Culture and atmosphere
Smaller towns in the area such as Charolles, La Clayette (with a beautiful castle) and Matour are worth visiting. Nice cafes and shopping areas give the real French atmosphere. That specific atmosphere arises from the rich history. There are various influences of the Roman occupation many, many years ago.
In the Charolais Brionnais you can find more than 100 Roman churches and cathedrals from the 11th and 12th centuries . The route of the Roman churches brings you through all these treasures. At Bois-st-Marie (5 kilometers from Cloudeau) you can start this circuit. If you like to visit castles in the region, there are plenty of castles such as Château de Digoine, Palinges, Château de Dree near Cloudeau, Château de Chaumont, Pierreclos, Berzé-le-Chatel and Chateau de Cormatin. ‘La route des châteaux en Bourgogne du Sud' brings you along sixteen medieval fortresses and castles of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism.
The towns of Cluny, Paray-le-Monial, Digoin, Charlieu, Roanne (along the Loire river), Chauffailles, Brancion, Autun, Tournus, and Taizé are for different reasons worth visiting. Larger cities are Mâcon and Lyon. In the latter city you can visit the famous Saint-Jean Cathedral. The old center and the largest shopping center in Europe are fascinating.
|Telephone: 0033(0) 960 351 101
Address: Cloudeau, 71120 Ozolles, France
|L'arboretum domanial de Pezanin in Dompierre les Ormes|
|Musée Départemental de Solutré and 'la roche de Solutré'|
|The famous caves of Blanot and Azé|
|The basilica of Paray-le-Monial and 'Le parc du moulin Liron'|
|The cattle market in St- Christophe-en-Brionnais|
|The aqueduct and ObservaLoire in Digoin|
|'La maison des vieux métiers' in Châtenay|
|A visit to the Gaulish village of Bibracte|
|La Mémoire d'Oyé (only july and august) in Oyé|
|The ecumenical community of Taizé|
|The Buddhist center Kangyu Ling in Boulaye|
|Our pages ‘Information’ and 'Relaxation' offer more possibilities.|


Any one interested in Ancient Indian History, follow Eric . He is going to make it simple and interesting
Starting today, 5th October 2018, my new blogging schedule includes Fridays where I’ll share snippets of ancient Indian history – BCE to early CE – that focuses on the region covered by the Deccan in the south.
The region which was once occupied by three famous dynasties – the Cheran, Cholan, and Pandyan – broadly encompasses five current Indian states: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Image @ Sangam Era 300 BCE to 200 CE by Global Security
Some historians used a collective term – Tamilakam – the Age of the Tamils, to describe this period. Tamil in this usage referred not only to the Tamils of modern day India but all the peoples of the south. Another term – Dravidians – is in more common usage now.
I’m currently finalizing my next work of fiction: a literary historical novel based on Silappatikaram, one of the five…
View original post 170 more words


Kidal temple was located about 7 km from Jago temple. From Tumpang market there is no public transportation to these temple, so you must took a motorcycles ride called Ojek for a of Rp. 15,000 (around USD 1 - 2 and you could bargain the price with the driver) .
Kidal temple was located on the left side of the road. Unfortunately, these signpost name was not visible because there are so many signpost around that area. So take a look carefully at every signpost name on the roadside. Do not miss the signpost of "CANDI KIDAL".
Entering the temple area is actually free. But I would suggest you to give some money for donation to the keeper of the keys, because they were guard and taking care this ancient sites without any payment at all.
Kidal temple possible origin of the name because the area where the temple is located in the village of Rejokidal, Tumpang district, Malang city, East Java province. Reportedly, this temple is the oldest Hindu temple worship being build in East Java since it was built in 1248 AD.
It was built as a form of respect for the death of the king Anusapati, the second king who ruled the kingdom of Singosari for 20 years (1227-1248). The building was practically intact, and only being restored once, at 1992.
|Kidal temple garden area|
FYI, the keeper may no be able to explain the story of Kidal temple in English so if you are foreigner and still wanna know the history of this old Hindu temple, please ask your friend who could speak Bahasa to translate the story for you.
|I'm so glad could finally visit Kidal temple|


he has 5 fucking carrots in his face
are hamsters even real!?
There was, of course, an increase in heart attacks and traffic accidents as people panicked trying to escape the ghost deer.
A significant decline in dementors as well.
WE ARE OFF TO A GREAT START
An ornate 6 shot wheel-lock revolving musket decorated with gold, silver, ivory, and bone. Originates from Russia, 16th century, possibly restored or added onto in the 18th or 19th century.
A wounded German officer, found in the Egyptian desert during the first two days of a British offensive, is guarded by a sentry while awaiting backup - November 13, 1942.


During the Armenian Genocide which occurred in the Ottoman Empireled at the time by the Young Turksarmenian naked girls Turkish armed forces, militias, and members of the public engaged in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape against female Armenians and children of both sexes.
Armenian naked girls
Before the genocide had begun one method used to intimidate the Armenian population was sexual humiliation. Heinrich Bergfeldthe Giels Consul to Trabzon reported "the numerous rapes of women and girls," which crime he regarded as being part of a plan for "the virtually complete extermination of armenian naked girls Armenians.
In the years between and armenian naked girls Patriarch of Armenia submitted letters to the Sublime Porte asking for help to protect the Armenians from the violent abuse and social and political girle they were subjected to. He requested the people be protected from "brigandage, murder, abduction and rape of women and children, confiscatory taxes, and fraud and extortion by local officials.
Within the legal system the Armenian communities had their own prisons and court systems, and were able to hold civil cases for issues between Christians and Muslims. Within the Islamic judicial system wife want sex tonight WI Wilson 54027 Armenians had no recourse, a Armenian naked girls was allowed to request a hearing before a religious court, in which testimony from non-Muslims would be disallowed or given little value.
All a Muslim needed to do to get a case armenian naked girls was swear on the Koran.
Because of this the Armenians, as well as other dhimmihad little hope within the judicial. According to Armeniaan Balakian armenian naked girls, "a well-armed Kurd or Turk could not only steal his [Armenian] host's possessions but could rape or kidnap the women and girls of the household with impunity.
The Massacre armenian naked girlsIts Antecedents and Significance.
Armenian naked girls I Am Searching Real Swingers
The book made note of the fact that men armenian naked girls murdered out of hand, while the women and children suffered appalling sexual attacks. A lot of women, variously estimated from 60 to in number, were shut up in a church, and the soldiers were "let loose" among. Many were outraged [b] to death, and the remainder dispatched with sword and bayonet. Children were placed in a row, one behind another, and a looking for a bestie in riverside 3 worth reading fired down armenian naked girls line, apparently to see how many could be dispatched with armenian naked girls bullet.
Infants and small children were piled one on the other and their heads struck off. The genocide of was planned well in advance. A document obtained by Commander C. Heathcote Smith of the British Naval Volunteer Service, which was dubbed "The Ten Commandments" gave armenian naked girls detailed account of how the genocide was to be carried. The genocide began following the outbreak of World War I. Armenians serving in the Turkish armed forces were removed and killed.
The Armenian civilian population were sent on forced marches and denied food and water.
Armenian Girls Are So Beautiful. 22K likes. Armenian beauty girls. There wasn't actually a great deal going on and after a natter with some girls in the an unshaven middle aged Armenian dude with a big smile and gold teeth. A naked woman in a euphoric mountainous scene complete with dragon flying . See photos, profile pictures and albums from Armenian Girls Are So Beautiful.
In a strategy similar to the tactics used by the German Empire in German South-West Africathe Armenians were forced into the desert. On the line of march the women, young girls armenian naked girls boys were systematically raped, mutilated and tortured.
See photos, profile pictures and albums from Armenian Girls Are So Beautiful. Unlike thousands of other Armenian girls who were discarded after . to death in her apartment, and a crucifix carved onto her naked corpse. exploitation of these themes: As in previous accounts of Armenian suffering, the Real Harems,” “Girls impaled on Soldiers' Swords,” “With Other Naked Girls .
Hundreds of thousands died on these forced marches. One objective armenian naked girls genocidal rape is forced pregnancy; however, those unable to bear children are also subject to sexual assault.
Victims ages can range from children to women in their eighties. During the Armenian Genocide the rape of young girls zrmenian well documented; they would armenian naked girls assaulted in their homes before forced relocation, or on the forced marches into the Syrian desert.
An armenian naked girls testified, "It was a very common thing for them to rape our girls in our presence. Very often they violated eight or ten year old girls, and as a consequence many would be unable to walk, and were shot.
Women were gang raped and often committed suicide. Once armenian naked girls men had been separated from the women, the women were systematically raped and then killed, along with any children. Many were killed by bayoneting, or died from exposure or from prolonged sexual abuse.
InA. Dirk Moses described genocide as a "total social practice. Genocides usually involve attacking the familial roles of the victims, which are the ways they contribute to singles in conroe texas reproduction of the targeted group as perceived by the perpetrators. Armenian naked girls across all genocides are the murder of infants in front of parents, forced rape of women by family members, and the violation and mutilation of the reproductive systems.
The attackers follow a pattern of family armenian naked girls destruction.
In attacks on villages men were killed, and the surviving population were raped, forcibly dislocated or killed. Another purpose of the rapes armenian naked girls eliticidethe destruction of a group's leadership, which was then used to create confusion. Naaked of the German armed forces in Der Zor helped to open a brothel.Seeking Woman That Golfs
Throughout the genocide the men were given free licence to do as they pleased with Armenian women. The trafficking of Armenian women as sex slaves was an important source of income for accompanying soldiers, while in Arab areas, armenian naked girls were sold at low prices.
The German consul at Mosul reported that the maximum price for Armenian women was "5 piastres". Karen Jeppewho was working for the League of Nations in Aleppo and was attempting to have released the tens of thousands of women and children who ladies want sex tonight Tiffin Ohio 44883 been abducted, said in that out of the thousands of women armenian naked girls had spoken to, only one had not been armenian naked girls abused.
This resulted in girls and armenian naked girls being left behind dying, naked. By April over Turkish officials had been arrested. Testimony given by Nuri, the police chief of Trabzonclaimed that he had given young girls, as a gift from the governor-general to the CUP central committee.
A merchant gmu parking girl name of Mehmed Ali testified that not only were armenian naked girls being killed at the Red Crescent Hospital, but that naker girls were also being raped and that the governor-general held there fifteen birls for his sexual gratification.
Hasan Maruf, a military officer, testified to the British that "Government officials at Trebizond picked out some of the prettiest Armenian women of the best families. After committing the worst outrages on them, they had them killed. The court armenian naked girls the Lieutenant governor Kemal Bey, of the district of Yozgatguilty of murder and forced relocation; he nked given the death penalty.
Major Tevfik Bey, a commander of police was also found guilty and was given a year prison sentence. From Armenian naked girls, massage rapid city armenian naked girls encyclopedia.
Part of a series on Violence against women Issues Acid throwing Breast ironing Dating abuse Domestic violence outline management and pregnancy Eve armenian naked girls Female naekd mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Force-feeding Forced abortion Forced marriage Forced pregnancy Marriage by abduction Raptio Witch trials Killing Bride burning Dowry death Honor killing Femicide Infanticide Matricide Pregnant women Sati Sororicide Uxoricide Sexual assault and rape Sexual assault Campus sexual assault Mass sexual assault Sexual violence Congo Papua New Guinea South Africa Child sexual initiation Rape and pregnancy laws Types of rape by deception corrective date gang genocidal nakex war marital prison statutory Forced prostitution Sexual slavery Sacred prostitution Devadasi Fetish slaves Human trafficking Violence against prostitutes Widow cleansing Related topics Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes Women's shelter 25 November 6 February By country Gender violence v single housewives want casual porno Wichita e.
Main article: Effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals.
Even before the mass killings, nzked humiliation was used to intimidate the Armenian armenian naked girls. After the murder of the Armenian leadership and men of military age, Ottoman authorities and Ittihadist supporters deported surviving Armenians from Anatolia into armdnian Syrian desert. During this ethnic cleansing, rape, kidnapping, sex slavery, and forced re-marriage became de facto instruments armenian naked girls genocide.
Eyewitness accounts and diplomatic reports shed light on the place of gender during genocidal persecution. Profiting by Arts: Collect arms.
Excite Moslem opinion by suitable and special means, in places as Van, Erzeroum, Adana, where as a point of fact the Armenians have already won the hatred of the Moslems, provoke organised massacres as the Russians did at Baku.
Leave all executive to the people in the provinces such as Erzeroum, Van, Mumuret ul Aziz, and Bitlis, and use Military disciplinary forces i. Gendarmerie ostensibly atmenian stop massacres, while on the contrary in armenian naked girls as Adana, Sivas, Armenian naked girls, Ismidt and Smyrna actively help gorls Moslems with military force.
Apply measures to exterminate all gitls under 50, priests wyola MT adult personals teachers, leave girls and children to be Islamized. Carry away the families of all who succeed in escaping and apply measures to cut them off from all connection with their native place.
On the ground that Armenian officials may be armenian naked girls, expel and drive them out absolutely from every Government department or post. Kill off in an appropriate manner all Armenians in the Army - this to be left to the military to.
Armenian Girls Are So Beautiful. 22K likes. Armenian beauty girls. Armenian girl Photo by Ali Doosti — National Geographic Your Shot. Harutyunyan Urban Decay NAKED Ultimate Basics Palette: Review + 10 Tutorials. During the Armenian Genocide which occurred in the Ottoman Empire, led at the time by the During the Armenian Genocide the rape of young girls was well documented; they would be assaulted in their Armenian women and children were displayed naked in auctions in Damascus, where they were sold as sex slaves.
Pay attention to the strictly confidential nature of these instructions, which may not go beyond two or three persons. The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, Berghahn Books. The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: Princeton University Press. Balakian, Online audition kpop The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Armenian naked girls and America's Response.
Ball, Howard Genocide A Reference Handbook. Sexual Violence during the Armenian Genocide". In Armenian naked girls Herzog ed. Brutality and Desire: War and Sexuality in Europe's Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. Dadrian, Vahakn N. Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press.
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In Jay Winter ed. America and the Armenian Genocide of Cambridge University Press. DeLaet, Debra The Global Struggle for Human Rights. Armenian naked girls Publishing. Derderian, Katharine Gender-Specific Aspects of the Armenian Genocide, ". Herzog, Dagmar Sexuality in Europe:


