World War I reparations were the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles following its defeat during World War I. Article of the Treaty the 'war guilt' clause declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.
However, the actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the billion marks cited in but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the schedules A 12 billion marks, B 38 billion.
The actual total payout from to when payments were suspended indefinitely was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about 5 billion US dollars or one billion British pounds. Of this amount, The rest was goods like coal and chemicals, or from assets like railway equipment. The total amount of reparations was fixed in on the basis of the German capacity to pay, not on the basis of Allied claims.
The highly publicized rhetoric of about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant to the total, but it did affect how the recipients spent their share.
Austria, Hungary, and Turkey were also supposed to pay some reparations but they were so impoverished that they in fact paid very little. Payments were suspended for one year in June as proposed by U. West Germany resumed payments on the debt in the London Debt Agreement of There was extensive debate about the justice and likely impact of the reparations demands both before and after the publication and signing of the Treaty of Versailles and other Treaties in Most famously, the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, John Maynard Keynesresigned from the Treasury in June in protest at the scale of the reparations demands, and subsequently protested publicly in the best-selling The Economic Consequences of the Peace The Dawes Plan modified Germany's reparation payments.
The Americans Owen D. Young and Seymour Parker Gilbert were appointed to implement this plan. However, the Wall Street Crash of and the onset of the Great Depression resulted in calls for a moratorium. On June 20,realizing that Austria and Germany were on the brink of financial collapse, U.
President Herbert Hoover proposed a one-year world moratorium on reparations and inter-governmental debt payments. As a result, all German banks had to close temporarily. The worsening economic distress within Germany resulted in the Lausanne Conferencewhich voted to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles.
However, the Lausanne agreement was contingent upon the United States agreeing to also defer payment of the war debt owed them by the Western European governments. The plan ultimately failed, not because of the U.
Congress refusal to go along, but because it became irrelevant upon Hitler's rise to power and his refusal to pay any reparations. The Germans had paid a total of 20 billion marks and historian Martin Kitchen argues that the impression the country was crippled by the reparations was a myth. In the German public, there was little acceptance that the German army had been defeated in war.The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments and demilitarization.
President Woodrow Wilson had outlined in his famous Fourteen Points in earlythe Treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany while failing to resolve the underlying issues that had led to war in the first place. Economic distress and resentment of the treaty within Germany helped fuel the ultra-nationalist sentiment that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Partyas well as the coming of a World War II just two decades later. In a speech to Congress in JanuaryWilson laid out his idealistic vision for the post-war world.
This organization eventually became known as the League of Nations. Free trade should exist among all nations, putting an end to economic barriers between countries. When German leaders signed the armistice ending hostilities in World War I on November 11,they believed this vision articulated by Wilson would form the basis for any future peace treaty. This would not prove to be the case. The Paris Peace Conference opened on January 18,a date that was significant in that it marked the anniversary of the coronation of German Emperor Wilhelm I, which took place in the Palace of Versailles at the end of the Franco-Prussian War in InFrance and its prime minister, Georges Clemenceau, had not forgotten the humiliating loss, and intended to avenge it in the new peace agreement.
He sought heavy reparations from Germany as a way of limiting German economic recovery after the war and minimizing this possibility.
Lloyd George, on the other hand, saw the rebuilding of Germany as a priority in order to reestablish the nation as a strong trading partner for Great Britain. Wilson opposed Italian territorial demands, as well as previously existing arrangements regarding territory between the other Allies; instead, he wanted to create a new world order along the lines of the Fourteen Points.
The Thorny History of Reparations in the United States
The other leaders saw Wilson as too naive and idealistic, and his principles were difficult to translate into policy. In the end, the European Allies imposed harsh peace terms on Germany, forcing the nation to surrender around 10 percent of its territory and all of its overseas possessions.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28,exactly five years after the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, sparking the outbreak of the war.
Though the treaty included a covenant creating the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at preserving peace, the harsh terms imposed on Germany helped ensure that peace would not last for long. Germans were furious about the treaty, seeing it as a diktator dictated peace; they bitterly resented the sole blame of war being placed at their feet.
Keynes was only one prominent critic of the Treaty of Versailles. Congress failed to ratify the treaty, and later concluded a separate peace with Germany; the United States would never join the League of Nations. Department of State: Office of the Historian. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present.
In Januarytwo months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy outside Paris, to work out the terms of a peace treaty to officially end the conflict. Though representatives of nearly With the November 11, President Woodrow Wilson in his famous Fourteen Points. But from the moment the leaders of the In the Treaty of Paris, the British Crown formally By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States On August 5,representatives of the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere.
The treaty, which President John F. Kennedy signed The war had begun almost two years earlier, in Mayover a territorial dispute involving Texas. The treaty added an additionalsquare miles to The League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare.
A precursor to the United Nations, the League achieved some victories but had a mixed record of success, The instability created in Europe by the First World War set the stage for another international conflict—World War II—which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating.
Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf Live TV.Following the ratification of article of the Treaty of Versailles at the conclusion of World War Ithe Central Powers were compelled to give war reparations to the Allied Powers.Lax unlimited promo codes
Each of the defeated powers were required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in AustriaHungaryand Turkey after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled.
Bulgariahaving paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognized the German requirement to pay reparations as the "chief battleground of the post-war era" and "the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised". This figure was divided into three categories of bonds : A, B, and C. The payment of the remaining 'C' bonds was interest free and contingent on the Weimar Republic's ability to pay, as was to be assessed by an Allied committee.
Due to the lack of reparation payments by Germany, France occupied the Ruhr in to enforce payments, causing an international crisis that resulted in the implementation of the Dawes Plan in This plan outlined a new payment method and raised international loans to help Germany to meet its reparation commitments.
With the collapse of the German economy inreparations were suspended for a year and in during the Lausanne Conference they were cancelled altogether. The German people saw reparations as a national humiliation; the German Government worked to undermine the validity of the Treaty of Versailles and the requirement to pay. British economist John Maynard Keynes called the treaty a Carthaginian peace that would economically destroy Germany.
His arguments had a profound effect on historians, politicians, and the public at large. Despite Keynes' arguments and those by later historians supporting or reinforcing Keynes' views, the consensus of contemporary historians is that reparations were not as intolerable as the Germans or Keynes had suggested and were within Germany's capacity to pay had there been the political will to do so. The London Agreement on German External Debts resulted in an agreement to pay 50 per cent of the remaining balance.
The final payment was made on 3 Octobersettling German loan debts in regard to reparations. Inthe First World War broke out. In part, this speech called for Germany to withdraw from the territory it had occupied and for the formation of a League of Nations.
Most of the war's major battles occurred in France and the French countryside was heavily scarred in the fighting. Furthermore, in during the German retreat, German troops devastated France's most industrialized region in the north-east Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin.
Extensive looting took place as German forces removed whatever material they could use and destroyed the rest.Reparationsa levy on a defeated country forcing it to pay some of the war costs of the winning countries. They were meant to replace war indemnities which had been levied after earlier wars as a punitive measure as well as to compensate for economic losses. Later the meaning of the term became more inclusive. It was applied to the payments undertaken by the Federal Republic of Germany to the State of Israel for crimes against the Jews in territory controlled by the Third Reich and to individuals in Germany and outside it to indemnify them for their persecution.
There are two practicable ways in which a defeated country can make reparations. It can pay in cash or in kind a portion of the goods and services it is currently producing—that is, a part of its national income.
Alternatively, it can pay in cash or in kind some of its capital in the form of machines, tools, rolling stock, merchant shippingand the like, which is a part of its national wealth.
The payment of gold or other universal money is not a practicable method of paying reparations. The supposed consequence of reparations is a decrease in the income, and hence level of living, of the defeated country, and an increase in the income of the victor, the capitalized value of the increase being equal to its war costs.
However, there is no warrant for these suppositions in either the economics of reparations or in historical experience with them. Experience suggests that the smaller the reparations levy, the more likely it is to be paid, and conversely that large levies are unlikely to be collected.How World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209
In both World Wars the failure to obtain desired reparations was unmistakable. Indeed, some of the victors eventually had to make payments to the defeated countries in the interest of restoring economic and political stability.
These costs are of two kinds: economic and social. The economic cost of war is the value of civilian goods and services which must be forgone in order that resources can be used for war production, plus the capital destruction resulting from war. The social cost is the burden created by loss of life and disorder in social institutions. The loss of life has economic implicationsbut its cost cannot be measured because the labour value of human life is not capitalized as, for instance, the income value of equipment can be.
Estimates can be made of the economic costs of war, and they are usually much in excess of the capacity of the defeated country to make reparation. This sum was more than 10 times the prewar national income of Germany at constant prices and an even greater multiple of income after the war.
Surprisingly, the magnitude of reparations also is determined by the ability of the victors to receive payments. Hence the size of reparations depends on three factors: 1 the national wealth or national income of the defeated country, 2 the ability of either the occupying powers or the government of the defeated country to organize the economy for the payment of reparations, and 3 the capacity of the victors to organize their economies for the productive use of reparation receipts.
The first of these three factors is most important. The political instability that usually follows a war makes it difficult to organize the defeated economy for the payment of reparations. Authority is diffuse and uncertain; there are conflicts among the victors; and the populace of the defeated country is, to say the least, uncooperative, particularly in the matter of transferring its capital or income to recent enemies.
Finally, the payment of reparations depends on the willingness and ability of the victorious countries to accept the new economic structure attendant upon transfers of income or capital. The paradoxes of reparations history in the 20th century occurred in this realm. Following World War I, some of the Allied powers were able to conceive of no limit to a justifiable tribute from Germany. When payments out of income began, however, the Allies found the imports competing with domestically produced goods and services and promptly took measures which prevented Germany from honouring its obligations.
After World War II the transfers of capital from Germany and Japan so threatened to dislocate the economic structure of Europe and Asia that measures were taken to reduce reparation liabilities. The payment of reparations in kind or cash out of income or capital constitutes an export surplus ; that is, the paying country sends out more goods and services than it imports.
Reparations are impossible without this surplus, and it is for practical purposes more dependent on increasing exports than on decreasing imports. The fact that reparations are possible only via an export surplus should not be obscured by the financial mechanics of reparations. The defeated country usually compensates the private owners of capital for the export of the goods which constitute reparations, and to do this it taxes or borrows from its citizens.
Reparations cannot be paid out of revenue raised internally; the revenue must be converted into income or capital for transfer to the victor or into the currency of that country. After World War I, reparations were designed to be paid mainly in cash out of income.World War I reparations were the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles following its defeat during World War I.
Article of the Treaty the 'war guilt' clause declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.
Consequently their only way of paying back the debt was in foreign currency, but attempts to purchase foreign currency with devalued paper Marks led to the hyperinflation. Payments ceased when Adolf Hitler 's National Socialist German Workers' Party took power inwith about one-eighth of the initial reparations paid. There was extensive debate about the justice and likely impact of the reparations demands both before and after the publication and signing of the Treaty of Versailles and other Treaties in Most famously, the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, John Maynard Keynesresigned from the Treasury in June in protest at the scale of the reparations demands, and subsequently protested publicly in the best-selling The Economic Consequences of the Peace The Dawes Plan modified Germany's reparation payments.
The Americans Owen D. Young and Seymour Parker Gilbert were appointed to implement this plan. However, the Wall Street Crash of and the onset of the Great Depression resulted in calls for a moratorium.
On June 20,realizing that Austria and Germany were on the brink of financial collapse, U.Screen kill all detached sessions
President Herbert Hoover proposed a one-year world moratorium on reparations and inter-governmental debt payments. As a result, all German banks had to close temporarily. The worsening economic distress within Germany resulted in the Lausanne Conferencewhich voted to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles. However, the Lausanne agreement was contingent upon the United States agreeing to also defer payment of the war debt owed them by the Western European governments.
The plan ultimately failed, not because of the U. Congress refusal to go along, but because it became irrelevant upon Hitler's rise to power and his refusal to pay any reparations.
The Germans had paid a total of 20 billion marks and historian Martin Kitchen argues that the impression the country was crippled by the reparations was a myth.
In the German public, there was little acceptance that the German army had been defeated in war. The German High Command, which could claim that the army had not been defeated in the field, evaded responsibility for the defeat, and blame was attributed by many to civilian elements, particularly Socialists, Communists, and Jews. Accordingly, there was growing resentment at the reparations, which were perceived as harsh, partly because of deliberate misrepresentation by German leaders.
The economic problems that the payments brought, and German resentment at their imposition are usually cited as one of the more significant factors that led to the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. The British economist John Maynard Keynes in his best-selling book The Economic Consequences of the Peace argued that reparations threatened to destabilize the German economy, and hence German politics.
Keynes established that Germany could have paid all of the reparations had they wanted to, and that the problem was not the Germans were unable to pay, but rather that they were unwilling to pay.
In opposition to Keynes, Mantoux held that justice demanded that Germany should pay for the whole damage caused by the war, and he set out to prove that many of Keynes' forecasts were not verified by subsequent events.
Keynes contended that Germany would be unable to export coal immediately after the Treaty but German net coal exports were 15 million tons within a year and by the tonnage exported reached 35 million.Reparations are forms of compensation provided to those who have suffered wrongdoing or to their descendants.
The term is especially used to refer to payments made or proposed to be made in the aftermath of war, slavery, or other forms of wide-scale systemic injustice. Reparations typically consist of monetary payments, but they can also consist of goods, materials, or reparatory actions intended to account for such damages or to address ongoing injustice.Enphase iq7 plus prijs
War reparations are typically made by a defeated country to the country or countries considered the victors often ultimately to individual citizens in those countries for losses and damages that resulted from the war. In the United States, reparations have been made to certain groups and proposed for others.
Discussion of the topic often involves proposals to make reparations to people who have been the victims of brutal treatment and racist policies throughout U. Sometimes, the word reparations is thought to be inappropriate for the type of compensation sought by some groups, who may consider it a payment of an existing debt, rather than a form of restitution.
More generally, the singular form reparation is the act or process of making amends for wrongdoing.Dapur gas kecil shopee
It can also refer to the act or process of repairing or the state of having been repaired. The first records of the word reparation come from the second half of the s. Reparations are intended to repair damages caused by war and injustice.
Of course, lives cannot be restored, so the intent of reparations is to make some form of amends for the damage that has been done and continues to affect people. Reparations commonly take the form of monetary payments, but they can also consist of providing goods, industrial infrastructure, or other monetary arrangements, such as those involving stocks or the cancellation of debt. Reparations negotiated after World War II were paid out for decades, with some payments remaining outstanding more than 75 years after the end of the war.
African organizations have called on nations in Western Europe and the Americas to pay reparations for the damages caused by their enslaving of African people. Ina U. The word reparations is frequently used in reference to proposals to address the legacy of slavery and the ongoing effects of racist institutions in the U.
Ina bill was introduced that would establish a commission to study the effects of such practices and propose reparations for them. What are some other forms related to reparations? What are some words that share a root or word element with reparations?
Reparations are most often discussed in the context of war, slavery, and other forms of injustice. Ta-Nehisi Coates on the theft of resources from the black community and what forms reparations might take. Does your country support reparations for war crimes victims?
True or False? Arguments for reparation s have moved beyond whether they should be paid.At the conclusion of World War I, Germany reluctantly agreed to pay unspecified reparations in the armistice agreement of November Later at Versailles they were required to sign a treaty that assigned full responsibility to them for causing the conflict Articlethe "war guilt clause" and called for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount of damages.
Payments were to be made in cash or by such in-kind commodities as steel and coal. Representatives of the German government were extremely reluctant to shoulder this crushing debt and did so only under the full weight of international pressure. However, an economic crisis had gripped Germany, which caused runaway inflation and an end to additional installments. In MayAllied governments granted Germany a temporary moratorium on reparations payments in the hope that their economy would recover during that period and enable the resumption of regular installment payments.
France bitterly opposed the moratorium, having suffered severely from German aggression, but eventually agreed. At the end of the prescribed period, Germany was in no position to resume payments and defaulted. In Januaryan impatient France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marched into the Ruhr Valley and set up a military occupation, figuring that control of the valuable industrial area could help force the resumption of payments.
The United States, of course, had not signed the peace treaty with Germany and had no claim to any reparations. However, hoping to avert a deepening of the international crisis, the Coolidge and Hoover administrations sponsored international plans to deal with the reparations issue: The Dawes Plan The U. The Young Plan A prominent U. The Republican presidents of the s consistently denied that any link existed between war debt payments owed to the U.
However, the fact was that the Allied recipients of the reparations payments were unable to pay the U. This self-defeating stance did little to maintain good relations between the U.
Further, the simple fact that the United States worked actively to draft the Dawes and Young plans was an acknowledgement that indeed war debts and reparations were inseparably connected. Otherwise, why would the U. However, a final accounting of damages caused by these nations was never completed and no reparations were collected.
Treaty of Versailles
See other foreign issues confronting the Harding administration. About Quizzes. Reparations At the conclusion of World War I, Germany reluctantly agreed to pay unspecified reparations in the armistice agreement of November
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May 20, 2022
In this episode, Kathryn speaks with Hannah Brenner Johnson and Renee Knake Jefferson about their book focusing on the research on the women who appeared on the presidential shortlist back in history. Hannah and Renee not only share the stories of the women who represent the gender on the court, but also how the nomination impacted the lives and careers of those who did not make the transaction. They also discuss the biggest takeaways they learned from these women and the process they underwent to share the story to the world.
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Find the definitions, history, and resources about castles, palaces, and fortresses, and discover the architecture we've taken from them through time. Laurence Griffiths / Getty Images Sport / Getty Images Originally, a castle was a fortres
Piteadie Castle is located in Kirkcaldy, Fife (SWNS) If owning your own castle is something you've always fancied, you're in luck. A ruined castle dating back to the 15th century has been listed on Oblique aerial view of Piteadie Castle, looking to the S. 27/9/2012: Item Level: On-line Digital Images: DP 143451: RCAHMS Aerial Photography Digital: Oblique aerial view of Piteadie Castle, looking to the SSE. 27/9/2012: Item Level: On-line Digital Images: DP 143452: RCAHMS Aerial Photography Digital: Oblique aerial view of Piteadie Castle Piteadie, which has recently been put up for sale, is a late 15th century tower house which was extended and embellished in the 17th century. It is attractively situated on the edge of a hill in Fife about two miles from the coastal town of Kinghorn and once stood within attractive Renaissance parkland. Piteadie Castle is set in grounds below Piteadie House on the southern slope of a hill in the rolling Fife farmland. The property is surrounded by countryside and has glorious views to the south over the Firth of Forth.
Built in the traditional form of the time incorporating certain Baronial architectural features. 2020-12-15 Piteadie House and Castle, Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland c.15th century. 4876 square feet. 6 bedrooms 2 baths on 7.8 acres. $1,578,900! Thanks to Julie for sending this one in!
16 Oct 2020 Piteadie House in Kirkcaldy, Fife comes with around 4 acres of grounds and gardens which are also home to the ruins of Pitteadie Castle.
Discover (and save!) your own Pins on Pinterest SCOTLAND'S CASTLES. With over 2,000 of them Scotland is truly the land of castles. So far I have visited over 300 and this page will eventually showcase them all. Use the search bar to find a specific castle, or browse by region below.
Piteadie Castle: Offers over £225,000. This home was built in 1995 and last sold on 11/2/2020 for $177,000. 3.3 miles Swindon (Wilts) 10 miles Kemble.
Whole: Offers over £1.2 million . Please note that there is a preference to sell as a whole. Offers for the Castle alone which are conditional on a planning application will not be considered.
Use the search bar to find a specific castle, or browse by region below. I’ll be constantly adding castles over the coming months and writing brief histories for each, with a map
Piteadie Castle, as described by the RCAHMS, is in a fair state of preservation. The two Renaissance gateways, dated 1686, are situated at NT 2568 8912 and NT 2575 8913. Visited by OS (W D J) 5 February 1959.
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(Mother) AND ALWAYS HELP THOSE LESS FORTUNATE THAN YOURSEL Read all about the oldest colonial building in South Africa: the Castle of Good Hope. The guide includes history, things to see and visitor info. Updated 06/26/19 bennymarty/Getty Images Built by Dutch colonialists in the 17th century, the Built to protect and entertain royalty, ancient castles naturally possess a lasting beauty. Every item on this page was hand-picked by a House Beautiful editor.
in Piteadie, North Piteadie and Bankhead of Piteadie, but the NGR given is taken from the now ruined castle beside Piteadie.
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Piteadie Castle Cottage. 9.0 3. Kinghorn The Bay Hotel · Kinghorn, Storbritannien · Piteadie Castle Cottage - Kinghorn
The castle survives as a rectangular tower with a later stair tower which projects from the northeast elevation. It is located on the south eastern flank of a low hill with wide southerly views over the Forth. Piteadie Castle is set in grounds below Piteadie House on the southern slope of a hill in the rolling Fife farmland. The property is surrounded by countryside and has glorious views to the south over the Firth of Forth.
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Pitcastle is a 5 star luxury exclusive-use castle and estate at the heart of Highland Perthshire. Boasting the cream of all that Scotland has to offer and nestled in
I’ll be constantly adding castles over the coming months and writing brief histories for each, with a map feature also in the works.


