- Warehouse logistics development in the ancient world
- What challenges European warehouse logistics met in the 10th-19th centuries
- Warehouse logistics system in the USA
- How logistics in a warehouse looks like nowadays
- How warehouse logistics has evolved in Ukraine
- Warehousing and logistics at different times: chronological table
- Conclusions: Warehouse logistics prospects
Warehouse logistics has a long development history. As soon as mankind was engaged in farming and products exchange, the question arose where to store excess production. While ancient warehouses were only storage areas, modern storehouses perform many different functions. New warehousing services are also constantly evolving. A modern and well-organized storehouse makes it possible to increase a company’s profitability, rather than being a cost source.
In this article, WareTeka collected information on how warehouse logistics developed from ancient times till nowadays and how a warehouse became more and more important for business.
Warehouse logistics development in the ancient world
According to archaeologists and historians, storehouses were widespread in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians created special premises to store different types of goods. In the first warehouses, grain and other foodstuffs were stored. Then appeared storehouses for other types of goods. Warehouses were segregated to store different products under one roof — weapons, food, clothes, etc. Each stock compartment was colored. The lower floors of warehouses were used for heavy and popular products, while the upper floors served for storage of expensive and more rarely requested goods. In addition, warehouse workers such as managers, loaders, and accountants, already existed in Ancient Egypt.
While for the Egyptians the main task of warehouse logistics was storage, in Ancient Greece the appearance of warehouses was preceded by another event. The ancient Greeks introduced a concept of wholesale trade and, consequently, they needed to store large quantities of goods. However, the highest point of warehouse logistics development took place in the time of the rise of the Roman Empire. The ancient Romans introduced a distribution system to provide large areas of the country with food as well as to trade with neighboring countries. Around 300 warehouses were built for food storage, from which products were transported throughout the country and abroad. The warehouses were ventilated and drained.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, trade and warehouse logistics development in Europe stopped. For a long time, trade was chaotic. The situation changed only in the 10th century.
What challenges European warehouse logistics met in the 10th-19th centuries
The second stage of warehouse logistics development in Europe took place in 1000 years. At that time the Republic of Venice was at the crossroads of trade routes. Venice was an important port through which goods from Asia entered the European market. The product storage required not only storehouses but also a stock accounting. The Venetians also introduced warehouse bonds. All these factors led to the fact that warehousing brought profit and contributed to its economic prosperity.
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the number of warehouses increased due to the European guilds. They were involved in the import of manufactured goods and the export of grains. Members of the guild could buy raw materials and sell goods at the same price. They kept their goods in warehouses.
In the 18th century, the influence of guilds increased significantly. After the Industrial Revolution, the urban population increased sharply. Supply chains and storage areas for food and necessities had to be established to provide for the entire population. So warehouses became an important link in supply chains.
Warehouse logistics system in the USA
The warehouses in North America were already used by Native Americans. Settlers from Europe also built premises for storing goods purchased from natives. Colonial traders were engaged in the export of textiles, spices, coffee, and fur. There were also tobacco warehouses at the beginning of the 17th century in Virginia.
The population was increasing, new territories were developed. As a result, retail and wholesale trade evolved. In the United States, chain stores appeared in the mid-19th century. To meet the population’s growing needs, it was necessary to transform the warehouse logistics system. Manufacturing was also evolving. In the early 20th century, the Ford Motor Company and General Motors were the major automakers. At that time, Henry Ford implemented new principles of warehouse logistics management. You can read more about his ideas in our other article.
These factors led to the emergence of logistics complex prototypes in the United States in the 1930s. Gradually, warehouses from premises, whose main function is goods storage, became a distribution center. So in the United States, modern warehouse logistics has emerged.
How logistics in a warehouse looks like nowadays
After the Second World War, the approach to warehouse building changed. Warehouses became single-story. Due to this fact, construction became cheaper and the efficiency of warehouse staff increased. It also allowed the implementation of equipment for various warehouse operations. Warehouse productivity and profitability of companies increased.
However, it became clear that not only the proper warehouse design and the availability of all necessary equipment affected the warehousing processes’ efficiency. A storehouse also needed good management. Therefore, experts in product accounting and resource management are also required in warehouse logistics.
Modern warehouses are high-tech facilities that are an important part of a supply chain. They perform the functions of stockpiling, storing, and distributing goods. They are used for processing goods and preparing them for delivery to the final consumer. There are premises and logistics complexes with optimal storage conditions for any type of product on the logistics real estate market.
Automation and computerizing have also changed the way warehouses are organized. Thanks to the Warehouse Management System the inventory of goods has become more accurate. This software application has a positive impact on warehouse operations speed and storage space optimization.
The latest trends in warehouse logistics are the usage of warehouse robots. They can perform repeated and physically demanding tasks without human participation. We described what companies use warehouse robots nowadays previously.
Modern warehouses can be exhibition halls and even sights. A notable example is the silos in the Autostadt, a visitor attraction adjacent to the Volkswagen factory in Wolfsburg. The silos are two glass 60 meters tall buildings that are connected to the factory by an underground tunnel. The conveyor takes cars from the factory to the tunnel, where the robots elevate vehicles to their place in a car silo. Such multilevel storage allows saving space and attracts much visitors’ attention. In addition, the prospective buyer knows that he purchases a new car, without having driven a single meter. Thanks to this spectacular presentation of its products, Volkswagen could increase sales.
How warehouse logistics has evolved in Ukraine
The beginning of warehouse logistics development in Ukraine began in the 18th-19th centuries. The first storehouses were single-story, with the floor on ground level and ceiling height not exceeding 3.5 meters. After the end of the Second World War, warehouse logistics development depended on the priority of a particular industry. Thus, in the 1960s-1970s, the most modern and best-equipped were warehouses built for the needs of the manufacturing and military industry. Warehouses for foodstuffs were initially constructed as multi-story, but such facilities were inconvenient. They were later built as single-story, but these premises were not used effectively due to the low level of mechanization.
In the 1990s-2000s warehouse logistics in Ukraine began to develop rapidly. Foreign companies with expertise in logistics, access to modern technology and equipment have entered the market. A warehouse was no longer a strategic facility but an important competitive advantage. Now storehouses in Ukraine are built according to all modern warehouse logistics standards, using all necessary equipment and implementing WMS.
Warehousing and logistics at different times: chronological table
Since warehouse logistics development was gradual and recently took on a modern appearance, we present you with this table. It demonstrates the main stages in the evolution of the branch and their brief description.
|c. 2300 BC||Ancient Egypt||Warehouses and the first warehouse workers appeared|
|1st-2nd centuries||Roman Empire||Warehouse network development for established trade throughout the country and abroad|
|10th-17th centuries||Republic of Venice||Warehouses are used not only as transit points for imported goods but also as a trading platform and a source of profit|
|18th century||Industrial Revolution||Warehouses become a necessity to meet the needs of the increased urban population|
|18th-19th centuries||Ukraine||The appearance of warehouses on the territory of Ukraine|
|20th century||The whole world||Fundamentals and principles of modern warehouse logistics are established, a warehouse becomes a distribution center|
|21st century||The whole world||The emergence of robots, warehouse automation level, and the number of warehousing services are constantly increasing|
Conclusions: Warehouse logistics prospects
Warehouse logistics evolve with economic, production, and technological development. Global processes also influence its development. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought many companies to review their attitude to an obligatory insurance stock in case of supply chain disruption. In addition, the pandemic has affected the eCommerce segment growth. A warehouse is a priority for online retailers. Demand for warehouses has increased, as the requirements for them.
How future warehouses will look like is not known. However, it is clear that warehouse logistics retains its significance in the future.


Yule vs. Christmas
Blessed Yule, everyone.
In recognition and celebration of the season, I thought it might be useful to some in our extended coven to review some of the history of this holiday. In particular, I am going to look at the history of how Yule intersects with the more commonly celebrated holiday, Christmas.
I am sure that there are many who pay little mind to the origins of the many common traditions around the Christmas holiday, so many who celebrate – either as a part of their Christian faith or even as a secular cultural celebration – would likely be surprised to know that this holiday is rife with traditions derived from pagan practices. In fact, the similarities and “inspirations” are quite plentiful, so I will limit myself to just few here in this post and will, perhaps, return to the topic sometime in the future to provide additional details.
All about the timing…
Christians often celebrate Christmas as a recognition of the birth of Jesus Christ. Christ’s December 25th birthday has long been accepted as “fact” but, in reality is not entirely accurate. In fact, the bible makes no actual mention of an exact date of Jesus of Nazareth’s birth. Instead, the date December 25th is widely understood to have been declared by Pope Julius I .
But “why December 25th?” You might ask.
Well, the Roman celebration of Saturnalia was already a popular time of celebration around this time. It is believed that this timing was an attempt to make the newly minted “holiday” more palatable to the masses, (hopefully) increase the odds of converting people to the Christian faith, and to “adopt and absorb the traditions of the Pagan Saturnalia festival” . So, basically, choosing this date was a clever marketing ploy on behalf of the church.
Decorating a Christmas Tree
One of the staple activities and feature pieces of décor for the Christmas holiday is the Christmas Tree. This tradition too is one derived from Pagan tradition.
First, it is important to understand that trees, in general were known to be worshipped by Pagans. That being said, the evergreen (and other similarly green-all-year) trees were held in special esteem with Pagans. These trees were highly regarded because of their perceived liminality, existing between both the living and the dead. Often, this plant life represented the promise of renewed life to come after a rough winter season. As such, many Pagans would decorate their homes with pieces of this greenery. In fact, Pagans were known to affix an evergreen bough to their door in an effort to ward against forces such as ghosts or illness . Similarly, other forms of greenery of this kind were placed around the house for their perceived protective powers.
The tradition of adorning trees started long before people brought them into the home for the purpose of decorating them for Christmas. For example, Scandinavians once took to the forest and “decorated trees with runes, coloured clothes and food, to entice the tree spirits to come back in summer” .
The tradition of bringing a Christmas tree into the home did not start until 16th century Germans began using “paradise trees” in performances depicting the Adam and Eve origin story .
Here we come a wassailing
A time-honored Christmas tradition comes in the form of caroling. People band together and travel from one house to the next to sing traditional Christmas tunes to their neighbors and friends, spreading the joy and spirit of the holiday season. This tradition is directly derived from the Pagan tradition of wassailing, which was typically performed around the 12th day of Yule.
Wassailing came in two distinct forms. The first consisted of people singing through fields and orchards to scare away any evil spirits who might prevent a bountiful harvest in the coming year. The participants would also spill wine over the fields as an offering to that same end [6, 7].
The second form of wassailing is the most similar to the modern-day practice of caroling. People would travel door-to-door, singing carols and offering a sip of wassail (a spiced ale or mulled wine) from a wassail cup in exchange for gifts or treats from a home’s inhabitants (who were usually members of the upper class). This tradition is also closely related to the Pagan practice of “guising” or “mumming,” which I may have to consider writing about next Samhain…
More to come?
These are just a few of the connections between Pagan traditions and the more modern (and thus commonly celebrated) Christmas traditions. There are so many more connections to be explored on this topic, but you came here for a blog of shadows post not a full academic article or dissertation, so I will leave you with these items...for now.
If this is a topic you would be interested in reading more about, be sure to like this post and leave a comment to let us know. Perhaps we can come back to this topic in the future to offer you additional information.
In the meantime, I did leave several sources below where you can find additional information.
 Spiderwyck, Edward. Pagan Roots of Christmas Folklore and Traditions. 2020.


