Cycling the Portuguese Camino: Porto to Santiago de Compostela
August 24 - 31, 2024
3 (out of 5)
Portugal & Spain
Porto/Santiago de Compostela
Pedal along Northern Portugal's rivers, coasts and valleys while learning about the historical figures and cities that played foundational roles in 12th Century Portugal. Explore the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Porto and Ponte de Lima and cycling along the Douro, Minho, and Lima rivers. Not only will you pass through three famous agriculture regions along our route, you will also get a taste of the gastronomic specialties.
Our route crisscrosses the famous Portuguese Camino and finishes in Spain’s Santiago de Compostela. Along the way we follow in the footsteps of royalty such as Queen Isabel of Portugal who, in the 13th Century, was on this same pilgrimage. We’ll travel both the coastal and the traditional interior route to reach the enthralling towns of Barcelos, Ponte de Lima and Baiona, Spain. A generous dose of Southern Europe's hospitality and lifestyle makes this a unique bicycle tour in an under discovered part of Europe.
Includes 8 days (2 half days), 7 nights’ accommodation, fully supported ride, meals city guided tours, souvenier jersey or t-shirt.
Average daily riding: 34 miles mostly rolling terrain.
UNESCO Towns: Porto, Ponte da Lima and Santiago, Douro, Minho and Lima River valleys, Spanish oysters, historic port of Baiona, Spain, Pimientos del Padrón – in Padrón Spain, Galician countryside cycling, and cycling Portugal’s Northern Coast
Message me for further details - firstname.lastname@example.org


Two weeks ago, Henry Kissinger’s new book “On China” went on the shelf. I have the honor of being asked recently to review the book. Henry Kissinger – preeminent American political scientist, diplomat, National Security Advisor and later concurrently Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford – requires no introduction. So I’ll go straight to the book.
In my opinion, “On China” is destined to become a best seller and an important resource on China – on the level of Jonathan Spence’s “In Search of Modern China” – for English readers. The book provides fascinating angles to so many chapters of Sino-American diplomatic history and has the character of an elder statesman telling not only a good story, but of imparting wisdom on a next generation of political leaders.
While focusing on 20th century Chinese history, the book also gave sufficient background on Chinese history to give context to current events – as well as a vision of what can be possible. Kissinger masterfully (but coolly) tells the story of China’s struggles through its centuries of humiliation, starting with the Opium War and its attempts to resist colonialism and foreign invasions. The book traces the story of the Communist rise to power, and the immediate turmoils – both domestic and international – that put the nascent state and the Chinese people immediately to the test.
One of my favorite aspects about the book is the way it tells – with wit, insight and cogency – the hair-triggering geopolitical games the Soviet Union, U.S., and China played. Read more…


Thursday, January 12, 2017
The Thomas W. Lawson was the only seven masted schooner ever made. It was the world's first supertanker and it caused the world's first major oil spill when in sank off the coast of England during a storm in 1907. The day is sank was a Friday the 13th. The Thomas W. Lawson was named for one of the richest Americans of his day, who had previously written a fiction book titled "Friday the 13th" about a man who purposely sank the stock market on that day. He was quite an interesting man and you can see a video here that highlights, his life, his "Dreamworld" estate, and the boat bearing his name.
I became aware and interested in the Thomas W. Lawson after my dad built a wooden chest with a painting he did of the boat on the top for my son. Inside was a card with the story of the boat and the mention that my great-grandfather did the rigging of the Lawson at the Fore River Shipbuilding yard in Quincy, Ma.
I decided to research and write a story about the Thomas W. Lawson for my fifth grade class. After my 30 plus years of teaching, it was the first time I wrote such an article for a class. You can find my article with vocabulary, close reading questions, and writing topics at Teachers Pay Teachers here. For a short time you can get it for 75% off (only $1). It is geared for students in 5th -7th grade.


03/06/2005: "La Alhambra, El Generalife and El Albayzin"
In the shelter of the highest peaks in the Iberian Peninsula, the Mulhacen (3,481m) and the Veleta (3,392m), lies the beautiful Andalusian city of Granada with its Parador called "San Francisco".
The city witnessed the end of Arab rule in Spain when Boabdil, the last Nasrid king, surrendered and handed the keys of the city to the Catholic Monarch on January 2nd, 1492. Legend has it that the Arab king could not help bursting into tears when for the last time he turned to look back at the city of Granada. his mother reproached him with a sentence that has become famous: "Weep like a woman since you couldn't defend yourself like a man".
La Alhambra is the most important civil building preserved of Muslim civil architecture. All the refinement, wealth and delicacy of Islamic art and architecture reached its last climax in the West in this unique building which is a fortress, residence and royal city all in one and finds an extension in the gardens of El Generalife.
Alhambra means "red castle", a name derived from the colour of its walls made from the clay that was extracted from the very hill on which it stands. This military enclosure, flanked by massive towers, is entered by five well-protected gates. Separate from the rest of the enclosure, the "Alcazaba" or Moorish fortress had its own entrance, which is closed today because of later fortifications.
In 1238, Muhammad I, Ibn al-Ahmar, the Nasrid King of Granada, repaired "La Acequia Real" (an irrigation channel) which brought water the River Darro to the top of the Red Hill and began the construction of today's Alcazaba. Muhammad II (1273-1302), his son, continued the works, but the most important driving forces behind this Arab palace-cum-fortress were Yusuf I (1333-1354) and Muhammad V (1354-1391).
After dethroning Boabdil, the Catholic Monarchs refurbished the palace, but retained the Muslim style. In the times of Emperor Carlos V, part of the Arab palaces was destroyed making way for the palace bearing his name, which was built by Pedro Machuca.
"La Casa Real Vieja", ie, the Old Royal House, consists of a series of rooms called "Cuartos a Palacio", a peculiar name given to a number of rooms that make up La Alhambra and were built one after another as the need for them arose. There are four main patios or inner courts: the one at the entrance, Machuca, Comares and the one of Los Leones (ie, the Lions). Only the last two have survived intact to our days. Between the Machuca and Comares Patios lies El Mexuar, a large hall of justice, and El Patio del Cuarto Dorado (ie, of the Golden Room). The buildings surrounding each of the patios are accurately and symmetrically distributed, but each complex by itself is organised more freely.
The towers of the curtain wall have richly decorated rooms and some of them are small, sumptuous palaces. Outstanding are the Tower of Las Infantas, the Tower of La Cautiva (ie, the Captive One) and the Tower of Las Damas.
The decoration of La Alhambra is of great importance. Among the most significant decorative elements are the skirtings of glazed tiles, the walls, friezes and series of arches covered with "atauriques" (ie, plaster or stucco decorative plant motifs characteristic of Caliphal art) and the ceilings decorated with bows, stalactites or "mocarae" (ie, designs of several prisms on a concave base) which in combination give the halls of these palaces an appearance of dazzling sumptuousness.
El Generalife, the summer palace of the Nasrid kings of Granada, stands on top of the hill of El Sol (ie, the Sun), which is twin to the one of La Alhambra and also towers over the River Darro. unlike the great palace, its construction date is known with accuracy (1318) as is its master builder: Aben Walid Ismail.
Today, all that remains of El Generalife are two buildings, one at each end of El Patio de la Acequia through the centre of which a channel runs with pipes along both sides and a stone bowl at each end. There are countless little channels, fountains and water jets everywhere in the lovely gardens.
La Alhambra and the gardens of El Generalife, which were included in the World Heritage List in 1984, are masterpieces of Nasrid architecture and belong to the last period of Arab art in the Iberian Peninsula. They embody the strength of rich and sumptuous Muslim tradition based on lavish decoration, which is one of the most outstanding elements of these unique buildings. Though tiring for the legs with its steep, cobbled streets the Albayzín district is well worth a visit. Mosques converted into churches, Arab water cisterns still in use, Moorish palaces and tranquil villas hidden behind lush greenery give a sensation of harmony and suspended reality where the spirit can savour total peace of a few hours.
Source: World Heritage Sites in Spain
Panoramic view of the Alhambra
Where and how to get a ticket


San Gimignano rises on a high hill about 300 m high and owes its name to the bishop of Modena who defended the village from the invasion of Attila.
Already inhabited in the Etruscan period, it had a prosperous development in the medieval period thanks above all to the Via Francigena that crossed it (and the cross), an important communication and trade route of the time; this meant that the city became a significant point of reference for traders, merchants and wayfarers but above all for the numerous faithful who went on pilgrimage to Rome.
After numerous struggles between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, the government of the city was in the hands of the Ghibelline faction and it is precisely at that time that the greatest economic splendor was based, based on the trade of precious local agricultural products, including the precious and highly sought-after saffron; in the middle of 1200, however, the city was conquered by the Guelphs of Florence who destroyed the walls and other public works built by the enemy faction. Following the bloody battle of Montaperti in 1260 which saw the Ghibellines of Siena and the Guelphs of Florence opposed and won by the Sienese faction, San Gimignano returned under the Ghibelline rule which had the walls rebuilt and divided the city into 4 districts corresponding each to a of the main gates of the town: Piazza, Castello, San Matteo and San Giovanni.
San Gimignano is famous throughout the world for its towers (it seems that they have inspired the builders of the infamous twin towers of Manhattan) built precisely in the period of greater development and economic prosperity; the gentlemen had them erected to demonstrate all their power and the higher they were, the more it meant that the master was powerful. At the time there were 72 towers, the highest of which (and still is) was the "Torre del Podestà" also known as "Torre Grossa" which stood out with its 54 m height; today, on the other hand, there are only 16, the others have been torn down or partially destroyed during the bombardments of the world wars.
In 1990 San Gimignano was declared a cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO.
Villa Podere Lo Spadino is located in the municipality of San Gimignano about 5 km from the historic center. San Gimignano is a small medieval town rich in charm, mystery and history that can be easily perceived walking through the picturesque alleys of the center that wind in the shadow of the imposing noble towers, the undisputed symbol of the city. It is located halfway between Siena and Florence, 35 km and 45 km respectively.