Living in Thailand has exposed me to a variety of cultures and languages. One of the most popular being Korean. Everyone wants to be Korean. From the pop music, to the k-dramas, the make-up and the fashion, it is inescapable in Southeast Asia. Along with my Thai brothers and sisters, I too have become addicted to everything Korean. In this category of Korean Corner, I will share insights into the language, k-pop. k-drama, food, history, and culture of Korea, through my experiences.
The Korean Alphabet
The Korean Alphabet, called Hangul or Chosongul, has been used since the 15th Century. We can thank King Sejong the Great and his scholars for giving us this much easier alphabet in 1443. We celebrate the date the King published his work on October 9th as Hangul day. Before this, Korean language was written using Chinese characters (Hanja) and another native phonetic writing system. The difficult Chinese characters could only be learned and used by the upper class. King Sejong set out to create something that could be used by the common masses. As the new alphabet took root, the upper-class became threatened and paranoid, so much so that King Yeonsangun, the tenth king, banned the use and study of Hangul in 1504, and King Jungjong abolished the government department of Hangul research, the Ministry of Eonmun, in 1506. It wasn’t until the late 1800’s that Hangul was adopted officially in schools and official documents. The elite still used the Chinese Hanja, while the majority of the commoners remained illiterate. During the 1920’S Hangul was reformed but then banned again due to Japanese colonial rule. During the 1970’s Hangul finally began to replace Hanja as the main written system.
Hangul has 24 letters and 27 digraphs (double characters), and is not written left to right or right to left, but is written in a block form, such as 한 han. Each block represents a syllable. Han has three letters that make up the syllable, ㅎ h, ㅏ a, and ㄴ n. Each block has to have at least one consonant and one vowel.
Here are some basic examples…. Home 집 jib; Heart 심장 Simjang; Mother 어머니 eomeoni; love 사랑 sarang; orange 주황색 juhwangsaeg
*Fun fact 1: Hanja has been used alongside Hangul to write, up until the late 1990’s.
*Fun fact 2: In Hangul, long vowels were marked by a dot left of the symbol. But this was dropped in 1921.
If you want to know more you can check out this page… https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul


Terra Novus - A History Nov 1, 2010 13:38:36 GMT -5
Post by General Disaster on Nov 1, 2010 13:38:36 GMT -5
This is the known world of Terra Novus. Since the Morning, people have explored and rebuilt what they can of the world, and since the discovery of the Archives the traditional seat of man has been known as the Midlands. Of course, all of this pales in comparison to the great panoply of known history.
Although nobody knows quite when it ocurred, The Fall is common knowledge amongst the people of the Midlands. An unknown time ago, the light of civilization turned into an inferno of war; great, terrible weapons were unleashed upon the world. Nuclear fire bathed the entire planet and biological weapons scrubbed the surface of Terra. The world fell silent. Eventually, after the nuclear winter, the survivors left their holes and began to explore. Cairnavon City, with most of the population safely hidden away in the underground chambers that run underneath the city, remained mostly unchanged; people rebuilt and the old ways of life reined. Constructed around a military research station, Horax became the technological capital of the known world, and those interlopers who wandered beyond the cities found themselves stopped only by the sea and great piles of refuse, the Mountains of Waste.
Some died happily, of old age, peacefully. Most died at the hands of the monstrous creatures that had overran the planet. Others, still, met the feral humans outside of the cities, killed at the hands of tribals. It is now the fifty-third year AM, or 'After Morning'. Five years ago, a discovery was made that shook many; as no-one had ever conquered the Mountains of Waste and returned, it had for long been assumed that they were the limit of where Man could survive in the radiation-blasted wastelands. However, just south of those mountains was found a small research center, from before the Fall. Horaxian scientists recovered many miracles from that place, most of which are still locked away there, guarded by the Rangers.
However, one thing came to light as having been released. A map, found in what was called only 'The Archive', showing the world, and the Midlands within that world-and everything became bigger. It took three years for the whole map to be released, but since then every adventurer, captain, mercenary or explorer has desired to explore the world, to seek out other places and perhaps other cities, places untarnished by pollution and radiation.
For the common man, however, little has changed. Life is short, dangerous, and miserable, and stepping outside of the cities is still suicide. Nothing has changed.
Nothing ever changes.[/center]


Seacruise started off in the summer of 1996 as a way for people who liked to cruise to discuss it in a live open form. In 1996 there were few ways to do this and most at that time were either using 14.4 or 28.8 modems. There was no such thing as JAVA windows. There was a program called mIRC which would allow people to chat in real time. The original crew started using mIRC and met several times a week on what was called the Undernet (the Internet Relay Chat server) on a Channel called #seacruise.
IRC uses nicknames to identify people on Channel.
In November 1996 LDO (Pete) applied with 9 others to formally register the channel on the Undernet and make it official. Some of those 10 included ItsMargie, Tucker, BigNeil, Cupcake, LarryCa, ITravel, Brighty and Sooz. On November 26 1996 #Seacruise was granted official Channel status on the Undernet. Seacruise became the first on the Internet to discuss cruising.
Seacruise remained on the Undernet till December 2000 when the Undernet went through Denial of Service attacks. Seacruise moved over to Galaxynet at this time and Channel status was granted on February 24 2001.
Seacruise has had 3 channel Managers over the years with the first and founding Manager being LDO (Pete). Bigneil (Neil) then succeeded LDO for a few years. Calmsea (Phil) took over and is currently the Channel Manager and the webmaster of the Seacruise webpage.
Seacruise has done several firsts over the years such as posting the first cruise reviews complete with photos on the internet. Posting a Schedule for Panama Canal transits for cruise ships.
Seacruise has had various group cruise's including the first as part of GGC2000. There were several that attended a small group cruise in December 2000 on the Sea Princess called the Sooz (no relation to the original Sooz) Cruise. There was the Seacruise Group Cruise in December 2001 to the Mexican Riviera on the Vision of the Seas and again in October 2005 on the Radiance o the Seas transiting the Panama canal.
Over the years Seacruise has had several meetings that have included one on one meetings and BBQ's. It is safe to say that Seacruise has become a Family over the years and remains that way today.
In the last year things have changed with the advent of Forums and Blogs as a way for people to exchange information. Chat requires one to be there at a given time to take part. Forums and Blogs do not. Interest has died off in over the last two year's and something had to be done. It was decided that retain the Panama Canal schedule and reviews and a few other things and change our focus. The Seacruise forums form part of the Panama Canal and will hopefully gain strength over time and become what Seacruise once was, a place for cruise related information. There are new people on board with the likes of Phyllis who will be more than happy to help guide you along your way.
The Chat Channel itself on Galaxynet still remains in place, but few attend.
I would like to thank all those that have sent reviews and photos and other material over the years. I would really like to Thank Pete the original Channel manger of Seacruise.Phil Seacruise


