Ledroit Park Renaissance Bed and Breakfast is located in Historic Ledroit Park. Ledroit Park is a historic district in central Washington, DC. This neighborhood is littered with old Victorian mansions and turn of the century homes.
Once a suburb of Washington, DC, these were the homes of the first educated and professional Black Americans. Over the centuries, the homes transitioned to a Mecca for Black American entertainers. When you walk the streets of Ledroit Park, you walk in the footsteps of the first judges, architects, doctors, lawyers, civil rights leaders, and soul singers.
Across the street is the home of one of the first educators and college for Black American’s in the Washington, DC area. The Ledroit Park Renaissance Bed and Breakfast has a plaque dedicated to the family that lived in the home for over a hundred years, whose descendant was a local musician, educator, and organizer of the Ledroit Park Civic Association.
This family home was built in 1890. It is a Victorian row house decorated in the warmth and style of the era it was built but sits gracefully in the period it now resides in.
You will find flowers blooming in the spring, summer, and fall. Vegetables grow in the garden out back. A comfortable bed and a warm cup of coffee will be waiting for you in the morning, if you choose.
Sometimes on arrival the owner’s dog or cat will greet you at the door with the owners.
As you travel down our streets you will noticed the neighborhood is now a bustling area for professionals and families from all over the world.


As they say, "our childhood is our only home".
My mother comes from a lovely little town in Greece called Galaxidi, not very far from the ancient Oracle of Delphi. This is were I spent most of my holidays as a child, and this is still my favorite summer (and winter) retreat.
The place has a very long history that dates back to 1393 BC (yap, this is BC). The general area was originally known as Locris , home of an ancient Hellenic tribe called Locrians (Λοκροί). To be more precise those where the southwest Ozolian Locrians that at some point in time formed one of the earliest Greek colonies in southern Italy called Locri.
Galaxidi was possibly a cultural or religious center of those times, and you can still see in a large rock by the harbor carvings that are supposed to signify the location of the tomb of Locros (or at least this is what the locals say :) The exact same spot was used as our "home" base, when we used to stage fights between opposing teams as kids (got some very nice bruises as well :)
It is not really a touristy place, and a bit off the beaten track. It's a 2.5 -3 hours drive from Athens so it is quite popular among Greeks, especially for weekend outings. There are also a few foreigners that decided this is the place to retire, like the stones.
Who knows, if I'm lucky, maybe I get to retire there, too!


The miller tradition in the Dyk family goes back for many generations and successfully continuous in the 5th generation at the site in Raabs an der Thaya.
In 1881, Anton and Rosina Dyk (the great-great-grandparents of Lisa Dyk) bought the old mill from the castle owner in Raabs.
The mill was closed during the 2nd World War and under difficult circumstances Karl Dyk, his wife Hedwig, and his brother Michael started a new beginning.
In 1970 Peter Dyk (mechanical engineer and miller) and his wife Lydia took over the management of the flour mill. Due to their active research and development activities with useful innovations, is the reason, why the mill in Raabs escaped the “mills exitus” at the beginning of the 90’s and produces and markets special products up to now.
In August 2002, their daughter Lisa Dyk return home to her parents’ business, due to the flood disaster.
The plan was to help with the clean-up for a month, but concerning the excellent cooperation with her parents and the committed employees, she decided to stay and in 2005 she took over the management of the mill.


The history of Dekle Beach and its founder, as told by its residents (both past and present).
Mr. Gus J. Dekle (far left) and the crew from Dekle Motor Company show off a monster mess of fish they caught in Taylor County.
According to local historians, Dekle Beach was acquired and developed by Perry, Florida businessman and politician Gus J. Dekle sometime in the mid 1940s. Mr. Dekle was the owner of Dekle Motor Company, a local Chevrolet dealership, as well as a previous member of the City Council of Perry and a member of the Florida House of Representatives during the 1940s and 1950s.
According to some accounts the property had previously been owned by the United States government, and operated as a United States Air Force training facility during World War II (although that information is not verified). It is known however, that Mr. Dekle was the owner of the property when it was developed into a residential beach area.
Previous residents said that Mr. Dekle dredged the channels, dug the canals and developed Dekle Beach into the area that we know and love today. During the residential development period of the beach, Mr. Dekle traded the south point of the beach to his friend, Jimmy Archer, a Texan who had been a long-time resident of Perry, Florida after marrying local resident Sybil Poppell. Mr. Archer was the owner of a local salvage yard and wrecker service that was utilized by Dekle Motor Company, and the land was provided as a barter in return for wrecker services. The descendants of Mr. Archer still live on part of the property to this day.
An advertisement for a “Rocket Oldsmobile” placed in the local newspaper by Mr. Gus Dekle of Dekle Motor Company.
Portrait of Democrat Representative Gus J. Dekle – Perry, Florida. Between 1947 and 1953. Black & white photoprint. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory.
Mr. Lewis Hamilton and his wife, Janis, along with their friends Willie Joe and Ann Moody purchased much of the property as well, and significantly impacted the growth of the community by investing extensive time and effort into developing much of the land into the beautiful residential area currently seen today. This area is still enjoyed by several of their descendants as well, many of whom call Dekle Beach home to this day.
Dekle was devastated on March 13, 1993 when the “No Name Storm” (also known as “The Storm of the Century”) battered the beach without warning in the wee hours that fateful Saturday morning. Several residents and visitors lost their lives that day, including Mrs. Sybil Archer, the widow of Mr. Jimmy Archer. Although the Storm changed the face of the beach, it didn’t change the heart, and the survivors rebuilt their beloved beach from the ground up.
Today Dekle Beach is a thriving, family-friendly community that serves as a full-time home to many of its residents, and a home away from home to many more.
To submit photos and/or details from the history of Dekle Beach email us at: DekleBeach@Yahoo.com


The Gethsemane Baptist Church of Inkster was organized under the name of “Mount Sinai Baptist Church,” In April 1958 under the pastorage of Reverend Charles W. Poole. This congregation erected and entered a new building in August of 1960. However, due to unforeseen difficulties, the membership could not maintain and keep the possession of this building.
The membership scattered and the remnant that remained changed the name of the church to the New Mount Sinai Institutional Baptist Church. Rev. Poole remained the pastor of this congregation.
In 1963 Rev. Poole was called to another church. Prior to his leaving, Rev. Poole recommended that the church consider a recently ordained Minister, Rev. Willie W. Davis. In September 1963, after many meetings and much prayer, the church called Rev. Davis to pastor this small flock of twenty three members.
In the summer of 1964 a meeting was called by Rev. Davis who recommended a name change. The new name that was voted upon and accepted was Gethsemane Missionary Baptist Church of Inkster.
Gethsemane was holding joint services with another church, in a small building on Harrison Street when Rev. Louis Gant opened his heart and building to us. Services were held in Rev. Gant’s Auto shop for a number of years. It is our hope that his name will forever be enshrined in our church history.
Despite numerous obstacles, with God’s power our membership grew. Initially we had been refused a building permit but, on November 17, 1973 we moved to our current location at 29066 Eton St. Westland, MI. Gethsemane’s membership grew into a happy, church family with a devout and understanding leader.
In 1983 Rev. Davis had a vision to erect a new edifice. On Sunday August 26, 1984 Rev. Davis and the congregation marched into the new sanctuary singing “We are marching to Zion.” Deacon John Butler offered a motion which passed, to name the old edifice the “Willie W. Davis Fellowship Hall.”
Gethsemane has been blessed to fellowship and worship with Christians in Kentucky, Ohio, Washington, D.C.Virginia and West Virginia. We also supported ministries in Africa.
On September 24, 2000 Rev. Davis retired as pastor of Gethsemane after 37 years of faithful service. The honor of Pastor Emeritus was bestowed upon him at the end of his tenure.
However, we cannot rest upon what has already been done. We must go forward to fresh endeavors, greater accomplishments and achieve new victories. As David said to his son Solomon, So God says to us, “Be strong and courageous, and act; do not fear nor be dismayed, for the Lord God, my god is with you. He will not fail you nor forsake you until all the work for the service of the House of the Lord is finished” l Chronicles 28:20.
On June 22, 2002 Reverend John Edward Duckworth accepted the charge from God and the church to shepherd this flock. Under the leadership of the Rev. Dr. Duckworth Gethsemane has developed a non-profit organization, Wholistic Living Community Development Corp., and 30 active ministries that serve the church family and the surrounding communities. In keeping with Galatians 3:28, Rev. Dr. Duckworth has ordained three female Deacons and we have had three female Ministers on the pulpit. The membership has continued to grow and the church has expanded to two Sunday morning worship experiences at 8:00 am and 10:00 am.


