Burlington, Lawrence County, Ohio:
Researched by Sharon M. Kouns
(c) 2006 Kouns Family Archives
For more history about Burlington visit Burlington's History
The Board Clerk.
“Tuesday, April 22, 1817. Board all present pursuant to adjournment and after mature deliberation, it is agreed by said board to appoint Thomas Kerr clerk pro tem till the annual meeting on the first Monday in June next. Further perseeded (sic) to appoint a county Treasurer, ordered by the Board that Thomas Kerr is appointed treasurer, for Lawrence County and he give bond as the law directs. Agreed by said board that the treasurer’s bond be lodged in the hands of Joel Bowen, Esq.”
“Rates of Tavern and Ferry Licenses: agreed by the board, that Tavern licenses shall be in the county of Lawrence at the rate of six dollars per year till the first Monday of June next. Ordered that ferry license in the county of Lawrence across the different water courses shall be at the rate of two dollars till the first Monday in June next: and that the prices of transporting be as the law directs: agreed by said board that their be seven hundred dollars appropriated for to build a jail in the town of Burlington. Board adjourned till nine o’clock tomorrow morning.
"Friday, April 25, 1817. Board met persuant to adjournment, agreed that there shall be four advertisements put up in the most public places in said county for the __il of the jail house in the town of Burlington and further two blank duplicate contracts for the inspection of those wishing to purchase or undertaker of the building to be lodged in the clerk's office. Ordered that there be charged to the county of Lawrence four days and a half for David Spurlock, four days and half for Joel Bowen and four days for Joseph Davidson, for services as commissioners for the above said county in April session, 1817. Ordered that the board of commissioners adjourn till the first Monday of June next, unless some special call otherwise. Board adjourned till the first Monday of June next. Thos. Kerr Clerk.
John C. Sperry built the stone jail at Burlington after the log jail burned down.
James Sperry on the 1818 Fayette Township Tax List was the father of William Sperry, who married Cynthia Clark.
IET Aug. 21, 1947 - Clarinda S. Kelley - Funeral services for Mrs. Clarinda Sperry Kelley, 79, who died Monday afternoon at her home in Fullerton, were held today at 2 p.m. at Sunshine Church. She was a daughter of James Sperry, who was a captain in the Union Army in the Civil War. Surviving are four children, Fred Kelley of Cove Gap, W. Va.; Gracie May and Gilbert Kelley of Fullerton and Theodore Kelley, 1310 Armstrong pl, Portsmouth; three step-children, John and Tandy Kelley of Portsmouth, and Martha Elswick of Ironton; three brothers, John, W. M. and Foster Sperry of West Virginia, and four grandchildren.
IR Nov. 7, 1872 - Marriage licenses James Sperry and Mary F. Thompson.
SOURCE: Ironton Evening Tribune, Saturday 08 Oct 1949
Editor's Note: This historical sketch of Lawrence County, was written by the late Attorney H.M. Edwards, one of the county's leading history students, and was presented to the Tribune by him shortly before his death on Feb 19, 1939.
After the establishment of Ironton in 1851, the county seat was removed from Burlington to Ironton where it has remained.Geographically Lawrence County is divided into fourteen townships, one city and six incorporated villages.
...Women made most of the clothing, taking it through every process from the raw material to the finished product. A smart woman was reckoned by the amount of work she could do. Our only neighbors were the Bruce's and Sperry's. The Bruce's and Sperry's were stone masons and as there was not much stone masonry to do, they had to go long distances from home in order to get work to do. John Sperry built the stone jail at Burlington after the log jail burned down. "There was a man who lived in that vicinity by the name of William B. Morrison, who was a cabinet maker by trade as well as as undertaker. He also practiced the medical profession, which consisted mainly in bleeding the patient. This was the first step in medical treatment and between a pint and a quart of blood was the amount taken from the arm and usually for only slight ailments.
IR June 23, 1904 - Ancient History of Our City From Register Files. - First Editor’s Opinion of the First County Jail - Ordinance Concerning Dogs.