The 17th edition of the annual Latin Grammy Awards is scheduled for November 8th 2016. It seems difficult to imagine a time when the term Latin music was not a household word in North America and, indeed, worldwide. The populous Latin American countries themselves are quickly becoming, in the words of a reporter from the British newspaper, The Guardian, “the music industry’s new frontier.” The establishment of the Latin Grammys by the American National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences is proof of what is at stake for the so-called mainstream music industry as it attempts to woo the staggeringly growing number of consumers of Latin music.
Success of the commercial type, however, usually also raises skepticism. The question is whether it has done away with the authenticity and cultural value of Latin music. Regardless of how one may be tempted to respond to this question, the indisputable fact is that Latin music and its political legacy of a Pan-Latin American identity lives on stronger than ever. Yet, sorting out the virtues from the evils of the Latino banner is an exercise prone to carry anyone into contradictions and inconsistencies. The history of Latin music is rife with these.
The term Latin America itself was coined by the French around the mid-19th century. It was their way ‘to make nice’ to Spanish and Portuguese-speaking American countries which had begun to achieve independence from Spain. France’s pitch was that romance (Latin) language-speaking countries had an inherent connection and should be suspicious of English-speaking British and Americans with whom they had little in common. It was the dawning of the era of “post-colonial” expansionism. France was simply attempting to compete for a piece of the pie with Britain and Anglo-America as the Spanish empire languished in the throes of decline. The French did not fare well in their coveted Latin America. Their only incursion into the continent was their short-lived invasion of Mexico where they installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as a monarch in 1864. Only three years later, the French were deposed with Maximilian dying in front of a firing squad.


St Mary’s Cathedral
The St Mary’s Cathedral in Sydney is truly a sight to behold with it structure based in Gothic Revival architecture.
At it’s highest point, which are the Front towers and spires it stands at 74.6m tall and is one the longest church in Australia (which you can truly sense when standing within it’s walls.
Given it’s gothic roots, it has a commanding presence when one stands at the foot of it doors, even still that is is housed withing what is now the central business district of Sydney.
The cathedral was founded in 1821, dedicated in 1865 and consecrated in 1882.
As it currently stands the first cathedral was built in 1851, with the nave being completed in 1923 and the spires being added in 2000.
Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia standing at around 16 hectares of park in the central business district of Sydney, the above images where taken from it’s grounds. Interestingly it’s initial purpose was as a racecourse for horses prior to becoming what it is now.


Bedste dating side for unge Horsens
Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814.The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland.During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC – AD 1), native groups began migrating south, and the first tribal Danes came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age, The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark.
Denmark proper consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island.
Denmark is considered to be one of the happiest countries in the world.
Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the country ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including education, health care, protection of civil liberties, democratic governance, prosperity and human development.
Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs.
Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948; in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009.


A well known model from the most iconic name in Luxury Watches; the Rolex Air-King positioned previously as an entry level Rolex is a watch that shouldn't be overlooked. The Air-King was introduced by Rolex in 1943 as part of a series of timepieces that paid homage to the British Royal Air Force pilots who flew in the Battle of Britain. These days it offers huge versatility, durability and of course precision. We don't hold a huge stock of these gorgeous pieces but if you don't see an Air-King below that you're interested in please contact us and we can source it for you.
We are based in Malahide Co.Dublin and viewings/meetings are by appointment only. Please reach out to make one and we'll give you directions to our office at that stage. Please note that all stock is kept off site.
Malahide, Co. Dublin
Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham
Monday - Friday 9.30 am to 5 pm
Saturday 10.30 am to 1 pm


This one piece, one size, sleeveless coat is designed especially for our Thick Wool. Striking cable columns become a shawl collar; a 'look twice' creation from Belinda.
ONE SIZE – from top of collar to hem 105cms, back section width 65cms, ribbed collar width 37cms.
Regarding size, one size fits all, although if you would like your Caesar's Coat 'made to measure' please contact us. Measurements required: shoulder to shoulder and nape of neck to hips.
Each garment is hand-made for you, so please allow 4 weeks from order date to delivery.
for you to make
GO TO DOWNLOAD PATTERNs Pages
go to BODY
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you will need: 8 x 100g BUTTERSOFT
A DECREE WAS PASSED that all people should swathes themselves in a coat designed by Belinda; undyed, majestic, grand and warm. Perhaps worn by the great emperor of Rome - Caesar himself. However, it would not have been made in British EARTH (thick wool) - a tad hot if worn in a 32 °heatwave…
THE FACTS: Roman men commonly dressed in 2 garments, the tunica and the toga. The tunica was a short woollen under-garment with short sleeves. In contrast, to wear a long tunic with long sleeves was considered effeminate and was generally avoided by society as a whole.
The tunic worn by patrician (aristocratic) men was made from white wool or expensive linen, while the poor would wear whatever fabric was readily available. Similar to the toga, distinct tunics were worn to signify one's title.
The toga was a large cumbersome robe-like garment of white wool and used up to 9 metres of material. Being such a bulky and uncomfortable article of clothing, it became customary in later times to wear it only on state occasions.


From the turn of the century until today…
The first LaBonne retail operations were on wheels. By delivering fresh fish and meat directly to local families and businesses, George LaBonne, LaBonne Epicure’s progenitor, knew that his customers were getting the freshest goods possible. Continuously satisfying or going beyond customers’ expectations, George grew his business.
George LaBonne knew that one of the most important ingredients in providing customers with superior quality meats and fish was to extend an equally superior level of service designed to sustain the same high quality and remarkable freshness that he demanded from his resources and vendors.
Preserving and sharpening the “dual edge” of high quality and exceptional service, five generations of LaBonne’s have expanded their family business, adding new merchandise categories, extending new services and opening new locations in Connecticut neighborhoods.
The company’s current owner and CEO is Bob LaBonne Jr. His great-great-grandfather, George LaBonne, sold fresh meat and fish from a horse and wagon around the turn of the century. Today, LaBonne’s has grown considerably. Although George LaBonne “started” the business, the company’s expansion is the result of efforts that began years after George’s passing.
Over 50 years ago, in 1962, Bob LaBonne’s Grandfather, Hy LaBonne who had been a master meat cutter for 44 years, established the original concept. Hy had a strong desire to have his own store. Vigorously pursuing his dream, the senior LaBonne realized his objective in 1962 when he opened a modest meat market in Watertown. Knowing there were plenty of customers who wanted a better cut of meat, Hy marketed superior meats and services to this under-served market.
From this modest beginning, the LaBonne name became synonymous with quality. Bob’s Grandfather, Hy, made sure that only practiced cuts, taken from the best sides of beef were offered to his customers. Of course, the store’s reputation and business took root and grew. The business did very well, surviving the trials and tribulations of any fledgling operation and despite some serious “lean” moments. The drive for independence provided the fortitude to “stay the course”.
From the beginning, the LaBonne name became known for quality meat and fish. From these two freshness-driven categories, Hy LaBonne began venturing into other “linked” areas, offering a small selection of vegetables and other edibles. As his offerings grew, the matter of quality remained fixed while he gained experience in the store’s newer assortments of merchandise. The resulting customer-experience with the LaBonne family would remain one of finding consistently high-quality goods surpassed, only on occasion, by superior customer-care and service.
Hy LaBonne, like so many others before and after him, felt he should bring family into the business. And as the family grew, so did the family’s business, strong and true to their common nurturer, those strong roots deeply grounded in quality goods and service.


