dude, you sure these are Anglo-Saxon? I can read/write fluently in a few different types if runes, including A-S, and this looks more like a weird mix-up of generalized Nordic runes and video game runes.... Beautiful, but not Anglo-Saxon? Sorry if I caused any offence here, just curious as to your source
They are Anglo-Saxon fuþorc runes. Source: I believe it was the Cotton Otho Library, in the British Museum.
Note: The Anglo-Saxon runes, also known as futhorc (or fuþorc), extended from the Elder Futhark from 24 to between 26 and 33/34 characters. They were used from the 5th century onward, recording Old English and Old Frisian. They remained in use in Anglo-Saxon England throughout the 6th to 10th centuries, although runic script became increasingly confined to manuscript tradition as a topic of antiquarian interest after the 9th century, and it disappeared even as a learned curiosity soon after the Norman conquest.


Azul invites you, a tile laying artist, to embellish the walls of the Royal Palace of Evora.
Introduced by the Moors, "azulejos" (originally white and blue ceramic tiles) we're fully embraced by the Portuguese, when their king Manuel I, on a visit to the Alhambra palace in Southern Spain, was mesmerized by the stunning beauty of the Moorish decorative tiles. The king, awestruck by the interior beauty of the Alhambra, immediately ordered that his own palace in Portugal be decorated with similar wall tiles.
Players pick tiles of the same colour and arrange them on their wall to create a pattern and score points.
Great for 2 - 4 players 8 years and up. Approx 30-45 mins game time.


We are a seasonal organization dedicated to preserving our town’s history, providing educational experiences and informative programs to the public, collecting artifacts and maintaining our museum, and providing an avenue for research.
On August 28, 1961, the first meeting of the Holderness Historical Society was held at the home of Susan Bacon Keith. Through the next years meetings were held in private homes, the Community Church and the firehouse. When the New Hampshire Baptist Convention declared the North Holderness Church defunct the Historical Society purchased the building and had it moved from Perch Pond Road to Curry Place in 1994.
**See selected Holderness records under Archives
Open Saturdays 10 a.m. – Noon
June 18 – September 10, 2022
Or by appointment. Contact email@example.com or call M. Mason 603-968-3334.
**Open June 4th all day during the visit of North American Natives
North American Natives To Revisit Holderness
They visited Holderness eleven years ago on the occasion of the Town’s 250th Anniversary of its founding. They came to demonstrate various traditional and survival skills some of which made it possible for early settlers to survive their first winters. They are descendants of the Nulhegan Band of Coosuk Abenaki Natives of northern New England. Their last visit attracted broad interest.
All day Saturday, June 4, 2022 beginning at 9 am, many of these same descendants will revisit the town common and bandstand area behind the post office at Curry Place, as guests of the Holderness Historical Society to demonstrate once again many of those same skills: basket-making, birch-lined sap boiling pots, a birch bark canoe, flute-making from local woods, tools, story telling, a drum and fashioning out a pine log into a dugout canoe.
This dugout project expected to take many days, is especially meaningful to the town and historical society because three years ago HHS acquired from the Shelburne Museum in Vermont a mid- 17th century Native dugout that had been discovered in Squam Lake in Veerie Cove in 1939. There has been much public interest in the dugout and experts have come to measure and photograph the Squam Lake dugout. It has been carbon-dated by a laboratory in Colorado, wood identified and tool marks analyzed.
This event will be open to the public free of charge.
2022 Summer Programs
June 29th at 7:30 pm
Colonial Stories: The Tangled Lives of Native Americans and English Settlers
Presented by Jo Radner
July 20th at 7:30 pm
Heroes and Homecomings: Norman Rockwell and World War II
Presented by Jane Oneail
See Squam Postcard Collection Courtesy of Peter Francesco
We thank local realtor and selectman Peter Francesco for sharing his extensive Squam postcard collection.
Doing genealogical research? For the local cemetery information see site maintained by member Carl Sheperd, website.


The federation of Jesuit alumni was established in 2003, 24th of February during the constituent assembly of Vilnius Jesuit alumni association and Kaunas Jesuit alumni association. The Federation is not a superior organization but an institution designed to coordinate communication and mutual projects.
Lithuanian Federation of Jesuit Alumni became a competent member of the European Confederation of Jesuit Alumni in 2003, 26th of April in Barcelona. It is not registered in the Centre of Registries as its activity is more symbolic and meant to be a means of coordination.
During the constituent assembly these decisions were made:
- Federation will implement these duties:
§ Coordinate mutual projects in national as well as international levels
§ Plan mutual projects and events
§ Form mutual values and priorities
§ Represent both associations
- Federation will have these positions:
· The President of the Jesuit alumni federation.
Simonas Petrulis became the first president for the term of tree years as he actively took part not only in the creation of the federation but also in the establishment of the Jesuit alumni association of Kaunas.
· Two Vice-Presidents.
These positions are automatically filled by the presidents of both associations. In the year 2003 Martynas Lukoševičius (Vilnius Jesuit Alumni Association) and Ramūnas Maruniakas (Kaunas Jesuit Alumni Association) became the first two vice-presidents.
· Five project coordinators


Sina Shell and Turquoise Bead Anklet:
Treasures of old have been lost and found again in the indigo oceans around us. There is no doubt that many an anklet of luck and good fortune has been ironically lost at sea by the mermaids among us with legs. Shells, throughout history, have been a symbol of protection, uniqueness and beauty. It is the perfect little silver treasure to match the delicate silver chain and turquoise beads of the Sina Shell and Turquoise Bead anklet, a memory of the ocean blue for the mermaids among us.


City of Spires
Historical Museum and Foundation Inc.
111 Fifth St.
Aurora, Indiana 47001
Tours • Rental Info
Come Inside and See •
Website images courtesy of Main Street Aurora and Patrick Banfield Photography.
City of Spires is a local museum available for weddings, concerts,
memorial services, funerals, worship, and meetings.
Comprised of an 1848 sanctuary, a small meeting room, and a larger social hall, the facility is an ideal setting for gatherings of about one hundred people or less.
Operated by a volunteer board of directors, the museum features displays of local interest and is the setting for a variety of local events throughout the year. The primary goal of the board is the maintenance and protection of the facility.
The former church has been affectionately known as The Fifth Street Church in the Aurora area.
A panoramic view of the Ohio River and the shore of Kentucky is a popular attribute of the museum.
City of Spires Historical Foundation and Museum, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.


Artikel „Krünitz“ aus: The royal dictionary cyclopaedia for universal reference : being a complete literary, classical, historical, biographical, geographical, scientific, and technological expositor of the English language ; and embodying, in a condensed and common-sense form, the signification of all terms in ordinary use, with the derivation of each word, and its pronunciation. Compiled under the direction of Thomas Wright . Band 3 : H to M. – London : London Printing and Publ. Co., 1864, S. 427.
KRUNITZ, kru’-nitz, (John George) A physician and natural philosopher, was born in 1728 at Berlin, where he established himself and wrote many scientific works. Of these the most important is an “Economico-Technological Encyclopaedia,” which he began in 1773. He had finished 73 volumes, and had just arrived at the article, “Leiche,”, a corpse, when his further progress was stopped by death, in 1796. The work was continued after his decease.


Some of the best beaches in Greece: Porto Katsiki- Kathisma- Egremni- Agios Ioannis- Mylos- Agiofili.
- The archaeological museum, the museum of gramophones and the public library of Lefkada.
- The Monastery of Faneromeni.
- The picturesque windmills in Gira.
- The mountainous village of Karya, famous for its broidery and the folklore museum.
- Dimossary Waterfalls near Nidri.
- The Byzantine church of Agios Ioannis in Lefkada.
- The island Madouri where the poet Aristotelis Valaoritis was born and the island Skorpios of Aristotle Onassis.
- The Castle of Agia Mavra.
- The gorge of the bee with the watermills, ideal for walking.


In early 2019, I was fortunate to be given a handful of aglets that have been found in the mud along the river Thames in London. Shown below, you can compare the extant aglets, reproduction ones I have made, and a modern commercial aglet. The extant aglets are all missing their cords, which will have rotted away in the mud and water. They probably date from somewhere between the 14th and 18th century CE.
Click on the picture for a larger version, and details of the aglets


|In 1756 Benjamin Franklin,
the Commander for defense, arrived with over 200 men in force
to the deserted and devastated New Gnaden Huetten settlement
where his men proceeded to build the Fort Allen (the present
site of the original Franklin Well). Settlers began to establish
homes in and around the fertile land of the Gnaden Huetten area.
In 1742 the first school
opened, organized by the Moravians in the Gnaden Huetten settlement.
Informal church services were held in the early 1800s
with the first formal chapel built in 1816. After that many
faiths began to meet in the area making Lehighton the "city
In 1784 Col. Jacob Weiss
arrived from Philadelphia and purchased 700 acres between
what is now Parryville and Long Run. In 1792 Col. Weiss
and William Henry, a surveyor from Philadelphia then
planned the town of Lehighton west of the Lehigh River.
The new town was named after the Lehigh River which
is derived from the Indian word "Lecla" or
left fork of the river.
In 1805 the first wooden
bridge was built over the Lehigh River between Lehighton
and Weissport. Other replacement bridges followed after
being destroyed by floods.
The first post office opened
in 1812, followed by the establishment of taverns, a general
store, a furniture store and a bank.
In 1827, the Lehigh Canal was
dug by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. and transportation
of goods to Philadelphia and points south became feasible.
Forty years later the Lehigh Valley Railroad was extended
from Easton to Mauch Chunk, changing the popular mode of transportation
from canal to rail.
|The Borough of Lehighton
was incorporated in 1866. In 1867 industries such as the
Lehighton Stove Works, Oberts Packing House and
the Central Carriage Works moved into the Lehighton area.
Later the Rolling Mills came as well as the Lehigh Valley
Energy-Wheel Co., the Fort Allen Foundry, the Baer Co.
and the Lehigh Wagon Co. The first newspaper was started
in 1872 and the towns first fire company established
The Lehighton area has survived Indian attacks in the mid
1700s and many devastating floods whose raging waters
on occasion destroyed lives, homes and businesses. In 1955
the Francis E. Walter Dam was built up river to protect the
Lehighton area from future destruction.
The mid 1900s brought the creation of a Community Library
and the Gnaden Huetten Memorial Hospital. The PA Turnpike
Northeast Extension Mahoning Interchange was built linking
the Lehighton area to other large metropolitan areas. Many
civic organizations formed to support the town as the community
began to grow both in population and in new businesses.


