Coffee beans grained which were beaten by human power in mortar cups at those days conditions, began to made in machines after the Republican Era has started. The Brand “İlyas Gönen” is the tradition and story of renovations of Turkish Coffee which has passed from father to son. The Story of Coffee and Gönen Family started with Grandfather Hüseyin Gönen. Grandfather Hüseyin Gönen started to sell Coffee Addicts, Coffee made by his hand grained coffee beans. Years on and on, he passed his tradition to his son ”Yusuf Gönen”. Years ago Yusuf Gönen get made, deceased “Yaşar Usta” from Marmaris, the first Grain Coffee Mortar Machine. He first used this Coffee Machine in his Shop in Hisarönü Sub-Bazaar which is placed in the famous Kemaralti Bazaar in İzmir. And with this first act, the Coffee Addicts meet with the finest of grained coffee made by his Machine. Yusuf Gönen, who get in charge of his father, has seen the brand “İlyas Gönen Turkish Coffee, passed to him from his father and his grandfather as a precious heritage. And dedicated himself to improve and popularize Turkish Coffee Culture with its phrase “From Grandfather to Grandchild”. Therefore, with wide visions he tried various flavored Turkish Coffee’s and branded its name ”İlyas Gönen”. Firstly he found and registered Mastic Turkish Coffee. A few years ago he get the EXAMINED PATENT for “Mastic Turkish Coffee”.


The hotel will cancel your room reservation automatically and waive all cancellation fees, if the reservation was made using AMUG’s room block.
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The Palmer House Hilton
Thirteen days after its grand opening, the Palmer House fell victim to the Great Chicago Fire. Determined to rebuild his hotel, Potter Palmer secured a $1.7 million loan–negotiated on his signature alone. On November 8, 1873, the new Palmer House welcomed its first guests, marking the opening of what would become the nation’s longest continually operating hotel.
In recent years, this historic Chicago hotel has undergone a $170 million renovation to ensure that it includes all of the conveniences and comforts 21st-century guests expect while also preserving the significant history. Clearly “the Chicago hotel the world knows best” has positioned itself for the next era in downtown Chicago accommodations–and the next generation of Palmer House Hilton with a hip and historic outlook.


In the land surveying profession, we’re quite proud of those surveyors who have gone before us. Specifically, we can count among those surveyors no less than 3 of our Presidents. So, here is a list of them and some more that you might not know.
Three Surveyors & Another Guy
Here is a young George Washington, before all of the wars, before the Presidency and all of the other deserving accolades of a life well lived, he was a land surveyor. Washington took to his mathematics lessons and because his family was wealthy and had made their fortune in land speculation, surveying made sense as a profession. He received his surveyor’s license from the College of William & Mary and was appointed the Surveyor of Culpepper County, Virginia.


December 23, 2021
Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Province Joining Confederation
2021 was a momentous year for the Province of British Columbia as it marked its 150th Anniversary since joining Confederation. However, it was also a year filled with substantial challenges during a global pandemic which have also included extreme weather conditions including the floods. "It is during times of adversity that we also come across moments of shimmering hope, flashes of humanity, and instances of coordination and cooperation based on shared values and common goals" said Co-Founder Ghalib Abdulla during the Citizenship Awards Ceremony.
The evening showcased residents of British Columbia who demonstrated citizenship and were at the frontlines during the global crisis to carry out essential work to ensure our country’s progress.
Former Citizenship Judge Gerald Pash from Victoria, BC delivered the keynote address. It was followed by the Presentation of Recipients of the CFC Citizenship Awards. The event concluded with a Citizenship Oath Reaffirmation Ceremony led by Dr. Marie Delorme, Order of Canada Recipient, CFC Advisory board member and Indigenous philanthropist. This was indeed special as the Canadian Citizenship Oath, for the first time, officially recognized First Nations, Inuit and Métis, and the obligation that all citizens have to uphold the treaties between the Crown and Indigenous nations.
Dr. Willow Thickson
Dr. Saira Sabzaali
Credit: Jacob Barton


Nine noble families fight for control over the mythical lands of Westeros, while an ancient enemy returns after being dormant for thousands of years.
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A Different Kind of Cathedral
Oct 11th, 2011 | By Prudence Lay | Category: Travel, Travel Tips
There are many cities in the world with grand cathedrals at their center. The countries of Europe, the United Kingdom, Mexico and South America all have breathtaking churches that inspire thoughts of God and His majesty, and make you ponder on the amount of time, skill, energy and money that must have gone into constructing these buildings.
According to the dictionary, the term “cathedral” is often applied colloquially to any large and impressive church. While we can all bring to mind famous churches that meet this description, have you ever considered that a “cathedral” may not have walls?
In the mountains of New Hampshire, there is just such a place. It is aptly named the Cathedral of the Pines. The original property of 128 acres was purchased in the late 1930’s as a couple’s home with room for each of their four children to build homes on the property as well. Sadly, one son, Sandy did not return from WW2 and in August 1945, his parents held a memorial service on the piece of property that Sandy was to have built his home on. Many people attended this service and thus the story of the Cathedral in the Pines began.
In the 1960’s the family built a bell tower on the property specifically to honor women, both civilian and military who served in the armed forces, tended farms, worked in factories, served with the Red Cross, nurses, war correspondents, USO performers and housewives. These are the women who, until the time of the tower in their honor, had been largely unrecognized for their service to their country.
The bell tower was the first monument in the US dedicated to honoring women’s service and sacrifice to our nation. It is a fitting tribute representing the strength of women.
The Cathedral of the Pines property is now 238 acres of beautiful sanctuary grounds, outdoor chapels and gardens that host many events from May 1 to October 31 when the Cathedral is open to the public. Although there is no entrance fee, donations are gratefully accepted.
Cathedral of the Pines
10 Hale Hill Road
Rindge, NH 03461
Phone # 603-899-3300
With more than three decades of home interior design and international travel experience, Prudence Lay has developed a sharp eye for how to create inviting living environments and adventurous travel experiences. Currently Prudence and her family reside in Sisters, Oregon where she is enjoying her latest adventure as Home and Travel Feature Editor of LivingBetterat50+.


Historic Partnership: RVC Unveils RTAF U1 UAV Model at RTAF Museum27 September 2023
27th of September 2023 - In a historic moment, Air Vice Marshal Boonprom Pleumchai, Advisor and Representative of R V Connex Co., Ltd. (RVC), joined hands with the National Aviation Museum of the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF Museum) to commemorate a significant milestone in Thailand's aviation history. At a formal presentation ceremony, RVC unveiled the RTAF U1 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) model, expressing gratitude to Group Captain Annop Nongchana, Director of the RTAF Museum.
The presentation of the RTAF U1 model underscores its invaluable contribution to Thailand's aviation heritage. Originally delivered and manufactured by RVC together with Thai Aviation Industries Co., Ltd. (TAI) to the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) in 2020 and 2021, a total of 19 units of these renowned UAVs have played pivotal roles in diverse RTAF operations and missions. This moment also signifies the enduring partnership and exceptional camaraderie between RVC, RTAF, and RTAF Museum.
In alignment with the museum's mission of preserving the nation's military history, RVC reaffirms its commitment to supporting aviation education. Moreover, RVC looks forward to continued collaboration with the museum in future initiatives.
For RVC, the RTAF U1 serves as a source of immense pride, showcasing the exceptional capabilities of Thai engineers and the aerospace manufacturing industry. RVC's unwavering dedication extends from design and production to research, development, and post-sale services. The company remains steadfast in its commitment to innovation, fostering the development of the Thai aerospace industry, advancing national technological capabilities, and passing on the legacy of aerospace knowledge to future generations.


A great deal of those trains had been the American Flyer manufacturer. They were deemed by numerous to be the prime of the line. Lionel and Marx had excellent trains, but the American Flyer was in a various class.
When the American Flyer first appeared in 1908, it was not the top practice set. The honor of number one belonged to the trains made by Ives Producing Business. William Coleman and his friend William Hafner pooled sources to start off the toy train business, in Chicago, circa 1906. Hafner had developed the clockwork mechanism for the prepare, and Coleman experienced a tooling business for the creation. The American Flyer title started to be effectively known due to the fact Hafner was capable to contract with suppliers like Montgomery Ward to carry it in their shops. In 1910, the tooling business altered its name to The American Flyer Business.
Eventually, Coleman and Hafner split techniques over a disagreement, and the Flyer began to drop in market place share. Coleman died in 1918, and his son, William O. Jr., took control. The value of the company more lowered right after the senior’s death. W. O. did not actually treatment significantly for the toy teach organization.
In 1938, Coleman generally gave The American Flyer Business to his buddy Alfred Carlton Gilbert. When victoria’s secrrt model devon windsor took above, the Flyer commenced to obtain momentum, most likely thanks in element to Gilbert’s skills in advertising and marketing. The firm was moved from Chicago to New Haven, Connecticut, exactly where the trains have been made that collectors even now seek out right now.
The 2nd Entire world War curtailed manufacturing for the Flyer and other toy makers, but it 1946 they have been underway yet again. For twenty a long time the American Flyer attempted in vain to top Lionel for the market place, sooner or later bankrupting in 1967. Most of the types obtainable to collectors have been from the many years right after the war.
American Flyers are referred to as S gauge, derived from sixty-forth, the ratio of the prepare to the complete size prototype. This is not the most popular size for model trains. The smaller HO scale is the most common worldwide, but the S gauge even now has a adhering to. One American business commenced since of the incapacity of the owner to uncover quality areas for his personalized American Flyer. American Models is producing its personal rolling inventory, tracks, and engines to help maintain the Flyers that are nonetheless in procedure.
Lionel collectors might say that the Flyer is second charge, but for each and every a single of them there seems to be one more who feels the opposite. The fantastic factor is that there even now are numerous of the outdated American product trains working the rails today. What do you want for Christmas?


