safer and more equitable societies for everyone involved.
The role of women in political movements has evolved over time, with increasing opportunities for participation and leadership. This transformation reflects societal changes and the ongoing struggle for gender equality.
The impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures was influenced by several key factors, including the level of resistance from indigenous communities, the economic exploitation by colonizers, and the imposition of cultural assimilation policies.
Different revolutions throughout history varied in their outcomes and methods. While some led to significant societal changes, others resulted in violent conflicts. Understanding these differences is crucial for analyzing the impact of revolutions on societies.
The use of propaganda has played a significant role in shaping public opinion throughout different historical periods. It has been employed to manipulate and influence the masses by promoting specific ideologies, controlling information, and creating a sense of national unity or enemy.
World War II had a profound impact on global politics and shaped the post-war world order. It led to the rise of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers, the creation of international organizations like the United Nations, and the division of Europe into Eastern and Western blocs.
In conclusion, the IB History IA offers a wide range of topics for students to explore and analyze. By examining primary sources from different perspectives and investigating the causes and consequences of historical events, students can gain a deeper understanding of the past. Additionally, exploring the role of women in historical movements and investigating the impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures allows for a more inclusive and comprehensive examination of history. By comparing different revolutions, analyzing the role of technology in historical change, examining art and literature's influence on historical movements, and studying the impact of economic systems on societies, students can develop critical thinking skills and engage with complex issues. Furthermore, investigating the role of women in political movements highlights their contributions throughout history. The IB History IA provides an opportunity for students to delve into various aspects of history, fostering a deeper appreciation for its complexities.


In this powerful 3 DVD series, John reveals how the blessings and curses America has endured are in direct correlation with how we treat Israel.
In this DVD, John brings American history alive as, starting from George Washington, he shows how involved the Jewish people were in America. You will be amazed to see the Jewish involvement in the Revolution and Civil War, and how God used America to help bring about His prophetic plan for Israel.
This DVD covers the correlation between pressuring Israel to divide the land and the corresponding disaster hitting America. John shows his documentation for the events and you can see the correlations with your own eyes. Many of the events are together as front page headlines.
In this DVD, John uses maps to show the modern names for the countries mentioned in Bible prophecy that are destroyed in war with Israel. These maps bring the Bible alive for the hour we live.


History of Calicut Medical College
Calicut Medical College is situated to the
north east of Calicut city in Kerala, about 10 km from the city center.It was established
in 1957. The sprawling campus of 270
acres at Chevayoor village is on a hilly terrain with picturesque surroundings. Apart from the Medical College building, the campus houses the New Medical College Hospital (NMCH), the Institute of Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), the Institute of Chest Diseases, Dental and Nursing Colleges, hostels for students, interns, nurses and houses for accommodation of medical and non-medical staff.
The foundation stone of the College was laid
by Dr. B. Ramakrishna Rao, the then Governor of Kerala,on the 29th of May, 1956.The
college was officially inaugurated on the 5th of August, 1957 by Dr. A.R. Menon, the
Health Minister of Kerala.This was the second medical college of Kerala state.(Not
accepted by many including me!! See note at the bottom of this page).
Dr. K.N. Pisharody was appointed as the first Principal. The pre-clinical departments were shifted to the campus in the year1959 only.The Medical College Hospital with 1183 beds was completed in 1966.Until then the medical students used to go the the district hospital at Calicut beach (Beach Hospital) for clinical training.This new hospital was known as the New Medical College Hospital or better known as NMCH an acronym used even today.The Dental College situated to the west of the campus near Koovor was inaugurated on the 16th of April, 1984.The Institute of Maternal and Child Health (IMCH) with 610 beds was opened in 1975.The Institute of Chest Diseases was commissioned in November, 1990.The Nursing College and the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center were added later.
The Medical College Hospital is a tertiary referral center. The IMCH and Dental Colleges accept walk in patients.The hospital complex caters to the six northern districts of the state of Kerala covering approximately 40 % of the population of the state.
According to Prof. Emeritus M.G. Sahadevan., F.R.C.P. (London), the first medical college of Kerala was started at Calicut, in 1942-43, during the Second World War. Due to shortage of doctors to serve the military, the British Government decided to open a branch of Madras Medical College in Malabar, which was under Madras Presidency then. The Medical School was started close to the then district hospital at Kottaparamba ( now Women and Children's Hospital). The war was over before the medical students completed their course. After the war, the medical school at Calicut was closed and the students continued their studies at Madras Medical College. Captain A.B. Das,(late) a veteran doctor who practised in Calicut belonged to that batch. Nothing much is known about other students who might have served in British military.Until recently the building which housed the medical school was the R.D.O office.The building next to that is the public health laboratory even now and the buildings beyond those are the doctor's quarters of W & C Hospital even now.
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ABOUT THE MAGAZINE
If you didn’t know the actual facts, you’d be forgiven for thinking Jackie was created by a pop music guru or a super- trendy fashionista, but nothing could be further from the truth. The magazine was the brainchild of Gordon Small, a former RAF aero engine fitter who was far from being an aficionado of the music industry or an expert in style. Gordon was the magazine’s founder and first editor. Along with a creative team, he produced Jackie, an exciting new magazine “for go-ahead teens” which went on to be the best-selling teenage title for 10 years.
As for keeping up with pop music and the charts, teenagers listened to the hits on Radio Luxembourg under woollen bed covers! (Duvets hadn’t hit homes in the UK.) So it’s not surprising their magazine played a major role in the lives of teenage girls – it was the highlight of their week. Jackie launched on Thursday, January 11, 1964. At just 6d, the equivalent of 21⁄2p, it was the must-have mag if you wanted to be up to date on what was hip and happening. In the same way, Top of the Pops was the must-see pop TV programme. Top of the Pops launched just ahead of Jackie with the first show airing on January 1, 1964.