A busy man from the Register’s first editor must have been. He took part in temperance meetings, visited the schools and took note of every new industry in town, was often present at the county institute, Farmer’s clubs in Rome, Windsor townships and made frequent trips to Burlington, the county seat, when the court was in session.
In the Register of July 3, 1851, is an editorial anent a visit there, which contains many hints as to what the county’s first jail was like.
The County Jail.
“While at Burlington last week we visited for the first time the jail of Lawrence county.
“The jail is nearly new, it being but two or three years since it was built. That it has sufficient strength no one seems to doubt. But I has been the subject of much complaint in regard to its fitness, especially in regard to its means of ventilation. This being the state of things we visited the jail to see for ourself.
“We think it an ill-looking, an ill-contrived building, without ornament or taste, or even plain neatness.
“The whole building is so low that the ceiling overhead in the rooms can be reached by a short man standing on the floor.
“The rooms when we were there, appeared to be in excellent order, for the purpose required. We do not believe in making the situation of criminals TOO comfortable and the prisoners now there have as much as can be justly asked for by persons deserving punishment from a violated law.
“The number now confined in the two rooms for criminals is five. The rooms are very small, very low and each has a small window, and a door connecting one room with another. ... The cells have each a small aperture at the top for ventilation.
For a larger number than four, or six, it is decidely insufficient, but the jailer informed us that at one time it held fourteen persons. At such times there can be no doubt that it is entirely inadequate to the wants of the county and injurious to the prisoner’s health. [rest of article talks of Ironton’s ordinance on dogs.]
COUNTY HISTORY. [excerpt]
Record of Contract Awarded for the Burlington “Jail House.”
(Continued from last week.)
Ironton Register, December 4, 1902.
[This story refers to the log jail before the stone jail was built]
The second session of the first board of commissioners of Lawrence county was begun on June 2, 1817, at Burlington, and the minutes of the session are as follows:
“Board met persuant to adjournment last April session. Present Joel Bowen, David Spurlock, Josiah Davidson, Commissioners. Ordered that the first business to be acted upon is to perceed to make sale of the jail house of the town of Burlington to be sold to the lowest bidder and the clerk of said board to make sale of the same at two o’clock in the afternoon on the said day. Perceeded to make sale of the log part of the jail house and made sale of the same to John Morrison, the legal purchaser to build the log part of the said jail agreeable to contract for the sum of three hundred and thirty four dollars. Further perceeded to make sale of the frame part of jail house, and made sale of same to William Templeton, who is legal purchaser, for three hundred and thirty eight dollars.
IR June 22, 1854 - Lawrence County Jail a Nuisance.... H. N. Gillett , foreman of the Grand Jury.... Thomas Proctor , Clerk, Lawrence Com. Pleas...
IR June 23, 1859 - small clippings.
· The other day, while Sheriff McGirr was absent, Mrs. McGirr being on the look-out, discovered, as she thought, something passed into the jail to one of the prisoners. - She called in assistance, and a case knife, a stout one, was found, which had been filed so as to make it a saw on both edges, and then tempered so that it would cut iron very handsomely. It was a good job, whoever did it; but it will now hardly saw off the window bars.
IR Aug. 25, 1864 - The old county jail is no more. By contract of Messrs. Lawton & Myer for the sum of $5,000 they are putting in wrought iron partitions enclosing twelve cells which they defy the devil or any of his imps to escape from. During the present repairs Sheriff Sutton has removed his family to Etna Furnace and his prisoners to Portsmouth.
Ironton Tribune, September 26, 1954
Submitted by Lorna Marks
IRON BARS DO NOT A PRISON MAKE. The county's first jail still stands at Burlington. But now it is a residence. The Dennis LAWSON family resides there now. Today two small boys romp and play in a two-story stone building at Burlington, which is their home, but some 137 years ago was the county jail.
The little boys, Dennis Jr. and Adrian LAWSON, are too young to realize that their home is one of the few original landmarks that remain at Burlington.