Recently we had the pleasure of joining the ExpediaExplores team as they travel around Ireland. Our stop was the city of Derry, a city that tends to come with more than one name. Known as Derry or Londonderry, one of our tour guides for the day said he likes to call it Legend-Derry, and after spending a day exploring the city, we wouldn’t have any arguments.
A guided tour of Derry with Martin McCrossan
We arrived in Derry early in the day and dropped our bags of at the City Hotel. If you’re ever thinking about visiting Derry we would strongly recommend staying in the City Hotel as it is situated in a perfect location. We arrived a little early as we had a walking tour booked with Martin McCrossan. Martin had come highly recommended by the good folk at Discover Northern Ireland, and they weren’t half wrong. Martin met the two of us at the hotel and we set off to explore the city. This was our first time in Derry since kids so it was pretty much all new to us.
First up Ebrington Square
Our trip started with a walk across the city’s Peace Bridge, a state of the art bridge erected in 2011 as a sign of peace in a city that has been dogged by years of infighting. The bridge connects the unionist and nationalist areas of the city, and as we strolled across the bridge Martin was chatting to members of both sides of the community and you could get a real sense that Derry was most definitely moving forward as a city.
Our first stop was Ebrington Square, a large open square that used to be a barracks station for the British Army. The square has opened in 2012 and has played a big role in recent events in the city, including Radio One’s Big Weekend in 2013 and MTV Crashes Derry. The square was also used for many events during the city’s roles as UK City of Culture in 2013, and is also a focal part of the city over the Christmas period. Martin did say that the square is buzzing over the festive period, another sign of how far this city has come.
Marvel at Guildhall
Martin took us back across the Peace Bridge to the Guildhall, one of the most impressive buildings in the city. Guildhall is the building were those elected to Derry Council meet. It is also used for many functions and events, and you are free to walk around it as you please. We didn’t venture in when walking round with Martin, but we did call back later in the day and were certainly impressed, least not by the huge organ in the main ballroom.
Upon leaving the Guildhall, Martin took us on a quick walk through the Peace Park in the city. The park has a flame burning in it that was lit by Martin Luther King 3rd (son of the famous man himself), and there are 4 walkways leading up to it with messages from local school kids. A really inspirational park and well worth checking out.
City walls and St Columb’s Cathedral
Martin then took us on a journey around the city walls as we found out more about the city and where the name London came from. It was refreshing to hear Martin talk so positively about the city and he really did know his stuff. Construction on the famous walls started in 1614 (400 years ago) and much of the walls still stand to this day.
One of the first stops on our journey around the walls was the stunning St Columb’s Cathedral. We took a quick walk around the inside of the cathedral as well as the gardens, and we were taken aback by how spectacular it looked. It’s not too often you get excited by a cathedral but this is certainly worth visiting if you are planning a trip to Derry.
The world’s oldest department store
We finished our trip around Derry in the city centre at the Diamond War Memorial. Here you can see four sides of the city and this is where we said our goodbyes to Martin. It was one of the first ever walking tours we had been on and we would strongly recommend it to anyone visiting Derry. Sitting opposite the Diamond War Memorial is Austin’s, the worlds oldest department store. Forget about Harrod’s and Macy’s, if you want to shop in the worlds oldest department store, get yourself to Derry.
It’s all about the craft
Our last stop before venturing back to the hotel was the city’s craft village, somewhere that had been recommended to us by many people. The village has a number of craft and boutique shops and looked to be extremely popular with tourists. We took a walk around some of the shops and if you are a fan of picking up hand-crafted gifts then you’ll love the craft village.
The John Hume Suite at City Hotel
We retreated to our room at the City Hotel and were delighted when we got an upgrade to one of the hotels popular suites – the John Hume Suite. Hands down this is one of the best rooms we have ever stayed in. The separate living quarters were perfect for us after a long day of walking about exploring the city. Our reward – a bottle of sparkling wine and some nibbles to help us relax for the evening.
Ireland’s Highest Pub
On our way home back down the Glenshane Pass towards Belfast, we stopped of at the tallest pub in Ireland, The Ponderosa. Well, it would have been rude not to call in for one 🙂
Derry was just one of our stops as we travel around Ireland with Expedia and the #ExpediaExplores team. Next up is Cork and Waterford, so we look forward to sharing our adventures around the Emerald Isle with you.
Keep up with our food and travel adventures by following us on Facebook and Twitter. You can also find out where the Expedia Explores team is visiting next by checking out #ExpediaExplores on Twitter.
You can find out more about Martin McCrossan’s walking tour which costs only £4 (and well worth it) by visiting www.derrycitytours.com.


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Roselea FC are proud to have been providing the opportunity for children and adults to play football since 1967.
Many thanks to Maria Wylie and Olive Collins for their contribution. These wonderful ladies whom are both Life Members documented our history up to 2000. The account was thought to have been lost, but Maria had a copy which she kindly loaned to us. The rest is history!!!
One of the founders of the club - Bill 'Pop" Williams was not only a life member of Roselea, Bill was also recognised as the oldest referee in Australia and throughout the Commonwealth.
In 1968 the managers kit included 3 spare pairs of laces in case of a mishap!
Our Name - Roselea
The name Roselea is unique. In the local area it applies to Roselea Public School, Roselea Way, Roselea Park, Roselea Community Centre and Roselea Football Club.
The land surrounding Roselea Way, Roselea Park, Roselea Public School and Carlingford High School was originally orchards. After depletion of the soil, poultry farms and rose nurseries were established on the land. In1910 part of the land was taken over by the Commonwealth to establish the Pennant Hills Wireless Station. This later became the AWA Wireless mast.
Rapid population growth stretched recreational playing facilities and to make maximum use of resources a co-operative effort was undertaken at Roselea. The land where the wireless mast was located was sub-divided between the Department of Education, the Catholic Church and Hornsby Shire.
The Council negotiated an agreement to form and maintain the area as playing fields which could be used by the schools during the week and the public on weekends. Roselea Public School opened its doors in 1965. Rose Lea means a grove of roses. The current club logo reflects on our heritage. The club’s original logo was a ball with wings. The logo incorporates the ball with wings and roses to reflect the meaning of our name.
View a downloadable document of our first 50 years (1967 - 2016), here.


Adoria is a land known for its powerful divine magic and piety. The land was once ruled by the Xarrut, a mighty and cruel tiefling empire that used powerful arcane magic to keep its subjects afraid and in control. After several generations a great hero named Vindex the Avenger used power granted by the gods to wage war against the Xarrut empire, which ultimately fell. Vindex helped establish the theocracy and became the first Grand Auditoris, who ensures the gods’ wills are followed throughout the empire. Arcane magic and its practitioners are generally viewed with fear and suspicion, as tales of the wicked Tiefling wizards have survived the years. In some places, the use of arcane magic is outright banned.
The current Grand Auditoris is Lucretia Avenarius. A gentle-hearted woman, she is almost universally beloved by the people of Adoria. She reigns from Paradiso, the cultural epicenter of the empire. It is said that Paradiso is the closest place on the planet to the gods. The rest of the empire is broken up into territories usually overseen by Arch Priests and Priestesses. The Avenarius family has created the Council of High Priests to hear the needs of each region.


When I enter the China room at All Nations Bed & Breakfast, many memories of my 1999 journey to that country come to mind. I went to China without knowing much of their history or culture. I was working as a Corporate Sales Manager for Korean Air and had the privilege of escorting a group of travel agents on a tour of the country.
A 14 day itinerary had been organized via a local tour representative. We visited Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai, Zhouzhang and a few other cities along the way. I recall our first meal in Beijing was actually at a Turkish restaurant. An interesting experience, but we were anxious to try REAL Chinese cuisine. It came soon enough. One evening we dined at an all dumplings restaurant. Dumplings in different shapes, designs and characters were served. The dumpling that looked like chicken was a chicken dumpling, the one shaped like a walnut was dessert. So good, have yet to find anything comparable in all of America.
After visiting a silk factory and bringing home a silk comforter (which was later destroyed by fire and replaced by another silk comforter) I find it to be the most comfortable and healthy way to sleep. The silk comforter has a cotton cover and is far superior to cotton or down. The China room is the only room at All Nations Bed & Breakfast with a silk comforter.
Traveling always teaches. Simply entering the culture and history of another land educates the traveller. I am sad to say that prior to visiting Xi'an I was quite ignorant of the Terra Cotta soldiers that were excavated in the 1970's. A small replica of a soldier stands guard in this room as well.
I have had numerous Chinese guests through the years rent the China room and feel right at home.
If you want a little taste of the land across the Pacific that boasts an amazing history and a beautiful landscape, spend a night or a week in our China room.


Villa Ezzelini – Suites nel Centro Storico di Cittadella
Villa Ezzelini is enclosed within the most ancient part of Cittadella, a "town of the art" and well-known location all over the centuries.
Villa Ezzelini is located within Cittadella historical centre and its Medieval walls (dated 1220-21).
Cittadella Medieval Walls were built by Padoans and they're still nearly perfect, with thirty-two towers and four main doors with a small castle (guard) each. Historical curiosity: beside Padoa's door we find Malta's Tower (Dante Alighieri wrote about it on his Divina Commedia) which was built on 1251 by Ezzelino da Romano to serve as a prison - and where a list of gentlemen from Padoa were secluded until death.
Cittadella is just a few kilometers away from every touristic destination in Veneto region: Padoa (25km), Abano Terme (30km), Venice (40km), Vicenza (20km), Treviso (30km), Verona (70km).


