In the process of the struggle for economic and political independence, the contemporary socio-political history of any “Third World” country appears confronted by two logically interrelated phenomena. The first is the attempt by the global system of capital (imperialism) to achieve socio-economic ascendancy (hegemony) over that country, albeit in the scheme of great power rivalry. The second phenomenon is the national liberation movement which grows out of combating this alien challenge.
An historical and critical examination of two authentic liberation movements - the Soviet Republic of Gilan and Azadistan in Iranian Azerbaijan – in the context of Anglo-Soviet “power politics” in the Middle East, during the 1917-1921 period, can provide a case study of a “delinking” from the global system of capital, perhaps the first such effort in the history of modern conflicts in “Third World” countries.
Until the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, Iran had for over a century been involved in Anglo-Russian “power politics” in Asia. Subjected to Czarist territorial expansion and British economic domination, she had been progressively transformed from a viable, independent and cohesive sovereign entity into a chaotic and dependent Asian “semi-colony”. While observing the “integrity” and “sovereignty” of Iran in their mutual dealings, Russia and Britain had, through their “entente”, designed counterrevolutionary tactics against the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906 by dividing Iran into zones of Russian and British “spheres of influence” in 1907. They not only opposed the progressive programmes of the reform-minded personalities but had also effectively and militarily nipped the blooming of any democratic upsurge in Iran with the object of preventing the further spread of constitutional ideas in Asia during the 1907-1917 period.
The fall of Czarism and the Bolshevik victory brought the temporary 1907-1917 “entente” to an end, and the two powers reverted to their traditional competition. In fact, the pre-1907 Anglo-Russian rivalry for ascendancy in Iran was reborn within the new context of “socialist-capitalist” antagonism. The expansionist policies of Czarist Russia, which had long conflicted with British interests in Iran, were now transformed, reinforces and goaded by the revolutionary Marxist-Leninist teachings.
It is against this historical background, as well as its modern context, that the two cases of Iranian attempts to “delink” from the oppressive world system of capital in the years 1917-1921 will be reappraised.
The revolutionary and turbulent situation in Iran during the 1917-1921 period invited the Bolshevik Government “to press home its advantage” in Iran. The principal Bolshevik strategy in the Middle East. Appeared from the outset to take a dual form as a struggle for promoting the revolutionary cause in forms “adapted” to the socio-economic conditions in the Middle East and as a struggle against the British presence. In Iran, as elsewhere in Asia, the national and international interests of Soviet Russia shaded into each other, and the distinction between them proved difficult to disentangle. To Lenin and his associates, revolution in Iran was necessary because Iran was a “gateway” into Indian civilisation, which was to serve as a “vanguard of revolution” in Asia. But apart from this ideological consideration for establishing “socialism” in Iran, the Bolsheviks also believed that their major efforts should be channelled in the direction of weakening and finally ousting British power.
The British occupation of northern Iran during the First World War, so long as it was aimed at maintaining the Anglo-Russian accord of 1907 and at preventing Iran from being drawn into the “orbit of German diplomacy” gave rise to no political difficulties with Russia.  But after the Bolshevik Revolution a dramatic renewal of the former rivalry between Russia and Great Britain took place. No longer did the British and Russians act in concert and, in a way, the powers reverted to their old competition in Iran. The Bolshevik seizure of power created a far-reaching transformation in the character of power-politics.” The expansionist policies of Czarist Russia, which had long threatened the British interest in Iran as a buffer for the defence of India, were now reinforced by the revolutionary tenets of Bolshevik ideology. The radical change in the balance of power brought the temporary Anglo-Russian “entente” to an end, and the pre-1917 “power-politics” reappeared within the new context of “socialist-capitalist” rivalry.
The Bolshevik Revolution created a vacuum in Iran which the British could fill. But due to internal factors in England caused by the War, the British government was faced with a division of counsel. On the one hand, the pressure for demobilisation was strong, and military operations were subject to the keen scrutiny of Parliament and of public opinion. The War Office was disinclined to accept lasting commitments in northern Iran, which lay beyond the traditional British sphere; and this tendency corresponded with prime minister Lloyd George’s desire to avoid direct military action against Soviet Russia. On the other hand, the Foreign Office, now controlled by Curzon, sought to profit from the impotence of Russia by establishing a veiled form of British protectorate over the whole of Iran in order to combat the spread of Bolshevism.
The latter policy line finally won out, causing Great Britain to divert a part of the vast resources released by the Armistice to the launching of a campaign against the Bolshevik challenge. Throughout the period from 1918 to 1920, the British permitted officers of Denikin and other “White” Russian generals to use Iran as a base from which to wage their wars against Soviet Russia . Apart from supplies furnished to anti-Bolshevik Russians, the British troops, under the leadership of Dunsterville, moved north through Iran and, with the aid of Russian White Guards, occupied the valuable oil provinces of the Caucasus . These actions by the British forces could hardly fail to excite alarm among the Bolsheviks in Russia. Being militarily weak and encircled by nearly hostile and pro-British countries, the Bolsheviks soon found themselves committed to a general offensive aimed at diminishing British prestige and in Iran. For the fulfilment of this basic aim, the Soviet leaders increased their support for the Communist Party of Iran, which in turn aided the national liberation movements of Gilan and Azerbaijan during the 1918-1921 period.
It is instructive to note that, despite the various claims of pro-British sources, the rise of national liberation movements in Gilan and Azerbaijan were nor by-products of Soviet “machinations” and Bolshevik “conspiracy”. They were, as will become apparent, the direct ramification of the dependent and corrupt policies of the Iranian ruling class, led by prime minister Vusuq al-Dowleh who under the banner of the “Bolshevik threat” and “fear of communism” capitulated and accepted the domination of Iran by Great Britain. Detailed study of the official and non-official documents clearly indicate that during the 1918-1919 period, although the Russian troops had been withdrawn from Iran, and the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907 had been denounced, Vusuq al-Dowleh’s government had already tied the destiny of Iran to Great Britain by engaging in secret negotiations throughout they summer of 1919 for the conclusion of an Anglo-Persian alliance. Prime minister Vusuq al-Dowleh and his conservative allies believed that Iran’s deliverance from territorial disintegration and communism depended on active support for the British “containment” policy against the spread of Bolshevism in Iran . In fact Lord Curzon’s plan of “containing” Bolshevik “expansion” seemed a very viable alternative to Vusuq al-Dowleh and his associates. Alarmed by the Bolshevik activities in Iran and the rise of socialist republics in the Caucasian provinces, Vusuq al-Dowleh saw fit to make an alliance with Lord Curzon’s England.
Lord Curzon’s plan of creating a chain of pro-British states stretching from the Mediterranean to the Pamirs seemed to find reliable allies in Iran. “The weakest and most vital link” of this chain in Curzon’s view was Iran . Consequently he regarded a policy of unrestrained evacuation of Iran as “immoral, feeble and disastrous” . To avoid such a “disaster”, Great Britain sought to establish a close British “alliance” with Iran; and this ambition found expression in the Anglo-Persian Agreement of August 9, 1919. The conclusion of this treaty brought about far-reaching consequences for Britain and a significant shift in Soviet policy towards Iran.
The Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919 contained a preamble and six articles. A brief review of this agreement explains why Iranians from all walks of life opposed its implementation.
The experience of the Anglo-Persian Agreement was a profoundly shocking event for Iranian democrats and constitutionalists. In retrospect, it appears that the protest movement of August 1919 – May 1920 against the Agreement marked a significant transition from thought to action. The anti-British democrats not only denounced the Agreement, but in a manner more significant that before defied Iran’s parliamentarism and its central government. The immediate manifestations of this national crisis were the revolts of the national liberation forces in Gilan and Azerbaijan. These forces took the law into their own hands, vowed to fight against the British domination in Iran, and advocated friendly relations with Bolshevik Russia.
To the Soviets, the rise of these rebellions in strategically located Gilan and Azerbaijan was welcome news. As examined later, Soviet policy was concerned with the task of using any means to diminish and ultimately eliminate British influence. Once efforts to establish diplomatic relations failed due to prime minister Vusuq al-Dowleh’s adamant refusal, the Soviets adopted a course of outright assistance to the rebels in Gilan and Azerbaijan.
The political significance of this shift in Soviet policy stemmed from the fact that these revolutionary happenings were the first fully-fledged anti-British movements in Asia which provided an opportunity for the Bolsheviks to apply the guidelines on “national liberation movements” to combat the British presence in a strategic area. It is to the Gilan movement that we now turn. The Azerbaijan episode will be discussed in the following issue of iran bulletin – Middle East Forum.
The rise and development of the Gilan movement dominated every aspect of the Anglo-Soviet rivalry in Iran during the 1917-1921 period. Here an attempt will be made to put this significant event into its proper perspective by reappraising the political background of the Jangali Movement out of which the Soviet Republic of Gilan was born.
The Jangali movement had its origins in the revolutionary happenings connected with the Russian (Czarist) occupation of northern Iran in the 1912-1915 period . Those who had participated in the Iranian Constitutions Revolution (1906-1909) later on organised partisan groups to resist the Czarist occupation of Gilan .
Mirza Kuchek Khan, who alter assumed the leadership of this forest-based guerrilla movement, had participated in the 1906-9 revolution and had marched with the Constitutionalists on Tehran in 1909 . Though intensely Islamic, nationalistic and anti-foreign , Kuchek Khan was regarded as a person of honesty and integrity not only by his compatriots , but even by many Americans and British in Iran . In 1912, Kuchek Khan, aided by two leader sof the Turkish pan-Islamic movement, became one of the founders of the Ettehad-e-Islam (unity of Islam) Committee in Iran . After the outbreak of the First World War, the democratic members deserted the Committee and Kuchek returned to Gilan . Knowing the economic plight and social grievances of his people in Gilan, in 1915 Kuchek Khan, Ehsanullah khan and other nationalist and progressive leaders  met in Tehran to draw up a program of socio-economic reform for Iran. By drawing this reform program Kuchek Khan re-established the Ettehade-e-Islam Committee with the dual objective of internal reform and emancipation from foreign domination . From February 1915 onward the Committee published Bamdad-i Roshan (the bright morning) under the editorship of Mirza Mohammad Ali Khorasani, reflecting its politico-religious positions vis-à-vis the major domestic and international events .
After the Russian Revolution of February 1917 and the consequent disintegration of the Russian army in Iran, the Jangali movement, under the leadership of Kuchek Khan and his associates, began to develop rapidly .
In the summer of 1917, the rebels appeared near Rasht all armed with rifles and clad in homespun uniforms . During the autumn of 1917 they took over administrative and governing functions in Gilan and penetrated into neighbouring province of Mazandaran .
After levying heavy taxes on the wealthy landlords and frequently confiscating the properties of absentee landlords, they launched their campaigns against the British, who had just dispatched their troops to northern Iran following the October Revolution in Russia. A real guerrilla-type insurgency was on by the beginning of 1918 .
When in February 1918 the British arrested Prince Suleiman Mirza, a democrat who had been implicated in the anti-British activities during the 1915-1916 period, the Jangalis protested to the Tehran government and demanded his release as well as the end of foreign military occupation in Gilan . The inability of the central government to carry out their demand led the Jangalis to arrest a number of Britons and hold them as hostages . The guerrillas then moved to block the path of the British expeditionary force under the command of Dunsterville to Baku and thence to Tiflis (Tblisi, August 1918) . After some resistance by the Jangalis against the mission , Dunsterville offered a peace treaty which was accepted by the Jangalis. This treaty, which was signed on August 12, 1918, provided for British recognition of Kuchek Khan’s Ettehad-e-Islam Committee’s authority in Gilan and, in return, an agreement by Kuchek Khan to suspend hostilities against the British .
A major consideration which may have played a role in Kuchek Khan’s decision to make peace with Dunsterville was the fact that the nationalist government of Samsam al-Saltaneh had fallen only a few days before the agreement was signed. The cabinet of Samsam al-Saltaneh had been forced out of office through British pressure in early August 1918 in favour of a government headed by the pro-British Vosuq al-Dowleh. The Jangalis may have felt that only by preserving their authority in Gilan could any part of Iran remain in the hands of nationalists. From then until the summer of 1919, Kuchek Khan’s movement grew rapidly and became increasingly popular throughout Iran. But that summer marked a turning point for the movement. The very fact of continued British recognition of Kuchek’s authority in Gilan and their simultaneous support of the central government in Tehran confronted the British authorities with a contradictory situation .
The rise of Kuchek Khan’s popularity on the one hand, and the growing weakness of the central government in Tehran on the other, caused the British to campaign against the Jangali movement in favour of Vosuq’s regime in Tehran . Once the central government had instructed Colonel Storroselski, the head of the Persian Cossack Brigade, to finish off the Jangalis , the British reinforced the Cossacks and backed Vosuq’s ultimatum demanding Kuchek Khan’s unconditional surrender . The Jangalis after some resistance retreated into the forests . During Kuchek Khan’s retreat, the central government took punitive measures against those who were suspected of having any connections with the rebels . For a time the British and Tehran government believed that they had established order and finished with the Jangalis and their supporters . But by the winter of 1919 the Jangalis adamant opposition to the signing of the Anglo-Persian agreement regained the support of the anti-British democrats in Tehran . Kuchek Khan shared the general nationalist view that the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919 made of Iran a British “protectorate” and that its negotiators, prime minister Vosuq al-Dowleh and his associates were little more than “British agents”. The upsurge of nationalist opposition to Vosuq’s pro-British policies in the urban centres encouraged Kuchek Khan to call on the peasants of Gilan to refrain from paying taxes to the central government tax collectors and to prepare for a general uprising against Vosuq al-Dowleh’s regime .
Meanwhile, Kuchek Khan and his closest associate, Ehsanullah Khan, decided to ask for Soviet assistance. Following this decision, Kuchek Khan, in an attapt to make contact with the Soviets, went to Lankaran, a province of Russian Azerbaijan, where he was contacted by Bolshevik activists, and a close liaison was established between him and the Bolsheviks of Russian Azerbaijan . Thereafter, Kuchek Khan, back in Gilan, rallied his dispersed forces and reportedly increased the strength of his movement to approximately 6,000 armed partisans .
In the early part of April 1920, Kuchek Khan received a letter from the Russian Bolshevik commander in the Caucasus informing him that the Soviet forces would soon take over Baku and put and end to the Menshevik-ruled Azerbaijan Republic. The realisation of the Bolshevik program and the establishment and consolidation of Bolsheviks in the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan emboldened the Bolsheviks of the Iranian ‘Adalat (Justice) Committee who, by issuing a manifesto, called upon all Iranian Bolsheviks and other revolutionaries to rise up against the central government, and imprison those who had, in one way or another, collaborated with the British occupation forces in Iran .
A few days later, a special representative of the Soviets was dispatched to Gilan where he informed Ehsanullah of the Soviet plan to strike at Anzeli .
The adoption of such a course of action by the Soviets, it should be noted here, was due to the simple fact that the government of prime minister Vosuq al-Dowleh had refused to establish even minimum normal relations with Moscow. Under such circumstances, Bolshevik Russia opted to use revolutionary agitation in Gilan in order to make the government in Tehran change its attitude towards Bolshevik Russia. From the sources that are available, it seems unlikely that the Soviets would have shifted their course of action from diplomacy to belligerency if Tehran had maintained a certain degree of independence from Britain. But, as discussed earlier, the Iranian government of Vosuq al-Dowleh had made an alliance with Britain and had agreed to British occupation of the strategically located port of Anzeli in the northern province of Gilan.
On may 18, 1920, a Soviet naval squadron, led by Commander FF Raskolinkov, landed in Anzeli  with the declared intention of “returning the ships that had been taken away by interventionists” and eliminating the threat of White Russian forces stationed in Gilan .
To be continued
1. Sepahr. Iran in the Great War. Pp70-88
2. Carr EH. The Bolshevik Revolution, vol III p 240
3. for a comprehensive treatment of the British and White Russians see WG Rosenberg, A.I. Denikin and the anti-Bolshevik movement in south Russia. Amhurst College Press, 1961.
4. Dunsterville LC, “Military mission to Nothwest Persia, 1912”. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, vol VIII, no 2 (1922), pp 80-85.
5. Iran. August 10, 1919.
6. On Curzon’s efforts to keep Persia under British control and free of any trace of Bolshevik revolutionary ideas and influence, see Mashe Lesham, “Soviet propaganda in the Middle East”. Middle East Affairs, vol IV, no 1, January 1953.
7. Harold Nicholson. Curzon: the last phase, 1919-1925. Constable and Co, London 1934, p 132.
8. For a comprehensive account of the Russian occupation of northern Iran during 1912-1915 see Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp 627-79.
9. Ebrahim Fakhrai’, Sardar-I Jangal (commander of the Jungle), Teheran 1344/1965, pp39-50.
10. ibid pp 33-44
11. See for example, Carr, ibid vol III, p242; also Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, p 54.
12. See Ahmad Tamami-Taleqani, Jangali-i Iran cheh boodeh? (what was the Iranian Jungle?), Tehran 1324/1945 and Hasan Tehrani-Afshari, Mirza Kuchek Khan, Tehran 1320/1941
13. For example see: Martin H Donohoe, With the Persian Expedition, Edward Arnold, London 1919, p72.
14. The other prominent leaders of the Committee were: Seyyed Mohammad Reza Mosavat, Soleyman Mirza and Seyyed Hassan Modarres. See Fakhrai’ ibid pp 18-19.
15. Fakhrai’ ibid pp 20-22.
16. The group included Dr Heshmat Taleqani, a popular physician; Kasmai’, a pro-constitutionalist journalist; and Khalou Ghorban, a Kurdish leader in Gilan and Mazandaran. See Besuy-i Ayandeh, August 5, 1952.
17. For the text and a detailed analysis of this reform platform see Fakhrai’ ibid pp 49-59.
18. Sadr-Hashemi M, Tarikh-i jaraed va majjelate-i Iran (a history of newspapers and magazines in Iran) 2 vols. Isfahan 1327-32/1948-1953, Vol II, pp 5-6.
19. See the letter of revolution Charles r Murray to Consul Paddock, Tabriz, October 17, 1917, in US National Archives, Box 10099, File 891.00/1071; also Ahmad Ahrar, Mardi az jangal (a man from the jungle), Tehran, Elmi 1346/1976, pp 58-65.
20. Ra’ad, Januaru 16, 1918.
21. Iran, March 28, 1919; alo Sykes, A history of Persia, Vol II, pp 490-493.
22. Nameh Pasi, Vol VII, no 2, October 1968, pp 10-11; also Cottam: Nationalism in Iran pp 103-104.
23. Kavek Vol III, no 26, March 15, 1918, p 2.
24. The latter demand referred to Dunsterville’s expedition which had then just arrived in the port of Anzeli [later Bandar Pahlavi]. See Ra’ad, February 21, 1918.
25. Those arrested were Captain Noel, a British intelligence officer on his way back from Baku; and Oakshott, the manager of the British bank in Rasht. See Avery, Modern Iran, p 214; also see Garhkani, The Soviet policy in Iran, pp 35-36.
26. Fearful of the thrust through the Caucasus at India as well as the fall of Baku and use of its petroleum by the Bolsheviks, Britain dispatched a military mission through Iran’s northern port of Anzeli to the Caucasus. The immediate purpose was that of arresting Germany’s ever-increasing prestige and influence in the area. Major-General Dunsterville, the commander of this military expedition, found the occupation of the port of Anzeli necessary to carry out his plans to reach Baku, a day’s sail from Anzeli. For a detailed account of this mission and Dunsterville’s problems with Kuchek Khan’s guerrillas see LC Dunsterville: The adventures of Dunsterforce, Macmilaln and Co, London 1920; see also Kazemzadeh: The struggle for Transcaucasia p 133.
27. For details see Fakhrai’ ibid pp 112-121.
28. Iran, March 28, 1919. According to this agreement, Kuchek Khan was even seconded the right to appoint governor fro Rasht, the provincial capital of Gilan. For reference see Avery: Modern Iran, p 214. for the full text of this agreement see Ahrar ibid pp 170-1.
29. For details see Ahrar ibid pp 175-85.
30. Fakhari’ ibid pp 138-50; also Iran, March 28, 1919.
31. Iran. April 6, 1919.
32. Iran. April 6, 1919.
33. Iran. April 6, 1919.
34. Iran. November 13, 1919; 1lso Asr-i No, June 27m 1952.
35. Iran. August 1, 1919.
36. The American legation was convinced that as early as March, the Jangalis were receiving encouragement and aid from two groups in Tehran led by prominent ex-prime ministers, Mostofi al-Mamalek and Samsam al-Saltanej, who although moderates, were in complete disagreement with the signing of the Anglo-Persian Agreement. See letter of Charge d’Affaires White to Secretary Lansing, March 20, 1919, in US National Archives Box 10099, File 891.00/1083.
37. Iran, November 7, 1919.
38. Lenczowski ibid p 56; also Soviet Russia, Vol III, no 11, September 11, 1920 p 262.
39. For reference consult Fatemi: Diplomatic history of Peria, pp 219-20
40. Setareh-i Iran, February 23, 1923; also for the activites of the ‘Adalat (justice) Committee in Gilan see Chapter II pp 100-7.
41. Lenczowski, ibid p 56.
42. Kaveh. Vol IV no 43, July 17, 1920 p 10.
43. Soviet Russia, Vol III, no 17, October 23 1920, pp 393-4.


HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Almighty God, from this pulpit of stone The American People render thanksgiving and praise for the new era of civilization brought forth upon this continent. Centuries of tyrannical oppression sent to these shores, God-fearing men to seek in freedom the guidance of the Benevolent Hand in the progress toward wisdom, goodness toward men, and piety toward God.
|Consequntly, on July 4, 1776, our forefathers promulgated a principle never before successfully asserted, that life, liberty, equality, and pursuit of happiness were the birthrights of all mankind. In this declaration of independence, formulated by Jefferson, beat a heart for all humanity. It declared this country free from British rule and announced the inalienable sovereighnty of the people. Freedom's soldiers victoriously consecrated this land with their life's blood to be free forevermore.
Then, 1787, for the first time a government was formed that derived its just powers from the consent of the governed. General Washington and representatives from the thirteen states formed this sacred constitution, which embodies our faith in God and in mankind by giving equal participation in government to all citizens, distributing the powers of governing threefold, secureing freedom of speech and of the press, establishing the right to worship the infinite according to conscience, and assuring this nation's general walfare against an embattled world this chart of national guidance has for 145 years weathered the ravages of time. Its supreme trial came under pressure of civil war, 1801-65. The deadly doctrines of secession and slavery were then purged away in blood. The seal of the Union's finality, set by President Lincoln, was accomplished like all our triumphs of law and humanity, through the wisdom and the power of an honest, Christian heart.
Farsighted American statesmanship acquired by treaties, vast wilderness territories where progressive, adventurous americans spread civilization and christianity.
|The picturesque Florida peninsula was ceded as payment of the Spanish obligations due to Americans.
|Texas, having patterned American democracy during the ten years of freedom from Mexican rule, accepted the invitation to join the sisterhood of states.
|The Oregon country was peacefully apportioned by the 49th parallel as the compromised international boundary of the two english-speaking nations.
|California and territory likewise rich in natural recources was acquired as the consequence of an inevitable conflict with Mexico. In spirit of mutual concession, the United States granted additional indemnities for the adjustment of the international boudary, extending from the Rio Grande to the Gulf of California.
|Texas willingly ceded the disputed Rio Grande region, thus ending the dramatic acquisition of the West.
|Alaska was purchased from Russia.
The Panama Canal Zone was purchased as authorized by President Theodore Roosevelt, whereupon our people built a navigable highway to conveniently enable the world's poeple to share the fruits of the earth and of human industry.
Now these areas are welded into a nation possessing unity, liberty, power, integrity and faith in God with responsible development of character and the steady performance of humanitarian duty.
Holding no fear of the economic and political, chaotic clouds hovering over the earth, the consecrated Americans dedicate this nation before God, to exalt righteousness and to maintain mankind's constituted liberties so long as the earth shall endure.
William Andrew Burkett, author
This 560 word "History of the United States of America," 1776-1904, was chosen in 1955 by a nationwide competition conducted by the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Inscription Commitee, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, chaiman. Members were United States Senators Key Pittman, Hiram W. Johnson, William E. Borah, Charles L. McNary, Bronson Cutting, Peter Norbeck, William J. Bulow, Morris Sheppard and Tom Connally; and citizens Fred W. Sargent, J. S. Cillinan, J. A. C. Chandler, Robert O. Sproul, Gutzon Borglum, Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Mrs. Mary Cary Rumsey, Mrs. Isabella Greenway, member of congress.
This plaque presented by the National Historical Foundation, July 4, 1971.
For more on the story of the plaque's author, follow this link: https://www.southdakotamagazine.com/william-burkett
I am pleased to see yet another notation of this monument here:


The Lessons of the First Industrial Revolution series is a collaboration between Michael Baxter (Techopian) and MKAI – an international community of leaders in Artificial Intelligence.
The Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman once said, “productivity isn’t everything, but it is almost everything.” I have a slightly different take, “technology isn’t everything, but it is almost everything.”
It is a much-forgotten point, but economic growth was barely a thing before the First Industrial Revolution.
Take Britain. From the collapse of the Western Roman Empire to the early years of the 19th Century, GDP per capita grew at a pace that makes a snail seem like a Ferrari. From 1820 economic growth took off. Between 1820 and 1870, GDP per capita almost doubled. The pace got even quicker between 1870 and 1914, dipped a bit between the two World Wars, although it was still fast compared to the long term average, and then accelerated again. In Britain, the golden age of economic growth — the period when growth was its fastest-ever — occurred between 1950 and the mid-1970s. It was similar across most of the West. The period that saw the second fastest growth rate ever is the period since the mid-1970s. But since 2008, the pace has dipped again.
So why is that? We can theorise until the cultured beef comes home, but it is not hard to extrapolate the main factor: technology.
In 1764 James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny. In 1769 James Watt was granted his first patent and invented a new unit of measurement— horsepower. Watt didn’t invent the steam engine, but he was a pivotal figure (or so the history books tell us) in its development.
In that same year, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, technology for powering the Spinning Jenny by water? A few years later, he created the world’s first large scale factory.
Do I need to go on? It was an age of extraordinary invention. You can drill down if you like and ask, but what caused the industrial revolution? But the answer to that is that it’s complicated; there was no one reason. You could trace the roots back to the invention of the printing press, the discovery of the New World, or maybe capitalism. The industrial revolution was preceded by the enclosures movement in which the old feudal system of agriculture involving strips of land was upended. A side-effect was the creation of a new entrepreneurial mindset and wealthy landlords looking for ways to invest their wealth. Michael Kremer said that population growth fuelled the industrial revolution.
I have my own little theory that the discovery of gold in the New World helped fund both innovation and consumer demand for that innovation. (This is not an idea that goes down well with mainstream economists who say innovation creates its own demand, but I think the real world and economic theory have very little in common.)
I have heard it suggested that the industrial revolution could never have happened without the slave trade. That idea saddens me; I hope it is not true because if it is, it means we owe our wealth to the evil exploitation of others. There is no doubt that exploitation was a key feature of the industrial revolution, but I am not convinced it made it possible. I believe it is no coincidence that economic growth during the era of the Roman Empire, an economy built on slavery, was tiny. But there is no doubt that cotton picked from farms in the New World and India was a key ingredient of the industrial revolution.
I think Tolstoy was close to the mark when he said: “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” There isn’t one thing that makes a family happy; it needs health, affection, financial stability, etcetera. For the first industrial revolution to have occurred, it needed lots of things in place.
Without this perfect storm, the revolution would have petered out. For example, in Ancient Crete, there is evidence of an early printing press used in the minting of coins. There are also archaeological remains of children’s toys developed by the Aztecs containing a wheel. But the printing press didn’t change the ancient world as it did 3,000 or so years later; the Aztecs didn’t develop the wheel further. So there has to be a need for the technology.
Notwithstanding the above points, I think there is an overriding factor at play with technology. Ideas build upon existing ideas. Innovation follows a course not dissimilar to evolution. Ideas and technologies evolve, but the timing must be right too.
The internet is up there with the printing press and writing as a technology that spreads ideas. The Metaverse will take this a step further.
Neither the internet nor AI would have been possible without computers and Moore’s Law.
Computers would not have been possible without electricity— clockwork would never have been sufficient.
And the take up of electricity would never have happened without the preceding industrial revolution.
AI and the internet, the Metaverse, and augmented and virtual reality will change the world, just like steam power and electricity did.
To say otherwise is to ignore the lesson of history. To say otherwise is to say, “this time is different, and technology is overrated.” Oddly, many economists say precisely that, yet oddly accuse technology bulls like me of saying, “this time is different.”
But two important points are missing from the above narrative: time lags and the importance of inclusivity; I’ll talk about time lags next time.