Shortly after Lawrence County was organized by Capt. James LAWRENCE of Burlington, N.J., in 1816, a courthouse and jail were erected and a park laid out at Burlington. The population of the county was then only 665.
When the jail was built the village was a thriving community having four stores, an academy, two churches, a newspaper printing office, and between 40 to 60 dwellings.
New houses have been erected on the former park site and the courthouse was torn down some years ago. Only the jail building stands in what was once the historic square in the little village of Burlington.
Replacing windows for the old iron bars and a new roof are the only improvements that have been made to the exterior of the weather-beaten stone building. Oldtimers say that some of the iron bars, which once covered the windows, were removed to the present county jail in Ironton. Old stone steps and walks are still being used. The main entrance was facing the river.
After the county seat was moved to Ironton in 1851 the jail was converted into a house and many families have resided there since then.
The building is located approximately 100 feet from Route 52 and may be viewed by passing motorists.
Almost two years ago the Dennis Lawson family purchased the building. They are remodeling the interior and plan to paint the exterior and landscape the lawn by next spring.
LETTER FROM BURLINGTON
Author: JOHN FRITZ
Ironton Register, October 23, 1891
Correspondence of the
Lives there a man or child near or far around, who has not heard of Burlington? The town which was once the abode of greatness, and the metropolis and the county seat of Lawrence county. The place where the "wise men" of the East, Yes of the North, the South and West came when the star of hope and prosperity rose in its brilliancy, and stood over her sacred ground. Ah, yes; the children unto the third and fourth generations will hear and read of her with pleasure, and delight and wonder at her greatness. The child will clamber on the father's knee and list with intent ear to the good deeds done, and noble acts performed. Yes, you have heard, and even do hear and see marks of a great and mighty town. The silent tomb gives evidence of a people great and mighty in the past.
Still stands the forest primeval overlooking the scenes of past glory. The ever acting hills stand as mirrors, reflecting the history of bygone days. Mighty cities have sprung up with their churches, halls and school buildings; empires have fallen and republics have arisen; the peaceful river, on whose bosom floats the palace and plies the mighty steamer, has widened its borders and changed its course. Thus have all things undergone change and with them, our beloved town.
Once the abode of the mighty Probate, now the quiet home of the squire. Once where lawyers learned and wise expounded law profound and simple, now where "pedafoggers" die on account of morality and goodness.
The old court house, where men were made rich by the mistake and misdeeds of others, is now the common school property of the district, where budding characters are developed. Where once the judge and the lawyers plead, stands the teacher and imparts instruction and decides cases of discipline and decorum. Its walls are crumbling its steeple shaky, and "mother earth" will soon say: "Tis enough, come down lower."
The old jail, where men whose characters were stained with crime were kept, is now the home of a private family. The Town Hall is yet retained as such, and gives a nice appearance.
But you ask about our town: "Has her glory faded, her business subsided, her interest fled; in a word, is she dead? Nay; look not on her thus. The influence those pioneers had cannot be blotted out. You might as well try to check the cyclone in its mad course, or chain still the angry billows of the deep, as to try to stop the influence of our forefathers. The royal blood still traverses our veins, and the honorable callings in life are represented by our noble men and women.
The profession of teaching is represented by a half-dozen progressive teachers. That of medicine, by one who stood at the head of his class at the noted Miami College, and by a lady who has thoroughly mastered the intricacies of the science. The ministers have long since learned of the congenial atmosphere of our town, and come yearly and cast their lot with us. The business of this place is carried on by business men, and at this time of the year you may hear the rustle of corn blades on hillside and dale, the rattle of seed on the ground and the rumple of apples in the barrel, all of which gives evidence of enterprising farmers.
The young men and women have the same progressive spirit. Messrs. Frank Campbell and Edgar Wilson are attending Miami Medical college, and Millie Soupene is taking music lessons at Gallipolis.
The schools are conducted by an efficient corps of teachers as follows: Miss Ethel Williams, Primary. Miss Lulu Moore, intermediate and W. D. Sydenstricker, advanced.