A little bit of history: Madurai has long been the cultural epicentre of Tamil Nadu. Records of the city from the 3rd century BC depict a thriving trading centre, with links not only to other cities in India, but also to Rome and Greece. Under the Pandya kings, the city flourished and became a great centre of literature and learning. From the Pandyas, the city passed into the hands of many conquerors, including the Cholas, the Delhi Sultanate and the Vijayanagara Kingdom.
When the Vijayanagara kingdom collapsed, the Nayaks of Madurai, who had been appointed as local governors, became powerful and independent. It was the Nayaks who in the 17th century, expanded the Meenakshi Temple and brought it to the pinnacle of its glory. In the 18th century, the Nayaks lost control of Madurai to the Nawabs of Arcot, who in turn ceded power to the British East India Company. British control over Madurai endured for 150 years, until Indian independence in 1947.
What to see in Madurai: No visit to Madurai is complete without seeing the grand Meenakshi temple complex. It is a mini-city within itself, spread over 65000 square meters. The temple festivals and rituals define the daily rhythm of life in Madurai.
The temple bazaar is equally interesting, selling everything under the sun, giving us a glimpse of daily life in olden times. There are several other temples, of which some are very large and popular (see the Must-see’s tour). There are monuments as well, such as the beautiful palace of Thirumala Nayak and the Gandhi Museum.
Around Madurai: Madurai is part of the temple circuit of Tamil Nadu. Its proximity to Munnar in Kerala makes it a popular addition to Kerala itineraries as well. Around Madurai is the Chettinad region, known for the elaborate architecture of its mansions, its unique cuisine, and the beauty of small villages set amidst paddy fields. It makes for an interesting day excursion from Madurai.
How to book: The menu on the right contains the day tours which we offer in and around Madurai. To book a tour, or to obtain more information, please write to firstname.lastname@example.org or call Deepa at +91 98677 07414.
If you are planning a longer trip through South India, we would be happy to recommend a plan based on your interests. For such trips, our packages include itinerary planning, hotels, ground transport, guided tours, as well as other immersive experiences such as cuisine trails, home visits etc.


1978 – 1980 In 1978 and 1979, Ramsay Health Care diversified into the medical/surgical business and built its first surgical hospitals: Baringa Private Hospital in Coffs Harbour opened in 1978 and Albury Wodonga Private Hospital opened in Albury in 1979. They were instrumental hospital in their regions and today continue to provide valuable healthcare services to their communities. For the first 14 years, Ramsay Health Care expanded its psychiatric hospital business, building Evesham Clinic in 1967, Lynton Private Hospital in 1972 and Northside Clinic in 1973. Of these hospitals, Evesham Clinic (now known as Northside Cremorne) and Northside Clinic, are still in operation today and regarded as Sydney’s most respected private psychiatric hospitals. 1964 Ramsay Folklore Paul Ramsay purchased his first facility Warrina House at Mosman in Sydney for £9200 pounds in 1964. Renovated it, cut the ribbon and no-one came. Paul celebrated at the local pub after the first patient was admitted to his newly completed hospital. The following morning, the hospital phoned to say that his first patient had died overnight! 2 The Ramsay Way - 2014 | 01 Warrina House was intended to be a subacute facility but it was extremely unsuccessful. Paul remembers cycling around Sydney till he found a hospital bulging at the seams. He employed the matron from this hospital, and she brought with her the facility’s first doctor – John Ellard. When Sydney psychiatrist Dr John Ellard first met Paul at Warrina House, he said: “Paul, if you don’t interfere in the medical side of things here I think this will go extremely well.” It ended up being a great partnership. At the handover ceremony for Hollywood Hospital in 1994 which was held on the front lawn of the hospital, then DVA Deputy Commissioner David Watson was upset because the lawns weren’t cut short enough, so he cut them himself with the hospital’s lawnmower. At the formal ceremony to handover Hollywood Hospital to Ramsay Health Care, Paul Ramsay approached the lecturn with what was described by then CEO Roger Snell as a “daggy old bag”. Partway through his speech Paul reached into the bag and pulled out a piece of spitfire propeller blade from a plane that had come down during the war and told the audience that his father was a veteran and the significance of the part. He held the memento out to show the veteran community of his sincerity. They needed no further convincing that they were in safe hands. After taking over Greenslopes Hospital in 1995, Ramsay management was shocked to find out just how much the veterans considered Greenslopes ‘their hospital’. At the first indication of cool weather, veterans would arrive at the hospital’s front door with their luggage and declare: “I am here for winter”. Opened by Paul Ramsay in 1979, Albury Wodonga Private Hospital started out as one ward with 35 beds & two operating theatres. Over the years it has grown to become the region’s largest & most comprehensive private hospital facility boasting 103 beds, five operating theatres, a day surgery centre & mental health unit as well as offering a wide range of diagnostic & support services. 4 6 Baringa Private Hospital New Farm Clinic Adelaide Clinic Early Hollywood Private Hospital Northside Cremorne Clinic Northside Clinic 1980s During the 1980s Ramsay Health Care developed hospitals in the United States: Dallas, Texas; Many, Louisiana; and Winter Park, Florida. The Company took over Health Services of America Incorporated in 1987, which had owned approximately 24 hospitals across 12 states. Ramsay further expanded its business in the US by acquiring a Health Management Organisation (HMO) based in Miami, Florida. On two occasions in the ensuing years, the Company was recognized as one of Fortune Magazine’s 100 fastest growing companies in the country. In recognition of his development of private facilities in the US, Paul Ramsay was presented with Florida’s Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 1990. Ramsay divested its US interests in 2002. In Australia, Ramsay Health Care continued to expand its psychiatric business. It acquired East Terrace Psychiatric Clinic in 1982 in Adelaide and soon opened South Australia’s first purpose built psychiatric clinic The Adelaide Clinic in 1988. In 1986, Ramsay opened New Farm Clinic in Brisbane. By this time, Ramsay Health Care had several successful psychiatric hospitals and had developed a strong profile in mental health care providing valuable input to the industry through representation on lobby groups and associations. During this period, Ramsay Health Care also purchased two hospitals in Tamworth – Allambie and Tamara Private Hospitals. Very soon after this the Company set about building an extension to the hospital which included two new operating theatres, a recovery unit, high dependency unit, more beds and a new x-ray area. Tamara Private Hospital Development 1994 & 1995 These years were arguably the turning points for Ramsay Health Care. The Company was successful in its bid to privatise two former repatriation hospitals – Hollywood Hospital in Perth and Greenslopes Hospital in Brisbane. These large metropolitan-based medical/surgical hospitals provided a major boost to the Company’s existing portfolio of regional medical/ surgical hospitals. It also launched the Company into medical teaching and research as both Hollywood and Greenslopes hospitals had affiliations with university departments of medicine. The subsequent success of these privatisations demonstrated Ramsay’s health management expertise. The Handovers The official handover of Hollywood Hospital by the Department of Veterans’ Affairs to Ramsay Health Care occurred on 24 February 1994 on the front lawn of the hospital. Ramsay Health Care assumed responsibility for Greenslopes Hospital on 24 January 1995 in a ceremony with then DVA Minister Con Sciacca. Ramsay vowed to retain many of the unique features existing at the hospital for veterans. (at Listing on ASX) • 11 hospitals • 2000 staff • 1,351 beds • 70,000 patients per annum Early Greenslopes Private Hospital In the beginning IN 1964, PAUL RAMSAY, FOUNDER & CHAIRMAN OF RAMSAY HEALTH CARE, PURCHASED A GUESTHOUSE CALLED WARRINA HOUSE ON SYDNEY’S NORTH SHORE & CONVERTED IT INTO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL IN THE EARLIEST DAYS OF THE PRIVATE HOSPITAL INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA. WARRINA HOUSE, FORMERLY A GUESTHOUSE, BECAME A 16 BED PSYCHIATRIC FACILITY.
The Ramsay Way - Autumn 2014
To see the actual publication please follow the link above


The Ashford of Mt. Washington – Father’s Day Cookout
11:00 am - 2:00 pm
The Ashford of Mt. Washington
1131 Deliquia Dr. , Cincinnati , OH 45230
Join us to celebrate fathers and other great men of Cincinnati! Enjoy some Skyline chili cheese coneys, snacks, and drinks! Take a tour of The Ashford of Mt. Washington and listen in on a special presentation on the men that shaped Cincinnati. Please RSVP below or by calling 513.231.0008 by 6/13/19.
RSVPs are closed for this event.