Whenever the name of Greece conjures the obvious things are museums, ancient ruins, Temples, and Mythology. On this Last Minute Holidays To Greece, you can enjoy the obvious which is certainly the museums and the ancient ruins. However, there are nearly 6000 islands scattered around Greece, and some of them are worth exploring. Hence, pack your bags and embark on cheap last minute holidays to Greece.
Temples and Ruins on Greece Holidays
There are a plethora of ancient ruins on this cheap last minute holidays to Greece. It’s indeed and great opportunity to explore the mystical side of this country and its intriguing mythology.
To begin with, the Acropolis is a great place to be. Delve into the ancient history and mythology of these ruins. This is in fact, the same place where magnificent temples stood and the local populace revered.
Delphi is a must visit, it's now listed under UNESCO world heritage. During ancient times the place was dedicated to Apollo the God prophesy, healing, music. Temple of Hephaestus is also a great place embedded in mythology and ancient history. It was dedicated to God of fire, 'Hephaestus' and Goddess Athena of pottery.
Admire the grandeur of Epidaurus Theater which is indeed quite attractive; dedicated to Asclepius who was the God of medicines. Explore the ruins of the Palace of Malia and discover its ancient history. However, the ruins of Ancient Corinth is a must visit, as it’s the amalgamation of the Romans and Greek heritage.
For more historical sightseeing; head towards Phaestos and Ancient Mycenae sites on holidays To Greece
Magnificent Greece Island on cheap last minute holidays to Greece
Greek Islands are exotic and beautiful. There are nearly 6000 islands around Greece, but some of the islands stand apart for its mesmerizing beauty. The Aegean and Mediterranean coasts around the Greek islands are worth exploring.
Nothing can beat Santorini’s majestic whitewashed buildings on the mountainous terrain. Take a dip in the orange colored hot water spring. There is a widespread belief that it cures skin ailments. The cruise is awesome and the local cuisine is mouthwatering.
Crete is the largest Greek Island. The beaches are incredible and there is plenty of opportunities for adventure and water sports. Gear up for hiking, or if you are a history buff then look out for some fascinating historical sites.
If you are with family then head towards Naxos Island which is quite family friendly; the island is famous for authentic Greek cuisine.
The turquoise waters around the Antiparos Island is breathtaking. Enjoy the serenity and the calm waters.
Grab this opportunity and explore Greece and its beautiful islands on Last Minute Holidays To Greece. For more information call us: 0203 883 8247.


New Feasts & Holidays column on St Swithin’s Day in the June/July issue of Renaissance Magazine.
Co-written with April Tucholke.
“St. Swithin’s Day (also called St. Swithun) was celebrated on July 15. While midsummer (June 24) was a festival that welcomed the new warmer season, St. Swithin’s was a time to rejoice in the plethora of summer fruits and vegetables. It was also a portentous day to predict the weather. An old tradition says that if it rains on St. Swithin’s Day, it would rain for 40 days after. In turn, a dry St. Swithin’s meant 40 days of drought. St. Swithin’s was the Renaissance version of Groundhog Day, but for the summer months, and without the rodent.”


History of CLUB SIBERME
The club is referred to by most members as the ICE Club (International Club of Estepona)which was the name chosen when it was conceived on 3rd November 1988. At that time, the club was formed to provide a social and cultural structure in Estepona of English speaking people, but it did have it's beginnings some 18 months earlier. Two of the Club's founders were to meet in April 1987, when they both decided to attend a meeting of the Marbella Branch of an "International English Speaking Residents Association" (I.E.S.R.A.) whose head office was in Fuengirola. Both these founders joined that association and became acquainted whilst socialising at the bar after the meeting. It became apparent over the next few months that a similar association would have support in Estepona. The Fuengirola group agreed to the formation of a branch in Estepona and on 3rd November 1987, in the presence of the I.E.S.R.A. President, a branch was formed and a Committee elected. The branch was a success and soon had about 120 members who all enjoyed the activities that were organised both from Estepona and Fuengirola.
The aspirations of the "I.E.S.R.A." in the financing demanded from branches to build a clubhouse in Fuengirola, met with opposition. At the first AGM of the Estepona branch on the 3rd November 1988 and with the agreement of the members, the Committee resigned en block and the branch disbanded. A new group was immediately formed as I.C.E. and the same Committee elected. That formation meeting took place at what was the Bar/Restaurant "EL YATE" in the Estepona Port, a venue that was to be our weekly meeting place for some time. But we became "nomadic" and we then met on Thursday mornings in any bar which would regularly accommodate us, for coffee and to arrange events and to provide a social focal point for members. In 1990 the registration of the club was set in hand but it was not until 1992 that this was completed. Part of the delay was caused by the Spanish version of the name required for the registration of the club i.e."Club Internacional de Estepona" which was abbreviated to CIE. This clashed with a National Government Body, a fact not discovered until much later, and we were given the long title of "Club Sierra Bermeja Socio-Cultural de Estepona" from which the name "Siberme" was derived.
The limitations of only meeting on a Thursday with no fixed abode were obvious but even so the club was establishing a strong following for the social and cultural activities which we were able to promote. In 1992, the year of "Expo 92", we organized a total of five 55 seater coaches with overnight accommodation to the Exposition in Seville.
It was not until March of 1996, despite a number of previous attempts to find permanent accommodation, the club was able to rent, at a price fixed for three years with an option to purchase at a fixed price, its' own premises. This clubhouse was in the Estepona port. In the following year, it became evident to the management committee that it was in the clubs interest to purchase the premises. At the A.G.M. in March 1997 the members decided to back the managements decision and to raise the purchase price with loans from the members.
The measure of the success of the club and of the financial control by the management can be gauged from the fact that all the loans were repaid by December 2000.
The year 2000 also saw changes in the future conditions and regulations laid down by the Estepona Port Authority concerning our covered toldo which they had previously sanctioned but now wanted removed. This would have reduced the usable covered area in the club by half. This problem was discussed at the A.G.M. in March 2001 when the membership gave the management committee a mandate to find new premises, sell the existing club and seek loans from the members to finance the move.
By November 2001 we had finalized the sale of the port premises and concluded the purchase of the current clubhouse in Bahia Dorada, Entrada 5, Km 149 on the N340. This spacious clubhouse has two floors and was previously an operational restaurant. Our purchase included all the furniture and cooking equipment.
Of the original membership in the founding year, we still have 9 whose membership has been continuous from that notable day in November 1988. The club had, at the end of last year,640 members.
The club has a monthly magazine in which forthcoming events (see next page) and members contributions and comments are printed.
The club runs regular organized activities including art classes, bowls, bridge, computing, lottery, music nights, petanque, quiz nights, rambling, social nights, songs of praise, Spanish lessons, tertulia and whist. We arrange coach trips to many places of interest. The club has a bar and puts on evening events which have included candle lit suppers, dances, guitar and jazz concerts, parties, pantomimes, talks, murder and mystery, musical shows, theatre and wine tasting.
The club is open on Thursday morning when the committee reports on current news and forthcoming activities and the members have their opportunity of communicating their own news and views. The club is also open as a social venue on Tuesday and Sunday mornings.
This information was provided by:-
Raymond N Oldfield, Founder Member and Treasurer for most of the time between 1988 to 2004.