Back then girls didn’t have iPads, laptops or mobiles. There was no telly in their bedroom. The family TV was more than likely rented and there was a choice of just three channels – a far cry from today’s world of multi- channel TV that’s accessible 24/7.
Jackie’s address printed in the magazine was 185 Fleet Street, Fetter Lane, London EC4A 2HS, but in reality it was actually produced hundreds of miles away in the north east of Scotland. It was created in Dundee a city famous for its jute, jam and journalism. The thinking behind the London address was to give the title more kudos and to make it appear that Jackie was produced at the centre of the cool capital. The magazine was a lively mix of fashion and beauty tips, pop gossip, horoscopes, fun quizzes, love stories and life advice, including the all-important tips on how to get a boy – and keep him!
The top-selling teen title continually evolved to stay in tune with its readers, ensuring it was always bang on trend. Jackie was a fabulous magazine that was loved by everyone who read it and everybody who worked on it, so in the words of David Cassidy, could it be forever? Sadly, no – the presses rolled for the last time on issue dated July 3, 1993.
However, it was maybe “bye bye baby” but there is no doubt that the magazine holds special memories for millions of women who will never forget the huge part Jackie played in their teenage years.
Jackie was a hit right from the start with sales reaching an all-time high in the early seventies when they peaked at over a million. Readers loved the pin-ups, and posters of pop idols such as David Cassidy, Donny Osmond and David Essex adorned the bedroom walls of thousands of teenage fans. Fashion also played a major role in the magazine and throughout its life an amazing array of weird and wonderful gear graced the pages, including jeans with enormous flares, maxi skirts and the proverbial huge platform shoes. Bright purple was all the rage and Biba was big news. In the early years of Jackie the fashions were drawn. The artwork was striking and very stylised. But as time went on the magazine also moved on and Jackie changed from using drawn artwork to photographing “real”’ models on location.


Hot Tuna will make its first-ever appearance at the Camden Opera House for one night only on Wednesday, February 22, at 7:30 p.m., joined by mandolin player Barry Mitterhoff.
Hot Tuna was created by guitarist Jorma Kaukonen and bassist Jack Casady, as a spinoff of Jefferson Airplane. The band began playing independently in 1970, and they have recorded and toured ever since.
In the 1990s Hot Tuna developed a new focus on acoustic music, and they began performing primarily original and traditional blues songs in more intimate venues.
Kaukonen and Casady, along with members of Jefferson Airplane, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
Tickets are $39 general admission, available online at www.BrownPaperTickets.com or at HAV II in Camden, The Reading Corner in Rockland, Bella Books in Belfast, Mexicali Blues in Newcastle and Musician’s 1st Choice in Augusta.


About the Firm
The founding partner of the firm, Judge George R. McCormick, was born in Great Barrington in 1904. Judge McCormick graduated from Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., and began his professional career in New York City. Judge McCormick returned to Great Barrington in 1933 to open his own law practice.
On December 28, 1960, Judge McCormick was appointed as Presiding Justice of the Southern Berkshire District Court and served in this capacity until his death in 1974.
William P. Murtagh, a native of Great Barrington, joined Judge McCormick in 1954 and practiced law together under the name of McCormick & Murtagh at offices located at the corner of Castle Street and Main Street on the second floor of the former Mahaiwe Bank building.
William P. Murtagh retired on August 1, 1996 and remained Of Counsel to the firm until his death in 2006.
Edward G. McCormick, the great nephew of Judge McCormick, was born and raised in Great Barrington. Ed graduated from St. Anselm College, Suffolk University Law School and was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1971. He joined the firm with Judge McCormick and William Murtagh in 1972 and retired in January of 2018.
On May 28, 1994, Dana E. Marcus joined the firm as a partner. Dana, also a native of Great Barrington, is a graduate of Boston University and Suffolk University Law School. Dana relocated to Florida in 2006.
Current Managing Partner, Kathleen M. McCormick, daughter of Edward G. McCormick, joined the firm as an associate. Kathleen became a partner in March 2009. Also born and raised in Great Barrington, she is a graduate of Boston College and Suffolk University Law School, and was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 2002.
McCormick, Murtagh & Marcus, continues its general practice with a concentration in residential and commercial real estate, business and corporate law, estate planning, estate administration and probate, elder law, litigation, municipal law, land use, zoning, labor, employment and litigation.
Since 1978, the firm's offices have been located at 390 Main Street in the historic William Cullen Bryant House, Great Barrington's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark.


All of us know Ningbo at some level. No doubt. We live here. It is a truly beautiful place, with our favourite bars and pubs, shining shopping malls, new Metro lines etc. The list of the convenience that modern Ningbo brings us can go on and on. However, to the people who have kept the necessary curiosity of the world around them, seeing only its image of present day is simply not enough. They want to know more about it so that one day they can tell their children, “I once lived in a place in eastern China on the coastline named Ningbo. I know that place, because I really lived there.”
Luckily we are among the people who are curious and want to learn the history of Ningbo. That is why we are going to have this new column in our magazine. It’s called “Ningbo in History”.
Well, where shall we start with? I guess for everyone, the first place we know in Ningbo is Laowaitan. So let’s start from there.
Laowaitan, or the Old Bund, also known as the North Riverbank (Chinese: 江北岸; Pinyin: Jiang1 bei3 an4; Ningbonese: kaon1 pih4 ngae1 ), is a waterfront area on the north bank of the Yong River in Jiangbei District, Ningbo.
