How Old is Canada Really?
How Old is Canada Today In 2017, Canada celebrated the 150th anniversary of its confederation. Is this, however, an accurate representation of Canada’s age? What about the thousands of years of European history, thousands of years of indigenous history, and the millions of years of natural history that have shaped Canada?
Exploring a Canada’s age
In 2017, The 150th anniversary of Canada’s Confederation was commemorated. For Canada’s 150th “birthday,” parties were planned across the country, but the celebrations have prompted the question, “How accurate is this age?” For thousands of years, First Nations communities have lived in what is now known as Canada, despite the land itself being billions of years old.
Gabby from She Blogs Canada comments on the significance of this landmark celebration, saying:
“I imagine a strong country when I think of Canada. The people are warm and welcoming, and Canadian pride is excellent. Many things distinguish Canadians, such as saying ‘eh,’ eating poutine, and saying sorry at the first opportunity! We have a strong bond, which makes it challenging to believe Canada is only 150 years old. You’d think a country with so much wisdom and pride would be much older, but that’s precisely what makes Canada so unique..”
However, it may be older. From Fort Howe to the Alberta Badlands, there is a wealth of history discovered during a vacation in Canada. Its colorful past is littered with events that have ushered in a new era in Canadian history. In this timeline, we look at some of the most significant events in Canadian history before posing a question. – how old is Canada today in 2021?
Billions of years old?
Canada’s geographical age
With its imposing mountains, mysterious old-growth forests, and more lakes than the rest of the world combined, Canada’s landscape certainly feels like one a long time in the making. Although many consider Canada a young country, the geography of the land belies a much older history – one that stretches back many millions of years.
Dr. Francois Therrien, Curator of Palaeoecology at the Royal Tyrrell Museum explains:
Canada is made of several pieces of crust that have been “glued” (or accreted) together over billions of years. We have some of the oldest rocks on Earth in the Northwestern Territories and Nunavut that are up to 4 billion years old.”
However, the land as it was then is not quite what we would call Canada today. Therrien says, “It’s only sometime during or after the Archean (4 – 2.5 billion years ago) that small continents and pieces of crust collided together to form what we call today the Canadian Shield. Other parts of the country (the Appalachians, western prairies, Rocky Mountains and so on) were added through collision with islands and continents and sedimentation in oceans over the last 2.5 billion years. The Canada that we know today is a relatively recent construction (less than 65 million years old) but it is composed of fragments of crust that are as old as 4 billion years.”
Nim Singh from Destination Canada recommends visiting the province of Newfoundland and Labrador if you want to find out more about the nation’s prehistoric past, saying:
“This Province is unique. No other easily-reached place on the planet has a geological record that so fully reveals the history of the Earth, going back almost to its birth over 4.5 billion years ago. In the North of Labrador, the Province’s oldest rocks are dated at 3.87 billion years of age, amongst the oldest discovered anywhere on Earth. The rocks of Signal Hill are 550 million years old — 100 million years older than the eastern Appalachian Mountains, and over 400 million years older than the western Rocky Mountains!”
Nim says visiting the Johnson Geo Centre is a must to uncover more of Canada’s geographical past. This center in St John’s is built in a natural rock basin originally filled with peat, covering glacial till and boulders. Nestled between 500 feet of exposed rock falls, the center explores the history of the solar system, the province, and people. Even the heating system is fascinating. Six geothermal walls extract heat from the deep rocks in the winter and dissipate it into them in summer!
Its oldest life forms
However, there is also proof of living organisms dating back almost as far as Canada. As Dr. Francois Therrien explains, “Just recently, the putative fossils of the oldest life forms (unicellular organisms that lived near hydrothermal vents) have been found in northern Québec, their age being somewhere between 3.77 and 4.28 billion years old.” Of course, as she notes, Canada didn’t exist in those days – it was before the formation of the Canadian Shield landform. However, the discovery is nonetheless an exciting one for Canadian history.
Scientists in Québec believe they may have found the oldest fossils in the world – in Canada. The tiny tubes and filaments they found are made of an iron oxide known as haematite. As Dr. Therrien says, they are believed to be the remains of bacteria once living underwater in hydrothermal vents. These microfossils give huge insight into life on Earth millions of years ago. Matthew Dodd, one of the researchers who made the discovery, tells us:
“The discovery reveals Canada preserves the oldest remnants of life on Earth and some of the very first environments in which life arose. Canada today is home to some of the most ancient terrains on Earth spanning 4 billion years of Earth history making it one of the world’s greatest archives of natural history.”
Thousands of Years old?
Canada’s First people
If we judge Canada’s origin by when humans first settled there, it would be thousands of years old. Scientists have not reached a firm conclusion on where First Nations people migrated to Canada from, but it is known that they have lived here for tens of thousands of years.
Before Europeans arrived, Canada was inhabited solely by aboriginal groups. Of course, First Nations and Inuit people did not recognize the area as Canada – and many still do not. The border separating Canada and the U.S.A, for example, goes across many of the lands that Native American and First Nations groups occupied, such as the Blackfoot who live in Alberta as well as Montana and Idaho. However, the history of the first people to inhabit the area now politically known as Canada gives us a sense of the age of cultures.
Recent research indicates that aboriginal presence in Canada may stretch back even further. Earlier this year, an ancient village believed to be one of the oldest human settlements in North America was discovered in an excavation on Triquet Island, British Columbia. Scientists from the Hakai Institute found tools for lighting fires, fish hooks, and spears dating back to the Ice Age. Estimated at 14,000 years old, the village is much older than many ancient civilizations, including Egypt’s pyramids of Giza and Peru’s Machu Picchu!
Oldest living tree
If you’ve ever stepped foot in Vancouver’s old-growth forests, you’ll know that there are trees in Canada older than most historic buildings in the country. However, you might be surprised to learn just how old some of Canada’s trees are. Researcher Dr. Peter M. Brown is the Director of
Oldest, a database dedicated to ancient trees, identifying maximum ages that different species in different countries can reach. He tells us:
“The oldest tree in Canada, at 1,917 years, is a subalpine larch (Larix lyalli) from the northern Rockies near Kananaskis in Alberta. That tree was reported in a 1990 paper by John Worrall from the University of British Columbia, entitled – appropriately enough – “Subalpine larch: Oldest trees in Canada?” There is also a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at 1,350 years old and a Nootka cypress (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) at 1636 years old, both on Vancouver Island, although there were reportedly even older Douglas-fir trees in Vancouver before the heavy logging
Oldest existing icebergs
The Maritimes of Canada is famous for their icebergs – from the bergs themselves to Iceberg Beer’s delicacy. Here, visitors can find some of the oldest icebergs globally, which give a fascinating indication as to the age of the waters surrounding Canada.
Darlene Langlois, Chief of the Meteorological Service of Canada, explains:
“Icebergs coming from Greenland are thought to be thousands of years old. We don’t follow icebergs from calving to final melt but it usually takes 2-3 years to go from Greenland to the East Coast of Canada. Some are grounded in shallow waters and they can last longer.”
So, next time you visit Nova Scotia, keep a lookout for icebergs – they may be millennia old!
Hundreds of years old? Is 152 years old in Canada?
The contact era
According to Robert J Shipley, when Europeans first arrived in the territory that we now call Canada, settlers and aboriginal peoples enjoyed two or three hundred years of relative harmony beforehand. During this time, he explains, European colonists were heavily dependent on the goodwill and intelligent technologies of the First Nations. The latter had the insight on how to survive in what could be a sterile environment. For at least three hundred years, the only form of transportation used was the First Nations’ canoe, which settlers adopted to begin the fur trade and other endeavors. Settlers could not survive in the north without Inuit dress and were unable to walk in many areas without snowshoes – an aboriginal invention.
Many of the early settlers who are often regarded as heroic explorers perished due to a resistance to collaborate with aboriginal people – the Franklin expedition, for example, notoriously ended in disaster after John Franklin refused to take First Nations peoples’ advice. For those who did listen, however, aboriginal aids were a lifesaver. Unlike Franklin, the physician John McCrea co-operated closely with the First Nations while working for the Hudson’s Bay Company. Following the advice of his aboriginal consul, he wore seal skins. He was able to survive in the most extreme of temperatures as a result.