~ Panorama Route ~
The small town of Pilgrim’s Rest has roots deep in South Africa’s mining history as it was an important village during the Gold Rush of 1873. In addition to its gold mining history, the town was an important stronghold for the Boers during the Anglo-Boer War at the turn of the 20th century. The entire town was declared a National Monument in the mid-1980s and provides a snapshot of South Africa’s early gold rush era.
All the buildings have been wonderfully preserved ensuring they retain their historic integrity. The town has many museums which showcase everything from the more-than-100-year-old organ in the Anglican church and the beautiful dolomite-rock Police Station building to the House Museum, which showcases the Victorian furnishings of the early 1900s.
Just outside of town are many memorials and monuments, each commemorating a significant person or event in the town’s history. The attractions are complemented by a host of curio shops, a selection of restaurants and the Main Street craft market.


Pennsylvania Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf is an affiliate chapter of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID). PARID was founded on August 23, 1986 at the Pennsylvania Society for the Advancement Deaf conference in York, PA, where the bylaws were approved and the first board of directors was elected. PARID does not have a charter or articles of incorporation that can be located. The full text of the current bylaws can be found under the Bylaws tab. The organization is currently comprised of 364 members spread across the eight districts.


The lost Tikal, the capital of the ancient civilization of the Maya, has been unexpectedly discovered years ago by the famous archeologist, George Tillman an... [more]
Live Cam Escape Room: 11th place
Poland: 6th place
The lost Tikal, the capital of the ancient civilization of the Maya, has been unexpectedly discovered years ago by the famous archeologist, George Tillman and a group of his research team. Proving that the place that had been said to be a legend passed from one generation to another really existed was not enough for him – he had digged further.
The last piece of information on him is that he supposedly entered the Temple of the Great Jaguar that, according to local myths, wasn’t only a unique piece of architecture, but also a spot in which a great treasure remained hidden. Three hearts of the Maya, a source of unlimited power for those, who can not only discover them but also put them together. Did George Tillman find them and succeed? Or did he loose to the Temple’s powers and remains inside up to this day? The answers to these questions are hidden within the ancient walls, waiting to be discovered. Maybe you will be the ones to do that?
Card payment on visit
Full contact with the game master
Game on Zoom
Real game master
You have to log in to mark a room.
Overall rating: 10/10
Customer service: 10/10
Choose one of the perfect scenarios for horror and thriller lovers Add a room
Become a hero and solve all puzzles in these exciting rooms Add a room


The beginning of Sushi
The history of sushi is an interesting tale. While sushi has been around for a long period of time, it has evolved from what was originally a simple dish to what it is today in its present form. The first mention of sushi was in China during the second century A.D., when it was used as a way of preserving food. The fish were placed in rice and allowed to ferment, which kept the fish edible for longer periods of time. When ready to eat, the rice would be thrown away, leaving the fermented fish.
For centuries, this method of preserving fish would spread throughout China, and by the seventh century, it would make its way to Japan where seafood has historically been a staple dish. The Japanese would take this concept one step further, and began to eat the rice along with the fish. Originally, sushi was prepared in the same as it is today, however during the early 17th century, Matsumoto Yoshiichi of Edo (present-day Tokyo), began seasoning the rice with rice wine vinegar to give it extra taste and began selling this new type of sushi. This new way of creating sushi allowed the dish to be eaten immediately.
The Evolution of Sushi
In the early 19th century, a Japanese man from Edo (former name of Tokyo) named Hanaya Yohei began changing the way sushi was produced and presented. Instead of wrapping fish in rice, he placed a piece of fresh fish on top of an oblong shaped piece of seasoned rice. Today, we call this style of sushi and presentation ‘nigiri’ meaning finger sushi, or ‘edomae’. This is now the common way of eating Japanese sushi. During the early 19th century, sushi was served from stalls on the street and was meant to be a snack or a quick on-the-go meal. This type of ‘fast food’ sushi proved to be wildly popular, and soon stalls would pop up all over the country selling sushi. The aftermath of the Great Kanto earthquake in 1923 would also help fuel the rapid rise of street sushi stalls throughout Japan, as many people lost their homes and jobs and moved away from Tokyo.
After World War 2, street sushi stalls were shut down for hygiene and sanitary reasons and were moved indoors. This move indoors meant formal restaurant seating was added, and changed sushi from an on-the-go, fast food experience to a unique, sophisticated, true dining experience. Sushi would spread across the globe with the promotion of seafood, and Western cultures, who were always eager to try something new, would quickly adopt this unusual way of serving fish.
The history of sushi spans over 1800 years, and its current iteration is one of the world’s most famous and beloved foods. Once uniquely Japanese, sushi has truly evolved into something that is now beyond traditional Japanese cuisine. Western influences have sprouted new styles of sushi such as the Philly Roll and California Roll, and many restaurants also create elaborate rolls to offer even more variety on their menus. It’s not often that a cultural food can take the world by storm and also influence foods from countries around the world, however sushi has done exactly that. The demand for sushi is increasing, and sushi continues to evolve in many different ways. The history of sushi is far from over.
Today, sushi can be a quick, on-the-go meal or a high-end dining experience. In Japan, sushi bars can be found in a train station, on the street, and in shopping malls. In North America, sushi packs are available in almost all supermarkets and almost every shopping mall food court has a sushi stand. There are also sushi restaurants everywhere that can range from affordable, to high-end luxurious experiences. You can see how versatile sushi is!


Identity Politics is an audiovisual art installation that questions the relationship between self and nation through a figurative flag (represented by a video projection) and the sculptural object of a flag pole. The video projection portrays human forms tangled in the colors of the U.S. flag, in perpetual actions and reactions. The nationalist colors constrain the figures and mask their underlying identity.
This installation is on the grounds of a former United States Immigration and Naturalization Service building. Questions of nationality surround not only the installation but the building itself and those who were strategically denied citizenship or detained within the walls for long expanses of time. The flag pole is gold, which refers to the millions of dollars the city made off of the Klondike Gold Rush just two decades ago, when the purpose of the building was to process and assess the value of gold brought in by miners from Alaska.
While the flag is in constant motion, pulled by shifting political ideologies, allegiant only to the hegemonic national discourse; the flagpole remains constant, fixed, and structurally solid - willing to erect any flag after the fall or rise of a nation. The act of planting a flag pole is a historic one, rooted in narratives of colonialism and cultural imperialism, symbolizing a “claiming of ownership” of land and its native inhabitants.


“The Best” Places to learn about the history of Halloween.
An extensive list of Halloween History. The NY Times Slide Show and History Channel videos were especially good. Scroll a little further down the page for some great learning games with spooky themes.
“Teacher’s Love SMART Boards” Has an exhaustive list of engaging educational activities for your little monsters. I thought the Mad-Libs style “Horror Movie” story was especially interesting.
Hersheys has a nice selection (go figure!) of Halloween activities. I thought the down-loadable certificates for the class games and contests had nice potential.


Learn more about Inverness, Illinois
The Inverness area was first settled in 1836 by George Ela and later became known as Deer Grove.
Inverness ranks 63rd on a list of highest-income places to live in the country.
Other Inverness, Illinois stats:
The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.12.
Median resident age: 45 years, Illinois average age: 42.2 years old.
Zip code: 60010
Source: 2010 U.S. Census
Click Here to return to our Inverness, Illinois page.


Britain has long had a close relationship with Malta. It was a British Colony for a time in the 19th and early 20th Century and they still drive on the left and speak English everywhere. There are three main Islands – Malta, Gozo, and Comino and the Capital Valletta - built by the Knights of St John – has recently been discovered as a top City Break destination – its magnificent harbour being a highlight. It is the European Capital of Culture in 2018 and much improvement work is taking place.
What our customers say
Hi Sue, That's really good news. Thank you so much for your help. Obviously we are disappointed that our holiday did not work out on this occasion but you can be sure that we all come to you for all our future holidays because you've been amazing. IngridRead more comments


In 1875, a group from the Methodist Church came together to begin a Sunday School movement. In 1877, at the request of a new congregation, the Presbytery of Nassau established the Bellmore Presbyterian Church on November 22 with twelve members, ten years after the railroad extended its line and established a station called Bellmore. The church had many short-term ministers and lay people leading us.
In July 1936, the Rev. William T. P. Rambo began his ministry. The journey of our next three pastors would stay for at least a quarter of a century. Rev. Rambo, who served the Deer Park Church resigned there in 1941. In 1943, he was installed by the Presbytery as Pastor of the Bellmore Presbyterian Church. Under Rev. Rambo's leadership the present sanctuary we worship in was built and occupied in 1957. It would be dedicated in 1961 after being completely furnished.
In September 1963, the Rev. Albert G. Dezso took the reins. Rev. Dezso was a great organizer of the church. He helped our church maintain its membership. In 1964, the Rev. Dr. Edward Myers joined as an Assistant Pastor. In addition, the Rev. Gordon Letiza also served from 1967 to 1970. In March of 1977, Bellmore's Centennial Year (1877-1977), the Presbytery of Long Island held a farewell reception for our former pastor the Rev. William T. P. Rambo who retired as Executive Presbyter.
To honor our beloved Pastor Rambo, by congregational action, Presbyterian Hall (utilized for coffee hour) was renamed Rambo Hall. In 1986, the Rev. Albert Dezso also retired and the Dezso Wing was renamed for him.
In March 1989, the Rev. James W. Barnum entered our church family. The Presbytery of Long Island installed him on June 4th of that year. Pastor Barnum has led our congregation through difficult, changing times and demographic shifts to a spiritual uplifting. As our present Pastor, he has kept the Presbyterian tradition, yet helped us adapt to new ways.
In 1994, our sister church partnership began with the San Nicolas De Bari congregation in Cuba. In 1996, the Dezso Wing was remodeled and, in 1998, there was a movement to renovate our historic chapel. The newly decorated chapel was ready to be rededicated for the 125th Anniversary of the Bellmore Presbyterian Church.
Now, with more than 135 years behind us, the children and their leaders in Vacation Bible School and in Sunday School have led us in continous support of our mission in Cuba. This has brought us full cycle to our infancy as a church with children leading the way!