- About Taewon
- New line-up
- Contact us
Battle of Jangjin Lake
Great retreat to glory! A fight in the bitter cold!
The Battle of Jangjinho was an incident in which UN forces marched to the Jangjinho area of the Gaema Plateau to attack Ganggye, the temporary capital of the Kim Il-sung government, but were surrounded by 120,000 Chinese troops and withdrew to Heungnam.
Thanks to the U.N. forces' struggle in the harsh cold, other U.S. and South Korean troops in the Hamgyeong-do region were able to withdraw or gather in Heungnam.
Furthermore, the U.N. forces have dealt a heavy blow to the Chinese, and have provided time for the U.N. and South Korean forces to reorganize and counterattack.
Seventy years after the Korean War, I want to revive the horrors of the forgotten Korean War. I would also like to reconsider the sacrifices of U.S. soldiers and other U.N. veterans who sacrificed their only lives during the Korean War.


AMITA Oral History Project
The Margaret MacVicar Memorial AMITA Oral History Project is one way in which AMITA seeks to preserve the rich and diverse experiences of MIT alumnae. Documenting the lives of women who attended MIT is tremendously important. Through the auspices of UROP, undergraduate students conduct background research on the lives of their subjects and then interview them to learn about their experiences in detail. The project was originally conceived as a way to provide a history of experiences of women who often pursued careers untraditional for women.
The Oral History Project is named in memory of Margaret MacVicar '64.
Margaret was the founder of UROP and was personally very supportive of
The project is directed by Margery Resnick, Associate Professor of Hispanic Studies. By depositing transcripts of the interviews in the MIT Archives, this information is available for researchers. [Digitized Interviews]
The physical archives are housed in the Institute Archives and Special Collections of the MIT Library. [AMITA Archive Inventory]
Fund raising for the Oral History Project began in 1991 with the goal of raising $100,000 as an endowment. Money from the endowment is used to purchase equipment to record interviews, cover the costs of preparing transcripts for the MIT Archives, to provide modest travel funds as needed and to provide UROP salary money for the students. Thanks to the generosity of many alumnae, and some alumni, this goal was reached in 1996.
We continue to welcome suggestions for living alumnae to be interviewed. Please keep in mind that only a few interviews can take place each year, so we cannot get to all suggestions immediately. However we will keep track of all who have been suggested. It is most helpful if each suggestion can be accompanied by a brief paragraph about the woman to help in matching the alumna with a student who shares some common interests. Please send your suggestions to AMITA using our "Contact Us" form.


The home page of Oxford University Women’s Boat Club web site. The banner headline image features Duncan’s shot of the victorious Blue crew, seconds after winning their race.
2015 was the first year that the BNY Mellon Oxford vs Cambridge Universities Women’s Boat Race was held on the traditional Men’s Tideway course, on the Rivert Thames beteen Putney and Mortlake. This was viewed as a historic occasion and widely covered in the press as a significant advance for women’s sport generally.
Oxford University Women’s Boat Club are justifiably proud to have won this historic first race and selected Duncan’s image to illustrate the victory on their web site’s home page. Duncan was shooting from the Press Launch that was still some distance away, and was only able to capture this shot since he was using a very high resolution body with an exceptionally long lens! The original image can be seen here.


Bringing to mind dandies and conjurer’s tricks, this is a hat (from which rabbits have been know to spring) that is the perfect accessory for any character, real or imaginary
The top hat is a tall flat-crowned hat for gentlemen with a wide brim and a band in a dark colour.
It was the height of male fashion in the period which went from the end of the 18th and early 20th century while nowadays, it adds a touch of class to a morning dress or frock coat whereas it is not at all recommended with a tuxedo.
The first top hats were first made – to the horror of animal lovers – using felt from the fur of heavers, but later on they were made of silk. One of the most celebrated models has to be the stovepipe hat (an even taller version where the crown was practically straight) which is often seen in images featuring Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States of America.
In the mid-twentieth century, the top hat began to go out of fashion with the middle classes who had moved on to bowler hats or soft felt Fedoras, both of which were more practical for city life.
Not to mention the fact that they could be mass produced. A good top hat, in fact, still has to be made by an experienced hatter and after the First World War, most of the western world converted to industrial production of the majority of everyday articles.
Politics too turned its back on this kind of status symbol, even though in the first half of the twentieth century this headgear of a previous age continued to be popular in countries such as the newly formed Soviet Union and Japan.
That is why, in the past as in the present day, anyone who wears an original hat like this is flaunting either their dandyism or their considerable wealth.
In 2020 the top hat tends to be seen among certain sections of the population (usually artists, musicians, magicians and trendsetters) and more affordable versions can be found in the style of the old stovepipe. Straight up without the modelling at the sides seeing as how turning the brim up properly would push up the price as well.
Some celebrated testimonials of the top hat have been: the musical actor Fred Astaire, singer and inventor of shock rock Alice Cooper, musician and jazz composer Duke Ellington, comedian and illusionist Jerry Sadowitz, the guitarist of Guns N’ Roses Slash and Harpo Marx, one of the unforgettable Marx Brothers.
Some of the imaginary characters who wore it included Uncle Sam (the personification of the United States of America), Scrooge McDuck (the Disney character created by Carl Barks) and the Penguin, sworn enemy of Batman.
Last but not least, there is the Mad Hatter made famous by the book Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, the beguiling Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Mandrake, the comic book character created by Lee Falk and Phil Davis. And as chance would have it, Mandrake just happened to be a charming magician…


Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949)
WEAVERS, weaving at break of day,
Why do you weave a garment so gay? . . .
Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild,
We weave the robes of a new-born child.
Weavers, weaving at fall of night,
Why do you weave a garment so bright? . . .
Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green,
We weave the marriage-veils of a queen.
Weavers, weaving solemn and still,
What do you weave in the moonlight chill? . . .
White as a feather and white as a cloud,
We weave a dead man’s funeral shroud.1
Sarojini Naidu was born February 13, 1879 in Hyderabad, India. Her father, Aghornath Chattopadhyaya was a co-founder of Nizam College and a political activist. Sarojini was accepted by Madras University at the age of twelve. Her first volume of poetry was published in 1905. She became known as the Nightingale of India due to the beauty and rhythm of her poetry which could be sung.
As a result of her participation in the movement to free India from British rule, Sarojini was appointed governor of Uttar Pradesh in 1947. She was the first woman to become governor of a state in India. Sarojini Naidu died of a heart attack on March 2, 1949 while working in her office.2
1Retrieved April 15, 2011 from http://oldpoetry.com/opoem/27171-Sarojini-Naidu-Indian-Weavers
2Retrieved April 15, 2011 from the Famous People web site: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/sarojini-naidu-36.php
Photo of Naidu with Ghandi retrieved from http://janisfreegard.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/mahatma__sarojini_naidu_1930.jpg
Drawing of Naidu retrieved from http://www.imagesofasia.com/html/india/sarojini-naidu.html


Seventy years ago, the ancient Chinese nation was reborn as a rising sun, and it began a magnificent journey towards revival.
During the 70 years, the tide was turbulent and the sea changed. This hot land in the east of the world has been reborn in the transformation and developed in the endeavor. The dream of national rejuvenation has been developed and continued in the unremitting struggle of the Chinese generation after generation.
70 years later, China's manufacturing, China's creation, and China's construction work together to weave a glorious picture of the rise of the great powers. Seeing gold in the sand, reform is not confusing, and world history has begun the "Chinese moment."
In this unprecedented rise, Tasly is a witness and witness, and is also fortunate to be a fighter and builder of the "Chinese Miracle".
I was born yellow, I was born in China, and I have already done something.


About St. John Ambulance
BC & Yukon
St. John Ambulance is one of Canada's oldest charitable organizations dating back to 1883, when the first Canadian branch teaching first aid courses was opened in Quebec City.
Growing quickly across Canada to become a national organization, St. John Ambulance would eventually come to British Columbia in 1911.
Today, St. John Ambulance plays a vital role in our British Columbia and Yukon communities by providing first aid education, lifesaving tools and important health services.
With your support, St. John Ambulance can continue to serve our communities and expand our efforts to help save lives at work, home and play.