Year 5 visit to British Museum
A day at the Museum
Year 5 went on an exciting and informative trip to the British Museum as part of their Ancient Greece history and geography work. Whilst there, they had the opportunity to see real life Ancient Greek artefacts including Greek coins, Spartan soldiers armour, theatre masks, sculptures of Greek Gods and carvings from the Parthenon. Saja shared, "I really liked exploring room 69 where there were artefacts such as pottery and coins. You could see where they had aged over time which wasreally interesting."
They also had the opportunity to explore the Ancient Egyptian area in preparation for next half terms topics, Michael said,"My favourite part was seeing all of the real life mummys that had been preserved, we even had a member of staff show us


The Paleolithic Paintings of the Lascaux Cave
Lascaux, a cave in France, is World famous for its ancient art. The artists painted the chambers with aurochs a very old version of the cow. There is a Hall of the Bulls with striking images of these creatures that were far more aggressive than our modern domesticated version. They date between 15-17,000 years ago. Humans were alive in the paleolithic or stone age far longer than our recorded history. At that time humans had been in Europe for tens of thousands of years. Many animals would have been much bigger than today, the so called megafauna. There were huge bears, lions (yes in Europe!), the huge Irish elk, wooly mammoth and rhinos. We were both hunters and hunted.
The cave was discovered by accident by four boys. Their dog, called Robot, fell into a rabbit hole that lead to the chambers. It was one of the greatest discoveries of ancient paintings of the 20th century. Millions of people visited the cave. The fungal spores in their breath along with the change of environment has devastated the images. As a result a reproduction of the cave is open to visitors.
What do these paintings mean? They do not depict plants or the landscape but man and animals. What can we learn about the spirituality of these early Europeans? Prof Marcel Otte from the University of Liege is probably the World expert in this area. It seems likely that they were animists. That is believing that there are spirits in animals, trees and some inanimate objects.
We now know that Neanderthals were way more sophisticated than we thought. Both they and Homo Sapiens practiced burial of the dead. Could they have believed in an afterlife? Or did they worship their ancestors? This strange World separated from us by a chasm of time remains lost and mysterious.


In 1933 Western Australia held a referendum and voted 2 to 1 to secede from the rest of Australia.
In 1934 they sent a delegation to Britain to request that this be put into law, but the British faffed about and concluded that they wouldn't do it without the approval of the rest of Australia. The matter was put on the back burner, then World War 2 started and it was knocked off the stove entirely.
At the time 'The West Australian' newspaper printed a special edition of the case for secession. Here is part 1 of it in PDF format (16 mb)


Credit Human is a cooperative balancing the needs of responsible savers and borrowers to build stronger communities.
In 2016, SACU became Credit Human. Our new name reflects the San Antonio values that have guided us since we started here in 1935—a belief in others, giving credit to the dreams of our members, and being more human by treating each other with the respect that all of us deserve. This new name extends that belief to every member we serve, no matter where they live, or where they do business.
As the pace of technological change increased throughout the 2000s, SACU made thoughtful innovations to serve you better, including online banking, mobile banking, and more. We’ve grown, doing business across the country, under multiple brand names including CU Factory Built Lending, Mountainside Financial, Credit Acquisition Resources Systems (or CARS), and SACU. More than one-third of our members currently live outside the state of Texas.
The 1980s and 90s
The 1980s brought tough economic times to the country, including a depression in the oil business and a collapse in real estate. GECU continued to serve our membership by offering quality products and services. In 1987, GECU officially changed its name to San Antonio Credit Union (SACU) to better reflect a diverse member base. Upon being federally chartered in 1989, the name was slightly altered to San Antonio Federal Credit Union and setting the stage for us to grow and serve people outside of Texas.
In 1999 SACU pioneered new technology in McCreless Mall with our first retail branch location, using the innovative Remote Teller System (RTS) to provide expedited services for our members.
The 1960s and 70s
By 1962, membership had increased to 4,500 thanks to expanded member fields including the military. In 1963, GECU moved to its first owned building and gained its first computer. By the end of the decade, GECU had become the 12th largest financial institution in San Antonio with $24 million in assets.
With further membership expansion including retired civil service personnel and employees of the Bexar County Hospital District, GECU became the largest credit union in Texas and passed the $100 million milestone in 1974. During this decade of phenomenal growth, GECU innovated with new products and services, such as draft accounts and direct deposit. It became the first credit union in San Antonio to install an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in 1975.
The 1930s and 40s
It all started on March 7, 1935 when twelve federal government workers pooled their money to form the National Federation of Federal Employees Local No. 28. One of the first credit unions in San Antonio, the original members received thirty-seven loans that year, leaving the credit union with $42.84 in profit. By the first annual meeting in 1936, membership had grown to 98, including the first woman to join.
Credit unions struggled during World War II. The majority were unable to pay depositors a dividend. Local No. 28 was an exception, paying members a 3% annual dividend throughout the war years. By 1949, the credit union changed its name to Government Employees Credit Union (GECU), as membership had expanded beyond members of Local No. 28.


Leipzig is definitely one of the most beautiful cities in Germany. The city itself is very special, and one is not surprised as to why Goethe and Schiller once moved here and what inspired their many pieces of literature. Leipzig is known to have had an urban character since the Middle Ages.
Leipzig has now about 530,000 inhabitants, including many singles of who enjoy city life. Especially students are drawn to the university town; many of which have come as single to Leipzig to study. They are seeking a partner and maybe dating in Leipzig may indeed prove to be successful. However, one question comes to mind: Where to go out in the city?
For a first date at a cozy restaurant, the place to go to is: -€œAuerbach’s Keller-€ – certainly one of the most famous restaurants in Germany. -€œAuerbach’s Keller-€ is where the key scene in Goethe’s Faust took place. The inn however, is worth seeing not only for fans of literature. The old vault of -€œAuerbach’s Keller-€ dates back to the 16th Century and therefore exudes an atmosphere of its own.
But so do other attractions in the historic city; such as the Battle Monument, the Russian Church, which was built in honor of the fallen soldiers of the Battle of Leipzig, or the Church of St. Nicholas, in which the peaceful riots against the East German regime were once planned. Certainly a thing not to be missed is a visit to the Gewandhaus Orchestra, which would make for a special date night out.


Austin Fence Company - Fence Repair & Installation
Austin, TX, USA
Over the decades, the family expanded their holdings in Elwood, buying 30 investment decision plots just after 1863. They actively supported enhancements, lobbying strongly for your railway, the draining in the swamp along with the closure of noxious pursuits like the abattoir. John represented the residents through a meeting with Thomas Bent MP on fourteen June 1877 for the Elsternwick Lodge to propose that Elwood secede from St Kilda and joined to Brighton.
The Stirlings ended up a nurturing, literate and artistic family members which valued equality on the sexes, love for nature and all fields of Understanding. James sooner or later turned the Government Geologist of Victoria and was instrumental in the mapping with the brown coal deposits of Gippsland.
When you’ve proven that the post is plumb still left to correct and again to front, you’re ready to increase concrete. On the other hand, you must brace the post set up When you include the concrete. For those who have a helper, they could keep it for yourself. If not, you’ll should nail some scrap lengths of wood (I exploit 1-by-two’s) that prolong from the post to the bottom to act as moveable braces, with the nails serving as their pivot point for adjustment.
By Matt Weber Murphy’s Law states, “Anything that can go Completely wrong will go Mistaken,” and that retains legitimate with most kitchen area remodels. With all the trendy appliances and facilities, kitchens are often the most challenging rooms on the house, which makes transforming them a multifaceted obstacle. Pro remodelers get paid large bucks to renovate a kitchen area, plus they ordinarily use […]
, a German merchant vessel that failed to reply to indicators. This was Australia’s very first ‘shot’ in Planet War Two. He was decommissioned in 1950 right after 44 a long time of fantastic provider and was awarded a knighthood because of the Queen.
Within the northern side I recall on a chilly and depressing night a military Screen at The underside in the hill, which I think was for the objective of advertising war bonds. The highlight from the Show was the demonstration of the flame-thrower mounted on the tank why not try these out or Bren Gun provider.
at forty nine Broadway (now shown within the Register from the Nationwide Estate.) Dorney joined the RAAF through the second globe war but was captured and described as missing in motion.
Not surprisingly it absolutely was shut just after powerful opposition from locals in 1869. Moreover a rifle array was located near Head Avenue complementing the artillery battery at company website Point Ormond.
’ within the Ovens River near Wangaratta, as its operator experienced deserted following Aborigines killed the shepherds. Docker’s sympathetic method of the indigenous men and women was rewarded with their assist and so they brick fence columns cost ongoing to hold corroborees near his house. The homestead prospered As well as in 1864 he constructed a granite mansion, also ‘
It’s also a good idea to Find any underground utilities so as to not dig into disaster. You'll be able to dial “811” nationally to receive underground utility lines, cables and pipes marked without spending a dime.
The removal of your assortment was a victory for early settlers like John and Mary Broadbent who had speculated on land in Elwood and had fought vigorously for half a century to carry advancements.
There were lots of disputes over trespassing livestock given that the crown and council leased land without consulting one another. A seven-foot fence needed to be created around the official city grazing region in what exactly is today the St Kilda Botanical Gardens.
: Horry’s store was A vital fixture of your Ormond Road browsing centre For numerous decades and is also celebrated by Horry Peacock Lane off Vautier Street. Horry was a previous winner bicycle owner who frequently pumped up the bike tires from the regional Children.
I suppose the only real way should be to dedicate my neighbour into investing a tad (or sharing the costs) of correcting our walls (his and mine) from his side.


We're committed to our family, our cows and our land.
Eastview Farm, located on more than 1,000-acres in Beaverdam, Virginia, is owned and operated by the Nuckols family. The farm was purchased in 1955 by the late Page Nuckols and his wife, Elsie. Their sons, F.C. and Wayne, purchased their first Holstein together in the late 60’s and embarked on a now exclusive dairy farming operation. In the late 90’s, Eastview welcomed the third generation of Nuckols, Matt and Taylor, joining the operation full-time. Today, the farm is operated solely by F.C., Wayne, Matt and Taylor.