REEL FOOD AND MUSIC (Outdoor Movie Night at the Farm) – Pitchfork Social, Salt Spring Island Film Festival and XWAAQW’UM present RUMBLE, THE INDIANS WHO ROCKED THE WORLD
Dinner at 6pm • Live music by Wesley Hardisty 7:00-7:45pm • Film at 8:00pm • bring your own blanket or chair. Weather permitting, we will be on the grass outside the barn. Dinner not included in ticket price.
Rumble: The Indians Who Rocked the World is a feature documentary about the role of Native Americans in popular music history. Rumble reveals an essential and, until now, missing chapter in the history of popular music: the Indigenous influence. Lifting the veil on the enormous impact made by First Nations and Native American musicians including Robbie Robertson, Link Wray, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Charley Patton, Jimi Hendrix, Jesse Ed Davis and more, Rumble celebrates their genre-changing and undeniably catchy influence. Blending audio archives, concert footage and interviews with industry icons from Tony Bennett to Steven Tyler and Martin Scorsese, this Hot Docs hit and Sundance award-winner is an unforgettable and political exploration of a musical history that was silenced for too long.
This revelatory documentary brings to light the profound and overlooked influence of Indigenous people on popular music in North America. Focusing on music icons like Link Wray, Jimi Hendrix, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Taboo (The Black Eyed Peas), Charley Patton, Mildred Bailey, Jesse Ed Davis, Robbie Robertson, and Randy Castillo, RUMBLE: The Indians Who Rocked the World shows how these pioneering Native American musicians helped shape the soundtracks of our lives.
The idea for RUMBLE came about when guitarist Stevie Salas, an Apache Indian and one of the film's Executive Producers, realized that no one outside of the music business knew about the profound contribution of these Native musicians. Renewed attention to this missing chapter in the history of American music led to the publishing of Brian Wright-McLeod’s The Encyclopedia of Native Music, an exhibit at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, and eventually this documentary.
Winner of a Special Jury Award for Masterful Storytelling at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and the Audience Award and Best Canadian Documentary at Hot Docs, RUMBLE features interviews with musicians, historians, and experts including: Buddy Guy, Steven Van Zandt, Tony Bennett, Taj Mahal, Martin Scorsese, Stevie Salas, Quincy Jones, John Trudell, Steven Tyler, Alvin Youngblood Hart, Monk Boudreaux, George Clinton, Jackson Browne, Joy Harjo, Iggy Pop, Wayne Kramer (MC5), Marky Ramone (The Ramones), Pura Fe Crescioni (Ulali), Robert Trujillo (Metallica), Slash (Guns ‘N’ Roses), Rhiannon Giddens (Carolina Chocolate Drops), Pat Vegas (Redbone), Dan Auerbach (The Black Keys), and Taylor Hawkins (The Foo Fighters).


Tour of Pope-Leighey House
Join UChicago alums for a tour of the DC area's only public Frank Llloyd Wright house
The Pope-Leighey House was completed in 1941 as one of Wright's Usonian houses. It is the only Wright home in the DC area that is open to the public. We have a tour with a limited number of tickets. Note that we are meeting there, and the location is not metro accessible.
- As Frank Lloyd Wright Turns 150, A ‘Small Jewel’ In Virginia Shares Lessons In Simplicity - NPR/PBS
- Tour Alexandria’s Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home virtually - Curbed
- 9 Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Worthy of a Road Trip - Design Milk
- Top 5 Reasons to Visit Frank Lloyd Wright's Pope-Leighey House This Summer - Visit Alexandria
- Frank Lloyd Wright's Beautifully Crafted Pope-Leighey House - Mid-Century Home


Gogar Castle, Scotland
Recognised as one of the most notable buildings in Scotland, the regal Gogar Castle is as magnificent as it is enchanting. Set amongst 3.6 acres of charming private grounds just 6 miles from Edinburgh’s city center, the property has been carefully restored and still retains all of its striking period features including a vaulted crypt, turnpike staircases, turrets with arrow slots and even battlements. Despite its historic façade, Gogar Castle’s interior boasts an array of modern elements such as heated floors, intelligent lighting and exquisite decor by renowned brands such as Villeroy & Boch, Heritage and Clive Christian. Additionally, the grounds include four paddocks, a floodlit ménage, stables and a number of outbuildings incorporating a gym and games room. This combination of period features and modern luxuries make the castle a charismatic home fit for royalty.
For more information or purchase enquiries, email us today at email@example.com


Universal Hose & Braid, formerly Universal Metal Hose, is the combination of three industry founding metal hose companies and is a subsidiary of Hyspan Precision Products, Inc. Universal was founded in Chicago in 1942, and developed numerous processes for the fabrication of strip wound and corrugated hose, and the thin wall tubing used to form corrugated hose. The company patented many innovations and participated in cooperative agreements throughout Europe and Japan as well as the United Sates. One of its major advancements was a helical tube welder that reduced the stresses on the weld in corrugated hose and permits the use of a single strip width for different tube diameters.
In 1993 Universal purchased the Allied Metal Hose Company that had been located in Long Island City, New York for over 70 years. Allied was merged with Universal in Chicago. The company manufactured a full line of strip wound and corrugated hose but was most noted for production of “wrinkle belly”, a heavy wall hose used for engine exhaust that was named by shipyards and engine users.
March 2000 was another turning point for Universal with the purchase of the assets of Anamet Industrial Inc. in Waterbury, Connecticut. The company was founded in 1908 as American Metal but was renamed Anaconda Metal Hose and later Anamet Industrial, Inc. The company became a world leader in the production of both strip wound and corrugated hose, and pioneered the use of metal hose as refrigeration connectors known as “Vibration Eliminators®”, interlocked stainless steel hose as telephone armor, and “tuner cable” to silence automobile hydraulic steering systems.
In September 2011, after 69 years at the same location, Universal relocated to an 84,000 square foot facility in South Holland, Illinois. In January 2020, Universal purchased the flexible metal hose line from American BOA. The company has retained the complete capability to manufacture all Universal and Anaconda products, and the flexible metal hose products of American BOA. Universal’s quality system is certified to ISO 9001:2015.
Universal Hose & Braid’s parent company, Hyspan, is a manufacturer of piping expansion products with facilities located in Chula Vista, California.


Your Spiritual walk through the scriptures in the Middle East. Explore the lives as you follow the footsteps of Moses, David, John the Baptist, Jesus and Paul
Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt program
|MAGICAL MYSTICAL EGYPT
Most people who think of Egypt think of antiquities, but Egypt offers much more. Prime location to see our great heritage from the ancient world, including Pyramids and wonderful temples, but it is also part of the Holy Land, with Christian and other religious monuments.
|ISRAEL AND EGYPT
Spiritual walk through the scriptures
a land for all seasons - History goes back to 3,200 BC when Hinduism was first founded. Land of temples, land of the devout. Land of everlasting love. Enchanting life and lifestyles. Nature's splendor. Timeless legends. Charming myths. Eternal truth. Emperors. And Gods .......


One of the earlier images I clicked with my Canon camera. I have being criticized for clicking such stupid picture. People said, does it really constitute a photograph with only 4 potatoes. You decide, how is it.
January 13th is celebrated all over Northern India as Festival of Lohri. This picture however was taken in Lansdowne and is not related to Lohri, it was the bonfire that we were having. Since this bonfire can easily be compared with the bonfire done in the Lohri I chose to publish it. But only difference between this bonfire and bonfire of Lohri is that, Lohri celebration excludes liquor and meat, but this bonfire was revolving around alcohol.
Soldat Inconnu or Unknown Soldiers is to whom India Gate when first built was dedicated. Now a war memorial for soldier died in various wars that India fought. The names inscribed in the monument are of the Soldier of British India who died in first world war.


Remains. Whitby Abbey, Whitby, North Yorkshire, England.
Whitby Abbey is a ruined Benedictine abbey overlooking the North Sea on the East Cliff above Whitby, North Yorkshire, England.
The first monastery was founded in 657 AD.
It was disestablished during the dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII (1540).
Though the abbey fell into ruin, it remained a prominent landmark for sailors and helped inspire Bram Stoker’s Dracula.