The Old Bund has been part of the Port of Ningbo for trading since 1842 when the Sino-Britain Treaty of Nanking was signed. In 1844, Ningbo was officially opened as a trading port, the North Riverbank was hence the residential spot for foreign merchants from Britain, France and US. The North Riverbank became the first Bund in China, 20 years before The Bund of Shanghai.
In December 1861 when rebellion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom conquered Ningbo city, the North Riverbank fell into complete control of British and French military. Hundreds and thousands of Chinese rushed into the residential spot for foreign merchants, making this area densely populated. On 13th January 1862, consuls of Britain, France and US reached an agreement, stating the boundaries of the residential area. Foreign people lived freely in this area with no interference from Qing government or the Taiping rebellion, with many kinds of privileges including having their own police force and arresting at will local Chinese people and merchants from other countries. At the same year, French tried to set up another area “governed” by French only, but failed to do so due to opposition from all other forces.
Henceforth, the North Riverbank has seen a turbulent recent history, same as the old kingdom of China, and at the same time it has begun modernization. By the early 20th century, the North Riverbank had become the main area for commerce with all kinds of businesses and merchant stores, shipping companies, night clubs and theaters, and modern streets and buildings such as British Consulate, Cathedral, Banks and Zhejiang Customs. Many of the buildings can still be seen today and some are pictured here.
However, many of the buildings have fallen, including the interesting tower pictured here. If any reader knows what this building is, feel free to write me at alan at ningboguide.com with your answer. If you’re stumped, you’ll have to wait until next month’s installment to find out the answer. Until then, stay curious Ningbo.


An authentic bastide
Our house is an authentic bastide built in the late eighteenth century.
The term "Bastide" originated in the 18th century when it became fashionable for wealthy families who lived in large towns like Marseilles to spend
some time in the summer in these houses built in the countryside, far from the stress of their urban lives. The houses were built and staffed generously,
both for working in the olive groves, vineyards and other land around, and for maintaining the house itself,
even though their owners would typically continue to reside in town for most of the year.
Our bastide was probably the home of the masters of the area located in the Northwest of Lorgues-en-Provence and that is still known as the "Domaine du Pin" (Pine area).
At the time, the bastide was entirely surrounded by olive groves that span these Provençal terraces called "restanques". Vine rows were planted between the trees.
Olive oil and wine, our ancestors knew how to focus on what really matters! Every year we harvest the olive grove that you can contemplate from the rooms facing the South. We then bring the olives to the local oil mill.
Our bastide is firmly seated on the hillside, at an altitude of 250 meters, and built with surprisingly thick walls as the thickness of some of the exterior walls exceed one meter!
That guarantees a cool temperature inside the house, even during the hottest summers.
A respectful renovation
The bastide has been fully renovated twelve years ago in accordance with the original plans and traditions of Provence. In some places in the main staircase as well as in
several rooms, you can see the original tiles dating back to the 18th century. Elsewhere, the old tiles were replaced by traditional Provençal tiles called "tommettes". The decoration of the house makes
an important usage of ceramics from Salernes, the next village to the west and the Mecca of ceramic art .
Thanks to the expertise of Adeo-Web, we are pleased to offre you a virtual tour of la Bastide du Pin and its garden. Note that it is nicer in the full screen mode!
You can browse through the various images thanks to the menus on the left or to the first two icons in the icon bar at the bottom.
The bastide is set on a hillside, surrounded by a 11,000 m² park: take a moment to enjoy the shade of the pine tree with a good book, wander in the garden in the scent of lavender and roses or watch the olives and figs maturing...
Lorgues is a typical Provençal village, with its main street planted with plane trees, with its fountains and wash-houses, its weekly market (several markets each week in summer).


Te-ai săturat de reclame ?! ...și noi :) - Filme noi subtitrate fara restrictie
Acum poti viziona online filmele tale preferate in liniste.Singurul site de filme online gratis subtitrate in limba romana.
Before Spartacus struck down his first opponent in the arena, there were many gladiators who passed though the gates onto the sand.'Spartacus: Gods of the Arena' tells the story of the original Champion of the House of Batiatus: Gannicus in a more ruthless time before Spartacus' arrival where honor was just finding it's way into the arena.


Russian Superfortress Airplane
In the 1930s the Russian army was obsessed by the idea of creating huge airplanes. The images below are of a super-sized Russian airplane, the K-7 heavy bomber, built during the 1930s. The plane flew 11 times before crashing and killing 15 people. The designer, Konstantin Kalinin, wanted to build two more planes, but the project was scrapped. Later, Stalin had Kalinin executed. Evidently, it was not good to fail on an expensive project under Stalin.
The plane had propellers on the back of the wings, and 12 engines facing front. The size would be roughly equivalent to the Empire State Building on its side, with cannons.
At the time this plane was built jet propulsion had not been implemented, so the plane was engineered to have as many propellers as possible to help carry the huge flying fortress into the air.
Not many photos were saved from the era when these kinds of planes were built because of the high secrecy levels of such projects, but the photos reveal how remarkable these planes were.


First United Methodist Church is located at 805 Canal Street NE in the historic district of Decatur, Alabama. We are one block east of Bank Street and adjacent to the landmark Old State Bank.
Please come and visit us. We would love to have you!
First United Methodist Church
805 Canal Street N.E.
Decatur, AL 35601


Onesphore & Josephine Rwaje haves been wonderful friends to Rosemary & I since we first got to know them in 1997-8. Rwaje became Bishop of Byumba, in northern Rwanda, in 1991 when the diocese was created. His leadership has been outstanding through troubled times. Byumba was affected by war in the early years, as the RPF moved in from Uganda. Then the genocide happened in 1994. Following that Rwaje was immediately engaged in the rebuilding of the church and nation. Byumba diocese has seen real growth in church numbers, in its leadrs and in its engagement with social transformation. Rwaje has a wonderful sense of humour, with always a twinkle in his eye. He is deeply prayerful. He is committed to faithfully making the good news of Jesus Christ known.