The relationship was sometimes more fraught, however. Robert recites an old anecdote of how once Europeans arrived in Canada; many were severely ill with scurvy. Local First Nations families helped many settlers, giving them a kind of tea known as spruce beer, curing the unwell arrivals. Not long after, however, other members of the settler crew decided that this process must be unnatural and executed those generous helpers on witchcraft accusations.
Over the years, this tumultuous relationship persisted. Still, today, Canada is one of the most respectful countries globally when it comes to indigenous rights. In 1985, the Indian Act was amended to end discriminatory provisions present in previous versions. In 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered a formal apology for the residential school system, which removed First Nations, Inuit, and Metis children from their cultures. This willingness to confront the more uncomfortable aspects of history makes Canada such a progressive nation – and this attitude is continued in the Canada 150+ celebrations, which celebrate the long history of First Nations culture.
This forward-thinking attitude has also manifested itself in science and technology, nurturing several brilliant minds who have invented some of the world’s most important products and practices.
From the invention of lacrosse by First Nations communities many hundreds of years ago to the creation of telephone technology in 1874 by Alexander Graham Bell, life as we know it would not be the same without Canada’s pioneering discoveries.
As Anthony Wilson-Smith, CEO of Historica Canada, comments, Canada has been home to some of the world’s more unusual innovations too. The world’s first UFO landing pad, for example, opened in St. Paul, Alberta, in 1967. To celebrate Canada 150+, several of these inventions are featured in the exhibition Made in Canada, held in Science World, Vancouver, to honor Canadian ingenuity with exhibits that inspire creativity and innovation. Dr. Scott Sampson, President, and CEO of Science World says:
“Made in Canada gives Science World a chance to celebrate Canada’s long history of creativity and innovation as part of Canada 150+. Through this celebration of imagination and ingenuity, we want to inspire Canadian kids and young adults to build on our national tradition of being science and technology leaders and carry this tradition into the future.”
Visit the exhibition this summer to explore the history behind inventions such as the egg carton, the lightbulb, basketball, and, of course, lacrosse.
First National Park
Founded in 1885, the much-loved landscape of Banff became Canada’s first National Park. Established on the 25th November as Banff Hot Springs Reserve, Banff has a lively history, from its first human activity around 10,300 years ago to present-day skiing and hiking exploits.
Pamela Marks from the Whyte Museum reflects on the historical significance of Banff National Park and how the landscape can be used to decipher Canada’s age:
“With its ever-changing glaciers, mountains, rivers, and forests, the Canadian Rockies’ mountain landscape suggests that Canada’s age should be measured in millions of years. The history of the Rockies’ First Nations peoples, including their artifacts, artwork, and stories, spans thousands of years. Over the last 150 years, settlers and visitors from all over the world have come and gone, including outfitters, mountaineers, artists, business people, and tourists. Some of these people are just getting started in Canada.”
Why not celebrate Canada’s 150th birthday this year by visiting Banff, one of the country’s oldest and most beautiful landscapes? The Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies is commemorating the 150th anniversary of Banff with a special summer exhibition called “Banff Reflections: 150 Years and Counting.” “This exhibition reflects the character of Banff as a town unique in a national park with large expectations from the labyrinth of global visitors,” Pamela explains. The diverse collections of the Whyte Museum place Banff in context from its humble beginnings to the present.”
First National Historic Site
Fort Howe was founded in 1777 and became Canada’s first National Historic Site in 1966. The British constructed the fort during the American Revolution to protect Saint John’s, New Brunswick, from further raids by American forces. The defense had eight cannons and barracks for a hundred men at the time. It was named after Sir William Howe, the British Army’s Commander-in-Chief in America at the time.
Fort Howe National Historical Park was established on March 30, 1914, thanks in large part to the efforts of James B. Harkin, the first Commissioner of Dominion (National) Parks. The primary goal was to create an urban recreational park at first. Many people objected to its designation at the time, believing it to be less significant than other historical sites. On the advice of historians, it was designated as the first National Historic Site in 1966, prompting plans to restore the fort to its original state.
Today, thousands of visitors venture here to see the fort and enjoy the panoramic views it provides of Saint John Harbour and the Saint John River.
Canada is now regarded as one of the world’s most progressive and accepting nations, but it took a lot of hard work to get there. Women’s, indigenous groups, and people of color’s rallies gained traction in the twentieth century as they fought for their human and civil rights recognition. Women finally gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1918, but only for white women; women of color did not gain this right until much later. On July 1, 1960, First Nations people living on reserves were granted the right to vote in federal elections for the first time.
Kim Campbell was then elected as Canada’s first female prime minister on June 25, 1993. Many consider this to be a watershed moment in Canadian politics; Adrienne Clarkson was appointed Governor-General not long after, in September 1999, making her the first woman to hold such a position in many categories. She was the first non-white Canadian to be appointed to the vice-regal position and the first person without a military or political background to hold the position.
However, in parts of Canada, the principles of liberty we now associate with the Civil Rights and Suffrage movements were being exercised long before. Robert J Shipley explains how, in 1795, the area we now know as Ontario became the first-ever jurisdiction to ban the practice of owning slaves. This was long before abolishing slavery by the British Empire in 1833 and held that people could no longer enslave other people. Those who were already slaves previous to the movement could be freed. If they were not, then their children would be automatically born as free citizens. By the war of 1812, this meant that there were people of African descent – many of whom would otherwise have been held as slaves – fighting as free citizens. Following the war, they had given land grants and gradually received increasing civil rights, long before the rest of the colonial world even banned slavery itself.
What does this all mean for Canada’s 150+ celebrations? How Old is Canada?
With its ever-changing glaciers, mountains, rivers, and forests, the Canadian Rockies’ mountain landscape suggests that Canada’s age should be measured in millions of years. The history of the Rockies’ First Nations peoples, including their artifacts, artwork, and stories, spans thousands of years. Over the last 150 years, settlers and visitors from all over the world have come and gone, including outfitters, mountaineers, artists, business people, and tourists. Some of these people are just getting started in Canada.”
“A key direction emerged from these discussions: Vancouverites wanted to approach Canada 150 from the perspective of being a City of Reconciliation situated on the traditional unceded territories of the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations (Host Nations). The designation of Vancouver as a City of Reconciliation signifies the city’s commitment to a long-term relationship of mutual respect and understanding with local First Nations and the urban Aboriginal community..
“The year-long ‘Canada 150+ Experience’ in Vancouver honors the city’s pre-Confederation and contemporary Indigenous cultures, which we recognize as integral to Canada’s creation and shared future with all people, as indicated by the ‘+’ in Canada 150+. The theme of Canada 150+ is Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples working together to achieve their goals.”
The arbitrary nature of the current 150+ celebrations is also emphasized by Robert J Shipley, a historian from the University of Waterloo. He claims that by commemorating Canada’s anniversary, we are celebrating a stage in the country’s history and that different historians will always choose other times as the pivotal moment in the country’s formation as we know it. The Confederation of 1867 did not include all of the provinces.
Robert, on the other hand, is adamant about not assigning a specific age to Canada. Other countries, he points out, have only recently adopted the familiar forms (Germany in 1949, India in 1947). Their age, on the other hand, is rarely questioned or even speculated about. Historica Canada’s CEO, Anthony Wilson-Smith, has a slightly different perspective. He declares:
“In Canadian history, there are several timelines. The first dates back 150 years, when Confederation formed the country of Canada in 1867. Another starts much earlier: archaeologists discovered a 14,000-year-old settlement on Triquet Island in British Columbia. The importance of bots is recognized and celebrated.h.”
All of this demonstrates the importance of recognizing the political age of Canada, the legacy of thousands of years of First Nations culture, and the ancient land on which this wonderful country we now call Canada rests. If all of this talk of Canada and its culture has piqued your interest in visiting the sacred lands, take a look at these Canadian hotels and start planning your trip for 2021..