Monday, July 15, 2002
In the summer of 2002 I was invited by Prof. David Stronach to join the Kerkenes Archaeological Project in Turkey near Sorgun, Yozgat. Prof. Stronach is my Phd advisor from U.C. Berkeley and the co-director of the project. I took this opportunity to also visit many of the great historic and archaeological sites of Turkey, including Istanbul, Ankara, Gallipoli, Troy, Pergamon, Bodrum, Ephesus, Sardis, Gordion, and Hatusa. Report and six slideshows.


Need a weekend trip away from home?
Head to foothills of the Cascade Mountain Range with this 2-day itinerary, full of outdoor exercise and history!
Here you can take a step back in time and learn all about the cultures and land that make up Kittitas County. Explore Cle Elum and Roslyn by walking or biking the Coal Mines Trail, visiting multiple museums, or schedule a walking tour from a longtime local. There’s something for everyone in these quaint Cascade Mountain towns.
Kittitas Valley original inhabitants are the Pshwánapum, also referred to as the K’tɨ́taas band (Kittitas). A sub-band of the Yakama tribes and bands. Before the Pioneers they moved seasonally between the mountains and low river-lands. To the east of Ellensburg, the K’tɨ́taas traded with other bands and tribes due to the location between Columbia River and Cascade Mountain range. This land is sacred, please be respectful of Mother Earth and others around you while visiting. Further reading: The Yakama Treaty of 1855 + The Confederated Tribes and Bands of Yakama Nation + Yamaka Nation has sacred ties to the land…
QUICK FACTS ABOUT CLE ELUM
- Founded: 1902, coal discovered: 1894.
- Native Name: “swift water” – “tle-el-lum” (K’tɨ́taas).
- Originally spelled Clealum until 1908.
- First town west of Denver, Colorado to have organized skiing in 1921.
- Aaron Reeves, Cle Elum resident, drove the 1st car ever over Snoqualmie Pass.
- Website: City of Cle Elum
National Historic Landmark = building, district, site, structure, object with historical importance.
QUICK FACTS ABOUT ELLENSBURG
- Founded: 1883.
- Originally spelled Ellensburgh until 1894.
- Receives about 9 inches of rain a year.
- Home to Ellensburg Rodeo, a stop on the PRCA & largest rodeo in Washington.
- Bike friendly community: silver medal from the League of American Bicyclist.
- Website: City of Ellensburg
QUICK FACTS ABOUT ROSLYN
- Founded: 1886.
- Worst Washington coal mine accident was in 1982. 45 miners died.
- Origin of Name: Mr. Bullitt’s wife’s love for a town in Delaware.
- Northern Exposure was filmed in town.
- Knights of Labor Strike of 1888 happened here.
- Website: City of Roslyn
- Roslyn Museum – site
*not all sites listed
- Cle Elum Bakery
- Douglas A. Munro Memorial
- Glondo’s Sausage Company
- Owens Meat
- South Cle Elum Rail Yard National Historic District
- Swauk-Teanaway Grange
- Caldwell Building – Kittitas County Museum
- Castle Building
- Dickson Building
- Elks Building
- Farmer’s Bank
- Fogarty Building
- Frontier Village – by appointment & during fair
- I.O.O.F Building
- Kleinburg Building
- Shoudy Cadwell Block
- Coal Miner’s Memorial
- Immaculate Conception Church
- Old City Hall & Library
- Roslyn Cemetery
- The Brick Tavern
COAL MINE TRAIL DETAILS
- Mileage: Cle Elum to Roslyn = a little over 2 miles one-way, Cle Elum to Ronald = 4.7 miles one-way
- Trail Ground: Flat, Wide, Gravel
- Number of sites: 16+
- Trail Activities: Biking/Mtn. Biking, Walking, Horseback riding
- Dog Friendly: Yes
This flat trail follows the northern Pacific Railroad branch line that was developed in 1886 to transport coal from the Roslyn-Cle Elum coal field. In 1887, the branch extended to the town now known as Ronald. The trail was purchased in 1994 and made into a public recreational trail by the City of Cle Elum, City of Roslyn, Kittitas County. It is dedicated to the pioneer settlers who once lived here.
Along this trail you will see over 16 points of interest, all centered around the towns’ coal mining history. Stop by a visitor center to pick up a Coal Mines Trail Tour Guide: Fourth Edition booklet. History facts about Cle Elum, original photos, and descriptions of each point are provided in this book. Trekking along this trail will give you an idea of what life was like during the coal mining days. WTA trail description
Extra: if you brought a mountain bike, ride the 11-mile Ratpac Trail. Accessed from the Coal Mines Trail. Includes a 4-mile downhill, gravity drops + bowl, ladders, jumps and more!
Looking to immerse yourself in Cle Elum, Ellensburg, and Roslyn’s history? With some exercise? Take a look at the 2-day itinerary below.
Day 1: A Day In Coal Mine Country
Begin your day in Cle Elum by grabbing a treat from the historical, 3-generational family owned Cle Elum Bakery. Choose from a wide variety of freshly baked pastries and doughnuts that are priced as low as $1.00. If you want a taste of the past, order the French bread. The original brick oven from 1906 still bakes it today.
Pick up a booklet from the visitor center after you fuel up, and head to the Coal Mines Trail trailhead for a 2-mile walk or bike ride to Roslyn. A bench is provided about every ¼ mile along this path. Make sure you are wearing comfy attire, have water, and a backpack in case you pick up any goodies in Roslyn.
When you’ve reached Roslyn, check out the Coal Miner’s Memorial across the street from City Hall. This memorial is dedicated to the miners who have lost their lives coal mining. Across the street is The Brick Tavern, where you can grab a drink in Washington’s oldest continuously running tavern. Or refuel at the Basecamp Books & Bites and stroll through their bookshop while waiting for the food. The Roslyn Yard with picnic tables and fire pit, along with extra tables on their patio below are out the backdoors. There is even inside seating, downstairs for those seeking shade.
Once you finish lunch walk up to the historic Roslyn cemetery, where you can see the 24 ethnic communities that made up the coal mining community. Before heading back to Cle Elum on the Coal Mines Trail, stop by the Roslyn Museum to learn more about the coal mining history here. Keep your eyes peeled for the colorful murals that are on several of the building throughout town! You’ll even see a camel.
- If you have extra time and are planning ahead, stay at the Roslyn Hotel or Suncadia Resort – Schedule a tour with Roslyn Walking Tours to hear stories and the history of this place from a local the next day! www.roslynwalkingtours.com / https://www.hotelroslyn.com
After your hike back, reward yourself with a cold one from Mike’s tavern. You can’t miss the Big Foot mural on the side of the building. Or stop by one of the other historic food places that Cle Elum has to offer for a to-go snack. Owens Meats has been family owned and operated since the 1880s—serving coal miners and families. While Glondo’s Sausage Company was started by the grandchildren of Croatian and Italian immigrant families back in 1986. If you aren’t hungry there are several shops to check out along the Main Street.
- Second Option: start on the Coal Mine Trail in Roslyn, walk or bike to Cle Elum, then back to Roslyn.
Don’t forget to visit oldest telephone museum on this side of the Mississippi River before heading out. This museum was the last operator-assisted, switchboard phone company, closing in 1966. Over on Third Street you’ll find a 1914 mansion, which was once home to Cle Elum’s 1st banker and his family. After you’ve gotten a feel for how life was back in the coal mining days, take the scenic State Highway 10 to Ellensburg, Washington – you won’t regret it.
Check into Hotel Windrow for some r&r once you arrive. Before you turn in for the evening, grab some dinner from the hotel’s restaurant, Basalt. If you aren’t too hungry, Top of the Burg offers small bites, drinks and views of downtown Ellensburg. This hotel is located in the historic Elks Lodge Building. If you still have energy and time, take a walk around downtown and check out the other historical buildings.
Day 2: Art & Cowboys In The Burg
In the morning, grab some coffee from Udderly Espresso Downtown across the street. If you didn’t check out Ellensburg’s historical buildings last night, now is a good time with coffee or tea in your hand. While you explore downtown, you’ll notice that this community is not short on artists. Admire the sculptures and murals that can found around town (list of sites), including the Ellensburg Bull. Then head over to Central Washington University campus for a relaxing stroll through the Donald L. Garrity Japanese Garden. Even the CWU campus is historic, opening in 1891 as a normal school. Looking for a bit more exercise? The college campus is a beautiful spot to get those extra steps in.
After your AM cardio, pop into to the 1 of the 3 museums located in Ellensburg: Kittitas County Historical Museum for pioneer life history, Clymer Museum of Art for local rodeo history or Museum of Culture & Environment showcasing the lives and cultures of local people. On a warm day stop a local favorite before heading home, Winegars Coffee & Creamery located next to the Central Washington University campus.
- Extra: You can see my personal trip to Central Washington on my Instagram account – as a highlight story. @Lexxgetslost
If you are looking to get away and immerse yourself in Pioneer life, head to Kittitas County!
A special thank you to the Kittitas County Chamber of Commerce, Madison Ford, Natalie Benson and the towns of Cle Elum, Ellensburg, and Roslyn for hosting us.