1935 to 1945 were called the Wehrmacht (defence force). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Generalplan Ost Main article: Generalplan Ost Germany's war in the East was based on Hitler's long-standing view that Jews were the great enemy of the German people and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. Of these, they killed an estimated.3 million, with.8 million of them being killed between June 1941 and January 1942. Barriers to trade led to hoarding, black markets, and uncertainty about the future. The Reich Health Office took measures to try to limit smoking, including producing lectures and pamphlets. Film Main article: Nazism and cinema Movies were popular in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, with admissions of over a billion people in 1942, 19By 1934, German regulations restricting currency exports made it impossible for US film. Hitler was appointed, chancellor of Germany by the, president of the, weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on The nsdap then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. The treaty also contained secret protocols dividing Poland and the Baltic states into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Famine was experienced in many occupied countries. Neither structure was built. In 1931, Himmler organised an SS intelligence service which became known as the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service) under his deputy, Heydrich. University of California at Berkeley. Society Education Further information: University education in Nazi Germany Antisemitic legislation passed in 1933 led to the removal of all Jewish teachers, professors, and officials from the education system. Conquered areas of Belgium and France were placed under control of the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France. As the bill required a two-thirds majority to pass, the Nazis used intimidation tactics as well as the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies from attending, and the Communists had already been banned.
Vagina richtig lecken erotik massage osnabrück - Meerp designArchived from the original on Retrieved Dönitz, Karl (2012) 1958. Once study of Nazi Germany was introduced into the school curriculum starting in the 1970s, people began researching the experiences of their family members. Organisations were created for the indoctrination of Nazi values. Using deficit spending, the regime undertook extensive public works, including the construction of Autobahnen (motorways). To safeguard Swedish iron ore shipments to Germany, Hitler ordered the invasion of Denmark and Norway, which began on 9 April.
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The history of Western classical music can be divided into six main time periods. The Renaissance period is the second of these, linking the Medieval era, which came before, and the Baroque period that was to follow.
This guide will outline some of the era’s history, musical characteristics and important composers, to give you a deeper understanding of the Renaissance period. We’ll also provide some YouTube links to relevant pieces so that you can get to know the sound of the music a little better.
The Renaissance Music Era
Renaissance literally means “rebirth”.
The musical Renaissance period lasted from 1400-1600AD and was a time of huge growth and development, with music becoming more expressive, varied and complex.
Composers had more freedom to write as they pleased and technological developments meant that their music could reach more people.
Religious music was still ubiquitous in the Renaissance period, but the church’s decline in influence meant that composers gained more artistic freedom and were allowed to write creative music for its own sake.
There had been a recent revival of interest in ancient cultures, and composers began to take inspiration from the art and mythology of Ancient Greece and Rome, as well as from astronomy and mathematics.
When primitive ways of notating music were developed in the Medieval period, composers were then able to document and share their pieces more easily, but they still had to be time-consumingly written out by hand.
However, the invention of the printing press in 1439 allowed for much more widespread distribution, leading to a rich exchange of ideas across Europe.
Furthermore, the growth of a bourgeois class (a cultured upper-middle class) meant that there was now a ready-made audience for written music, as music education flourished and increasing numbers learnt to read music.
Much more music from this period survives in comparison to the Medieval era.
Church and Secular Music
Religious choral music was dominant at the beginning of the Renaissance period, with much of it building upon the polyphony (music which has two or more simultaneous independent melodic parts) that developed at the end of the Medieval period.
Motets and masses were two common examples of this, with the latter forming part of the church’s liturgy.
Sacred and secular styles began to influence each other: the madrigal (traditionally an unaccompanied non-religious song for a number of voices) was adopted as a church form, while secular composers began to write motets.
At the beginning of the Renaissance period opportunities for secular composers were limited, with most employment coming via the courts (households and residences of sovereigns), which hired musicians as performers, teachers and composers.
But secular music increased in popularity as time went on, and composers could now take commissions from wealthy amateurs, whilst the new printed music also provided financial opportunity.
The Protestant Reformation also meant that now both Catholic and Protestant churches required music for their respective services.
Secular music was largely vocal, but the period saw the development of instrumental music in its own right.
This was no longer music for dancing or accompaniment, for example, but pieces to be listened to seriously.
This was in keeping with a general shift in the Renaissance period towards the idea of creating art for art’s sake.
William Byrd’s Fantasia (an instrumental imitation of a motet) is an example of this:
Secular song forms included:
- Lied (German)
- Frottola (Italian)
- Chanson (French)
- Madrigal (Italian)
- Villancico (Spanish)
Opera, a combination of theatre and vocal music that would become incredibly popular over the following centuries, developed in Italy at the end of the Renaissance period.
Jacopo Peri’s Dafne is considered by many to be the very first opera.
Composed around 1597/1598, it was an attempt to revive the style of the Classical Greek drama.
Harmony and Style
The modal harmonic system of the Medieval period – music based on scales, or modes – remained in place at the beginning of the Renaissance era.
The rules for counterpoint (the relationship between simultaneous interdependent musical lines) became more complicated and strict regarding which intervals are considered consonant and which are dissonant.
Intervals of a third and a sixth began to be used, and this led to the first use of triads – three-note chords which underpin much Western music today.
Aside from the strict rules surrounding counterpoint, composers had much more freedom to be expressive.
Many now tried to include emotion in their music, and this was aided by a much greater vocal range in comparison to the Medieval period, and much greater variety in elements like rhythm and form.
Accidentals started being added to the church modes, and the modal approach gradually started to be replaced by functional tonality (the key-centre based harmonic system that would govern music for the next few hundred years), with a focus upon chord progressions, minor and major tonality and root movement based on the circle of fifths.
This led the way towards the common practice harmony that would be established fully in the Baroque period.
Richer textures started to emerge, with composers utilising four or more independent parts. Increasingly they would try to make these parts blend together, with imitation a key device that was used to help achieve this.
The late-Renaissance era work of composers like Gregorio Allegri and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, written for large choral groups, is grand and intricate.
Notation and Theory
Musical scores were not yet in common usage, so Renaissance pieces were only notated in individual parts.
Barlines were not yet commonplace, and note values were generally much longer than we would see today.
Semibreves and breves were the primary rhythmic units, rather than crotchets and minims, so a piece of music written during this time would look very different to a modern piece.
Composers from Northern France and the Low Countries, where the courts were particularly supportive of the arts, dominated the beginning of the Renaissance era.
Later on, Italy grew in prominence, producing many notable composers.
Artists from elsewhere also moved to the country, and it was in Italy that many of the Baroque period’s first innovations would begin.
Important Renaissance composers include:
- Josquin des Prez (1450/55-1521) – a Frenchman who wrote both secular and sacred works
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525–1594) – an Italian composer of religious works, and a famous exponent of the Roman School
- Thomas Tallis (1505 – 1585) – one of England’s greatest composers, best known for his choral works
- Guillaume Du Fay (1397–1474) – Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist
- Orlande de Lassus (1530–1594) – Franco-Flemish composer of polyphonic music
Here is a vocal piece by des Prez:
Instruments of The Renaissance
Many instruments used in the Renaissance era were precursors to modern instruments, with some of them developing into new forms around this time.
Brass instruments included the trumpet, which at this point had no valves and was used extensively in the military, and the sackbut, an early version of the trombone which replaced the slide trumpet.
The viol, or viola da gamba, was a six-stringed instrument that was played with a bow whilst it rested on the floor, similarly to a modern day ‘cello.
The lyre was another member of the string family: similar to a miniature modern-day harp, it was strummed with a plectrum rather than plucked with the fingers.
The shawm (a wooden, double-reeded pipe), the transverse flute and the recorder were commonly played woodwind instruments, while popular keyboard instruments included the harpsichord, clavichord and virginal.
Technological developments in instrument making gave ensembles access to larger ranges and increased textural variety, while ensembles also grew in size.
Pieces became more challenging and were now written for specific instruments for the first time.
So, that concludes our look at the Renaissance period.
We’ve learnt about how music moved forward from the Medieval period, developing in complexity and variety, before new technology and a new approach to harmony paved the way for the Baroque period.
We hope that it will prove useful and informative for you, and that it might inspire you to listen to more wonderful sounds by the likes of Palestrina, Byrd and des Prez.


Our Earthenware are manufactured according to traditional methods' of the 17th and 18th century, time of the Great Faience Masters of Moustiers
Our pottery is made with the clay of Moustiers, slap modeling, throwing (hand turned pots on a potter's wheel) or manual casting.
After being retouched with the sponge to remove all the impurities, the pots are fired at 1020°C. The "biscuit" then obtained is then glazed by hand dipping. The decoration is fire glazed (raw glaze), entirely traced and painted by hand with natural colors based on oxides of manganese, gold, copper etc.
The 2nd Firing at 960°C will give the glaze all its shine and true color, and will be inalterable throughout all time.


Coyarn – the history
Specialisation with a long-term vision
At Coyarn, your demands make history: When Coyarn was founded in Haag, Switzerland, in 1970, our company was a pioneer in the development of double covered yarns.
To maintain the top grade quality of our yarns, we strictly focused on this area from the beginning, and sustainably invested in the expansion of our production facility with great success. Today, we are among the most renowned suppliers and partners of the stocking industry.
Our history at a glance:
1970 Inception of Coyarn AG in Haag
1973 Purchase of the property and the buildings
1985 Expansion of production hall B
1989 Expansion of production hall C
1995 Takeover of Coyarn AG by Jörg Lederer GmbH
1998 Construction of a new production hall D
2009 Construction of office and storage space