He has made brave decisions. He has faced real hardships. It was an absolute honour to be present today at his intallation as archbishop. The ceremony lasted nearly 6 hours; for the second half of which the President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame was present. The Archbishop of Burundi preached wittily and powerfully. The Archbishops of Kenya and Tanzania were also present; so too was Bob Duncan, Prsiding bishop of ACNA (Anglican Church in North America). I was officially representing the Archbishop of Canterbury and his letter of congratulation was welcomed and received with very warm applause. Bishops were present from across Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, United States, Canada. There were many ecumenical representatives – and around 9,000 in the congregation. The use of the football stadium at one of Rwanda’s many private universities worked well.
It is hard to convy the warmth that the Rwandans feel towards their new archbishop, and the affection they showed for the outgoing archbishop, Emmanuel Kolini. They are very different men in many ways but 1 in their passion for Jesus, the gospel, the nation of Rwanda and the Anglican communion. Both men at different times of the day said, ‘Be proud of being an Anglican.’
I am proud of being an Anglican today. I am deeply pleased to have been here standing alongside my sisters and brothers in this remarkable land. They have taught me so much over the years I have been visiting here. I am honoured to call these leaders friends. Rwaje’s task is not an easy one – being a Primate of any Anglican Province is no easy task, and comes with few thanks.


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No longer observed
Failed State Symbol Bills
Unofficial State Symbols
SEA 2. In 1978, Title 8 was revised by HEA 37 and the statute was simplified by removing many of the unnecessary words.
Sheridan's Green Hairstreak Butterfly (
SEA 20. The original bill called for it to be named the state insect, but the wording was changed to butterfly before the final reading.
The Code of the West, as derived from the book,
by James P. Owen, and summarized as follows:
1. Live each day with courage
2. Take pride in your work
3. Always finish what you start
4. Do what has to be done
5. Be tough, but fair
6. When you make a promise, keep it
7. Ride for the brand
8. Talk less, say more
9. Remember that some things are not for sale
10. Know where to draw the line
, Wyoming became the first state to adopt an symbolic state code of ethics, SEA 7.
Credit United States Mint, Pressroom Image Library
Sacajawea Golden Dollar Coin,
, SEA 7.
. The choice was made by a vote of 650 Wyoming schoolchildren in the spring of 1994. Wyoming was the first state to choose an official state dinosaur, SEA 16.
Cutthroat trout (
Before 1916, the state flag was simply the state seal printed in the center of a blue field. It was the flag carried by Wyoming National Guardsmen to the Philippines in the Spanish American War. The present state flag featuring the figure of the bison and state seal was drawn by Verna (Keays) Keyes for a Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR)-sponsored contest in 1916. Though the original drawing included a bison facing to the right, this was changed by Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard prior to introduction so that the bison would face west (left).
The following legend of the flag was written by Miss Keays and accompanied her design:
"The Great Seal of the State of Wyoming is the heart of the flag.
The seal of the bison represents the truly western custom of branding. The bison was once the 'monarch of the plains.'
The red border represents the Red Men, who knew and loved our country long before any of us were here; also, blood of the pioneers who gave their lives reclaiming the soil.
White is an emblem of purity and uprightness over Wyoming.
Blue, which is found in the bluest of blue Wyoming skies and the distant mountains, has through the ages been significant of fidelity, justice and virility.
And finally, the red, white and the blue of the flag of the State of Wyoming are the colors of the greatest flag in all the world, the Stars and Stripes of the United States of America."
In 1945, Mrs. Keyes was presented with one of the original flags. "...Through oversight, this state's resulting debt of gratitude to her has never been discharged; she has requested in lieu of any other reward or remuneration for services rendered, that one of the flags aforesaid be delivered to her as the property of, and to remain in the home or homes of, herself and her heirs only, upon condition that it shall never be otherwise displayed."
Verna (Keays) Keyes holds up a state flag, ca 1952. (WSA Sub Neg 26047)
An official Wyoming Territorial flag was designated in
. The design chosen was what appears to have been used unofficially during the territorial period, the territorial seal on a field of blue. SEA 26.
Wyoming National Guard regimental officers with what is thought to have been used as the Territorial flag and the American flag commemorating the Spanish American War of 1898. Camp ESOT near Dale Creek, Wyoming, 1910. (WSA Sub Neg 7202)
Indian paintbrush (
SEA 7. In 1978, Title 8 was revised by HEA 37 and the statute was simplified by removing many of the unnecessary words.
Fossilized fish (
HEA 2. In 1978, Title 8 was revised by HEA 37 and the statute was simplified by removing many of the unnecessary words.
Western Wheatgrass (
SEA 63. The bill originally called for blue grama (
) but was changed before being passed by the Senate.
SEA 56. The bill was introduced as SF 275, a bill designating the bison as the state mammal, the monarch butterfly as the state insect and the cutthroat trout as the state fish. It was significantly amended to delete reference to the insect and fish before it was passed naming the bison as the state mammal. This bill was in competition with HB 235 which also proposed a state mammal (pronghorn antelope), insect (monarch butterfly) and fish (cutthroat trout). HB 30 was also introduced during the session calling for the bison to be named the state mammal, but this bill died in committee.
HEA 56. In 1978, Title 8 was revised by HEA 37 and the statute was simplified by removing many of the unnecessary words. The motto can be seen on the official state seal.