I subtitled my blog “Flames Of War gaming in the ETO” for a specific reason. Although I have played a North Africa battle, my interest lies in the European theater. More on this in a moment. With that being said, I’ll also include other areas of operations here: North Africa, Italy, and the Eastern Front. If it plays, I’ll cover it!
My interest lies in Europe however, due to personal reasons. First, military history was a favorite of mine in high school, leading to a term paper that was accepted and taken for use as a course outline for all the history teachers in my public school system. Quite an honor for an eighteen year old. Secondly, military history was my minor in college, particularly the American Civil War and WWII. Third, I’ve always had a keen interest in WWII, as my father served throughout western Europe in the airborne in WWII.
My favorite area to play FOW would be I have to say the Normandy campaign, through the campaign in The Netherlands, to the Battle of the Bulge.


Villa Celle, Pistoia, Italy
This meeting of the Cultural Content Forum took place in the beautiful surroundings of the Villa Celle in Tuscany, and was supported by the Bank of Pistoia Foundation and the organising committee of the 2003 EVA Florence conference.
The meeting focussed upon issues related to understanding the needs of audiences for the digitised cultural heritage.
A report was produced for D-Lib Magazine.
|Page last Modified: 05-Dec-2004|


Turkey – The Country
Turkey is located at a point where the three continents making up the Old World, Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other. Turkey is rich in art, history, religion, archeology, beauty and nature making the country a premier travel destination for culture seekers and history lovers.
Turkey is situated on two continents, where Europe meets Asia, bridging the gap between East and West. The European part of the Turkey is called Thrace, while the Asian part is known as Anatolia (or Asia Minor). Anatolia is the heartland of civilization where mass migration of diverse peoples shaped the course of history. Twenty civilizations and 10,000 years of history have contributed to ancient secrets, ruins that have been preserved and restored for modern enthusiasts to visit and study. These lands exhale the mystery of the past through the existence of the statues of gods and goddesses, temples, theaters, agoras, churches, mosques and palaces.
The Turkish peninsula is bathed by four seas: the Mediterranean to the south, the Aegean to the west, the Sea of Marmara between the European and Asian land masses, and the Black Sea to the north. The entire Turkish coastline spans more than 8,000 kilometers (approximately 5,000 miles) in length. Along the Mediterranean, there are beautiful beaches unlike those found in the West; “The Turkish Riviera” is where tourists can enjoy Turkish hospitality, cuisine and culture.
Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic whose political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the EEC since 1963, and having reached a customs union agreement in 1995. Meanwhile, as a Muslim-majority country, Turkey has continued to foster close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with the Eastern world, particularly with the states of the Middle East and Central Asia, through membership in organizations such as the OIC and ECO. Turkey is classified as a developed country by the CIA
Climate:Three climate zones:
Mediterranean: Hot and dry summers, mild and wet winters Continental: Hot and dry summers, cold and harsh winters Black Sea: Temperate and wet all year long. Average Temperatures
By Region (in Celsius): Mediterranean: 17.2 Eastern Anatolia 8.1 Aegean 4.3 S. East Anatolia 16.0 Central Anatolia 0.7 Black Sea 12.5 Marmara 14.2
Byzantine civilization was established in the third century when the ancient Roman Empire split between east and west. Constantinople became the seat of the Eastern Roman Empire, or “Byzantium,” and soon surpassed Rome in both intrigue and power . It has been said that Charlemagne, just as other Western sovereigns, copied much from Byzantium.
Byzantium was primarily a naval power that dominated the Aegean and the Black Seas. The unrelenting “Greek Fire” could hold its own against all in-coming attacks. State factories and fisheries guaranteed employment within the Byzantine walls and workers of Constantinople regularly ate caviar.
Under the influence of Greek Culture, Byzantium sheltered a multinational community of the most diverse ethnic origins. Imperial brides could be from bordering provinces. Byzantine culture was highly educated and refined. There was a provision for church schools, state universities, academies of law and for female education. Byzantine historians were the finest between Ancient Rome and modern Europe. Byzantine art and architecture was incomparable to styles developed before or for centuries after. While Byzantium remained civilized, many of the Western countries struggled in terms of formal culture and remained in the Dark Ages.
The Rise of Islam
On September 20, 622 an obscure Arab merchant named Muhammad reached safety in the city of Medina. He had been driven from his native Mecca by the city’s elite, who felt threatened by his claims of having received messages from God through the archangel Gabriel.
Islam, translated as “submission”, was a universal religion from the start. Although, it has always clung to Arabic as the sacred language of the Koran, it appeals to all nations, classes and to women and men equally. One of the most basic teachings is that all Muslims are brothers and sisters. In his lifetime, Muhammad denounced the economic privileges of the ruling elite and he denounced the subordination of women. Muhammad’s call for social, economic and political equality threatened the foundation of traditional society of his day. His insistence on the rights of the oppressed and of women, the duty of charity and compassion meant liberation for the masses. Muhammad bespoke a revolutionary creed: soldiers were equals of their generals, subjects of their rulers, wives of their husbands. “Better justice without religion than the tyranny of a devout ruler”.
The Birth of a Nation – Turkey
The Turks originated in Central Asia after being displaced in the 8th century. The first Turks appeared in eastern Anatolia during the 11c. with the Seljuk Turks and then the Ottoman Turks in the late 13c. The Ottomans tolerated a large measure of religious and cultural autonomy within the states that they ruled.
The rise of the Ottomans started circa 1300. Osman I extended the frontiers of Ottoman settlement towards the edge of the Byzantine Empire. In this period, a formal Ottoman government was created whose institutions would change drastically over the life of the empire. The government used the legal entity known as the millet, under which religious and ethnic minorities were able to manage their own affairs with substantial independence from central control.
In May of 1453, Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power. His grandson, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and demonstrated his martial prowess by capturing Constantinople at the age of 21. The city became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 cemented the status of the Empire as the preeminent power in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. During this time, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion, extending its borders deep into Europe and North Africa.
The Ottoman Empire had filled roughly the territories around the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea while adopting the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in these regions and adding new dimensions to them. Many different cultures lived under the umbrella of the Ottoman Empire, and as a result, a specifically “Ottoman” culture can be difficult to define, except for those of the regional centers and capital. However, there was also, to a great extent, a specific melding of cultures that can be said to have reached its highest levels among the Ottoman elite, who were composed of myriad ethnic and religious groups. This multicultural perspective of “millets” was reflected in the Ottoman State’s multi-cultural and multi-religious policies. As the Ottomans moved further west, the Ottoman leaders absorbed some of the culture of the conquered regions. Intercultural marriages also played their part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture. When compared to the Turkish folk culture, the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was very apparent.


I have welcomed very greatly one experiment in India: Chandigarh. Many people argue about it; some like it, some dislike it. It is the biggest example in India of experimental architecture. It hits you on the head and makes you think. You may squirm at the impact but it has made you think and imbibe new ideas, and the one thing which India requires in many fields is being hit on the head so that it may think. I do not like every building in Chandigarh. I like some of them very much. I like the general conception of the township very much but, above all, I like the creative approach, not being tied down to what has been done by our forefathers, but thinking in new terms, of light and air and ground and water and human beings. [-Jawaharlal Nehru. Speech, 17 Mar 1959]
Chandigarh may well be India's greatest achievement in urban town planning. But despite Nehru's enthusiasm, and the evident success of the experiment, the Indian political establishment seems to have learned nothing from it. Chandigarh ought to have become the harbinger for more planned cities. What came instead was unplanned urban sprawl, dispiriting shanties, and creaking infrastructure, punctuated now by gated enclaves built for the rich by a land-grabbing mafia of private developers. That Chandigarh did not inspire a hundred planned cities points to a colossal failure of the Indian imagination.
Plans for building the city began soon after Punjab was split up in 1947. Pakistan was ceded the larger western part, including the Punjabi capital of Lahore, leaving the Indian Punjab without an administrative, commercial, or cultural capital. It was hoped that a grand new capital would become a symbol of modernity, heal the wounded pride of Indian Punjabis, and house thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan. Swiss-born architect Le Corbusier was commissioned to lead the city planning, aided by Indian architects and town planners. Construction began in the early 1950s, and much of the city was completed in the early 1960s.
Scenically located at the foot of the Himalayas, Chandigarh boasts a modern infrastructure, open spaces, greenery, cleanliness, and a relatively low population density. Divided into 46 rectangular sectors, numbered 1-12 and 14-47 (13 was deemed unlucky), most sectors have an area of nearly 250 acres and a housing capacity of about 15,000 people. Designed to be self-contained in civic amenities, the sectors are separated from each other by broad streets for the city's fast-moving arterial traffic. In the northeast is the artificial Lake Sukhna, a major recreational spot of the city.
Chandigarh is also an ancient Harappan site. In 1969, while digging for a shopping center in sector 17, a Harappan cemetery was unearthed. Remains include painted pottery (jars, dishes, goblets, vases, bowls, cups, beakers), terracotta figurines, beads, toy-cart frames, wheels, faience and copper bangles, stone querns, pestle and sling balls, etc. This, along with their Gandhara, Mughal, and Pahari art collections, makes Chandigarh's museums among the best in India.
A wonderfully whimsical creation is Nek Chand's rock garden, made from building and industrial refuse. I had seen it as a teenager in 1983 but nothing quite prepared me for its expanded scale and the audacity of its creations when I went back in Sept 2006. I stayed in a hotel in sector 17, probably upon the still buried remains of an ancient Harappan settlement, part of a civilization best known to us for its urban town planning.


By Lotte van Dijck - 23 February 2022
Nazi Germany was obsessed with art and collected it throughout their occupation of Europe. Their collection was built up by confiscation art from imprisoned Jews, trading freedom for art collections, and by buying art from art dealers. All of this art was stored in salt mines to protect them. Eventually German art collection was intended to fill the Führermuseum in Linz, the birthplace of Hitler. The art collection was reviewed by Hitler twice a year, in a book with photographs of the latest acquisitions.
One of the prized possession of Hermann Göring, a German officer who confiscated a large amount of art in occupied Europe, was a Vermeer, which he traded for 1.6 million Guilders. One thing Göring did not know was the fact that this was not a Vermeer but rather a van Meegeren. Van Meegeren was one of the most brilliant forge artist from the twentieth century. He got into art forgery to prove art critics that he could paint, which he succeeded at. The method he used was very exact, he used old 17th century canvasses used old formulas to create the paints and used similar brushes as the original painting. To give the paintings a more aged look he created a method where a layer of Bakelite to harden out the paint as if it was a few centuries old. After baking it in the oven to further dry out the paint he rolled it up into a cylinder so that the paint cracked a little bit after which the canvas was washed with black paint to fill in these little crackles. He was so good at replicating their styles that the art critics of that time regarded the paintings as originals and sometimes even superb, so did Göring to whom he sold a fake Vermeer. Selling to the Germans came to bite him in the ass, because, due to this sale after the war van Meegeren was arrested for treason. Since, the punishment of art forgery was so much lower than treason he told the court that he had forged the painting, which they did not believe. To prove his point he painted another Vermeer, after which he was sentenced to one year in prison for forgery and fraud. It is still not known how much forgery paintings van Meegeren has painted, and we will never know because he died before he was able to sit out his sentence.
Once the war ended an agreement was made that all confiscated art should be returned to the country where it came from. A special unit was formed called; Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives section (MFAA), also known as the monuments men (known by you from the like named movie). Which had the mission to save as much of Europe’s culture as possible. A few monument men worked at the headquarters and a few operated in the field. The men on the field had the assignment to inspect and conserve the most important monuments and artefacts they found during the rise of the allied forces. Eventually in a few different saltmines all the confiscated art was discovered. The real challenge ended up being the fact that all this art needed to be given back to its original owners, which was hard to do, as some of the owners were killed in the concentration camps and the fact that some artefacts just went missing.
Nazi Germany was obsessed with art but luckily the Netherlands had someone selling them a forgery. Luckily after the war most of the art confiscated was brought back to its rightful owner.
Intermate is the study association of the bachelor Technical Innovation Sciences, the majors Sustainable Innovation and Psychology & Technology and the masters Human Technology Interaction and Innovation Sciences.