This page contains some resources about Thunder Mountain. (Which Thunder Mountain? The art site built by Chief Rolling Mountain Thunder in Imlay, Nevada.)
- Links to other sites with info on Thunder Mountain
- Photos of Thunder Mountain
- The editor's notes from The White Crow v4i4 about Thunder Mountain
Which Thunder Mountain? The monument built by Chief Rolling Mountain Thunder, in Imlay, Nevada.
- Thunder Mountain Monument site: http://thundermountainmonument.com/
- Outsider Art: http://www.spyrock.com/nadafarm/html/thnder.html
- RoadTrip America: http://www.roadtripamerica.com/places/thunder.htm
- Roadside America (an absolutely terrible description by an otherwise excellent site): http://www.roadsideamerica.com/rant/desert.html
- NevadaWeb.com: http://www.nevadaweb.com/cnt/cc/imlay.html
If you know of other sites, please let me know: firstname.lastname@example.org
(photos by Christopher Herdt and Mrrranda Tarrow)
(Editor's Notes from White Crow, Vol. 4, Issue 4)
Thunder Mountain is located outside Imlay, Nevada, which is about three hours away from anything. It is a collection of buildings and sculptures built out of debris (such as car parts and televisions), wood, and mortar.
It was created over a period of twenty-one years by a man who called himself Chief Rolling Mountain Thunder (Frank Sidney Van Zant, b.1921-d.1989). He was, according to one source, a World War II veteran, originally from Oklahoma, who had been terribly burned in a tank battle in Leipzig. He came to this remote location in 1968, resumed using his Creek Indian name, and began to build. He proclaimed Thunder Mountain a monument to the injustice against Native Americans. He lived on the site with his family...to him, Thunder Mountain was home.
It was proclaimed a National Monument by the US Government after Rolling Mountain Thunder's suicide, and was entered into Nevada's registry of historic sites in late 1992. His suicide coincided with the completion of Thunder Mountain (although there is some dispute as to whether it is actually complete).
I had never heard of Thunder Mountain until the day Mrrranda and I spied the structure while driving west on I-80. There was a single sign at the side of the freeway that said Thunder Mountain National Monument. Mrrranda and I were the only people there, and possibly the only visitors all day...or all week.
No gift shop, no color brochures. Just typed pages and newspaper clippings tacked to a board behind scratched plastic. No admittance fee, just a sturdy box marked "donations."
As the sculptures and tvs and junk cars revert from art to junk, this monument, to what many feel is an ongoing tragedy, will disappear. A monument built on the violent anger of tragedy rather than quiet sorrow. A monument that we are, perhaps, not ready to see.
Crowright 2000 Osric Publishing, published simultaneously in White Crow.


Let’s share together a festive time between French and Australians
in order to provide a different and great memory of our ancesters
that went through intense moments on that conflict land.
During the first World War, the small village of Fleurbaix has been at the heart of the conflict and noticeably during the Battle of Fromelles that occured in part on the villages’ territory. The village was only few hundred meters away from the frontline of the sadely notorious Battle.
Some Fleurbaix inhabitants helped by the Rotary Club of Armentières and the municipality of Fleurbaix wished to organize the Cobbers Night for the Australians that are descendant of the soldiers to meet the people of Fleurbaix that welcomed them, took care of them and thank them for their courage.
In 2020 it will be the fifth edition
The Cobbers night is a party with no fuss, no protocol. It is a such a great occasion to bring back together human beings that are separated by 15 000 kilometers of lands and oceans but so close by the events that their families lived through this War.
Cobbers Night 2020
10 rue du Quesne
62840 FLEURBAIX, FRANCE
April 25, 2019 at 7h30pm
Entry : 15 euros
Free for children under 12 years old.
Restauration and bar directly on site
No protocol, just new meeting place surrounded by folkloric music, songs and dances.
The entry will be available only by booking on this website.
The revenues of the Cobbers Night 2020 will be redirected to the settle of the Cobbers Night 2021 and to the development actions towards friendly relationships between Fleurbaisians and Australians.
10 rue du Quesne
Museum of the Battle of Fromelles
Rue de la Basse Ville
Australian Memorial Park


The parish of Hail Weston contains 1,583 acres. The subsoil is
Oxford Clay. About two-thirds of the land is arable and the
remainder grass, with about 53 acres of woodland. The river Kym,
anciently known as the Hail or Hayle, from which the parish derives
its name, forms the northern and eastern boundary of the
parish. There was an ancient bridge over the river, which is
mentioned in 1377. It was standing in 1798, when it was built of
stone with four arches, but the parapet was ruinous. The
present bridge is modern. There are two springs, which were reputed
to have medicinal qualities, but perhaps derive more fame from the
poem by Michael Drayton, entitled the 'Holy Wells of Hailweston.'
The springs were used for medicinal purposes in the 16th and 17th
centuries, but later fell into disuse. In 1844 they were
sold and are now used by the Hail Weston Springs Co., aerated water
The village lies on the north side of the road from St. Neots to Kimbolton. The church is at the south-east end of the village, which contains several half-timber houses and cottages of the 17th century. The nearest railway station is at St. Neots, three miles away, on the London and North Eastern Railway.
A few Neolithic implements have been found, but greater importance is attached to a bronze statuette of the Romano-British period which was found a few years before 1824.
The parish has always been closely connected with that of Southoe, and though the civil parishes are now separated, ecclesiastically they are still united. The population in 1921 was 265.
Victoria County History - Huntingdonshire Printed 1932


Now work in process.
About Rokusai Nenbutsu
The Origin of Rokusai Nenbutsu
The exact origin of Rokusai Nenbutsu(Rokusai-day)in Kyoto is not clear. While some folk stories credit Kuya(空也903-927)or Doku(道空),The tradision likely has begun as priests offerning prayers to the Buddha on the Six Festival Days(Rokusai-nichi).Rokusai-nichi are the8th,14th,15th,23ed,29th,and the 30th days of the month. Several Buddhist sutras mention these as holy days every month would lead to long life and peace in the afterlife.Rokusai-nichi also became the days of prayers and making wishes.
Around the Muromachi period(1336-1573),Rokusai-Nenbutsu spread from Kyoto and Wakayama area to the rest of Japan,forming numerous groups called Koh(講)
Rokusai Nenbutsu in Kamitoba
In 1983,15 groups preserving Rokusai Nenbutsu in the present-day Kyoto received a designation as a national important Intangible Folk Cultual Heritage, including our group, Kamitoba Hashikami Kane-kochu. We are the only only Rokusai Nenbutsu group retaing "Shoko Daiko(焼香太鼓)," as well as other "Wasan"tunes(Buddist hymns sang in japanese),such as "Hushi Hakumai(節白舞)"and "Tobi kan'non(飛観音)", today, keeping the tradition of "Nenbutsu Rokusai".
We have been performing during the Bon festival to Honor our ancestors, as well as offerning Rokusai Nenbutsu on the Jizo Bon(a celebration of Zizo Bosatsu[kshitigarbha]) and Dainichi Bon(a celebration of Dainichi Nyorai[Maha Vairocana]) festivals, both celebrated locally in late August, among other occasions.


Gebroeders Geens made their first ever paving stone transport machine in 1987. It was given the name “Rollmops”, with a double L like in “Rolls Royce”. When the company Gebroeders Geens nv started in 1989, it was closely interconnected with the success of this small and versatile machine.
In 1995, the portfolio was extended further with the Knikmops. Larger, stronger and with even more applications, this articulated loader soon became a success as well. On its 30th birthday this articulated loader was given a new logo.


This week’s throwback Thursday takes a look back at Armistice Day in 1941, just one month before the U.S. joined World War II. Armistice Day, celebrated November 11, honored veterans of World War I and celebrated peace in the country after the end of the war. Eventually, it was expanded to celebrate all veterans and was renamed Veterans Day in the 1950s. The following article appeared in the November 14, 1941 edition of the Carroll County Democrat.
Armistice Again… Peace; With An Overtone Of Militarism
On last Tuesday, Armistice Day, 1941, in the county site of Carroll County, a parade formed, made up of representatives of the American Legion Post of McKenzie, Hollow Rock, Bruceton and a good portion of the Huntingdon membership.
Huntingdon’s colorful band led the parade– youngsters in bright new uniforms; graceful young girls, color-bearers and drum major. Following these was the Hollow Rock Legion band, the legionaires and the entire student body of Huntingdon school, then various people in cars and otherwise who just “joined the parade.” Up near the front a frisky dog barked and circled and tried to reach his young master who was in the band.
It was a typically American scene– beautiful, care-free, glorious. But the cheering was subdued and the smiling faces of spectators were, in many cases, coursed by tears.
The marching men who had fought a war more than twenty years ago, were sober– thoughtful– as they set their steps firmly forward. On the sidelines was an occasional youngster in uniform of the army or navy– watching these older men march. They were sober and thoughtful, too. It was a celebration of PEACE in America– Peace with a definite overtone of militarism.
The court room was crowded. Ernest McCollum presided. There were brief talks by representatives from visiting posts, the Huntingdon School Band led by Chas. Doran made music that thrilled the group. D.D. Maddox made an impromptu address while the crowd waited for almost an hour for Governor Browning who had another speaking date and was late for his address here. And the crowd listened intently throughout while Browning told them that America must go to whatever lengths necessary to preserve our way of life– to hold that which the other war gained for us, but cannot keep for us indefinitely, without effort on our part.
In a speech before a group of Red Cross workers on Monday, he had told them: “We have prayed for this cup to pass us by–“; but on Armistice Day 1941 there was this definite air about the people of Carroll County: “It is a cup we don’t like– but we shall drink it if we must.”
At the close of his Armistice Day address before a crowded house in the Circuit Court room in Huntingdon on Nov. 11th, 1941, Governor Gordon Browning quoted the following tribute to our country, which is reproduced by request of a number of people who heard him there:
A Tribute to America
God built a region of glory here and filled it with treasures untold; he studded it with sweet, flowing fountains and traced it with winding streams; He carpeted it with soft rolling plains and columned it with thundering mountains; He painted it in deep shadowed forests and filled them with song, He called unto a thousand peoples and summoned the bravest among them. They came from the ends of the earth, each bearing a gift and a hope. The glow of adventure was in their eyes, and in their hearts was the glory of freedom.
Then, out of the bounty of earth and the labors of men, out of the longing of hearts and the prayers of souls, out of the memory of ages and hopes of the world, God fashioned a nation of Love. He filled it with purpose sublime and He called it AMERICA.
From its beginning as a nation, in a brief span of years, we have seen the crash of medieval empires; the passing of world powers; the downfall of monarchy. Through it all, we stood firm, with our feet planted on these political Rocks of Ages.
Now, whatever else may come, may there ever show in our eyes the glorious light of high resolve that they shall not trail in the dust the golden hopes of men for justice and equality in the privileges of living.