Links to Published Work
May 2007 - Bloodlines on The History Channel. Bloodlines takes the potent subjects of families and war and combines them through genealogy. Each episode unravels a story that connects a modern-day Canadian family to ancestors at a famous battle or event. In the episode entitled: Riel's Ghosts - originally aired May 15th 2007, Ruth appears as a contributing genealogist. Click here to see the show information poster produced by The History Channel.
July 2006 - Ryan Taylor, a columnist for the Interlink Bookshop, has published a copy of his article which talks about the OGS's full day workshop for Irish research where Ruth was a presenter, entitled: Toronto branch offers full-day workshops
June 2005 - Ryan Taylor, a columnist for the Interlink Bookshop, has published a copy of his newspaper article on Ruth and her research on Oakville's Lady Diana Taylor, entitled: In Canada, she lived her dream
The Genealogy Store is currently selling Ruth's first book, entitled: "Planning a Genealogy Research Trip To Ireland. The Research Trail in Dublin". To find Ruth's book at The Genealogy Store, use the Product Search button on the left hand navigation bar and search by the book's title.
Park Genealogical Books is also selling Ruth's first book, entitled: "Planning a Genealogy Research Trip to Ireland. The Research Trail in Dublin". Click on this link and scroll down to reach publication number B-067.
Trafalgar Township Historical Society, is where you can find information about Ruth's second book entitled: "Remembering Trafalgar Township"
Links of Interest
Ontario Genealogical Society: Founded in 1961 to encourage, bring together and assist all those interested in the pursuit of family history.
The Genealogy BlogFinder: The ultimate resource for finding blogs relevant to family history research and genealogy.
RootsWeb.com: The oldest and largest free genealogy site.
Oakville Images: This is a leading edge scanning project to preserve history. Ruth played a small part in helping with the scanning of these images. This format is now being copied throughout Canada and around the world.
© 2013 - Blair Archival Research. All rights reserved.
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I didn’t know what the ANZAC was where I was born.
The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
I didn’t realise until the first April came around and I was spending my first school year in Australia and suddenly…older men in uniforms would visit with their decorated boxes to our classrooms and staff rooms to offer us a red flower.
A flower that wasn’t native at all to where I was born and I had never seen a real one. Since they were kind, I used the $2 my parents had given me and bought I myself a poppy, not really quite realising why they were dressed as soldiers and the relationship to the poppy.
Being quite historically-inclined, while I normally dove into Egyptian and Roman history (thank you, local library!) I took some time to ask about the ANZAC and found a couple of books on it. I was no stranger to the stories of war, the world wars and the sacrifices of the soldiers, my birth country was involved after all and my family had military history connected the world wars.
I just didn’t know the Australian war stories and learning about the ANZAC was my first time exploring it.
The first thing that struck me was their doomed fate. Many of these men, some so young and even underaged, eager to serve and help under the Commonwealth…had been outwitted by the Turkish forces and had willingly sailed to their doom on those shores, unaware.
The ANZAC story is a unique one when it comes to war stories, simply most battles had the element of strategy, some of the unknown and a fighting chance of winning. The ANZACs had basically been defeated the moment they arrived due to their spoiled plans and that was what really broke my heart. It didn’t take too long for the men to realise they were cornered and didn’t have much hope – how do you cope with that?
How do you stand there on the shores of Gallipolli, under constant attack with no way to success or safety, playing roulette with your life everyday and not knowing when it would end?
For a young man to be having those thoughts in his head, trying to focus instead on a future that could be, that he’d grow up, be honourable, do something he loved or have a family too, I can’t imagine.
Many of these men never came home. Thus, ANZAC Day is for them, their bravery, the way they looked fear in the eye and did the best they could with courage and dignity. It’s a monument to the human resilience when one perseveres despite knowing there were no odds. I think it speaks to the sacrifices many men make in the armed forces since the start of time – it’s always expected and assumed that men’s lives are more disposable to battles and war, to protect their loved ones. Remembrance days like these honour them with the credit they deserve and it must continue.
While many women and even animals also made contributions to the armed forces (to which they deserve our thanks), a vast majority, from the start of time of any armed forces and soldiers were men, who fought to defend and protect, giving away their most precious thing – their life. They fought for us and gave literally everything to do so, even all of themselves. You see it time and again in history.
On this special day, let us honour the ANZACs and never forget these brave troops who made such a great sacrifice.
Lest we forget.


Church in Meskla
An interactive 3D model of the Church of Christ the Savior in Meskla (14th century)
Information Technology and Cultural Heritage – Master’s degree program – School of Architecture – TUC
The byzantine church of the Transformation of the Saviour in Meskla, Crete, aged back to the 13th c., has been photographed by two student groups and the two models were merged into one unified 3D scene.The detailed and high quality products of the 3D modelling can be used for educational, and research, purposes but also for the touristic promotion of the area through light, easy to use, 3D visualizations on the web.
The church is dedicated to the feast of the Transformation of the Saviour, lies at the northern part of the Meskla settlement, ca. 20 Km SW of Chania, in Crete Island. The ground-plan of the monument displays a typical example of a small single-aisled church, thus an architectural form that was very popular on the island of Crete during the era of the Venetian occupation. The iconographical programme of the church follows the typical concept of the single-aisled fresco painted churches of Crete. The church was initially erected in the middle of the 13th c. as it is implied by the first layer of frescoes that was discovered at the apsis. As it is concluded by the dedicatory inscription, the church was renewed and re-painted on the 15th of May 1303 by the painters Theodoros-Daniel and Michael Veneris.


“Blessed is the season which engages the whole world in a conspiracy of love!”
“Good news from heaven the angels bring,
Glad tidings to the earth they sing:
To us this day a child is given,
To crown us with the joy of heaven.”
“The best of all gifts around any Christmas tree: the presence of a happy family all wrapped up in each other.”
The Origins of Christmas;
Roman pagans first introduced the holiday of Saturnalia, a week long period of lawlessness celebrated between December 17-25. During this period, Roman courts were closed, and Roman law dictated that no one could be punished for damaging property or injuring people during the weeklong celebration. The festival began when Roman authorities chose “an enemy of the Roman people” to represent the “Lord of Misrule.” Each Roman community selected a victim whom they forced to indulge in food and other physical pleasures throughout the week. At the festival’s conclusion, December 25th, Roman authorities believed they were destroying the forces of darkness by brutally murdering this innocent man or woman.
In the 4th century CE, Christianity imported the Saturnalia festival hoping to take the pagan masses in with it. Christian leaders succeeded in converting to Christianity large numbers of pagans by promising them that they could continue to celebrate the Saturnalia as Christians
The problem was that there was nothing intrinsically Christian about Saturnalia. To remedy this, these Christian leaders named Saturnalia’s concluding day, December 25th, to be Jesus’ birthday.
The Origins of Christmas Customs
- The Origin of Christmas Tree
Just as early Christians recruited Roman pagans by associating Christmas with the Saturnalia, so too worshippers of the Asheira cult and its offshoots were recruited by the Church sanctioning “Christmas Trees”.Pagans had long worshipped trees in the forest, or brought them into their homes and decorated them, and this observance was adopted and painted with a Christian veneer by the Church.
- The Origin of Mistletoe
Norse mythology recounts how the god Balder was killed using a mistletoe arrow by his rival god Hoder while fighting for the female Nanna. Druid rituals use mistletoe to poison their human sacrificial victim. The Christian custom of “kissing under the mistletoe” is a later synthesis of the sexual license of Saturnalia with the Druidic sacrificial cult.
- The Origin of Christmas Presents
In pre-Christian Rome, the emperors compelled their most despised citizens to bring offerings and gifts during the Saturnalia (in December) and Kalends (in January). Later, this ritual expanded to include gift-giving among the general populace. The Catholic Church gave this custom a Christian flavor by re-rooting it in the supposed gift-giving of Saint Nicholas


A 1915 NCE Catalog & Early Memories
This story was submitted by Allen Kreymer, Kreymer Electric. Allen is the Founder of Kreymer Electric and has been an electrician for over 50 years. He worked with his father, who was also an electrician and decided to follow in his father’s footsteps. Mr. Kreymer joined the Air Force and became an aircraft electrician. When he left the service he worked for Boeing as an electrician and a few years later he couldn’t resist the urge to start his own business. At the young age of 82, Mr. Kreymer is still an active electrician and in his spare time writes stories.
Here is an NCE story typed by Mr. Kreymer and written in his own words:
If you look at the timeframe of this old North Coast Electric catalog cover, you can’t help but come to the conclusion that the early electrical industry was like striking gold. It took off in such a few short years, like a runaway freight train, but was well organized. In fact so well organized that that the catalog includes a 1915 National Electrical Code. It is amazing how similar the format of this code is today. It has tables for wire, conduit size, (and fill), grounding, and formula for almost every aspect of the electrical standard.
What really makes me wonder? Is how North Coast opened its doors in 1913 and grew to the size it would take to have a hard back catalog, 752 pages, with every electrical item known to the industry, in just three short years! Bear in mind their warehouse had every item in this book, and it all had to be shipped from the east by slow ship or train, then organized in the warehouse, and out to the customer.
HG Hardtke, the old electrician from whom the catalog came, must be North Coast’s oldest known customer. Can you visualize the challenge of moving material at that time, from downtown Seattle, down to Sumner, out to Orting, and finally to McMillin?! There was a railroad, or fast moving team of mules, but I am guessing four days to travel the distance and back. Hardtke remained in business until his death in the late fifties, and I will always be grateful to his family for giving me the catalog when they cleaned out his shop.
Over the years the book has been in my possession I have collected items listed and pictured in the pages. The items are too many to list here but I am compiling them now and will send the list with picture at a later date. The test equipment I have, almost for sure came from North Coast, are Thompson Alternating Ammeter and a West Direct Current Voltmeter, housed in their own wood carrying case. The instruments are made of polished brass, mounted on a beautiful walnut base. Washington Waterpower of Spokane, cleaned out an old warehouse, and these were rescued. Back before 1920 it is unlikely any other supplier in the west, but North Coast Electric would have stocked these.
To share your NCE story, send it to firstname.lastname@example.org.


History of Chevelswarde Organic Growers
The name Chevelswarde is of Anglo-Saxon origin for the Homestead of Cyfel’s people, after the tribe settled there cultivating the land for their families to live amongst wild boar, elk and wolves. The village later became known as South Kilworth and was recorded as such in the Domesday Book.
The land itself was taken over by Ruth and John Daltry, in the early 1970’s and we turned it into an organic vineyard. In 1975 we were among the first ten UK farmers to get Soil Association organic certification and the first English vineyard to do so.
Having previously sent our harvest to Sussex to have it processed, in 2003 we started to produce our very own wines. We replanted some of the vineyard that very same year to introduce new grape varieties and expand our selection of wines.
Throughout our successful history we have been fortunate enough to receive numerous awards. The Soil Association’s Organic Farming magazine named us ‘Organic Food Heroes’ and the Organic Growers Association endowed us with an award for ‘always being there and lighting the way for others.’ Most recently we have been presented with a plaque from the Soil Association’s president and Gardeners World presenter Monty Don for our 40 year dedication to growing organic produce.