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Slots and pokies are a number of the oldest gambling games in the present day world. They saw their beginnings from the beginning of the 20th century, and have attracted a vast audience ever since. Here’s an overview of slot machine history and how they are suffering from within the years.
The very first ever version of the slot machine was observed in 1891. Pittman and Sachs created a device with five drums, each showing poker hand symbols. When players would win at these games, the machine would not shell out; rather, the bar housing them would provide players with drinks.
It could be four more years before Charles Fey would create the version of the slot machine with which we’re most acquainted today. The equipment provided players with cash payouts when it revealed matching symbols. The popularity of the games caught on very quickly, until anti-gambling groups enacted a ban on slot machines in the first 20th century.
The ban only lasted a couple of years, and it wasn’t a long time before slots became popular again in casinos. It was during the 1950s that slot machines started to become popular around the world superslotvip. In 1953, Australian gaming company Aristocrat took note of the brand new trend and decided to manufacture a unique brand of electronic gaming machines called pokies. The company’s first machine was called the ‘Clubman’ ;.
Though it could be some time now before we’d see online slots, casinos in Las Vegas started making electronic slot machines, moving from the conventional, mechanical slot games that had become popular within the years. These machines were safer than mechanical slots and managed to get more difficult for individuals to cheat casinos. During this time period, electronic slots also saw the invention of the random number generator which made playing slots even more unpredictable.
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From March of 1988 until the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Iraq contracted with Gerard Bull to build three superguns: two full sized 'Project Babylon' 1000 mm guns and one 'Baby Babylon' 350 mm prototype. Nine tonnes of special supergun propellant could fire a 600 kg projectile over a range of 1,000 kilometres, or a 2,000 kg rocket-assisted projectile. The 2,000 kg projectile would place a net payload of about 200 kg into orbit at a cost of $ 600 per kg. The 1000 mm guns were never completed. After the war UN teams destroyed the guns and gun components in Iraqi possession.
Gerard Bull was first contracted by the Iraqi government in 1981. They desperately needed artillery to out-range the enemy in the protracted Iran-Iraq War. The association allowed Bull to yet again seek sponsorship of a space-launch supergun. Sadam Hussein liked the idea, and Project Babylon was born. Throughout the 1980's Bull's dealings with Iraq had the covert approval of Western governments, who saw Iraq as a counterweight to revolutionary Iran.
In March of 1988, Bull received a contract to build two full sized 'Project Babylon' 1000 mm superguns and one 'Baby Babylon' 350 mm prototype for a total of $25 million. The project was given the cover designation 'PC-2' (Petrochemical Complex-2). British engineer Christopher Cowley was the project manager.
The Project Babylon gun would have a barrel 156 meters long with a one meter bore. The launch tube would be 30 cm thick at the breech, tapering to 6.5 cm at the exit. Like the V-3 the gun would be built in segments. 26 six-meter-long sections would make up the barrel, totalling 1510 tonnes. Added to this would be four 220 tonne recoil cylinders, and the 165 tonne breech. The recoil force of the gun would be 27,000 tonnes - equivalent to a nuclear bomb and sufficient to register as a major seismic event all around the world. Nine tonnes of special supergun propellant would fire a 600 kg projectile over a range of 1,000 kilometres, or a 2,000 kg rocket-assisted projectile. The 2,000 kg projectile would place a net payload of about 200 kg into orbit at a cost of $ 600 per kg.
In May of 1989 the Baby Babylon was completed at Jabal Hamrayn, 145 km north of Baghdad. The horizontally-mounted gun was 45-m long with a 350 mm barrel, and had a total mass of 102 tonnes. Following tests using lead projectiles the gun was reassembled on a hillside at a 45 degree angle. It was expected to achieve a range of 750 km. An Iraqi defector revealed later that the gun was to be used for several missions:
Production of components for the Babylon gun began in Britain with the knowledge of British and US intelligence services. These were officially 'oil pipeline segments' for the 'PC-2' petrochemical refinery.
- Long-range attack using chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads. However since the weapon was fixed, it could only be fired in one direction, and like the V-3 would be easily identified and neutralised by the targeted country. For this reason the Israelis did not consider it much of a threat.
- As an anti-satellite weapon. It would launch a special shell in space that would explode near the target satellite, covering it with sticky material and blinding it.
On 22 March 1990 Bull was assassinated and the project quickly unravelled. It is commonly thought that he was killed by the Israelis, concerned not so much by the supergun work but rather dynamics research Bull was doing to improve Iraqi ballistic missiles. Three weeks later British Customs seized the final eight sections of the Babylon Gun. On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, precipitating the Gulf War. This ended Western covert sponsorship of Iraq.
After the war UN teams destroyed the Baby Babylon 350 mm gun, components of the two Project Babylon 1000 mm guns (44 gun sections, four recoil cylinders), and one tonne of supergun propellant (the Iraqis destroyed the remaining 11 tonnes). Only seven slugs for the 350 mm gun were recovered and destroyed. Iraq claimed never to have received any design, assistance, materials or equipment for the planned rocket-assisted projectiles. At the end of September 1995 UNSCOM obtained information on an indigenous 600 mm Iraqi supergun design - evidence that the project had not died with Bull.
Manufacturer: Bull. LEO Payload: 200 kg (440 lb). to: 180 km Orbit. at: 33.00 degrees. Payload: 600 kg (1,320 lb). to a: 500 km altitude suborbital trajectory. Associated Spacecraft: Gun-Launched ASAT. Total Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Core Diameter: 1.00 m (3.20 ft). Launch Price $: 0.120 million. in: 1990 price dollars. Total Development Built: 25.


28 Original Heritage Walks in The Kathmandu Valley
This is the most comprehensive book on heritage walks in Kathmandu with over 360 pages, 1000+ photographs, 58 color maps & 20 detailed diagrams. (August 2023 edition)
10 original Kathmandu city walks
Kathmandu City - Old city, Durbar Square Rediscovered, Maru Tol, Om Bahal, Te Bahal, Streets of Ason, New city, Jaisidewal, Hadigaun and more. Discover and walk over the oldest of Kathmandu's streets that are not written about anywhere else.
Swayambhunath - rediscover this classic stupa with an original walk around it uncovering hidden secrets that link it to locations around the city.
Boudha - the dewdrop Stupa is rediscovered with a look around it, on it and through it.
Pashupatinath - the oldest site in Kathmandu? Dating back to the 5th century it was destroyed and rebuilt again. Go beyond the main ghats to explore more heritage than any other book.
Valley Heritage Walks
Go beyond the city to discover hidden heritage in Kathmandu valley's most famous locations and in places few know about.
Kirtipur - the city that saw the fall of the Malla Kingdoms
Patan - Heritage walks in Durbar Square, North PAtan, South Patan, East Patan and West Patan. Discover the hidden history of the location where the very first Newari city was founded which predates Kathmandu.
Thimi - the middle kingdom revealed and detailed with a walk that's like stepping back in time.
Bhaktapur - Rediscover one of Nepal's greatest heritage cities with over 5 original walks. Durbar Square, Pottery Square, Taumadhi Tol, Golmadhi Tol, Dattaraya Tol, Narayan's Wakupati - with a short extension walk to the ponds of Bhaktapur.
Panauti - Go beyond my original heritage walk to Panauti to discover statues and shrines never revealed before.
Dhulikhel - The Kathmandu Valley's unique heritage & nature walk to the mountains.
This book also contains:
- The first ever "heritage links" for Kathmandu city helping you to discover heritage with ease.
- Easy to follow interactive maps
- Over 28 unique extension walks for those who "must see" everything.
- Specially designed so you complete every walk without repeating anything or get "templed out"
- Walking times, distance, difficulty levels & duration included
- August 2023 edition -
(PDF format: suitable for iPad, iPhone, Kindle (pdf), Ebook readers, all Android devices and printing). Internet is not needed to read or use this book!


A Goddess in Stone : The Flora FountainThe Flora Fountain sits at the heart of a 5 way freeway intersection in Mumbai's fast paced company district in southwest India. The fountain was erected in 1864 and depicts, in stone, the Roman Goddess, Flora. Flora is the goddess of bouquets and also the spring period. She represents renewal and rebirth. Drinking water flows from Flora's outstretched hands towards the small aspect basins which then overflow into the massive fountain pool at The bottom on the structure.
Regretably the polluted air of the city leaves the fountain which has a thick dirt include. This leaves website visitors with the ironic consider the state's environmental legacy. At the moment, the fountain is considered a heritage framework and wonderful treatment is remaining taken to make certain its foreseeable future. The sculpture was initially commissioned and compensated for by Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh. Parekh was a noble dignitary who was accountable for the revitalization of Mumbai within the late 1800s. The Flora fountain was carved from imported stone from Portland, England.
For a long time the fountain experienced no end in the slightest degree. The Uncooked stone was left unprotected from the elements and degraded after a while. In modern decades it has been included that has a white oil paint to safeguard the stone from pollution. The fountain was in the beginning named following the governor of Bombay, Sir Bartle Frere. The identify was altered, shortly, prior to the fountain was opened to Flora.
The Flora Fountain is positioned in the center of the town and happens to be a historic landmark. In 1960 the Flora Fountain was once more renamed to Hutatma Chowk, if not generally known as Martyr's Crossroad, to memorialize the people who died inside the battle to secure India's present federal government. Even so, most locals and readers refer to it since the “fountain”.
On any specified working day, this wonderful fountain is surrounded by distributors who offer a variety of goods, meals, and solutions. The fountain can also be surrounded by Substantially of the Indian federal government including the University of Bombay, Secretariat, as well as Gateway of India. The Flora Fountain may be viewed with the windows of your Large Courtroom, and that is the best courtroom of law in India. It can be continuously in the process of remaining restored however the Indian local climate coupled with enormous quantities of vehicle pollution proceed to compromise the framework of the Flora Fountain. The fountain is a fragile reminder of the have an affect on of recent read more technology on timeless beauty. The Flora Fountain is a must see for any person touring as a result of India.