A bunch of those interesting people and classes come together in my June 11, 2013 cover pieces in the Boston Globe’s G Magazine on Food and Fashion.
Here are the links:
The articles are about Michelle Tolini Finamore, Fashion Curator at Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts, and her collection of cookbooks written by people from the fashion industry. There’s also an article on a lunch held at the unbelievable Salem, Mass. home of fashion collector Jimmy Raye.
All the food for the lunch came from the fashion cookbooks, including a really good orange-avocado salad first published in 1939.
It was all very fancy and everyone was very, very nice. I had on my good suit (from Saks!) and still felt pretty rumpled.
I met Michelle when writing about Culinary Salons for my Food History class. Culinary salons were competitions among professional chefs held for much of the 20th Century in Boston and other cities. At the salons, chefs created extremely elaborate and very formal displays of culinary artistry which were judged on appearance. Although everything was edible, nothing was ever eaten.
Very little has been written about the salons, other than a great article by Michelle in Gastronomica which detailed her family’s three generations of participation in the events. As a design scholar, she focused on the visual artistry of the displays.
Michelle spoke with me as part of my research project where I was trying to create a more general history of the culinary salons in Boston. And she put me in touch with her uncles who, along with her grandfather and great-grandfather, competed in the salons.
So a history project on the very cool subject of culinary salons led me to an informal conversation with the design curator of the MFA about her rare collection of fashion-themed cookbooks which led to a cover story for the Boston Globe.
Stuff like that, plus the fact that wine is generally served in my classes, makes me love going to school and being a food writer.


The invention of telegraphs and telephones advanced Telemedicine towards what it is today. They made long-distance communication easier, increased the speed of delivery and were being used by the common public on a large scale. Due to this, it was used by the military during the Civil War for ordering medical supplies as well as communicating deaths or injuries on the battlefield.
Early Telemedicine usage cited is back in 1940s Pennsylvania, when radiology images were sent using telephone line between two towns 24 miles. This probably was the world’s first example of an electronic medical record transfer. It was further enhanced by a Canadian doctor in the 1950s, into a teleradiology system. In 1959, the University of Nebraska set up a two-way television to transmit information to medical students and later linked the system with a state hospital for video consultations. The University of Miami School of Medicine in 1967 worked with the local fire department in 1967 to transmit ECG rhythms in rescue situations over the radio to Jackson Memorial Hospital.
The world became more connected with the widespread use of telephones. Physicians could give their patients medical advice over the phone as well as confer with other physicians to exchange information. With the advanced communication methods used today telephones may not seem significant, but they played an essential part in the evolution of Telemedicine.


Fri, Aug 04|
Booker T. Dozier Recreation Center
“inktown” Virtual Historical Tour for Seniors Citizens
Do want to take this amazing walk through the history of the great city of Inkster but don’t want to drive, walk or stand? Take the “Inktown”tour without leaving your seat!! Meet Inkster Historian Robert Turley at The Booker Dozier Center and stroll through the history of Inkster.
Time & Location
Aug 04, 2023, 6:00 PM
Booker T. Dozier Recreation Center, 2025 Middlebelt Rd, Inkster, MI 48141, USA
About the event
Robert Turley is the author of the award-winning memoirs "Inktown". He leads historical tours around the city of Inkster. He walks us through this amazing history from the mastodons on Michigan Avenue to the underground railroad, and even the home and life of Malcolm X. Inkster is one of the most historical cities in the USA. You will enjoy this remarkable tour without leaving the comfort of your seat.


WATER PURIFIER PROJECT - TRADITION
AS 'CHARACTERS' HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILTERS, MORINGA AND CLAY CARVINGS WERE ALSO IMPORTANT, BEING USED BY MOST OF THE BRAZILIAN POPULATION LONG AGO.
A CONCEPT BASED IN A HISTORIC PRODUC PRESENT IN MOST OF BRAZILIANS LIFE. THE MAIN IDEA WAS TO CREATE A NEW PURIFIER WITH THE BEST TECHNOLOGY.
OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURE IS THE WATER CONSUMPTION CONTROL. EACH USER CAN FOLLOW YOUR DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION (2 LITERS) IN THE ELETRONIC DISPLAY, HELPING HEALTH MAINTENANCE.
Filters and purifiers history in Brazil
As 'characters' history of the development of filters, moringa and clay carvings were also important, being used by most of the brazilian population long ago.
It was in the 20’s that the first filter household presented a more efficient filtration system - the ‘candle filter“ was born. At first, a product like this was a sign of status - its popularization, in Brazil, occurred only after 50’s.
PS. Almost all Brazilians have or already had an
Clay Filter in your home.


To give some history to the car
It was converted by EcoElectric in Nevada in 1994 at the request of a private individual. The original documents indicate it had a Curtis 1221B controller, a different charger, and possibly sealed batteries. The owner lived in both Nevada and Idaho. At some point the controller, batteries, and charger were changed out.
The way it was when I got to it:
In September of 2004 I noticed the car in the school high-bay. After asking around I learned that it was donated to the school a few years prior. It was used by one group who tried to make a generator trailer for it, but were not successful and did some damage to the systems. I went and talked to the mechanical engineering chair about working on it with a ME friend of mine (I was in school for EE). He gave us full access and a small spending account!
This is what we started with:
Yes, there are parking tickets on the window. The ME chair took care of those. So we got started checking it out and looking through the good documentation that was kept (except for the prior students).


Ancient Egyptian City Found Underwater After 1200 Years – Photos
The Ancient Egyptian City Found Underwater After 1200 Years – Photos is here. Have you seen these photos of recently found Ancient Egyptian City Underwater After 1200 Years. The city believed to swallowed by the Mediterranean Sea and buried in sand and mud for more than 1,200 years. According to Archeologists, the city is known as Heracleion to the ancient Greeks and Thonis to the ancient Eygptian.
The city is discovered by French underwater archaeologist Dr. Franck Goddio and a team from the European Institute for Underwater Acheology (IEASM). They have conducted a four-year geophysical survey. The lost city found 30 feet under the surface of the Mediterranean Sea in Aboukir Bay, near Alexandria.
This is world famous excavation with its surprising findings. Why Ancient Egyptian City sink ? According to researchers, weight of large buildings on the region’s water-logged clay and sand soil may have caused the city to sink in the wake of an earthquake.
What They Have Found ?
- 64 ancient shipwrecks and more than 700 anchors.
- Gold coins, weights from Athens (which have never before been found at an Egyptian site)
- Giant tablets inscribed in ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian
- Variety of religious artifacts like 16-foot stone sculptures
- Limestone sarcophagi


Here is an update on San Miguel trip.
We took a private tour to Dolores Hildago, which was nice as we had our own guide and he gave a quick explanation of Mexican history and the importance of this town to the revolution of 1810.
Prior to all these visits I was confused about Mexican history and now it is coming together for me. Mexico has had quite a turbulant past and the present is no piece of cake for some Mexicans either.
The Mexican American war is clearly remembered here as they lost half or more of their territory and if some Americans had had their way they would have lost it all. In some areas there is still resentment about that war.
We had a lovely lunch at a very nice restaurant and then a tour of a ceramic factory where we got to see the artists drawing and painting the designs. We bought a couple of small items to bring home.


History on Bangalore and BBMP Draft
History on Bengaluru
Bangalore is draped over the Deccan Plateau at an altitude of 949 meters (3113 ft.) above sea level, which gives it possibly the best climate among all the cities in India. Legend has it that Bangalore got its name from the words "BendhaKaaLu" (which means boiled beans in the local language Kannada). King VeeraBallala of the Vijayanagara kingdom was once lost in a forest and happened to stumble upon a lonely cottage. An old woman that lived there could offer the starving king only boiled beans "BendhakaaLu" and the place came to be known as "BendhakaaLuooru" (ooru in Kannada means a city). BendhakaaLooru later came to be known as BengaLooru in Kannada and Bangalore in English. However, historical evidence shows that "BengaLooru" was recorded much before King Ballala's time in a 9th century temple inscription in the village of Begur. Even today "BengaLooru" exists within the city limits in Kodigehalli area and is called as "HalebengaLooru" or "Old Bangalore."
The present day city was designed by Kempegowda in the year 1537. During one of his hunting bouts, which was his favorite past time, Kempegowda was surprised to see a hare chase his dog and thus named the place as "gandubhoomi" (heroic place). Kempegowda I, who was in charge of Yelahanka, built a mud fort in 1537 and with the help of King Achutaraya, built the little towns of Balepet, Cottonpet and Chickpet, all inside the fort. Today, these little areas serve as the major wholesale and commercial market places in the city. Kempegowda's son erected the four watch towers to mark the boundaries of Bangalore which are traceable even today and they stand almost in the heart of the present city.
In the year 1638, ShahajiraoBhonsle, father of Shivaji, captured the city. In 1687, Aurangzeb's army captured Bangalore and sold it to the Wodeyars for a paltry sum of Rs.300,000. The Wodeyars then built the famous LalBagh in 1759, one of Bangalore's most beautifully laid out gardens. In the same year, Hyder Ali received Bangalore as a jagir from KrishnarajaWodeyar II. He fortified the southern fort and made Bangalore an army town.
When Tipu Sultan died in the 4th Mysore war in 1799, the British gave the kingdom, including Bangalore, to KrishnarajaWodeyar III but the British resident stayed in Bangalore.
In the beginning of the 19th century, the General Post Office was opened and the Cantonment was established nine years later in 1809. In 1831, alleging misrule by KrishnarajaWodeyar III, the British took over the administration of the Mysore Kingdom.
Under the British influence, Bangalore bloomed with modern facilities like the railways, telegraph, postal and police departments. The first train was flagged out of the city in 1859 and five years later in 1864, the lovely Cubbon Park was built by Sankey. The end of the century saw the building of AttaraKacheri and the Bangalore Palace. The 20th century saw the arrival of the first motorcar in the city.
In 1881, the British returned the city to the Wodeyars. Dewans like Sir Mirza Ismail and Sir M Visveswaraya were the pioneers to help Bangalore attain its modern outlook.
From then on, the city has grown in magnitudes, emerging into what you see and know of today. Bangalore is India's fifth largest and the fastest growing city in Asia.
Bruhat Bengaluru MahanagaraPalike
The history of municipal governance of Bangalore dates back to March 27, 1862, when nine leading citizens of the city formed a Municipal Board under the Improvement of Towns Act of 1850. Later, a similar Municipal Board was also formed in the Cantonment area of the city. The two boards were legalized in 1881, and functioned as two independent bodies called the Bangalore City Municipality and the Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality. The following year, the concept of elected representatives come into being and also saw the introduction of property tax.
After Indian independence, the two Municipal Boards were merged to form the Corporation of the City of Bangalore in 1949, under the Bangalore City Corporation Act. The corporation then consisted of 70 elected representatives and 50 electoral divisions. The name of the council then changed — first to Bangalore City Corporation (BCC) and then to Bangalore MahanagaraPalike (BMP).
In January 2007, the Karnataka Government issued a notification to merge the areas under existing Bangalore MahanagaraPalike with seven City municipal council (CMC)'s, one Town municipal council (TMC) and 111 villages around the city to form a single administrative body, Bruhat Bangalore MahanagaraPalike. The process was completed by April 2007 and the body was renamed 'Bruhat Bengaluru MahanagaraPalike'.
History on Bengaluru -> www.discoverbangalore.com
History on BBMP -> www.onlinebangalore.com
Bangalore Growth over Decades Map -> www.bbmprestructuring.org/wp/
Image credit: www.sahilonline.org (BBMP)