Cratos – The God of War
The name Cratos derives from the common noun Kratos. The Greek god of war was created to the Titan Pallas and the goddess Styx. He is the personification of strength and power. He was the son of Zeus and the Titan Styx, who had three daughters. The two of them are the hottest of Cratos’ siblings, who have been named Nike (“victory”), Bia (“force”), and Zelus (“zeal”). In ancient Greece, the three sisters were represented as winged protectors of Zeus, and each was in charge of protecting Zeus and the town from spies.
The goddess Cratos was also the name of the Titan Kratos. He was born on June 24, 2021, and was commanded by Zeus to imprison the Prometheus. In God of War II, Cratos freed Prometheus from the prison, and he later became a god. Through the entire history of the Gods, Cratos has been viewed as the embodiment of strength.
The Greek word kratos has a semantic field of its, and the word nation comes from the same root as 엠카지노 쿠폰 kratos. The emphasis on a nation’s administration is similar to that of the word state, but the two aren’t interchangeable. The words church and nation aren’t related to kratos, in fact it is important to remember that the Greek words for these two are not the same. The Greek word krats identifies circumstances.
The god Cratos is one of the most well-known figures in Greek mythology. He was the son of Pallas and Styx, and was the third most powerful god in the saga. In God of War III, he took the name Jericho, and was banished to the underworld. He killed Thanatos and subsequently became the God of Death. In the Dark Hunter novel, he kills seven gods.
The character’s origins are ancient greek language mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas. His mother may be the underworld goddess Styx, and the daddy is the war god Kratos. He could be a demigod, a god of the underworld. And his ancestors worshiped both these two gods. In Greek mythology, Kratos and Deimos were the same.
Before becoming the God of War, Kratos killed many opponents, including his wife and daughter. Before becoming Ares’ chosen warrior, he killed Atreus, Herodius, and Cronos. We were holding the only three people he had to kill. These were those that made him famous and gave him the right to kill. However, the gods feared him for his unflinchingness. Therefore, he was a ruthless warrior.
The initial episode of The Legend of the Heroes was the final where the gods fought to save lots of Atlantis. This is where the story begins, with the Spartans battling Thanatos and his brother Deimos. Both were sent to fight Thanatos by Thanatos to avoid the brothers from saving their brother. Although these were fighting against one another, the gods were able to stop one another and protect their city.
Hermes was the god of war and had the energy to destroy everything in his path. He also had the ability to command others, but he was unwilling to accept responsibility for his actions. In fact, he was struggling to serve the gods to begin with and blaming the gods. Through the Byzantine Period, the term kratos almost completely replaced the Latin word, imperium. During this period, Hermes had to leave the Underworld for a few weeks. In the end, Kratos had to kill her.
Some of us are aware of Kratos’ abilities in the movie The Legend of the Hellas, we rarely think about his abilities. He has the capability to rip a large creature in two with his bare hands, and has the opportunity to crush giants with just one hand. He has also been known to overpower Atlas when he tried to crush him with his two hands. If he could be in a rage, he can use his bare hands to break his opponent’s bones just as.
The goddess Athena has many mythical associations. Her love on her behalf father and his daughter is definitely the reason she is jealous of him. Her death, however, has been the cause of the tragedy for a long period. In the movie, Athena is really a powerful woman. She is mom of the goddess Athena. In case you are interested in the gods, it is possible to learn more about the Greek god Athena.


A crucial stage in the underdevelopment of Portugal: the economic effects
of the loss of the Brazilian Empire
A model of political analysis of the Liberal Republican system -Raúl
Proença's writings in Seara Nova (1921-1931)
Right and left in France: a class struggle or a battle of ideas?
Vítor Matias Ferreira
Ways and means of the urbanisation of Lisbon


Talk on the Street
ALLSTATEFF.COM is an industry leader in franchise sales and selection. We consistently strive to provide our clients with the best possible franchised inteligence.
“Talk on the Street” was created for you to gain valuable insights and facts about the franchised sector that you are most interested in.
For additional information on a specific Franchise Opportunity call 1-800-544-2161 for your free consultation today
Talk on the Street
Press Releases & News Articles
February is Black History Month and here we take a look at franchising and the role it has played in Black history, from business role models to economic empowerment, to business ownership.
Black History Month
Black History Month is an annual observance in the United States, and around the world, that celebrates the history, contributions and achievements of those within the Black community. Here in the U.S and in Canada Black History Month is celebrated in February.
Its roots are based in the celebrations of Negro History Week, which dates back to 1926 and was a week-long observance that fell in February to coincide with the birthdays of two important figures in Black History Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass.
In 1976, Negro History Week was expanded to Black History Month, and was officially recognized by the U.S. government. Since then, Black History Month has been celebrated each year with various activities, events and ceremonies to acknowledge and celebrate the accomplishments of African-Americans and to education others about their rich history and culture.
Contributions of Franchising to Black History
When looking at the contributions and achievements of African-Americans, franchising has played a significant role in Black history, both as a way for African-American entrepreneurs to start their own businesses and as a tool for social and economic advancements. During the early 20th Century, African Americans faced significant obstacles when it came to starting their own businesses due to widespread discrimination and lack of access to capital and funding. However, some found success through franchising.
A.G. Gaston was a Black entrepreneur who owned a number of various businesses in Birmingham, AL. Gaston became a franchisee of the National Negro Business League, which provided him with access to training and resources that helped him to grow his businesses. Through franchising, Gaston became one of the wealthiest Americans of his time.
Herman J. Russell, founder of construction company HJ. Russell & Co in Atlanta, GA, was one of the first African American McDonald’s franchise owners in the country. Having come to own a large number of McDonald’s franchises, Russell became a prominent businessman and philanthropist.
“Franchising has played an important role in our country’s history,” says Derek Cafferata, President and CEO of franchise experts All State Franchise Finders. “It has been a great tool for social and economic empowerment in African-American communities.”
During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, leader Jesse Jackson founded Operation Breadbasket, which focussed on promoting economic development within Black communities. One of the organization’s strategies was to encourage corporations to franchise their businesses in African-American neighborhoods, providing jobs and business opportunities for local residents.
“Franchising, and franchisors, are in a unique position to help promote African Americans in business,” says Derek. “Franchising offers economic empowerment and business ownership by utilizing the benefits of the larger organization to help fund, train, develop and support Black entrepreneurs and other minority groups.”
As a means of economic advancement and empowerment, franchising has played a significant role in the rich history of African Americans over the many years. Many Black entrepreneurs have found success through franchising and have gone on to make a real difference within their local communities and further afield. The franchise business model has been a great tool for promoting economic and social development within African American communities across the United States.
Franchise Experts All State Franchise Finders
Derek Cafferata leads an award-winning team of franchise experts at All State Franchise Finders. Located with headquarters in Fort Worth, TX, Derek brings more than 30 years’ experience in the franchising industry, both in the U.S. and internationally. For those interested in finding out more about franchising, as a franchisor or a franchisee, then contact the experienced and knowledgeable team at ALLSTATEFF.COM on 1-800-544-2161 or visit ALLSTATEFF.COM today.


A Brief History and Chronology of First English Evangelical Lutheran Church
A BRIEF HISTORY OF FIRST LUTHERAN CHURCH
First Lutheran Church, founded in a store room on Main Street in July 1839, is Dayton’s oldest Lutheran church. Over the years it has occupied four sites within a four-square-block area of downtown Dayton. The founders of First Lutheran came from Pennsylvania and regarded themselves as “American Lutherans” who had little in common with German-speaking Lutherans. Consequently, First Lutheran was founded as an English-speaking congregation, affiliated with the General synod, the progressive branch of the Lutheran Church in the United States. The congregation grew rapidly, moving to a large building on South Main Street in 1858 and adding 238 new members in one month during the great Dayton Revival (1870). First Lutheran became one of the leading Lutheran congregations in Ohio and nationally.
In the later 19th century the congregation generously supported home, foreign and inner missions and other benevolent causes. It was especially noted for supporting Wittenberg College, with which it had close ties dating from 1845. The congregation and its members helped to found such local institutions as the YMCA and Deaconess Hospital (now Miami Valley). At the turn of the century First Lutheran helped establish mission congregations in outlying sections of the city, including Second, Trinity, Grace, and North Riverdale. One of its pastors, Frank Garland, became Dayton’s first Welfare Director in 1913.
The congregation retained the ways of its founders, officially remaining a non-liturgical church until 1984. Increasingly out of step with the Lutheran church at large, First Lutheran only gradually adopted in the 1940s and 1950s such prevailing Lutheran practices as vestments for pastors and choir, a traditional “Lutheran” chancel with an altar, and traditional liturgical forms of worship.
Church membership peaked in 1948 with 2,500 baptized members. For half a century beginning in the 1920s the congregation supported missionaries in India, Japan, and Africa. During this same era nine members of the congregation entered the ministry. In the 1920s First Lutheran received international attention for its pioneering Summer School of Religious Education, the forerunner of daily vacation Bible school. Christmas concerts begun in 1908 by Henry Ditzel and continued by Paul Ray Jones, were a Dayton institution for eighty years.
Like all downtown churches, First Lutheran felt the impact of suburbanization following World War II. As a way to utilize its large building, the congregation opened its doors to support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous and musical organizations like the Dayton Opera and the Dayton Rotary Boys Choir. For some years it housed a daycare center operate jointly with the Dayco Corporation, and more recently it served as the headquarters of the Miami Valley Literacy Council.
1800 The first Lutherans settled in rural south central and southwestern Montgomery County. The oldest congregation dates from 1803.
1839 First English Lutheran Church was organized on July 10 in Frederick Gebhart’s store. Services were conducted in the Academy building on St. Clair opposite Cooper Park.
1842 The first church building stood on the southwest corner of 4th and Jefferson (Dave Hall Plaza), seated 750 and became a Dayton landmark famous for the bells in its 154-foot tower. (The bells still hang in First Lutheran’s tower). It was the largest church building in the state and was the first Lutheran church in Ohio to have a pipe organ. It was sold to the Masons and remodeled and used as the Masonic Temple until 1928.
1864 The Republican church leaders fired Pastor Daniel Steck over political differences. Pastor Steck subsequently founded St. John’s Lutheran Church, now at 5th and Ludlow.
1870 The Great Dayton Revival brought 238 new members into First Lutheran in one month.
1890-1910 For two decades First Lutheran actively promoted the founding of four new Dayton congregations.
1893 Pastor E. E. Baker and two church members played a central role in the “heresy trial” of former pastor Luther A. Gotwald, a professor at Hamma Divinity School in Springfield.
1906 The third (and current) church building was erected at 1st and Wilkinson on the site of Daniel Cooper’s family home. It seated 675 and was placed on the Register of Historic Places in the 1980s.
1914 Pastor D. Frank Garland resigned to become Dayton’s first Director of Public Welfare. In 1921 he became welfare director of NCR.
1920-1929 The Summer School of Religious Education, precursor of Daily Vacation Bible School, was pioneered by Pastor Krumbine to international acclaim.
1927 The second expansion of the building (a basement under the auditorium) was completed and redecoration of the auditorium established its present character.
1946 Church membership peaked with 2, 500 baptized members.
1957 After years of opposition, a traditional “Lutheran “ chancel with an altar replaced the American Protestant center pulpit characteristic of old General Synod Lutheran churches.
1984 The congregation officially adopted the Lutheran liturgy as its standard form of worship.
2007 Suburbanization continues to take its toll, but First Lutheran is still experimenting with new models for ministering to the needs of center city Dayton.