Horned toad (
Phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre (Girad)
. In 1993, Larry Hodgson’s 3rd grade class at Gertrude Burns School in Newcastle began a campaign to make the horned toad the official state reptile. HEA 42.
The Wyoming State Seal as set in stone outside the state capitol building in Cheyenne.
, HB 23.
1891 State Legislature
approved a design for the state seal by Rep. Hugo Buechner, a Cheyenne jeweler. Enroute to
's desk for his signature,
replaced the approved design with one of his own (in which Lady Liberty had mysteriously lost her clothes.) The deception was not immediately realized but when it was, the local newspapers ran with the scandal. As
Secretary of State
, Barber declared that until a new seal was designated by the Legislature, the Territorial Seal would continue to be used.
During the summer of 1891, Barber commissioned Philadelphia artist Edmund A. Stewardson to design a new seal and to prepare a four foot wide plaster mold of it to be displayed in his office. Though the Legislative committee had suggested that the figure on the left "be made to represent a shepherd with his crook," the Stewardson design was adopted by the 1893 State Legislature with the minor alteration of replacing "cattle" with "livestock" as a compromise.
Soon after its adoption, the plaster seal was sent to the US Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Philadelphia so that the new official seal could be added to US bank notes and was subsequently misplaced.
The original 1893 statue read:
"Section 1, There shall be a great seal of the State of Wyoming, which shall be of the following design, viz: A circle two and one-fourth inches in diameter, on the outer rim or edge of which shall be engraven the words "Great Seal of the State of Wyoming", and the design shall conform substantially to the following description:
A pedestal, showing on the front thereof an eagle resting upon a shield, said shield to have engraven thereon a star and the figures "44," being the number of Wyoming in the order of admission to statehood. Standing upon the pedestal shall be a draped figure of a woman, modeled after the statue of "Victory of the Louvre," from whose wrists shall hang links of a broken chain, and holding in her right hand a staff, from the top of which shall float a banner with the words "Equal Rights," thereon, all suggesting the political position of woman in this State. On either side of the pedestal, and standing at the base thereof, shall be male figures typifying the live stock and mining industries of Wyoming. Behind the pedestal, and in the background, shall be two pillars, each supporting a lighted lamp, signifying the light of knowledge. Around each pillar shall be a scroll with the following words thereon: On the right of the central figure the words "Live Stock" and "Grain" and on the left the words "Mines" and "Oil." A the base of the pedestal, and in front, shall appear the figures "1869-1890," the former date signifying the organization of the Territory of Wyoming, and the latter the date of its admission to statehood. A facsimile of the above described seal is here represented and is hereby made a part of this act."
This photograph of the artist's plaster model accompanied the 1893 House bill. The word "Cattle" is clearly visible on the left column. (WSA SOS 1893 HB 23)
Several state seals are displayed around the Capitol Complex in Cheyenne. A pieced stone seal is set into the walk in front of the
, stained glass seals are set into the ceilings of both the House and Senate chambers in the Capitol Building, a
painted glass seal
appears in the lobby of the
. Granite monuments with bronze seals stand in front of many of the larger state buildings and smaller plaques with seals appear on most other
Detail from Thanksgiving Day 1869 proclamation by Gov. Campbell. (WSA RG001.1, proclamations)
The first Seal of the Wyoming Territory was designed by Wyoming's first governor
John A. Campbell
, who issued a proclamation on May 19, 1869, ordering its use until another could be adopted by the Territorial Legislature. This seal was used on printed documents, but never struck.
" Proclamation providing for a Territorial Seal
A mountain with a locomotive and train of cars crossing over its summit. Near the summit a spring of water, from which flow two streams, one to the east, and one to the west. In foreground at base of the mountain, a shovel and pickax, shepherd's crook and a plow grouped, all engraved on a shield; running from left to right on each side and underneath the shield the motto "Let us have Peace." Over the mountains the figures 1868.
Crest - an Elk's Head, surmounting fasces the whole surrounded by a double circle with the words "Wyoming Territory. Great Seal"
Ordered-That the above be the Great Seal of the Territory of Wyoming until another is adopted by the Legislature.
Detail from Thanksgiving Day 1874 proclamation by Gov. Campbell. (WSA RG001.1, proclamations)
The Seal adopted by the
on December 9, 1869, was, with some minor changes, in accordance with the design submitted by Governor Campbell.
The Legislative Act described it as follows:
"That the Seal of the Territory of Wyoming shall be of the following design, namely: A Norman shield, on the upper half of which is emblazoned a mountain scene, with a railroad train, the sun appearing above the horizon, the figures "1868" below the middle point of the top of the shield. On the first quarter below, on a white background, a plow, a pick, a shovel and a shepherd's crook; on the next quarter, namely: the lower point of the shield, on a red ground, an arm up-holding a drawn sword; the shield to be surmounted by the inscription, "Cedant Arma Toga," ["Let arms yield to the grown, or Let military authority give way to civil power."] and the entire design surrounded by the words, "Territory of Wyoming, great seal."
On March 10, 1882, the
amended the 1869 act correcting the error in the Latin quotation from
Cedant Arma Toga
Cedant Arma Togae
, also the year 1868 was changed to 1869. These were the only changes by law, but when struck, the Norman shield was embellished. This seal was used until the
Wyoming State Song (WSA P2009-85)
words by Charles E. Winter, music by George E. Knapp,
HEA 57. In 1978, Title 8 was revised by HEA 37 and the statute was simplified by removing many of the unnecessary words.
Secretary of State Lester Hunt commissioned Allen True to draw the original bucking horse logo to be used on the license plate in 1936. (WSA Brammar Neg 4030)
bucking horse and rider logo
, 1998 HEA 47.