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Quincy Raceways Announces First Hall of Fame Inductees
By Jack Walbring
IL (September 26, 2011) - The Quincy Raceways Hall of Fame committee
announced the first members of the newly created Quincy Raceways Hall
of Fame on Sunday September 25. Those inducted included a long time
track sponsor, three drivers, a former track employee and the Quincy
first inductee was the founding family of Quincy Raceways, the Scott
Family. Albert, Mary, Bob, Jan and Jeff Scott were honored for their
tenure as the founders and owners of Quincy Raceways for over 30
Refreshment Services Pepsi of Quincy who has been a huge track
supporter over the year sponsoring classes, races and other events
during the tracks history. Randy Boyer of Refreshment Services Pepsi
was honored as the companies representative.
Hummel was honored as a former employee who helped build the track and
his service over the years as an employee. Hummel had been best known
as a wrecker driver but also did a multitude of other jobs at the
track including being a tech man, driving trucks and other equipment
and working at anything that the track needed done.
Fraise was inducted as the first real “Super Star” driver at Quincy
Raceways. Fraise, known as the “Flyin’ Iowan” was one of the finest
Late Model racers in the Midwest. He won nine track Late Model Track
Championships at Quincy during his tenure as a driver.
DeLonjay was honored as he won thirteen Track Championships during his
career, ten in the modifieds and three in the old sportsman division.
Henry is know as “Hank the Crank” and is the father of the 2011 Miller
Lite UMP Modified Track Champ, Steven DeLonjay.
final 2011 inductee into the Hall of Fame was Mark Burgtorf. Burgtorf
driven the familiar number 7 Late Model to 14 Quincy Raceways Track
Championships including an amazing ten in a row. Burgtorf has also won
numerous IMCA Late Model National and Deery Brothers titles as well as
the 1994 NASCAR Central Region Championship.


Museums in Phuket
This is a simple but pleasant museum covering the history of Phuket from prehistoric times to today. You can learn about Phuket's geology, earliest inhabitants, battles with Burma, the tin mining industry and rubber plantations. The museum is another institution that practices two-tier pricing but with an entrance fee of 30 baht for foreigners and 10 baht for Thais, it is hardly worth worrying about.
To get there, drive north up Thepkrasattri Road (Airport Road) and turn right at Heroines Monument Circle on to road 4027. The museum is almost immediately on your right.
This new museum opened in late 2009.The museum is dedicated to the tin mining industry that first brought prosperity to Phuket. The last mines closed in the early nineties but the industry's legacy remains in Phuket. The tin mining industry is an integral part of Phuket's rich cultural history. The open cast mines that once littered the island are now flooded and this explains the numerous lakes around the island. The chinese immigrants who arrived to work the mines have integrated into the local population and have become an important and influential part of Phuket society..
The main museum building is built in the Sino-Portuguese style of old Phuket Town. It is an impressive 7,000 square meters. Inside, there are displays of tin mining, geology and even a bit of evolutionary history. There is a nice section about old Phuket life with displays of old style shops, opium dens, shrines, and some fascinating old photos.
In the grounds outside they have a few large pieces of old mining equipment and they have built a full scale replica of a tin mine around the lake at the front of the museum. It makes for a pleasant little walk after you have finished looking around the museum. All in all, the museum is a nice addition to Phuket's attractions.
The museum is in Kathu on the back road that runs between Loch Palm Golf Course and the British International School. It is just 1 km from the school. The entrance fee is 100-baht.
Wat Phra Thong (Golden Buddha Temple) has a charming museum featuring artifacts from old Phuket life. The temple itself is very pleasant and well worth a visit. It features a golden Buddha image that appears to be buried in the ground with only the chest and head emerging. There are some fascinating stories about the history of this golden Buddha image. You can read all about them on our temples page.
The temple's museum is in a nice building just across the road. The museum is a quirky collection of items from Phuket's past. Some are religious artifacts and others are just items from everyday life that give a delightful insight into how people lived in years gone by.
The religious artifacts include items such as offering trays, lucky charms and Buddha images.
There are many items from everyday Thai life such as water urns, rice-grinders, pots, crockery, lamps, etc. Some of these items are over 200-years old but remarkably you can still see many of these things in use in rural Thailand today.
Other exhibits include a large collection of old money, weapons, opium pots, clothes and many household items. It is a little disconcerting to see the museum also includes a collection of more recent items such as typewriters, record players and old TVs. So this means that items that were a normal part of my childhood are now museum pieces. Now I know I am getting old!
The museum is housed in a spacious upstairs hall. It is not a big museum but you could spend an hour inside if you really wanted to examine all the fascinating exhibits. Entrance is free but there is a donations box if you want to make a contribution.
Wat Phra Thong is in Thalang off Thepkrasattri Road, just north of the traffic lights. If you are heading north you need to throw a u-turn after the lights and then turn left.
Thai Hua Museum in Phuket Town has exhibits about the history of Phuket with particular emphasis on the infleunce of the Chinese immigrant population. The building was originally a chinese school established in 1934. Thai Hua School has now moved to much bigger premises on the edge of town. It is a well-respected school and they still teach Chinese. The old building has been converted into the museum and it is a charming little place.
It is not a big museum but there are many nice exhibits about the early Chinese immigrants and their role in the development of Phuket. There are biographies of some of the more important people in Phuket's history and many nostalgic old photos. There are also nice displays about the vegetarian festival and Phuket Town's architecture. Some of the most charming displays are the old school photos.
Thai Hua museum is not the sort of attraction that you would go out of your way to see but if you are in Phuket Town and exploring the old town area then it is certainly worth popping in. It will take no more than an hour to go around.
Thai Hua musuem is on Krabi Road in Phuket Town. Like many of Phuket's public attractions, the museum practices two-tier pricing. At least they are up front about it with the prices clearly displayed. Entrance is 200-baht for foreigners and 50-baht for Thais and residents with work permits.
Chinpracha House is a lovely example of living Sino-Portuguese architecture. The house was built in 1903 by Mr Tan Ma Siang (known locally as Prapitak Chinpracha). He was only 20-years old when he commissioned the house. His father had come from China to do business in Phuket's tin mining industry. Since then Chinpracha House has been home to six generations of the Chinpracha family.
The current owner, Khun Daeng, opened the house to the public as a way to share a bit of Phuket's heritage and to raise money to maintain the house. During the day the entire ground floor of the house is open. The upstairs is still her private home.
The house features antique furniture imported from China. The main room has an indoor pond with koi carp and decorated with flowers and vases. Perhaps most charming of all is the wonderful selection of photos depicting the life of six generations of the Chinpracha family. It is a lovely insight into the old Phuket lifestyle.
Chinpracha House is on Krabi Road. There are signs at the entrance way and you can park inside. It is a shame that you can no longer see the house from the road but unfortunately a developer managed to purchase the land on the road front and knocked down the original old wall to build some soulless shop houses. Such is progress. Behind the shophouses, Chinpracha House retains its charm.
Like the Thai Hua Museum above, it may not be the sort of attraction you would go out of your way to see but if you are doing a tour of Phuket Town then it is well worth a visit. Entry is 100-baht for adults and 50-baht for children.
Thavorn Hotel Lobby Museum
The Thavorn Hotel is on Ratsada Road in Phuket Town. It was built in 1961 and was Phuket's first 5-star hotel. It is looking a little worn these days but still has plenty of character.
In the hotel's lobby is a small museum containing artifacts from Phuket's history. There are all sorts of antiques and paraphernalia from the old tin mining days such as mining implements and opium pipes. One of the centerpieces is a glass case containing two sabers, which the two heroines apparently used to fight the Burmese. Perhaps the most fascinating is the collection of old photos. Entrance is 30 baht.
Phuket Seashell Museum
This is a seashell shop with a museum downstairs. The museum is small but contains an impressive array of shells and fossils. Displays include what is claimed to be the world's largest golden pearl (140 carats) and a huge 250kg shell. Entrance is 200 baht for adults and 100 baht for children. Entrance to the shop is of course free and you can buy some nice souvenirs. You might find better prices at some of the smaller seashell shops at the Rawai fish market.
Phuket Sea Shell Museum is on Wiset Road just north of Rawai.
Phuket Philatelic Museum
The post office building in Phuket Town is a nice example of Sino-Portuguese architecture. It is an operational post office but they also have a small philatelic museum. Perhaps this is only going to appeal to committed philatelists but apparently there are many of them out there. The museum is small but includes a bit of postage paraphernalia and of course a good collection of stamps.
They have a souvenir shop where any stamp collectors out there can add vintage Thai stamps to their collection. The post office and museum is on Montree Road in Phuket Town.
Phuket Trick Eye Museum
In late 2012, an interesting new attraction opened in Phuket Town. It is called the Phuket Trick Eye Museum and it is a curious little oddity. We are not sure we really think it is a museum but since that is what they call it, that is where we will put it.
It is a display of optical illusions, although at first glance it is not always clear where the illusion lies. It is only when you place someone next to the picture and take a photo that the illusions really come to life. These are interactive optical illusions. If you stand in the right place in front of the picture and the cameraman stands in the right place to take a picture, then you become part of the scene. Suddenly you are falling into a chasm or Mike Tyson is punching your teeth out.
The spacious rooms have dozens of these images. You wander from image to image trying to work out where the trick is in each one. In fact, they have example photos on boards to show you exactly how you should pose with the picture to make the illusion come to life.
Some of the illusions work better than others and it is not always clear whether you have captured the illusion until you can check your photos. It is a fun little trip and you can easily pass an hour or two interacting with the many displays. Some may doubt whether it is worth the full 500-baht admission price but this is certainly a nice variation on Phuket's many attractions and is something that could be included in a tour of Phuket Town.
The Phuket Trick Eye Museum is on the corner of Montree Road and Phang Nga Road (in the site of the old Fantasia show). It is open every day of the week from 9:00am to 7:00pm. Entrance is 500-baht for adults and 250-baht for children. There are lower prices of 250-Baht for adults and 150-Baht for children available to Thais and expat residents who can show a Thai driving license or work permit.