Also known as: SiteGuide, Museum Guide, Discovery Guide, Historical Interpreter, Science Interpreter, Museum Docent, Museum Educator, Activity Guide
A local tour guide shows guests around historical and modern buildings, and artefacts. This could be a museum, a stately home, or a place of worship. It is the responsibility of the tour guide to bring the environment to life, so an enthusiasm for culture and excellent presentation skills is a must.
Your day-to-day duties may involve:
• presenting artefacts and buildings to guests
• researching historical artefacts and buildings
• answering questions about sites, buildings and artefacts
A local tour guide will be knowledgeable about the history and purpose of their site, memorising remarkable figures and notable dates. During the tour you will be required to answer questions and repeat details for the tour members. Guests will be intrigued about the building and its artefacts, and will ask you many questions that you must be able to answer. Sometimes a tour will be conducted in a lively environment and therefore a clear speaking voice is essential.
As a local tour guide you will present to people of different ages, cultures and nationalities. Therefore you must appreciate the variation between different audiences, and personalise your tour to suit them. Whatever the circumstance your duty is to keep the audience fascinated, and present the information clearly.


The Big Sandy Heritage Center Museum is seeking a creative, skilled, and service-oriented leader to fill the position of Executive Director to continue the growth and development of the museum.
The Director manages daily operations, creates engaging exhibits and programs, oversees the accession and care of artifacts, develops community and educational outreach, and manages the museum budget and gift shop. The Executive Director works with the museum board of directors as well as other government and local agencies to preserve and display the history and culture of the surrounding Appalachian region and share our traditions with visitors from near and far. This position must be available to work evening hours and weekends.
For a full job description, please email firstname.lastname@example.org.
Located in downtown Pikeville, Kentucky, the Big Sandy Heritage Center Museum features exhibits from the Hatfield-McCoy Feud era, the coal and railroad industries, and the Civil War. Artifacts represent the Eastern Kentucky region including its music, local art, economic development, and education.
Additional information can be found at: http://www.bigsandyheritage.com


Dan Marino Pitt Stadium Turf Plaque
This historic plaque shows a young Dan Marino in his Pitt Panther uniform. Plaque includes stat plate & actual Pitt Stadium Turf Actual Pitt Stadium Field Turf & Photo
The Turf on this plaque was obtained directly from Pitt Stadium. The turf is approximately 2.5 x 2.5" and comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.
The Plaque contains a photo of Pitt Stadium with capacity crowd


- Claveau, François and Catherine Herfeld (submitted), Social Network Analysis: A Complementary Method of Discovery for the History of Economics, in Contemporary Historiography of Economics (eds. E. Roy Weintraub and Till Düppe), Routledge. PDF
- Claveau, François and Catherine S. Herfeld (June 2017). Network Analysis in the History of Economics.


in app 325 AD when the orthodox church established itself, as the true (orthodox)) christian church and designed, manipulated the many scriptures into the bible…this “word puzzle” had been going for a long while and there were many various different opinions about what the teaching, the spiritual message and the personality of Jesus of Nazareth really was all about. But when christianity became legal, in Rome around that time, these various christian leaders and others gathered together to establish the church and its future teaching… based on various selected scriptures and made into the bible.
There were many scriptures which was banned as profane and not worthty to be included, other were quite advanced in wisdom and equality to women and mankind as such, that the rulers simply did not wanted such teaching to become popular.
These scriptures were written by many believers, in an open true faith of the evangelium..the teaching of Jesus and not about him. The clerical selected, deleted, adjusted them according to the rules of the Roman empire and according to their own greediness to achieve power and wealth over the many poor believers, who mostly were analphabetic…and an easy way to do so was to claim the scriptures “the true words of God”..since Jesus as a messenger, one son as such, was elevated within the minds of many to a high celestial position, eventually to be considered “God Himself”…but such egocentric attitude was never expressed by him , but only by various followers, mostly believers in the the Pauline version slowly moving west while the gnostic version, moved east, hold on to a wisdom of the message that a fragment, a spirit of the universal Creator, the heavenly Father lived, indwelled within the soul of all men.
May i suggest further reading of Byron Belitsos book: Your Evolving Soul. and / or The Urantia Book for more enlarge and advanced insight and wisdom into these issues.
About the Author
Studied at FolkeskolenGraduated 1962
Lives in Odense, Denmark


Paul A. Phaneuf, owner of the St. Pierre – Phaneuf Funeral Chapels, is a native of Ware and graduated in 1973 from the New England Institute of Anatomy, Sanitary Science, Embalming and Funeral Directing in Boston. Paul came to Springfield in 1979 when he purchased the Edward F. O’Donnell Funeral Home which was established in 1936 by Edward F. O’Donnell.
In 1902, Calixte Blais opened a funeral service in Holyoke and operated it as C. Blais & Son. His son, Lester Blais, later joined him in the business followed by his grandson, Donald Blais. In 1959, Donald Blais opened a funeral home at 506 Britton Street in the Fairview section of Chicopee and operated it as Blais Fairview Funeral Home. In 1984, Paul Phaneuf purchased the Fairview home in Chicopee from Donald Blais and renamed it Phaneuf-Blais Fairview Funeral Chapels.
Founded in 1930 by George St. Pierre, Sr. and his wife, Marie our Springfield home was originally located at 576 State Street and served the French Canadian population of the City of Springfield and surrounding communities. In 1963, George St. Pierre, Jr. and his wife, Virginia, son and daughter–in-law of the original founders and both licensed funeral directors, opened a second location at 7 Chapin Terrace in the North End section of Springfield near Baystate Medical Center. The new location was built specifically as a funeral home and was the first newly constructed funeral home in the area. In 1984, the St. Pierre family purchased the former Robert Funeral Home at 13 Dale Street in the Aldenville section of Chicopee which was established in 1966 by Harvey Robert. In 1992, Paul Phaneuf purchased the St. Pierre Funeral Homes at 7 Chapin Terrace in Springfield and 13 Dale Street in Chicopee from George St. Pierre, Jr. and his wife, Virginia.
In 1997, Matthew D. Sabat joined our staff. He was raised in Westfield, graduated from Saint Mary High School in 1989, and in 2001 graduated from Briarwood College in Southington, Connecticut with an associate's degree in funeral service. He is now a partner and licensed funeral director with the firm. Matthew resides in Chicopee with his wife, Cathy, and their triplets, Julia, Matthew, Jr., and Corinne.
In 2012, Anthony J. Hanke, a native of the South End section of Springfield, rejoined our staff. Anthony was born in Springfield and graduated in 1992 from Cathedral High School. He received an associate's degree in Mortuary Science in 1995 from Hudson Valley Community College in Troy, New York. Anthony resides in Chicopee and is the proud father of Christina and Madison. He is a communicant of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, speaks fluent Italian and is now a licensed funeral director with our firm.
In 2004, our three locations were renamed and now operate as the St. Pierre - Phaneuf Springfield Chapels, St. Pierre - Phaneuf Aldenville Chapels and St. Pierre - Phaneuf Fairview Chapels. We then began extensive renovations of both the interior and exterior of each of the locations using our signature colors of burgundy, rose and gold. In keeping with our signature color, all of our professional vehicles including our hearse, limousines and flower car were changed to a distinctive black cherry color.
In 2015, Paul Phaneuf was appointed by Governor Charlie Baker to a five year term on the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Embalming and Funeral Directing. He was also appointed by Springfield Mayor Domenic Sarno to the Springfield Citizen’s Police Hearing Board and by Chicopee Mayor Rich Kos to the Chicopee Landfill Advisory Committee.
We are proud to be independently owned. Paul, Matthew, Anthony and our entire staff are committed to serving our families with exceptional service and attention to detail so that each family entrusted to our care will experience "A Lasting Memory of the Journey Home".