Time and space
will not permit further detail. From time to time I will write you the passing
events of the town.
Burlington Once Urban Center
By Connie Jo Justice
Ironton Tribune, October 8, 1969
When this old hat was new, the people used to say
The best among the Presidents was former Henry Clay.
The words of this old campaign song filled the streets of Burlington in Fayette Township during the famous campaign in 1844 between Henry Clay, the Whig candidate, and James K. Polk, Democrat.
The old Lawrence County seat was not only a noted place with much sentiment during the campaign, but also the urban center of the county.
The occurrences of the campaign, plus reminiscences of school days, court sessions, steamboatman, manufacturing firms, and general old times; are recorded in a series of articles done by a resident of Burlington in the Ironton Register; in 1895. The articles can be read in copies of the old paper at the Briggs-Lawrence County Library in Ironton .
Also available at the library are the microfilms of censuses from 1850-80, obtained through the National Archives.
The 1850 census recorded a total of 1,111 residents in the bustling township. Unlike the townships we have covered thus far in our series, Fayette Township and Burlington was more close knit in physical proximity. Actual inward growth had begun in Burlington with a tannery, pottery, sawmill, cigar factory, drug store, carpet weavers, copper and silversmiths, printers, miners, lawyers, shoemakers, innkeepers, boatmen, mill wrights, and even a hatter.
On Nov. 20, 1817, $1,500 was appropriated by the first county court for the building of a county court house in the public square. Earlier that year on April 11, at the first meeting of the court, $700 for the building of a log jail was appropriated.
The court house no longer stands, but the jail, which replaced the original log jail after a fire on Nov 7, 1846, still stands in the town commons in Burlington.
The ledger recording the 1850 census, which was executed in the county by Elias NIGH, a 35-year-old Burlington lawyer at that time, notes even the seven prisoners lodged in the jail during the taking of the census.
The prisoners ranged in age from 16 to 29 years, with two charged with stabbing with intent to kill, two for horse stealing, and others with assault and battery, petty larceny, and burglary.
The court house was removed after the county seat of Lawrence County was changed to Ironton, due to Ironton 's closer proximity to the population center of the county. The Burlington Water Co. office now stands at the site of the old court house.
The census revealed that there were 196 dwellings in the township housing 199 families. There were 512 white males, 444 white females, 68 colored males, and 87 colored females. There were 180 residents over 20 years of age who could not read or write and 144 persons had attended school within the year.
The largest family in the township according to the figures on the census, was that of John and Marie Toms, who had 16 children from one to 27 years of age. John TOMS was listed as a Negro farmer.
Also discovered among the names on the Fayette census was that of William F. Henshaw, 50 years old, the father-in-law of Elias Nigh. Henshaw was the innkeeper and owner of the Harrison Hotel, one of Burlington's three hotels, "of which the town boasted. Elias Nigh was married to Henshaw's daughter Alice, who was 28 years old at the taking of the census.
The town's other two hotels were No. 2, located on the southeast corner of the square, owned by Thomas Clark of Ironton, and the White Hall, located on Washington Street and owned by Dr. O. D. Owen. The Harrison Hotel, which catered to the most aristocratic, and the judges, lawyers, and furnace magnates were patrons, was located on the northwest corner of the public square.
William Davidson, perhaps the first settler of the township, came there in 1798, followed by James Davidson, Samuel Ankrim, George Koons, and many other early settlers.
The first school in the township was taught by John Phillips in 1812, with seven or eight scholars attending.
Burlington was laid out by Edward Tupper of Gallia County in 1817. The original plat map is framed and handing in the Lawrence County Historical Society'' museum near old Vesuvius Furnace at Lake Vesuvius.
The unusual spelling of many names was noted in that day, as the early pioneers seemed to refrain from the use of many double letters. Some such names noted in the 1850 census ledger were Robison, Bramer, Dun, Hains, Bennet, Cradick, Furguson, Ankrim, Dogget, Shelten, Hambleton, Dillion, Richison and Kounse.