Together with the adjoining village of Northchurch it is separated from other towns and villages by lovely countryside, all of it in the Metropolitan Green Belt and much of it classified as being an area of outstanding natural beauty.
Berkhamsted's history goes back beyond Saxon times and its claim to fame includes strong royal, literary and teaching connections. It was in Berkhamsted, where earlier there was a Saxon fort, that William was handed the crown in 1066. Here, his half-brother, Count Robert of Mortain built a motte and Bailey Castle with two moats, where substantial ruins of the Castle still remain.
The hymnist and poet, William Cowper, was born in the Rectory, less than two hundred years before Graham Greene was born at St. John's, Chesham Road, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School. James Barrie often stayed here and the Llewellyn Davies children who lived in Egerton House were the inspiration for Peter Pan. A few doors down the High Street is where Clementine Hozier lived and attended the Girls' School, now part of Berkhamsted School. She became the wife of Sir Winston Churchill.
The valley route north through Berkhamsted has always been of major importance. Originally the ancient Roman road (Akeman Street), it later became a turnpike road for the Sparrows Herne Turnpike Trust.
The Grand Junction, now the Grand Union Canal, was opened through Berkhamsted in 1798. Up until the Second World War the canal was a principal artery of the industrial revolution linking London with the West Midlands. The Duke of Bridgewater, who inspired the canal system in England, had his home up on the hill at Ashridge.
PLACES OF INTEREST TO VISIT:


Steel plays a fundamental role in the development of modern societies. Construction is one of the most important steel-using industries, accounting for up to 50% of world steel production. Buildlings - from houses to carparks to schools to skyscrapers - rely on steel for their strength. Steel is also used on roofs and as cladding for exterior walls.
Click on the PDF link below to download an information sheet on the use of steel in bridges.
- The history of bridges
Early bridges were made of stone, wood and concrete. The arrival of the steam train in the mid-18th century ushered in a new era in bridge design. A stronger material was needed as bridges were required to carry heavier loads over longer spans.
- Types of bridges
Bridges of today show the advancements in steel technology and design which have occurred over the last century. From the modest spans to the exciting cable stayed and suspension bridges, steel has a wide appeal.
- Bridge case studies
In 2005, worldsteel completed a project on bridges. Its aim was to share information and promote the use of steel in bridge construction.


A Selection of Recent Meetings
20 February 2017 British Mails via Trans-Siberian Rail - Peter Pugh showed us over 200 covers bearing mail from the Chinese Treaty ports to Britain, or via Britain to further destinations in Europe. This important route linking Chinese cities with the Tran-Siberian Railway which ran from Vladivostok via Moskow, with links to many European cities, almost halved the journey time of seaborne mail from the region and was a vital link in the early part of the 20th century with Hong Kong which, even today, has no direct rail link of its own. All such overland mail had to be super-scribed, via Siberia.
6 February 2017 Guernsey - Brian Sole’s display of stamps and mail from the occupation period including imprint blocks of the numerous wartime printings was an exciting opener for the many of us who have much more simplified collections of this period. He went on show us a mouth-watering collection of original artwork and proofs from the later years, many items of which were the only examples in existence.
16 January 2017 Specks and Spots – African Varieties David Bird’s first display to a society was a revelation. He showed us just the African part of his collection of constant and transient varieties that occur on Commonwealth stamps from the reign of King George VI. Each original stamp was accompanied by an enlargement of the flaw showing its extent and position. Many were well known and catalogued varieties, but quite a few were as yet un-acknowledged and uncatalogued.
19 December 2016 Christmas Social Evening with One Sheet & Postcard Competitions Members enjoyed celebrating the winners (Bev Nicholls with one sheet of Rhodesia, and Dr Joachim Frank with Canadian Forces postcards from WW2) with a glass of wine and some excellent cheeses.
5 December 2016 50th Anniversary of World Cup Win. In a very well attended meeting Club President, Don Knight, displayed more items from his ever-increasing collection of this fascinating subject. We were treated to no less than 3 sessions of frames packed with lots of new items not seen by members before, they ranged mainly from 1966 and from the more recent football related issues, including some scarce and even some unique covers, many of which were endorsed with the signatures of the 1966 English team heroes.
21 November 2016 Autumn Auction. The catalogue was circulated to members and to all the societies that form the Middlesex Federation. Of the 380 lots on offer almost exactly 50% were sold raising a total of £108 for the club, including donated items. There were plenty of bargains to be had. The most expensive lot was lot 16, which sold for £42 – a Kedah 1950 mounted mint range of stamps – against a reserve of £17. Maybe more surprising was that a lot of clear Showgard strips with a reserve of £2 achieved £32. It goes to show that if we happen to sell what people want, they are prepared to pay.
7 November 2016 Berlin Olympics. Guest speaker, Tony Bosworth, gave a scintillating display from his collection acquired over many years and containing many items not usually seen as well as some thought to be the only ones in existence. As a historian he had studied this period of European history in great detail, and skilfully conveyed the political nuances of the time, and how they influenced the stamps and covers that were produced.
5th October 2015 Lindy Bosworth presented some items from her beautifully displayed and extensive collection of Czechoslovakia, including the world’s first 3-colored cancellations and scarce commercial commemorative covers, as well as lovely fresh multiples of the various recess printings of the air-mail issues of the 1930’s.
21st September 2015 Members were invited to fill a display board with 9 sheets from their collection. No less than 17 boards were filled in the evening with a wide variety of items including postcards, postal history, national savings stamps, covers, postage stamps and some very early revenue stamps.
7th September 2015 The new season began with a superb display by Dr Joachim Franks of Maritime Mail from South Africa. Dr Franks lived much of his early life in South Africa where he accumulated some historic covers. His continued interest in the region, and his talent for describing and displaying these precious items has enabled him to win many prizes at club and national level.


The Air Jordan 9В was released in 1993. On October 6th 1993, Jordan gave the basketball world a shock when he announced his retirement from the NBA. This was just one day before Training Camp and it was not what anyone had expected at this time. The greatest basketball player of all time retiring at the age of 30. A decision probably affected by the fact that his father was murdered in North Carolina in the summer of 1993.
The shoe being released was plain and sturdy and was the first model that Michael did not wear in an NBA seasonal game (due to the retirement). The sole had lots of details and a large 23 was stiched at the back of the shoe.
There were also words in different languages on the soles of the shoes, this is what is said;
dedie (french) – dedicated
fuerza (spanish) – force
intenso (italian) – intense
liberta (french) – freedom
anmutig (german) – graceful
????? (russian) – sport
uhuru (swahili) – independence
??????? (russian) – freedom
athletisch (german) – athletic
muundaji (swahili) – ?????
There are also two Japanese words that reads “world” and “sport”.
As Michael had placed the basketball on the curb he decided to take on the game of baseball. A special cleated version of the IX’s was made and helped him in his Birmingham Barons baseball career.
The Air Jordan’s had not disappeared from the courts though. Known as player samples there were Air Jordan IX‘s being produced with not only #23 on the back, but with individual numbers for players such as Kendall Gill (#13), and Mitch Richmond (#2).


Adventures in Southeros
The only other race of significant number is the Orcs. The Orcs were once a long time ago mighty force in the area. They ruled themselves outside of the Oligarchy’s reach. There was once a Warchief of the Orc warbands by the name of Sharog. Sharog ruled the Orcs with an iron fist. Mercy was not in Sharog’s heart. His war against the Oligarchy consumed many resources of the east. The great forest was chopped down and used for Sharog’s war machines and forts. This area is a blighted desert now, called Sharog’s Blight. The Orcs eventually succumbed to the might of the Oligarchy. Sharog was killed on the field of battle and the Orcs quickly agreed to peace after the funeral for Sharog. It was said that his bones were taken my the rulers of the Oligarchy ground into dust and used in the mortar of the prison building in Rivers End. The common people of the land have referred to this prison as Sharogs house.
The Orcs are now mostly peaceful to the Oligarchy. The Oligarchy does not hold rule over the areas that the Orcs inhabit. Technically the area is part of the Oligarchy but there is a blind eye turned to this area. The main village is and really the only contact point with the rest of the people of Southeros is called Orchold. Orchold is where the Orcs trade weapons and other goods crudely mined from the hills. Orc hold positions in the Trade Guild as guards and caravan escorts. These positions are mostly on a contract basis due to the Trade Guild still being weary of inducting the Orcs into their clandestine organization.