Jeanne Calment (February 21, 1875 – August 4, 1997) Jeanne Cament was born in Arles, France, to a well-to-do family, her close family members also unsurprisingly lived to an advanced age: her brother, François, lived to the grand old age of 97, her father, Nicolas, 93, and her mother, Marguerite, 86. In 1896, she decided to marry her second cousin (grandson of her great-uncle) Fernand Calment, a wealthy storeowner. His impressive wealth made it possible for Calment never to have to work: instead she led a very relaxed lifestyle, pursuing hobbies like tennis, cycling, swimming, rollerskating, piano and opera. Her beloved husband died in 1942, after he unfortunately ate a dessert prepared with spoiled cherries
Calment's longevity strangely enough was not shared by her offspring. Her only daughter, Yvonne, died at age 36 in 1934 from pneumonia. As a result, the task of bringing up her grandson Frédéric fell on to her shoulders. He was trained as a doctor, but died in 1963 in a tragic motorcycle accident.
After her 1988 interview, at age 113, Calment was given the Guinness book of Records' "world's oldest person" title. She was first mentioned in the Guinness Records publication of 1989, in new claims at the end. However, in 1989 the title was withdrawn and given to Carrie C. White of Florida, who was claimed to have been born in 1874, although this has since been disputed by subsequent census research.
On the death of Carrie White on February 14, 1991, Calment, then only a week shy of 116, became the oldest recognized living person. On October 17, 1995 Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the Guinness "oldest person ever", surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan, whose own claim has since also been subject to some considerable doubt. Coincidentally, Izumi died on Calment's 111th birthday.
If the questionable cases of Shigechiyo Izumi and Carrie White are to be discounted, Calment is the first person documented to reach 115, 116, 117, 118, and 119 years old. She is also the only person to have undisputedly lived at least 120 years.
Following Calment's death on August 4, 1997, then almost 117-year-old Marie-Louise Meilleur of Canada became the oldest recognized person in the world.
Shigechiyo Izumi (June 29, 1865? – February 21, 1986) of Tokunoshima, Amami Islands, Japan was, according to Guinness Book of World Records, the person with the greatest authenticated age in the whole world after the eventual death of Niwa Kawamoto, also from Japan. Assuming his proclaimed birthdate is accuarate, he would have attained an age of 120 years, older than any other recognized male, and the second-longest lived human ever, second only to Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment. He also holds the record for the longest working career for a person, which spanned 98 years. He was recorded as a six-year-old in Japan's first census of 1871. His wife died at the age of 90. He drank shochu (a Japanese alcoholic beverage distilled from barley), and began up smoking at age 70. His long career began in 1872 goading draft animals at a sugar mill, and he finally retired as a sugarcane farmer in 1970 at the age of 105. He attributed his long life to "God, Buddha and the Sun." He was not a tall man as he stood at 1.42 meters (four feet, eight inches) tall and weighed 42.6 kilograms (94 pounds), and an interesting stat is that he lived through 71 Japanese Prime Ministers!
Following his death, Mamie Eva Keith took over the title and became the world's oldest person. Also, for more than 20 years after his death every person with the title of the world's oldest living person had been female until Emiliano Mercado del Toro became the world's "oldest living person" on December 11, 2006.
His age has been a matter of some dispute and some historians suggest that he was actually born several years later and named after his older sibling (a brother), who perhaps died young.
Sarah DeRemer Clark Knauss (September 24, 1880 – December 30, 1999) was considered the "world's oldest person" by Guinness Book of World Records from April 16, 1998 until her eventual death at age 119. Aged 117, Sarah set the record for the oldest "new" titleholder (which corresponds to the highest "valley" on a graph of the oldest living persons over time). She died a mere 33 hours before the year 2000, bringing to an end the last verified living person born before 1885.
Knauss was a homemaker and had an earlier career as an insurance office manager. Her daughter, Kathryn Sullivan (1903-2005), who was 96 at the time of Sarah's death, once explained Knauss' three-digit age by saying: "She's a very tranquil person and nothing fazes her. That's why she's living this long."
In 1995, when Sarah was asked if she enjoyed her long life, Knauss said matter-of-factly: "I enjoy it because I have my health and I can do things." Her passions included watching golf on television, doing needlepoint, and nibbling on milk chocolate turtles, cashews, and potato chips. "Sarah was an elegant lady and worthy of all the honor and adulation she had received," said Joseph Hess, an Administrator of the Phoebe-Devitt Homes Foundation facility where Knauss died quietly in her room. Officials said that, to their knowledge, she had not been ill so must have just died of old age.
Knauss lived through seven U.S. wars, twenty three U.S. Presidents, the sinking of the RMS Titanic and Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic. She was older than the Brooklyn Bridge and even the Statue of Liberty, and was already 88 when Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in July of 1969!
Apart from her daughter, Knauss was also survived by a grandson, three great-granddaughters, and five great-great grandchildren.
When she was 116 she was recognized as the United States national longevity recordholder, then thought to be held by the meanwhile disputed Carrie White (1874?-1991). It is now believed that the record should have been held by Lucy Hannah (117 years and 248 days), who died in 1993. In any case, Sarah extended the U.S. record to age 119. She lived to see her daughter turn 96, and passed away 33 hours before the year 2000. Some scientific circles consider her to be the second-oldest person ever, though Guinness and this site recognize her as third, after Jeanne Calment (1875-1997) and the also in the meantime disputed Shigechiyo Izumi (1865?-1986) respectively.
She is considered to have been the last remaining living member of the Missionary Generation.


|Continent: Europe||Country: Ireland|
|Overview map||[ ]|
Donegal Airport is located at Carrickfinn, on the top North-Western corner of Ireland. It is located around 15 minutes from Dungloe and Gweedore, and about 45 minutes from Letterkenny. The airport was first opened to the public in 1986, at a time when the runway was just a grass strip. As passenger numbers grew, during the 1990's the runway was replaced with a new hard surface and it was also extended. A new and modern terminal building was also constructed around the same time.
Aer Arann is the main airline at the airport. It currently operates flights to Dublin and Glasgow-Prestwick.
Official Spotting Locations
Other Spotting Locations
Locations to Avoid
- Aer Arann
- VLM Airlines


Six different army insignia. Take a closer look at six common U.S. Army lapel pins
The origin of military insignia
Military insignia originated in ancient Rome. From the beginning of the Roman Empire, armies were organized into legions. Each regiment has its own military insignia. What it does: It makes enemies and Allies visible on the battlefield. Different regiments, different uniforms, different flags, different colors
The six major armies of the United States
We can read about it on Wikipedia:
The Service Department system and the difference between Service Department and service. The top leadership of the US military adopts a dual-track system of military administration and military command. That is, the president, the Ministry of Defense, and the Ministry of the Services are the military-political lines, and their functions and powers include “leading the administration of the armed forces, force building, education and training, mobilization for military service, weapons procurement and logistics.”
The command line is the presidential – Defense Department – theater, whose authority is mainly to directly use and command the military to carry out war and non-war affairs.
The three branches of the US military, as military-government organizations, are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense, and are divided into the Department of the War, the Department of the Navy and the Department of the Air Force. Among them, the Admiralty is the highest military administrative leadership of the Navy and the Marine Corps, and the Air Force is the highest military administrative leadership of the Air Force and the Pacific Air Force. The Coast Guard is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime, and the President of the United States can, if necessary, order the transfer of forces to the Department of the Navy, and Congress can do the same in wartime.
The Navy was founded in 1850 and has nearly half a million servicemen and women until 2020. NAVY badge design: twisted rope circle, blue for the background of the text, writing the text UNITED STATES NAVY. A bald eagle in the middle holds a golden anchor with its feet, radiating lines overhead. A symbol of maritime warfare Li Ting, to the deep sea enterprising spirit. At the center of the emblem is the American flag, symbolizing the defense of the United States. The ring chain is a symbol of iron will.
United States Army
The United States Army has a very long history. Founded in 1775, it has nearly 990,000 men in service. Army insignia design: The belly of the white-headed eagle is the American flag, representing the defense of the United States. The eagle’s hand gives you an olive branch for peace and an arrow for force. In its mouth, there is a flowing ribbon that says E Pluribus Unum. On the head of the eagle, there is a fully designed logo with the inner circle and the outer circle symbolizing the sovereignty of the new nation “halo”. The blue background is inlaid with 13 five-pointed stars representing the original 13 states of the United States
United States Air Force
Do you know which is the most circumvented and technologically advanced air force in the world?
The answer is the United States Air Force, founded in 1947. This powerful army fought in the Korean War, the Vietnamese War, Libya and more, and has more than 320,000 active soldiers.
Their insignia was based on the Air Force insignia. The design of the shield is taken from the winged thunderbolt of Ares’ Shield, the lightning in the shield shows its striking power, and the eagle symbolizes the United States. The clouds behind represent the creation of a new sky. The 13 families of stars represent the 13 colonies.
United States Coast Guard
The U.S. Guard is the smallest active military, with 47,000 active duty personnel. Mainly responsible for coastal waters, waterway law enforcement, water safety, shipwrecked ships and aircraft rescue, pollution control and other tasks. The Coast Guard is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime.
The badge design, with blue as the main color, with twisted rope around the circle. A white disk represents the rudder, with the shield of the United States Coat of Arms (13 silver and red stripes) and the words “SEMPER PARATUS” written in red letters on both sides. “U.S. Coast Guard 1790” in blue letters on the outside, two crossed gold anchors with handles, arms, and claws
United States Space Force
The U.S. Space Air Force is the youngest branch of the military, created in December 2019. Main responsibilities “: To protect the space interests of the United States, prevent space aggression, and conduct space operations”
Former US President John F. Kennedy famously said: “He who controls the universe controls the earth; Whoever controls the space controls the initiative of the war. Compared to traditional military weapons. The Space Force has many advantages. It can strike directly at targets, covering the entire globe
Badge design. It’s a very innovative badge. His design has a dark blue background. The three-dimensional triangle represents various types of spacecraft that support national defense strategy and national security space strategy. The white North Star symbolizes the beacon of safety. The two clusters represent space assets developed, maintained and operated by the U.S. Space Air Force
The emblems of the six military services of the United States show the cultural elements contained in them. With these introductions, you learn about 6 common U.S. Army lapel pin badges
Custom made Army lapel pin.Get quotation


Zhar System Conflict
This is a record of the numerous skirmishes between The Rebel Alliance and Galactic Empire spacecraft in the Zhar System.
The Zhar System was located at grid coordinate P-17 in the Cadavine Sector of the Outer Rim Territories. The center of the system was the gas giant Zhar. Twelve moons orbit the gas giant of which to were terrestrial: Gall and Kile. Gall was the site of an Imperial Enclave. The Rebel Alliance engaged these Imperial Forces in preparation of establishing a base on Kile.
Rebel 2 Imperial 2
JRL 3, CM 1, JSL 0


The updated history, complete with the first history done by Bea Winnett K5BNH, pictures, newspaper clippings, obituaries, silent key list and Whitney Nugget recipient list, is now available for download.
A CD is also available by contacting KA5AZK.
NOTE: The file is 11.6 MB.
The History in Brief
The 7290 Traffic Net began in the early fifties with a group of MARS operators, who were also licensed amateurs, who came to the amateur frequency of 7290 to pass non military traffic. They were first known as the Yankee Traffic Net and the first manager was Hubert Perry W5ZIN in 1957. The first record keeping started in 1959 with EC Tinsley W5SMK as manager.
The first 7290 Picnic was held at Lake Whitney State Park near Hillsboro on April 24, 1971 and the first Whitney Nugget was presented to Lee Ulrey K5HZR in 1976. The picnic has been held annually at various parks including Kerrville, Lake Somerville, Rusk State Park, Bellville and Smithville to name a few, with the Whitney Nugget awarded each year to a deserving net member.
The net history was first compiled and kept current by Bea Winnett K5BNH up to 1987 and has continued to be updated through the present by other net members. Bea served as Net Secretary in 1967, 1968 and 1980-1986.