Today Burlington, still the center of Fayette Township, is home for over 5,444 residents, according to the 1960 census.
HOME Burlington History
(c) 2006 Kouns Family Archives


World Wars I and II significantly changed how we used calculators. It’s strange to consider that dropping bombs required greater computational urgency than sending a man to the moon, the latter being accomplished with the use of a slide ruler, but the reality is that warfare and math go hand in hand. For the military to perform precision air strikes, or to shoot down incoming planes with any sense of accuracy, real-time calculations had to be performed.
Math had another coveted property: encoding. Using mathematic principles applied to language or numbers could produce a code for communication. The enemy on both sides struggled throughout World War II to gather intelligence in order to crack these codes. A great deal of money was poured into programs designed to crack intelligence codes and decipher communications to gain the upper hand in war.
Most of these attempts were more like machinery you’d find in a factory, complete with turning gears and rotating cylinders. It wasn’t until 1946 that the first object resembling what we’d recognize as a modern computer came to be. ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was basically a large calculator. It was designed to perform calculations rapidly, and had the ability to hold a ten digit memory. It was a marvel for its time, easily thousands of times faster than anything that had come before it.
It wasn’t until the miniaturization of valves and tubes that the office calculator began to take shape. The basic design used push buttons and a modest storage to perform a range of calculations, only evolving throughout the ages to the desktop you’re no doubt reading this article on.
About the Author: Samuel Phineas Upham is an investor at a family office/ hedgefund, where he focuses on special situation illiquid investing. Before this position, Phin Upham was working at Morgan Stanley in the Media and Telecom group. You may contact Phin on his Samuel Phineas Upham website or Twitter.


Statue of Liberty 3D Card
The front cover of the Statue of Liberty 3D card features a dramatic and wonderfully detailed close-up of Lady Liberty's torch, an enduring symbol of enlightenment.
Open the greeting card and admire one of history's most famous gifts up close. The Statue of Liberty pops out of this incredible card.
The regal and towering symbol of America's "Liberty Enlightening the World" makes for an impressive paper sculpture. The New York City skyline and Ellis Island ferries surround the 3D Statue of Liberty.
Inspiration for the Statue of Liberty Card:
Our recent entry into New York City inspired us to create designs that honor the spirit of one of the world's most incredible and vibrant cities.
France presented the United States with the famed gift to commemorate "the alliance of France and the United States during the American Revolution." The Statue of Liberty holds much meaning, but one of its most enduring messages is of "freedom and friendship."
Occasions for the Statue of Liberty Pop-Up Card:
This pop-up card is an excellent gift for a friend or loved one who recently became a citizen of the United States, a lover of liberty, a memento of a visit to New York City, or for anyone who appreciates one of our nation's most iconic symbols of freedom.
Same-day shipping on all orders. Free over $250.


Handmade Christmas Tree Ornament – San Jose California Mission ChurchSpaced along the California coast stand twenty-one mission churches. These simple yet massive structures of adobe and stone draw more travelers than most every other historical California attraction.This ornament design features the 14th Mission built and Every detail is drawn from the artists original interpretations rendered in terra-cotta clay. It measures approximately 3 1/2 by 3 1/2 inches and hangs from a polytwine loop. Every piece is glazed and kiln fired with the name of the Mission and Founding Date at the back side.The following information used to be compiled from The California Missions a Pictorial History, published in 1979. San Jose Founded in 1797 is the 14th mission built. When the excellent news used to be received that the choice of missions might be increased, four expeditions were dispatched in a seek for suitable sites. The first website online selected used to be a point northeast of San Jose from which Mission Dolores and Yerba Buena Island might be seen. Have a stupendous Christmas Celebration, and add an original ornament to your Holiday Decor this Season or gift your favorite Ornament Collector. Collect all twenty-one and start a new tradition with your display!


February 21st, 2011
Thanks to Fordham Law School and the Fordham IP Institute (especially Mary Rasenberger & Sandra Sherman) for inviting me to campus to debate Paul Aiken (Executive Director of the Author’s Guild) on February 28, 2011.