The Barcode Nebula is home to many clans of beings, many of which used to live and trade peacefully.
That was until the evil Emperor Boss rose to power. With the greatest resources under his control, the residents of the Barcode Nebula turned on each other in a bid for survival.
But not everybody was affected in this way. Six brave heroes were determined to bring peace and order back from the violence and chaos being spread by the Emperor's 120 hench men.
This struggle, known as the Commerce Conflict, lasted for four Eras and was spread across five Light Worlds.
The Commerce Conflict ended when the six heroes, Razor Fist, Cool Candy, Jam Bam, Mega Blaster, Jaw Breaker and Beast Feast, defeated Emperor Boss. Peace was restored to the Barcode Nebula, but neither Emperor Boss nor the heroes have been seen since.
The exact location of the Barcode Nebula relative to planet Earth is unknown, though it is thought to be somewhere in the constellation of Orion.


Boston MA - 360 VRView If you are on a Mac please view 360's in Firefox or Chrome - Safari browser will not work with this lightbox gallery.
A visit to the North End of Boston will inevitably lead you to Quincy Market. Shops, restaurants, and outdoor vendors all vie for your business as you stroll through the buildings and along the cobblestone pedestrian streets.
entrance from Long Wharf side
entrance near the food courts
OLD NORTH CHURCH (Christ Church)
Get out your history books - here's the Old North Church. Known as "Christ Church in the City of Boston", this Episcopal church was built in 1723 and is Boston's oldest Church building. On the steeple of this church, Robert Newman signaled with lanterns the approach of the British regulars; "One if by land, and two, if by sea".
The steeple is 191 feet tall, making it the tallest steeple in Boston. The bells within the steeple were the first bells ever brought to America. Paul Revere was one of the neighborhood bell ringers. The interior high box pews and brass chandeliers, as well as the Church's first clock are all original. (www.cityofboston.gov)
Just behind the Old North Church lies the Dog Tag Memorial for the fallen American soldiers in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. When the wind blows, the tags make an eerie chiming sound...
THE DOG TAG MEMORIAL
COPP'S HILL BURYING GROUND
Dates back to 1659. Lots of history here as you might imagine. Copp's Hill Burying Ground is just up the street from the Old North Church. Open the panorama and see if you can find Skinny House - the narrowest house in Boston. More info here.
THE NEW ENGLAND HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL
Six glass towers, each representing a Nazi death camp, six million numbers etched in the glass.... dedicated in 1995. The first pano is taken from within the first tower which represents the Belzec extermination camp. Look closely, on the walls of the tower you will see the etched numbers which represent those who were killed. More...
ROSE FITZGERALD KENNEDY GREENWAY
On our way up the street to find the Old North Church from Faneuil Hall and Long Wharf we happened upon this. The Greenway is an oasis with the city skyline as a dramatic backdrop. This pano shows one of four parks in the Greenway. It consists of delightful water fountains spouting water for the pleasure of passers by, flowers along the perimeter and a green expanse of grass - all surrounded by bustling city streets on the outside of that perimeter.
LONG WHARF - Boston Inner Harbor
A view from the balcony of the Marriott Hotel overlooking Long Wharf and the New England Aquarium and of course Boston Harbor.


Welcome to Oakwood. This lovely lifestyle property has been passed from family to family and undergone several transformations since the original villa was built in 1912 by G Phillips. During renovations of the villa in 1995 his name, handwritten on the ridge board, was found.
Historic House For Sale By Owner
Contact me directly if you are wishing to view this very special villa for sale in Warkworth.
Private Sale: A quintessential Kiwi villa and lifestyle block just 1 hour north of Auckland.
1.9245ha and a 4-bedroom villa for sale in Warkworth.
The homestead, constructed in kauri, was originally two bedrooms with a lean-to kitchen added later, circa 1920. During the 1920s the property was used by the Scottish owners, the Carmichaels, who milked around 25 cows in a cow shed near the entrance to the property. The family walked off the land during the depression and ownership passed to the Carrans, followed by the Gunsons and then the Munroes. Later still a local family, the Grimmers, owned the property as part of a larger holding which extended from the top of The Dome to Goatley Road in the south including both sides of the present highway.
Stan Grimmer was a keen horseman as evidenced in the design of the wallpaper discovered when renovating the house. Bricks found at the rear of the house denote the original stables.
In approximately 1970 the property was purchased by New Zealand Forest Products as part of the larger land purchases in the area and the establishment of the current Mahurangi Pine Forests. Whilst establishing the forest the Manager lived in the house.
In the mid-1970s, Peter and Barbara Loveridge purchased the property. Peter was a well-known stock and station agent with Allied Farmers. During their occupancy, the Loveridges added a dining room and lounge, constructed the double garage and the two-stand wool shed. Sheep pens in the woolshed have gates from the demolished Warkworth sale yards. Extensive fencing was carried out by Mr Brookes, father of Zinzan and Robin Brookes, All Blacks through the late 80s and 90s. Throughout this period the Rodney Sheep dog trials were held on the property and the old sheep yards built for this purpose, still exist.
First Major Renovation
In June 1992 the villa was for sale again; bought this time by Vanessa and Matthew Vujcich. In 1995 plans were drawn up by Jan Kippenberger to extend the floor area, add a second story and insulate the house. The low stud height of the 1970s lounge and dining room was raised to the original 3.3m of the 1912 construction. The brick chimney, which had originally been a double fireplace, was taken down to floor level and rebuilt as the chimney was dangerous, one side having been removed by previous owners to create a cupboard space. Windows in the two western bedrooms were moved to the lounge and were replaced by French doors with further French doors being installed in the family and dining rooms. The bathroom was extended and separate bathroom built. The kitchen was extensively revamped and a Stanley wood stove with wetback installed. Kitchen units were built using recycled Kauri and match lining from the house. A second story was added with an access stairway, two bedrooms and an ensuite bathroom.
Whilst in the ownership of the Vujcich family, extensive plantings of native exotic flora and fauna were established. The natives west of the house were fenced and planted, and this was followed by the wetland development below the house. This area has a population of a rare New Zealand wetland bird called the Puweto, more commonly known as Spotless Crake. The wetland is now protected by covenant.
Bed And Breakfast In Warkworth
In 2005, Jane and Terry Masters purchased Oakwood with the idea of offering up this gorgeous property as a Bed & Breakfast. Renovations of the villa started in February 2006 after plans by Jan Kippenberger were submitted to the local Council for approval. One of the bedrooms upstairs has been enlarged slightly with an ensuite bathroom added. Downstairs two small bedrooms have been configured as a large master bedroom with the west wall pushed out to the veranda. A toilet has been added to the bathroom and a shower added to form a fourth bathroom.
4-Bedroom Family Home Or Buy A Home And Income
In 2013, when fortunately for the present owners Oakwood was offered for sale, many additional features and enhancements were added by the new and present owners. These include:
- HRV ventilation system throughout the villa
- Heat pump in master bedroom
- Total ceiling insulation
- Chandelier in Hallway
- Conversion of front room in to a bedroom/study room with walk in wardrobes
- Replacement of front deck enhanced with villa balustrades
- Wrap-around deck at the back and northern side of the villa with veranda for shade from rain and sun
- Painting of the house and garage roofs
- Extensive redecoration throughout the house – inside and out
- Replacement of all internal and external lights to LED lights
- Building of two chalets with deck plus walkway between garage and chalets
- Boardwalk to front paddock
- Ramp from parking area to garden
- Building of animal shelter in paddock
Loads of potential exists for the use of the land and the villa. Buy a home and income in one. If you’re looking to buy a Bed & Breakfast, it has already been set up. With a little investment, this Warkworth lifestyle property could be turned in to a doggy day care facility. No such business yet exists in the area. Given Warkworth is just one hour north of Auckland, New Zealand’s largest city, the potential is huge. The township and surrounding area are being developed for a large population increase.