In 1982, 35 years ago…Time Magazine named the Man of the Year as the COMPUTER; the first ever CD player was sold in Japan; the Emoticons were invented by a computer scientist at Carnegie Melon; Sea Biscuit won the Triple Crown; Cats premiered on Broadway; and…the first ever Bowl For Kids’ Sake was held in Berks County!
This year — as we celebrate our 35th Annual — we have a special evening event. Join us on Tuesday, April 4th, at Hiester Lanes (bowling times of 6 pm, 7 pm, or 8 pm). We will then be at Berks Lanes on April 29th (2 pm, 3 pm, or 4 pm) and April 30th (1 pm, 2 pm, or 3 pm).
Remember…it’s not about bowling. It’s about having FUN to HELP KIDS. Register a team today by calling (610) 373-5544.


class is permanent' firmly as their intended purpose.
The town of Herzogenaurach, near Hamburg, Germany had a massive impact on the story of the training shoe. In all seasons of 1948 the nicknamed 'godfather' associated with training shoes, Comprar Zapatillas Adidas Mujer was launched on the world. Adolf Dassler, a cobbler working in Herzogenaurach, decided on any name for his different company. He combined his nickname 'Adi' when using the first three letters with his surname Dassler, and the name adidas was blessed. He also decided to make use of lowercase 'a' to make the name be prominent from rivals. When he died in 1978 aged 78 he held more than 700 patents related to sports shoes as well as other athletic equipment. He was honored by becoming the primary non-american to be introduced on the American Sporting Goods Business Hall of Fame. zapatillas adidas superstar baratas was also groundbreaking from the the sports field by becoming the 1st sports brand to sponsor non-athletes (Run DMC).
In 1949 adidas included the three stripes to help its trainers to bolster the shoe and add extra stability into the foot, the trademark that is now recognized worldwide was launched.
Adi colour was released just as one interactive shoe; it was plain white with its three stripes to match up. The shoes were made in hi and lo versions and adidas supplied an arrangement of marker pens therefore you could colour the shoes just like you wanted.
One from the 'City' series of comprar zapatillas adidas baratas, the Dublin was made in 1970's early 1980's as part of the leisure category. The town models were a notable step faraway from the performance shoes. The colours were important to, and this Dublin model has identical silhouette, flat shoe and colored sued upper design common towards 'European Capital City' series. These were also popular with all the football fans, too.
These tennis shoes were released inside the late 1970's Forest Hills became popular with UK football fans. Only 400 pairs belonging to the yellow soled version originally entered the united kingdom and they were all bought by Wade Smith in Liverpool. The ordinary shoe includes a white sole.
This super light (SL) running/jogging shoe was launched for your 1972 Olympics (hence your 72) and was a far more subdued colour than that SL73.
This all round training Comprar zapatillas adidas mujer was launched in 1968 and incorporates a flat sole and tender velour leather upper. The gazelle had a big following with UK football fans and came within a large range of shapes and colours the pink one being a rare example.
Throughout the particular history of trainers, domination from the market comes and goes and in the mid 1970's the top eight were described as 'adidas and the Eleven Dwarves'. And even though adidas will not be the current major person in world trainer current market, you need to endure the old saying 'form is definitely temporary, class is permanent' firmly as their intended purpose.


Bob Newlands & Jan Taylor
1927 Model 343-7P Touring
Tours and meetings are back. We have great hope, and a full Calendar, for 2024.
Meetings are held with CCCA for the foreseeable future. The venue is Ernestos Italian Restaurant, 8544 SW Apple Way, Portland, OR. Next meeting will be at the annual Holiday Dinner Saturday, December 9. See the Calendar.
April Coast Tour
Planned for April 20 & 21. The Bobs are leading. See all the details in the Tour Flier. Meet up will be at 11525 SW Choban Ln, Portland at 9:15 AM on April 20.
May Ladies Tea
May 18. If you are interested in attending the annual Ladies Tea event, please respond to Howard Freedman No later than this Friday, April 12. See all the details in the Ladies Tea flyer.
The 2023 Oregon Clipper, coming soon
Featuring a very busy year.
Thanks John & Joe
2018 Packard Holiday Dinner
2018 Forest Grove Concours
PACKARDS OF OREGON
Is dedicated to the preservation and use of Packard automobiles; to provide a source and exchange of history, technical assistance and other material related to the car and to provide and regulate tours, events and exhibition of the Packard. Ownership of a Packard is not required for membership.
Meetings are held with CCCA and are open to the public. The venue Ernestos Italian Restaurant, 8544 SW Apple Way, Portland, OR. Next meeting will be Thursday, January 5, at 6PM. See the Calendar.
WHO MADE PACKARD?
Well, Packard made Packard of course!
Packard was one of the greatest marques in the history the automobile, projecting the aura, prestige and excellence unmatched by any other manufacturer in North America during the years between the two world wars. Packard has been described as being the automobile that, “expressed a young America’s striving for elegance, a tradition, a heritage to match the centuries-old culture of Europe.” Many consider Packard the only real competition that Rolls-Royce ever faced.
The Packard Motor Car Company produced 1,610,890 automobiles between 1899 and 1958.
Packard produced a famous advertising slogan that is still being used for other products and services today. It was originated in 1901 by James Packard, who believed that talking about Packards was a waste of time, best left to the owners. When his secretary asked him for a sales brochure to send to a prospective customer, Packard replied that they had no literature and to tell the customer to, “Ask the Man Who Owns One.”
In 1921 Warren G. Harding was the first American president to be driven in an automobile to his inauguration. The automobile was a big, beautiful, Twelve-cylinder “Twin-Six” Packard. In 1937 the first car to cross the brand new Golden Gate Bridge was a Packard.
Packard was also responsible for many automotive “firsts” such as:
- First to use a steering wheel instead of a tiller
- First to equip cars with balloon (pneumatic) tires as standard equipment
- First to include front and rear bumpers as standard equipment
- First to use the selective gear shift with the “H” pattern movement
- First to introduce complete weather-conditioning in production cars
- First to provide sun visors
- First to provide a package (glove) compartment in the instrument panel
- First American production car to provide four-wheel brakes as standard equipment
- First company to build a 1,000 hp aircraft engine
- First to develop and fly a diesel aircraft engine
- First American company to offer an L-head, straight-eight engine
- First American company to offer a V-type, twelve-cylinder engine
- First automobile company to build a 24-cylinder engine
To find out more about Packards, go to www.packardsoforegon.net which provides easy access to the Packards or Oregon Club and other resources on the Packard Motor Car Company. An excellent reference is “Packard, A History of the Motor Car and Company,” by Beverly Rae Kimes.


There is no official explanation for the use of the red on the "Pine Green" 1 Series, but we have to state that the color combination is very reminiscent of the signature colors of the fashion label Gucci. Coincidence? We do not know it. But what we do know 2022 Fake Jordan Reps is that an Air Jordan 1 with the colorway "Pine Green" was released in September 2018, but the color blocking of the version at that time was a little different. Back then, the side panel was white and the Swoosh was black. The tongue label was also designed in a different color. Already in 2009 there was a Jordan 1 with a very similar color blocking, which the older collectors will remember. At that time it was a Boston Celtics colorway, which also had a white toebox and came as part of the so-called "DMP Pack" (Defining Moments Pack) together with an AJ1 "Bred".


True Irish Pub
Located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, The Dublin House is a lasting relic from times gone by serving the freshest Guinness on tap.
Opened during the Prohibition era of the 1920s by the Caraway family, the Dublin House has remained a landmark in the area of what it means to be a true Irish pub.
Officially operating as a pub since 1933 in the post-prohibition era, its neon harp has remained a beacon in the area for those seeking respite from the craziness of the city around them.
Irish owned and operated for 100 years, the Dublin House was often the first thing sailors docking at 79th Street Boat Basin saw.
Celebrating 100 Years!
While the world around us has changed, you can count on the same ambiance & charm The Dublin House has provided for the past 100 years,
making it one of the last true Irish pubs in New York City


Whew! Now that the work is done, it is time for a vacation. Gabriel went back to his summer life on the beach, Minyoung went to the United Kingdom, as planned, and Rohit stopped in Europe on his way back from India. However hard he tried, Rohit just could not escape Pi and POEL in his travels - see the pictures below. Help! Is this a Moonbots nightmare or is he auditioning for Groundhog day?
Heidelberg's Student Prison (pictured above)
From the time of its foundation, Heidelberg University exercised legal jurisdiction over its students. Thus, infringements against regulations goveming the code of conduct of its members could not be punished by the city authorities. If a constable of the law apprehended a student for a supposed offence, the culprit had first to show documentation proving his affiliation to the University and then provide his address. The incident would then be reported to the University. After receiving a summons and attending a hearing, the student would be sentenced according to the severity of his misdemeanour. Punishment usually took the form of confinement in the University jail for a period ranging from 24 hours to 4 weeks. As the 19th century progressed, 'doing time' in the Student Prison (Karzer) became less and less onerous; indeed, it became something of a matter of honour for most students to have experienced at least one stint of prison life while studying in Heidelberg. The most common offences included disturbing the peace at night by loud singing in the city lanes, inappropriate behaviour in public as a result of inebriation, and participation in illegal fencing duels. Budding academics seemingly had a particular foible for nocturnal raids aimed at releasing the pigs and piglets penned up in the Old City and then driving the squealing animals through the streets. Students could easily end up in the Karzer if they insulted a uniformed local constable (called an Amtmann in those days) proudly walking his beat. Those unwise enough to knock his cap off with a stick or to enjoy a good laugh at his expense soon found themselves behind bars. Such misdeeds were considered to amount to obstructing a police officer during the course of his duty and were punished with 4 weeks of incarceration.
The Student Prison occupied the top floor of the Beadle's House from 1712 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Before this, it had been situated below the staircase in the Old University Building, but this cold and damp location proved unsuitable owing to the potential risks to the inmates' health. On the storey housing the prison, there was no water supply (this had to be brought from the well in the courtyard) or cooking facilities. On the first 2 days of confinement, prisoners were given only bread and water. After this, students could have food brought in from outside, and even beer, if they so desired. The cells were provided with hard beds with straw mattresses. Internees had to pay for the use of pillows, covers and sheets, or bring their own. The only other furniture comprised a couple of tables and stools. While 'inside', the students whiled away the time by playing cards, and many carved their names on tables. They could freely visit fellow-convicts in neighbouring cells and even use a connecting door to enter the University to attend lectures. However, they were forbidden to leave the building. The detainees spent much of their time decorating the prison's stairway as well as the walls and ceilings of their cells. Their favourite subjects were silhouette profiles of fellow-students, the coats-of-arms and monograms of their student associations (most students were members of such organizations at this time), the date of their confinement and various humorous comments. For black 'paint', they used candle-smuts or soot from the fireplace. As time went on, they brought paints in with them. In addition, photographs showing prisoners in the uniform of their student associatlon were inserted into doors under glass. The students' names for the various rooms included Solitude, Palais Royale and Sanssouci. The 'King's Throne' was the fanciful name of the smallest and most private room in the prison.