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Southwest Jiaotong University (SWJTU) was founded in 1896 and is one of China’s oldest higher education institutions. Known as the cradle of China’s railway engineers and “the Cornell of the East”, SWJTU is the birthplace of China’s modern education in transportation, mining & metallurgy and civil engineering. Through its history, the university has adopted different names such as “Imperial Chinese Railway College at Shanhaiguan by Beiyang Railway Bureau”, “Tangshan Jiaotong University” and “Tangshan Institute of Railway”.
Since its establishment over 100 years ago, SWJTU has ... Learn More >>


The Most Ancient Symbol of Christianity
“For the Oil of the Spirit”
|These artifacts are believed to be from the 1st Century baptismal of James the Just and the Apostles. They were found on Mount Zion, Jerusalem.James was the brother of Jesus, and is described as the leader of the first Nazarene Messianic church.
“In 1963, a small ceremonial silver thin plate was found in the Judean Desert near Jerusalem that dated back to the first Century. A Catholic priest and archaeologist named Emanuel Testa deciphered the Aramaic text of this artifact, the first line of which reads: “For the Oil of the Spirit.”
|Testa was amazed to find that the text was nearly identical to James 5:14-16. This tiny lamina (3″x1″) is a sort of pass card or certificate of belief in Jesus, used in early Jewish-Christian baptism to confirm the forgiveness of sins and “right of passage” into the Kingdom of Heaven.
This text from the Book of James clearly indicates that the earliest Jewish Christians anointed believers with oil. What has not been clearly understood until now is how this anointing was connected with baptism and the entry into the faith. This is no longer a mystery.
|In 1990, Ludwig Schneider, editor in chief of the magazine Israel Update, struck up a friendship with an old Greek Orthodox monk who lived as a hermit in the Old City of Jerusalem. On one occasion, the monk showed Schneider a cache of artifacts that he had secretly excavated on Mount Zion before the Six Day War in 1967. Scheneider was taken aback. Many of these pottery shards, oil lamps and stone pieces were engraved with an unknown symbol. The symbol consisted of a menorah on top, a Star of David in the centre and a fish at the bottom. Schneider was immediately convinced that this must have been a symbol of the first Jewish-Christian church (assembly).
The monk then led Schneider to a cavity in the rock adjacent to the Tomb of David and the Upper Room on Mount Zion, and told him that this is where he found the artifacts. Today, the cave is dark and musty and sealed off with iron bars. As legend has it, some great secrets are hidden there. Some say that according to the Dead Sea Scrolls, it is a cache of Second Temple treasures. The most popular legend is that deep within this cave lies the long lost Ark of the Covenant.
As it turns out, this is the sacred baptismal grotto of the first Nazarene (Messianic) church, and the treasure hidden there was the First and Second Century artifacts (about 60 in all) found by the monk. Among these artifacts is a brick-shaped piece of local marble inscribed with the Messianic Seal and the words in ancient Aramaic: “For the Oil of the Spirit.” This seems to have been the base for a vial of anointing oil. A small pottery flask with a Messianic Seal found nearby supports this theory.
In my opinion, this piece of marble came into use in the earliest Nazarene times at this baptismal site, below the church in the Upper Room established by James the Just and the Apostles.
This was, of course, a perfect place for the first church, because the Upper Room is where the Holy Spirit fell upon the disciples at Pentecost. The church was located in the heart of the Essene (a strict, contemplative Jewish sect) Quarter, and was probably a Qumran-like Essene community. According to the Book of Acts, there was strict discipline and a hierarchy. It stands to reason that this group would have immediately established Nazarene ritual, including a ceremonial healing and baptismal centre where conversions were sealed by immersion in water and anointing with oil. Judging from the inscription “For the Oil of the Spirit,” the anointing was symbolic of baptism in the Holy Spirit. The Book of Acts records 3,000 conversions here on the day of Pentecost alone.
I believe that James and the Apostles administered the “Oil of the Spirit” from this very stone base. That would make this piece, if my suspicions are correct, the earliest known Christian artifact. I believe that the previously discovered lamina with the same inscription was also used in this congregation.
But ten years after its discovery, this historic, amazing find remains a well-kept secret. Ludwig Schneider approached the Israel Museum with the artifacts, and was promised that they would be put on display. But it never happened. It seems that the Israeli authorities do not want the mystery of the Messianic Seal to come to light.”