Sorry – we are closed. Please visit our Home Improvements web site at theboardstoreonline.com Thank you for your business!!
The Board Store was started in 1978 by Dale Olson and Archie McDonald on La Crosse’s north side as an outlet for many species of wood boards.
In 1985 Michael Cunningham purchased Archie’s interest and together he and Dale began the expansion of the company with the addition of unfinished furniture and the purchase of additional buildings at the Copeland Avenue location. The store developed a following as the go to place in the area of unfinished and finished solid wood furniture. They also began manufacturing furniture like bookcases, bedrooms, and some custom made pieces.
In 1990, Miles Wilkins was hired by Dale and Mike to develop home improvement services under The Board Store name. The home improvement organization provided a variety of products installed by the company’s own employees and grew rapidly for several years. At the same time, the owners purchased additional adjacent buildings accumulating 8 of the structures built in the late 1800’s and a corner lot for parking. Passage ways were opened between buildings and some modernizing completed.
In 2008 Dale and Mike chose to sell the entire Board Store operation along with the real estate and it was purchased by long time employee Miles Wilkins and his wife Lynn.
Despite a difficult economy The Board Store remained a sound fixture in the community expanding home improvement lines and adding some upholstered furniture to the previously wood only selection. Early in 2013 Miles and Lynn determined something was required to counter the falling sales in furniture. Having much faith in the history and potential of the company, they determined to expand the store by demolishing the apartments on the second floor to create added showrooms and by beginning renovation of the first level. This included revealing the original fronts on two of the buildings. They also expanded the inventory by over 50% by adding many new lines of wood, leather and upholstered furniture and added an interior designer to the staff for your convenience.
Lord willing, Lynn and Miles hope to continue renovation of their historic buildings to bring back their original charm. They welcome you to come and browse the buildings. Come enjoy the history and find some beautiful furniture for your home.


There is a full colour template for you to print as an A4. A set of black and white instructions to walk you through the process. We have even made a YouTube DIY SUNDIAL INSTRUCTION video that you can follow if all else fails.
Here’s a bit of history about the sundial. The oldest sundial that we know of is an Egyptian shadow clock built around 1500 BCE in Egypt. The hemispherical sundial came later; which was pure genius due to the spherical bowl that meant the shadows variations from winter to summer months were catered for. It was designed by a Greek astronomer some 280 years BCE but was in use in its current form until the 10th Century CE. The biggest sundial in the world now stands in Jaipur at the Jantar Mantar, an astronomical observation site built in the 18th Century. The centrepiece is the giant sundial - Samrat Yantra. It is 27 metres high and the shadow moves at 6cm per minute!
Instructions video : https://youtu.be/YGnKbpKiJPI


The history and services of Frank Kreutzer & Co.
Frank Kreutzer & Company was established in 1920 by our grandfather, Frank Kreutzer Sr., at our first shop site at Van Buren & Halsted St. in Chicago. We started as a store front sheet metal shop fabricating duct fittings, roof products, exhaust hoods, tanks, boiler breechings, and many other metal products.
As our family business progressed, our grandfather accepted his two sons into the company - Frank Kreutzer Jr. (our uncle) and Harold Kreutzer (our father). As they established themselves into the business, our company expanded into food processing equipment, fabricating drying ovens, industrial exhaust systems, and many metal products for new buildings in downtown Chicago and custom metal specialties.
As the city of Chicago grew, so did Frank Kreutzer & Co. With the death of Frank Kreutzer Sr. in the early 1960's, our company moved into a larger location on Madison St. in Chicago - our current location for the past fifty years. In the 1970's and 1980's, the current third generation came aboard - the sons of Harold Kreutzer - Stephen and Frank Kreutzer. Carrying on the family business, we've expanded into laser and plasma cut parts, green roof products, structural metal fabrication (catwalks, stair sections, machine bases, structurals cut to size, heavy plate fabrication and prototypes) making us a versatile metal fabrication company, all with the attitude of no job is too big or too small.
Frank Kreuzter & Co. has earned a reputation for quality fabrication and excellent customer service (fast turnaround - as per our customer’s needs). We work with the largest corporations, to the small businesses, down to the individuals on the street - taking on jobs that our competitors turn away. These values have helped position our company as a significant supplier and a national source of metal fabricated parts for almost 100 years of business. We always look forward to satisfying our customer’s needs, and expanding our capabilities. By embracing technology and generations of metal working experience, we will continue to grow with our customers, old and new. We are very proud of our long-standing reputation in many different industries, and we hope our services will be useful in meeting with your fabricating needs. If you have any comments or inquiries, feel free to contact us. We hope that we will be included in your company's success.
Frank and Stephen Kreutzer
Frank Kreutzer & Co.
View even more of our projects on our Facebook page.
Address: 2646 W. Madison St. Chicago, IL 60612
Phone: (773) 826-5769


Two votive tablets (ayagapattas) of the Jaina community demonstrating various aspects of the Jaina religion. Mathura, 1st century or earlier -- According to N. P. Joshi such tablets were probably "fixed at some high place ... to be seen and adored from the distance."
The stupa, originally a funeral mound, is the religious monument par excellence in early Buddhism and Jainism. It can be described as a hemispherical structure mounted on a cylindrical base (and enshrining bone-relicts). The stupa is also frequently shown in reliefs (e.g. on ayagapattas).


It Was Like This
There were 171 Charter Members on roll at the beginning of Grace in 1956. One of them was Clint Sykes who has been part of, or witnessed, our story to date. He was Congregational Secretary and Recording Steward of the Official Board for the first 31 years, a tenor in the choir for all 50, an Elder and Sunday School teacher. He is still active in committee work. We asked him to go down memory lane and remind us of our roots and up-bringing. These are his recollections.
Some of Our History
By the Rev. Doug Greenough
I was told by a charter member that when they were choosing a name for the church it was finalized to two names - St. James United Church and Grace United Church, the latter suggested by Clint Sykes. Who incidentally, shortly after Church Union in 1925, had been baptized in Grace now United Church? The name of Grace was chosen for the new congregation – Grace United Church in Sarnia.
In the early years when I arrived in 1980, Sarnia was demographically a city with many younger families. i.e. To mention one change we had three cub packs, now only one cub pack with 12 members. Statistics matched across the city. In those years Grace was a very busy place bursting with activities.
Why Our Chimes Ring
by Ted West (January 2003)
Listen to the Chimes
When the young people and choir presented the Christmas musical, “Why the Chimes Rang”, this past December, I started to think about a parallel situation which we have here at Grace. I began to wonder about how many people in our congregation really know “Why Our Chimes Ring” every Sunday morning. I was particularly amazed when Pat Morrison recently mentioned to me that he didn’t even know we had an outdoor chime system – and he has been at Grace for almost six years. It has really been quite a low key operation, but I feel it is time to document the “history of the chimes” – it does not show up in our abbreviated version of the Grace United History which can be found in our 1996 photo directory.
From our Founding
Grace United Church was founded in 1956. While many other churches are older, the changes that have occurred in the congregation since that time are amazing. This is one attempt to compile this rich history. It was last updated in March, 2011.
The first members received into a pastoral charge are referred to as "Charter Membres." This is the list of names as it appeared in the bulletin at the first communion service on January 20, 1957 (with minor typo corrections).
MEMBERS WERE RECEIVED BY PROFESSION OF FAITH AND TRANSFER OF MEMBERSHIP


Questioning ads (ONL)
Questioning ads: history & tactics of the adbusting movement – Ban Fossil Ads webinar
We will be convening for our fourth Ban Fossil Ads webinar called ‘Questioning ads: history & tactics of the adbusting movement’. We will hear from artist and activist Michelle Tylicki about the rich and long history of the adbusting (also called subvertising, brandalism, anti-ad direct action) movement around the world. Why did activist take to the streets to fight commercial ads, back in the 60s and now? What creative tactics did they use? And what is the role of the adbusting movement today?
Join us 11th of March at 19:30-20:45 (CET). Zoom link will be shared after sign-up.
Registration here: https://verbiedfossielereclame.nl/questioning-ads-history-tactics-of-the-adbusting-movement-ban-fossil-ads-webinar/


Fact: History is not just made up of famous dead guys. As Abigail Adams famously admonished her husband John, we must “remember the ladies.”
Further fact: Not only is women’s history important, intersectional women’s history is pretty damn amazing because frankly, there were so many different kinds of women doing amazing things in early U.S. history: women of African, Indigenous, and European descent. Rich women & poor women. Queer women and straight women and mothers and non-mothers and young women and old women and recent immigrants and longtime residents and just a lot of different kinds of women rocking history and making awesome things happen despite their disenfranchisement and unequal access to positions of power in society.
So let’s talk about them! I’ve created this new walking tour & am offering it via Brookline Adult & Community Education.