It is almost a century after the wreak of the second world war, the most deadliest in any other war in the history. It involves the 6 major continents in the world and took the lives of roughly 17 million troops and countless civilians who died because of bombings, mass murders and starvation which results into a catastrophe. These involves some countries in Europe (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom), the Soviet Union, Japan and the most powerful ally in the world, the United States. It is said that the conflict in the first world war created the devastating second world war because of instability and destabilized Europe and the rise of the great totalitarian leader, Adolf Hitler.
In 1940, Japan joined the Axis Power together with Germany and Italy by signing the the Tripartite Pact with an intent of being one of the strongest leader in the world and to dominate Southeast Asia. Since, the Philippine that time was under the ruling power of the United States, they felt threatened that the US would stop them in their objectives. In December 7, 1941 (Hawaiian Time) had been marked the beginning of the war in Pacific when the Japanese troops bombarded the Pearl Harbor in Hawaii which sunk 21 ships, losses approximately 2,400 men and 188 aircraft had been completely demolished which causes Americans to be aggressive and furious and led them to join the allies in WWII. This strike in the military base of USA led to the unification of Americans that aimed to destroy their rival ally, the Axis power. This attack in the Pearl Harbor really surprised Americans because they are confident enough that the Pearl Harbor base was really safe from any harm but they are all terribly wrong. This left the whole American nation with absolute torment and agony because the memories of the first world war was still lingering with their thoughts. Several hours after the bombing in Pearl Harbor, Japan also bombarded the Clark Air Base in the Philippines and simultaneously launched air attacks against Aparri, Baguio, Nichols Air Base, Sangley Point and Davao. To fortify Manila with entire ruination, Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur declared Manila as an Open City in 1941 but the Japanese troops did not respect this proclamation and bombed Manila on the following day. Japan’s attack in Manila was so systematic and well executed, some parts of our country was simultaneously bombed and Japanese soldiers marched toward Manila at different points. Because of this well planned assault, Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur ordered the American and Filipino Soldier to withdraw in Bataan and Corregidor.
The Japanese quickly dominated the Southeast Asia including the Philippines in 1942 however, American won into the battle called Battle of Midway which plays a big role in the history of WWII. The battle took over in the Pacific Ocean between Asia and North America and it lies 2,500 miles from Japan and considered as an important tactical location for Japan in the war. The Japanese was led by Admiral Yamamoto who also planned the attack on the Pearl Harbor while the United States were led by Admiral Nimitz and Commander Fletcher. This battle gave hope to the American and engages a big part in the Pacific War and the second world war.


We’re bringing you a bit of local history to kick off the working week!
Did you know the history of Glossop is documented right back to the 11th century?
Now Old Glossop, a small collection of houses made up a hamlet recorded under the name of Glossop in the Domesday book in 1086. According to this document, the value of the land was a princely £2!
Old as the (high dark) hills
Parts of Glossopdale have an even longer history: Gamesley is home to a Roman settlement, thought to have been built around 75AD. Measuring
358 x 328 feet, Melandra Fort – or Ardotalia to the Romans which roughly translates as ‘place of the high dark hill‘ – is thought to have been occupied for at least a century.
Reconstruction of Ardotalia auxiliary fort (Glossop, Derbyshire). The Trajanic stone fort replaced the Flavian wooden structure. In the surrounding area there were a bath house, a mansio, a cremation cemetery and a vicus.#RomanBritain #Archaeology pic.twitter.com/2TQZaGQOnr— Chiara Botturi (@botturi_chiara) December 2, 2017
The Howard family took ownership of Glossop Manor in 1606 and eventually the town became known as Howardtown.
Another rainy day in Glossop…
Arguably the most significant part of the town’s history came with the arrival of the textile industry. The incessant damp that Glossop residents endure on a daily basis was ideal for the spinning and weaving of cotton. Soon, Glossop was renowned for its production of cloth and wool.
Although the mills fell into disuse, evidence of our industrial heritage is all around us, and offers a rich variety of architecture to explore and enjoy.
We’re lucky to have so many resources at our fingertips; from archives and online documents to local history groups. Why not visit your nearest library and explore the local history section?
Over the coming weeks, The Flash will be working with the Glossop Heritage Trust to bring you some more insight into the history of the area, giving you a window into the people, places and events that have made Glossop what it is today.
Ever wondered about the history of a certain building you see everyday? Do you have a story about Glossop that’s been passed down through the generations? We’d love to hear from you – get in touch or visit us on Facebook or Twitter.


Darrelyn Gunzburg's research interests lie in the art historical and visual astronomical exploration of frescos in medieval Italy, in the orientation of Cistercian abbey churches in Wales, UK, and Europe and their theological relationship to landscape, as well as how, in contemporary western astrology, meaning is derived from natal horoscopes.
* * *
Welsh Monastic Skyscapes Project
University of Wales Trinity Saint David, The Sophia Centre.
Publication: Brady, Bernadette, Darrelyn Gunzburg, and Fabio Silva. 'The Orientation of Cistercian Churches in Wales: A Cultural Astronomy Case Study.' Cîteaux – Commentarii cistercienses 67, no. 3-4 (2016): 275-302.
This paper considers how the union of sun, landscape, and architecture contributes to the understanding of Welsh Cistercian Abbeys. From August 2014 to March 2016 we surveyed and measured the orientation of all Cistercian monastic sites with extant foundations in Wales, as well as the elevation of their surrounding landscapes. Subsequent analysis of this data using methodologies drawn from cultural astronomy revealed that, by intentionally orientating the abbey to make use of the local topography, each Welsh Cistercian abbey church formed a relationship to the sun’s light on theologically significant days. Other themes that emerged include the emphasis on sunsets and the west; the focus on the astronomical equinox rather than that of the Julian calendar equinox; and the solar position on Michaelmas and/or Saint David’s Day. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for wider debates in the field of Cistercian studies.
The Cistercian Skyscapes Project
This work on the siting of Cistercian abbeys in thier landscape has continued into the Cistercian Skyscapes Project, looking at the regional difference between Cistercian abbeys in England, Wales, Scotland, and the island of Ireland. We presented our findings at the Leeds IMC 3 July 2019 and aim to publish this work in the next twelve months.
Left: Rievaulx Abbey, UK, August 2017. Photo: Gunzburg and Brady.
Reflecting on Mary: The Splendor of the Madonna in the Lower Church of Assisi.
Publication: Gunzburg, Darrelyn. 'Reflecting on Mary: the Splendor of the Madonna in the Lower Church of Assisi.' In Mater Sanctissima, Misericordia, Et Dolorosa: Medieval Franciscan Approaches to the Virgin Mary, edited by Steven J. McMichael. Franciscan Tradition in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Abstract: The Basilica of San Francesco, the place that was created as the burial site of St. Francis of Assisi (c.1181/82-1226), the founder and leader of the Friars Minor, consists of two churches one on top of the other, both cruciform in plan with a single nave. As has been well-documented, the Lower Church was dug into the rock and completed on 25 May 1230, when St. Francis’ body was translated from the Church of St. George, where it had been taken and buried on his death to avoid being ransacked by the Perugians. Thus the Lower Church served as a sanctuary for the tomb of St. Francis. This Lower Church is a place into which little natural daylight falls. Nevertheless, in the reconstruction and redecoration that occurred from 1288 onwards, two frescos of Mary were painted in the second decade of the fourteenth century in the north and south transepts, both with gilded backgrounds. La Madonna dei Tramonti (Madonna of the Sunsets) was painted by Pietro Lorenzetti (c.1280–c.1348) between the years 1316–1319, located towards the base of the east wall of the south transept. The name was said to derive from the fact that every evening the fresco is lit by the rays of the setting sun. Yet the literature on this fresco is not clear with regards to which sunsets the title is referring, why the sunlight was considered theologically important, nor how sunlight could get into the lower church. A second fresco, the Madonna and Child with Two Royal Saints, painted by Simone Martini (1284-1344) slightly earlier than those of Lorenzetti, is situated in mirror position to La Madonna dei Tramonti, on the opposite side of the crossing towards the base of the east wall of the north transept. The literature is silent about the connection of this fresco in relation to the sun. This paper, therefore, considers both frescos from the perspectives of their initial creation, their subject matter, their placements in connection with the sun, and the associated role of the sun in Christian theology as a way of investigating how the medieval Franciscans understood and reflected on Mary.
Gunzburg, Darrelyn, 'Giotto’s Salone: An Astrological Investigation into the Fresco Paintings of the First Floor Salone of the Palazzo Della Ragione, Padua, Italy' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bristol, 2014).
Gunzburg, Darrelyn. 'Giotto's Sky: The Fresco Paintings of the First Floor Salone of the Palazzo Della Ragione, Padua, Italy.' Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 7, no. 4 (2013): 407-433.
Gunzburg, Darrelyn. 'Giotto’s Sky: The Fresco Paintings of the First Floor Salone of the Palazzo Della Ragione, Padua, Italy.' In The Imagined Sky: Cultural Perspectives, edited by Darrelyn Gunzburg, 87-113. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing, 2016.
Gunzburg, Darrelyn. 'The Reception of Islamic Astrology in the Images of the Palazzo Della Ragione, Padua, Italy.' ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 29 - Religious Offerings and Sacrifices in the Ancient Near East; Astrology In The Ancient Near East; The River Jordan, no. 1 & 2 (2017): 177-194
Abstract: In the latter part of the first decade of the Trecento the Paduan Commune commissioned Giotto di Bondone (c.1267–1337) to implement a three-tiered cycle of paintings at the top of newly heightened bare walls of the Palazzo della Ragione, the Palace of Reason — the law courts. Giotto was in the prime of his life, diligent in his desire to build a career, and living in Padua at the time, having recently completed the private fresco scheme in the nearby Scrovegni Chapel. The Palazzo della Ragione was Padua’s first civic public building and these medieval law courts claimed the heart of the Paduan city-state. The original top floor hall, completed a century earlier, existed as three separate rooms where the judges held court. To provide more room for Council meetings and accommodate the growing number of council members, the Paduan Commune commissioned friar-architect Fra Giovanni degli Eremitani (active in Padua from 1289 to 1318) to convert the top floor into one large Salone and at the same time, to design and implement an architectonic wooden whaleback vault that resembled the keel of an upturned ship. To support this great roof, Fra Giovanni increased the outer walls from sixteen to twenty-four metres in height. This was an age where bare walls were prized palettes for narrative paintings. For the Commune to be able to commission a fresco scheme from the hand of Giotto added to the prestige of this glorious civic judicial building. The newly-completed fresco narrative covered three registers where each met the great wooden whaleback roof and formed a continuous clockwise narrative across all four walls. The scheme was then, and still is, filled with astronomical and astrological imagery, said to be influenced by Pietro d’Abano (1250–1318), who was teaching medicine, philosophy, and astrology at Padua University at the time. Throughout its long life of over 700 years, the careful arrangement of sky images and symbols has continued to puzzle art historians, modern iconographers, and scholars alike. This book is about that scheme.