Dominant eu women are a contested category within many histories of gender and European imperialism. While most of these chronicles have presented their very own subjects as either evil doers or victims, more recent feminist historians include challenged these dualistic concepts of western women and desired to examine the ways that race and class interlace with sexuality in the building of empires.
While there were a few instances of social gatherings that espoused traditional or essentialist concerns, most of the women’s parties emphasized social reorganization and is attractive for equal rights between men and women. These kinds of parties typically targeted reproductive : and nurturing roles, including motherhood, maternity leave, or perhaps family coverage for children.
In particular, most of these parties prioritized equal rights for men and women in the workplace, along with access to education and medical, with focus on the importance of tourists and the wellbeing of children. Additionally, they sought social justice for the elderly, children in poor people, and harmony amongst ethnic groups.
Even though most italian singles of these social gatherings were indie, some joined up with electoral coalitions and ran candidates at the national and EUROPEAN level, with some (for case, Bulgaria, Georgia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland) earning seats in parliament. A lot of, such as the German born Feminist Party and the Women of Russia, likewise contested polls at the local level.
The beginning of these women’s people across The european union during the period under consideration was remarkable. In seven states between 1987 and 3 years ago, women’s celebrations won more than half of the votes, but just earned nine seats in parliament (Armenia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Iceland, Lithuania, Belgium, Russia, and Switzerland).
Moreover, these celebrations were characterized by way of a independence or possibly a willingness to sacrifice their very own integrity in in an attempt to win electrical power. For instance, the Russian Females of Spain was a great uncompromisingly anti-imperialist get together that fought for the rights of Russian citizens and against the Soviet govt in the early 1990s.
However , these types of parties had a relatively low rate of success in the polls they received and a high rate of collapse. For instance , the Shamiram The female Party in Armenia earned more than 135, 000 votes in 1995 and eight chairs in the legislature, nonetheless only gained no seats in the next selection in 1999.
Aside from these functions, there were a number of other the female political corporations that were not really https://corporette.com/online-dating-for-professional-women/ good. Nevertheless, these entities possessed essential political and policy ramifications for the future of women within their countries.
In general, it sounds as if the most effective people in the European Union had been those that espoused social reorganization and gender equality. These celebrations tended to emerge on the western part of the country, whereas some of those in Eastern Europe would not.
This suggests that these people were stronger and enduring than the types inside the East. Additionally , the emergence of these celebrations in the West as well correlated with a higher degree of democracy plus the introduction of gender quotas for party seats.
Despite these kinds of differences, the fundamental forces that explain women’s get-togethers in American Europe also describe those in Eastern The european union. This is why a dummy varied that equipment for the difference between West and East can be used to account for the several outcomes.


Time to show Boston off Another gorgeous warm day so decided to go down to Faneuil Hall walking through the heart of down town. Boston Faneuil Hall was built in 1763 and was used for anti UK speeches from Samuel Adams and the rest of “The Boys in The Band” Should perhaps have gone to Brussels for the same speech a few weeks earlier!! It is now used as a food hall with stalls selling various food options It is still used occasionally for other events Barack Obama delivered a speech in 2013 in defence of his “Affordable Care Act”.
Plane Travel, 14 North Road, Whittlesford, Cambridge, CB22 4NZ
Phone: 01223 839757


This week the Library of Congress introduced the addition of greater than 4,000 new main supply paperwork to the By the Individuals web site. These main sources are all letters, notes, and manuscripts written by Walt Whitman.
The aim of the By the Individuals venture is to enlist the assistance of the general public to transcribe hundreds of main supply paperwork which are housed by and have been scanned by the Library of Congress. Through the years there have been collections of paperwork from the American Civil Conflict, papers from the American Revolution, presidential papers, paperwork about suffrage, and paperwork concerning the integration of Main League Baseball.
Functions for Training
The LOC’s By the Individuals venture is an efficient alternative for highschool college students and a few center faculty college students to find out about Walt Whitman whereas contributing to a nationwide venture. The entire collections in Crowd do have timelines and another assets that assist to offer context for the paperwork which are in want of transcription.
The Smithsonian has the same crowdsourcing venture referred to as Smithsonian Digital Volunteers.


This vacation time, why not enjoy your holidays in Cyprus ? Greece is a lovely Mediterranean’s island country, that’s well-known for its history and natural beauty. There are so many ancient sites, such as the Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site. This is a wonderful place to come for a holiday to enjoy the sunshine and beaches with your family. Here is a look at top six attractions in Cyprus which are a must to see:
- Paphos harbor And Castle – This is a wonderful place to visit because it’s primarily an ancient historical site where you can revel in the marvels of the past. The harbor has some of the most beautiful fishing boats. Stop by at the local fish restaurants for a nice lunch and then take a journey to the castle, which speaks of the medieval era. The original castle was built in 1391 and was later destroyed. The structure built on top of the earlier ruins, was used as dungeons and then a warehouse!!!
- Aiya Napa –This is now a popular tourist spots because of its beautiful sandy beaches. The waters in the beaches are shallow and allow for water sports like scuba diving and snorkeling. Its name is derived from an ancient monastery that used to lie right in the center of the resort’s town area.
- Protares- Lying very close to Aiya Napa is the lovely beach resort of Protaras. This area is endowed with natural beauty; much of its enhanced by natural beaches that have pristine waters. This is a perfect spot for family holidays in Cyprus and has some world class hotels, restaurants, and shopping venues that are a delight to tourists.
- Buyuk Han – This is one of the oldest public buildings in the country, and was originally designed to offer accommodation to travelers and offer protection for merchants. The building is shaped in the form of a fortress and was used by British troops during the world war. You can shop around its many retail outlets else sit for cup of coffee in its beautiful cafes.
- Kolosso Castle – This is a beautiful 12th century castle located in the fertile valley in South Cyprus. It was originally built by the French military which was later left In ruins, upon which the present day castle was constructed by hospalatiers. The castle has been partly converted into areas that showcases artwork, while in another part sugarcane is used for the processing of sugarcane.
- Paphos Mosaics – This is one of the best masterpieces on Cyprus, located near the harbor area. The mosaic represents the most beautiful scenes from Greek mythology and many of the scenes here date as far back as the 2nd and the 5th century. These mosaics have been excavated by archeologists and are part of a structure that includes theater and castle. They were originally part of nobleman’s houses and today they are on display in houses such as the House of Dionysus and the House of Orpheus, etc.
Cyprus is an exciting holiday destination and visiting it is an enriching experience because of its culture, climate and immense natural beauty. You can opt for package holidays to Cyprus to see the ancient monuments, heritage, grand palaces and archeological excavations. There are many travel agencies that specialize in family holidays to Cyprus.


September 2nd was national blueberry popsicle day. (I love quirky holidays!) So I naturally made some! This recipe is delicious and is perfect for a go-to breakfast for busy mornings. Plus, it only has three ingredients!
Ever wondered how popsicles were invented? I am always curious about how things came up. ha!
How were popsicles invented?
Popsicles were invented in 1905 by an eleven-year-old boy named Frank Epperson. One winter’s night he accidentally left a fruit-flavored drink with a stirring stick on his porch. In the morning, it was the frozen treat we all know and love. Frank called his invention the “Epsicle,” but the name was changed to “popsicle” eighteen years later.
Now onto the yummy stuff! Make this popsicle. No added sugar, and it’s so, so good!
This recipe is four servings (four popsicle mold).
Enjoy this recipe on your last days of summer!


The story of the Hudson House begins with our great-grandparents, George and Helena Kaufman Ringler. George arrived at Ellis Island in 1908. He moved to the Adirondacks and began working and living at Barton Mines as the manager of the boarding house. Helena Kaufman made the crossing in 1911 to work as a governess in North River, NY. They met, married in 1913 and had four children.
George was a true entrepreneur and started his own trucking business hauling the garnet out of Barton Mine. His new proprietorship was successful and in 1928 he had the resources to begin construction of this home. Helena designed every detail, always keeping in mind that the house would give her the opportunity to earn some income with the additional space. That is why there are so many bedrooms upstairs with a master bedroom and bathroom downstairs.
Once completed, Helena started renting rooms to skiers and hunters.
Their house became known as “Ringler’s Tourist Home” and it was approved by the Publicity Travel Bureau. It was one of seven listed lodging facilities when the ski train began operations in 1934.
As if renting rooms was not enough, Helena also had another "side" business serving lunches and dinners. A passionate gardener of both flowers and vegetables, Ringler's would now be known as an "Organic, Farm to Table Dining Experience."
George and Helena had 15 grandchildren who now have children and grandchildren of their own. The family still holds reunions at the house and there are descendants who still live in the area.
Ray and Fran Riding
George and Helena’s youngest daughter, Fran, married Ray Riding. Another entrepreneur, Ray opened up Riding’s Bar and Restaurant in North Creek (currently Basil and Wick’s). Many of the locals still tell stories about Riding’s Bar and the location is still a popular gathering place.
Ray and Fran raised five children in North Creek, but eventually moved to Winchester, VA. There is an essence of the "big house", though that touched George and Helena's grandsons. When George and Helena passed, two of the Riding boys George and John purchased the house in 1982 and reopened the house to "tourists".
John and Kathy Riding
In 2011, John and his wife, Kathy undertook the complete restoration and renovation of the Hudson House to make it the home you see today. Every area was updated, but John and Kathy made sure to preserve all of the Ringler touches that make this house unique.
All of the doors, doorknobs, wood trim and floors upstairs are all original. The original ironing board is still stored behind its door in the kitchen. Helena's angled staircase still opens to the original front door. The river rock chimneys were all repointed. The original siding was stucco filled with garnet chips which can still be seen on the front porch.
The heart of the house has always been the garnet fireplace. Smoke and a coating of Helena's polyurethane had turned the fireplace black. So John and Kathy approached the current owners of Barton Mines and they graciously allowed them to pick new garnet rock from the same area that George Ringler worked back in 1928. The original mantle was preserved. To mark the new era, there are also some lighter salt and pepper rocks from Ruby Mountain (the same rock that was used as the cornerstone of the new World Trade Center).
In 2017, my husband Jody and I purchased the Hudson House and became the 4 generation of the Ringler/Riding family to call the house "home". After the incredible work and love that John and Kathy put into the house, our task is easy - to preserve this amazing home going forward. The house was designed for families and it has been a joy getting to know all of our "regulars" and new friends. To tie it full circle, my husband's legal name is George and my middle name is Elena. I like to think that George and Helena are smiling. Welcome Home! Nancy