Are you running a blog? Have you ever thought about who wrote first blog or who discovered this blogging platform first? Do you know blogging history? At start then blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video.
Who invented or discovered blogs first is not clear exactly because different sources talks about different names.But still Justin Hall’s name came at all sources so he can be considered as first blogger.
Well, majority considered that Justin Hall was the first blogger.In December, 2004,New York Times Magazine referred to him as “the founding father of personal blogging.
History Of Blogging:
The term “weblog” was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997. The short form, “blog,” was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May 1999. Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used “blog” as both a noun and verb (“to blog,” meaning “to edit one’s weblog or to post to one’s weblog”) and devised the term “blogger” in connection with Pyra Labs’ Blogger product, leading to the popularization of the terms.(w)


Tuesday, 17 January 2012
Ogres of the North...
It was during a Chaos raid from the marauders of the North when the ogres fought alongside with a small force from Ostermark. The force was ambushed by a Chaos horde. The battle left only a few empire survivers, only several were keen to tell their tales of what had happened.
It was thought that the mechenary ogres had all deceased during the fighting or fled after seeing the losing battle, realising there was not much chance and dead humans don't pay.
These were all tales, stories, which for the Empire state troops kept them at ease. This was thought to later be confirmed with the corpse of the Ogre Tyrant found close to the battle field in a mangled state. The cuts were not from Chaos weaponry, for the wounds and cuts on the body were from large, blunt blades which the stongest of Chaos warriors could lift.
The Ogres had not been killed or fled, but instead something had drawn them to join the chaos marauders, and head North... for they had been chosen.


The Zamboglou family
The Zamboglou family originated in Kadıköy, a town that was known in byzantine and ancient times as ‘Χαλκηδών’ and which today is part of the Constantinople/Istanbul metropolitan area.
It is well documented that the Zamboglou family was an established banking dynasty which gradually became one of the largest money lenders in the Ottoman capital city while developing deep-rooted ties within the local government in the process.
The Zamboglou’s relate back to Greek Zamboğlu family which has Christian orthodoxy at its roots. Population statistics confirm that around 6% of the population in the Ottoman Empire was Greek Orthodox, but despite being the overwhelming minority, the Zamboglou family developed to become one of the most influential families in the Kadıköy region.
The ‘oglu (oglou)’ from the word Zamb-oglou comes from the Proto-Turkic language. The nomenclature was used during the Ottoman ruling Empire and means “son” while the name “Zamb” was likely to have been the name of our first ancestor. For anyone interested in ancestry, the Zamb name has roots going back to relatives residing in America and Scotland.
To this very day, Kadıköy still contains reminders of the Zamboglou family including Zamboğlu Street, named out of respect and admiration for the family and its contribution to the region all those years ago. Other architectural marvels such as the Zamboglou Mansion and the Zamboglou Garden were important structures admired by leaders, sultans and highly esteemed people in the region. Due to its design and art deco style, the mansion was later converted to a theatre where prominent artists could perform and showcase their craft to the public.
Unfortunately (and heart-breaking for all of us) the Turkish Government decided to demolish these two sites of great historical importance and instead, replaced them with apartment blocks.
Another quirk of history that remains unknown to this day, is how the Zamboglou family transitioned from Banking to Manufacturing and how it managed to dominate the candy manufacturing sector in the region of Mersin.
From what we can gather, the main reasons for the move were due to pressure from Turkish elite families soon after the death of our great grandfather. Other potential explanations could also include reckless behaviour of the Zamboglou new business administration as well as the desire to be closer to the Greek side of Cyprus in the event of a war.
What we know for certain is that in 1922, the entirety of the Zamboglou family was forced out of its ancestral land that was its home for multiple generations. Their houses, factories and property were violently seized by Turkish troops, many were killed, and several were forced to become refugees.
From established pillars of the community to displaced refugees – the Zamboglou family was forced to experience something nobody should.
Saddened but not broken, the Zamboglou’s arrived in Cyprus in 1922 in a small boat with nothing more than a fistful of hopes and dreams. The family was committed to rebuilding its life and heritage on the island and eventually transformed those dreams into reality.
If there is one thing that Asia Minor taught us, is that hope has a powerful ability to bring solace to those in hardship. Hope for the best outcome, hope that everything that was destroyed can be rebuilt once more, hope that tomorrow will be better than yesterday.
Despite having their livelihoods ripped away from them and many of their close friends and family brutally killed, the Zamboglou family endured. Its patriarch, great grandfather Efstathios, ensured that the family name would survive and flourish. He came from Mersin with just a few material possessions but an entire stockpile of grit and determination to rebuild the family business. With the aid of his talent and resilience, Efstathios established a manufacturing business that became the pride of Cyprus and sowed the seeds for a future generation that remains humane, generous and above everything, modest.


St. Philip’s Parish was created for Port Brunswick in 1741. In 1748, Spanish privateers attacked and captured the Port of Brunswick and held it for several days. During this time the Spanish flag flew over the parish of Old St. Philip’s.
Construction of St. Philip’s Church at Brunswick Town began in 1754, and in the spring of 1760 Royal Governor Arthur Dobbs announced his intention of designating St. Philip’s Church as His Majesty’s Chapel in North Carolina . St. Philip’s was completed and dedicated in 1768, and served the town of Brunswick until the structure was burned by the British during the American Revolution in 1776. The remains of the original church building still stand at Brunswick Town, preserved as a state historical site off Highway 133, approximately ten miles north of Southport . Supposedly, the altar rail in the Chapel of the Cross at St. Philip’s came from the original structure.
The Chapel of the Cross at St. Philip’s Church was erected in 1843. The commander of Fort Johnston at that time, Colonel Thomas Childs, is said to be partly responsible for the church's construction. Evidently Colonel Childs desired a church to serve the fort, and his soldiers were supposedly used as labor to build the church. Today Fort Johnston is directly across the street from our church, and for many years was used by the U.S. Army as a residence for the Commander and other staff of The Military Ocean Terminal at Sunny Point.
The earliest record for a full-time rector was the Rev. Peyton Gallagher, leading St. Philip’s from June, 1852 to March, 1853. The first vestry was elected in 1850, and in 1851 the parish was admitted into the diocese as “Old St. Philip’s.” It was the intention of its members at that time to perpetuate the memory of the original church of Brunswick Town, through the existence of the new parish. The church continued to flourish, and in an address to the diocesan convention in 1860 Bishop Atkinson reported that he had consecrated St. Philip’s Church in “Smithville,” as Southport was known at that time.
In February of 1865 after the evacuation of Fort Johnston by Confederate forces, the church was immediately seized and occupied by Union forces. It was used as a hospital for their wounded, and later as a school for African-American children. From March, 1876 to March, 1878 the church grew and again prospered. A small addition was made to the vestry room and church was enclosed with a “proper fence.” During this period Colonel A.C.M. Pennington and his command of U.S. troops stationed at Fort Johnston were responsible for acquiring a new communion table, alms basin, and lectern. A new organ was also obtained during this period.
Since its creation in 1741, St. Philip’s has withstood many changes and challenges. It has worshiped under seven different political flags, represented in the Chapel of the Cross today. Entering the chapel and looking overhead, starting on the right forward position and ending on the left forward position the flags are as follows:
- Grand Union
- North Carolina
- Betsy Ross
- Confederate States of America
- United States of America
In recent years, the Planning Team and vestry worked on plans to expand our facilities. A careful process of research, parish meetings and surveys built consensus on plans and directions. One of the best church architectural firms in the country, Heimsath Architects, was retained. Through a spiritual and inclusive process, the Heimsath team led us to a Three-Phase Master Plan for future expansion. Phase One is the new worship, gathering and support space that seats 250-300. A magnificent bell tower draws the new church and the current one together into a campus. Phases II & III of the Master Plan include a large parish hall, additional office and education space.
On March 30, 2003 ground was broken for Phase One, and on Easter Sunday 2004 we began worshiping in our new church. The old church was renamed “Chapel of the Cross at St. Philip’s” in honor of its original name.


Malaysian Animal Husbandry Journal (MAHJ)
Animal husbandry is the controlled cultivation, management, and production of domestic animals, including improvement of the qualities considered desirable by humans by means of breeding. Animals are bred and raised for utility (e.g., food, fur), sport, pleasure, and research. Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding and the raising of livestock. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the Neolithic revolution when animals were first domesticated, from around 13,000 BC onwards, antedating farming of the first crops. By the time of early civilisations such as ancient Egypt, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were being raised on farms.