The bucking horse and rider was commissioned by then Secretary of State Lester Hunt to decorate the 1936 license plate. It was designed by Denver artist Allen True, who also painted several of the murals hanging in the Wyoming Capitol Building's legislative chambers. The logo proved to be so popular and identifiable that it was also adopted by the
University of Wyoming
HEA 4 provided for the generic cottonwood as the state tree. Then in
, SEA 69 amended the statute to include the scientific name. In 1978, Title 8 was revised by HEA 37 and much of the original wording was removed, including explanation for the choice and description of the physical tree (which was no longer living at the time), leaving only the name.
The prototype of the Wyoming State Tree stood near Thermopolis on the Paul Klein ranch (originally the J.M. Cover homestead.) The tree measured 29 feet in circumference and 76 feet 11 inches in height and was the largest of its kind in the United States. It burned on May 1, 1955, following a lightening strike.
The State of Wyoming observes many Federal holidays, including New Years Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.
Wyoming Veterans Welcome Home Day (March 30):
"In recognition of the members of the United States armed forces who served bravely and faithfully for the United States during the Vietnam War, and to all those members of the United States armed forces who were not properly thanked or welcomed home following their military service, March 30 of each year is designated as "Wyoming Veterans Welcome Home Day." The day shall be appropriately observed in the public schools of the state and by organizations within the state. Additionally, it is recommended that Wyoming communities host "Wyoming Veterans Welcome Home Day" celebrations to ensure those members of the United States armed forces can be properly thanked and welcomed home."
Native American Day (1st Friday in May):
Wyoming Day (Dec. 10):
The designation of Wyoming Day, signed into law in
, ended a 20-year effort to select December 10 as the state’s official day. It was the anniversary of the date that
Gov. John A. Campbell
signed the Suffrage bill, granting equal rights to women in 1869. Statehood Day is July 10, commemorating President Harrison’s signing of the law admitting Wyoming to statehood in 1890. Designating Dec. 10 began with a resolution passed the Wyoming Federation of Women’s Clubs in 1917. Over the years, each legislature passed a resolution urging each governor to designate the day. It was not officially done until
Gov. Leslie Miller
signed the law in 1935.
Wyoming Equality Day/Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (Monday nearest January 15):
This bill was the culmination of several years of work by State Senator Harriet "Liz" Byrd. In order to keep the number of state holidays the same, Columbus Day was removed as a state holiday.
No longer observed
replaced on the state holiday schedule by Wyoming Equality Day/Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. Created
SEA - Senate Enrolled Act
HEA - House Enrolled Act
Unlike several other states, Wyoming has no official state dog (Virginia’s is the foxhound), state dance (Washington’s is the square dance), state neck wear (Arizona’s is the bolo tie), or state food (New Mexico’s is chili and frijoles). Such omissions may allow future state legislatures to debate adoption of several more state symbols.
Failed State Symbol Bills
, HB 255, a bill to designate "Wyoming's Indian Paint Brush" as the state song
, HB 119, a bill to designate halogeton as the official state weed, died in committee.
, SF 119, a bill to change the state song to "Wyoming" with words and music by James C. Grimes.
, SF 178, a bill to make minor changes to the design of the state seal.
, SF 158, a bill designating that the song "Wonderful Wyoming", words by Mrs. "Dicky" Devine, set to music of original "Whiffenpoof Song" by Todd B. Galloway, be designated as the official state song, returned, recommended do not pass.
, SF 187, a bill naming "Wyoming" by Frank Norris, Jr. the official state poem.
, SF 275, a bill designating the bison as the state mammal, the monarch as the state insect and the cutthroat trout as the state fish. The bill was significantly amended to delete reference to the insect and fish before it was passed naming the bison as the state mammal. This bill was in competition with HB 235.
, HB 30, a bill designating the American bison as the state mammal, died in committee. In competition with SF 275 and HB 235. The bison was named the state mammal during this session under a significantly amended SF 275/SEA 56.
, HB 235, a bill establishing the pronghorn antelope as the state mammal, the monarch butterfly as the state insect and the cutthroat trout as the state fish. This bill was in competition with SF 275.
, HB 41, a bill designating English as the official state language, withdrawn by sponsor.
, HB 432, a bill designating the golden eagle as the state bird, died in committee.
, SF 150, a bill to designate the Cotalus viridis, known as the prairie rattlesnake, as the state reptile.
, SF 144, a bill to designate "Greetings from Wyoming" by Idabel Cramer as the state poem of Wyoming, withdrawn.
, SF 86, a bill naming "Wide Open Wyoming" copyright 1985 by David Lawson as the second state song, withdrawn by sponsor.
, SF 235, a bill providing for a state poem contest, died on general file.
, HB 66, a bill designating the Pailio glaucus (tiger swallowtail butterfly) the official insect, failed in committee.
, SF 30, a bill designating Miss Wyoming as the official state hostess, died in general file.
, HB 158, a bill designating chocolate chip as the official state cookie, died in committee
, HB 258, a bill designating square dance as the official state dance, indefinitely postponed.
, HB 237, a bill designating square dance as the official American folk dance of the state, indefinitely postponed.
, HB 101, a bill designating the jackalope as the state mythical creature, died in committee.
, HB 108, a bill designating brown and yellow or true gold "as that color was featured on the uniforms of the University of Wyoming's football team in the year 1980" as the state colors, indefinitely postponed.
, HB 171, a bill designating the chocolate chip, as the state cookie, complete with recipe, indefinitely postponed.
, HB 4, a bill designating the jackalope as the state mythical creature, indefinitely postponed.