In the small town of St. Thomas, in Ontario, there is a massive (and life-sized) statue of an African elephant. This is because St. Thomas is where, on September 15, 1885, Jumbo the Elephant died after being hit by a steam locomotive.
Jumbo had an interesting life, for anyone, elephant or human. He was born free, sometime around 1861, in the Sudan. The French, who then controlled the Sudan, captured Jumbo as a young elephant and brought him by rail to Cairo, where he was sold and then taken by boat and then again by rail to Paris, where they exhibited him in the Jardin des Plantes near the railway station. He was probably chained.
In 1865 he was given to the London Zoo. More boats on the ocean and trains chugging across unfamiliar landscapes.
In London, he became a favorite among children for the remarkable docility he showed. Even though by this time he was far and away the largest elephant ever held in captivity (standing some four meters tall), and though he had never been trained to do it, he routinely allowed visitors to the zoo to ride on his back. In fact, he so impressed one particular visitor with his demeanor and ever-increasing size, that he ended up being sold again for the tidy sum of $10,000 - to P.T. Barnum. This transaction was made over the public protestations of Queen Victoria herself, who had taken rather a fancy to Jumbo, it seems.
Jumbo then became the star attraction in the Barnum and Bailey circus. He became so famous that his name (a corruption of the Swahili word for ‘hello’) became a household word. His name has survived in the English language to this day as a descriptor for anything gigantic.
He was an icon of the early industrial age, traveling all over the globe in an era when most humans never went far beyond their hometowns. He was, very nearly, the most famous anything in the world. People waited in line for hours just to see him and feel awe.
In 1885, while being led onto his car on the circus train along with the smallest elephant in the circus, Tom Thumb, Jumbo was struck by an unscheduled (and yes, speeding) locomotive coming from the other direction.
Later, P.T. Barnum would claim that Jumbo’s final living act was to grasp Tom Thumb with his trunk and throw him twenty yards away, out of the path of the hurtling train.
The beast of iron and wheels met the “mountain of bone and brawn” and was completely derailed - was, in fact, so damaged that it had to be scrapped - but Jumbo too was crushed, and his six and one half ton body was badly broken.
It took 160 men working together to drag his body into the ditch alongside the rails where he finally died.
Jumbo’s handler, Matthew Scott, stood guard over the fallen giant all night, waiting for the heavy machines to arrive which would be able to lift Jumbo’s immense corpse onto the train that would take him away.
When Scott finally collapsed from exhaustion, scores of eager souvenir-hunters rushed the body with knifes, hoping to hack off a piece of history. Scott had been fighting them off for more than ten hours and wept pitifully when they finally overwhelmed him.
Jumbo's bones now reside in the New York Museum of Natural History. His skin was stuffed and displayed at Tufts University (whose mascot Jumbo still is) until it was consumed by fire in 1975.
Jumbo is only the most famous in the surprisingly long roster of famous elephants killed in tragic circumstances far from their homes. To wit:
Abul-Abbas, the famed elephant of Charlemagne, who died of pneumonia after swimming the Rhine in the winter of 810.
Hanno the Blessed, elephant of Pope Leo X, who died after he was given a laxative by the Pope’s doctors in 1516.
Topsy, who was fed a lit cigarette by her trainer in 1903 at Coney Island’s Luna Park and then went on a rampage in which she killed three men. Topsy was electrocuted to death by Thomas Edison, who wanted to use the opportunity to further his war with Westingouse and Tesla and alternating current. Edison filmed it for his propaganda. You can watch the film he shot on YouTube, but is is graphic and it will stay with you.
Mary, the circus elephant who, in 1916, finally reacted to years of physical abuse by throwing her trainer against a drink stand and then deliberately crushing his skull with her foot. She was hung. On the first attempt she snapped the chain meant to hang her and fell to the ground, breaking her hip. They strung her up and tried again - this time successfully.
And perhaps not finally, but less depressingly, there is the still living Ruby, the famous painting elephant of the Phoenix Zoo, who once had a painting of hers sell for more than $10,000 - the price of one Jumbo.


ANCESTRAL TREE GRAPH
Most of the information gathered in this note is from my personal
research of the National Census via Ancestry.com, and from discussions
with family members. One very interesting thing is the name. It hasbeen
passed down through the decades that our name may have changed
from Mathis to Matthis. I have seen it spelled differently from several
documents such as the Census, Social Security Records, Death
Certificates and Obituaries. When looking through these various records
I have found our name spelled: Matthis, Mathis, Matthews, Mathews and
Mathes. My conclusion is since the mid 1920 it is MATTHIS. My results
are based on the death certificate of Wade Matthis Sr. The hospital,
the Funeral Home and the cemetery all have it as “Matthews”, but Little
Grandmom, Mattie Matthis, signed the Death Certificate “Mattie
MATTHIS”. Joseph, Christine, Timothy from their Social Security Record
show they all spelled it MATTHIS. Wade Matthis Jr. spelled his name
Matthews on his Social Security Records. Antoinette Ford told me a
story about how her Grandmother, Sula Gaskin Mathis, changed their name
because she thought it was spelled incorrectly. Again I thought this
was interesting and describes how some of us spell our name with one
“t” and others with two “ts”. Wade Jr. may have spelled his name
Matthews with Social Security—but all his children were named MATTHIS.
Francis Matthis the only child of Timothy Matthis spelled his name with
My research takes me to the city of Ninety-Six, County of Abbeville in
the state of South Carolina, to the 1870 Census. I have not been able
to find anything prior to this census for either side. Both families
originated from Ninety-Six, South Carolina and were farm laborers,
share croppers. This can be depicted from the Census, as they did not
own their land. Throughout my research the county changed many times,
but the city of Ninety-Six remained. Today Ninety-Six is part of
We will first look at the Matthis side. Wade Sr. grandparents were Geo
and Anny Matthis, African American, farm worker and share choppers. Geo
was born in 1819 and Anny in 1824. They had five daughters, Ida (1849),
Elvira (1849), Amanda (1859), Georgianna (1864), Jane (1870), two sons
Enoch (1852) and Wade (1868). There was little information in the 1880
Census. What I gather from bits and pieces, the family was no longer
together under one roof. I suspect the reason behind them not residing
together may have been the death of Geo Matthis. The older children
took custody of the younger ones. Georgianna resided with Ann
Hutchinson (who may have been Anny) and Wade with his older brother
Enoch. The older girls last names may have changed and I lost the
ability to gather any more information on them. Even though the 1880
and 1890 provide little, the 1900 Census shows that Wade M. Matthis Sr.
was born in 1880. Talking to family members, we know that Wade’s.
Mother was Georgianna -- Georgia. We also know that he was raised by
one of Georgianna’s sisters being that she was too young and unmarried.
The only sisters that may have raised Wade would have been one of the
three older ones. From conversations it may have been Elvira. It is my
assumption they raised Wade Matthis Sr. Georgianna married someone
later who’s last name was Blake. They together had many children of
which Maggie was the youngest. Maggie Blake Gary (1906) is the mother
of Mamie Gary Adderly (1923). Mamie is the mother of Richard Adderly
(1939). I have no information to conclude this Blake person is not the
father of Wade Matthis Sr., Mattie’s husband. Georgianna passed on May
Now for the Lawson side. From this census I was able to find the
father, Peter Lawson and mother, Arrow Lawson, of Martha Matthis,
Mattie. Peter was African American and Arrow was a mulatto. Peter was
born in 1853 in South Carolina. Arrow Lawson was born in 1855 in South
Carolina. They both were farmer, share choppers, which lead me to
believe they were field hands during slavery. I have been told that
Arrow may have had Indian blood, but the census does not verify this.
According to the 1880 Census, Mattie was born in 1878 or 1877, the
second child. She had two brothers, George Lawson (1875) and Thomas or
Perry (1880). She had three sisters, Mary (1883), Bella (1891) and
Lorrie (1895). During the 1880 Census Peter had a brother George Lawson
residing with them.
Based on the 1900 Census, I conclude that Mattie
and Wade Sr. married in 1899 or 1900. They resided with Mattie’s
parents and she had a son Tilman Lawson (1897). I believe T.L. is short
for Tilman Lawson. The 1910 census shows the children in the family
consist of T.L., Timothy (1900), Christine (1902), Joshuay (1903), Wade
Jr. (1908) and Peter L. (1910). In the 1920 Census Peter L. doesn’t
exist. I have heard that Mattie and Wade had loss several children.
Peter must have been one and they also lost a set of twins who were
born after Queen. The 1920 Census reveals much. This Census shows the
whole Wade and Mattie family and they all resided together in
Ninety-Six, South Carolina and were Share Croppers. Two more children
were born to the family, Joseph (1911) and Ella Queen (1913). Also T.L.
was married to Bertha (1900). In the 1930 Census we found no records of
Wade Sr., T.L. or Bertha. It was also told to me that both Timothy and
Christine attended college. Christine dropped out because she became
pregnant. When I was of a young age, I recall Christine telling us
children about her brother Joshua, Uncle Buddy. Uncle Buddy had run
away from home when he was but twelve years old to escape a whipping
from his dad. She said one day some four or five years later, she open
the door to find standing there this very tall handsome black man. It
was her brother Joshua. He had traveled to many places which included
working in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. Joshua was the tallest of
the children; he stood over six feet five inches. Now all the sons were
over six feet except for Timothy. He stood around five feet, six
inches. From Wade Sr. death certificate he died in Philadelphia, PA on
December 8, 1927 of Heart Failure, complicated by an Inflamed Kidney.
He died at the Hannamann Hospital and was buried at Mount Lawn
Cemetery. T.L. died in South Carolina of a gunshot wound while hunting.
No information of what happened to Bertha. Wade Matthis Sr. and his
family moved from Ninety-Six, South Carolina to Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania around 1924. Not many families with grown children pack up
and all move. Normally some will stay behind, but not the Wade Matthis
family. We have been told that one of the sons received a beating from
a white man and the other sons inflicted grave bodily injury to that
man. They had to leave. If there was a name change it occurred then.
From this reunion of Mattie and Wade, over 300 family members have been
conceived. Of this number 95% reside in the Philadelphia area.
In the 1930 Census, I found Wade Matthis Jr. married to Ida Curveton
and had one child, Dolores (1928) and resided at 145 Sharewood Street,
Philadelphia, PA. Mattie, Christine, Joseph, Queen, along with
Christine’s children Jessie (1925), Gussie (1927), and Herman (1928)
resided with Timothy, his wife Clara and son Francis (1925) at 244 W.
Diamond Street, Philadelphia, PA. This census does not list Jessie,
Gussie or Herman. I was unable to find anything of Joshua Mathis or his
spouse and children in the 1930 Census. The 1930 Census is the last one
made available to the public.