I’ve always been interested in historic architectural restoration, so I began restoring the FEED STORE building in 2002. I eventually planted 1,000 trees, created walking paths, installed outdoor lighting and built an underground amphitheater stage in what is now THE PARK. The upper floors of the FEED STORE became residential apartments that minted the design elements of the original saw mill. FUll restoration of the historic building and the park was completed in 2007.
The FEED STORE project has been an affair of the heart. As an owner who understands the rural community of Westcliffe and the surrounding areas, my vision for the restaurant and the park has been realized…a local gathering place that fits the spirit of the neighborhood by serving the community year round in a dual concept restaurant of casual and fine dining and offering quality entertainment and a place to enjoy family and friends.
In the early 1900’s the building was moved intact 11 miles south and became the local feed store until the early 1960’s. In 1978, newcomers to Westcliffe remodled the inside of the building and the FEED STORE became a restaurant and bar while the middle level remained empty.
The FEED STORE building was occupied by various businesses and organizations for several years before I arrived in the Wet Mountain Valley and purchased the vacant deteriorating building in 1986.


Numerous archaeologists posses hunted for facts to compliment or refute the historical Biblical tales about Israel. Though the First building in Jerusalem a€” and its creator, master Solomon a€” continue to be shrouded in puzzle.
Master Solomona€™s temple would be the best building developed by your Israelites to recognize the company's jesus, the scripture tells us. Ita€™s also when the Jewish folks are said to get kept the legendary Ark associated with the Covenant keeping the 10 Commandments. But was the building of Solomon in fact an actual destination?
Master David, King Solomon, and 1st Building
Solomon had been the daughter of King David, the Biblical figure which slain Goliath. Heritage states whenever David expired, Solomon handed down their fathera€™s empire and extraordinary wealth. Within just four decades, Solomon experienced marshaled those resources and made the 1st building.
Every thing historians be informed about the alleged a€?First Templea€? arises from the Bible. Thankfully, it offers a surprisingly in-depth information of just what King Solomona€™s temple looked like a€” like their believed exact proportions. In accordance with the scripture, the building was actually created from genuinely quarried rock prevents, with a roof and inside lined with extravagant wooden planks. Solomon utilized absolute coins to overlay the templea€™s holy inside sanctum, exactly where he also positioned few 15-foot-tall golden cherubims a€” sphinxes a€” to defend the Ark of this Covenant.
However maybe not one particular stone from this design possesses actually been discovered, despite over 100 years of investigating joints between Biblical phrases and enjoy website research. Archaeologists only continue to come right up unused.
Thata€™s unexpected considering the level of Solomona€™s claimed kingdom. The initial building was finished in the entire year 957 B.C., making the Bible at the phrase. Inside chronology of age-old history, thata€™s many hundreds of years following well-known Trojan conflict as well as 2 centuries ahead of the legendary founding of Rome. And as reported by the scripture, the main building stood for about 400 a very long time before Babylonian master Nebuchadnezzar ruined it and transferred the Jews into exile. The next building wouldna€™t feel completed until the sixth millennium, whenever Jews were allowed to get back.
In spite of the damage, ita€™s obvious why archaeologists might look forward to finding remainders from such a huge and long-standing design.
The Tel Dan Stele
The handbook explains Solomon as an informed ruler and great builder lifestyle right at the level of empire of Israel. Additionally claims he had a lavish palace, big military and an empire that consisted of every one Israel. Yet therea€™s no archaeological data that Solomon the person previously existed at all. Despite absolute at a time exactly where scribes are previously likely authorship the scripture, no inscriptions from within the additional location sugar daddy search los angeles carry his own title. That give archaeologists confusing perhaps the 3rd king of Israel had been genuine, or was actually a lot more like some other famous rulers of traditions, from King Arthur in Great Britain to Romulus, the thought founder of Rome .
Something that would help is if archaeologists found some latest indications for all the presence of Solomon from beyond your handbook. This sort of a find might help prop up the entirety of Biblical journey. One potential sign of chance starred in 1993. Professionals comprise searching at a web site known as Tel Dan in northern Israel, if archaeologist Gila prepare of Hebrew device College found big stone covered with Aramaic authorship a€” an archaic family member of Hebrew. In the content regarding the material, now-known as being the Tel Dan stele, an Aramean master data a conflict making use of the kings of Israel and proclaims victory during the a€?House of David.a€? The Tel Dan stele probable periods from more than a century after master Solomona€™s death; however, it produces some facts that David might have been a genuine guy. Archaeologists will still be searching in the webpages nowadays.
As well as over history decade, a number of tempting possible signals began to emerge.
This season, a team of archaeologists led by Eilat Mazar through the Hebrew school of Jerusalem stated theya€™d found out a monumentally huge segment of wall structure while excavating in the eldest an element of Jerusalem in search of master Davida€™s palace. The locates right at the webpages, known as Ophel, integrated a roughly 210-foot-long walls part, filled with a gatehouse, neighborhood tower and a royal structure. The advantages comprise extremely big your professionals got satisfied it has been only one an element of a really huge structure. Online dating the web page demonstrated controversial, many radiocarbon times placed the website smack part way through Solomona€™s rule. "This is the first-time that a structure from the period has been discovered that'll correlate with written outlines of Solomon's building in Jerusalem," Mazar said at that time.
Some other researchers arena€™t very certain.