, SF 106, a bill designating blue grama (Bouteloua gracillis) as the state grass. The wording of this bill was changed to designate Western wheatgrass instead and was eventually passed as SEA 63. See
, HB 73, a bill calling for the Freedom Firearms (Freedom, Wyoming) single-action .454 Casull revolver to be named the official state firearm, died in committee.
, HB 149, a bill declaring the jackalope as the state mythical critter, failed in Senate.
, HB 68, a bill designating the chocolate chip as the state cookie, failed to be introduced.
, HB 66, a bill declaring the jackalope as the state legendary critter, died in committee.
SF - Senate File
HB - House Bill
State Symbol Bills Currently Under Consideration
, a bill declaring Wyoming big sagebrush (
Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis
) as the state shrub.
Unofficial State Symbols
Brown and Gold:
Colors of the the
University of Wyoming
and often used to represent the state as a whole.
"Powder River, Let 'er Buck!"
A mantra indicating resolve used often by
University of Wyoming
Football Coach Joe Glenn and often repeated as a cheer
Statues in the U.S. Capitol Statuary Hall:
Esther Hobart Morris, placed in April 1960; Chief Washakie, placed in September 2000. Replicas of both bronzes are currently displayed outside the Wyoming State Capitol Building entrance.
Nicknames & Slogans:
Equality State, Cowboy State, Big Wyoming, Wonderful Wyoming, Wyoming Worth Knowing, Stop Roaming Try Wyoming
Robert Morris, Territorial Historian and son of Esther Morris, is given the credit for giving Wyoming the popular nickname of "The Equality State." His reasoning was that the Constitution provided that "The rights of the citizens of the state of Wyoming to vote and hold public office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex. Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil, political and religious rights and privileges."
of the State of Wyoming bears upon its face the motto of "Equal Rights" while the corporate seal of the
University of Wyoming
has for its motto "Equality."
(accessed June 2015)
This database contains digitized and searchable copies of House and Senate journals and digests, bill jackets, and bill actions from 1869 to the present.
Wyoming Legislature Session Archives
, Wyoming Secretary of State's Office (accessed June 2015)
The SOS maintains a page dedicated to the records created by Legislative sessions 2001 to the present.
1893 House Bill 23, "An Act providing for and adopting a Great Seal for the State of Wyoming," Secretary of State, RG 0002, Wyoming State Archives.
See also "Shenanigans by Legislator Delayed the Use of the Wyoming State Seal on Currency by Six Years," by Peter Huntoon,
Annals of Wyoming
Vol 84 No 2, Spring 2012, p2-9.
“New Wyoming Day Law Ends 20-year Fight,”
, February 22, 1935, p.2.
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Peerless Saws began in the early 1900s when Charlie and Andy Rasmussen founded the Wisconsin Machine Company to manufacture power hacksaw machines which were sold and distributed by Peerless Machine Company.
Brothers Charlie and Andy thought that they had an idea for a better metal cutting saw than those on the market at that time. They were confident that their ideas were significantly revolutionary to justify the increased cost of their machines on American Industry by the value of their innovations.
Charlie and Andy built and sold the first power driven, high speed, wet cutting saw on the market. Their innovations did, in fact, revolutionize metal sawing. Prior to that time, all metal cutting power saws cut metal dry, necessitating slower speeds to keep friction heat to a minimum.
In 1961, Peerless moved from Racine, Wisconsin (Where it had begun), to newer and larger facilities in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The company was no longer owned by the Rasmussens and it was merged into a larger Company – Medalist Industries. In 1992, Peerless was purchased by Wisconsin Automated Machinery Company. In 2002, Peerless was acquired by its current principles and renamed Peerless Industrial Equipment Corporation. Today, Peerless continues our proud tradition of providing the finest in metal cutting bandsaw machines, power hacksaw machines and we have expanded our product line to include the exclusive representation of Daito CNC Drilling machines and bandsaws for the structural steel industry. We have Peerless brand bandsaw blades and cutting fluids. A century of excellence keeps getting better! We are proud of our history and we recognize those who built the reputation for quality we enjoy today. At Peerless, the future looks even brighter. Peerless products perform better because they are designed to be better. We invite you to join us as a part of a better tomorrow. Please contact us for more information on Peerless:
- Vertical Saws
- Horizontal Saws
- Beam Drill Line
For over 90 years, Clausing Industrial, Inc. has been a company dedicated to excellence in machine tool production, distribution and support services.
Meeting our customers needs for quality machine-tool products is our primary mission.
Our success in filling that mission has helped us to become the best in the machine tool industry.
Please contact us for more information on Clausing Industrial.


The fraternity traces its origins back to 1765 and is descended from the Sons of Liberty. These patriots concealed their identities and worked “underground” to help establish freedom and liberty in the early Colonies. They patterned themselves after the great Iroquois Confederacy and its democratic governing body. Their system, with elected representatives to govern tribal councils, had been in existence for several centuries.
After the War of 1812 the name was changed to the Society of Red Men and in 1834 to the Improved Order of Red Men. They kept the customs and terminology of Native Americans as a basic part of the fraternity. Some of the words and terms may sound strange, but they soon become a familiar part of the language for every member. The Improved Order of Red Men (IORM) is similar in many ways to other major fraternal organizations in the United States.
The Improved Order of Red Men is a national fraternal organization that believes in…
Legally, The Improved Order of Red Men is a patriotic fraternity chartered by Congress. It is a non-profit organization devoted to inspiring a greater love for the United States of America and the principles of American Liberty.
The Improved Order of Red Men traces its origin to certain secret patriotic societies founded before the American Revolution. They were established to promote Liberty and to defy the tyranny of the English Crown. Among the early groups were: The Sons of Liberty, the Sons of St. Tammany, and later the Society of Red Men.