Christ the King was founded in 1955. Pastor Milo Englestad was called by the Evangelical Lutheran Church (Norwegian Synod) to develop a congregation in the new suburb of Bloomington. Due to a combination of Bloomington’s rapid growth and an earnest commitment to God’s mission, the congregation grew rapidly in its first two decades, and became one of the largest congregations of the American Lutheran Church (successor body) in the state of Minnesota. Four major building campaigns have been held, the first three of which included an expansion of the worship space. The fourth campaign, completed in the Spring of 2011, was for the purpose of enhancing the gathering space and improving the flow from worship space to the Social Hall, handicap accessibility, and an outdoor amphitheater.
The congregation throughout its history has been strongly committed to music and the arts, faith formation for all ages, and both global and local mission.
Pastor Englestad retired as senior pastor in 1986.
For more information on the history of Christ the King Lutheran Church, contact the church office at 952-881-8600.
Christ the King Senior Pastors
Milo Engelstad 1955-86
Kenneth DeFor 1986-99
Kristine Carlson 2000-06
Morris Wee 2000-07
Hans Lee 2008-2015
Rory Philstrom 2016 – Present


Archaeology: Imperialism, Colonialism and even Nationalism
Archaeology: Imperialism, Colonialism and even Nationalism
How does archaeology interact with Imperialism, Colonialism along with Nationalism? They have contributed towards archaeology in any respect? Discuss with versions of.
When we look at the story of the archaeology, it can be declared the archaeology have always been a component of political hobbies however the most sensational plus the conspicuous time frame of this connections between archaeology and the state policies can be dated after the The french language Revolution. Along with the French Emerging trend, the nationalism ideology grown and without delay spread all over the world with industrialization. At the earliest round, increasing Nationalism awaken the desire of the people of their ethnicity. With this particular curiosity, men and women focused ethnicity researches to find out their beginning and for this reason numerous archaeologist go on a place in this kind of quest. Governing bodies started to guidance the archaeological excavations and plenty of institutes has become opened and lots of archaeology pupils started to be informed. In this manner, archaeologists’ interest begun to turn variety historic instances to pre- historic situations. With the introduction of Darwinian evolutionary theory, all these ethnicity research and also the focus on the very pre-historic excavations prepared first step toward Colonialism and even Imperialism.
Nationalism is described by Trigger as “an all embracing sensation of class identity as well as loyalty for a common homeland that is endorsed by advertising, widespread literacy, and a extensive educational product.homework service ”(Trigger, 2007). As a result of Nationalism, in the 18th and 19th C., the ethnicity notion gained a tremendous role being among the most European says and they come to courage pre- historic archaeologist to study the exact origins and also early cultural groups.
While all the Western states designed archaeology which usually serves to nationalistic ideology, for me the best striking and passionate experiments are done by just Germans who all carried nationalism into the fascism level from the Word Battle II. Along with the establishment regarding German Community for Anthropology, Ethnology in addition to Prehistoric Archaeology, Germans were now being professional during the pre-historic archaeology and they created culture-historical approach to the archaeology (Trigger, 2007). For the nationalistic archaeology, Kossina is the most attractive name for the period in German archaeology. He claimed that the Germans are the most gracious topic for those archaeological homework and criticized the archaeologists who were digesting classical and also Egyptian archaeology (Trigger, 2007). He seeks for the root base of Germans and he authored “Die Herkunft der Germanen”. He evaluated his archaeological data in a very biased way and this examination encouraged “Germans to consider Slavs along with other neighboring Euro peoples while inferior in order to themselves and which justified German aggression against such people” (Trigger, 2007). Though Kossina passed away in 1931, they continued to be powerful on the nationalistic and racist actions for Germany. For example , Nazis supported their discourses by using the succeeds of Kossina.
As a result of the particular nationalistic and also ethnic studies, people grew to become more responsive to the different nationalities -such as being the French, Germans, and Everyday terms etc . It all encouraged reasoning that the people are usually biologically completely different from one another; for this reason their behavior was based on these racial differences instead of social or simply economic factor. This kind of thinking led shed weight think about “the inequality belonging to the races”. Gobineau, who was part royalist People from france family, stated that “the fate about civilization ended up being determined by their racial composition” (Trigger, 2007).
Also in that time, Darwin’s evolutionary reflected started to control the ethnicity oriented along with nationalistic archaeology. Darwin said that plant life and animals pass on their own characteristics on their offspring then again different young vary from the other. He contemplated that most of these offspring suitable for their natural environment than others. This idea was telling you tremendous wide range and the complexness of the organic world. He or she published his or her ideas inside “Origins connected with Species”. This particular book has been highly effective around the Herbert Zino who created the idea of “survival of the fittest” and employed this perspective into the archaeology to explain the human societies in uni-linear progress concept. He / she claimed that each human organisations move with simple to elaborate (Johnson, 2010). As a result of the interaction “inequality of races” idea had gained controlled credibility.
In addition to these creative ideas, in nineteenth century Lubbock suggested the fact that as a result of healthy section people groups came into existence different from each other not only socially but also on their biological capabilities to utilize traditions (Trigger, 2007). He thought to be Europeans for the reason that product with intensive social and organic evolution. Their idea employed to legitimize the exact British colonization and the institution of community and economical control on the colonies. The person also vindicates British plus American colonialist from the moral responsibility for your rapid fall of indigenous peoples within North America, Australia and the Pasific. This diminish of these lenders was not on account of what colonialists were working on them however , because of the normal selection. The sort of modality toward the local people raised the colonialism and the imperialism all over the world.
Because of colonialism, “historians of archaeology have sometimes justified behaviors of colonialist usurpation with adopting ethnocentric viewpoints which will presuppose of which archaeological pieces are far better conserved in Western museums. ”(Abadia, 2006). For an example, the situation involving Elgin marbles can be noted in this matter. Evans says, in 1816, Elgin Marbles were sent to the Language Museum and the contests, excavation and then the exhibition shoreline like? 30, 000 to your British administration. In 1821, A holiday in greece separated right from Ottoman Disposition and it made an endless debate about the propriety of the ‘marbles’. What is beyond all of this argument most people reckon that they would include great destruction if kept in their unique home (Abadia, 2006).
Together with the increasing industrialization, which is the inventions and also developments, created the ideas with diffusionism and also the migration to describe the interpersonal differences in past cultures. Many of the researchers discarded the tradition evolution explanation. As result of this, the very idea of psychic union, concord, unanimity, which is announced by Adolf Bastian, sacrificed its importance. It made racism a lot more powerful because the belief that all culture carries a potential to build their society is zero. The idea that ancient people were viewed as biologically awful to Europeans became far more solidified. Copy writers and interpersonal analysts professed that people were not inherently inventive. Is simply too a development in way of life it should be a contributing factor of diffusionism or alpage. Also they said that the change was in a natural way belong to the human nature and this was not best to people. So it is supported the fact that unchanging communities are the most comfortable to man. In this manner, indie development plan in the cultural changes pushed aside and a perception emerged which can be particular inventions were extremley unlikely to be produced more than once within human history. Such type of discourses solidified perceptions concerning the savage folks inferiority.
In the nation, the ‘myth of the old builders’ ended up being aroused and has now been imagined that these mounds could not were built by way of the Native People today of U . s, who were regarded too ferocious. Instead, they were built by the ‘civilized’ kind that disappeared a long time ago (Abadia, 2006). When the people begin to see the mounds for Zimbawe and even investigators professed that this similarity is the substantiation pf prehistoric white colonization in South Africa (Trigger, 2007).
Last but not least, the interaction between archaeology and Imperialism, Colonialism as well as Nationalism developed after the France Revolution. Archaeological studies and then the scientific advancements to answer the questions from the archaeology were abused through the politicians. Often the archaeological tests which best suit the politician were definitely encouraged together with supported on a financial basis. Although this mutuality given a hand to the archaeological developments, the issues that archaeology reached have been completely used to satisfy the nationalist, colonialist and imperialist actions.


posted on September 05, 2018 16:19
On September 22nd Camp Fircom will be unveiling a welcome pole. The pole was commissioned by the BC Conference of the United Church and carved by Richard (Richie) Baker of the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish) Nation.
The welcome pole will now stand at the entrance to the camp and the island, welcoming visitors, and acting as an acknowledgment of the rich and complex history of the indigenous peoples on Gambier Island (Chá7elkwnech).
Due to water taxi capacities, this event is currently invite-only. If you are interested in attending, please email email@example.com to have your name added to the wait list.


Armour & Co.
The building was originally put into service at the turn of the twentieth century. Armour & Company owned and operated the building as a meat-packing facility for about 50 years as of 1951, but for the past 20 years the building has remained vacant. The roof had caved in, all the wood had rotted, and many walls had fallen in. It was an extensive process to build in creative ways as the building didn’t allow access for modern heavy machinery to remove all the debris. We utilized existing timber and brick by carefully culling and cleaning each piece to reintroduce as many original materials as possible into the final design. A unique challenge we faced on the exterior was bringing new elements to compliment the existing.
Armour & Co. is home to twenty apartments, two custom office spaces, and will soon have a completed speakeasy, restaurant, and coffee shop. Each of these spaces create a vibrant community where people can have coffee in the morning, dinner and drinks at night, and retire to their apartment.


Music is a way to relate to others. Centuries of musicians have related their feelings to others through their playing. We bring to long history of music to life for our listeners.
We reach back to the early days of medieval music when much of it was sacred. We can take you through the Renaissance and Baroque periods, right to modern times.