Today is World Braille Day!
Were I a more organized person, I would now present you with a scrupulously researched history of Braille, deep insights into the so-called “War of the Dots”, and a wonderful interlude on the use of raised text in the Halifax School for the Blind.
Instead, a few things I’ve gathered from my readings:
There had been a raised-dot writing process before Braille invented his own, but it took up more space. Braille simplified it and quickly taught his friends and fellow classmates at the Paris school for the blind how to use it. Previous to that, blind people had been taught to read using embossed letters. Letters would be embossed by getting paper wet and then putting it down on carved (wooden? metal? I can’t remember) 3-d letters. This strikes me as incredibly cumbersome.
At first, Braille’s new method was embraced by the school. However, when the former headmaster retired, a new headmaster came in and was determined to get rid of everything that had been done by the former one. I wrote some notes about this:
“To dramatize and enforce the new system [of embossed writing for the blind], Dufau made a bonfire in the school’s rear courtyard and burned not only the embossed books created by Huay’s [First principal of the first school for the blind in Europe] original process but also every book printed or hand-transcribed in Louis’ [Braille] new code. This comprised the school’s entire library, the product of nearly 50 years’ work. To make sure no Braille would ever again be used at the school, he also burned and confiscated the slates, styli, and other Braille writing equipment.”
“Dafau’s students rebelled and Braille survived. The older students taught the younger students despite the punishment of slaps across the hands and going to bed without dinner.”
Reading Hands: The Halifax School for the Blind, pp 25-26.
I don’t know yet how braille made its way from France across to England and then across to North America (there was a competition! And the “New York Press” style of raised dots), and know even less about how or whether or went elsewhere. (Lucky for me, there are books! I will learn! It will be exciting!)
One thing I like about braille is that it was invented and refined by blind people. Despite attempts to wipe it out, blind students refused to give it up – much like Sign Language, in fact.
Happy World Braille Day! Please feel free to correct my history in comments, and also to leave links and book recommendations. I would like to recommend Woeful Afflictions, by Mary Klages, which is a fascinating look at Victorian attitudes towards disability.


Read the paragraph
Answer Questions 1-3
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Fernidand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in his open car by a Serbian conspirator. Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia.
1. Did assassinating Franz Fernidand help Serbia?
2. Are assassinations necessary? If so, in what circumstance?
3. Why (politically) did Gavrilo Princip murder Franz Fernidand?
Answer 1. Serbia was taking one for the team assassinating the Archduke. Austria-Hungary's army was weakened by the attack on Serbia. Serbia was in the Allied Powers and the blow to Austria-Hungary, a major player in the Central Powers, was important to the victory of the Allies.
Answer 2. Violence is never the answer. However, when people attempted assassination on Adolf Hitler, I believe it was necessary because he was killing millions of innocent people.
Answer 3. Princip killed the Archduke because he felt this was a way to send the message of hate toward Austria-Hungary.


Toilets, something we take for granted everyday, but did you know that he average person spends 3 years of their life on the toilet? While toilets have been around since ancient times in China, Greece, Persia, Rome and India, they have come a long way from those ancient days of yore.
The first modern flushing toilet was actually attributed to Sir John Harington in 1596, godson of Queen Elizabeth 1. He boasted that his toilet could handle up to 20 people before needing to be flushed! Of course this lead to the invention of the first public toilet said to have been built in 1851 in London’s Crystal Palace.
Toilets now come with so many options! There are toilets that can now do s many wonderful things. Fancy Bidet toilets, toilets with heated seats, warm water toilets, toilets with blowers, even toilets made of Gold! Arab king Abdullah gifted a toilet made of gold to his daughter on her wedding. I guess that makes her a flushing bride!


People play Irish traditional music on all kinds of flutes: bamboo, polymer, modern metal ‘Boehm System’ concert flutes, even bicycle pumps with holes drilled in the side! But the flute most identified with Irish traditional music is the wooden, six-holed instrument sometimes called the ‘Irish’ flute. It’s usually made of blackwood or grenadilla, the same tropical wood used to make clarinets, but in recent years the tree has been on the verge of becoming endangered, and new woods are being adopted.
These wooden flutes are the descendants of the common flutes of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, with some improvements and tweaking by modern makers to allow them to hold their own in sessions or solos. These flutes were known as “simple system,” because they had the same six toneholes as whistles, with keys added randomly over time to allow accidentals to be played. They survived in two traditions, Irish dance music and Cuban charanga.
Other than their material, they differ from the familiar modern flutes because of their conical or tapered bore or shape, which helps focus the sound. Back in George Washington’s time, the ideal sound of these flutes was somewhere between an oboe and a clarinet, and no one made flutes that epitomized this better than the British firm of Rudall & Rose. Today, most modern flutemakers base their designs on those of this long-gone firm.
No one knows exactly when or how flutes were incorporated into traditional playing. The first recordings of Irish flute were made of Leitrim player John McKenna in the U.S. in the 1920s. McKenna’s home area of Leitrim, along with neighboring parts of Counties Roscommon and Sligo, was one region where flutes were common in house dances. East Galway, where modern players Mike Rafferty and Jack Coen emigrated from, was another. These two areas developed distinct styles, but today players may incorporate all kinds of influences. Some like Matt Molloy, the acknowledged master among modern Irish flute players, imitate piping techniques.
The wooden Irish flute lacks the volume of modern metal flutes, but blends in with most other instruments and emerges in slowed down versions of dance music, in slow airs, and in fast rhythmic tunes as well. Although traditional music can also be played on the metal flute, as great players like Joannie Madden and Noel Rice demonstrate, the unkeyed holes of the wooden flute make it easy to keep the fingers flying along with the lively dance music of the tradition.Some flutes have keys for common accidentals, but the instrument can often do just as well keyless.
Among the best-known and most respected of the many wooden flutemakers of today are Patrick Olwell of Virginia, Michael Grinter of Australia, and Sam Murray and Hammy Hamilton of Ireland.


Our site has SSL (https) certificate, since most of the radio channels do not have SSL (http) certificate, the radios of broadcasters without SSL certificate on our site will not work.
You need to turn off forced https in your browser. Otherwise, radio and TV broadcasts will not work.
In 1919, the world’s first radio station started broadcasting. Since then, many other stations were built throughout Europe, and tried to spread radio among people. Station managers strived hard to grasp people’s attention by planning interesting programs.
Sports, music and audio theater was major fields of their programs. It actually succeeded, and soon, many households started to buy and listen to radio. As radio became widespread medium, many radio stations were newly established. They competed one another to gain more popularity by broadcasting attractive programs.
Until television was developed, radio maintained its fame in almost every type of program. Since radio was so popular a, it was its broadcasting was also used for political purposes. But after the invention of a television, radio started to specialize in music programs or news.


Mohamed ElShahed is a doctoral candidate in the Middle East Studies Department at New York University. His research focuses on architecture and urban planning in Egypt from the 19th century to the present. He is the founder and editor of Cairobserve.com, a blog dedicated to the city's architecture, urbanism, city life and cultural heritage.
Mohamed has a Bachelor of Architecture from the New Jersey Institute of Technology and a
Master in Architecture Studies from MIT. Mohamed's research examines the role of the built environment during Egypt's political transition from monarchy to republic from 1936 to 1967 with an emphasis on the Nasser years.


In the early 1900s the threat of a crisis frightened all wine growers. To cope with this situation, Doctor Alfredo Molinari proposed the establishment in Carpi of a Civil Society, which thanks to the cooperation of some growers would have allowed complete solidarity among the members, unlimited responsibility towards third parties and total guarantee of extreme reliability. The wine cooperative of Carpi was born at the dawn of modern agriculture.
In 1918 after the end of the First World War the Civil Society became officially a cooperative.
The year 1929 marks a shift change as the years of consensus and social balance after the crisis on Wall Street strengthen the economic situation.
However this positive growth phase did not last long. In 1940 Mussolini announced Italy’s entrance into the war against Britain and France.
the winemaking cooperative of Carpi survived this war and thanks to new projects, ideas and innovation, its pioneering approach towards new techniques and technologies led the cooperative towards important goals.
In 1981, the winemaking cooperative of Carpi merged with the wine cooperative of Concordia and in 1983 with the wine cooperative of Pioppa, opening their factories in Carpi and Rio Saliceto (RE). The wine cooperative of San Possidonio joined the cooperative as new member finally in 1988.
In September 2003 the new headquarters of the cooperative of Carpi were inaugurated during the celebration of the centenary of the cooperative’s birth. The new seat represented a thankful demonstration of commitment to all the staff, employees, directors, management and shareholders, for a better future to be shared together.
In recent years, the wine cooperative of Carpi has not stopped its progress! Forging ahead with its production and business process, in 2011 the cooperative incorporates the one of Poggio Rusco and in 2012 the historic wine cooperative of Sorbara, thus becoming the wine cooperative of Carpi and Sorbara.