Wagon Wheel Gap Route
Denver & Rio Grande Railway
The San Luis Valley Southern
The railroad that came and went with no one noticing...
Connecting to the main line on the west side of Blanca ( about 15 miles east of Alamosa on Hwy 160 ) this line ran south through the best crop areas in the San Luis Valley and was to connect to Taos, NM but never completed. It carried produce that fed the plates of every one from the rich Mine Owners of Denver and down to the poor miners in the high mountains.
A surprising amount of this line, equipment and buildings still sits outside Blanca, half buried track, falling apart buildings, and the most ugly train power ever patched together. Worth the hour it takes to see it all when you pass through Blanca.
1925 Motorcar M-300 that carried freight an local passengers, a little strange looking but fully functional...
M-300 parked in Blanca Yards - see additional present condition photos at end of section...
Yard engine built on a short flat and driven by a truck axle and tires, typical of SLVS equipment.
Hidden below the blowing sand and dirt roads are the last rails of the SLVS.
Still connected to the main line but unused for years these old rails are slowly fading from sight but hopefully not from memory
Not unlike an abandoned old western town of the movies, these old loading docks are slowly decaying away.
Additional loading and maintenance buildings sit just off the dirt road about 1/2 mile south west of Blanca, Co.
An old loading facility still stands proud against the Mountain Peaks looming over it...
Leaving for today to chase trains I will return to get additional close up photos of the equipment left behind at the SLVS...
Hidden away in the back storage area of the Oklahoma Railroad Museum is what is left of M-300, exactly how it found it's way there is unknown, but it does survive and awaiting someone to return it to original condition...
Looking fine in the 1940's, it is just a sad reminder of what was...
Note later changes in front with extended nose just below front cab windows, looks like for air compressors for brakes, catcher removed with two front steps and also no truck drive axle on old photo. We know it is the same unit for it is still labeled M-300...
Typical to SLVS - Drive is a truck axle with rubber tire...
Although Cab is almost gone, the frame and axles survive, this would be a great start on rebuild...
We wish to thank Guy Lynn of the Oklahoma Rail Road Museum for these photos of M-300
The following information on the M-300 was sent by Guy Lynn - it is interesting reading..
Remember most of what you see is on private property, please respect that...
Take only Photos and Leave only Footprints..... Thanks....
Oklahoma Railroad Museum - At Oklahoma City - Interesting and extensive collection - Open Saturdays for Free...
Has in it's collection the SLVS M-300 Motor Car -
Web Site E-Mail Address is Wagon-Wheel-Gap@hotmail.com
Also see our History of San Luis Valley & it's Railroads web site:
It's still under construction but you may find it interesting.
This is not an official web site of the D&RG Ry. Historical Foundation.
It is a private informational site by Richard Cutter who is solely responsible for content and
content is not submitted to, approved nor controlled by the D&RG Historical Foundation.
Unless otherwise Noted
Historical Photographs 1800's to 1940's from the National Archives
Photos, Videos and Text are Copyrighted by Richard Cutter
- Photos can be used for non-commercial use if plainly identified as to copyright holder and location, such as "at Wagon-Wheel-Gap-Route, Colorado"
The name "Wagon Wheel Gap Route" refers to the section of the Creede Branch of the Old "Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad" that extends from South Fork to Creede Colorado, the name was developed and used for this website and is considered as our trademark.
Last updated: July 03, 2005
You are at..... WWW.Wagon-Wheel-Gap-Route.Freehomepage.com


By Al Schwartz, CARPLS Executive Director
For 27 years, we have battled injustice by helping low- and middle-income residents navigate their legal problems. Today, we are working harder than every to drive change in the face of systematic racism.
Friday, June 19, 2020, is Juneteenth, the oldest nationally celebrated commemoration of the ending of slavery in the United States. We have always strived to understand the significance of this […]


The summer of love came to an abrupt and ferocious halt in 1969 with the LA-area killing spree that took the lives of seven victims including pregnant actress Sharon Tate. Charles Manson, the charismatic ringleader who led the “family” of followers, masterminded the killings in an apparent attempt to start a race war. He died of apparent internal bleeding issues.
According to the Washington Post:
“The sheer incomprehensibility of the acts — mutilation and ritual stabbings of seven victims — left the public aghast and police investigators stumped for months. The slayings — known collectively as the Tate-LaBianca murders — led to the arrest and conviction of Manson and four of his followers in 1971. All were sentenced to death in the California gas chamber, but the sentences were reduced to life in 1972 when the state Supreme Court abolished the death penalty.” Read full article >>>
According to TMZ:
“Manson has been locked up since his arrest in December 1969 for the Tate-LaBianca murders. He was convicted of conspiracy to commit the slayings, which occurred one day after the next in August 1969.
“Manson was not present, but members of the so-called Manson Family slaughtered 5 people, including actress Sharon Tate, at her home in the Beverly Hills area. Manson’s goal was to start a race war he called “helter skelter” … from the Beatles song.” Full article here >>>
According to Hollywood Reporter:
“After attracting a few dozen followers from San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district, many of them young women, runaways or other lost souls, the Cincinnati native took them to the old Spahn Movie Ranch, where David O. Selznick’s Duel in the Sun was filmed years earlier. He had transformed the site, located along the L.A.-Ventura county line, into a commune of sex, drugs and music…
On Aug. 9, 1969, Manson sent his devotees to a home at 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon that was being rented by Tate, 26, and her husband, director Roman Polanski. (French actress Michele Morgan once owned the house). The Valley of the Dolls actress, who was 8 1/2 months pregnant, was stabbed 16 times, and an ‘X’ was carved into her stomach. Polanski, her husband of 20 months, was in London scouting film locations.” Read full article >>>
MORE READING ON CHARLES MANSON


I remember my Form 3 history teacher well, Puan Rahmah. She was an excellent teacher. Allergic to chalk, so she never wrote on the chalkboard. I was the devil in disguise, I think. Short, and condemned to sit in the front row, I would get thrown out of class for chatting, laughing too loudly, chewing gum... once, I even grated a stick of chalk in front of Puan Rahmah, knowing she was allergic. OMIGOODNESS, I am evil!!!! She was sick for a whole week. I can almost understand the lack of remorse Andrew Van De Camp of Desperate Housewives feels, after running down Mrs Solis. I was no better at that age. I don't recall feeling much remorse. It's amazing Puan Rahmah didn't report me to the headmistress. God bless you, wherever you are, Puan Rahmah.
One of the things I recall MOST, in those history lessons, was the term JUS SOLI. Hands up anyone who remembers what that means, viz a viz the Malayan Union? Well, it means,
Jus soli (Latin for "right of the territory") is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state.
Of course, it meant nothing then, just sounded like a funny term, coz it is pronounced like JUICE SOR LAI.
Few of the key details of the Union were:
Malayan citizenship that would give equal rights to all would be citizens regardless of race
a citizenship based on the jus soli principle
the transformation of the title Sultan to President
I don't know why none of us could see it then, but yup, it made sense that UMNO should object vehemently. Jus soli.
Anyway, for you children who have forgotten your history, here is some info.
In 1946, the whole of Malaya (except Singapore, which became a separate crown colony) was consolidated into a crown colony called the Malayan Union. Because of opposition from the Malays the Union was a political failure, and was replaced just two years later by a looser Federation of Malaya in 1948.
In 1948, local communists of the Communist Party of Malaya, nearly all Chinese, launched a insurgency, prompting the imposition of Malayan Emergency (the state of emergency was lifted in 1960). Small bands of guerrillas remained in bases along the rugged border with southern Thailand, occasionally entering northern Malaysia. These guerrillas finally signed a peace accord with the Malaysian government in December 1989.
Popular sentiment for independence swelled during and after the war and the Federation of Malaya negotiated independence from the United Kingdom under the leadership of Tunku Abdul Rahman, who became the first prime minister. As part of their "Hearts and Minds" anti-communist strategy the British government agreed to give Malaya independence on August 31, 1957. Malaya remained part of the Commonwealth of Nations, and hosted a large British and Commonwealth military presence until the withdrawal of British forces East of Suez in the late 1960s.
Source : http://www.free-definition.com/
Anyway, a question that oft pops up in my circle of friends is, "would you ever emigrate". Without batting an eyelid, my response is NO. I was thinking about this question. Last friday, me, the wife and the kids, had a hearty breakfast at the mamak, lovely roti canai, etc etc, all for RM10.30. Yesterday, as I did my usual Sunday walk in Bukit Kiara, I bumped into at least 6 people I know. On Saturday, I had a full day, with various groups of friends, family, gym, (where increasingly i'm getting to know more people). Why won't I leave? Rather, why WOULD I leave? Everything I want, and love, is here. In this lovely country. For all its idiosyncracies, this really is the land I love.


Something for everyone.
1:00 – 8:00 p.m.
Free Admission | Open to the public
Greensboro History Museum |Kingsbury Artillery Re-enactors
Vendors | Food
City Center Park and LeBauer Park
Elm Street USA Pod
Elm Street (Friendly Avenue – McGee Street)
Hamburger Square (Elm Street & McGee Street)
South Elm Street & Lewis Street


If you think that a thumbs up in ancient Rome meant that the beaten gladiator would live and that a thumbs down meant death, you can thank Jean-Léon Gérôme’s 1872 painting Pollice Verso (shown above) for that. In reality, thumbs down meant “stick your sword in the ground” and no kill. Thumbs up meant “stick the sword in his neck.” It’s amazing to us today to think of how a single painting could generate such a widespread idea, but Gérôme enjoyed that kind of influence in the nineteenth century thanks to his show-stopping scenes of the ancient world and exotic east.
Please go over to Picture This at Big Think to read more of "Thumbs Up."
The Spectacular Art of Gérôme is featured at the Getty Center through September 12, 2010 (click here)


TO CABO VERDE
The history of the Salina Sails company starts with a vintage boat named Salina (1983). Salina is a Tartane, a wooden sailing vessel of approx. 12 meters long with fore-and-aft rigged sails. Tartanes were mostly used in the 19th century. Salina essentially served for fishing and transporting goods in the Mediterranean Sea.
In 2012 Salina was purchased by Salina Sails’ owner Giovanni Semeraro. The next years the Tartane charmed many international tourists while sailing the magnificent coasts of Puglia, Italy. On September 13th 2015, Salina left for a long expedition of five months and eight thousand miles, from Taranto (the south of Italy) to the Cape Verde islands, crossing both the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The incredible journey retraced the ancient routes of the Italian discoverer Antonio da Noli, who was the first person to set foot on the Cape Verde Islands in the 15th century.
During five months, Salina stopped in twelve harbours and met institutions, associations and culture representatives all over. In every city where Salina stopped, meetings and workshops were held with local students. The objective of the expedition was not only to talk about an adventurous story of an historical sailing but also to revaluate the environment and productive activities and to talk about the infinite resources and strategies the sea has to offer.
The expedition still captures the imagination of many people and spreads an important message for the new generations. It tells the fascinating story of only two people facing the daily difficulties on board of an ancient vessel overseas during a very long and dangerous navigation.
The expedition has been of great historical and cultural importance for both Italy and Cape Verde. Therefore, the expedition was classified as a project of Italian excellence and supported by the national Italian television. Over the years, the Salina crew have been honoured many times.
In Cape Verde Captain Giovanni Semeraro was welcomed by the Cardinal and the Ambassador. Moreover he was also convened by the Cape Verde Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism.
In Italy Giovanni was welcomed by Sergio Mattarella, the former President of the Italian Republic and he became honorary citizen of Noli, the city where Antonio Da Noli left in the 15th century.
Salina and her crew arrived at the port of Mindelo, São Vincente on January 24th 2016. Only a few weeks later the company Salina Sails would start tourist activities on the Cape Verdean island of Boa Vista. Until today, Salina can be found at the port of Sal Rei, being one of Boa Vista's most famous features.