Here’s something fun to do just across the bridge from San Francisco, especially if you’re a military or aviation buff. Less than half an hour drive from the city you’ll find the USS Hornet Museum, an historic aircraft carrier and national treasure docked at 707 W. Hornet Ave., Pier 3 at the former Naval Air Station in Alameda, California.
The USS Hornet is a registered State and National Historic Landmark not funded by any governmental agency. The foundation running the museum does a good job with presentation and history. You can tell they take pride in preserving and honoring the legacy of the aircraft carrier and the people who served aboard her.
Things to do at the USS Hornet Museum
The carrier is the main attraction. You can wander around the ship’s four levels, through the captain’s bridge, the ship quarters, the hangar deck and curated exhibits, chat with docents, and enjoy panoramic views of San Francisco Bay.
You may also enjoy the five-minute moving theater Flight Simulator ride. You could kill two or three hours just looking at all the historical exhibits, old war planes and helicopters.
Many of the exhibits are fun for families with kids, although children five and younger will most likely prefer running around the flight deck.
If someone in your party has asthma or other respiratory problems, keep in mind that parts of the museum, inside the ship, can be a little stuffy.
Some of the special events are worth checking out. I particularly like the Living Ships Days scheduled throughout the year, usually on third Saturdays between February and August.
These are meant to bring history to life in a fun way, and feature guest speakers like WWII veterans or astronauts.
Popular holiday events include the Hornet’s 4th of July Concert & Dance, the Halloween Monster Bash (come in costumes), and the New Years Eve Party (period costumes optional).
USS Hornet History
In service from 1943-1970, this USS Hornet, the CV-12, was the last in a long line of 8 warships. During World War II she fought in battles that included Okinawa and Iwo Jima, then served in Korea and Vietnam.
It was the Hornet that recovered the Apollo 11 astronauts from the first moon landing mission on July 24, 1969.
The carrier was opened to the public as a museum in October 1998, moored on San Francisco Bay at the former Naval Air Station Alameda (currently known as Alameda Point).
USS Hornet Know Before You Go
USS Hornet Tickets
USS Hornet admission fees at the door are $20 for adults, $15 for students & seniors (65+), $10 for youth (5-17), and free for children four and under.
USS Hornet Discount
Get 20 percent off or more on USS Hornet tickets with included with the Go City San Francisco pass. This pass is a savvy choice if you’re planning to visit more than one attraction in the SF Bay Area during any 30-day period. And the best thing about it is the “Build Your Own” option that lets you pick any two or more local attractions or activities and save 20 to 55 percent on each.
You can print or show on your phone, so it’s easier.
Children four and under get in free.
Open daily, 10am – 5pm; closed New Year’s, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Days.
USS Hornet Museum, 707 W Hornet Ave Pier 3, Alameda, California 94501.
You can park for free across the street from Pier 3.
For more information see uss-hornet.org.


Where did MST all begin?
MST was established in 1929 by R.D Waters and still to this day in 2020, it remains a family business. The first branch opened was at East Grinstead in 1929 and followed by Haywards Heath in College Road in 1933, Forest Row in 1966 and then Crowborough in 1994. His sons Tim and Simon took over in the 1980s and are still active in the business to this day. While grandson Alex is running the day to day business and his Granddaughters Cara and Tiffany part of the team.


FUTURE TASMANIA JUST over a century ago, Tasmanian homes were lit by flickering candles and the streets were bathed in the glow of kerosene lamps.
Today, that part of our history could hardly seem more remote. William Wordsworth once wrote: “Let us learn from the past to profit by the present, and from the present to live better in the future.” In other words, if we are to look clear-eyed to the horizon, we must first take stock of all that has come before.
Tasmania is now the first state in Australia to have achieved 100 per cent of our electricity generation from renewable sources.
And it all started with hydro power.
The first publicly owned hydro-electric plant in the southern hemisphere was the Duck Reach Power Station in Launceston, established in 1895 and owned by the Launceston Municipal Council.
But it wasn’t until 1914, on the eve of World War I, that Tasmania’s electricity revolution truly kicked off.
It was then that the Hydro-Electric Commission (HEC) was established and the state’s ambitious hydro power construction program began in earnest.
Pioneering men ventured into the state’s rugged and unforgiving interior, battling cold and wet conditions to carve out dams and power stations, as well as tramways and roads and the hydro villages in which the workers and their families lived.
“Bringing electricity to Tasmania was a massive undertaking and an Australian-first,” Hydro Tasmania executive general manager of people culture and engagement Ruth Groom said.
“No other state or territory at the time had a public energy-generating enterprise.” In 1916, the HEC’s first power station at Waddamana in the Central Highlands began generating electricity powered by yingina/Great Lake.
By the 1920s, farms, mills, mines and factories were electrified, transforming their operations. Subsequently, the lives of everyday Tasmanians were changed when their homes were powered by electricity.
Historian Jillian Koshin, a biographer of former Tasmanian premier Eric Reece, the man indelibly associated with the hydro-industrialisation of the state, said successive state governments supported the development of the hydro schemes because they believed they would “support the growth of industry”.
“The state set out to attract large industries by advertising cheap power and, from the end of the Great War in 1918, a readily available workforce,” she said.
“As the construction of hydro dams expanded through the 1930s, and especially the 1950s and 1960s, it coincided with post-war reconstruction policies of social improvement [and] full employment … and so in Tasmania hydro-industrialisation became inextricably linked with those policies.” Many of the hydro workers had migrated from Europe, displaced by war and harsh economic conditions.
Some of these people formed multi-generational hydro families, with their ancestors continuing to work for Hydro Tasmania to this day.
As the construction of the hydro schemes ramped up in the 1950s and ’60s, a growing environmental consciousness began to take root in the community and came into full bloom during the campaign to stop the inundation of Lake Pedder for the establishment of the Gordon dam in the early 1970s. The conflict between conservationists and the HEC reached a remarkable climax in the following decade, when the proposed Franklin-below-Gordon Dam was ruled unlawful by the High Court.
It signalled the end of the state’s hydro-industrialisation program. The last hydro-electric power station was built in western Tasmania in 1993, named Tribute Power Station, in honour of the workers who sacrificed their lives to build the hydro schemes.
By that point, Tasmania boasted 30 hydro power stations and 54 major dams in its high-rainfall catchments.
“Both natural and constructed waterways are linked together and flow through mighty turbines to generate clean renewable energy for Tasmania, to power our homes and businesses,” Ms Groom said.
“With that legacy of over 100 years of operation, Hydro Tasmania invests heavily each year to modernise our hydropower fleet to best serve Tasmania today and for future generations.” In the wake of its colossal dam-building program, the HEC established the Basslink undersea power cable, linking Tasmania to Victoria, and has invested in wind farms at Woolnorth, Musselroe and on King Island.
The enterprise was disaggregated in 1998, separated into three government-owned businesses: Hydro Tasmania for electricity generation, TasNetworks for transmission and distribution, and Aurora Energy for energy retail.
And now we come to the present day, where the $3bn Marinus Link interconnector cable – set to be the biggest infrastructure project in the state’s history – is dominating public debate.
It comes as Hydro is busy developing its Battery of the Nation initiative, designed to supercharge Tasmania’s hydropower capacity through the possible redevelopment of the Tarraleah hydro scheme as well as a pumped hydro project at Lake Cethana.
“The 20th century created a foundation of clean, renewable energy for Tasmania. Tasmania is ahead of the game in Australia’s energy transition,” Ms Groom said.
Hydro Tasmania CEO Ian Brooksbank said the organisation stood “on the cusp of an exciting new era in [our] proud history”.
“Upgrades to our existing power stations, innovative solutions such as pumped hydro, and the promise of greater interconnection through Marinus Link, all mean we can provide the ‘on-demand’ renewable electricity required in a future, decarbonised national economy,” he said.
Long gone are the days of candles and kerosene lamps.
The boundless and endlessly varied possibilities of the future are beckoning – some of them still imperceptible. We are the clean, green state. Now we must decide how best to capitalise on our strengths and live better in the future.