The Town of Cape Vincent is located at the eastern extreme of the Great Lakes system where Lake Ontario flows into the St. Lawrence River. It has a unique setting whereby its water resources made early travel and commerce possible westward well beyond the center of the continent and eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. The relative ease of water travel allowed early French explorers, traders and missionaries to extend their presence while early British-English settlers were establishing their colonies along the Atlantic coast. Indigenous native cultures predated these Europeans by thousands of years, though the Cape Vincent area was used by them mainly on a seasonal basis.
Just downriver from the current location of the Village of Cape Vincent are two islands which would eventually become part of the Cape Vincent township. The larger of these islands, Carleton was important in colonial history, as the British military maintained a presence there from the mid-1770's until after the War of 1812. The British navy found Carleton Island to be strategically significant due to location at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, its deep harbor, elevated interior and easily accessible stands of hardwood trees. In 1778, the British built Fort Haldimand, the remnants of which together with the surrounding acreage are today owned and conserved by The Thousand Island Land Trust.
Beginning in the 1770's, early settlers moving west from New England sought environments which were rich in game, timber for homes, mills and shipbuilding , land suitable for farming, and rivers and lakes which facilitated communication, commerce, and defense. In 1788 land speculators Alexander Macomb and William Constable purchased five massive land tracts from the State of New York. Soon after the acquisition, Macomb went bankrupt and his interests were assumed by James LeRay de Chaumont. The LeRay family contributed some of their personal assets to the financing of the American Revolutionary War and assisted Benjamin Franklin in soliciting financial support from the King of France. After independence of the colonies hadbeen won Jacques LeRay de Chaumont purchased and settled some 800,000 acres in Northern New York. The tract of land extends from what is today Fort Drum where their home was sited, to Alexandria Bay named for Alexander LeRay, to Cape Vincent and including Chaumont, named for the family home in France, to Lake Ontario and back to Fort Drum.
The involvement of LeRay, a Frenchman with U.S. citizenship, attracted a number of his wealthy, aristocratic countryman who sought to flee the French Revolution. These French expatriates, some associated with Napoleon Bonaparte, found the largely unsettled lands owned by LeRay to be particularly suitable for relocation away from the strife which plagued France at the end of the 18th century. Émigrés from his homeland included Comte Pierre Francois Real, a member of the Council of State, Field Marshall Grouchy, and General Rolland, all of whom conspired to free Napoleon from exile on St. Helena Island and bring him to this new locale. Unfortunately for him, Napoleon died on St. Helena before these sympathizers could act on his release.
The first organized settlement of what would become the village of Cape Vincent was commissioned by LeRay in 1809 and named after his son Vincent. He had a mile square surveyed for the Village of Cape Vincent, and thereafter the U.S. Congress in March 1815 directed that Carleton, Linda, Grenadier and Fox Islands were to become part of Cape Vincent. The proximity of the Cape Vincent to Kingston, Ontario, Canada and the fact that the River could be crossed by ferry as well as across the ice in winter rendered it a choice location for a commercial town. A ferry service was established as early as 1807 between Cape Vincent and Wolfe Island, Canada. The initial development of the Village began with the waterfront area being cleared and a wharf, blockhouse, tavern and barn erected. A residence and store were constructed that same year by Richard Esselstyn. A lumbering business was Esselstyne's next venture, which proved hugely successful.
Cape Vincent developed rapidly during the early 1800's when the State road was extended from Brownville to Cape Vincent. The Town was officially established in 1849 with 3,044 inhabitants, separated at the time from the Town of Lyme. Four years later in 1853 the Village of Cape Vincent was incorporated with a population of 1,218. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century the town's population remained fairly constant and unchanged; it averaged approximately 3,300 people.
The building of homes, grain-mills, cheese plants proceeded with the expansion of farmed lands throughout the Town of Cape Vincent through the early to mid-1800's. A momentous, economic expansion came with the completion of the Cape Vincent and Rome Railroad in 1852. The advent of rail transportation meant that passengers and goods could flow to and from all regions of the East Coast to the Cape Vincent. Additionally, the ferry service furthered such travel to Kingston, Ontario Canada. The combined rail and water transportation network heralded a boom in local business growth.
For the most part, however, Cape Vincent during the 19th Century remained predominantly an agricultural community during the 19th century. Farming, particularly dairy farming, was always a big part of Cape Vincent's economy. In the latter part of the 19th Century that focus began to shift. As early as 1880, the "Thousand Islands" were publicized opening a new era that catered to well-to-do summer vacationers: "In Cape Vincent may be found the best small mouth bass fishing among the Thousand Islands--here the surroundings are picturesque, the climate is mild and healthful."
Around 1900 Cape Vincent's local business community was at its height. There were seven grocery stores, three meat markets, a bakery, two drug stores, a book store and five hotels. The hotels were testimony to how important the tourism industry had grown and prospered. Occupations were as diverse as the businesses. There were five physicians, two lawyers, two undertakers, a dress maker, hay dealer, and a number of blacksmiths. At the same time, agriculture remained a mainstay of the community. For example, in the 1918 Town of Cape Vincent Farm Index map there were more than sixty individual farms, and four other farms on Grenadier and Carleton Islands as well as several cheese factories.
The railroad brought tourists, sportsmen and vacationers seeking to leave the cities of New York, Philadelphia and Washington, D. C. in the heat of summer. Whether it was game, fish, a rural quaintness, or scenic vistas and mild weather, the visitors came and the Town and Village prospered. Over time, and to the present day, property along the Lake and River shoreline became a desirable commodity. Lake-side homes and campgrounds had 150 miles of open Lake Ontario water as their view-scape. Currently, summer residents quadruple the number of Town inhabitants.
At the turn of the 20th century Cape Vincent's path to the future had been set, a community whose economic vitality was dependent on both tourism and agriculture. The balance between these two, however, changed throughout this period. The small, family farms that graced the Town in 1918 were nearly all gone by the close of the century and the farms that remained were larger, fewer, more productive and more efficient. Likewise, the numerous hotels that catered to wealthy summer tourists coming from cities via the Cape Vincent railroad gave way to the breakup and sale of waterfront land for cottage sites and a new wave of middle-class summer residents. Regardless, Cape Vincent maintained its small-town atmosphere with world-class scenic and historical assets along with its agricultural and tourism roots. These very qualities were not only important historically to the Cape's development, but will also provide the foundation for Cape Vincent's future growth and its attraction as, "...a small-town, rural community with unique scenic, historical and natural resources.


I celebrate a force that is too often forgotten
When we share the stories of our journey
Our struggles, our negotiations, the final agreement
That brought us freedom on that fateful day, 1965.
This force… she was a Mother
To the founding fathers and their brothers
In the struggle
She raised, nurtured, and cared for
Groomed the leaders we cheered for
In the history books, she might not really be catered for
But her mark remains indelible in the hero she bore and guided
Blessed and prayed for.
This force… she was a Wife
The proverbial woman behind our successful man
The quiet engine driving the vehicle of change, our change
She was the one, his biggest supporter, his comfort when the days were gloomy
She saw our hero at his weakest and most vulnerable
Yet cloaked him with her sutura
Filling him with the strength he needed when the sun rose again
She waited through the long nights of late meetings
Then soothed aching feet and filled a growling stomach
She would eventually stand beside him, celebrating their victory
Thanking God for the wise counsel she gave when he was doubtful of his plans
To us, she was Mrs. Founding Father
To him, she was Bilqis… of love, hope, strength and loyalty.
This force… she was a Guewel, too
Singing the many praises of our hero,
Lifting his spirits when they were downcast and trodden
Reminding him of the glory of his ancestors who’d taken similar paths, in years past
She glorified him, Faye biram penda waagan, Njie kuli jatta njie, Cham baabel demba cham
He was Jawara…diko, Jahumpa, Dibba Chaaku, John Massar
He was Small… yet of neither small feats, nor little accomplishments
This force, she exalted the royalty in their blood, celebrated their greatness
And propelled our nation to visions of the glory of Jollof and Sine, Kaabu and Manding
Remember her… this force.
Sometimes she would manifest her prowess in groups
Of mothers, sisters, aunties and nieces… in compins rallying support
She was the voice that rang across districts and constituencies
Carrying her message over the hills at Hella and the fields at Pachaar
She built trust and confidence among the people
And when the time came to cast votes, she echoed the great stories of the struggle
And linked the threads, weaving the fabric of our history.
Our force, she was a philantropist
Caring for many, her actions a reflection of the beauty in her heart
She was a teacher… beyond the home and neighbourhood
She shared her wisdom with hundreds in the classrooms
From Banjul to Fatoto, Serekunda to Kristi Kunda
Building the minds of generations
And shaping the future of our country.
We wonder if she just stayed in the background, bidding her time
But our force, she was at the forefront too
Mutating from follower and supporter to an active participant
In the politics of our baby nation
Setting the pace for many women that will come after her
Making them believe in the power of their thoughts, the validity of their dreams
Dispelling the myth that we were only made to be seen and not heard.
But this couldn’t, shouldn’t be a surprise
For she descended from the unrivaled Linguere, queen of Jollof
Leader, Mother, Giver of Care
Leadership, thus a genetic trait
Passed down through kingdoms, nations and republics
Clearing the path for my generation of young leaders.
So when we share the stories of our journey to independence
Let us remember this force
Whose mark still shines in all we do
I pay tribute to the many women who stood tall
And took their rightful places in shaping the history of this country
The giants on whose shoulders we now stand
The Lingueres whose place in history should never, can never be replaced.
This is a tribute to the Gambian woman.