The word photography translates to ‘drawings made with light’. Graphic Design is known to be the combination between pictures and text in an advertisement. However, before photographs were created, graphic design had already existed. Behind any success story is a journey, and the journey of how photography and graphic design unified is just as important. According to Meggs and Purvis (2012), on March 4th 1880, history was created when the first printed photograph with full tones was published in the New York Daily Graphic, to begin a never-ending bond between the two. The following post will show how history has made the two almost inseparable.
When it comes to describing what photography really is, Meggs and Purvis (2012), believe it is about making pictures by a photochemical process, where chemicals help produce the image. A dark box, called a camera, is used with a slight opening, to allow light to flow through. This allows an image of the outside object to be reflected even brighter. During the 18th and 19th centuries, people were constantly looking for ways to create images without having to draw, however, these dark box images were just projections that could not be printed. Later a light sensitive material capable of capturing this light was added to permanently fix these projections into photographs. Even up to 10 years after the invention, photographers would still give illustrators the visual evidence needed to document an event. These illustrations were later added with text for printed publications. (Meggs & Purvis, 2012).
Until 1840, focus was still on illustrations, as photography was not yet detailed enough for publications. For that reason other curious inventors such as William Henry Fox Talbot continued to experiment with materials and their reactions to light. Talbot later invented photosensitive paper that allowed for negative images that created the bright parts of the subject as dark and the dark parts as light. It was in June of that year when Talbot was successful. His sensitive paper was exposed long enough to create an image, which was then developed using chemicals. (London, Upton & Stone, 2008) Many believe, “Talbot’s invention radically altered the course of both photography and, later, graphic design.” (Meggs & Purvis, 2012, p. 155) For that reason by the 20th century focus was on merging photographs and text together.
London, Upton and Stone (2010), believe that due to the many tones of gray in a photograph, type and image could not yet be printed together. So how were they printed to give such clean versions of what was known then as graphic design? According to London, Upton and Stone (2010) photographs were first made into drawings to be transferred onto woodcuts in order to be printed in newspapers. This was quite a lengthy process as well as uneconomical. By 1880, the process of printing the grey halftones was improved as type and photographs could now be printed together. Photographs became an essential part of newspapers, and were said to be real life moments only reproduced on paper, rather than fancy illustrations. (London, Upton & Stone, 2008) Until the mid 19th century, documenting scenes from war zones was uncommon. As London, Upton and Stone (2010) believe, wars were learned about from soldiers upon their return, or even late news reports. In 1850, Roger Fenton was the first to photograph the Crimean war in detail along with Mathew B Brady who had also captured the American Civil War. However, Brady had only managed to capture the aftermath of war, as photographing during battle was far too dangerous. It was Brady’s courage that lead to irreplaceable documents of American history. (London, Upton & Stone, 2008). These pictures are being used until today and are the base of what is known as photojournalism, the use of images to tell news stories along with text. We later begin to use the same definition for what we now know as graphic design. Despite the fact that the art movement known as naturalism, also known as artistic photography, had begun in the late 19th century, it wasn’t until the twentieth century that text and image, together were officially known as art and graphic design. (London, Upton & Stone, 2008). Meggs and Purvis (2012), believe the use of photography in graphic design mainly began at the German Bauhaus school, a place where concepts of all design and art movements were looked into. According to Meggs and Purvis (2012), one of Bauhaus’s instructors, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy was known to be an experimenter. He enjoyed playing with the size, angle and distortion of an image, as he believed photography had the ability to greatly influence poster design. In 1926, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy was equally intrigued by typography, he saw it as a vital tool of communication with the importance of legibility. (Meggs and Purvis, 2012). It was Moholy-Nagy’s curiosity that later started a new interest in joining these two art forms together at their institute which was later known as typo-photos.
Another artist with similar techniques as those of Moholy-Nagy was Alexey Brodovitch. He was the art director at the well-known magazine, Harper’s Bazaar where he experimented with image size and positions. (Meggs and Purvis, 2012). For one of their issues, Brodovitch and an American artist, Man Ray collaborated together. Man Ray had been playing with photographs since the 1920s by reversing and manipulating images he created what is known as photo-plastics, which helped bring out his unconscious thoughts. (Meggs and Purvis, 2012). On their project together, for Harper’s 1935 issue, they used contrast in the height of letters to highlight the height of the woman on the opposite page. Meggs and Purvis (2012), believe it was Brodovich who taught many designers to experiment with photography, with the many collaborations he did for Harper’s Bazaar. In the late 1950s another young art director known as George Lois was ready to go to any extent to sell his work. According to Meggs and Purvis (2012), he believed that fully unified visual and verbal ideas were the essence to an effective conveyance of a message. Lois worked with the theory that can be restated as; verbal and visual components in modern communication are just as indivisible as words and music in a song. In the 1968 issue of Esquire Magazine, Lois featured Mohammed Ali, world’s heavy weight champion. According to Lois, (2014), Mohammed had recently converted to Islam and chose to object the offer to fight in the military. Repercussions followed when he got sentenced five years in jail, loss of his title, as well as getting banned from fighting. He followed by explaining his idea of comparing Mohammed to St. Sebastian and how he planned to use this poster as a protest with the idea of religious iconography as St. Sabastian had also gone through a similar battle. Lois (2014), mentions not only did this make a great poster for Esquire magazine; with a simple sentence ‘The Passion of Mohammed Ali’, it was later reproduced and sold as a protest poster. In less than three years Ali was free of his sentence, proving the power that comes with intelligently unifying photography and graphic design. The reason I chose this piece is because, Meggs and Purvis (2012) mentioned Esquire Magazine was at the verge of bankruptcy, and after hiring Lois for over 92 projects they were at a profit of three million dollars per issue.
Regardless of how common photography was becoming, how did film photography change to the digital one we know today? According to Savage (2014), experimenters George Smith and Willard Boyle are to thank for the creation the semiconductor circuit-the CCD which was the foundation for digital images to be saved and viewed later. They had worked together in 1969 with the aim to be able to capture images on a telescope, not only did this help us learn about what is beyond the earth, it was a big jump from capturing photos on a tangible material to having it saved virtually using chemicals. Despite how basic this technology may have seemed, in less than 30 years posters were now filled with digital photography once again harmonious with typography. According to Meggs and Purvis (2012), in 1996, a musician band by the name of Lou Reed decided to design a poster for one of their upcoming albums. They did so by using a digital photograph of a band mate and covering his entire face with the very personal lyrics from their songs. Another later example of how digital photography completely took the place of film with typography was in 2002, for the invitation of one of the world’s most renowned design firms, AIGA announcing the opening of nine more design studios. By portraying nine diamond shapes labeled with numbers, the background image is a digital photograph of a woman with make up tears and make up pouring down her face. Since this was part of the era when conceptual posters were at height, Meggs and Purvis (2012), believe these tears could have been caused by the heat when mining the diamonds, however the link between the tears and the opening remains unsolved to date. However, it wasn’t until 2003 when digital photography and typography together, not only created the layout of the poster but rather the main outline of the subject. Meggs and Purvis (2012), mention a designer by the name Reza Abedini who created a poster for the film Reves de sable. By using digital photography for the main face of the Persian woman, the rest of the composition was made with Farsi letters. Her entire cloak was decorated with these letters, although not legible but making very clear her cultural background as well as the theme of the film. Despite how popular it has become to use photography and graphic design together, at times one must realize their individual importance as well. From the start with photographic negatives, to their combination as the typo-photo, photography is always adapting to the current trends. In this day and age, where we have gotten so used to life-sized billboards around us, we forget what it would be like without them. Thanks to Man Ray and many others, photography is quite an important part of our digital revolution. This paper listed the many examples through which harmony between photography and graphic design have helped change the world, only history will show what it further has to offer.