On December 16, 1773 a group of men, all members of the Sons of Liberty, met in Boston to protest the tax on tea imposed by England. When their protest went unheeded, they disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, proceeded to Boston harbor, and dumped overboard 342 chests of English tea.
During the Revolutionary War, members of secret societies quenched their council fires and took up muskets to join with the Continental Army. To the cause of Freedom and Liberty they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honors. At the end of the hard fought war the American Republic was born and was soon acknowledged among the nations of the world.
Following the American Revolution many of the various secret societies founded before and during the conflict continued in existence as brotherhoods or fraternities.
For the next 35 years, however, each of the original Sons of Liberty and Sons of St. Tamina groups went their own way, under many different names. In 1813, at historic Fort Mifflin, near Philadelphia, several of these groups came together and formed one organization known as the Society of Red Men. The name was changed to the Improved Order of Red Men in Baltimore in 1834.
At Baltimore, Maryland, in 1847, the various local tribes came together and formed a national organization called the Grand Council of the United States.
With the formation of a national organization, the Improved Order of Red Men soon spread, and within 30 years there were State Great Councils in 21 states with a membership of over 150,000. The Order continued to grow and by the mid-1920s there were tribes in 46 states and territories with a membership totaling over one-half million.
Today, The Improved Order of Red Men continues to offer all patriotic Americans an organization that is pledged to the high ideals of Freedom, Friendship, and Charity. These are the same ideals on which the American nation was founded. By belonging to this proud and historic organization you can demonstrate your desire to continue the battle started at Lexington and Concord to promote Freedom and protect the American Way of Life.
To promote patriotism and the American Way of Life, to provide social activities for the members, and support various charitable programs. Our activities include:
The national charity projects for the Improved Order of Red Men are Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge and Home for Our Troops. Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge cultivates an understanding of the spirit and philosophy of America’s founding documents through student and teacher programs, awards for civic engagement and dedicated volunteer chapters across the country. Homes for Our Troops builds and donates specially adapted custom homes, nationwide for severely injured post-9/11 Veterans, to enable them to rebuild their lives and once again become highly productive members of society.


The site that was known as Fort Mason or Mason's Fort was
first known as The Water Holes in the 1860's, when it was developed by
Virgil Mastin. Mastin was killed in an Apache raid at Pinos Altos, New Mexico,
southwest United States, in 1868. Captain John D. Slocum, a Civil War California
Volunteer, bought the structures in 1870 when the Mastin estate was put out for
bid. He paid $258 over nine months for it. The Butterfield Trail (by then
out of operation) had passed the site--located 7 miles from the Butterfield
Station of Rough and Ready, and about 7 miles from Goodsight Station,
some miles east of Cook's Spring.
Slocum hauled in building materials and built a stronghold where eighteen rooms
faced the inner courts. Two large corrals gave security to animals and wagons.
High adobe walls, loop-holed east and west, made Slocum's impregnable to Indian
attack. The Captain and his family lived within the walls. Separate quarters
housed servants, cowboys and travelers over the trail. Hay and grain and a
commissary furnished supplies to wagon trains moving east or west.
In 1876, a drought set in. Slocum drilled a well, which turned out to be
brackish. Later, he leased the site to Richard Mason, also a California
Volunteer, and a comrade in arms. Mason advertised in the Las Cruces newspaper
(about 25 miles away) that he could accommodate travelers and supply water,
stating that it was the only water between Las Cruces and Fort Cummings. He
wrote that the facility was operating as a Stage Station.
"Here in good seasons 300 to 400 animals could be watered and
packtrains and freighting outfits with jaded oxen and mules camped. Travelers
pursued by Apaches have tore into safety as the big gates swung inward, and
rifles popped from loopholes. A family that failed to reach the gates was shot
by Chief Victoia (sic) in 1879, the baby picketed on a bayonet cactus. They were
buried at the southeast corner of the compound."
Mason also had problems with dry seasons, and kept mule teams hauling water
from the Rio Grande. Sometimes a military guard escorted the water
wagons...Private Thomas W. Fetridge was shot while on duty at the Water Holes.
He was buried in the old Mesilla cemetery, now lost under shifting sands.
Mason won the contract to run a ferry at Fort Selden in May, 1877. But the
railroad came in 1881 and overland traffic was gradually discontinued and Mason
abandoned the site and moved to Mesilla. He died in 1891 and is buried in the
Catholic cemetery in Mesilla under a government headstone. It was during Mason's
tenure that "Slocum's Ranch" became Mason's Tanks or Mason's
The military, and anybody else needing water as they passed by, stopped at
Mason's Fort. But it was never an official U. S. Army military fort.
A present day resident of Fort Mason exhibiting his opinion of our presence.
Atop Magelena Peak. Breathtaking.
The Organ Mountains from Magdalena Peak.
These look like Wood Tin, but they're actually Hemetite.
Part of a fossil shell.
Don't know what it is, but it sparkles in the sun.
An old bottle, probably dating to the 1800's, china, including part of a tea
cup handle, flat nail, and purple glass.


Princeton Healthcare Center admitted its first resident to its 120-bed facility in June 1981. At that time, our skilled nursing facility was owned by Princeton Memorial Hospital Company, an affiliate of Princeton Community Hospital (PCH). In 1989, Princeton Health Care Center designated 60 beds to a dementia care unit. This unit was the first of its kind in West Virginia, and is still the largest and longest serving dementia care unit in the state. In 2005, Princeton Health Care Center received Medicare certification, in addition to its previous West Virginia Medicaid certification, for all beds. During 2009, Princeton Memorial Hospital Company changed its name to Princeton Memorial Company, to reduce confusion with PCH, and became directly affiliated with the City of Princeton.
We are a Smoke Free facility.