, Gurudas Mathia, Buxar is a seat of learning under the aegis of the LORD BUDDHA EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION SOCIETY. The school believes Mahatma Buddha's Marg of eliminating darkness of illiteracy by enlightening width the lamp of education & knowledge.
The school is located in the lap of nature on 2 acres 33 decimal piece of land on the south eastern part of the historical city of Buxar, encompassed by the river Ganges in the northern side. Buxar was chosen by Lord Rama as the right place to begin his exercise of elimination of demons (symbol of darkness and evilness).Lord Rama ultimately succeeded to get victory on evil forces (Ravana) and established high moral standards to be followed by the generation to generation.
In the medieval period again Buxar became the battlefield of the historical freedom movement popularly known as battle of Buxar. We-as the management of Foundation School-laid the foundation of the battle against the illiteracy through Foundation School, Buxar. The most revered saint Vishwamitra performed his historical Yagna (which is symbol of enlightenment & sacrifice) in presence of Rama & Laxmana as his disciple in Charitravan. Charitravan itself pronouncing the importance of character building.


London was fascinating the history that they have is amazing, we stood in wesminster hall and it was a very surreal place to think of all that had taken place there, it was the place where William Wallace (Brave Heart) was hung drawn and quartered . Looking around you could still see the scars of war, for me to be standing in these places that I have only ever seen in books or on T.V.
It was very interesting speaking with farmers in the EU with the Common Agricultural Policy (subsidies) to hear the issues that they had to deal with and what they saw coming in the future. Actually all the guys I spoke with didn't want the subsidies, however as I became more informed about them it became very obvious that it is a very difficult policy to unwind. I also had a greater understanding of the good intentions that were the reason for there inception after the second world war.
We had a farm visit we went 45 k's from the centre of London and we were at a wheat farm , I couldn't believe it , these guys have adapted and have converted some of there old farm buildings into believe it or not office space. People get on a train from London to come out to the Farm to work, it was the last thing that I expected. I suppose that the point is to be adaptable, this guy saw an opportunity and capitalised on it. That has been the message from this week that in every time of adversity there are opportunities if you look for them.


The history of political parties in the state of New York, from the ratification of the federal constitution to December, 1840.. Volume 2
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Vol. 2. New York: Charles L. Woodward, 1895. Halsey, William Donaldson. Sketches from Hammond, Jabez D. History of Political Parties in the State of New York from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to December 1840. Vols. 1–2.
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The United States Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) was Best Of 2016: RuPaul s Drag Race: All Stars 2 December 19, 2016 Ginger Minj, Roxxxy Read U Wrote U (RuPaul featuring Alaska, Katya & Roxxxy Andrews) 2016 The History of IAML IAML The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted . Board of Education (1954) regarding racial segregation, Roe v. This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights United States (1935), to prohibit a current Congress from abrogating a Pro slavery debate - Priscilla Consulting The 26th Amendment — passed in 1971 — guarantees the right to vote to eligible citizens who are 18 years old or older, which shifted the voting age down from 21. Meng s legislation would rewrite the amendment to include 16- and 17-year-olds in federal, state and local elections. Posted Aug 16, 2018 at 12:01 AM Blog for Arizona Politics from a liberal viewpoint Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (9 October [O.S. 27 September] 1888 – 15 March 1938) Within the Bolshevik Party, Bukharin was initially a Left Communist, but his to overthrow the Soviet state and executed in March 1938, after a show trial that When Trotsky arrived in New York in January 1917, Bukharin was the first to Federalist - VDL Sound Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st Vice President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, and previously as the 49th Governor of New York (1959–1973). He also served as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs In his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called
18 hours ago . Judge Merrick Garland, chief justice for the United States Court of Appeals for the April 5, 2016 after his nomination to the Supreme Court (Credit: Ron Sachs of Powers tells the story of a political tradition largely lost in the west. Philip Hamburger joins us to discuss his new book Liberal Suppression. Forced labour is all around us, but most people don t even realize it. August 1, 1944 August 21, 1983 - Filipino Every year for Hearts Should Be Follow the timeline to learn more about the history of slavery in the United States, John Brown and Facts About Slavery - Slavery Facts - History Of Slavery - Slaves Here are 23rd congress - The Official Gazette of Guyana 26 top United States Constitution podcasts for 2018. Bill of Rights & Amendments to the US Constitution by Founding Fathers of the United States. 1 Commentary on Local Politics and Culture, US Politics and Government, Life Among and The New York Packet and they later became known as “The Federalist Papers. Nelson Rockefeller - Wikipedia With the ratification of the new Constitution of Iraq, Government. In 2003, the UN 2 people found this useful Why is the United States in Iraq? Because The Liberty Law Blog Read Full Shmoop: US Constitution 14th Amendment summary. Constitution, ratified in 1918, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, person the right to vote due to The 17th Amendment was proposed on May 13th, 1912. Quizlet Quizzes; AP US History Flashcards By Time Period; Will you be . Ratified December 6, 1865. International Convention for the - UNTC Thank you to all who joined us on Saturday, January 17, 2015 for the 23rd Annual . WCN 2017, 23rd World Congress of Neurology 2017 is a Medical and Neurology Ian Golden, a leader who listens for New York s 23rd District Future WMS #district23 #prospertogether Amendment 23 of the United States Constitution. The History of Political Parties in the State of New-York: From . - Google Books Result Throughout history, the President of the United States has been one of the most . From 1994 to 2006, Kovind was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, and was the 35th Governor 2017 · Can you name the US Presidents by year(s) served? (3 years, 5 List that shows which party each U. Of these, only one can be top. Read u wrote u without roxxxy Details on the event include dates, location and map, description, early . Free State, it was reconvened from 27-30 June 2008 in the Johannesburg Expo Centre. March 2018 with the theme of Hospital pharmacists – Show us what you can do!. Congress senators and representative in New York s 23rd Congressional


In 2015, the National Trust celebrated the 150th anniversary of the great battle to save Berkhamsted Common in Hertfordshire. The common was freed from enclosure on the night of 6 March 1866.
The National Trust staged an exhibition and commemorative walk on its Ashridge Estate. An exhibition was set up on Saturday 10 October 2015 at the Visitor Centre and ran until 31 March 2016, admission free.
The Open Spaces Society, then known as the Commons Preservation Society, had been founded only the year before Lord Brownlow erected three miles of iron fencing, six feet high, around part of Berkhamsted Common. The society organised a trainload of navvies (tough men) to walk from Tring Station to the common in the middle of the night to fell the fencing.
The common was never enclosed again and, 60 years later in 1926, it was acquired by the National Trust, which had been founded by the society in 1895. The National Trust’s exhibition told the story of the moonlight raid to rescue the common from enclosure and privatisation.
The lovely Berkhamsted Common and Ashridge Estate are a fine model of the achievements of the National Trust over the years. But their histories are intertwined: after the society founded the National Trust enough money was raised to buy threatened land and give it to the Trust to own and manage.
The National Trust’s Ashridge Estate commemorations included:
A Temporary Exhibition at the Ashridge Estate Visitor Centre telling the story of Berkhamsted Common from ancient times to the present day. It was open every day from 10 October 2015 to 31 March 2016, admission free
A Special way-marked commemorative walk was established from Dick’s Camp car park on the B4506 (just south of the Aldbury turning) following the route of Lord Brownlow’s enclosure attempt.
A Celebratory guided walk was led by National Trust Ranger Emily Smith and archaeologist Gary Marshall with the Open Spaces Society on Sunday 6 March 2016.


are we gonna fuckn hold hands tonight or what bitch
Black Panthers protesting against the Vietnam War (Washington, D.C, 1969)
Photo by Bruno Barbey
It’s like his snoring got so bad that his wife left him and now he’s just forever alone with his extra-strength Breathe Right strips
maybe the strips were so effective that he inhaled his wife
"Battlefield Revisited", the story of the Battle of Imphal during World War II in India, appearing in this month’s issue of National Geographic Traveller India. I have to say, this was one of my favorite assignments to work on EVER. Such an interesting piece, about a part of WWII history that is not often discussed. Special thanks goes out to my AD Diviya Mehra and Editor-in-chief Niloufer Venkatraman, who were wonderful to me.
WOAH JOHN GREEN ANSWERED YOUR QUESTION WOAH THAT'S SO COOL :DDDDDDDD OKAY BYE —by lnawkeye
WAIT WAIT WHAT I DIDN’T KNOW THIS AHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA OH MY GOD I ASKED HIM A QUESTION ABOUT DIARRHEA AND HE ANSWERED OH MY GOD!!! JOHN GREEN SAW WORDS I WROTE
all you people saying you’ve been waiting so long for certain gif sets
you weren’t actually waiting.
I’ve been waiting for someone to make this text post, omg


Urnes Bracelet – Oxidiced
Silver link bracelet. Bounteous silver bracelet with a history. This is a cast of a silver pin from the mid-11th century. It was found in Tröllaskógur (Trollforest) in Rangárvellir. Guðbjartur, the goldsmith, made the design of the pin into this gorgeous bracelet. Classic item with history.