Marie Curie, the Nobel prize winning scientist who discovered radium, died of radiation poisoning. | The first fashion house to be set up was in 1858 by Charles Worth. He opened his store in Paris with the idea of having pre-made gowns presented on models to his customers. | The male platypus has poisonous spurs on its legs. | Since its introduction in February 1935, more than two hundred million Monopoly board games have been sold worldwide. | A signature is called a John Hancock because he signed the Declaration of Independence. Only 2 people signed the declaration of independence on July 4. The Last person signed 2 years later.
A year from now you will wish you had started today.
CONTACT THE OWNER OF THIS DOMAIN


Early Development of Mt Eden and our History:
Mt Eden is prominent mark on the skyline for many parts of the Auckland isthmus. It consists of three cones and measures 196 meters above sea level. The mountain itself has significance for both Maori and Pakeha. Archaeological sites bear testimony to occupation of the mountain by Maori and the mountain remains a focal point for the residents of the suburb for which it is named. The volcanic cone of Mount Eden was made a public domain in 1879.
During the early 1840’s the land fronting Mt Eden Rd, Dominion Rd and Normanby Rd was divided into small farms. Many of these allotments were purchased and resold by speculators. Residential development commenced in the 1860’s. The shopping precincts located on the earliest roads in the area, developed in conjunction with the rapidly increasing population and improvements in public transport particularly the tramlines, with a significant period of built development in the 1920’s and 1930’s.
At the height of development around this time these centers provided most of the every day services, supplies and entertainment needed by the surrounding suburb.
The Auckland isthmus with its temperate climate, fertile volcanic soil and easy access to two harbours and was much sought after by its original Maori inhabitants.
Maungawha (Mt Eden) and Owairaka (Mt Albert) were two of the volcanic cones on the isthmus that were used as fortified pa. Terraced gardens adorned the sides of these mountains while ditches; palisades and stonewalls provided protection. The Isthmus was home to the Wai-o-hua people until the mid 18th century when they were attacked and defeated by the Ngati Whatua. This marked the end of both Owairake and Maungawhau as populated cones. During the 1830’s the musket-armed Nga Puhi raided the isthmus driving its inhabitants into the Waikato.
In 1840 having settled upon Auckland as the site of the capital for the new colony, Governor Hobson secured a 3000 block of land for the government. It was purchased from local chiefs and included the land bounded by a line drawn from Cox’s Creek to Mt Eden and thence to Parnell. This block included the northern part of the suburb of Mt Eden. The following year a 13,000-acre block was purchased by the crown. Included in this area were the suburbs of Kingsland, Morningside, Mt Eden, Mt Albert Owairaka, Sandringham and Balmoral. Mt Eden itself would be a reference point for surveys of the land and it would soon become the principle trig station of the Auckland Province.
The suburban development of Auckland depended on the availability of land, affordable transport and the desire of middle class to move out of the crowded inner city. The population of Auckland had increased by around 25% from 1874 to 1881. However more dramatic increases were soon follow with the population of Auckland Borough doubling from 1881 to reach 33,161 people in 1886.
Estate agents touted the lifestyle benefits of living away form the city and the social prestige a suburban address enamoured. Suburban life offered the fresh and open space that was missing from the small allotments and narrow lanes of the inner city. Allotments in subdivisions in Mt Eden, Morningside and Kingsland found buyers amongst settlers and speculators alike.
At the dawn of the twentieth century housing had largely repaced the farms, which had graced Mt Eden, Balmoral and Sandringham. The increase in the residential population was accompanied by he development of roads, public transport, churches, schools and early business and industry.
Volcanic stone was used extensively for early road building, as well as walls and fences and remains an important characteristic of the area. Allotment sizes demonstrate a pattern of more substantial suburban development and the area retains its early housing stock to a large degree, including largely one and two storied timber villas. The villa including its architecture, decoration and surroundings form a lasting expression of the Victorian middle class in NZ, reflecting a love of home and comfort, spacious interiors, decoration and display.
Early Life on Dominion Road:
It was common sight in early Mt Eden to see residents walking to and from their workplace and on Sundays to church in central Auckland. In the late 1870’s public transport began in the form of horse-buses and two services were set up, one along Mt Eden Rd from Windmill Rd to the city and the other ran along Dominion Rd, known then as the Mt Roskill Rd. William Patterson ran the transport service to the city along Dominion Rd from his farm located on the corner of Balmoral and Dominion Rd. Transport was, however, expensive and tended to be used by the wealthier residents.
By the late 1880’s residents wanted to make Mt Eden into a ‘respectable’ residential area, There were complaints about having to live next to pigs, and having cattle and horses roaming on the roads. Animals were now labeled a nuisance. Residents began putting pressure on the Road Board to get rid of Redshaw’s Boiling-down Factory, situated in the vicinity of Bellwood Ave and Dominion Rd, sighting that the accumulation of animal waste on the property was found offensive and a health hazard. This pressure resulted in all abattoirs being banned in the district.
In 1902 Electric trams were introduced into Auckland and the Auckland Tram Company constructed two tramways in Mt Eden one along Mt Eden Rd and the other on Dominion Rd. The Dominion Rd tramline provided a through service from town, initially going to the corner of Valley Rd and later extended to Balmoral and on to Mt Albert Rd.
with the coming of the trams, concentrated shopping areas appear to have developed. On Dominion Rd this was at Valley Rd and Balmoral Rd. Shops at the Valley Rd intersection were built around the first decade of the century and increased in number after this became the end of the tramline. Life in the first decades of the twentieth century had eased from the hardships of the earlier settlers. Residents’ needs were increasingly being met within the borough. Not only was there a convenient transport system, but also an increasing number of shops provided the basic needs and supplies
Residents were able to have groceries, fish, meat, and bakers’ goods delivered to their doorsteps from the stores in the area, and tinkers would come around in their carts to mend pots and sharpen knives and scissors.
Mt Eden’s Industry and places of workMt Eden’s first industry was Mason’s flourmill established in Windmill Rd. It was during the early years of Auckland’s history the Mt Eden area was a rural locality some distance from the business and residential area centered around the Queen St valley. For this reason Mt Eden was viewed as an appropriate location for industries and institutions that were accompanied by an element of danger. The Mt Eden Prison and the Colonial Ammunition Company factory were both erected prior to the extensive development of Mt Eden as a residential area. The volcano for which the Mt Eden area is named provided the locality with a quarrying industry, which would keep prisoners, occupied and provided the city with building and roading material. It was the proximity to the city of this mountain of rock, which was it being quarried from an early date.


Boonville is situated on New York State Route 12, 32 miles north of Utica (NYS Thruway Exit 33) and 48 miles southeast of Watertown. The township, which consists of 4400 residents, is nestled in the divide between the Mohawk River and Black River on the southeastern portion of the Tug Hill Plateau in the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. Although Indians had hunted on Tug Hill for centuries and French boots had probably tromped what is now downtown Boonville in the mid-18th century, the first attempt at establishing a permanent settlement here was made in the spring of 1796, when Gerrit Boon arrived. A native of Leyden, Holland, Boon was sent by Col. Adam Mappa, an agent of the Holland Land Company, to initiate land sales here. Credited with being the founder of Boonville, Boon is not listed as the first settler. That honor is given to Andrew Edmunds because he brought his family to the northern wilderness when he arrived with Boon. The men constructed a sawmill on Mill Creek but as they were adding a gristmill, a fire destroyed the entire project. As winter and a state of depression set in, the small band returned to Barneveld to spend the winter. The following spring they returned, rebuilt the mills, and welcomed settlers on behalf of the land company. In 1802, the first school was opened, and in 1805, the first church. On April 22 of the same year, the first town meeting was held. In 1812, the first two-story building was erected and still stands on the town square – The Hulbert House. The settlement was originally named “Kortenaer”, by Boon, in honor of a Dutch Admiral. The 1850’s were a golden decade for Boonville with a plank road, railroad, and canal, which connected the village to the growing city of Utica. The Black River Canal was designed to connect the Erie Canal (Barge) to the Black River. From Rome to Boonville, a distance of 25 miles, it was necessary to build 70 locks to lift the boats and water 693 feet. From Boonville to Lyons Falls, where the canals met, a distance of slightly over 10 miles, 39 locks lifted their cargo 386 feet. South of Boonville on Rt. 46, the Five Combines can be seen still. That portion of the canal needed five consecutive locks to handle the sharp incline of the land. A canal lock park may be visited three miles north of the village on Route 12. In 1855, the railroad was completed from Utica and the event was celebrated with much pomp and parade. The same year, the village was incorporated. Sargent’s Mill, a manufacturer of stools and chairs was established in 1851. Other important dates in the life of the villagers were: 1863- installation of the telegraph; 1897- completion of the first reservoir in the village water system; 1898- streetlights were provided; 1900- telephone lines arrived; 1904- the village homes received electricity. 1936- the first phase of the sewer system was built. Its enlargement, updating and repair is a continuing project. The construction of the village's sewage treatment plant in 1972 was a major accomplishment. At the present time, the village has state and federal grants for study and improvements to the village lines.


Informed Sources was a primary force in Philadelphia's music scene
during the 1980s. Sprung from blunt punk rock origins, the group
quickly grew artistically, pushing the boundaries of "punk" with a
literate approach to lyrics and thoughtful-but-powerful arrangements,
while sharing stages with legendary bands ranging from Black Flag
and X to Dead Kennedys and Bad Brains.
ON THIS WEB SITE
Via the links at the top of this page, this site offers a variety of
materials associated with Informed Sources. The liner notes provide
a history of the band, and the songs document details the content
of Fun Under the Sun. Hundreds of photos are available in the image
galleries, as are many posters of the era. Finally, audio tracks await
your ears: samples from the album and outtakes from the archives.