Wolf Creek / Pine Run Grist Mill is an 1830's water-powered, timber-framed gristmill located within Mohican State Park.
The Mill was saved from demolition in the late 1990's by a group of dedicated citizens, the Friends of Wolf Creek / Pine Run Grist Mill, who have gradually restored it to it's current operational state over the past 20+ years. These dedicated volunteers formed a 501c3 non-profit, and have contributed their time, money, and expertise to make the restoration project a success, and open the Mill for the public to enjoy as a museum. The restoration and maintenance work is ongoing, and the Friends group continues to raise money to keep the project going via our two annual fundraising events, Winefest & Oktoberfest. If you're interested in getting involved as a volunteer or donor, click on "Get Involved" above.
From Our Founder:
"Around 1998, my family and I were camping at Mohican State Park when we discovered the Wolf Creek Grist Mill there. It had been neglected for many years, no windows or doors, leaking roof, unsafe floors & a walk bridge that could barely support itself. Upon inquiring as to what was going to be done with the historic mill, I was informed that the Parks did not have the funding to make any repairs and it was slated for demolition. Being a historic restoration contractor my whole life, I felt there had to be a way to save this wonderful building. That’s when the idea was born to form a non-profit, Friends of the Mill group.
In the beginning, there was some skepticism as whether such a huge undertaking could be successful, but that skepticism has long since disappeared. Together with community leaders, the all-volunteer friends group was formed in 2000.
Since then, the Wolf Creek Grist Mill has been restored to operating condition & the Fromme Cabin that was moved to the property several years ago is completed and is our new welcome center. An 1880 saw mill and 7 other historic log cabins have been donated & moved to the site for restoration. Our overall plan is the completion of an historic village on the property, in order to preserve a vanishing part of our heritage for future generations to enjoy & learn from.
I am very proud to be able to work with such an amazing group of dedicated people!"
- Mark J. Smith, Founder & President, Norwalk, Ohio
MISSION: To Restore and Open an 1830's grist Mill to the public as a working museum in order to preserve a vanishing part of our heritage for future generations to enjoy and learn from.
• Formed Private 501 (c) 3 Non-Profit Corporation
• Updated/ Installed Site Infrastructure
• Constructed New Pedestrian Access Bridge
• Completed Major Interior and Exterior Restoration of Wolf Mill
• Dismantled, Moved, Re-Built and Restored Fromme Cabin
• Developed Long-Term Site Plan for Historic Mill Village
• Developed Hiking Trails and Special Use Areas
• Continued Maintenance and Restoration of Wolf Mill
• Re-Building and Restoring Schenck Cabin
• Continued Improvement of Village Grounds
• Re-Build Historic 1800s Sawmill
• Build Historic Blacksmith Shop and Barn
• Restore Mill Equipment to Operational Condition
• Continue Improving & Expanding Historic Village
Check out our Friends of the Park page on ODNR's website: https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-odnr/division-parks-watercraft/friends-of-ohio-state-parks/friends-of-wolf-creek
Check out the Mill's page on ODNR's website: https://ohiodnr.gov/go-and-do/plan-a-visit/find-a-property/wolf-creek-pine-run-grist-mill


A new behind-the-scenes feature looking at the making of 'Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock' is now available to view on the official Apple TV YouTube channel.
The five minute preview features executive producers Halle Stanford and Lisa Henson as well as several cast members including Jordan Lockhart, Ed Helms, Daveed Diggs and John Tartaglia as they detail what went into creating the new series and how it was important to keep the spirit of the original show alive whilst giving it a modern upgrade.
Perhaps the best thing about the short feature is the enthusiasm and infectious levels of joy that shine though as every cast and crew member talks about their relationship with the original show and what it meant to be involved with 'Back to the Rock'.
The extra, which you can watch in its entreaty below, showcases some wonderful and very funny behind-the-scenes footage of the puppets being brought to life and the level of detail that went into crafting the updated animatronics. Keep an eye out for the Doozer jetpack! It'll leave you wanting more and eager to tune in on Friday when the complete series joins the Apple TV+ catalogue.
Fun Fact: In 1989, toward the end of the Cold War, 'Fraggle Rock' became the first American show to air in the Soviet Union.
'Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock' comes highly recommended and can now be pre-added to your Up Next queue.


The opening speech of academician Vasilije Krestic
One of the noteworthy characteristics that adorn the Serbian nation is endowing. It has deep roots that originate from the early Middle Ages. The most renowned donors belonged to the upper class, that is, to the most elite circles of the society: district prefects, kings and the landed gentry. When we lost our state, and when the aristocracy ceased to exist, endowing was reduced to bare existence. The Serbian senior bishops, archbishops and individual prelates who have established, within their means, various foundations for the needs of their people and believers, preserved it.
The elite of our society nurtured endowing throughout the entire Middle Ages and so did the high-ranking clergy. Out of patriotic and religious motives they had set up foundations, mainly in Austria and Austro-Hungary, and thus paved the way for the course of the subsequent historical events that happened to our people, particularly in the 19th 20th century.
Modeling themselves on medieval rulers and aristocracy, as well as the Serbian Orthodox clergy, the Serbian middle class has extensively developed the institution of endowment and foundation on all geographical locations that they inhabited. That is how things were in the Principality, and the Kingdom of Serbia, but also in the areas populated by Serbs and under the rule of Turks, Austrians, Hungarians and Venetians. There is a very long list of generous people who have bequeathed substantial parts of their property, sometimes even entire ones when they were without descendants, to their people or the state at their disposal.
Legacies and foundations were created for various purposes, but always with a patriotic background. They maintained their continuance within our society up until the outbreak of the Second World War and the collapse of the state in 1941. They were extinguished after the war in 1945, and the new political establishment treated it with contempt. Eager to take everything that was owed to them on ‘revolutionary merits’, they were not willing to give away to the people that they were swearing by, and on whose behalf they ruled. Originators of legacies and foundations were labeled as capitalist exploiters, and legacies and foundations were categorised as unnecessary and damaging institutions of the bourgeois society that have no place in the socialist system. Therefore, legacies and foundations that were an indisputable pride of the Serbian nation have then ceased with work, and their funds disappeared without a trace. It will require plenty of effort, knowledge and skill for it to be returned to those to whom it was intended. The first Serbian private foundation that was set up after the Second World War is the Karic Foundation. The objectives that led to its creation, as emphasised in their regulations, are humanitarianism, aid to those in need, establishing the Serbian national culture, and its recognition in Europe and the world at large. By creating this foundation, including all its purposes, the Karics have demonstrated the desire to restore tradition and enhance the generosity that once festooned our nation. Time has shown that it won’t be an easy task; the nouveau riche such as the Karics did not thus far show any intent to establish a foundation. Let us hope that they will soon follow the steps of Captain Misa Anastasijevic, Sava Tekelija, Ilija Milosavljevic Kolarac, Sima Igumanov, Vladimir Matijevic, and many other prominent, and less-known.
The award that is presented tonight is only a fraction of the considerable activities performed by the Karic Foundation. It is presented for the highest achievements in the field of science, art, culture, journalism, publishing and humanitarian work. The award was established in 1998 and it was conferred upon tens of people and institutions. It is important to stress that the award has no political or ideological precondition, and is based solely on scientific, artistic, expert, and humanistic values. As there have never been any flaws in that respect, the Karic Brothers award has been gaining increasing repute by the year.
I wish to believe that it will preserve its integrity, and that its significance will grow even greater in the decades to come.
I congratulate this year’s laureates and wish that this award serves as an incentive for fresh intellectual accomplishments and creativity.


Because Calvin Fairbank was arrested in Jeffersonville, Indiana, he is considered worthy of mention in Indiana history. He worked the Ohio Valley borderlands leading fugitive slaves to freedom and because of that suffered near death.
Released from the Kentucky State Penitentiary in the spring of 1864, Reverend Calvin Fairbank fell to the ground as soon as he reached Ohio. "I kissed the dirt of my adopted State," he later recalled, "and rising to my feet, and throwing my hands high in (the) air, I shouted: Out of the Mouth of Death! Out of the Jaws of Hell!!"1
A convicted felon, Reverend Fairbank had served two separate terms for the same offense. In all, he spent over seventeen years and four months behind prison walls. During one eight year period alone, Fairbank claimed he received over thirty-five thousand, one hundred and five stripes from the lash. Although confined with murderers and thieves, Fairbank lost his youth and his freedom for the "crime" of helping Kentucky slaves escape to freedom.2
Calvin Fairbank's 1890 autobiography is filled with similar accounts of brutal treatment. His first term of four years and ten months ended in 1849 when he was pardoned by Governor John J. Crittenden. When he began his second lengthier term in 1852, the Abolitionist heard the warden snarl, ". . . take Fairbank to the hackling house and kill him." The hackling house was part of the prison's hemp production area where conditions were so brutal that during one fifteen month period three inmates deliberately chopped off a hand in order to escape the hated task.3
To Fairbank there was "very little difference between the condition of the prisoner and that of an actual slave." As previously noted, the Abolitionist was flogged repeatedly during his second term. During the fall of 1863, Fairbank was struck by a club with such force that he was temporarily blinded. The end finally came in the spring of 1864 when Leslie Combs, the staunch Unionist who intervened on behalf of young Tom Johnson, sought a formal pardon for the long suffering prisoner.4
1Research Paper by - James M. Prichard
Into the Fiery Furnace


2005 Ford F350 Lariat
American Motors Corporation (AMC) was an American automobile company formed on January 14, 1954 by the merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and the Hudson Motor Car Company. At the time, it was the largest corporate merger in U.S. history, valued at US $198 million ($1.44 billion in 2006 dollars). Declining sales and a fiercely competitive auto market in the United States forced AMC to seek a partner in the late 1970s, which led to a tie-up with France's Renault in 1979. The arrangement lasted until March 2, 1987, when American Motors was purchased by the Chrysler Corporation, which discontinued the use of AMC and Renault brand names in the United States. The Jeep line was continued, as well as some of the models under the Eagle marque. American Motors still lives today among many fans and owners, being remembered as an automobile company that produced some of the most memorable and iconic cars of its time, such as the Gremlin and the Pacer.
-AMX -AMX GT -Ambassador -Cavalier -Concord -Eagle -Gremlin -Hornet -Javelin -Machine -Matador -Pacer -Rebel -Spirit -Spirit AMX