43rd Aero Squadron (AEF) Album
This series of photos were obtained from
James Kaiser, son of Fred Kaiser of Muncie, Indiana. It was originally
believed that most of them were taken in France in
1917-18. However, Mr. Kaiser recently spoke with his oldest brother
about their father's album, and according to him.....
"Dad spent the majority of his time in England, not France. The rest
of the time, was aboard ship, trying to get to England. (He was)
Torpedoed once before getting there. Per brother, he didn't like to talk
about the war..."
Little is yet known about the history of these images. It is speculated that the photographer (it is
not know if it was Mr. Kaiser) was part of group of mechanics (as was Mr. Kaiser)
in the 43rd. Many of the
images are of crashed aircraft, and most of them look to have been used for training. I am sure
that as historians from groups such as "Over the Front" have an opportunity to look at
these, more will be learned.
Of special interest to the WW1
scale modeler are a number of pictures of a scale Sopwith Camel model.
Little is know about this, but it appears to be fairly detailed, including
working control surfaces, and possibly a working multi-cylinder engine!
Speculation is that this may be a compressed air motor of some type. Some
have thought that the model may have built by the mechanics/machinists in
the squadron (Mr. Kaiser was a mechanic with the 43rd), or may have been
something produced by the Sopwith Co. for field training. It's hard to
say. The guys at Balsa USA have seen the images of the model, and they
were amazed. They'd never heard or seen anything like it from that
period. The AMA has expressed interest in doing and interview with
James Kaiser (who also lives in Muncie) for a future article. James Kaiser
is a retired Colonel in the Indiana National Guard, his father passed away
Also, take note of the photos
of the captured and Albatross, Rumpler (in British
markings), and Halberstadt .
The image file names are the order in which they were in the album.
Many pages were loose however, and are probably not in much of a
Hopefully, much more can be learned about these images in the near future.
Comments, thoughts and questions can be sent to
Bealmear. We hope to here from you "experts" out there!
Aero Squadron Album


Longvalley Orchard began way back in the late fifties when Vincenzo Trichilo first purchased his own plot of Aussie soil in Jarrahdale. By 1961, wife and firstborn joined him and as the farm grew,, so did the family. Tony Trichilo was the fourth of six children, and the only son, so the legacy of farming the land became his.
Over time, Longvalley Orchard changed from growing potatoes and some of the best tomatoes in the area to a fruit orchard. Under Tony’s guiding hand more apples and stonefruit were grown.
His philosophy still revolves around ‘IF YOU CANT EAT IT, DON’T PICK IT’!
At this time, Longvalley Orchard grows 3 types of apples, a large selection of nectarines and a smattering of other farm direct fruit and vegetables.
This is the produce we wish to showcase at our local Farmers Market. Tony is proud of the quality and flavour of his produce and he would love to share this with our local community.


Cornerstone's Living Studios art program was invited by the Benton County Historical Society to attend community roundtable discussions. We were happy to help, and several Living Studios Associated artists happily provided their perspectives.
The Benton County Historical Society, which runs both the Corvallis and Philomath museums, is beginning work on an Accessibility Plan so that all visitors can have an enjoyable and equitable museum visit.
The subject of this first meeting was "Identifying Barriers & Deficiencies." The invited artists were asked several questions about visitor experience, physical access, and exhibit spaces. Questions included website ease of use, accessible entrances and walkways, varying counter heights, clear and visible signage and art pieces, and fully accessible restrooms. It is of utmost importance that public and private spaces are accessible to all, and we are glad that the Benton County Historical Society is taking that into consideration and working directly with the people who are affected.
Thank you for inviting us and involving other people who have direct connections to the important subject of accessibility.


A warm welcome to the Official Isle of Man Sub Aqua Club. One of the oldest local scuba diving clubs on the Island. Don’t know much about us? Here’s a brief history of where we came from…
The club evolved in 1959 through Joanna Jones work with diving for the then Marine Biological Station in Port Erin. The East Lancs Club, based in Manchester had discovered the clear Manx waters and offered help with one of her underwater projects.
They dived together a number of times making a nice change for her as she usually had to go on a line, being the only diver at the Station.
On Sunday, October 4th, 1959, Joanna, John Slinn ( another member of staff) and some graduate students, Richard Hartnoll, Tony Rice and possibly Dave Eggleston joined the East Lancs divers at Niarbyl and went snorkelling.
Afterwards they sat around and talked and Ian Horner suggested they should start a branch of the British Sub Aqua Club.
They even named the officers, Johnny Crellin, Norman Mills and Ewan Maley among others.
There seemed to be enough support so an inaugural meeting was held at the Cabin Cafe on December 15th. John Slinn was elected Chairman, Richard Hartnoll secretary and Joanna Diving Officer. Joanna’s husband Norman later became equipment officer.
The first pool session was on the evening of Friday, January 15th, 1960, at Ballakermeen baths. Aqualung training did not start until March 15th after equipment was bought with a grant from the Tourist Board. The first snorkelling session was at Port Mooar on Sunday, July 17th and Sunday’s then became the snorkelling or diving day.
In those early days members were informed of up coming dives through Manx Radio.
In 1981 Club members became involved with one of the decades most exciting projects, salvaging the wreck of the Mary Rose.
Our history is still ongoing, which is why we’re still out throughout the year experiencing some of the best diving the United Kingdom has to offer, right off our own shores! Want to be involved? Want to try a dive? Are you a trained diver looking for a local active club?
We’re here for you.


Whenever I design a new collection, the first place I turn to for inspiration is the past. There's something about the tried and true silhouettes from the 1940s through the 1960s that always strikes a chord with me. They were such transformative decades for fashion: from the waist-accentuating suits of the 1940s to the loose and swingy dresses of the late 1960s. Things took a complete turn from one year to the next but one thing stayed constant: the clothes were all amazing.
The 1940s were all about wearing pants and skirts high on the waist with a tucked in top that drew out the shoulders. It's one of my favorite decades for fashion because women started wearing pants as they entered the workforce. Originally inspired by menswear, many early 1940s pants were wide leg and designed for utility. They began to taper in at the ankle as the pant trend took hold and became a part of women's wardrobes outside of work. I designed the Cedros Pant and Luzon Tie Front Top loosely around this silhouette: when paired together they create an hourglass figure that is still easy enough for everyday wear.
1950s print ad and the Lujo Jumpsuit
The 1950s were a strange time period for fashion and women in general. One thing that steadily rose was leisurewear, initially designed to be worn at home but later becoming wildly accepted as the norm. My favorite pieces from this time are the jumpsuits and cleverly disguised separates. I love the versatility and ease of a one piece item, it takes all of the guess work out of getting ready. The Lujo Jumpsuit is a subtle nod to the playsuits and cigarette pants of the 50s that just barely skimmed the top of the ankle.
a dress from the 1960s and the Cerrito Tank
The 1960s were a rebellious time. Women were more free and able to experiment with their wardrobes and the pop art movement greatly affected designers. People began to think outside the box not just with silhouette but with color, shape, and texture. One of my favorite looks is the unexpected, geometric cut at the arm of this vintage dress and the Cerrito Tank.
What are some of your favorite time periods for fashion?


I am submitting this photo. It was taken the day before I started going into labour with Burton: the last place I visited before I became a Mummy!
I was at Lynton and Lynmouth here in North Devon. The photo was taken while I was riding on the cliff railway which is a unique Victorian water powered lift which operates between the two villages.
Wish you were here?


Vintage Home Restoration and Long-Lasting Exterior Work
Count on VINTAGE HOME RENOVATIONS LLC in Clinton, New Jersey, for period historical restoration and exterior remodeling services. We specialize in restoring old houses, historical buildings, as well as post and beam homes. By collaborating with talented architects, designers, and engineers, we plan and successfully restore period homes and buildings to their original character and detail.
Matching the Original Woodwork
Grace your home's exterior with hand-carved pillars and intricately designed woodwork. We restore the facade of your old property to match its original architectural style and era by using period wood and glass.
Embellish Your Home's Exterior
Spruce up the look of your home's exterior by embellishing it with beautifully crafted wood or vinyl siding, glass windows, and shutters. When you have missing spindles inside and outside your home, we can duplicate them for you. We also provide the following exterior work:
|• Custom Millwork
• Detailed Molding and Carpentry
• Windows and Doors
• Threshold Replacements
Historical Beam Restoration
Repairing and replacing of the beams.
Contact us in Clinton, New Jersey, for vintage
home restoration and other remodeling services.


Welcome to RBV Social Studies Department
Social Studies website
Students must pass four years of social studies in order to graduate. Required courses include World History 1 and World History 2, U.S. History, Government, and Economics.
Academic Events include History Day, USO show, Museum of Tolerance Field Trip, and more...
Download and print the specific participation forms from the web page linked below:
Economics Form & Government Form


Wampum: shells and other objects used as America's first form of currency.
We scour the globe for unique shells, pearls, trinkets, and talismans. Shop our collection of wampum and brass jewelry.
Giant Pearl Choker
Baroque Pearl Earring
From $90.00 - $130.00
Showing items 1-6 of 6.


For me, working in Maui’s Real Estate market is more than buying and selling homes. There are stories behind the homes embedded in their history and the surrounding landscape. Stories that span both generations and geologic time. Whether a place boasts monumental history, has complex place names, or is as simple (or diverse) as the features of its landscape, all places have their own uniqueness which imbues in them intrinsic value. Knowing these stories, histories, and understanding the physical landscape adds to one’s sense of place. I’d like to share some of these stories, like this simple background of my own neighborhood here on Maui, Kula Kai:
At the time of the Mahele Aina (1848), the lands of Kula Kai were granted in formal Land Grants to persons by the name of Kamaka, Mahu and S. Kaili. From these individuals, the lands passed to history-shaping figures in Hawaii including King David Kalakaua, Charles H. Alexander (founder of Halekala Ranch), Edward H. Bailey, Lorrin A. Thurston, George Forsyth, J.M . Pires, Henry P. Baldwin, and finally, to Haleakala Ranch Company. Haleakala Ranch then sold a section of these lands which now make up the lands of Kula Kai subdivision. Kula Kai was developed by A. J. Huddleston, a West Maui Realtor, in 1961. The 54.365 acre parcel was originally subdivided into 143 lots. It is believed that 91 Ka Drive was an old Haleakala Ranch house, present prior to the subdivision and therefore the first home in the neighborhood.