Give the DJ their Flowers: Tribute to DJ Grandmaster Flowers
DJ Reminisce (Boom Bap)
DJ Mahf (West Coast)
DJ Smitty (Midwest/STL)
DJ Nico Marie (Down South/Crunk)
DJ Sinamin (Miami/Booty Bass)
The Time Traveler G.Wiz
SAT, October 21, 2023
Time: 3PM - 10:30PM
Tix: $15 / $20
Join us on Saturday, October 21st, at Off Broadway at Fusia Fest for a special event titled "Give the DJ Their Flowers: Tribute to DJ Grandmaster Flowers." We will honor the legendary DJ Grandmaster Flowers, also known as the "Father of the Mobile DJ Movement" and a key influencer of hip-hop's DJ pioneers in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Five renowned Saint Louis-based DJs will lead festival-goers on a mesmerizing journey through the various sub-genres within Hip Hop history, culminating with the headlining act, "Time Traveler," Saint Louis Legend G.Wiz paying homage to DJ Grandmaster Flowers by celebrating his groundbreaking contributions to DJ culture.
Prepare to be transported back to 1970 as G.Wiz skillfully blends various genres that were a hallmark of DJ Grandmaster Flowers' style, including rock, disco, funk, R&B, and jazz. Get a glimpse into the block jams that influenced legendary DJs like Grandmaster Flash and DJ Kool Herc, shaping the foundation of Hip Hop as we know it today.
$15 - General Admission Advance (Day of Show: $20)
Mid Coast Media, Off-Broadway, Yellowstone Bourbon, Luxco, Sheldon Concert Hall and Galleries, ByJack, Heil Sound, 4 Hands Brewery, Urban Chestnut, 1220 Spirits, STLBarkeep, Rhashadism.


A visit to Cape Sounion, home to the Temple of Poseidon, is a must-do excursion for any traveler to Athens. Located on the southernmost tip of the Attica peninsula, the Temple of Poseidon offers breathtaking panoramic views of the Aegean Sea and the surrounding coastline. Your journey will take you through picturesque landscapes and coastal towns, immersing you in the region's rich history and culture. At the temple, you'll witness the magnificence of ancient Greek architecture, standing tall and proud since 440 BC. As the sun sets, the temple's marble columns turn golden, painting a stunning picture for all to see. This experience is sure to leave you in awe of the ancient world and the stunning natural beauty of Greece.
An excursion to Marathon area and tomb offers a unique opportunity to delve into ancient Greek history and mythology. The site is home to the Tomb of the Athenians, a burial mound that pays homage to the brave soldiers who lost their lives in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Your journey will take you through the scenic countryside, dotted with vineyards and olive groves, as your knowledgeable guide regales you with fascinating tales of Greek heroes and gods. Once at the tomb, you'll witness the grandeur of ancient Greek architecture and the reverence paid to those who fought for their country. This excursion is perfect for history buffs and those seeking a more alternative way to connect with Greece's rich cultural heritage.


A brief history of Whitehead Bowls Club .
(This is an extract from a very comprehensive and detailed story written by Tricia Hale starting in 1948 and continuing until 1995. This book is in the clubhouse and is well worth reading.)
Members of Whiteheads Sports Club officially formed a Bowls Section on Sunday 4th July 1948. 32 persons attended a successful meeting at the Club when the first steps were taken towards Whiteheads own bowing green.Facilities already existed for cricket, tennis, football,soccer, table tennis and baseball. Many sought other forms of recreation and felt that facilities should be provided for bowling.All members of the sports club paid the princely sum of 2d(twopence) a week towards the Sports Club.
Some games had already been played on other greens in the area. The meeting agreed to start the new bowling section and a committee was elected, the first Chairman being Mr.Tom Bullock.
The first game, played in a very enjoyable spirit, was against Abergavenny labour Club at Bailey Park Abergavenny where the home side took the honours. In 1949 17 games were played ,of which 8 were won.
In 1950 it was possible to book 4 rinks at Belle Vue for games and practise. In this year 18 games were played of which 8 were won.Also in this year the construction of a new green started at the Courtybella Works.
On the 10th July 1951, the first game was played, entertaining a representative team
from the Monmouthshire Bowling Association.Whiteheads lost by 141 shots to 103 shots.
In 1952 the green was officially opened and in that year the Club played in the W.B.A. the M.B.A. and the Newport League.In 1954 Whiteheads joined the East Wales Private Greens Association. That year,an extension, for changing facilities ,was built onto the Clubhouse.
During the following seasons,the Club played against many visiting teams as well as being the venue for several representative games. One of the most famous being the South African visiting team who played against Monmouthshire at the Courtybella green in 1964.
First honours came to the Club when they won the Newport Bowling Association in 1965. The Club repeated the feat in 1967.winning all their 9 games.
The Club re-located to their present green in Bassaleg in 1984.
A brief history of Whitehead Steel Works Newport
Whitehead Iron and Steel Co
1903 L. D. Whitehead purchased at scrap value an old mill at Tredegar; early work was re-rolling axles into iron bars.
1906 Imported one of the few continuous rolling mills from Morgan Construction Company of USA in the face of scepticism in the sector which made financing difficult, which started operation in 1907 but there were teething problems which took years to resolve.
1909 Had run out of money to develop the mill.
1910 Continuous rolling mill finally operating successfully.
1914 Whitehead Iron and Steel Co considering moving from Tredegar to Newport, where the company had purchased land
1920 New mill installed at Newport.
1925 New electro-galvanising process developed and marketed.
1925 Customers were slow to accept the advantage of using coils of steel instead of 10 to 20 foot sections; partly as means of increasing usage of Whitehead’s mill, installed the first 16 Robertson cold rolling mills. Acquired wire mills of J. C. Hill and Co of Cwmbran; at some point the name was changed to Whitehead, Hill and Co.
1930 Second mill announced to be built at Newport.
1931 Closure of the older mill at Tredegar.
1933 Established brickworks.
1933 Agreement with Richard Thomas and Co to supply billets from Redbourn works at Scunthorpe to the Newport rolling mills; Mr L D Whitehead to join the Richard Thomas and Co board. Issue of new shares to pay for completing the no.1 semi-continuous mill at Newport and transfer of the semi-continous (finishing) mill from Tredegar to the Redbourn works which will be operated by a company jointly owned with Richard Thomas and Co named Whitehead Thomas Bar and Strip Co.
1934 New mill at Newport and the transferred mill at Redbourn brought into operation; redeemed oustanding debentures in Whitehead, Hill and Co; electro-galvanising process was a great success – the company was the only manufacturer.
1946 Plan to add an extra strip mill. Carried out major expansion and refurbishment of W. A. Baker and Co to provide a modern engineering department for Whitehead Iron and Steel Co, replacing the Courtybella engineering works at Newport, as well as to supply iron and brass castings at competitive prices to external customers.
1955 Iron and Steel Holding and Realisation Agency offered for sale the whole of the share holding in Whitehead Iron and Steel Co; received eager response with all shares sold very quickly unlike some previous offerings.
1962 The British Cabinet decided that Stewarts and Lloyds‘ attempt to acquire Whitehead Iron and Steel Co (in order to improve integration in the British steel industry) should be prevented and that Richard Thomas and Baldwins should be encouraged to make a competitive offer; recorded as having works in “West Wales and North Lincolnshire”(sic)
1963 Richard Thomas and Baldwins duly made a counter-offer, saying it wanted to protect its market as Whiteheads, an independent reroller, was one of the major customers for slab produced by its new plant at Redbourn. This was seen as a form of re-nationalisation, hence counter to government policy, since Baldwins were the only steel company still owned by the government. Nevertheless Baldwins bid was eventually successful.


The history of GMC Contract & Mobili goes all the way back in 1936.
It is the result of generations of highly-skilled artisans who handed down, from father to son, the ability to create true masterpieces of craftsmanship and style of luxury furniture contract.
It was these locally-based skills that in the last century, in the late 1920s, gave birth to a number of marquetry workshops (veritable schools for entire generations of craftsmen).
One of these was the workshop of Giovanni Monzio Compagnoni, became fascinated with the techniques of wood carving, characteristic of the low Bergamasco who was the first to perceive how his business could be transformed by bringing it up-to-date with the times.
His intuition provided the example for many firms, and his approach—which merges artisan care with industrial organization—comprises the genetic make-up of GMC.
The initial production of this new enterprise was appreciated by a clientele who still favoured the seventeenth century style, the classic contours of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
Success was immediate and continued until the beginning of the seventies, when the company moved to the current premises, which was better suited to the demands of modern furniture-making. The wise acquisition of modern machinery, a technical studio, designed for research into manufacturing processes and materials resulting in efficient craftsmanship and beautiful classic luxury furniture, are only two of the innovations which, from 1975, allowed GMC Contract & Mobili to produce made to measure furniture and to win a stake in a particularly demanding export market.
Indeed, in 1979, Saudi Arabia became one of GMC Contract & Mobili’s major customers. From that date this company from Treviglio has developed villas, palaces and apartments for Saudi Arabia’s most important figures; prestigious achievements which generated contracts in Kuwait, Oman and Baherein and which displayed flexibility of technique and design, inspiration and sensitivity to the demands of a sophisticated clientele.
From 1990 GMC Contract & Mobili quickly expanded into Japan (signing the projects for the Nagae Tower in Chiba, the Aichi New Building and the Tomioka Country Club in Tokyo), while at the same time, expanding in Italy and Europe. This is our italian luxury furniture contract become a status of quality in all world.
It was its developments in the Italian and European hotel industry that confirmed the dynamism of this company, which was increasingly developing “contracts” (a word which was added to its original name at the end of the eighties, when it became GMC Contract & Mobili), increasingly “serving an idea and trasforming it and making it possible”. A principle which has always been at the heart of GMC Contract & Mobili’s philosophy is the firm desire to create stable structures inside markets, by collaborating with world famous architects and designers. This entrepreneurial vision is also confirmed in the most recent public and private contracts.
After years of continuous success, in 2015 GMC was acquired by the Sacea Group owned by the Tirinnanzi family, an established company founded in 1947 that produces high-end contract office furniture and design brands.