Scott Turow, Paul Aiken, and other members of the Author’s Guild recently asked the New York Times whether William Shakespeare would have survived an Internet age without copyright. Suggesting the Globe Theater was a premodern form of copyright, a physical “pay wall” that required audiences to compensate the play’s author, Turow claims it was the advent and collapse of this primitive pre-copyright regime that produced the “greatest explosion of playwriting talent the world has seen.” His point: copyright means literary entrepreneurship. More “pay wall” equals more literature.
Is this argument historically true?
Turow is right in claiming the world’s first copyright act was ostensibly for “the encouragement of learned men to compose books.” But that characterization elides the fact that the 1709 Statute of Anne was conceived and pushed through Parliament by and for booksellers, not writers. The protection of booksellers by the 1709 law accelerated the growth of printed material in early modern England. But it did not result in a great age of authorship. On the contrary, the fifty-year period after the 1709 Statute of Anne is best known in the history of English authorship for its depressing tales of Grub Street. William Hogarth’s 1736 “The Distrest Poet” is just one of the iconic illustrations of the harsh conditions suffered by newly “protected” writers.
The story of copyright in America is even less cheerful. America’s first copyright law, the Federal Copyright Act of 1790, was similarly promoted as a way to encourage intellectual and artistic greatness. It modestly protected the works of writers for 14 years, renewable for another 14 years if the copyright holder was still alive.
But history demonstrates that the first “pay wall” in America had an adverse effect on authorship. With no international copyright agreement in place (the first wouldn’t appear until a century later), America’s copyright law actually undercut American authors twice. First, it cut them out of the profits of their biggest market: readers in Europe. This was because European publishers could (and did) reprint American books royalty-free. On top of that, American writers were at a competitive disadvantage at home, since American publishers found it cheaper to reprint foreign writers (which were freely pirated) than to publish domestic writers and be forced to pay royalties. The global piracy game was so profitable that smart printers on both sides of the Atlantic had agents competitively buying up and rushing new books overseas so that their publishers could be the first with them to market. It was an established enterprise not all that different than today’s DVD bootlegging “industry” in Asia.
If the birth of copyright in America did not put money in the pockets of American writers, did it produce what Turow et. al. champion as the higher aim of copyright: an explosion of creative talent?
The answer is no. Literary historians will tell you that the period following the birth of American copyright, like the period following the 1709 Statute of Anne in England, was an unusually barren time in American letters. Yes there was an explosion of mostly “royalty-free” printed material, something carefully documented by book scholars like Richard D. Brown. But authors that found a way to rise out of the crowd were rare in the half century that followed America’s adoption of copyright. Two of the writers that make any 1790 to 1840 American literature syllabus (what passes for the canon of greatness these days) were Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper. But both are interesting cases as their careers relate to copyright, since both writers went to great effort to have their works appear simultaneously in England and America, in effect capturing and controlling both pay walls.
Did copyright law enable Irving and Cooper to accumulate wealth? Yes, although more in the fashion that hedge fund managers travel to Grand Cayman to protect their assets than potential Shakespeare’s passively receiving their due. As for authorial respect for other people’s property, it helps to remember that Washington Irving’s literary reputation, then and now, rested on his piracy of German fairy tale authors Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm–neither of whom received royalties from either Irving or America.
It wasn’t until the 1850s–sixty years removed from America’s first copyright act of 1790 and thirty years before the first international copyright agreement in 1881–that America saw a genuine explosion of authorial talent. This was the period canonized by critic F.O. Mathieson as the great American Renaissance: the age of Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Whitman, and Hawthorne.
So does copyright enforcement have any relationship to great writing?
The answer is probably yes. But not in the causal way suggested by Turow and many other smart people who have taken up the copyright question since 1709.
Most reasonable people would agree that the greatest explosion of authorial talent America has seen took place during the 1770s and 1780s: The period known as the American Enlightenment. This was the historical moment that produced Declarations, Constitutions, and Bills of Rights. This was the explosion of talent that included the Franklins, the Washingtons, and the Adams.