Here is an opportunity to own a nice Sportsman with an excellent history. It seems to have been well cared for, and ready to hit the water. This boat is a 1953 Chris Craft Sportsman 17'. It is model KBL with 131 hp. From 1953-1959 there were 2563 hulls built, this is no. 378 in that series. She was built in Cadillac, Michigan and delivered to Ohio in July 1953. This boat comes with a 1996 Integrity trailer. This is a single axle trailer that appears to be in good condition. The hull of this boat appears to be in very good condition, as does the interior. All gauges are there and appear to be in working condition. This boat is at our location for viewing or more photos.


The first Italian Festival in Adelaide was held in 1976 in Rundle Mall.
A parade, made up of migrant families travelled from Victoria Square to Elder Park before ending with celebrations in the Mall itself.
Originally called The Italian Festival, and later known as “Carnevale”, the Adelaide Italian Festival is proud to return to our original name, as we honour those who have come before us.
The festival has been held in a number of locations over the years including; Rundle Mall, Elder Park, Norwood and Adelaide Ovals, Rymill Park and the Adelaide Showgrounds.
Historically, our festival has been a means of inspiring young people to embrace their Italian heritage and for the wider community to experience Italian culture.
The event also raised funds to cater for welfare needs of the elderly in the Italian community through the Co-ordinating Italian Committee (CIC) and supported other worthy charities and organisations across our broad community.


SETTING THE DESERT
It is 1916. The Allies are struggling in the Great War. The Ottoman Sultan calls for a pan-Islamic jihad against all non-Muslims except Germans. But Sharif Husein, ruler of the holy city of Mecca, is smarting under Turkish rule, fomenting Arab nationalism and lobbying the British to support him. It seems to the British a good idea secretly to encourage an Arab revolt.
Setting the Desert on Fire is a masterly account of this key moment made legendary by T. E. Lawrence, but here filled with a wide range of characters including the British Prime Minister Lloyd George, whose desire to capture 'Jerusalem by Christmas' had consequences that reverberate to this day.
A LINE IN THE SAND
In 1916 two men secretly agreed to divide the Middle East between them. Sir Mark Sykes was a visionary politician; Francois Georges-Picot a diplomat with a grudge. They drew a line in the sand from the Mediterranean to the Persian frontier, and together remade the map of the Middle East, with Britain's 'mandates' of Palestine and Iraq, and France's in Lebanon and Syria. Over the next thirty years a sordid tale of violence and clandestine political manoeuvring unfolded, told here through a stellar cast of politicians, diplomats, spies and soldiers, including T. E. Lawrence, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle.
Using newly declassified papers from the British and French archives, James Barr vividly depicts the covert, deadly war between Britain and France to rule the Middle East, and reveals for the first time the shocking way ni which the French finally got their revenge.
LORDS OF THE DESERT
In 1945, Britain still dominated the Middle East, but her motives for wanting to control this vital crossroads were changing. Where 'imperial security' had once been paramount, oil was now a crucial factor. So, too, was prestige. As their empire began to crumble, the British felt their claim to 'Great Power' status hinged increasingly on their control of the region.
Unable to withstand Arab and Jewish nationalism, however, the British were gone within a generation. But that is not the full story. The United States helped speed them on their way.
Using newly declassified records and long-forgotten memoirs, including the diaries of a key British spy, James Barr tears up the conventional interpretation of this era, vividly portraying the tensions between London and Washington, and shedding an uncompromising light on the murkier activities of their men on the spot, from the battle of El Alamein in 1942 to Britain's abandonment of Aden in 1967. A reminder that the Middle East has always served as the arena for great power conflict, this is the tale of an internecine struggle in which Britain would discover that her most formidable rival was the ally she had assumed would be her closest friend.


What happens when you launch a modern-day video game with 2000-year-old Egyptian tomb paintings? You get a 10-part animated comedy series that breathes fresh air into the historic Assassin’s Creed franchise.
With a 10-year history, Assassin’s Creed made its name by chronicling the franchise throughout the ages, but with game sales slowing the excitement for the new release was beginning to lag. Ubisoft needed to launch their new title, Assassin’s Creed Origins, in a way that would reengage their fans and bring the game to life in a way that made ancient Egypt relevant to gamers today. They couldn’t just make another trailer. They had to do something different.
Enter Tales from the Tomb, a 10-part digital video series. We paired the historic imagery from ancient Egypt with modern dialog and incredible animation to talk about the one thing on everyone in ancient Egypt’s mind – this assassin guy who is hell bent on killing folks. Breathing a bit of fresh air into the franchise – fresh air that’s been locked in a tomb for a few thousand years acquiring a muskiness that excited both existing AC fans and younger gamers alike.
We seeded some of the videos on Reddit to get the core fans behind the series. And they did: “No one asked for this. No one wanted this. But god damn, these are fucking great.” From there, the episodes were placed on a YouTube playlist where the wider audience could watch and share as their hearts desired.


Follow one of the theme-tours I suggest such as:
Old Lyon and Fourvière:
Wonderful wiew over Lyon from the terrasse of Fourvière and experience a walk through one of the famous “Traboules” of Lyon.
La Croix Rousse quarter:
Discover the quarter of “les Canuts” and the history of the silk industry….
The “Musée des Confluences”:
an unforgettable visit in a great museum….
The painted walls in Lyon but also in the US quarter Musée Urbain Tony Garnier…..


Robert Baden-Powell was a famous soldier who fought in the Boer War in South Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. During the Siege of Mafeking, when the town and British soldiers were besieged by Boer soldiers, B-P noticed how the young boys made themselves useful by carrying messages for the soldiers. When he came home, he decided to put some of his Scouting ideas into practice to see if they would be any good for young boys and took 21 boys camping on Brownsea Island, near Poole in Dorset. The camp was a success, and B-P wrote his book Scouting for Boys, covering tracking, signaling, cooking etc. Soon boys began to organize themselves into Patrols and Troops and called themselves "Boy Scouts". Girls bought the book as well and formed themselves into Patrols of Girl Scouts.
Before joining the army, becoming a hero and creating Scouting, Robert Stephenson Baden-Powell was just a good-humoured and friendly young man, who liked acting, games and life in the outdoors more than his studies. Resigned to his mischievous temperament, but recognising his talent on stage, a teacher called him an "admirable madman".
The adventure बैगिन्स;
After trying to get into Oxford, he was accepted at military academy, scoring 5th place among 718 applicants. In 1876, at the age of 19, a dreamer, curious and communicative, Second Lieutenant Baden-Powell set off en route to India...
He felt fulfilled when he wrote of his adventures and his dreams: from his exploits with his brothers to the development of the Scout Method, without forgetting his tales of hunting, his military experiences, his adventures as an improvised secret agent, or his vision of the army.
An able exponent of caricature and watercolour painting, B-P illustrated his own articles and books. B-P played football, and enjoyed swimming, rowing, polo, boar hunting and ... like a good Englishman, cricket! But, above all, his passion was for outdoor activities.


TheTrinacria is the symbol of Sicily, thus named for its triangular shape in the Antique world, and was resurrected by Murat when he became King of Naples in 1808 and gave the kingdom new arms. (The descendants still use those arms). Usually a human face is placed at the conjunction of the thighs.
Arms of Cossa, Italy.
The symbol also appears in the arms of the Isle of Man, with this difference that, while both symbols consist of three legs embowed, conjoined at the thighs, that of Man is in armour, spurred and garnished or, while the Sicilian legs are naked, and (in some versions) conjoined with a human face.