BLACK HISTORY MONTH
Celebrating Our History.
Black History Month (also African Heritage Month) takes place in February. It is significant to Black-Canadian history in many ways. This month honors the legacy of Canadians, past and present. The month is also important for providing communities with insight into the experiences of black Canadians.
We celebrate Black History Month with numerous events the entire month. British Columbians are invited to reflect on, and celebrate the progress, richness, and diversity of black Canadians.
These events typically include an opening reception in City Hall, a black History Month dinner, multiple Issamba shows, workshops and our annual Black History Month Closing Gala. We encourage you to look at our events calendar for more information, and subscribe to our newsletter to be informed of ticket sales.
Our gratitude and respect to the W̱SÁNEĆ, Lekwungen, Songhees & Esquimalt people as we are mindful that this event will be taking place on unceeded territories of these peoples.


“The Whitehead torpedo has exercised a greater controlling influence upon naval construction and tactics than perhaps any other single weapon of naval warfare. However, it cannot be denied that the torpedo has, at times, been greatly overrated. Indeed, the experience of the recent war seems to prove that only under exceptional and very favorable conditions can the torpedo get in its blow. In the fleet engagements on the high seas it seems to have exercised very little, if any, influence upon battle formations. Consequently, we think it unlikely that torpedo tubes will be fitted into future warships.”
—Scientific American, November 1905
More gems from Scientific American’s first 175 years can be found on our anniversary archive page.


Staples, TX. on the San Marcos River in northeastern Guadalupe County, is located at the intersection of State Highway 621 and County Road 1977. Some of the earliest settlers were the McKean brothers, John and William, who arrived in the vicinity in 1852. They were later joined by the families of Leonidas Hardeman, Stokely Holmes, J. G. Lilley, Hedley Polk, John D. Staples, Nelson Tuttle, and Robertson Waller. In 1861 Camp Edward Clark, a Confederate regimental training site, was located in the area. Here Capt. Stokely Holmes organized an infantry company of local recruits that became part of Col. Peter C. Woods's regiment. In 1867 Leonidas Hardeman harnessed the waterpower of the San Marcos River to operate a cotton gin. Subsequent owners of the gin used waterpower in the off season to grind corn, saw lumber, and crush sugar cane. At the turn of the century the turbine was supplemented with steam power during periods of low river flow.
In 1871 Civil War veteran Col. John Douglas Staples established a country store in a live oak grove on the George Allen league, 500 yards from Hardeman's cotton gin. On May 19, 1879, a post office was opened there. The place was called Staples Store until 1891, when the post office department dropped "Store" from the designation. The office and its duties were passed about frequently for the first half century of its existence. The postmaster was usually a business owner who was willing to house the postal operation as a part-time duty. Initially, the Staples office was served by rerouting the twice-weekly Luling–San Marcos mail run along the San Marcos River between Prairie Lea and Martindale. In 1884 the only business enterprises were the store, the gin and gristmill, and the school. By 1890 a machinist, a doctor-druggist, a beekeeper, and another general store had been added. The Lowman brothers, Quincy and Roston, established the Staples Water Power Company and began construction of a wooden water tower in April of that year. The population had grown from thirty to forty-five in the preceding six years; by 1892 it had surged to 125, and the town had added a wagonmaker. In 1896 the community had 150 people and its own cemetery. The Staples Telephone Company was established in 1901 in the home of entrepreneur Fred Gabriel. Electric service, as such, was provided by a 1,000-volt dynamo that the Lowman brothers installed at their gin in 1903. The lights were turned off each night at 10:00. In 1913 both a new schoolhouse and a new metal water tower were completed.
The earliest arrivals in the area were served by two churches. The Woodlawn Baptist Church, established in 1875, was two miles southwest of the settlement. There were two Methodist churches: Harris Chapel two miles east and Pleasant Ridge three miles northwest. In 1887 a Baptist church was built next to the schoolhouse in Staples, and in 1902 a Methodist church was erected just up the street. The Baptist church has had an intermittent existence with prolonged periods of inactivity; the Methodist church has been continuously active. The watershed event in Staples history was the goring of Mrs. Tom Anderson by her Durham milk cow in the spring of 1912. While attempting to separate the cow from its newborn calf, forty-nine-year-old "Granny" Anderson was completely disemboweled by a swift hook of the cow's horn. Hearing an agonized scream, frantic neighbors rushed to improvise a stretcher by ripping a barn door from its hinges and carrying the gravely injured woman to young Dr. Wilburn Williams' office, where they laid her on the only available surface—the dining room table. After cleaning the gaping wound with tap water from a system that remained unapproved until 1954, he replaced her intestines, sewed her up, and pronounced her as good as dead. Mrs. Anderson carried the scar of this encounter to her grave at the age of 105 in April 1968. She outlived the doctor by more than two decades and remained his most famous case. For that generation and the one following, events in Staples were timed in relation to Granny Anderson's goring.
Two noted Texans spent their boyhood in Staples. One was Albert Sebastian (Pete) Compton, who played professional baseball in 1911 for the St. Louis Browns of the American League; in 1915 he started with the Browns then transferred to the National League, where he played for Boston and Pittsburgh in 1916 and New York in 1918. Another Staples native was Harmon L. Lowman, who culminated a distinguished career in Texas education as president of Sam Houston State Teachers College for a quarter century. The loss of its elementary school in 1949 through consolidation with the San Marcos public schools removed a vital component of the community's cohesiveness. In the 1990s Staples was home not only to farmers but also to commuters who traveled to jobs in nearby cities. From the 1870s to the turn of the century the village fathers pleaded in vain for a rail connection to Austin and San Antonio, but in the 1990s the community firmly opposed not only high-speed rail but a new Austin–San Antonio freeway as well. The 1993 population was seventy-five. Governmental functions are provided by the post office and the Staples Farmers' Co-op, which supplies water. In about 2008 Staples voted to incorporate. Methodist and Baptist churches are both active. The only businesses are a barbershop, two beauty shops, and a cafe. In 2000 the population was 350.


20th Century Heights
During the twentieth century the Adelaide’s skyline, once dominated by Gothic style church spires and the General Post Office and Town Hall towers, was transformed. In the interwar years, central Adelaide began evolving from mixed-use housing, manufacturing and trading to a commercially focussed place where the buildings advertised the corporations.
The city and the suburbs became differentiated in both use and form and the city began to rise as ‘skyscrapers’, especially those on North Terrace and King William Street, began to dominate. In 1927 South Australian Governor Sir Tom Bridges recorded his perception of the local effect in a letter to the Lord Mayor of Adelaide published in the Advertiser on 20 December. He stated:
‘The site of Adelaide is so beautiful it should be a kind of dream city, rising out of the plain between the hills and the sea. I believe the skyscrapers are a great help to this’.
In order to become that city, Adelaide’s Central Business District grew upwards with buildings becoming increasingly modern as they reached higher.
From the Architecture Museum, University of South Australia.


Dunbar House In History
The site now occupied by the Dunbar House, (shown above) on a low hill overlooking Shawme Pond, (on right) close to a fresh water spring (still gushing forth) and a grist mill was a favored one from the time the first European settlers moved onto the Cape in the 1630s.
John Dillingham, one of the founding fathers of the town, built the first house here in 1650 but by 1740 his descendants had moved the whole house down the street (still standing at 71 Main Street) and built a much grander house in its place.
During these 250 plus years, the Dunbar House has been in the ownership of only five families. The Dillinghams owned the house until the 1860s and appear on many of the gravestones in the old town burial ground. In the 1860s the Chapouils bought the house.
Anthony Chapouil worked for many years as an accountant at the Boston & Sandwich Glass works until it ceased operations at the turn of the century, and his brother was grandfather to Sandwich’s famous children’s author, Thornton Burgess. During the infamous Portland Nor’Easter of 1898, the house had to be evacuated because the steeple next door was leaning at precarious angles and threatened to impale the house.
In the 1920s, Colonel Henry Dunbar bought the house so he could be close to his supervision of the widening of the Cape Cod Canal. They added the carriage house, a billiard room, tennis court and planted wonderful landscaped rose gardens. During these years Mrs. Dunbar established the tradition of hosting teas.
The town of Sandwich bought the property in 1974, and the house was returned to private ownership when it was bought by the Bells in the early 1990s. In the spring of 2000, Jim and Paula Hegarty of Milton, Massachusetts moved into the Dunbar House and embarked on a project to restore the home to its colonial grandeur.
In the process they have maintained the traditions of Mrs. Dunbar by providing a comforting atmosphere in the adjacent Tea Room. There, in a beautiful wood paneled room that was formerly a gentleman’s billiard and smoking room, you now hear the clink of tea cups instead of billiard balls and smell the home baked aromas of pies, cakes, shortbreads and scones.
In addition to afternoon teas, the Hegartys provide a wide variety of gourmet British fare. Lunch and tea can also be enjoyed in the relaxed setting of the new enchanting Tea Garden Room with its beautiful views. Both rooms are available for private functions. Complete your visit to Cape Cod and the village of Sandwich by enjoying a unique experience at the Dunbar Tea Shop and Tea Room.


Twenty one years ago was 1996. I was 23 years old. In 1996 I was working for The Salvation Army Eastern PA and Delaware Divisional Headquarters in Philadelphia. At that time I was probably Public Relations/Special Events Coordinator. My PR director and Special Events director each quit and they were not replaced right away. Eventually there was a new PR director hired later that year I think.
I was dating my husband David and in May of that year we got engaged. August 1996 my paternal grandfather was diagnosed with brain cancer. December 1996 my family threw me a bridal shower at my Aunt Gerri's house. Right before my husband proposed I bought my first brand new car. A 1996 Dodge Neon, 4 door, fire engine red. I loved it! In the fall of 1996 we began seriously looking for a house in Lebanon County where we would live. By December we found our first home and would make settlement on it in January 1997.
23 years old. We were babies. I didn't know a darn thing about getting married and owning a house, but I started learning.
21 years ago. We were just starting to plan our future life together. My how time flies.
Where were you? What were you doing 21 years ago?