Growing Up In America
(To listen to Yul
Brenner singing "Is a Puzzlement" from "The King & I" start
this MP3 player)
I was born in 1950, one of the large "Baby Boomer" generation. We grew up in the shadow of World War II. Educated in the ways of the late 19th & early 20th centuries we made a spin into the late 20th & early 21st centuries. We watched dial-less phones (you gave the operator the number) transform into cell phones. Linoleum and man made materials were spreading quickly. Japan miniaturized battery-powered radios, which actually fit a pocket!
(To listen to Alan Sherman singing "Here's to the Crabgrass" start this MP3 player)
Everyone tried to fit the middle class homogeneous image of the Cleavers, Reeds and etc. That was not the reality. America from colonial times has been a multi-ethnic, multi-racial society. Accepting the mix has never been easy for America which was seen as a mostly middle class, Anglo-Saxon, protestant nation. The 20th century saw the struggle for recognition by minorities in many forms.
One of my earliest memories is of a gate at a pool I was going to with friends in New Jersey. As I walked up I saw a sign "No Jews Allowed". I knew it meant me but couldn't understand why. 15 years later in Tennessee I pulled up to a gas station and my sister asked to use the rest room. She and our Jamaican friend came running back to the car saying "come, you have to see this". So my Japanese roommate and I followed. What they had found was that on the two restrooms were new signs reading "men" & "ladies". Above the doors were deeply engraved letters in many coats of paint. The letters had recently been removed but the impressions were clear. They read
"Coloured" & "White". Well after all that was only 26 years after my father had upset the local townspeople while passing through during basic training. He was going to drink from a water fountain painted yellow. Well he was a young Yankee and not familiar with the practice of painting things yellow that were for "colored" use only.
I Don't mean to sound like it was so bad growing up. In spite of ethnic, racial & religious bigotry permeating most of society in the 50's & 60's it was a good time. Childhood should be fun. It is a time of exploration and testing what you can do. That time before you go out on your own and begin taking on the burdens of responsibility and obligations that mark the middle years.
We grew up in the shadow of World War II. Survivors of the concentration camps were living reminders of what levels cruelty can reach, but also how strong we are. In the 50's & 60's there was an economic boom. Things were changing fast in every way and it was a time of optimism. John Kennedy was president and whether you liked or hated him (few were in the middle), his presidency was touted through the press as a symbol of a young vigorous nation. He was the youngest elected President the country had ever had. Theodore Roosevelt was younger when he took over from McKinley but older when elected on his own. Kennedy symbolized the young generation that had been the soldiers of WWII. They are my generation's parents. From WWII our flight into outer space was born. NASA's space project fascinated me as a boy. Nothing seemed to symbolize a new world more than some day journeying in space. A monkey tossed into the stratosphere became the dream of hearing Captain Kirk say "beam me up Scotty"
The slogan "Never Again!" rang with a call for a new world order. Although optimistic, the period saw the Cold War, Korean Conflict, Vietnam Police Action, Somalia, Grenada, Desert Storm, the present "War on Terrorism" and many smaller conflicts that we were in or avoided letting other nations fight. That time which to me was full of play and learning, thinking of what I would do some day, yet I doubt the world has seen more than a few days of actual peace between WWII and now.
As children we were more concerned with doing things our way than what was going on in the world. Elvis Presley had gotten attention for a new style that became rock and roll. Music became a symbol of our generations search for a new way. Hair was grown long in rebellion. Conservative America dug in its heels in resistance to what many thought was influenced by the devil. Music got wild, sexual activity was flaunted and using drugs proliferated. Playboy magazine made it to the news stands. The ties to tradition were being cut. Now I look back and laugh realizing the same thing had been done in colonial America. Cutting our ties to tradition has a long tradition in America.
I also picked up many of my Mother's interests. I learned about Gilbert & Sullivan's operettas. From both parents I ended up with a varied appreciation of music going from Eddie Canter, Bing Crosby, Crazy Otto, Paul Robeson, Burl Ives, Classical Jazz. These were a spring board to which I added my own appreciation for The Supremes, The Temptations, Toni Braxton, TLC, Hawaiian, Japanese and Chinese music. They are both interested in animals and plants, which I have continued. I also took my parents taste for Chinese food and expanded to an appreciation of food from around the world. This was perhaps a natural step for an American who grew up with American, German and Russian foods and special meals being Chinese. You might see why I would view being American, as being a bit of everywhere.
Today I think many are coming to realize that trying to make everyone into one mold is not realistic. To do so is to be blind and indifferent to the lessons of the past. We need to open our eyes from all sides and appreciate the differences. Reality indeed differs from perspective.


Lanterns have been widely used for portable lighting for hundreds of years until the time electricity reached rural farming areas. Its simple design and function made it one of the most practical and widely used devices in history. This series carries on this historic design style with clear water glass and period, authentic matte black finish.
- Model Number:43016/1
- Bulbs:1 x 60 Watt Medium(not included)
- Finish:Matte Black
- Material:Cast Aluminum


Union StrongPosted: June 20, 2011
Union carpenters offered the use of this building to the members of the First Continental Congress, which started meeting there in September 1774.
That same Carpenters Union had earlier organized the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773.
Now about the only time you’ll see a union carpenter up in arms is if someone threatens to end Davis-Bacon.
Posted by Dave (That’s me standing at the front door.)


text / Deng Haichun
The establishment of
China new dynasty Wang Mang was born to a noble family in the Western Han Dynasty, only keep quiet simple life of Wang Mang in the late Western Han Dynasty gradually dominated court politics. In 8 ad, Wang Mang was emperor, and in the last year of the reign of emperor Wang Mang, a series of reform measures were carried out. In the end of the new era, a great peasant uprising broke out in Changan, and after the death of the new emperor, the people of the Republic of China were killed in the new era of. The new dynasty became the most short-lived Dynasty in Chinese history. While Wang Mang was scolded for nearly two thousand years, Wang Mang has devoted his whole life to the country, but in the end result is to ruin conspiracy careerist pronoun.
ancient Chinese traditional concept of autopsy has been regarded as immoral, so it is strictly prohibited, Wang Mang broke through the traditional concept of support autopsy. In order to let the doctor he master the structure of the human body, in the year sixteen to support the court doctor anatomy of executed prisoners body, carefully observe the measurement of their internal organs, with fine bamboo in order to examine the distribution of vascular inserted into the blood vessel, this is the history of the Chinese autopsy the earliest records, than the father of anatomy viisas more than 1 thousand and 500 years earlier.
according to the "Wang Mang biography" recorded before the Han. In Wang Mang emperor in order to resist the northern Xiongnu, called the world with special skills for his service, including a hunting youth said he flew to go there can be the enemy reconnaissance told him to try, Wang Mang, saw the young from the box out of the middle a body with a feather making clothes worn on the body, still wearing a feathered hat, dressed like a bird, so he flew hundreds of steps, Wang Mang felt his ability to rely on this flight is still far away to the enemy reconnaissance, and sealed him a little officer sent him some car with cloth to support him to continue to study flight, this is the China record a Chinese flight experiment, the ornithopter than Da Vinci one thousand years earlier. Although before the Warring States period, Mo-tse and Luban have had the bird, it is said that Luban did the bird can fly in the sky for three days and nights, that is only the aviation model, and Wang Mang is clearly a step closer to his support for real experiment.
also supports the development of artificial food in the new Wang Mang, ad fourteen, due to years of famine and food is extremely scarce, and sent to all over the country to find edible plants to carry out the development of artificial food. Although it was not successful, it was the world’s first artificial food research experiment.
Wang Mang is willing to try a variety of novel events, it is said that Wang Mang is the history of the first hair of the emperor, we would like to think why should the hair black hair dye it? As can be imagined Wang Mang would be a very attention to the image of the people, Wang Mang at the wedding and history but the queen has approach seventy years of age, as a young, at the age of great contrast will make people think that Wang Mang and Wang Mang are also aware of their own licentious, deserted situation, Hair Coloring is to let people see his body is very young, very tough false, have enough energy to turn back.
中国古代的传统观念里解剖尸体一直视不道德，因此被严厉禁止，王莽冲破传统观念支持尸体解剖。他为了让医生掌握人体结构，于公元十六年支持宫廷医生解剖被处死犯人的尸体，仔细观察测量其五脏，为了检查血管的分布情况还用细竹篾插进血管,lunette dior femme 2015，这是中国历史上有关尸体解剖最早的记载，比解剖之父维萨斯还早一千五百多年。
（版权@作家邓海春 所有 ，如需转载请联系本人。工作联系、约稿：firstname.lastname@example.org）


The Old Royal Naval College underwent a huge renovation of their infamous Painted Hall — one of Europe’s largest paintings. We were tasked with creating a branded campaign to increase visitor numbers.
What we did
The removal of layers masking the true colours of the original painting were represented in our visual approach. Our copy-line ‘There’s More To’ was also a nod to the wider appeal of this World Heritage site. The line was flexible and could incorporate multiple messages.
– Advertising campaign
– London Underground digital screens
– Taxi wrap graphics
– Site map handbook
This campaign resulted in an increase of visitor numbers by 35% that year.
Our work on this campaign was shortlisted for both Best Campaign and Best Digital Campaign in the Northern Marketing Awards and Northern Digital Awards


Hello! Flying into Lima? Need a place to stay? Great!
Right in the center of the white city of Arequipa.
In the historical center of the imperial city of Cusco.
View to the river, in the main boardwalk of the city.
Located in the heart of the Sacred Valley of the Incas.