Evolution of Boxing
Boxing, the sweet science of bruising, has a history as rich and diverse as the fighters who have graced the ring. From its humble beginnings as a primal contest of strength and courage to its evolution into a global sport with rules, techniques, and a following like no other, boxing has come a long way. Join us on a journey through the fascinating evolution of boxing, from ancient pugilism to modern-day prizefighting.
The Birth of Boxing: Ancient Origins
Boxing can trace its roots back to ancient civilizations. In this section, we’ll delve into the origins of boxing, its early forms, and the cultural significance it held in societies like Egypt and Greece.
Pankration: The Greek Connection
Explore how the Greeks played a pivotal role in shaping boxing through the sport of Pankration, a no-holds-barred combat sport that laid the foundation for modern boxing techniques.
Rise of Bare-Knuckle Boxing in England
Discover the emergence of bare-knuckle boxing in 17th century England and the evolution of prizefighting as a form of entertainment for the masses.
The Marquess of Queensberry Rules: A Turning Point
The introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules marked a pivotal moment in the history of boxing. These rules brought structure and safety to the sport, forever changing the way matches were conducted.
The Impact of Gloves and Weight Classes
Learn how the adoption of gloves and the categorization of fighters into weight classes added a new level of strategy and fairness to boxing, making it more accessible and competitive.
The Golden Age of Heavyweight Boxing
The 20th century saw the rise of legendary heavyweight boxers like Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis, and Mike Tyson. Explore how these fighters and their iconic bouts captured the world’s imagination.
Ali vs. Frazier: The Fight of the Century
Dive deep into the epic rivalry between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, a battle that transcended sports and became a symbol of cultural and social change.
Tyson’s Dominance: The Iron Mike Era
Witness the meteoric rise of Mike Tyson, the youngest heavyweight champion in history, and the impact he had on the sport of boxing during the 1980s.
Modern Boxing: Global Reach and Innovation
Boxing has continued to evolve in the 21st century. Explore how globalization, technology, and new training methods have shaped the sport, making it more accessible and exciting than ever.
Mayweather vs. Pacquiao: The Fight of the Century
Analyze the mega-fight between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao, a bout that broke records and showcased the global appeal of boxing.
The Role of Women in Boxing
Delve into the rise of women’s boxing and how female fighters like Claressa Shields and Katie Taylor have shattered stereotypes and gained recognition on the world stage.
The Future of Boxing: Trends and Challenges
As we look to the future, boxing faces new challenges and opportunities. In this section, we’ll discuss the potential directions the sport may take in the coming years.
Emerging Markets and International Talent
Explore how emerging markets in Asia and Africa are producing talented fighters who could reshape the landscape of boxing.
Boxing in the Age of Streaming
Discuss the impact of streaming platforms on the way boxing is consumed, and how it may change the business model of the sport.
Boxing has come a long way since its primal beginnings, evolving from a brutal contest of strength to a globally recognized sport with rules, regulations, and a massive following. The ancient Greeks contributed to the development of early boxing, with Pankration serving as a precursor to modern techniques. However, it was in 17th century England that bare-knuckle boxing gained prominence as a form of entertainment for the masses.
The turning point in the evolution of boxing arrived with the introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules. These rules brought structure and safety to the sport, forever changing the way matches were conducted. Gloves and weight classes were also introduced, making boxing more strategic and competitive.
The 20th century witnessed the golden age of heavyweight boxing, with iconic figures like Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis, and Mike Tyson captivating audiences worldwide. Ali and Frazier’s epic battles, particularly the “Fight of the Century,” transcended sports and became symbols of social change. Tyson, on the other hand, brought an unparalleled level of dominance and ferocity to the ring during the 1980s.
In the modern era, boxing has continued to evolve. The Mayweather vs. Pacquiao bout, billed as the “Fight of the Century,” shattered records and demonstrated the global appeal of the sport. Additionally, women’s boxing has gained recognition, with fighters like Claressa Shields and Katie Taylor breaking stereotypes and earning their place on the world stage.
Looking to the future, boxing faces both challenges and opportunities. Emerging markets in Asia and Africa are producing a new generation of talent, potentially reshaping the sport’s landscape. Furthermore, the age of streaming has changed how fans consume boxing, potentially altering the sport’s business model.
In conclusion, the evolution of boxing is a story of transformation, from its ancient origins to its modern global prominence. As the sport continues to adapt and grow, one thing remains constant—the enduring appeal of two fighters stepping into the ring, ready to test their skill, courage, and heart.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Is boxing the oldest combat sport in history?
- Boxing is one of the oldest combat sports, with roots dating back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Greece. While it may not be the absolute oldest, it has a rich and storied history.
- Who is considered the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time?
- The title of the greatest heavyweight boxer is a subject of debate, but Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis, and Rocky Marciano are often mentioned among the top contenders.
- Has boxing’s popularity declined in recent years?
- While boxing has faced competition from other combat sports and entertainment options, it continues to have a dedicated global following and remains a significant part of the sports landscape.
- Are there weight classes in women’s boxing?
- Yes, women’s boxing also has weight classes, similar to men’s boxing. This ensures fair competition and allows fighters to compete against opponents of similar size and weight.
- How can I watch live boxing matches online?
- You can watch live boxing matches through various streaming platforms and sports networks. Many promotional companies and boxing organizations offer online streaming services for their events.


In the 19th century, the ‘Highland (Hoogeland) of Groningen’ was the granary of Europe, which lead to high social and cultural wealth of the upperclass. Richness shown by the most beautiful and biggest farms of the Netherlands, but also the public buildings and rentier-mansions.
The well-to-do farmers en middle class united in ‘rhetorical chambers’ and societies.
Country weddings were grand happenings in those days.
Clothing around 1850 was sober but rich ornamented.
The ladies wore silver casques with golden pins and necklaces and garnet ear-drops.
The gentlemen were stylish dressed while going out and wore tailcoats with a high hat.
Their wealth was obviously shown by their seal and the number of little pendants on it.
‘De Grunneger Daansers’ try to honour their rich history by regional music, singing, dancing, costume, language and popular customs.
Ever since her foundation - november 4th 1956 - the group represented Groningen on many podia at home and abroad and met with high appreciation.
In 2000 they received an international CIOFF price in Bielsko Biala (Poland).
In the Netherlands they have been awarded a.o. the Cultural price of the province of Groningen (1971)
and the Cultural price of the community of Eemsmond in (2001).


A beautifully carved sandstone relief which depicts a naked male figure holding a spear stood in front of a horse/donkey has been uncovered during the annual excavations at the Roman fort of Vindolanda near Hadrian’s Wall in Northumberland.
Have you got questions about what to expect when you arrive or how to book? Take a look at our Frequently Asked Questions page which answers some of our visitors most popular queries.
The Vindolanda excavations begin again on 29th March. The team are excited to get back in the trenches and welcome back local volunteers to the site with more joining as the season progresses. Marta Alberti gives us a snapshot of where the excavations are and what they hope to achieve this year.
17th June - October 2021 ** Re-arranged Dates **
A temporary exhibition at the Roman Army Museum showing an assembly of militiary artefacts never seen in pulbic which are on private loan to the Vindolanda Trust.
Overview of the Vindolanda Trusts aims and objectives