In 1789 the French people began an open revolution against the totalitarian and frequently out of touch with reality monarchy of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. As this bloody revolution swept across the whole of France, pitting Royalist against Red Revolutionary, the rest of Europe sat on a knife’s edge. The degeneration of the French Revolution into civil war being waged by those regions loyal to the monarchy and those loyal to the newly created French Republic, ensured eventual foreign intervention.
In 1792, in order to reinstate the monarchy and thus end the ‘Reign of Terror’, the Austrian Empire and Prussia went to war with Republican France. The early campaigns against these two European power houses went poorly for the French and they lost ground to both the foreign powers France now found herself fighting on two fronts, but also the Royalists within France herself. So much so that by the beginning of 1793 it appeared as if the Revolutinary cause were lost. The Revolutinaries seeming to be unable to stave off the almost certain defeat at the hands of their enemies.
In 1793 Republican France made a newer and more formidable foe when she sent to the Guillotine, known also as the ‘National Razor’, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. After this execution England declared war upon France and the British Royal Navy set sail to blockade French ports and to attain the mastery of the seas. So as to strangle France from any and all supplies derived from foreign sources. An action which inevitably led to war between Britain and America. The British also sent an expeditionary force to the besieged Royalist held city of Toulons, in hopes of aiding the Royalists in a campaign to outflank the Revolutionaries. An aim which, though admirable in it’s contemplation and attempted execution, was not achievable due to lack of coordination and planning on the part of both parties involved.
It was at Toulons that a young French Revolutionary artillery officer, later to become the most famous French military commander and political leader since Charlemagne, would begin his meteoric climb up the military ladder. He would lead France to victory after victory, only to be defeated after making poor decisions later in his career. This young Frenchman being of course one Napoleon Bonaparte of Corsican birth.
The fall of Toulons, which could have been prevented had the Royalists and British commanders been able to agree that the Revolutionaries were the enemy more than each other, was a major boost to Republican morale. Afterwards it seemed as though the Republicans had gained something which had been sorely lacking in the campaigns of 1792-1793, confidence in their ability to win. What followed were a series of campaigns which would win for Republican France dominance of almost the whole of the European continent.
From late 1793-1797 it seemed as if France could not lose, though there were several battles in which the field was left to the enemy. The Kingdom of Spain, which had been allied with the pro Royalist nations, made peace with France. Only to ally herself with France shortly after, much to the chagrin of the British who saw this as an agriegous betrayal. By sea France could scarcely hope to match the power of the fastly over extended British Royal Navy. Now responding to the changing politcal and military reality by extending the blockade of Europe.
The later part of the 1790s saw France gain in territory from the Italian peninsula to the North Sea, from Iberia to an expedition by a relatively new, but already well known and respected General Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt. This campaign would be his first taste of defeat in the field at the hands of the British. After first taking Egypt he instated himself in the role of a dictator in the mold of later Middle Eastern dictators such as Sddam Hussein. The British sent a combined Navy and Army force to counter this threat and in two key battles defeated soundly Napoleon’s dreams of Empire. The Battle of the Nile and the Battle of the Pyramids assured the French abandonment of the Egyptian Campaign. Napoleon himself fled Egypt to return to France ahead of the news of defeat, in order to spin the news to his purpose.
By 1800 France had defeated most of her enemies in Europe. However she still had enemies at the ready to strike. Two of whom would be key in her defeat. In the East lay the great feared bear, Russia, with thousands of men to be thrown into the field against any French army foolish enough to attempt invasion. Added to this was the predicament of supplying a large army in the field over such a vast distance and in some of the worst weather conditions imaginable. In the West lay Britain, her ‘Wooden Walls’ blockading France and denying much needed resources to her and her allies. With her many colonies to draw off of for manpower England too had a vast wealth o resources for both supplies and men. Without a decisive defeat of the Royal Nay, which was all but impossible with the French and Spanish Navies combined, there was little hope of France defeating England.
The Peace of Amiens brought an all too brief interlude of peace to a Europe that, in some areas, had been at war for eleven years. It was barely a full year before France was again at war with England.
It was not too long after the resumation of hostilities between France and England that Napoleon Bonaparte, France’s famous and revered generalisimo, declared himself ‘First Consul’ of France. Shortly there after crowning himself as ‘Emperor of the French’. Between 1801-1812 he consolidated French control of Europe. Installing relatives as heads of state whenever convenient. Most of whom could not properly rule the nations they were entrusted with.
Napoleon’s tactics ensured a constant stream of victories and additions to the ‘French Empire’. At Austerlitz he defeated an opposing force that should, given the size and ability of it’s troops, have won an easy victory. Instead, due partly to his tactics and partly to the inability of the Russian Tsar and the Austrian field commander to agree upon a strategy. Napoleon used his favored tactics of deception and speed, plus a healthy dose of artillery. The end result was the almost complete ruination of Austrian forces. The blow to Austrian morale and confidence in their own abilities ended in their eventual capitulation to France.
In the early 1800s there was a band of brigand cutthroats known as the Barbary Pirates, based out of Tripoli on the North African coast. Britain and all the other European powers paid them not to attack their shipping. However America would have none of it. An American expedition was launched to crush the pirates. It would later become lauded as a key piece of United States Marine Corps history. Four US Marines led a force comprised of mercenaries and adventurers, mostly North African, and defeated the pirates. Their skill and daring would be immortalized in the Marine Corps Hymn.
Napoleon was the first modern dictator to use mass extermination as a policy. This being due to the fact that in the new, freedom loving France, there was no such thing as a slave. However, someone apparently forgot to inform the French colony of Haiti. In order to rectify this Napoleon, known to his enemies as ‘the Corsican Tyrant’ and to the French as ‘l’empreur’, had a novel solution. The sensible thing would have been to declare all slaves endentured servants to be free, which would have been a sizeable number. Then to actually recruit them as soldiers to be used against France’s enemies. The result of having to draw off manpower and naval power to defend her West Indies holdings would have all but crippled the British European war effort, which was gravely over extended as it was. Instead, Napoleon chose option No. 2, genocide. The estimates are varying, but it is certain that more than 2,000 Haitian slaves were packed into old ships, and then secured in these floating prisons. The next step was to burn a substance that created a toxic smoke, that once inhaled meant almost assured Death for the poor soul. In essence the French, at the behest of Bonaparte, had turned these ships into floating ‘gas chambers’.
At the same time as these events were unfolding in France’s European possessions rebellions were rife throughout the land. Most noteable were those in Spain by partisan ‘Guerillas’, most of whom took up arms to restore their rightful king, others due to the ‘abolishment’ of the Catholic Church and faith by French Republicans. In response to these attacks the French would execute any and all whom dared to resist, aid those who resisted, or any other person that came to hand. It was much the same in other possessions, most of which hated the heavy handedness with which French authorities dealt with the conquered people. In Prussia there were partisans whom dared defy French authority and fought valiantly, as their Spanish brethren did, to resist and defeat the French occupation forces. Much with the same, brutal reprisals.
The British blockade had an unfortunate side effect for England. The blockading forces would stop any ship bound to Europe, and proceed to seize ship, cargo, and often times crew. Impressment of sailors, whether belonging to neutral nations or those at war currently with any of the belligerents, was common practice in the Royal Navy. It helping to refill ranks depleted by combat deaths, wounds, disease, and desertion. However it also angered many neutral nations, most especially the United States of America. However, there was almost a civil war in America before she declared war upon England. The states that comprise New England threatened to secede from the Union and form a seperate nation, thus giving them the ability to declare war independently upon Britain. This was narrowly avoided by the Federal Governement, which decided in the end to go beyond the diplomatic wrangling with the British over their policies. Angry diplomatic notes had been passing back and forth for some time before actual war broke out. America was outraged that a nation it had fought to be free of should forcibly take American citizens and force them into the service of that very same nation. However, diplomatic means were not enough to avoid the coming war. Partly over the impressment of American citizens, and partly the desire to seize Canada from Britain, America declared war.
Thankfully enough for the British, Napoleon Bonaparte had chosen to make a mistake that would be repeated 139 years later by another Continental tyrant. He chose to invade Russia. A ‘Grande Armie’ of 200,000 soldiers from France and all nations controlled by her was gathered for this attack upon the slumbering Russian Bear. A campaign that had no chance what so ever of success. The Russians adopting their favored tactics of withdraw and leave nothing to the enemy, this being one bear that likes fire, then in winter unleash the Bear. Thus the ‘Grande Armie’s’ supply lines were over extended. Meaning that the proper equipment for the winter was not available without having to come across barren Russian plains filled with partisans and Cossacks, and little else. Then the inevitable winter descended and the morale of the ‘Grande Armie’ plummeted as fast as the temperature did. The slow withdrawal was made through miles of hostile terrain, enemies at every turn glad to cut down stragglers, deserters, or those in ranks. It was a telling defeat for Napoleon, who fled ahead of his troops to be in Paris before they arrived to put a brighter face on things. The Russian Bear had been awoken, and now it was on the attack, an unstoppable force.
In America the invasion of Canada fared little better, the Americans underestimating their foes. The British, even though engaged in Europe against almost the whole Continent, had plenty of troops to send to fight the Americans. The American Army being undermanned, undertrained, undersupplied, and all around out classed by soldiers who had stood toe to toe with the likes of Bonaparte’s armies. This gave the British a confidence that soon blossomed into arrogance. Something they would pay dearly for in blood as arrogance is the first step to defeat as Napoleon had proven. America lost more battles than she won, but held firm against the British forces where it counted. After the fall and burning of Washington England was destined for defeat. It wasn’t an overwhelming defeat, nor one that should have any true effect on British power in Europe. In fact the greatest defeat suffered at the hands of the Americans came technically after the war was over in 1814 at New Orleans. The peace treaty having already been signed by representatives of both governments.
By 1814 Napoleon Bonaparte’s empire was in tatters. A coalition of nations, having smelled blood, was fast closing in. After the peace was made Bonaparte was exiled to Elba. A Bourbon king once again sat on the throne of France, but it was not to last long.
In 1815 Bonaparte broke free of his island prison and landed in France. Raising an army from those loyal to him he marched on Paris, Louis XVIII fled upon word reaching him. For a glorious ‘One Hundred Days’ l’Empreur was back. It too was not to last.
In July of 1815 a combined British, Prussian force engaged Napoleon’s army at a small Belgian town that many had never heard of before. Through a combination of tactics, selection of position, and raw courage they defeated the ‘Corsican Tyrant’. One day of battle cost 50,00 lives all told, and would cost Bonaparte his freedom, and eventually his life.
Thus ended what I prefer to call the ‘Second World War’. A war which lasted for almost 23 continuous years, 26 if you count the period from 1789-1792. It devistated Europe and many overseas possessions thereof. It encompassed not only the battlefields of such places as Toulons, Egypt, Austerlitz, Smolensk, Borodino, the Iberian Peninsula, and Italy. But also the American colonies, the United States, Canada, and Haiti. As well as the largest and most strategically vital battlefields for England, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In all, and this is an estimate based off of figures that mainstream historians can agree upon, 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 people died in this time period. It is more likely that even more died than official records account for, especially in the Russian Campaign. Perhaps a figure of 8,000,000 to 9,000,000 would be closer to the truth. Either way these numbers are staggering when one considers that in, for sake of argument, 26 years using technology that had existed for one hundred years all the involved powers including America managed to kill almost as many people as were killed from 1914-1918. With flintlock muskets, smoothbore muzzle loaded artillery, bayonets, sabers, lances, an early form of poison gas, the world managed to kill almost as many as it took four years to with far more advanced technology, but relatively unchanged tactics.
In 1821 Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France, the ‘Corsican Tyrant’, died a broken man of disease on his new island prison of St. Helena. A man who’d conquered almost all of Europe, won countless battles, led thousands to their deaths, and been responsible for millions of deaths himself, as well as forever changing Europe, and the world. Even today we feel the aftermath of this period in history. It effects our world in ways almost too numerous to list. It saw the birth of the peasant revolution, the rise of nationalism, the formation of alliances, and the idea that one man can lay Europe at his feet and rule an empire worthy of a Caesar.


In 1987, under the direction of Msgr. Earl Woods, chancellor and Dr. Charles E. Nolan, archivist, the archdiocese began to publish its sacramental registers. At that time, the decision was made to publish only those with surnames, due to the difficulty of indexing those without a surname. By 2004, 19 volumes containing the records from 1718 to 1831 were published. The Archdiocese uses the monies generated from the sales of its published volumes to fund the preservation and conservation of the earlier records.
All volumes, except for 2, 5, and 6, which are out of print, are available for purchase and may be ordered using the order form (link below).
All sacramental acts that indicate a surname are included. Parents, baptismal sponsors, and marriage witnesses are identified. Valuable cross-references are added for maiden/married surnames, pseudonyms, combination names, and significant surname variations.
Although Volumes 2, 5, 6, 7 and 10 are out of print, you can access the PDFs here.
Sale on all Sacramental Records Volumes $20.00 each!
Sacramental Records volumes available for purchase are:
Volume 19 (1830-1831)
Volume 18 (1828-1829).
Volume 17 (1826-1827)
Volume 16 (1824-1825)
Volume 15 (1822-1823)
Volume 14 (1820-1821)
Volume 13 (1818-1819)
Volume 12 (1816-1817)
Volume 11 (1813-1815)
Volume 9 (1807-1809)
Volume 8 (1804-1806)
Volume 4 (1784-1790)
Volume 3 (1772-1783)
Also available from the Archives are several non-sacramental publications. These may be ordered by printing and submitting the convenient order form. Full payment should accompany all orders.
The publications are as follows:
A Southern Catholic Heritage, Vol. 1, Colonial Period, 1704-1813 by Charles E. Nolan (New Orleans: 1976). A description and background for earliest Catholic records, including parish records, in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi; does not list individual family names found in these records. $18 each.
Cross, Crozier and Crucible: A Volume Celebrating the Bicentennial of A Catholic Diocese in Louisiana. Glenn R. Conrad, general editor (New Orleans: 1993). A collection of historical essays to commemorate the bicentennial of the establishment of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas on April 25, 1793, in six parts: The Ethnic Tapestry of Catholic Louisiana; The Growing Pains of the Church in Louisiana; Evangelization and Education; Apostles, Teachers, Helpers and Administrators; The Fine Arts; Historiography. Includes an index and an appendix of bishops and archbishops. $35 each.
A History of the Archdiocese of New Orleans. by Charles E. Nolan (Strasbourg: 2000). Tells the story of the Catholic people of the Archdiocese of New Orleans in word and picture. Historian Charles E. Nolan succinctly narrates this story from LaSalle's planting of the cross on Louisiana soil in 1682 to the eve of the new millennium. The volume is richly illustrated with historic maps, paintings, drawings, and photographs as well as photographs depicting all current parishes of the archdiocese. $28 each.