Srivijayas power was based on its control of international sea trade. Srivijaya was a kingdom that developed into a Federation States, encompassing states on the archipelagoes of the present-day Indonesia, Such as, Sumatra and Java. The parts of Kampuchea, Laos and . Kinship Groups in Africa . Srivijaya has its own meaning according to language. As such, the status would shift over generations. Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD) mentioned samvau (modern Malay: Sampan). It established trade relations not only with the states in the Malay Archipelago but also with China and India. It was an easy location for traders from different regions to meet as opposed to visiting each other directly. Balaputradewa who is a descendant of the Syailendra dynasty fled to Srivijaya and was enthroned as king. The news of the Javanese invasion of Srivijaya was recorded in Chinese Song period sources. 318-336, Brill Publishers, Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.485, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 22:16, Legend of the Maharaja of Javaka and the Khmer King, launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya, A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea, "Indonesia - The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya-Palembang", "Historical fragments of Sriwijaya in Palembang", "Muaro Jambi, The Capital of Srivijaya, According to the writings of I-Tsing, Chau Ju-kua and recent studies and archaeological findings", "rvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy", "The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives", "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit", "Srivijaya: A primer - Part 1 | SEAArch - Southeast Asian Archaeology", "Prasasti Kota Kapur dan nama Kedatuan Sriwijaya", "Sriwijaya: history, religion & language of on early Malay polity / collected studies by George Coedes and Lovis-Charles Damais; edited, Pierre-Ives Manguin and Tan Sri Dato Mubin Sheppard, OPAC Perpustakaan Nasional RI", "Media Dunia Heboh atas Temuan Harta Karun Swarnadwipa Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Dasar Sungai Musi", "Have Sumatran fishing crews found the fabled Island of Gold? The ritual included a curse upon those who commit treason against Kadatuan Srivijaya. Srivijaya's existence spanned from from the 8th to the 12th century During the Golden Age of Srivijaya in 10th century, it was arguably one of the largest empire in the world. During the same century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya. They also brought cultural influences from India, China, and mainland Southeast Asia. After the bronze and Iron Age, an influx of bronze tools and jewelry spread throughout the region. , There is also evidence to suggest that Kulottunga Chola, the maternal grandson of emperor Rajendra Chola I, in his youth (1063) was in Sri Vijaya,:148 restoring order and maintaining Chola influence in that area. Furthermore, a significant number of Hindu-Buddhist statuary has been recovered from the Musi River basin. B. attack other states trying to grab power. During its formation, the empire was organised in three main zones the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as hinterland and source of valuable goods, and rival estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. After the Chola attack, there is no information about naval problems in the Malacca Strait until a very different story in Lingwai daida (1178), written by Zhou Qufei: This country (Srivijaya) has no products, but its people are well trained in warfare. From the seventh to the twelfth centuries, the Srivijaya Empire ruled over modern-day Indonesia and most of the Malay Archipelago.  The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, and stretches 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, while 80 mounds (menapos) of temple ruins, are not yet restored. He reigned as ruler from 792 to 835. Interactions among different peoples along trade routes led to, What might this empire have looked like? :163, The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests of parts of Sumatra and Malay Peninsula for the next 20 years. are not afraid of dying). It adhered to Mahayana Buddhism and soon became the stopping point for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India. Not just in the Global Tapestry Period of World History. Internal competition among Malay groups of different river systems have been documented by Chinese dynastic records. It's literally only been known .  When trying to prove this theory, there have been some discrepancies with the dating of said artifacts. This is based on the discovery of Bumiayu temple ruin, a red brick Shivaist Hindu temple compound built and used between the 8th to 13th century CE. This post is written especially for current students in GOVT 3443/ASIAN 3334, Southeast Asian Politics. If a Chinese priest wishes to go to the West in order to hear (lectures) and read (the original), he had better stay here one or two years and practise the proper rules and then proceed to Central India. Zhu fan zhi also states that Java (Kediri) was ruled by a maharaja and included the following "dependencies": Pai-hua-yuan (Pacitan), Ma-tung (Mataram), Ta-pen (Tumapel, now Malang), Hi-ning (Dieng), Jung-ya-lu (Hujung Galuh, now Surabaya), Tung-ki[ii] (Jenggi, West Papua), Ta-kang (Sumba), Huang-ma-chu (Southwest Papua), Ma-li (Bali), Kulun[iii] (Gurun, identified as Gorong or Sorong in West Papua or an island in Nusa Tenggara), Tan-jung-wu-lo (Tanjungpura in modern-day West Kalimantan, Borneo), Ti-wu (Timor), Pingya-i (Banggai in Sulawesi) and Wu-nu-ku (Maluku). :8283 Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran importance as a great empire to balance Java's Majapahit in the east.  The earliest known inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century in the Kedukan Bukit inscription found near Palembang, Sumatra, dated 16 June 682.  The troves includes coins of certain periods, gold jewelries, Buddhist statues, gems, colourful beads, and Chinese ceramic fragments. In the old and new cities alike there are languid camels pulling carts, lines of burros transporting construction materials, cows napping, pariah dogs (all of which bear a strong family resemblance), and of course everywhere people, usually on foot, sometimes on bicycles or in horse carts, less often in auto rickshaws or . The Buddhist pilgrim Yijing's account is especially important in describing Srivijaya, when he visited the kingdom in 671 for six months. Instead of traveling the entire distance from the Middle East to China, which would have taken about a year with the assistance of monsoon winds, it was easier to stop somewhere in the middle, Srivijaya. The building is influenced by Sriwijaya architecture. Srivijaya's victory on its dominance of river-mouth centers on the Sumatra, Malaya and western Java coasts ensured Palembang's control over the region. Regarding its status as the central port of the region, it seems that Srivijaya has a unique "ritual policy" in its relations with the dominant powers of South Asia, Southeast Asia, but mainly with China. Rejoiced, the Chinese Emperor named the temple Ch'eng-t'en-wan-shou ('ten thousand years of receiving blessing from heaven, which is China) and a bell was immediately cast and sent to Srivijaya to be installed in the temple. This decision was later proven to be a mistake, as Jayavarman II revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata, severing the link to Srivijaya and proclaimed Khmer independence from Java in 802. kinship. This statue, dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries, exists as proof of the spread of art, culture, and ideology through the medium of trade. Srivijayan rulers incorporated Buddhist philosophy into their public image. The hottest new trading Empire on the block is the Srivijaya Empire. Corrections? She also became the queen consort of Airlangga named Dharmaprasadottungadevi and, in 1035, Airlangga constructed a Buddhist monastery named Srivijayasrama dedicated to his queen consort.  Sanskrit and Pali texts referred to it as Yavades and Javadeh, respectively. , Srivijayan settlers may have colonized some parts of Madagascar. Travellers to these islands mentioned that gold coins were in use in the coastal areas but not inland. A particularly popular form of Buddhism in the Srivijaya Empire was, The influence of Buddhism also affected political structures in the Srivijaya Empire. It was formed on the island of Sumatra, which had a strong influence on Southeast Asia. , Furthermore, the absence of any terms denoting maritime vessel for general use and military showed that the navy is not a permanent aspect of the state in the Malacca Strait. The expedition of Rajendra Chola I had such a lasting impression on the Malay people of the period that his name is even mentioned (in the corrupted form as Raja Chulan) in the medieval Malay chronicle the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Tamil Nadu in South India, launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya in 1025. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place 1,200 years ago around 830 CE. In 1792 B.C., a new empire began to control much of Mesopotamia. Written inscriptions show that Old Malay contains loanwords from Sanskrit, an Indo-Aryan language used throughout South Asia. A large portion of this empire is what is now known as Indonesia. Access to the former and later played a major role in the creation of an extreme economic surplus in the absence of an exploited hinterland. Artefacts unearthed includes large amount of Chinese ceramics and Indian rouletted ware remains, also the ruins of stupa at the foot of Bukit Seguntang. This gift made the people of Suvarnabhumi rejoice, especially their king Tribhuwanaraja. Unsere Bestenliste Mar/2023 Ausfhrlicher Produktratgeber Beliebteste Lego 41027 Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations by Tansen Sen p.226, Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71, History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800 by Geoffrey C. Gunn p.43, Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800 by, Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71, Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans, by A. Kalyanaraman p.158, India and Malaya Through the Ages: by S. Durai Raja Singam, S. Paranavitana (1966) "Ceylon and r Vijaya, in Artibus Asiae. The Srivijaya was a Malaysian seaborne Empire, which exercised considerable control over Southeast Asia during the 7 th to 12 th centuries. He appointed the Khmer Prince Jayavarman II as governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Sailendran rule. Modern Indonesian nationalists have also invoked the name of Srivijaya, along with Majapahit, as a source of pride in Indonesia's past greatness. Some scholar argues that the centre of Srivijaya was located in Muaro Jambi, and not Palembang as many previous writers suggested. srivijaya empire gender roles - cuestarriba.cl 25 de maio de 2020. It . The Formation of NATO. A statuette found in the same area did align with Srivijayan chronology, but it has been suggested that this is merely a coincidence and the product was actually brought to the region recently. Either way, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled the Sumatran branch of Sailendra dynasty and was enthroned in the Srivijayan capital of Palembang. This has motivated Indonesian historian to trace the origin of songket and its possible link to Srivijaya. Kodam Sriwijaya (a military commando area unit), PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (a fertiliser company), Sriwijaya Post (a Palembang-based newspaper), Sriwijaya Air (an airline), Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, and Sriwijaya F.C. If merchant ships arrive, it has to be released". At its height, its area of influence included neighbouring Jambi, to the north the kingdoms of the Malay Peninsula: Chitu, Pan-pan, Langkasuka and Kataha, as well as eastwards in Java, where links with the .  According to this theory, Samara launched a massive annihilation against Chola and claimed the Srivijaya throne in 1045. Arriving at the enemy, they dare to die (i.e. Even when the neighboring powers in maritime Asia, especially Java during the 10th to 14th centuries, and Chola India in the 11th century, began to develop their navies, Srivijaya's naval power was relatively weak.  After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten. According to Yijing, within Palembang there were more than 1000 monks studying for themselves and training traveling scholars who were going from India to China and vice versa. What was the Srivijayan social structure (ex. The main urban centres of Srivijaya were then at Palembang (especially the Karanganyar site near Seguntang Hill area), Muara Jambi and Kedah. The Khmer king, Jayavarman II, was mentioned to have spent years in the court of Sailendra in Java before returning to Cambodia to rule around 790. :6, In 1006, Srivijaya's alliance proved its resilience by successfully repelling the Javanese invasion. After its expansion to the neighbouring states, the Srivijayan empire was formed as a collection of several Kadatuans (local principalities), which swore allegiance to the central ruling powerful Kadatuan ruled by the Srivijayan Maharaja. In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of Tang Dynasty and the rise of Song, there was brisk trading between the overseas world with the Fujian kingdom of Min and the rich Guangdong kingdom of Nan Han. In the 8th century, Sriwijaya's naval capabilities grew to match the proportion of its army strength, although it only played a role as logistical support. They also presided over harvesting resources from their respective regions for export. Some northern urban settlements were sited due to some overlap in fitting the sinocentric model of city-state urban centers. srivijaya empire family and kinship.  An inscription of King Rajendra states that he had captured the King of Kadaram, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman, son of Mara Vijayatunggavarman, and plundered many treasures including the Vidhyadara-torana, the jewelled 'war gate' of Srivijaya adorned with great splendour. With the death of Dharmawangsa and the fall of the Mataram capital, Srivijaya contributed to the collapse of Mataram kingdom, leaving Eastern Java in further unrest, violence and, ultimately, desolation for several years to come. All of them prepare and equip [themselves] with soldiers, equipment, and food. One thing researchers have found Srivijaya to be lacking is an emphasis in art and architecture. The Berlin Blockade. In 1025 Chola seized Palembang, captured the king and carried off his treasures, and also attacked other parts of the kingdom. According to the Chinese Song Dynasty book Zhu Fan Zhi, written around 1225 by Zhao Rugua, the two most powerful and richest kingdoms in the Southeast Asian archipelago were Srivijaya and Java (Kediri), with the western part (Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java/Sunda) under Srivijaya's rule and the eastern part was under Kediri's domination. Direct link to nschmidt22's post Are there any other ideol, Posted a year ago. A portion of their revenue was required to be paid to the king. Around the year 500, the roots of the Srivijayan empire began to develop around present-day Palembang, Sumatra. A large portion of this empire is what is now known as Indonesia. The kingdom of Srivijaya, a name which translates to "shining victory", was a Malay polity centred in Palembang in south Sumatra. Srivijaya Empire Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bin Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era Sometime around 903, the Muslim writer Ibn Rustah was so impressed with the wealth of the Srivijayan ruler that he declared that one would not hear of a king who was richer, stronger or had more revenue. Unfortunately, historians have only recovered Srivijaya writings from a small window of timethe seventh centurywritten in Old Malay. A round trip from one end to Srivijaya and back would take the same amount of time to go the entire distance one way. Placement of Children With Relatives Series Title State Statutes Author (s) Child Welfare Information Gateway Srivijaya and its kings were instrumental in the spread of Buddhism as they established it in places they conquered like Java, Malaya, and other lands. , Ceramics were a major trade commodity between Srivijaya and China with shard artifacts found along the coast of Sumatra and Java. This inscription allowed historians to understand the practices being held at the time, as well as their importance to the function of Srivijayan society. The Buddhist art and architecture of Srivijaya was influenced by the Indian art of the Gupta Empire and Pala Empire. Volume 1:Papers on Asian History, Religion, Languages, Literature, Music Folkfore and Anthropology" Artibus Asiae Publishers. Based on the Nalanda Inscription, it is known that Balaputradewa was the grandson of a Javanese king who came from the Syailendra family. This is the first evidence seen in the archaeological record of a Southeast Asian ruler (or king) regarded as a religious leader/figure. In offensive naval warfare, their attacks are unmatched. , Srivijaya-Palembang's significance both as a center for trade and for the practice of Vajrayana Buddhism has been established by Arab and Chinese historical records over several centuries. According to the Kota Kapur inscription discovered on Bangka Island, the empire conquered most of southern Sumatra and the neighbouring island of Bangka as far as Palas Pasemah in Lampung. By the 13th century, the Singhasari empire, the successor state of Kediri in Java, rose as a regional hegemon in maritime Southeast Asia. These travelers were primarily situated in Palembang for long periods of time due to waiting for Monsoon winds to help further their journey. Rice, cotton, indigo and silver from Java; aloes, resin, camphor, ivory and rhino's tusks, tin and gold from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula; rattan, rare timber, camphor, gems and precious stones from Borneo; exotic birds and rare animals, iron, sappan, sandalwood, and rare spices including clove and nutmeg from the Eastern Indonesian archipelago; various spices of Southeast Asia and India including pepper, cubeb and cinnamon; also Chinese ceramics, lacquerware, brocade, fabrics, silks, and Chinese artworks are among valuable commodities being traded in Srivijayan ports. Srivijaya Empire controlling sea routes few areas in which they competed directly /a > gender roles and relations/patriarchy Family kinship. Later, a Chinese chronicle made mention of Shih-li-t-'o-pa-mo (Sri Indravarman) and how the Maharaja of Shih-li-fo-shih had sent the Chinese Emperor a ts'engchi (Chinese spelling of the Arabic Zanji) as a gift in 724. Obviously, the Javanese navy was strong enough to seriously disrupt Srivijaya's communications with China. The Chinese called it Sanfotsi, Sanfoqi or Che-li-fo-che (Shilifoshi), and there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli, which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya. By the early 13th century, Pahang, Kuala Beranang and Kompei had established direct economic links with the Chinese port of Quanzhou.  