She’s an old colonial, built in 1901 as a vacation home (we’re a mile or so from Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island). The part of the house on the left which sticks out is the original house, with the rest being a series of additions.
It has a lot of charm, but came needing a good deal of work to reach its potential. In the few years we’ve been here, however, we’ve gotten a lot done (as noted here). We’re having a great time, and learning a bunch in the process!


History of The Carlton Cinema
The Carlton Cinema was built in 1930 as a cinema/theatre by George Coles, an Architect celebrated for his Art Deco cinema designs.
It was built as a cine-variety theatre for independent exhibitors C & R Theatres and opened on 1st September 1930. The ambitious variety element was expensive and the Carlton was not a great success as the Carlton Cinema was taken over by Associated British Cinemas (ABC) from February 1935 and it was re-named ABC in 1962.
It closed as cinema on 5th August 1972 and, like many other cinema buildings across the country, was converted to a bingo hall. That use ended in 2007 and Resurrection Manifestations purchased the building and set about refurbishing the building for Church, community use and private hire.
C & R Theatres Ltd, owners of the Carlton Cinema chain purchased the land and applied for planning permission to build a cinema. They appointed the cinema architect George Coles to design and execute the project. Planning permission for cinematograph, music, dancing and stage plays granted for the site.
1st September Carlton Cinema opened with 2,266 seats. Heralded as ‘North London’s Most Palatial Cine-Variety Theatre’ meaning that as well as showing films the programmes included vaudeville acts (comedians / dancers / singers jugglers).
The ambitious Variety element was expensive and the Carlton was not a great success as C&R Theatres sold the Carlton to the larger company Associated British Cinemas (ABC). Variety acts at the Carlton Cinema were phased out by the 1940s.
World War II bomb destroyed domed roof and cracked decorative plasterwork around auditorium.
Carlton Cinema renamed ABC Cinema .
5th August Closed as a cinema – last film being ‘Mutiny on the Buses’.
Reopened as a bingo hall after being leased to Mecca Bingo –Auditorium and other areas altered to suit bingo use and offices.
Closed as a Bingo Hall and acquired by Resurrection Manifestations.
Phase 1 of refurbishment and renovation works completed.


People might assume that Seattle, the largest and most popular city in its state, would naturally be the capital of Washington. However, this is not the case. Instead, the lesser-known city of Olympia holds the title of Washington’s capital. How did this come about, and why isn’t the bustling city of Seattle the center of political power in the state?
To understand this, we need to look back at the history of Washington State. Before it achieved statehood, the region was called the Washington Territory. Olympia was the center of trade and American settler activity at that time. Additionally, Olympia was also home to the US Customs Office, which played a significant role in the region during the mid-19th century. Unlike other predominantly British-populated cities like Vancouver, Olympia catered more towards the American settlers, contributing to its eventual designation as the state capital.
Table of Contents
A Brief History of Washington’s Capital
In the early days of the Washington territory, Europeans did not set foot in the region until the 1700s. Trade and American settler activity developed, with cities like Vancouver becoming predominantly populated by the British. Olympia, on the other hand, was a center of trade and activity in the region and was home to the US Customs Office.
Olympia Becomes the Capital
The decision to make Olympia the capital of Washington State in 1853 was based on its strategic position as the port of entry for Puget Sound. This made it the central hub for commerce and governance within the territory. Seattle, although a prominent city at the time, faced disappointment when the territorial government decided to have Olympia as its capital. However, Seattle was later named as the site for the University of Washington, founded in 1861, which greatly contributed to its growth and development.
In the 20th century, Olympia experienced economic growth through the logging and shellfish industries, as well as sawmilling and fruit production. This industrial shift further reinforced Olympia’s role as the center of government and commerce within the state. Throughout its history, Olympia has remained the seat of Washington’s government, with its early history and strategic position being the primary reasons for it being chosen as the capital instead of Seattle.
What is Olympia, Washington Known For?
Olympia, the capital of Washington, is situated in Thurston County, occupying a strategic location on Budd Inlet and Capitol Lake, at the mouth of the Deschutes River. It is a cultural center in the southern Puget Sound region and was once the center of trade and American settler activity in Washington territory.
In addition to its status as the state capital, Olympia is celebrated for its thriving arts and culture scene. The city boasts several theaters that host regular performances, contributing to the vibrant arts community. One of the notable events is the bi-annual Arts Walk Celebration, which showcases local art, music, and street performances.
Beyond its cultural attractions, Olympia serves as a gateway to various outdoor activities in the surrounding area. The city’s proximity to the Olympic Mountains, as well as the southern Puget Sound, provides ample opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts. Residents and visitors can enjoy hiking, biking, and exploring the region’s stunning landscapes.
In summary, Olympia is known for its status as the capital of Washington, its vibrant arts and cultural scene, and its access to a range of outdoor pursuits in the Pacific Northwest.
Seattle’s Role in Washington
Seattle has established itself as one of the main economic drivers in Washington State. Its advantageous location along the Puget Sound and proximity to international trade routes has allowed Seattle to grow as a critical port city, supporting shipping, manufacturing, and resource extraction industries.
Furthermore, Seattle has evolved into a technology hub with the presence of global giants such as Amazon, Microsoft, and Boeing. These companies have driven significant growth in population and economic development in the region, resulting in job creation and attracting workforces from around the nation.
In addition to its technology and industrial prowess, Seattle’s local economy is also bolstered by a thriving tourism sector. The city’s distinctive landmarks, such as the Space Needle, Pike Place Market, and numerous outdoor recreational opportunities, have made it a desirable tourist destination.
Seattle has positioned itself as Washington’s cultural epicenter by fostering a vibrant arts scene, diverse culinary offerings, and a dynamic music heritage. The city is known for its support of the performing arts, with institutions such as the Seattle Symphony, Seattle Opera, Pacific Northwest Ballet, and a variety of theater companies providing year-round programming.
The city has played a crucial role in shaping American music history, being the birthplace of grunge music and the launchpad for bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden. Seattle’s contemporary music scene continues to flourish with various venues supporting local and international artists.
Seattle is also home to many significant museums, including the Seattle Art Museum, the Museum of Pop Culture, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. This rich artistic landscape has earned the city a strong reputation as a cultural hub in the Pacific Northwest.
In conclusion, while Seattle is not the capital of Washington, it has established itself as both an economic center and cultural hub, making it an essential city in the state’s overall narrative.
Why Olympia Remains the Capital of Washington
Centrality and Geographic Considerations
Olympia was chosen as the capital of Washington primarily due to its advantageous location at the southernmost point of Puget Sound. This allowed for easy access to the port of entry at the time when the Washington Territory was first declared its capital in 1853. The relatively central position of Olympia in the region made it a sensible choice for the seat of government.
Furthermore, Olympia’s proximity to the surrounding bodies of water, such as Budd Inlet and Capitol Lake, has facilitated transportation and communication with the rest of the state. Also, as the mouth of the Deschutes River, Olympia has played an essential role in the development of the region’s infrastructure and commerce.
In addition to its geographic benefits, the historical significance of Olympia also contributed to its designation as the capital. The city was the site of a U.S. customs house by 1851, and it served as an essential center for trade and governance even before European settlers arrived.
Under the leadership of the first territorial governor, Isaac I. Stevens, Olympia was officially proclaimed the capital of Washington on November 28th, 1853. The Territorial Legislature also agreed and declared the city as the permanent capital just over a year later.
Governor Stevens addressed the legislature on February 28, 1854, and since then, Olympia has remained the seat of the Washington legislature and government. This historical stability has played a significant role in ensuring Olympia continues to serve as the state’s capital today.
Comparing Seattle and Olympia
Population and Size
Seattle and Olympia are quite different when it comes to their population and size. Seattle is the largest city in Washington State, with a population of approximately 749,000. On the other hand, Olympia, the state’s capital, has a significantly smaller population of around 55,919. This is a notable contrast and highlights the different growth patterns between the two cities.
In terms of city infrastructure, both Seattle and Olympia have their unique features. Seattle is well-known for its thriving technology and business sectors, which have contributed to its rapid growth and development. Several major companies, such as Amazon and Microsoft, have established their headquarters in the area, further boosting its economic prospects.
Olympia, on the other hand, gained importance due to its strategic location at the southernmost point of Puget Sound. This made it a crucial port of entry and led to the establishment of the US Customs Office there. Consequently, the first territorial governor, Isaac I. Stevens, declared Olympia the capital on November 28th, 1853. The Territorial Legislature confirmed this decision just over a year later, cementing Olympia’s status as the permanent capital.
In terms of transportation, Seattle boasts a more extensive and developed network, including an international airport, an efficient public transit system, and multiple highways. Meanwhile, Olympia’s infrastructure mainly revolves around its status as the capital, featuring important government buildings and facilities, as well as a smaller scale public transportation system.
In conclusion, both Seattle and Olympia have distinct characteristics that have shaped their development and growth over time. While Seattle has emerged as a major urban center with a thriving economy and extensive infrastructure, Olympia’s status as the capital and strategic location have helped shape the city into the important government hub it is today.


I have a completed script and demos for 12 original songs. The musical both entertains and informs about the history of the community gardening movement in America. I need a talented arranger/orchestrator to take it to completion. Please email me at firstname.lastname@example.org if interested in the project. I would be glad to email you the script and song demos.