Some anthropologists believe that the fundamental unifying quality of men is their knack for warfare. This is what gave them their almost universal status as the dominant sex across many civic and agrarian societies. This is a bittersweet reality. I for one, see it as empowering. The traditional tendency for warfare is to use violence in a way that minimizes risk and damage for ones own society. Sun Tsu and Machiavelli would describe this as knowing when to, and when not to engage in combat. In warfare and fighting, temperance is as much a virtue as berserk rage, fearlessness, and desensitization. Knowing exactly how much force to apply, and doing so with grace is a fundamental principle of martial arts/martial culture.
One of the best embodiments of this is Dioxippus, the famous ancient Greek Olympic pankratiast.
Pankration was the ancient Greek martial art known as “whole fighting” – pan (across) – kratos (fighting…or something like that). It was one of the most important events in the olympics games. It combined both wrestling and boxing, as well as kicks, joint locks, and chokeholds. Fighters engaged one another naked, and the referee held a stick to keep both warriors in check. There were only a few basic rules – forbidding eye gouges and the like. In practice pankration would seem very similar to contemporary MMA, there were even different words used for ground fighting and stand-up. It is even safe to assume that some elements of ground fighting from Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu could have been present. Pankration originally came from a tradition of Indo-European martial arts, which spread from India through to China and Japan, giving birth to Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Karate, Kung fu, etc. The main focus of these grappling and striking oriented styles was to cultivate a warrior culture through a game of dominance/submission. Fighters could compete with one another for status, but were relatively safe from lethal injury. Submission was expressed by raising a finger in the air.
However, deaths did occur in the ring, one of the most famous was when a fighter actually won a championship by breaking his opponents ankle in a footlock, immediately before being choked to death himself. The dead fighter was awarded victory, as his opponent was the only one to signal for a submission.
(from wikipedia- “Pankration”)
In an odd turn of events, a pankration fighter named Arrhichion (Ἀρριχίων) of Phigalia won the pankration competition at the Olympic Games despite being dead. His opponent had locked him in a chokehold and Arrhichion, desperate to loosen it, broke his opponent’s toe (some records say his ankle). The opponent nearly passed out from pain and submitted. As the referee raised Arrhichion’s hand, it was discovered that he had died from the chokehold. His body was crowned with the olive wreath and taken back to Phigaleia as a hero.
So Dioxippus was a famous Athenian pankratiast, and a total badass mother fucker. He was basically considered an invincible being and took home a bunch of wreaths at the olympic games by default, every other pankratiast was afraid to fight him. He was also a hoplite in Alexander’s army, a citizen-soldier normally armed as a spearman that fought in Phalanx formations. During the course of the Asiatic campaign, as the alpha lion he was, he inevitably incurred some jealousy.
On one occasion he was challenged to fight to the death in front of Alexander the Great with one of Alexander’s most skilled soldiers, Coragus. Coragus showed up in full hoplite armour. Dioxippus showed up oiled up and naked with nothing but a club/stick, kind of like a modern karate bo. He easily defeated him using the principles of pankration, and sent an important message to the entire army – “No Greek soldier’s honour was worth the life of another Greek soldier; their priorities were to fight the enemy, not each other”. Dioxippus was a cool-headed and very reasonable son of a bitch. What could be a more admirable manly virtue than combining almost invincible power with reserve and compassion?
Sadly, Dioxippus had such a hard on for honour that after he was falsely accused of theft, he killed himself rather than facing the shame of humiliation. Warrior culture and power is a double-edged sword; their lives are often short-lived, and warriors are given status by virtue of their expendability.


Anton Schneider Clocks
Anton Schneider began producing cuckoo clocks in 1848 in his farmhouse in Schonach. The Schneider family business is now in the 6th generation and has been producing high value cuckoo clocks at its current location since 1952.
In the years between 1952 an 1985 the modern factory building was extended in 7 periods of building. Their clock factory is today among the most modern and largest cuckoo clock factories in the Black Forest. Inspite of this, the old tradition of doing valuable carving work by hand has been maintained and in the last few years even greatly improved. This required intensive training of young woodcarvers under our direction.
We have a selection of these clocks in our store and they can also be purchased here on our website.


Guest Posting.Trending Best Sellers
Read carefully so that it helps you to understand the real history and it’s implications to the present time. Do it at leisure:
Winston Churchill was he a Hero or a Monster?
My Anglo-Indian schooling conditioned me to be an Anglophile. Amongst the long list of Britishers, I admired was Winston Churchill (1874 -1965). So when I learned that a BBC 2002 poll on the 100 Greatest Britons of the last century, the British people chose Churchill as the greatest.
I decided to learn more about Churchill. It is painful to see your hero fall. I was dismayed to discover not a hero but a witty, evil, inhuman creature.
While Hitler and his Nazi cohorts took 12 years to round up and murder 6 million Jews on the basis of an absurd racist ideology, Racist Churchill took less than a year to gleefully kill between 4 to 5 million Indians.
Churchill exported the entire bountiful harvest of Bengal to Europe and deliberately starved Eastern India. He adamantly turned down appeals from two successive Viceroys, his own Secretary of State for India, and even the President of America to stop the holocaust.
Unlike Hitler, slick historians and politicians of a victorious Britain glorified their own achievements and had Churchill duly glamourised and immortalised.
Australian biochemist Dr. Gideon Polya has called the Bengal Famine of 1943-44 a “manmade holocaust”, the greatest disaster in the Indian subcontinent in the 20th century. Over 4 million Indians died because of an artificial famine engineered by Churchill's deliberate and direct policies".
Areas comprising present-day West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, and Bangladesh had a bountiful harvest in 1942, but the British diverted vast quantities of food grain from India to Britain, contributing to a massive food shortage in these very areas. This is while Britain already had more than adequate food stocks.
Bengal famine 1943 3 million people died of starvation due to Winston Churchills WWII policy
Bengal Famine - 1943 - 44
In her well-researched book, Churchill’s Secret War author Madhusree Mukerjee tracked down some of the survivors who revealed a chilling picture of the effects of hunger and deprivation.
“Parents dumped their starving children into rivers and wells. Many took their lives by throwing themselves in front of trains. Starving people begged for the starchy water in which rice had been boiled. Children ate leaves and vines, yam stems, and grass. People were too weak even to cremate or bury their loved ones.”
“No one had the strength to perform rites,” a survivor tells Mukerjee. “Dogs and jackals feasted on piles of dead bodies in Bengal’s villages.”
The ones who got away were men who migrated to Calcutta for jobs and women who turned to prostitution to feed their families. “Mothers had turned into murderers, village belles into whores, fathers into traffickers of daughters,” writes Mukherjee.
Mani Lal Bhaumik, the first person to get a Ph.D. from the prestigious IITs and whose invention of excimer surgery enabled Lasik eye surgery, has the famine burnt into his memory. His grandmother starved to death because she used to give him a portion of her food.
Even the diehard Anglophile Jawaharlal Nehru, felt compelled to condemn the British action.
Legendary freedom fighter Subhas Chandra Bose, offered to send rice from Myanmar, but the British not only rejected the offer but censored news of Bose's offer.
Secretary of State for India and Burma, Leopold Amery, denounced Churchill’s “Hitler-like attitude”.
When the scale of the emerging Holocaust became known Amery and the then Viceroy Archibald Wavell beseeched Churchill to release food stocks for India, Churchill did nothing except respond with a telegram asking. 'Why Gandhi hadn’t died as yet?.
Churchill’s excuse, currently being peddled by his family and supporters, was Britain could not spare the ships to transport emergency supplies. However, Mukherjee has unearthed documents that challenge this lie.
She cites official records that reveal many ships carrying grain from Australia bypassed India on their way to the Mediterranean. Churchill could have saved millions of Indian lives but he chose not to.
Churchill was a racist who hated Indians for every conceivable reason and mostly because Indians expressed their desire to be free. At a War Cabinet meeting, he blamed the Indians themselves for the famine, saying they “breed like rabbits”. His attitude toward Indians both Hindus and Muslims may be summed up in his words to Amery: “I hate Indians, they are a beastly people with beastly religions.” and Churchill's 1899 book 'The River war', "Islam in a man is like rabies in a dog".
Famine stricken mother holds her 3mo old baby during Indias Great Famine of 1876-78
Bengal Famine of 1943 -44
The author Mike Davis in his award-winning book Late Victorian Holocausts points out that there were 31 serious famines in 120 years of British rule compared with 17 in the 2,000 years before British rule.
15 Million Indians died because of Colonial Genocide.
Some fools, arrogant, vocal, and ignorant about real history try to convince others that British rule was a glorious period in Indian history. Nothing could be further from the truth. India's share went from 25% of global GDP in 1750 to 1.8% in 1947 (when the British left India).
Inexplicably these enslaved Indian minds still pine for their former colonial masters.
Are Indians really free?
We can consider ourselves free only when we break the shackles placed on our culture, mind, and economy by colonialism, Marxism, religious fundamentalism and pseudo-secularism. Only when we contribute to a greater India and better humanity, can we claim to be free.
None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe they are free.
~ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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