An inscription of Canton mentions Ti-hua-kialo as the ruler of Sri Vijaya. Direct link to David Alexander's post Most religions start when, Posted 2 years ago. Wolders, Kon. There were opportunities to release (i.e. The earliest reference to the new dynasty was found in the Grahi inscription from 1183 discovered in Chaiya (Grahi), Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula. Sanskrit was only known by a limited circle; brahmin (priests) and kavi (poets), while Old Malay was a common language in Srivijayan realm. In Java, Dharanindra's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800819), mentioned in the Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputradewa, and the son of ailendravamsatilaka (the jewel of the ailendra family) with the stylised name being rviravairimathana (the slayer of a heroic enemy), which refers to Dharanindra. The Melayu Kingdom's gold mines up in the Batang Hari River hinterland were a crucial economic resource and may be the origin of the word Suvarnadvipa, the Sanskrit name for Sumatra. Historians say that much of Srivijaya's influence is seen in the Borom pagoda building. interhealth corporation 2003 upper deck baseball cards countries with tourist tax srivijaya empire family and kinship. In 1288, Kertanegara's forces conquered most of the Melayu states, including Palembang, Jambi and much of Srivijaya, during the Pamalayu expedition. According to one theory proposed by Sri Lankan historian Senarath Paranavitana, Rajendra Chola I was murdered in 1044 AD, during his visit to Srivijaya by Purandara, on the order of Samara Vijayatunggavarman, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman's brother. This system of trade has led researchers to conjecture that the actual native products of Srivijaya were far less than what was originally recorded by Chinese and Arabic traders of the time. According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Sri Vijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram (Kedah) after the naval expedition of 1067 AD and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne. The Srivijayan historiography was acquired, composed and established from two main sources: the Chinese historical accounts and the Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been discovered and deciphered in the region. This led to a split with the wider Rajput community. For the Indonesian airline named after the empire, see, The maximum extent of Srivijaya around the 8th to the 11th century with a series of Srivijayan expeditions and conquest, Dapunta Hyang's expedition and expansion (, A 2.77 metres tall statue of Buddha in Amaravati style, from, Het sultanaat Palembang 1811 1825, M.O. The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. However, artifacts of the empire include Buddhist sculptures and the remains of, The Srivijaya Empire controlled two major passageways between India and China: the Sunda Straits from the city of Palembang and the. The conflict ended with a victory for the Chola and heavy losses for Srivijaya and the capture of Sangramavijayottungavarman in the Chola raid in 1025. Ceramic sherds found around the Geding Suro temple complex have been revealed to be much more recent than previously assumed. Warmadewa was known as an able and astute ruler, with shrewd diplomatic skills. Despite the naval confrontation between Java and Srivijaya, communication between the coastal governments of the Indian Ocean and China continued during this time, suggesting that the conflict did not always occur on the high seas, but was more likely to be confined to the estuaries and rivers around the Srivijayan capital of Palembang, the mouth of the Musi River and the Bangka Straits.. Srivijayan navigators may have reached as far as Madagascar. :186187 Additionally, Zhao Rugua said that Srivijaya "was still a great power at the beginning of the thirteenth century" with 15 colonies: Pong-fong (Pahang), Tong-ya-nong (Terengganu), Ling-ya-si-kia (Langkasuka), Kilan-tan (Kelantan), Fo-lo-an (Dungun, eastern part of Malay Peninsula, a town within state of Terengganu), Ji-lo-t'ing (Cherating), Ts'ien-mai (Semawe, Malay Peninsula), Pa-t'a (Sungai Paka, located in Terengganu of Malay Peninsula), Tan-ma-ling (Tambralinga, Ligor or Nakhon Si Thammarat, South Thailand), Kia-lo-hi (Grahi, (Krabi) northern part of Malay peninsula), Pa-lin-fong (Palembang), Sin-t'o (Sunda), Lan-wu-li (Lamuri at Aceh), Kien-pi (Jambi) and Si-lan (Cambodia or Ceylon (?)). Period of World History his treasures, and mainland Southeast Asia Khmer Prince Jayavarman as. Sri Vijaya harvesting resources from their respective regions for export with shrewd diplomatic skills taken place years. 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Indian Journal of Tradional Knowledge
Vol. 2(1), April 2003, pp. 126-136
Indian civilization and the science of fingerprinting
William Herschel (1833-1917), an English officer, started studying fingerprints
when he was posted in
Keywords: Fingerprinting, Ancient science.
William Herschel was
born on January 9, 1833 at
It was here that Herschel, on behalf of the government, entered in an agreement with a local contractor, Rajyadhar Konai, for supplying material for the construction of roads2. In order to authenticate the covenant, Herschel asked Konai to place his right handprint on the agreement (Fig. 1). Konai oblidged by the conditions of the contract. Subsequently Herschel realized that it was more advantageous to use the impressions of right index and middle fingers as against using the whole hand3.
In 1877 Herschel was appointed magistrate and Collector of Hooghly. The courts, the prison, the deed registration office and the pension office now fell under his purview. He,
Fig. 1—Handprint of Rajyadhar Konai
therefore, decided to put the fingerprint system to practical usage. He introduced the practice of taking pensioner’s fingerprints to avoid impersonation by others after their death. He also made it mandatory on the part of the concerned individuals to put their finger impressions on the legal deeds.
In 1916, Herschel published a book entitled, The Origin of Finger-Printing, in which he took pains to emphasize that Konai’s contract was the first official document bearing the handprint as a mark of personal identification. In the preface, Herschel writes3:
The following pages have two
objectives: first, to place on record the genesis of the finger-print method of
personal identification; secondly, to examine the scanty suggestions of
evidence that this use of our fingers had been foreshadowed in
….I believe these pages will suffice to show the originality of my study of its two essential features, the strict individuality and the stubborn persistence of the patterns on our fingers.
Why did Herschel ask Konai to put his hand impression on the contract? In his own words3:
….I was only wishing to frighten Konai out of all thought of repudiating his signature hereafter.
Eight decades later, the website on history of fingerprinting corroborates Herschel’s point of view4:
The English first began using fingerprints in July of 1858, when Sir William Herschel had Rajyadhar Konai, a local businessman, impress his hand print on the back of a contract…. The native was suitably impressed, and Herschel made a habit of requiring palm prints….on every contract made with the locals.
Rajyadhar Konai fulfilled the conditions of the agreement not because he was afraid, but because he, being an Indian, understood the significance of handprints.
Herschel further writes in his book3:
Many must have heard of some such use of a man’s hand; and the correspondence that has taken place has brought to light old instances of the hand, or the nail of a finger, or the teeth in one’s mouth, being used to certify a man’s act or a woman’s. But these have all been isolated instances.
These were not isolated instances. It was
rather a common practice among rulers of medieval
Fig. 2—Handprint of Shah Jahan.
Concerning Mughal farmans, Hasan6 says:
Three marks of distinction were established as a tradition by which the king, according to the rank of the addressee and the extent of favour desired to be bestowed upon him, could exalt him.
1. By putting his signature in addition to the official seal
2. By adding a line or two at the top in his own hand…
3. By putting the mark of the royal hand on the farman.
In 1637 AD, the joint forces of Shah Jahan
and Adil Khan, under the command of Khan Zaman Bahadur, invaded the camp of
Shahuji Bhosle, the ruler of
Plate 1—Farman issued by Aurangzeb, bearing his handprint
Since the garrison (of Shahuji) was now reduced to great extremities ….Shahuji wrote frequently to Khan Bahadur in the most humble strain, promising to pay allegiance to the crown. He at the same time solicited a written treaty …stamped with the impression of his hand.
In 1613 AD, Mughal
Emperor Jahangir defeated Amar Singh Sisodia, the ruler of
When Rana Amar Singh Sisodiya of
Another Mughal king, Aurangzeb, issued a farman (Plate 1) in 1659 AD bearing his
handprint9. Plate 2 depicts the handprint of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
This has been reproduced from a treaty dated April 13, 1827 AD between the
Maharaja and Fateh Singh, the king of Kapurthala (in present day
Arches loops whorls
Fig. 3—Fingerprint patterns
Fig. 4—Fingerprint characteristics: a. ridge termination; b. fork; c. lake; d. island; e. short independent ridge; f. hook; g. crossover
The question then arises that how did the Indian rulers came to know about the importance of fingerprints. The science of fingerprinting has always been a part of Indian culture and civilization. A Hindu scripture, Samudra Shastra, compiled by Samudra Rishi tells us a great deal about fingerprinting11.
When Sir Edward Richard Henry, Inspector General of Bengal Police, devised a classification formula for maintaining fingerprints’ record in 1897, he identified three broad types of patterns: Arches, loops and whorls (Fig. 3). He also observed that statistically, 5% of fingerprints have arch pattern, 60% are loops and 35% are whorls12.
Samudra Shastra too identifies three types of fingerprints. It says that two are of common types, viz. sankhas (corresponding to loops), and chakras (corresponding to whorls), while the third type, seeps (corresponding to arches) are rare. It is not surprising that both Henry and Samudra Rishi reached the same conclusion. What is astonishing is that what the police officer inferred merely hundred years ago, the holy man ratiocinated the same more than 5000 years ago!
The modern science of fingerprinting asserts that parallel ridges on fingertips are interrupted by seven types of irregularities, known as characteristics (Fig. 4). It is the combination of these irregularities that makes each fingerprint unique. Thus the fundamental principal of fingerprinting states that no two persons and no two fingers of the same person have identical ridge patterns. This makes fingerprinting an infallible means of identification. Samudra Shastra too identifies many of these characteristics(Fig. 5). Thus, apuran java, puran java, padam and aax are concurrent to fork, lake, hook and island, respectively, of modern fingerprint discipline.
Fig. 5—Fingerprint characteristics identified in Samudra Shastra
It is quite obvious that the author of Samudra Shastra would not have studied such minor details directly from the fingers, for the invention of lens came much later. This means that he must have developed a method to record the finger impressions on a suitable surface. This also means that he would have designed a version of modern day stamp pad.
Samudra Rishi researched fingerprints from
the point of view of astrology and not criminology. However, it is hard to believe
that a person who had probed in details, not only the outer pattern but also
the inner characteristics of fingerprints, had not realized their uniqueness.
However, he did not make an attempt to correlate the ridge pattern with the identity
of individuals because in those good old days there was no crime in
We are not sure whether Herschel was aware of
the handprinted documents of medieval rulers or of Samudra Shastra. Perhaps he was not. Nevertheless, he asserts that
the true essence of handprints/fingerprints lies in identification. He further
states that neither the custom of tep-sai
– the practice followed by illiterates in
Herschel thus believed that by recording Konai’s handprint, he was the first to hit upon the idea of identification by fingerprints. So sure was Herschel about his innovation that in October 1917, he sent the following note to the Secretary, Government of Bengal for favour of placement in the archives records13:
I have the honour to send you by this mail a copy of the pamphlet which I have lately published on the ‘Origin of Finger-printing’, which I request you to lay before His Excellency the Governor for favourable consideration of the purpose I have in view: which is to place on record in the archives of his Government the story of what I may now with perfect confidence call ‘the Discovery’ of the peculiar value of finger prints by a member of the Bengal Civil Service.
I recall these facts as necessary to fill up the record of my share in what has grown to be a world-wide and powerful instrument for the security of society in various ways, all tending, I venture to think, to realize the hope I had expressed in1877 that ‘its general use would be a substantial contribution towards public morality’. Looking back now, forty years after my retirement, I wish that I had rather said ‘towards confidence between man and man’.
Herschel advocates in his book that most authors have failed to realize the force of the word ‘identification’ in the fingerprint system3:
It (identification) means that if a man can be indicated whose fingerprint agrees with that on a document, he is identified with the man who put that one there. That is all we want. But it will be seen that there must be two impressions at least, that will bear comparison, to constitute ‘identification’.
Most of the handprinted documents of medieval
We once again refer to the handprint-bearing treaty which Shahuji Bhosle solicited from Shah Jahan. Normally the victorious ruler dictates the conditions of the treaty. But here is a case where a king, who is at a receiving end, lays down the terms for peace. By asking for a handprinted document, Bhosle was trying to ensure that the covenant be respected by the descendents of the warring factions. What was special about the handprint, save it being a mode of identification?
Moreover, regarding Mughal farmans, Hasan writes6:
The procedure in drafting the farmans was very elaborate. Having regard to the conditions of the age in which the Mughals ruled, every necessary precaution was taken to safeguard against frauds in this connection.
The fact that handprint was used as an ultimate safeguard against fraud clearly indicates its utility as a means of identification.
Herschel concludes his book by stating3:
….It is hard to believe that a system so practically useful as this could have been known in the great lands of the East for generations past, without arresting the notice of Western statesmen, merchants, travelers and students. Yet the knowledge never reached us.
Puri9 believes that many foreign
The mark of the royal hand was the highest distinction (on a farman)…
I have not found any case in which it (handprint) was put on a farman to any royal servant…
Thus the hand impression signatures were put only on those official documents that were sent to individuals of status. These were generally rulers of other provinces so that they may recognize the sovereignty (read individuality) of the sender. Hence such deeds were outside the purview of commoners.
Nevertheless, there were some enterprising
westerners who unearthed such documents for academic exercises. However, these
investigators were neither civil servants nor scientists, but mainly historians.
One such historian was E.B. Havell from whose text, A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, we have reprinted the hand impression
of Shah Jahan (Fig. 2, reference 5). Havell was an Englishman who came to
The authors are grateful to
Lambourne G, The Fingerprint Story, (Harrap,
Berry J, Advances in Fingerprint Technology, (
Herschel W J, The Origin of Finger-Printing, (
Havell E B, A Handbook to
Hasan I, The Central Structure of the Mughal Empire, (
Bigley W E & Desai Z A, The Shah Jahan Nama, (
8 Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, p. 134.
Puri K S, The use of finger and palm
prints in ancient
Singh K, Ranjit Singh – Maharaja of the Punjab, (Penguin Books,
Puri K S, The use of finger and palm
prints in ancient
Henry E R, The Classification and Uses of Fingerprints, (H.M.S.O.,
13 Home Department Proceedings No. 96(B), Police Branch, June 1918.