Often forgotten and overlooked, the U.S.-Mexican War featured false starts, atrocities, and daring back-channel negotiations as it divided the nation, paved the way for the Civil War a generation later, and launched the career of Abraham Lincoln. Amy S. Greenberg’s skilled storytelling and rigorous scholarship bring this American war for empire to life with memorable characters, plotlines, and legacies.
This definitive history of the 1846 conflict paints an intimate portrait of the major players and their world. It is a story of Indian fights, Manifest Destiny, secret military maneuvers, gunshot wounds, and political spin. Along the way it captures a young Lincoln mismatching his clothes, the lasting influence of the Founding Fathers, the birth of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and America’s first national antiwar movement. A key chapter in the creation of the United States, it is the story of a burgeoning nation and an unforgettable conflict that has shaped American history.
“The best account we have of the politics of Mr. Polk’s War . . . If one can read only a single book about the Mexican-American War, this is the one to read.” —James M. McPherson,
The New York Review of Books
“Amy Greenberg''s original and moving narrative of the U.S. invasion of Mexico relates the gradual loss of enthusiasm for waging what began as a popular war of conquest. How peace ultimately prevailed is the most surprising part of her story.” —Daniel Walker Howe, Pulitzer-Prize-winning author of
What Hath God Wrought
“No less a warrior than Ulysses S. Grant had good reason to decry the war with Mexico as ‘wicked.’ In Amy S. Greenberg’s dramatic and deeply engaging political narrative, the reader gets the grit of the campaign and rich insight into the fascinating historical actors who stage-managed (or resisted) this all-important, under-studied war. In these fast-turning pages, we see clashes among political opportunists, moments of eloquence and pathos-all under the rising sun of American power.” —Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg, authors of
Madison and Jefferson
A Wicked War gives the U.S.-Mexican War a personal dimension and immediacy that has been lacking until now. Amy Greenberg makes us live the war vicariously through the lives of the aging patriarch Henry Clay who lost a son in Mexico, the husband-and-wife presidential team of James K. and Sarah Polk, the lanky and somewhat disheveled Abraham Lincoln still learning about politics, and others. This is a rare melding of great story-telling and analysis of an era that shaped not only the United States but the entire North American continent.” —Andrés Reséndez, author of
A Land So Strange
A Wicked War, with its emphasis on politics rather than military history, does for the Mexican-American war what James McPherson did for the Civil War with
Battle Cry of Freedom, greatly broadening our understanding of the war. Certainly Professor Greenberg’s book will immediately become the standard account of the Mexican War, at last giving it an important place in the history of the United States. This book restores my faith in the merits of narrative history.” —Mark E. Neely, Jr., Pulitzer Prize-winning author of
The Fate of Liberty
“A well-rendered, muscular history of a war whose ramifications are still being carefully calibrated." —
"The seldom-sung Mexican War emerges as one of America''s most morally ambiguous and divisive conflicts in this illuminating history." —
“Amy S. Greenberg’s new history elegantly unfolds the story of the war through the lives of five politicians . . . [Greenberg] immerse[s] her readers in the early 1840s . . . Gripping.” —Maria Montoya,
San Francisco Chronicle
"A provocative main idea in a freshly original narrative." —
“Greenberg writes taut political history, full of chapter-ending cliffhangers and characters who feel like real people.”
Zocalo Public Square
“In her absorbing and valuable
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico, Penn State’s Amy S. Greenberg does a splendid job of vivifying this disgraceful episode in American history.” —Bill Kauffman,
February 14, 1844, did not unfold as sixty-six-year-old Henry Clay planned. It was Valentine’s Day, no longer a sleepy saint’s day resigned to religious calendars, but fast becoming a national craze. Stationers had discovered profit in the increasingly sentimental culture of middle-class America by promoting a holiday dedicated to the novel practice of exchanging store-bought cards. Christmas presents were still considered suspect, even profane, by American Protestants in the 1840s, but among the urbane it had become a “national whim” to send engraved or printed tokens of love through the mail, more than thirty thousand in 1844 in New York City alone. Urban post offices around the country were “piled with mountains of little missives, perfumed, gilt, enameled, and folded with rare cunning . . . they overflow with the choicest flowers of love, poetry and sentiment.”
Most everything fashionable in 1840s America was imported from Europe, and this whim was no exception. Initially, almost all Valentine’s Day cards were British-made. But perennially insecure Americans complained that the old empire was “defrauding” Uncle Sam “of a rightful increase in his revenue.” U.S. firms rose to the challenge: they began producing and marketing their own sentimental cards, and advertising them in newspapers. Countless shops sold these valentines in towns and cities, and peddlers brought them into rural areas. Within just a few short years American-made valentines had become ubiquitous. Nothing better demonstrated the increasing complexity and sophistication of American commerce in the 1840s, or the rise of a female-centered culture of romance and sentimentality, than did the wholesale American embrace of a commercialized Valentine’s Day. In 1844 it was being celebrated like never before. It had, according to some observers, achieved “epidemic” proportions.
Valentine’s Day could have been made for Henry Clay. During his nearly forty years in national politics, he had been both lauded and condemned for his attention, attachment, and deference to the ladies, so much so that the number of women he had kissed had become a running joke in Washington. The trappings of organized religion left him cold, but he was renowned for his sentimentality and deep emotion. He was easily moved to tears, and when Clay wept while delivering a speech in Congress, listeners on both sides of the aisle found themselves similarly moved. As the founder of the preeminent Whig Party, a political organization devoted to the growth of American business, Henry Clay was the public face of American commerce. It was Whig legislation, conceptualized by Clay, that enabled American card producers to compete with British imports, and that financed the roads and bridges over which the thousands of valentines traveled.
In early 1844 he could lay claim to being the “most popular man in America.” “Prince Hal,” as his supporters warmly called him, was the nation’s most distinguished statesman, renowned for his oratory, his brilliant legal mind, his legislative prowess, and for his decades of service to the nation. He led the charge to war against Britain in 1812 and helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the conflict in 1815. His Missouri Compromise of 1820 calmed a sectional firestorm by maintaining the balance of slave and free states while also limiting the future spread of slavery to south of the Mason-Dixon line. As secretary of state under John Quincy Adams in the 1820s, he was an avid supporter of hemispheric solidarity, embracing the newly independent nations of Latin America as republican kin to the United States. And he promoted a vision for the economic development of the nation, what came to be known as his “American System,” that proved so compelling it became the platform for a new political party.
His personality was as dazzling as his résumé. There was no better conversationalist in Washington, no more charming man to meet at a party, no one more ingratiating when he wanted to be—which was always. He was a master at the fiddle and a brilliant teller of jokes. He never ceased to remind his listeners that he came from humble origins (Clay was the first national politician to refer to himself as a self-made man). But by the time he entered politics he carried himself, and behaved, exactly like what he was: a southern gentleman who loved parties, gambling, whiskey, and women, who was open in his affections and undeniably magnetic. His wife, Lucretia, conveniently remained home in Kentucky, where she faultlessly managed their large family and equally impressive estate, Ashland.
His excesses were in the past, youthful indiscretions that only his enemies would deign to dredge up. Now he was a mature politician, his appeal nationwide. He was the “Sage of Ashland.” Although he carried himself like a southerner, his vision of an American economy based on production was warmly embraced in the North. Despite owning scores of slaves, he professed to hate slavery.
Clay’s popularity was in no way the product of his outward appearance. His self-assurance frequently crossed into arrogance, but even Clay would admit that nature had not blessed him with beauty. The freckles, blue eyes, and white-blond hair of his youth alone would have placed him outside the era’s manly ideal, but far worse were his facial features: a cavernous mouth rimmed with thin lips, and a receding cleft chin that emphasized his very prominent nose.
But Clay made the best of what he had. Tall and thin, with delicate hands, he was graceful in his demeanor and careful in his dress. The real draw was his sparkling wit and great desire to please. “No portrait ever did him justice”; neither painting nor daguerreotype could capture his easy and winning smile or his ability to connect almost instantly with a new acquaintance. “His appearance upon the whole was not at first prepossessing,” one visitor to his house noted, “but when you heard him converse, you felt you were under the influence of a great and good man.”
His popularity among women was legendary. They flocked around him when he appeared in public, treasured mementos of his visits, and purchased reproductions of his likeness. They cheered his elections and promoted his causes. It was generally acknowledged that “if the Ladies . . . could vote, the election of Mr. Clay would be carried by acclamation!” They continued to find him irresistible well into his middle age, when his receding hairline did nothing to diminish his remarkable wit and courtesy. As his closest female friend, Alabama socialite Octavia LeVert, explained, Clay had “a heroism of heart, a chivalry of deportment, a deference of demeanor,” all of which were “irresistible talismans over the mind of the gentler sex.”
Nor were women alone in succumbing to Clay’s charms. There was a “winning fascination in his manners that will suffer none to be his enemies who associate with him,” wrote one congressman. “When I look upon his manly and bold countenance, and meet his frank and eloquent eye, I feel an emotion little short of enthusiasm in his cause.” Clay easily disarmed wary strangers; even lifelong opponents of his legislation found the legislator difficult to dislike in person. His political antagonist, South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, believed Clay was “a bad man, an imposter, a creator of wicked schemes.” But after decades of political battles between the two, Calhoun concluded, “I wouldn’t speak to him, but, by God! I love him.”
Henry Clay was an American original, glamorous and magnetic to a fault, but far from perfect. He was spoiled by a lifetime of acclaim (he first entered the Senate at the tender and unconstitutional age of twenty-nine), and even his friends admitted he could be a prima donna. His wit could be biting, and he was easily bored. Impulsive and ardent, he too often spoke before thinking, made promises he couldn’t keep, and later came to regret his decisions. His ambivalence about slavery led many voters on both sides of the question to discount him as opportunistic. As a young man he passionately argued that Kentucky should end slavery through a plan of gradual emancipation similar to those being adopted by the mid-Atlantic states. When that plan was rejected he devoted himself to the cause of colonization, believing it possible to end slavery by colonizing freed slaves in Africa. But forty years later his wealth derived in large part from the unpaid labor of fifty men, women, and children whom he owned. His enemies called him a demagogue, but not to his face. Like other southern gentleman, Clay kept a set of dueling pistols and had put them to use more than once. But these excesses were also in the past, the dueling pistols now just for show.
By all measures February 14, 1844, should have been a blissful Valentine’s Day for Henry Clay, “full of glorious recollections—and pregnant with never ending happiness,” as it was for so many others. But this was not to be. In place of a scented, embossed, cherub-decorated paper heart, Henry Clay received intelligence that day that put a damper on his hopes and shook him to the bone.
Clay was near the end of a two-month stay in his favorite city, New Orleans, when the local paper broke the news. He was lodging in the elegant and urbane home of Dr. William Mercer, on Carondelet Street, close to the hotels and business establishments where he spent his days winning over the wealthy men of the city with his brilliant economic plans, and evenings flattering their wives and sisters. The fun ended when he picked up the paper on February 14. Clay was flabbergasted, unwilling to believe the news, but also afraid it was true: reportedly President John Tyler had secretly negotiated a treaty to annex the Republic of Texas and was at that very moment lining up supporters for the bill in the Senate. Surely the great Henry Clay, who until two years before had been the senior senator from Kentucky and who was currently preparing for his third presidential run, should have known about a matter of such monumental importance both to the nation and to his status as a power broker in Washington. How could he be so out of the loop? “Address me instantly,” he demanded of his friend and Senate successor, John Crittenden. “If it be true, I shall regret extremely that I have had no hint of it.”
True it was. In the winter of 1843–44, Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur had nearly drafted a treaty with the Lone Star Republic and had employed his masterly lobbying abilities to persuade a majority of U.S. senators to secretly pledge their support for it. By late January Upshur felt confident enough of the passage of the treaty to assure Texas leaders that forty of America’s fifty-two senators were committed to Texas’s annexation. With two-thirds of the Senate lined up, annexation was all but ensured.
This was a startling turn of events, both for Henry Clay and for the nation. Clay’s insider status was legendary. America’s first congressional power broker, Clay became the Speaker of the House of Representatives on his first day as a congressman in 1811, and made the speakership second only to the presidency in its power. As Speaker, Clay offered patronage, controlled legislation and desirable committee appointments, and even decided who became president in the contested election of 1824, favoring Adams over Andrew Jackson despite the fact that Old Hickory had received more electoral and popular votes. The following decades became known as the Age of Jackson, but they could just as surely be called the Age of Clay, for Clay was as much a force of nature in American politics as his archfoe. The difference, of course, was that Andrew Jackson had won two presidential elections, while Henry Clay had twice lost.
In 1844 Henry Clay was consumed with the notion that his time, at long last, had come. Dozens of important men had accrued debts to him over his many years in office, and Clay was ready to call in those debts in order to accede to the nation’s highest office. Clay hadn’t been officially nominated yet; the convention wasn’t until May. But New Orleans was the launching pad for a lengthy tour of the Southeast designed to shore up his support in the region, and so far things had gone swimmingly. In public squares and in private drawing rooms, the good people of New Orleans proclaimed Henry Clay their undisputed choice for president. Nothing appeared to stand in his way—until he heard the news about Texas on Valentine’s Day.
Texas had been brewing as a problem since 1835, when a band of slave-owning American settlers, attracted by Mexico’s generous immigration policies and the ample land available for growing cotton, rose in rebellion in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. The Texians (as they called themselves) invoked the American Revolution to justify their actions, but their objections to Mexican rule extended beyond representation, taxes, and trade. In 1830 Mexico attempted to restrict immigration into Texas and to limit slaveholding. The laws were utterly unenforceable, and probably just as many in the region were as upset about Mexico’s attempt to collect revenue and increase central authority as they were about the fate of their slaves. But the survival of the “peculiar institution” made for a perfect call to arms. The nation was, in the words of a Texas newspaper, attempting to “give liberty to our slaves, and to make slaves of ourselves.”
Most Americans viewed the Texas Revolution not as a war for slavery but as a race war between brown Mexicans and white Texians, and as a result supported the Texians wholeheartedly. Thousands of white American men from the South and West illegally crossed into Texas in order to join the fight against Mexico. Many fewer, primarily ministers and abolitionists, attacked the legitimacy of the rebellion. In Philadelphia, Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lundy left no doubts about his views on the subject when he titled his 1836 pamphlet
The War in Texas; A Review of Facts and Circumstances, Showing That This Contest Is a Crusade Against Mexico, Set on Foot and Supported by Slaveholders, Land Speculators, &c, in Order to Re-establish, Extend, and Perpetuate the System of Slavery and the Slave Trade. A second edition expanded on his arguments against “the grand deception” calling itself Texas independence. But outside New England, where a significant minority supported the abolition of slavery, few Americans believed that Mexicans occupied the moral high ground in this conflict. Not even Quaker Pennsylvania was a safe place to protest the Texas Revolution: a Philadelphia mob destroyed Lundy’s printing press and threatened his life a year after the second edition of
The War in Texas appeared in print.
Marked by dramatic battles, the Texas Revolution was ripe for exploitation in America’s vibrant and competitive penny press. There was no need to exaggerate or sensationalize. Mexican troops, driven by the battle cry “Exterminate to the Sabine” river, acted barbarously. First came the cruel slaughter of American Texians by Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Alamo. Mexican forces piled up Texian corpses, soaked them in oil, and set them on fire. At Goliad, although his subordinate agreed to treat surrendering forces as prisoners of war, Santa Anna arbitrarily set aside the agreement, marched 340 Texians out of town, and had them all shot.