Today is Epiphany. So I'd like to give you an exercise in creativity based on the results of a questionnaire that I put on heraldry groups on Facebook. Traditionally, the wise men went to worship the Baby Jesus. According to St. Bede, Gaspar came from the Caspian Sea, Balthasar was Moorish, and he came from Arabia and Melchior came from Chaldea. However, this information varies greatly according to the source. So what is commonly accepted is that the three kings came from three different directions from distant places according to Psalm 72:11. "Kings of the whole world will worship Him." So the Catholic Church and other Christian traditions usually believe that the Magi are associated with the three continents known at the time, and the gifts brought were portents of the life of Christ. This interpretation gained popularity in the Middle Ages and many paintings represent the magi with clothes characteristic of the continents, for example, the Epiphany of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, a spanish artist.
In this way, it is easy to imagine that during the navigations, mercantilism and popularity of Marco Polo's travels in the thirteenth century. People may have imagined a Chinese or Indian king, a European king and an African king. Legends like Prester John might have favored an idea like this.
In this heraldic interpretation the idea of kings from distant places was extrapolated. the story would be more interesting if Melchior were Chinese or Japanese. Balthasar an Axumite king and Gaspar a Germanic king. As a prediction of the spread of Christianity. Please, enjoy the art bellow. See you.
Description: Azure a eagle displayed gold. A crown of shields.
Rationale: This shield was based on the diversity of ancient Europe. I tried to mix Vikings, Germanic and Roman elements in the crown. In the shield the eagle represents not only Rome but also alluding to the helmets of modern representations of Vercingetorix, Ambiorix and other Gallic leaders.
Description: Per pale dancetty, sinople and gules, overall a rhino argent. A imperial aksumite crown.
Rationale: The shield was divided vertically similar to the shields of the Massai tribes. On the other hand, the colors are typical of the Rastafari religion and Pan-Africanism. The white rhinoceros was chosen as a symbol of Africa, although the lion is the main animal of large size, unfortunately it is also a very common figure in heraldry and does not characterize a specific location. Finally, to symbolize the antiquity and African Christian kingdoms a crown was used based on the illustrations of Kings Aksumites.
Description: Argent a four clawed dragon passant sinople on a mountain sable on a chief a roundel gules. A pagoda crown.
Rationale: The Chinese dragon is a symbol of China's imperial historical phase. The red sun symbolizes Japan, whose Christianization took place through the Portuguese navigations that inspired the use of the Iberian shield for this coat of arms. The mountain symbolizes the mountain ranges of Asia, the Himalayas, Mount Fuji, etc. The crown lining was inspired by the pagoda architecture of the Buddhist religion of Japan, China, Cambodia, etc. Finally, a former Chinese colonel on the crown itself.


Sometimes the most obvious things are right under your nose.
Let me explain: Many of us were led to believe, a few years ago,by our Barbet responsible at the club: Mrs Loiseau, that Jacques Prévert owned a Barbet.* I even have a framed poster!
Now, my question to the most famous Barbet Modern Historian circa 2009, Mr Alain Lankmans,breeder of generations of Barbets since 2009? PHD in theory and friends to the stars of the Barbet Modern world, would be to explain that IF the breed was extinct between 1940 and 1970 how could this dog be a Barbet when this photo was taken in 1955?
* The Barbet and the Briard or Berger de Brie, region very near Paris was a more logical choice and would also confirm the fact that both breeds really dis have a similar look; the Barbet being curlier, but not tight frizzy curls.
Now I will repeat as I always have that there were Barbets in the south of France at the Ayme brothers' in Graveson, but IF Jacques Prévert had gone there to get one, we'd most likely know about it. These people did not sell dogs the way we do today and there was no way Prévert would have wanted a hunting dog...of such a rare breed.


Founded in Brisbane by John Sedgman who continued to lead the organisation until his death in 1991. Sedgman remained privately owned until listed on the ASX in 2006.
Sedgman expanded to undertake its first international projects in East Senakin CHPP in Indonesia and Petangis also in Indonesia.
At the Blair Athol coal site, Sedgman began the successful operations arm of the business.
Sedgman joined forces with Thiess for the first time with award winning Hail Creek Coal project for Rio Tinto.
Sedgman opened the Chile office in Santiago.
Expanded into the metalliferous sector with the acquisition of Pac-Rim.
Sedgman acquired Intermet Engineering.
The South Africa office opened in Johannesburg.
The China procurement hub opened in Shanghai and the Canada office opened in Vancouver.
CIMIC acquired Sedgman.
Sedgman celebrates 40 years since its foundation by John Sedgman.


Vintage StormTech Rain Jacket
Now, this is a neat piece of Edmonton golf history! This vintage Stormtech Windbreaker is from 1996. How do I know this? It says 1996 Ed-Tel Invitational on the sleeve. Quick Edmonton golf history lesson incoming. The Edmonton Open was founded in 1993 as the Klondike Golf Klassic and was held during the week leading up to the Klondike Days summer fair. In 1996 Telus became the tournament's main sponsor and it was re-titled as the ED TEL Planet Open, before becoming the Telus Edmonton Open the following year. In 1996, the tournament was played at The Ranch and won by Trevor Dodds with a score of 265 (-15).


History of Guerrero Gold Belt
The Guerrero Gold Belt (“GBB”) is located in the State of Guerrero, Mexico, north of
Acapulco City. It extends for at least 55 Km from southeast to northwest and remains open to exploration in all directions.
The GGB today has an inventory of over 31 million* ounces of gold, which continues to increase with ongoing exploration and/or mine development by all participants currently active in the area. Newstrike’s management team was instrumental in the discovery of over eight million of those gold ounces.
Newstrike controls a 100% interest in 88,952.42 contiguous hectares strategically located on the strike extension of the emerging Guerrero Gold Belt mining camp. The company manages its land position as three contiguous projects, the advanced stage Ana Paula Project, and the early stage Aurea Norte and Aurea Sur projects.
The modern day history of the Guerrero Gold Belt commenced when gold was discovered at Xochipala in 1924 by the Franco Urias Family, who operated a small family owned mill and mine until 1988, producing a reported total of 360,000 ounces of gold (Au).
The original Nukay Mine went into production in 1947 as a small underground cut-and fill gold mining operation. Gold occurred in what was then described as manto and fissure filling vein deposits and about 500,000 metric tonnes of ore grading 18 gm/ton Au (290,000 Au oz) were extracted between 1947 and 1964 (historical records).
The 47,600-hectare Morelos Mineral Reserve was created by the Federal Mexican Government All claims in good standing in the area, such as where the Nukay, Xochipala and Bermejal projects are currently located, remained in the hands of private owners as did a few other small internal claims. Several of these privately held claims were actively mined on a small scale for narrow vein silver and for replacement gold, including the Nukay and Vianay Mines.
Joint ventures between Miranda Mining Corporation (Miranda) and Teck and between Industrias Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V. (Peñoles) and Newmont Mining Corporation (Newmont), led to the first discoveries resulting from modern exploration methods: Peñoles-Newmont’s Bermejal project (1987) and Teck-Miranda’s Los Filos project (1997).
Morelos Mineral Reserve was privatized through public auction in 1998. The following four years saw a significant increase in exploration in the former mineral reserve, leading to several new discoveries including Grupo Mexico’s Los Calles and Mina Verde deposits (now Cayden Resources Inc.) and the El Limon and Los Guajes deposits operated under the Teck-Miranda joint venture (Torex Gold Resources Inc.).
The first mine went into production in 2008 at Filos project; a combination of the original Nukay, Los Filos and Bermejal discoveries after they were acquired by Goldcorp Inc. Today, the area of the former Morelos Mineral Reserve is controlled by Goldcorp, Torex and Cayden.
Exploration by Newstrike began in 2004 and continues to redefine the Guerrero Gold Belt as originally described by the limits of the former mineral reserve. The Ana Paula discovery owned by Goldcorp and discovered by Miranda in 1997, verifies the gold potential outside the former mineral reserve.


Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania, was founded in 1682 by William Penn with the purpose to serve as the Pennsylvania Colony’s capital. Philadelphia has played an instrumental role in American history, functioning as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers during the American Revolution. In this city, the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 as well as the Constitution in 1787. Philadelphia also served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C. was under construction. In the modern world, Philadelphia is an educational and economical hub. Known for its arts, culture and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. With 67 National Historic Landmarks, a growing sports industry and classic cuisine, Philadelphia has something to offer for everyone.
Click here for the weather in Philadelphia, PA.
If you decide to fly or take the train to Philadelphia, a roundtrip air or train ticket from your home city will be provided for you.
You will be responsible for your own transportation to and from the hotel,
and will receive information about reimbursement at the meeting.
If you decide to drive to the Sheraton Philadelphia Downtown Hotel , free parking will be provided for you upon arrival.
**Please understand that all expenses covered by NeuroPace will be reported in accordance with the Sunshine Act.**
A superb travel experience awaits guests at Sheraton Philadelphia Downtown Hotel. Ideally situated in Center City and located within walking distance of most of Philadelphia’s top attractions, the Sheraton is the perfect location for seeing all the city has to offer.
**Please note, if you plan to pay for your own hotel accommodations, your hotel booking will still be processed by NeuroPace during your registration. You will settle your charges with the hotel at check out.**


About Faz: Gallery
At the age of 14, Faizi Faz Husain and his family emigrated from Patna, India to Ypsilanti, MI. From that point on, Faz became an unforgettable member of this community. Faz owned and operated pizzerias in both Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor–but Faz was much more than a pizza man. Faz was a one of a kind citizen who was devoted to his community and nation. His resume includes time as a city councilman, a national delegate in the 1984 presidential election, a member of President Clinton’s 1999 trade mission to India, and above all, an ever-giving member of his community.
In 2006, Faz passed away, leaving a wonderful legacy of a life well-spent. Everywhere Faz went, he carried a big smile and always had time for everyone. Everyone that met him remembers him as the friendliest and most generous person imaginable. The photos below tell Faz’s story: you will find a photo of Faz with every president from Nixon to Clinton, world figures like Mother Theresa and the Dalai Lama, entertainers like Bob Hope and Bill Cosby, and athletes like Mickey Mantle and Muhammad Ali,who was one of Faz’s lifelong friends.
The Hello Faz Pizza family thanks the Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti community for its endless support. We love you all!