Opening Hours: Sat:12:00–14:30, 18:00–0:00 ,Sun: Closed, Mon-Fri: 12:00-14:30 and 18:00-0:00
Telephone : +65 6545 4055
Marco’s personal collection of one-of-a-kind heritage pieces complete The English House. Beyond the reception stands a majestic 19th-century shelf originally from Birmingham Library. It is lined with intricate copper pudding molds and Marco’s jars of memories that date back to collecting shells with his mother.
28 Mohamed Sultan Road


History of the Wild American Mustang: Out of Old Mexico
It is one of the iconic images of the Wild West – a sweeping vista of sun, sand and desert, the stillness broken by the thunder of hooves as, just over the horizon, a herd of mustangs race forward in synchronized beauty, hooves kicking up dust, coats gleaming, manes tossing in the wind – so majestic, so wild, so American.
For generations of children, American and otherwise, innumerable dreams were fueled by movie images such as this, of vast tracts of open land populated by grazing cattle, cowboys and Indians, and thriving herds of wild American mustangs. But the history of the mustang begins long before this western era portrayed in hundreds of shoot ‘em up Westerns.
Anthropologists have determined that, about a million years ago, North America was the first home to a small, horse-like creature named the eohippus. These animals spread across connecting land masses to Europe and beyond, but when the connections were severed, the European eohippus became extinct. Their North American cousins lasted a bit longer, but scientists believe the early development of hunting tribes of humans wiped them out – just the first incidence of what would be many negative impacts of man upon the horse.
Of course the horse did not disappear forever like the saber tooth tiger, but spread northward, across the Bering land bridge and into Asia. As millions of years passed, the horse’s evolution proceeded in other regions of the world.
The popular belief is that the horse had been extinct in North America for some eight thousand years before Columbus arrived in the late 1400s. There are currently some dissenting voices who believe the original horse-like creatures endured, perhaps secreted away in canyons of the west and mated with the Spanish horses. But most experts believe the herds of wild horses discovered by white explorers in the 17th century were descendants of horses brought over by Spanish conquistadors. These conquerors arrived in Old Mexico the 1500s, and by most accounts the natives fell easily before warriors mounted on the sturdy horses who had survived their ocean passage from Spain, to Cuba and then to Old Mexico.
Deanne Stillman, in her book Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West, writes, “Shortly after their return to the New World, horses swept through the deserts and plains like a fast-moving secret. They partnered up quickly with Native Americans, players taking to the script with astonishing ease. From the Apache and Comanche to the Zuni to the Hopi to the Navajo to the Ute; from the Shoshone to the Flathead, Crow, and Nez Perce; from the Arapaho to the Ponca, the Cheyenne, the Sioux, the Mandan, the Ojibwa and beyond, horses allied with tribe after tribe – perhaps not in that exact order, but the deed was done, and by the early 1700s, it was as if their kind had never disappeared from their native turf.”
Indeed, these horses introduced by the Spaniards were uniquely suited to the vast plains of the American West, possessing superior stamina and adaptability. Produced by the breeding of Arabian and Barb horses, the Spanish horses were smaller in stature than the heavy European horses favored in many areas of the Old World and had the intelligence and speed that made them perfect partners for men in conquering the New World.
Native Americans reacted at first with fear of the mounted Spanish conquerors, seeing horse and rider as a unified monster. Finally, turning on the encroaching empire builders and realizing the horse was a living creature and a not mythological god, they began to steal horses for food. Then Apaches, Utes and Navajos became horsemen, as well. Anthropologists have labeled the period from the late 1600s to the late 1800s as “Indian horse culture.”
The Native American adapted to the horse and, as a result, transformed their way of life through increased mobility for hunting and warfare. The horse became a valuable possession and a commodity traded for wives and other necessities and luxuries. Horses became symbols of wealth and prestige.
All the while, the wild horse population grew, adapting to their environment, as well, with ears that grew larger and eyesight more acute in order to better hear and see approaching danger as they roamed free in herds.
In her book, America’s Last Wild Horses, Hope Ryden reports conflicting sources for the name “mustang” that came to be applied to the wild American horses. One theory says they were called “mesternos,” coming from the word “mesta” meaning Spanish stock grower. Another theory has “mustang” evolving from monstrenco which means “roving, rough, wild.” Another theory suggests “mustang” came from mesteno, Spanish for “stray.”
Tribes such as the Apaches, Comanches and Osages acquired branded horses from Spanish settlers and traded them with still more tribes. Many of these trained horses slipped through the hands of their captors and found freedom on the plains with the mustangs – breeding, blending and further affecting the evolution of the mustang. Tribes further to the north and away from the easy trade sources of trained animals turned to the wild mustangs as replenishment for their stock. Other tribes looked to the wild mustangs when war, disease or raiding depleted their own herds. For the most part, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, wild mustang herds grew virtually unimpeded, populating most of what we now call the Western states.
As white settlers advanced across the country during this same period, conflicts grew with the nomadic Plains Indians. Settlers felt that nomadic Native Americans had too much mobility and freedom on lands that the settlers claimed were “unused.” In the name of gold fever and manifest destiny (a doctrine proclaiming Americans’ “divine right” to populate the West), buffalo were annihilated and ancestral lands were stripped from one tribe after another.
In the mid-1860s, around the end of the Civil War, the era of the cattle drive dawned. Longhorns had flourished in Southwest – escapees, like the wild mustangs – from the first Spanish explorers. The mythic figure of the American cowboy appears at this point, spawned by the Indians of Mexico, Peru and Argentina who were called vaqueros, skilled horsemen dedicated to herding cattle and horses. According to western lore, the cowboy loves his horse even more than his sweetheart as his sturdy mustang pony helps keep him alive along the long, dusty trail. The cattle drives were aimed at beef and horse markets in Kansas City and St. Louis or to the military outposts to the west where Native Americans were often being held prisoner and needed to be fed.
According to Deanne Stillman in Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West, “From the close of the Civil War through 1888 or so, a million horses, six million cattle and thirty-five thousand men traveled from deep Texas, through the Indian Nations’ territory that later became Oklahoma, and into Kansas. The figure of a million horses refers to those that were taken from what is still called the Wild Horse Desert. An unknown number of horses did not even survive the cullings.” Perhaps another half million horses were ridden by the cowboys during the drives.
Stampedes, snakebites, dust storms and killing winter blasts all fed the legend and lore of mustangs and cowboys in the West. Before the advent of the telegram, the Pony Express briefly grabbed attention as intrepid horsemen saddled their trusty mustangs to gallop from Missouri to California on an eight-day journey through dangerous Indian territory and all kinds of weather to deliver the mail.
In the late 1800s entertainment acts such as Buffalo Bill Cody’s “Wild West Show” traveled the world, spreading the mystique of the Old West – of wild mustangs, guns and cattle. The end of an era was captured in the art of Frederic Remington and Charles Russell as they showcased cowboys on “buckin’ broncos,” Indians on painted ponies in full war regalia, and landscapes with wild mustangs and buffalo in great roving herds as they would never be seen live again. The first western movie was the silent film classic, “The Great Train Robbery” in 1903. Novels by Zane Grey and Louis L’Amour further immortalized this uniquely American experience.
But by the close of the 19th century, Native Americans had been forced onto reservations and encouraged by the government to turn to agriculture as a means to long-term survival. The large herds of horses, integral to the Indian way of life for two centuries, were now labeled as “worthless” and a “Horse-Removal Program” commenced.
Domestic herds were greatly reduced, and although wild mustang herds continued to exist, the amount of land available for grazing was shrinking. Overgrazing was a serious problem. According to Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West, “At the end of the nineteenth century, there were two million wild horses ranging across seventeen states, from California to Missouri … Most of them had retreated to Nevada, staking out territory in the remote mountains and deserts, steering clear of those who would round them up and ship them off to wars or to the slaughterhouse or simply shoot them for sport.”
The value of wild mustangs fluctuated as they were deemed necessary for war, for pet food, chicken feed, glue, food and clothing. “Mustangers” who hunted wild horses for profit became famous figures in first Nevada, then Montana, and other states. The Great Depression seized our country’s economy and, driven by overgrazing and drought, many areas of the west became a great “Dust Bowl,” as the wild American mustangs were further decimated. Wild mustang round-ups using airplanes came into vogue, and the mustang was seen as an unwanted and highly disposable creature.
Through the first part of the 20th century, state and federal governments wrestled with the problems of land management and overgrazing while in Nevada, a woman who came to be known as “Wild Horse Annie” Johnston took up the plight of the endangered wild American mustang. A polio victim whose face was permanently disfigured by treatment for the disease, Annie had been raised on a ranch and loved all things of nature. She and her husband owned a ranch where they invited handicapped children to come enjoy their horses.
In 1950, Annie noticed a trail of blood coming from a truck carrying tightly-packed and buckshot-wounded mustangs. The horses were in terrible condition, having been run in by airplane, shot and then carted to a rendering plant to make chicken feed.
Sickened by the sight of the animals’ suffering, Annie began to work to outlaw the use of airplanes and motorized vehicles in the round-up of wild mustangs in Nevada and then, the entire country. It was a tough battle, as the tax-funded hunters were fighting for their livelihood, and she was fighting against centuries of contempt and disrespect for the wild American mustang.
But sentiments were changing. America was tuning in to scientists who were bringing up issues of ecology and natural preservation. While some hard-nosed westerners continued to see the mustang as a feral animal, not worthy of saving, others began to understand the unique and important role this animal had played in Native American culture and in the settling of the west. Finally, in 1971, through the efforts of Wild Horse Annie and others, the federal Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act made it illegal to capture, brand, harass or kill the wild mustangs who roamed public lands.
At the bill-signing ceremony, President Richard Nixon quoted Thoreau and said, “We need the tonic of wildness.” He added, “In the past seventy years, civilization and economics have brought the wild horse to 99 percent extinction. They are a living link with the conquistadors, through the heroic times of the western Indians and pioneers to our own day … More than that, they merit protection as a matter of ecological right – as anyone knows who has stood awed at the indomitable spirit and sheer energy of a mustang running free.”
But enforcement and management of this act has proven to be a challenge. Unscrupulous hunters continued to use violence and inhumane methods of round-up, and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) struggled to deal with a host of land-use issues, a burgeoning wild mustang population and an adoption program that has not always run smoothly. Wild animal activist and writer Hope Ryden in America’s Last Wild Horses called the first decades of the BLM’s management “Twenty Years of Mustang Mismanagement.” Today, the wild American mustang endures, though still facing harsh odds.
For further reading on the history of the wild American mustang:
• America’s Last Wild Horses, by Hope Ryden, first published in 1970, with updated editions in 1978, 1990 and 1999, published by the Lyons Press.
• Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West, by Deanne Stillman, published in 2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Honest Horses: Wild Horses in the Great Basin, by Paula Morin, published in 2006 by University of Nevada Press.