The Industrial Revolution began in England in the middle of the 18th century and spread to the rest of Europe and the United States in the early 19 th century. This era changed the way people worked and lived. New machines were invented and a large part of the population moved from the countryside to urban areas.
Click on this website to give you an easy understandable overview of the Industrial Revolution.
A basic introduction to the Industrial Revolution
Eastwood, K 2004, Women and girls in the Middle Ages, Crabtree, New York.
Medieval Lords 2014, Medieval Life and Times, accessed 3 May 2015, <http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-life/medieval-lords.htm>.
When you are using the library catalogue use these general subject headings to search for information about the Industrial Revolution.
Great Britain History 19th century
Transport - History
Inventions - History
Scientists - Biography
The following videos can be watched on the Clickview Player at school or Clickview Online at home (ask the library staff for the username and password)
What the industrial revolution did for us series including episodes :
On the Move
The worst jobs in history episode 3


Bicycle Boom was a unique 3-part performance commission by Eilidh MacAskill of Fish & Game. As a collaboration between The Arches Behaviour Festival and Glasgow Museums with support from Creative Scotland’s One Step Further fund, these three original performances celebrated the bicycle as a mechanical agent of change and a symbol of universal freedom.
“Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world.”
Susan B Anthony, American Suffragette, 1896
Saturday 3rd March 2012, Kelvingrove Museum and Art Galleries
As part of Kelvingrove Museum’s Victorians Rediscovered weekend, visitors met a late-19th Century lady cyclist making an impassioned speech advocating the riding of the bicycle for all women and lovers of freedom.
“It is vivid stuff, presented with vigour and charm by a performer who combines feminist principles with real joie de vivre” **** Joyce McMillan in The Scotsman on Soapbox
This family-friendly event was a re-imagining of the Cycling Gymkhana held as part of the Great Exhibition of 1901. Chiefly designed as an entertainment, the Gymkhana featured a parade of historical lady cyclists, a musical drill of synchronized cycling, and several strange races. Audience members young and old brought along their own decorated bikes for a chance to win the prize of the Best-Dressed Wheel.
– Original Live music from the House Band led by Kim Moore of Zoey Van Goey
– Stunt display from top cyclist, Rhona Harrison
– Prize-giving ceremony and parade of the Best Dressed Wheel
Sunday 4th & Saturday 10th March 2012
Get on yer bike for this cycle tour performance starting at Kelvingrove Museum and ending at the new Riverside museum. On the way we explored the development of the bicycle and it’s influence on the lives of women over the past 100 years.
This performance featured a very gentle bike ride suitable for 12+ and supported by British Cycling. At the end there was tea, coffee and scones at Riverside Museum after a tour of the brilliant bicycle displays.
BYOB – Bring Your Own Bike
Link to Catriona Duffy’s blog post on KG2R for The Arches Behaviour Festival – Dear Green Place