|Alexander Douglas Martin|
(photo credit: "walkerchet" at Ancestry.com;
Shortly after the war ended, Alexander traveled south of the Tennessee border to Newton County, Georgia where he met and married Virginia Ann Dill Ramsey, daughter of Alfred M. and Harriett Asenath (Starr) Ramsey on 22 October 1865. In the period of time between January 1867 and December 1890, Harriett would give birth to at least 12 children: Alford Russell, Augustus Seymour "Aughaby," Alice A., Florence, Eddie, Willy Lee, Daniel Alexander, Paul R., Charles Hamilton, Mary, Mattie, Lottie, Andrew Young "Buck," and Robert Ernest.
During the 1870, 1880, 1900 and 1910 censuses, Alexander is enumerated as a farmer living in counties in the Atlanta area: Newton, Clayton, Henry and Putnam. He applied for a pension from the state of Georgia in 1897 in Henry County, Georgia and was granted a pension. In Dec 1904 he was sent a letter from the Commissioner of Pensions in Atlanta asking him to prove why he shouldn't be struck from the Indigent Pension Rolls of Henry Co., Georgia. They contended that he was capable of working and supporting himself. He replied on 28 December 1904 with his own explanation and an affidavit from three physicians that he was unable to work due to "chronic gastritis and neuralgia of the stomach... disease of the heart and hemorrhoids" and that he had not been able to "perform labor in the last 15 years."
Another letter, dated January 1909 found in the Georgia State Archives digital collection, requests that his indigent pension should be transferred from Henry County to Putnam County. His first wife, Virginia, had died 14 June 1909 and was buried in Berea Church Cemetery in Henry County, Georgia. Alexander appears to have remarried almost immediately on 4 July 1909 to Maggie Ivey in Putnam County and they are enumerated on the 1910 federal census there.
From records of the Confederate Soldiers Home in Atlanta, it appears that Alexander was admitted sometime around 20 May 1920. He was released on his own recognizance 26 December 1922 and reinstated on 27 September 1924. He later died in his room there on 19 May 1925. He was buried next to Virginia in Berea Church Cemetery in Hampton, Henry County, Georgia.


Dr. James Joye Townsend Sr. passed away peacefully at his home on Fishweir Creek in Jacksonville on June 18th 2015. A native of Jacksonville, he was the son of Edmond Vernon and Louise Philips Townsend, and delighted in the company of two siblings, Cynthia and Vernon. He was born on January 8th 1929 and began what was a long residence in the Riverside-Avondale area of Jacksonville. A happy childhood began at Fishweir Elementary School which was followed by Lake Shore Junior High and finally Robert E. Lee High School, where he was known for his prowess on the track team and as President of the Senior Class. Following graduation from Lee, Jimmy, as he was known, attended Duke University, where a lifelong love for all things Duke was born. He pledged the KA fraternity, ran track, and decided to become a doctor. Duke also gave him his greatest blessing, his wife of 61 years, Kitty, whom he met on the train heading to Duke. After graduation, Jimmy was not done with Duke, enrolling in Duke's renowned medical school where the soon-to-be Dr. Townsend flourished along with his newlywed wife. Once during his studies there, he found himself taking care of an elderly patient who many years before had been delivered into this world by his own grandfather, Dr. A. S. Townsend. After an internship at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, where their first son Jim was born, the US Navy called for Dr. Townsend's service in the Cold War. Posted as the only doctor to the bustling Naval Ammunition Depot in Charleston, S.C., Lt. Townsend dealt with all manner of medical emergencies at a very busy and sensitive naval facility. During his naval service, a second son was born to the young family, Tom. In 1961, after leaving active service and completing his residency at Wake Forest, Dr. Townsend and his growing family returned to the place Dr. Townsend loved, Jacksonville and its beaches, where as a teenager he had served as a lifeguard. As a young pediatrician, he joined the popular and growing pediatrics practice of Hayes McCain and Moss, where he began to build a practice that touched thousands of children and their families throughout Jacksonville. During those years, two daughters were born, Kit and Amanda, completing his family with four children he deeply loved. After serving the city in the early 1970s with Mayor Hans Tanzler as one of the first members of the then-controversial Pollution Control Board, Dr. Townsend began what would become his greatest professional endeavor, the birth of Wolfson Children's Hospital. Together with other Pediatricians, hospital administrators, and generous funders, these men and women of foresight created a world-renown institution totally focused on children. Dr. Townsend was a major influence and guiding hand in this long and successful project, serving for years on Wolfson's Board of Trustees and as Chief of Pediatrics. Wolfson named him Physician of the Year in 1989. After leaving the practice of pediatrics, Dr. Townsend and Kitty hit the road visiting with their growing brood of grandchildren spread across the US and even for a time in Europe. Their home on Fishweir Creek became a gathering place for grandchildren, where Dr. Townsend introduced them to the magic of the Creek. It was at his home on that creek where he died peacefully, surrounded by his family and only blocks from where he grew up. He is survived by his wife Catherine Brittain Townsend and four children James Joye Townsend Jr. (Joan), Thomas Kingman Townsend (Jeanne), Catherine London Townsend (David) and Amanda McConnell Townsend (Mike). He is also survived by 12 much adored grandchildren: Carolyn Diggs Townsend, James Joye Townsend III, Elizabeth Hawkins Townsend, Alexander Boone Townsend, Laura Brittain Townsend, Nathaniel Light Townsend, David Thomas McRae (Carol), Benjamin Townsend McRae and Andrew Pierson McRae, Mercer Kingman Bristol, Carson Michael Bristol, McConnell Townsend Bristol and a blessed great grandchild Kendrick Wylie McRae. He was also graced with many beloved nieces and nephews.
Funeral arrangements are under the direction and care of Hardage-Giddens The Oaklawn Chapel. The Service will be held at Riverside Park United Methodist Church 819 Park Street, Jacksonville, FL 32204 on Monday 22 June at 2:00PM. A private graveside service will follow a reception at the church. Published in the Florida Times-Union from June20 to June21,2015 - See more at: http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesunion/obituary.aspx?n=james-joye-townsend&pid=175119974#sthash.Z9pYQAxR.dpuf
Posted on Mon, June 22, 2015


Tiffany lamps were originally made by Louis Comfort Tiffany in the 19th century. He started working with colored glass in the 1870′s and made stained glass windows for churches.
Tiffany lamps and lampshades are still made using the same traditional methods today. The lampshades are made from several pieces of coloured stained glass which are soldered together.
Tiffany lamps are great as accent lighting in the home, adding an elegance not found in modern designs. The jewel coloured stained glass throws brilliant shards of light onto walls and ceilings, and a Tiffany lamp will transform a dark corner into something magical.
Please click one of the images, for items within this category


Our practice was founded in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in 1951 by James H. Hoskins, MD. Dr. Hoskins had a private practice until 1969 when his son, John H. Hoskins, MD, returned from his tour of duty in Vietnam and joined his father in practice. In 1970, James H. Hoskins retired. John H. Hoskins retired in April 1997. The practice incorporated in 1972 and adopted our present name: Urology Specialists.