The images of donors are very important in Dunhuang since they make up a huge proportion of the mural surface. The basic motive behind the donation is to attain merit. It could be for the donor’s own spiritual well-being and/or worldly happiness. Alternatively, it could be transferred to others, such as deceased parents for the salvation of their souls, or members of the family so that all could be reunited in paradise.
Construction of a cave was funded by donations from a group of monks and/or laity, or by a single family. Many caves have donors’ portraits with inscriptions in cartouches beside the donors. Therefore, their names, origins and ranks, the merits they wished to have, etc. could be identified. However, these images, showing a contemporary, idealized look, were not realistic representations of the donors.
In the early period, long rows of donors’ portraits, in contemporary dress, were painted in less prominent areas, such as on the side walls in small rows, under the niches or under the main paintings. Later, they were painted on the dado part of the walls. For instance, the band, containing 70 donor figures, above the niches and below the six triads in Cave 285 is only 18 cm high (Figure 1).
The names on the cartouches and the costumes show that many of them were not Han (the majority ethnic group in China), but were minorities, such as the Xianbei from Northern China and the Sogdians (from present-day Samarkand).
From the Sui (581-618) on, it became increasingly popular to add families, entourages and servants to the depiction of donor processions of high ranking local officials. The images of the entourages and servants are usually smaller in scale, overlapped, and without inscriptions. They carry canopies, parasols, ceremonial fans, swords, etc. (Figure 2).
During the middle Tang (781-848), Dunhuang was controlled by the Tubo (Tibetan) who were very fond of building Buddhist monasteries and constructing caves. Their kings were also very happy to be the main donors and be placed in a prominent part of the painting. The best example can be found in Cave 159.
Control of the Hexi area was regained by Zhang Yichao, the local magnate. This started the Late Tang period (848-906) of Dunhuang art. Depictions of his and his wife’s triumphal processions (in Cave 156) and portraits of eminent monks (in Cave 17) provided a new stimulus for the artists, replacing the stereotypical Pure Land scenes.
Portraits of donors increased in number and size in the Five Dynasties and the Song. When Zhang’s successors, the Caos, were in power, they supported the renovation of existing caves and the construction of new ones. They had these caves decorated with their images in life-size or even larger.
The Caos controlled the Hexi area for 122 years. They formed alliances with their neighbours, the Uyghurs and the Khotan, and with the local elites, which can be noted by the inscriptions beside the portraits in the caves. In Cave 98, the Khotanese king’s huge portrait is 2.92m tall, and his robe and decorations are depicted in detail. The Caos’ female members portrayed in the large caves constructed or renovated at that time (Caves 61, 98, 100 & 108) were all painted with elaborate attire and jewelry. Even the make-up on their faces is still clearly visible today.
Figure 3: Khotanese Princess
(Cave 61, Five Dynasties)
Figure 4: Uyghurs King & Prince
(Cave 409, Five Dynasties)
During the Western Xia and Yuan (1271-1368), more non-Han people, such as the Mongolians, were painted in the procession of donors. These images are extremely valuable for studying the politics and ethnic costumes and customs of the time.


Anthony Wayne Branch
Anthony Wayne was founded in 1967. Unusual for a branch, the name was given its identity commemorating General Anthony Wayne of the Colonial Army during the American Revolution. This is due to most members living in the immediate vicinity of Waynesborough, his historic headquarters in Paoli. During the branch’s history, members have consistently been leaders in the areas of volunteerism, fundraising, Hospital volunteer Boards and enthusiastic support of the community. The fundraising efforts of the Anthony Wayne Branch support the Auxiliary Board’s financial commitment to Paoli Hospital. The branch's fundraising enterprises include supporting both Auxiliary special events, such as Mistletoe & Magic and the Golf Tournament, and the ongoing efforts to build the branch's treasury for Hospital donation purposes through raffles and other fundraisers.
The 1st Monday following the 1st Thursday of each month at 9:30am, from September through May.


During the CFA Annual Convention, held earlier this month at the Hyatt Tamaya in Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico, the attending members elected Tom Brown of TJ Construction Unlimited Inc. in Ely, Iowa and Jerry Hoyer of Hoyer Poured Walls Inc. of Marysville, Ohio to serve three-year terms on the Board of Directors.
Also at the meeting, Dan Bromley (top left photo) of ABI Corporation of Lee’s Summit, Mo. assumed the role of CFA President, replacing Brad Schrock of Westfield, IN.
Bromley becomes the 23rd president in the rich history of the CFA and establishes the second father/son leadership. His father, Gary Bromley (bottom right photo) , was president from 1995-1996.
One other pair added to this history of lineage are Joe Carr, who served as President from 1993-95, and the current Past President (06-08), Brad Schrock, his son-in-law.


At least four Confederate monuments were removed from public spaces in Baltimore overnight.
Fights and arguments were widespread during a white nationalist protest in Charlottesville, Virginia. Demonstrators were protesting the removal of a Confederate statue.
The city is taking down several of the monuments after a 6-1 city council vote on their removal. New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu said they belong in a museum u0022with context.u0022


Uros Nenadic of Schererville, age 96, passed away on December 2, 2021. He is survived by his loving wife Jovanka “Joka” (Katic), married almost 75 years; son Nick; daughter Sylvia (Michael) Ivetich; proud grandfather of Misha and Stevan Ivetich. Preceded in death by parents Niko and Sava; brothers Nikola and Mladen; sisters Bosa and Stana; all of Yugoslavia.
Born in Grkovci, Bosnia in 1925, Uros was a veteran of the conflicts in Yugoslavia during the Second World War; serving under local commanders in Bosnia and Dalmatia attached to the Royalist Forces of General Draza Mihajlovich. A surviver of post-war hardships in displaced persons camps in Europe, Uros emigrated to the USA in 1951 on the USNS General Harry Taylor, working in the steward department during the 13 day voyage in rough seas. He found his way to East Chicago with his wife and young daughter and was employed by the Inland Steel Company; retiring as a mechanical technician after almost 40 years of service. Uros was a lifelong member and current President of the Association of Serbian Combatants of the Royal Yugoslav Army; East Chicago Chapter. In 2009, Uros took great pride in realizing the erection of a statue commemorating General Draza Mihajlovich on the grounds of the New Gracanica Serbian Orthodox Monastery in Third Lake, IL.
Uros was a member of St. George Serbian Orthodox Church in East Chicago since 1951. Private services and burial at the St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery in Libertyville, IL.
Uros will be remembered as a hard-working, loving and devoted husband, father and grandfather to all who knew him. he loved his culture and its traditions, hoping always they would be passed to the next generation. He will be dearly missed by all; forever “Dido” to his grandchildren. Vjecnaja Pamjat; may your memory be eternal.


Schemes proposed for adaptive reuse of historical Clinton Theater
Scheme A: Clinton Place (mixed-use complex)
Scheme B: Clinton Park (urban playground)
Scheme C: Clinton Market (year-round farmers’ market)
Located at the heart of Clintonville, Clinton Theater used to be the place to be. Community members had fond memories; people remembered seeing their first motion pictures there. This historic structure, however, was left vacant and deteriorated and it faced the fate of demolition. Three schemes were proposed as adaptive reuse of the building, juxtaposing modern design with historical building as a way to create a new landmark.


Traditional foods for the Þorri midwinter feast
Another tradition for Þorri is for us to look back to the nation's past and dine on some of the old traditional foods that were daily fare for our ancestors. Below is a link to my Þorri post, which in turn has links to all the Þorri recipes I have posted. I am trying to preserve the comments, so I will not be bringing it back to the top. If you want to leave comments, please leave them by the original post.