This maelstrom of literary and artistic activity arrived more than 50 years after the birth of copyright in England and ended the year prior to the birth of American copyright. So a causal case for copyright is difficult to make. Indeed, since the Statute of Anne was not enforced in the colonies, one would have to argue that, if there was any effect of copyright law, it existed in its violation.
There is more to this counterintuitive argument than one might think. Political writer Thomas Paine’s pirated books from England were, as a consequence of the near frictionless market of reprinting, found in virtually town up and down the American seaboard. The same goes for pirated work from French philosophers, English naturalists, and Scottish economists. As a consequence, colonial readers were familiar with Paine’s vernacular and the ideas of the Enlightenment when they began hearing the same reasoning from, first their revolutionaries, then their founding fathers. This lawless, frictionless, “pay wall” free world produced a creative intellectual eruption so profound and expansive that it mobilized a sprawling continent to revolt successfully against the most powerful empire in the world and laid the textual groundwork for an entirely new civilization.
Maybe Shakespeare had the copyright “pay wall” in mind when he dreamed of “killing all the lawyers” in his writer’s utopia. After all, he may have benefited from the business of the Globe Theater, but copyright law never once compensated him.
If copyright has any direct causal relationship with Shakespeare the writer, it relates to the 200-year old case against his authorship, begun by a jealous Ralph Waldo Emerson who claimed he could not reconcile Shakespeare’s verse with the image of a theater manager.
Shakespeare scholars pay dearly for the books debating the merits of both plaintiffs and defendant. You can review the case file on Wikipedia and follow the conversation on Facebook for free!
Grantland S. Rice is the author of THE TRANSFORMATION OF AUTHORSHIP IN AMERICA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997). He taught a yearly course on authorship & copyright while an administrator at Harvard Law School.
Categories: QUICK LOOK


Before traveling to South East Asia, I had been thinking about developing a men’s line of jewelry. I wanted to create pieces that would make the wearer feel masculine and strong, so I sought symbols of strength and power. When I left for our trip I was musing about dragons. To my delight, there were dozens of serpent and dragon references throughout our travels. In addition, the beauty of the stone relief carvings prompted me to consider working more sculpturally. I’ve included some photos from our trip and the resulting one-of-a-kind jewelry that grew from the inspiration.
The Dragon Pendant with Star Ruby and Black South Sea Pearl was designed in my head while I was in Asia; then carved in wax when I returned. It was the first time I ever worked in lost wax, which has become a regular part of my design language. This one of a kind pendant is one of my favorites because it represents a significant evolution in my style.
Interestingly, even after a few years, I am still drawing inspiration this trip. Recently, I discovered a strand of rare, pumpkin-shaped, turquoise beads from the late Qing period. Originally these beads were possibly for a chief or ranking Shaman of the Northland in China. I made similar melon-shaped beads out of sterling silver and crafted a handmade large forged foxtail chain. The resulting one-of-a-kind Sterling Silver Turquoise Necklace has a distinct, albeit subtle, reference to the temples we visited. The hand-carved silver pumpkin bead mirrors some of the same voluptuous curves I enjoyed in the relief carvings.


Unsettled: A Novel
Publication date: October 10, 2023
As Van Reinhardt clears out her dead father’s belongings, she comes across hints of an unsettling family history, along with a request penned by her father prior to his death that sends her on a genealogical quest. Armed with a 1900 family portrait of her German immigrant ancestors who pioneered a farm in southwestern Iowa in 1870, Van arrives in her family’s hometown braced for a slog and struggle, and is greeted by unexpected warmth.
Aided by a small-town sisterhood of town clerks, record keepers, librarians, and a diner owner who offer interest and support, Van discovers calamitous events in probate records, farm auction lists, asylum records and lurid obituaries, hinting at a history far more complex and tumultuous than she had expected. All the while Van, haunted by her own troubled past, searches to find herself in their
narrative. The chance discovery of a small book, sized for a pocket—a secret diary—provides the missing piece, a lost female lineage that sheds light upon a longstanding mystery.