Appreciating magnificent collections, experiencing the pure taste of a grand feast, tasting the original European afternoon tea, and taking away both fashionable and artistic cultural souvenirs...... The Victorian and Albert(V&A) Museum's Rosalinde & Gilbert Collection is being displayed in Jinan right now! Are you ready? Let's go for treasure hunting!
The exhibition is co-organized by Shandong Museum and the V&A Museum and sponsored by Art Exhibitions China. From the Renaissance to the Victorian Period, treasures from the Rosalinde & Gilbert Collection is being exhibited in the 5th hall of Shandong Museum. Over 90 rare pieces of European treasures from the 15th to 19th centuries and more than 10 pieces of snuffboxes from the Qing Dynasty are on show.
Walking into the exhibition hall, you’ll notice the European retro walls with Burgundy red as the main color, and you’ll hear the enchanting melody of European classical music. There are plenty of European charms that could fill your eyes: the lifelike statue of Napoleon, jade treasures of Frederick the Great,vicissitudes of the Colosseum and the magnificence of Saint Peter's Basilica.
Silver epergnes, wine sets, teapots, chocolate pots and other European royal banquet utensils, the waving candlelight and exquisite dishes together with the elegant dining etiquette and gentlemen and ladies in splendid clothes vividly reproduced the lifestyle and social etiquette of the European nobles during that time.
Miniature portraits with personal images can be seen as diplomatic gifts, a token of affection for an unforgettable love or a memorial to loved ones; Landscape paintings, still life, animal and figure paintings adopting micromosaic technology present images even more lifelike than the real paintings. Jade crafts also endowed these micromosaic paintings eternal vitality.
The exhibition is also showcasing Emperor Qianlong's private collections as well as historical relics of Shandong Museum, which contrasts with European artifacts of the same period, reflecting cultural exchanging and mutual learning. So it's not just a visual feast of European history, culture and art. The Chinese civilization is also showing vitality through exchanging and mutual learning.
There’s no need to travel across the sea, just come to Shandong Museum to experience the 500-year-history of European customs!


La Gañanía summarizes the very conception of traditional Canarian architecture. In its whitewashed stone walls, its intimate, almost mysterious structure, its wooden ceilings of Mudejar tradition, its sturdy floors of the same ligneous material … Nearly two hundred years after its construction, it maintains intact the forms that make it so genuinely our. It is a faithful reflection of the friendly but strong identity of the Canaries, who for centuries, almost without exception, have built their homes on the basis of the same ideas, without introducing hardly any changes, simply leaving what, because it is functional and coherent, it gave both beauty and simplicity to the constructions, altering the landscape trying to do the same over time.
But La Gañanía has an even more important value: it is a living summary of the popular history of our islands. Born in the last third of the 18th century, when the Canarian economy went through so many vicissitudes, between the crisis and the strength, it has been the cradle of a family tradition common to that of so many islanders.
Bárbara González, our great-grandmother, married to Domingo Hernández, was the first member of the family to live in the house, acquired for her by her father. There, the couple took care of the countryside, a key element to understand the history of our land. Barbara was a housewife, dedicated with care to raising her children: three boys, Agustín and Felipe, who emigrated to Cuba at the age of 16 and 17 respectively, and Nicolás and two daughters Frasquita, María who grew up in the house. La Gañanía abounds in this information as a witness to the daily history of the people of Tenerife, as it is not exceptional that two boys so young had the need to emigrate in search of new horizons. Quite the contrary, it was the destiny of thousands of islanders, forced by necessity. Of the work at that time typical of women, there are several testimonies in the house, such as the laundry room that is still preserved next to the barbecue, in what was the garden of the house, and that was used not only by the own family if not by neighbors.
But Barbara not only wanted to be a housewife, but, as our elders remember, in the afternoons, in a well-organized school in the central courtyard of the house, she gave basic teachings to the boys and girls of the area. Even at night, men and women, having finished their daily work, would go to the same place, where our great-grandmother patiently managed to teach them to read and write. In those hard times, in which there were hardly any schools in the area, or they were very far from the place, the owner of La Gañanía did an enormous job, which many elderly people still remember, proud of being able to sign for themselves because “they knew how to write thanks God and Mrs. Barbarita “. Barbara’s task was not accidental: many of her grandchildren and her great-grandchildren are teachers. We certainly carry it in our blood. Unfortunately, Barbara never allowed herself to be photographed, so there are no memories of her image. But in the living room of La Gañanía there is a beautiful pastel portrait of “Dña. Frasquita” Francisca Hernández, daughter of Bárbara: my grandmother.
Frasquita married Eulogio Méndez Dorta, from Buenavissta del Norte. They had a boy, who died in the Civil War, and several daughters, who are my aunts and my mother, Manola. In La Gañanía they spend their childhood and youth until they get married, each taking different directions. My aunts are going to live in La Orotava and my parents in the capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
By 1954 the house was uninhabited. Time passed and was deteriorating all those walls that kept so many stories. But we heirs could not allow the ruin of what is the most important link in our family history, so we decided to bring it to life again. First by making a simple repair, in 1980, which would allow us to enjoy it in the company of our children and family. Later we decided to do an authentic restoration, with all our affection, that would allow us to share the house, its life, its memories and its endearing values with all those who decide to visit us and be our guests. We renamed it with the name by which it is now known because in the past there was a barn or barn for animals, at the back of the main building. Even the street where it is located was familiarly known to the locals as Camino de la Gañanía. We hope that all those who decide to inhabit it for a few days can enjoy its charm, its tranquility and its memories, so dear to us and so common to the history of all Canaries.
Javier Pérez Méndez, Bárbara’s great-grandson, Frasquita’s grandson and Manola’s son.


Haig died today at about 1:30 a.m. at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was surrounded by his family, according to two of his children, Alexander and Barbara.
Haig’s long and decorated military career launched the Washington career for which he is better known, including top posts in the Nixon, Ford and Reagan administrations. He never lived down his televised response to the 1981 assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan. All he would say about the matter was… “The Press.”
General Haig exemplified our finest warrior-diplomat tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public service. After his remarkable and decorated career, Haig decided to launch a television career, and for almost a decade he hosted “Alexander Haig’s World Business Review.” The show first ran on PBS before settling down on CNBC.
We’ll miss his rapid fire wit, and all of the great stories he would tell about the Nixon and Reagan years, but most of all… we”ll just miss him. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family. It was an honor working with the General.


Centenary of the end of World War I
In order to commemorate the centenary of the end of World War I, the Parish Council held a Service of Remembrance on Oak Tree Green at 3pm on Sunday, November 11th 2018. This was followed by the blessing of a new commemorative bench on the Lower Green.
The Garden of Remembrance was in place on Oak Tree Green and residents were welcome to place poppy crosses there.
Party on the Green
On the coldest day imaginable which came out of nowhere only the most dedicated and hardy of sorts derived anything from what should have been a wonderful event. It was an exercise in steadfast British cheerfulness which most of us managed to maintain throughout the day. Although the weather may have let us down, there is no denying the hard work and dedication of the organisers and everyone is grateful to them for pulling out the stops on such a miserable day.
However, sufficient funds were raised to support Oliver’s Travels in the quest to visit every Teenage Cancer Hospital in the Country, some of which will be done this year and the remainder if the Spring. Ollie is sending regular updates to The Fishbourne where they are on display.


Womens Vintage Clothing - Vintage Aprons
We are always on the look-out for vintage aprons from the Victorian era to the 1960's. If anything takes us back to simpler times of house and home, it is the vintage apron. Most vintage aprons are made of cotton, but vintage holiday aprons can be made from taffeta or acetate. Sheer nylon aprons are a bit more dressy and are perfect for the holidays and are reminiscent of the 1950's and 1960's. Some vintage aprons were hand-crocheted and are harder to find. Many antique or Victorian aprons were full length and were made from cotton silk, organdy, and plain cotton. Bodice style aprons from the early 1900's were pinned on and do not have a tie. Later on, aprons from the 1930's and 1940's were made from feedsack, or printed cotton fabrics, these were bib style aprons. The 1960's and 1970's brought us aprons with bold prints and in bold colors. There is nothing more fun to collect , and wear, than a pretty vintage apron! Hooked On Vintage is aways searching for vintage aprons of every era, in every fabric. We have aprons in stock so if you dont see what your looking for, please email us with your request.