In addition to the famous museums such as the Rijksmuseum and Van Gogh in Amsterdam, the local Marker Museum, with the history of the former island, the Volendams Museum, the Waterlandmuseum (newly opened in 2012) and the Purmerends museum, are also recommended.
Want to know more about Dutch history? Half an hour’s drive from our accommodation, you can also visit the Zaanse Schans visits. This unique residential neighborhood houses several museums, mills, crafts, restaurants and a visitor center. You also have the opportunity to do a tour and it gives you a good impression of how life in the Zaan region looked in the 17th and 18th centuries. There is also a visit to the Zuiderzeemuseum in Enkhuizen. Here you will find many historic houses in a unique setting, which are rebuilt


Not long ago I received an email from a colleague at my day job. This woman was also a colleague at my previous day job and remembered my love of photography. She let me know about an exhibition and a workshop on pinhole photography. It was only a few days before someone was talking about the Beyond the Battlefields exhibition at a photography meet up.
The exhibition is free and being held in Aston Webb’s Rotunda Gallery at the University of Birmingham. I didn’t realise the Great Hall was used as a hospital in WW1.
After being taken around the exhibition we started the workshop. I always have a fear that I can never keep up in workshops, but this was different. Jo Gane who took the workshop was lovely. She explained everything really well and didn’t go too fast.
We went on to prepare a drinks can ready to take our photos. The cans were then loaded with photographic paper and off we went.
My first attempt didn’t require much exposure time, two seconds. I am so happy with the result. We used a smartphone app to invert the photos.
This was the corner of my 2nd attempt, the rest of the shot didn’t expose for long enough.
My last attempt blended the old and the new. I really wanted to take a photo of a new camera.
I am so glad I attended this workshop, it was out of my comfort zone and I survived.


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IRIS was the goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the Olympian gods. She was often described as the handmaiden and personal messenger of Hera. Iris was a goddess of sea and sky--her father Thaumas "the wondrous" was a marine-god, and her mother Elektra "the amber" a cloud-nymph. For the coastal-dwelling Greeks, the rainbow's arc was most often seen spanning the distance betewen cloud and sea, and so the goddess was believed to replenish the rain-clouds with water from the sea. Iris had no distinctive mythology of her own. In myth she appears only as an errand-running messenger and was usually described as a virgin goddess.Her name contains a double meaning. ."
Iris is depicted in ancient Greek vase painting as a beautiful young woman with golden wings, a herald's rod (kerykeion), and sometimes a water-pitcher (oinochoe) in her hand. She was usually depicted standing beside Zeus or Hera, sometimes serving nectar from her jug. As cup-bearer of the gods Iris is often indistinguishable from Hebe in art.
IRIS (Iris), a daughter of Thaumas (whence she is called Thaumantias, Virg. Aen. ix. 5) and Electra, and sister of the Harpies. (Hes. Theog. 266, 780; Apollod. i. 2. § 6; Plat. Theaet. p. 155. d; Plut. de Plac. Philos. iii. 5.) In the Homeric poems she appears as the minister of the Olympian gods, who carries messages from Ida to Olympus, from gods to gods, and from gods to men. (Il. xv. 144, xxiv. 78, 95, ii. 787, xviii. 168, Hymn. in Apoll. Del. 102, &c.) In accordance with these functions of Iris, her name is commonly derived from erô eirô; so that Iris would mean "the speaker or messenger:" but it is not impossible that it may be connected with eirô, "I join," whence eirênê ; so that Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, would be the joiner or conciliator, or the messenger of heaven, who restores peace in nature. In the Homeric poems, it is true, Iris does not appear as the goddess of the rainbow, but the rainbow itself is called iris (Il xi. 27, xvii. 547): and this brilliant phenomenon in tile skies, which vanishes as quickly as it appears, was regarded as the swift minister of the gods. Her genealogy too supports the opinion that Iris was originally the personification of the rainbow. In the earlier poets, and even in Theocritus (xvii. 134) and Virgil (Aen. v. 610) Iris appears as a virgin goddess; but according to later writers, she was married to Zephyrus, and became by him the mother of Eros. (Eustath. ad Hom. pp. 391, 555; Plut. Amat. 20.) With regard to her functions, which we have above briefly described, we may further observe, that the Odyssey never mentions Iris, but only Hermes as the messenger of the gods: in the Iliad, on the other hand, she appears most frequently, and on the most different occasions. She is principally engaged in the service of Zeus, but also in that of Hera, and even serves Achilles in calling the winds to his assistance. (Il. xxiii. 199.) She further performs her services not only when commanded, but she sometimes advises and assists of her own accord (iii. 122, xv. 201. xviii. 197. xxiv. 74, &c.). In later poets she appears on the whole in the same capacity as in the Iliad, but she occurs gradually more and more exclusively in the service of Hera, both in the later Greek and Latin poets. (Callim. Hymn. in Del. 232; Virg. Aen. v. 606; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 288, 432; Ov. Met. xiv. 830, &c.) Some poets describe Iris actually as the rainbow itself, but Servius (ad Aen v. 610) states that the rainbow is only the road on which Iris travels, and which therefore appears whenever the goddess wants it, and vanishes when it is no longer needed: and it would seem that this latter notion was the more prevalent one in antiquity. Respecting the worship of Iris very few traces have come down to us, and we only know that the Delians offered to her on the island of Hecate cakes made of wheat and honey and dried figs. (Athen. xiv. p. 645; comp. Müller, Aegin. p. 170.) No statues of Iris have been preserved, but we find her frequently represented on vases and in bas-reliefs, either standing and dressed in a long and wide tunic, over which hangs a light upper garment, with wings attached to her shoulders, and carrying the herald's staff in her left hand; or she appears flying with wings attached to her shoulders and sandals, with the staff and a pitcher in her hands.
AELLOPUS (Aellopous), a surname of Iris, the messenger of the gods, by which she is described as swift-footed like a storm-wind. Homer uses the form aellopos. (Il. 409.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
A goddess named “Iris” personified the rainbow in the mythology of ancient Greece. Most works of art depict her either in the form of a beautiful rainbow, or as a lovely maiden. She wore wings on her shoulders and usually carried a pitcher in one hand. Her name combined the Greek words for “messenger” and “the rainbow” to signify her dual role. Some accounts depict her as one of the goddess Hera’s assistants. (Hera carries associations with the sky.)
The ancient Greeks considered Iris the female counterpart of Hermes. She served as a messenger from Mount Olympus. She would use her pitcher to scoop up water from the ocean and carry it into the clouds. Some legends also hold she used her pitcher to collect water from the River Styx, the shadowy river separating the world of human beings from the underworld. Many Greeks viewed Iris as an important link between mortals and the realm of the gods.
The Family Life of Iris
Most sources describe Iris as the daughter of the Oceanid cloud nymph Elektra and Thaumas, a minor god sometimes associated with the sea. She would have been one of the Titan Oceanus’ granddaughters. Her rainbow frequently appeared in the sky over bodies of water.
Legends differ about her life as an adult. Some stories describe her as unmarried and primarily a messenger for the Olympian gods. In other accounts, she fell in love with Zephyros, the god of the West Wind. They had a son named Pothos, who personified Desire.
Iris as a Messenger
Iris would frequently use her pitcher to serve nectar to the gods and goddesses on Mount Olympus. When these major ancient Greek deities needed to send messages to other gods or to human beings, they would sometimes ask Iris to transmit their words. She could travel very quickly from Mount Olympus to Earth, and could even journey quickly into Hades.
Many ancient Greeks considered Iris one of the most beautiful goddesses. The ancient Greeks described her as “swift footed”, suggesting she could respond rapidly to requests. In legends, she carries symbolic associations with messages and communication.


[1995-1996]
The Searching For Simplicity Tour brought the band to the US East Coast throughout November 1997 and from late December 1997 to early January 1998, followed by a number of dates on the US West Coast during February (one date in Canada). GA&F then toured Japan during April and the beginning of May, followed with Nevada and California in June and July 1998 and the US East Coast during October/November '98 and December/January '98/'99. In May '99 the band played three shows in California; on Oct. 3 '99 the band performed at the B.R. Cohn Winery Fall Festival in Glen Ellen, CA; and the last GA&F tour of 1999 brought the band to the US East Coast for 21 shows, from November 28, 1999 to January 1, 2000. During April 2000 the band played four shows in Southern California, and one at the Fillmore in San Francisco. GA&F started off the Fall/Winter 2000 tour with 6 shows in Las Vegas, NV followed by several East Coast shows from October 18 to November 20. The end-of-the-year shows were in Georgia and Alabama, and the final GA&F show of the previous century took place on Dec. 31 2000 at The Tabernacle in Atlanta, GA.
The first 2 shows of 2001 were in California and Washington during July: Luther Burbank Center in Santa Rosa CA on the 26th and the World of Music, Arts and Dance Festival in Redmond, WA where GA&F headlined on the 28th. During Oct/Nov, the band played 16 shows starting in Florida then moving through LA, TX, NM, AZ, NV, CA and WA to Oregon. Back on the road again in December, GA&F played 8 shows starting in Savannah, GA on the 27th and ending in Chicago, IL on January 6, 2002. Then a little over a month after that, two shows (Feb. 15-16) in Florida! The Fall/Winter 2002 tour consisted of 25 shows over a period of 32 days on the road. Starting in Macon GA, GA&F played 18 shows from Oct. 18 to Nov. 10. Back on tour in late December, the last 7 shows of the tour started on Dec. 27 at the House Of Blues in Orlando FL. New Year's was at The Tabernacle in Atlanta GA, and the final show was on Jan. 5, 2003 at the State Theatre in Kalamazoo, MI.
The 2007 shows started in Lincoln City, OR on May 25 with added West coast dates in June and trips to Italy, Poland and England in July. From October to November the band played several shows on the East Coast, in the South East and two in Texas. The final show for 2007 was on Nov. 11 at the Love Ride Foundation Event Pomona, Ca.


Before starting on your history project or paper, you need to ask yourself how historians think and what historical thinking is. Historical thinking is the analysis of a piece of history through various points of view and its influence, if any, of the present. This is essentially what historians do as a profession! Watch the video below for a in depth explanation. Once you understand how historical thinking works, you will be better equipped to handle a historical research paper.