*Review best according to redakciey. About the selection criteria. This material is subjective in nature, is not an advertisement, and does not serve as a guide to purchase. Before buying, you need to consult with a specialist.
Grozny is a city that suffered significantly during the Chechen war. As a result, many buildings were damaged or destroyed, and Museum exhibits were destroyed or stolen. For this reason, most of the sights of Grozny date back to modern times. Our experts have collected the most interesting places in the city in one rating, dividing them into convenient categories.
Rating of the best attractions in Grozny
|The best architectural sights of Grozny||1||The Area Of Akhmad Kadyrov||5.0|
|3||Memorial complex of Glory named after A. Kadyrov||4.8|
|4||National library of the Chechen Republic||4.7|
|5||National gallery of them. A. A. Kadyrov||4.6|
|6||Triumphal arch “Grozny»||4.5|
|8||Dagun Omayev Palace of culture||5.0|
|The best cultural attractions of Grozny||1||The Chechen drama theatre||4.9|
|2||Chechen state Philharmonic society||4.8|
|3||Drama theatre named after M. Lermontov||4.7|
|5||“The Fortress Of Grozny»||4.5|
|7||Sports Hall ” Colosseum»||4.3|
|The best religious sights of Grozny||1||Mosque ” Heart Of Chechnya»||5.0|
|2||Church Of St. Michael The Archangel||4.9|
The best architectural sights of Grozny
The Area Of Akhmad Kadyrov
In the Central part of the city, at the intersection of Isaev and Putin streets, you can find a huge square dedicated to Akhmat Kadyrov. Previously, this area was called the Svoboda or Lenin region. However, after the end of the war and the rule of the first President, it was renamed. In addition, earlier the Palace of Dzhokhar Dudayev was installed here, which was finally destroyed after the war in Chechnya.
Nearby you can find the mosque “Heart of Chechnya”, as well as a number of other attractions, among which an interesting one is a huge Park area, including a number of fountains. This is one of the most modern and well-maintained areas in the entire city, which is worth visiting first of all to get acquainted with other nearby attractions.
The rating of Grozny’s attractions was to be supplemented with a large complex of buildings, which was built on the Bank of the Suji river. These large and very aesthetic skyscrapers represent one of the most interesting places to visit in the modern part of the city. The highest structure consists of 40 floors, and the lowest – of 13. They are home to various offices, hotels and shopping centers.
In the buildings that are used for housing, there are about 1000 apartments with a maximum area of 200 square meters. The total size of the offices is more than 1200 m, and there is a helipad at the top. In addition, there is the Grozny city hotel, where you can find swimming pools and several restaurants. The largest tower is a building called Phoenix, and it is considered the highest residential structure in Chechnya.
Memorial complex of Glory named after A. Kadyrov
This landmark is one of the most important in modern Chechnya. It is dedicated to the first President and military glory. The complex was opened in 2010, and on its territory you can find a number of monuments, including tankers from Chechnya who died in the battles of world war II. A special place on the territory is occupied by a large Museum to Akhmat Kadyrov.
In order to build it, marble from Spain was used. And to cover the chandelier, materials from Iran were used. The collection contains many personal items of the President, as well as a number of paintings and collections from the great Patriotic war. This tourist destination is perfect for those visitors who are interested in the country’s history.
National library of the Chechen Republic
This is the first institution in the rating, which was opened in 1904, but it did not manage to survive to this day. The structure was finally destroyed in 1994, and then it was built anew. At the moment, this is one of the most futuristic structures in the city. After the revival of the library, it occupied part of the territory of the Republican center for some time.
The new building was presented to Grozny in 2012. The architect tried to make it look like an open book. A large number of reading rooms can be found on site, and there is a Park and a winter garden all around. Nearby you can find the national Museum of Chechnya, which will still be mentioned in the rating of attractions in Grozny, as well as a huge concert hall.
National gallery of them. A. A. Kadyrov
This institution was opened in 2010 and is named after the first President of the Chechen Republic, who has already been mentioned more than once in the rating of attractions in Grozny. The gallery is located in a building built in 1983, with a total area of more than 500 square meters. In the exhibition you can find a large number of paintings and objects of decorative and applied art.
Most of them relate to modern painting. There are often solo exhibitions of local artists who are engaged in a limited time. You may not find a working gallery, as its collections are often transported to other cities. This is one of the most interesting cultural and architectural structures of the Soviet era, which can be studied both outside and inside.
Triumphal arch “Grozny»
This attraction meets almost all tourists who enter Grozny from Gudermes. It was opened in 2006 in honor of the birthday of the leader of the Republic Ramzan Kadyrov. It consists of two large arches, flanked by towers built from traditional materials.
Despite the fact that the towers are decorative, they completely repeat the appearance of traditional structures in Chechnya. In addition, you can find portraits of Vladimir Putin and Akhmat Kadyrov. Despite its small size, it is still worth mentioning this attraction, since most tourists will see it sooner or later.
This landmark is part of the historical heritage of Chechnya and Grozny. One of the most famous lawyers and public figures Dziyaudin Malgasov lived there from 1957 to 1994. This house occupies almost an entire block in the Central part of Grozny. Its main feature can be called a different number of storeys, so on the one hand − 2 tiers, and on the other − 3.
The building faces Putin and Esambayev avenues. The structure was built in 1923 by major owners of oil-producing enterprises in the country. During the wars in Chechnya, it was damaged several times, but after the war it was completely reconstructed. In 1998, a memorial plaque in honor of the deceased was installed here. However, it was destroyed during the next military campaign.
Dagun Omayev Palace of culture
This architectural and cultural landmark was erected in the Central district of Grozny in 2021 in honor of the day of the cultural worker. In fact, this building is a very interesting monument of modern architecture. Inside, you can find large and small performance halls, as well as a place for rehearsals and conferences, recording studios and a theater salon.
The complex includes a large car Park, which will accommodate up to 700 vehicles. This Palace is the largest among all represented in the region. The name was given in honor of the famous actor of the Soviet era, as well as the Hero of the USSR and many other famous personalities. In fact, it is one of the most important buildings of the Grozny new era and a very important landmark.
The best cultural attractions of Grozny
The Chechen drama theatre
This cultural landmark of Grozny, which took the first position of the corresponding rating, traces its history back to the beginning of 1931, when it was planned to create a huge theater Studio. Due to the war and deportation, the actors practically did not gather, which put an end to their activities in the capital of Chechnya. They began to revive it only in the mid-fifties of the last century.
In the course of the Chechen campaign, the theater was evacuated, and the building was significantly damaged. It was reconstructed only by 2008. Since then, most artists have stayed in one place. However, educational activities are often carried out here, including charity events. Therefore, it is important to choose the right time to visit the drama theater.
Chechen state Philharmonic society
Like many cultural buildings, the Philharmonic hall was founded in 1939. Before the time of deportation, the landmark was extremely important for the culture of the region. In the 1950s, when famous soldiers returned here after the war, who often came for military-themed performances. Since the beginning of the 60s, there has been a steady trend of reviving interest in actors and artists.
The flourishing of the Philharmonic society practically did not stop for 20 years. However, campaigns in Chechnya and Grozny forced the attraction to close, and for a long time. As a result, it was possible to restore its operation only in the middle of 2000. At the end of 2006, we managed to create a completely new ensemble of folk instruments. As a result, it is one of the most important cultural attractions in the region.
Drama theatre named after M. Lermontov
The third position in the rating of cultural attractions of Grozny is occupied by the Mikhail Lermontov drama Theater, which emerged from a small circle formed in 1904. Chief among the Directors was Evgeny Vakhtangov, a well-known artist who managed performances in Vladikavkaz.
During the interwar period, the new institution moved to the building formed for this purpose. During the beginning of the great Patriotic war, it was renamed again, this time in honor of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. After that, the performances here were mainly based on his plays. The theater moved to the current building in 2012. Its characteristic feature is that the hall is designed in a spherical shape and can accommodate up to 500 spectators. This is a very interesting attraction for art lovers.
The next attraction in the rating was founded in 1924. At the same time, they often changed the direction of training, although the General themes and stylistics were preserved and were local lore. But in the 1990s, the development of the theater was finally stopped, and during the Chechen campaigns, the collection suffered significantly.
In 2007, the building was finally restored, and the funds were supplemented. Various exhibitions and expositions dedicated to archaeological finds, local people, their deeds and especially wars appeared in the halls. There are a number of different objects that are dedicated to certain well-known persons of the state of Chechnya. This is an extremely important place in the region.
“The Fortress Of Grozny»
This part of the city was opened in mid-2010 on the territory of the Zavodsky district of Grozny. It was then that he hosted several competitions between racing drivers. More than 30 pilots from different regions of the country participated in the process. The total length of the circle is more than 3 kilometers, and, in comparison with European or American ovals, it is less prominent.
The area is 60 hectares. Here you can find tracks for completely different types of racing, including go-karts, cross-country, drag and drift. At the moment, there are seats designed for 1,600 spectators. This arena in the ranking of cultural attractions was at the bottom for the reason that competitions are held irregularly. However, they are still worth visiting.
A large football arena was built in 2011 for 6 years. This stadium of the little-known club Akhmat, designed to accommodate about 30 thousand people. This is one of the most technologically advanced areas in the city. On it, you can find tools for conducting an overview and highlighting the game area. In addition to sports competitions, concerts are often held here.
Built to international standards, this landmark is one of the most popular places in the entire city. The complex can accommodate more than 30 people and is also a convenient venue for various events. At the same time, it can be characterized by an extremely low cost of services, it is easy to book a place for about 300 rubles. The grandstand offers excellent panoramas for photos.
Sports Hall ” Colosseum»
The last position in the category of cultural attractions of Grozny is occupied by a multi-level complex, which is one of the most futuristic buildings in the area. It consists almost entirely of glass and metal, and its total area is more than 8000 square meters. In height, it reaches 27 m. The arena can be easily transformed depending on the needs of the organizers.
The lower part of the attraction is occupied by a large gym, including martial arts. In addition, there is a block with the administration, a podium for the movement of athletes and a box designed for especially important people. Part of the complex is occupied by media representatives.
The best religious sights of Grozny
Mosque ” Heart Of Chechnya»
The first position in the rating of religious attractions is occupied by a mosque called “Heart of Chechnya”. This huge institution was built in 2008 in honor of the forum held in Grozny. The event, called “Islam-the religion of peace”, had to start in a rather beautiful building. Therefore, in 2006, experienced architects from Turkey were attracted. The landmark towers are the tallest in the country. And the domes are no lower than traditional Orthodox churches from the Northern capital.
This place was built as luxurious as possible to make it attractive for all residents and tourists. The image of a mosque from Istanbul was used as a primary example. In the process of construction, only modern methods were used, which significantly increased the strength and reliability of the structure. Inside there are several important icons, and the interior is made of marble.
Church Of St. Michael The Archangel
The second position of the top in this section of attractions in Grozny is occupied by the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, one of the few Orthodox churches located in this area. It was founded by Cossacks in the 19th century. So the first stone was laid in 1868, and in 1890 it was built and consecrated 2 years later. Construction began mainly thanks to voluntary donations from local residents.
During the Chechen campaigns, the Church suffered greatly. In 2004, the reconstruction of the landmark began. After that, funds were allocated from the funds of the Russian Federation for rapid recovery. Ramzan Kadyrov and Ali Alkhanov also took part. The reconstruction was completed in record time in 1 year, but the interior continued to be restored a little longer.
Attention! This rating is subjective in nature, is not an advertisement, and does not serve as a purchase guide. Before buying, you need to consult with a specialist.