Unsettled delivers what DNA analysis and Ancestry.com cannot. Using memory, imagination and heart, Van constructs her ancestral narrative, uncovers the secrets that have kept her from the truth, and mends the tears in her family story.
“Unsettled is an old-fashioned novel, filled with characters as familiar as family pictures, as touching and as terrifying. Reis writes with assurance about the kinds of secrets that destroyed families generations ago — and maybe still do.”
—Jacquelyn Mitchard, Author of Deep End of the Ocean


The “ribbon of green and blue” of the Charles River parklands defines the center of Boston's metropolitan area, giving residents and visitors alike an enduring sense of place and a refuge for recreation, contemplation, and renewal. These urban parklands include 19 miles of shore, from the New Dam at the Charlestown Bridge to the dam near Watertown Square, and more than 20 parks and natural areas.
Originally, the last 10 miles of the river formed a tidal estuary, a salt marsh with 9-foot tides that rose and receded twice a day. As was the case for most settled rivers, the Charles was originally used predominantly for fishing and transport, or for industrial purposes. The first of many mills was built in 1634, and by the 19th century the banks were lined with slaughterhouses, coal-burning power plants, shipping wharves, warehouses, and more. Due in large part to this industrialization, in 1849 the Boston Board of Aldermen described the Back Bay marshes as “nothing less than a great cesspool, into which is daily deposited all the filth of a large and increasing population.”
The now-famous filling of the marshes to create the Back Bay, an epic project that created some of Boston’s more prestigious neighborhoods, took place throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, transforming the flow and entire composition of the river. In the 1890s, Charles Eliot, son of a Harvard president and protégé of Frederick Law Olmsted, conceived of a vision of public parklands with the Charles River as its centerpiece.
The river was further transformed in 1910, when James Jackson Storrow led an effort to dam the mouth of the Charles at what is now the Museum of Science. The dam stabilized the water level from Boston to Watertown, transforming a tidal estuary into what is now the Charles River Basin. In 1930 Storrow's widow, Helen, donated funds to create a park along the Esplanade, but these parklands were later appropriated to build a highway separating the river from Boston—a move that Ms. Storrow had explicitly forbidden. Ironically, the road now bears the name Storrow Drive.
Department of Conservation and Recreation
Today the approximately 400 acres of Charles River parklands are owned and managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). The Basin is used by more than a million people each year and hosts the Head of the Charles River Regatta, the annual 4th of July concerts at the Hatch Shell, various walk-a-thons, and multiple river fairs.
In 2002 the DCR's predecessor (Metropolitan District Commission or MDC) completed a Master Plan calling for the restoration of the Basin at an estimated cost of $32 million. The plan has identified more than 30 "improvement zones" and hundreds of subprojects that need work within the parklands. It features over 40 acres of new parklands and 17 miles of pedestrian, bicycle, and ADA-compliant pathways. A previous 1997 MDC plan addressed the reclamation of the "lost half mile" between the Science Museum and the Charlestown Bridge. This area has been officially called the New Basin (the New Charles River Basin) since the Charles River Dam was completed in 1978. With mitigation funding from the Big Dig/Central Artery project, about $100 million will be spent on parkland restoration and pedestrian bridges in the New Basin.
Click here to read the 2002 Master Plan for the Charles River Reservation.
A comprehensive and illustrated history of the Charles River and its parklands can be found in Karl Haglund’s excellent book Inventing the Charles River, published by The MIT Press in collaboration with the Charles River Conservancy. Please click here to learn more about this and other books about the Charles River.


There is one household invention which we all use several times a day, without paying it any consideration, or giving it the respect it deserves. That is the noble toilet.
An article, written by Leon Jones, featured in the Harton Handbook discussing this invention in a great amount of detail; reviewing its history, from invention, through to present day. We thought we’d share some of the key moments in toilet history with you, so that in future you know how many centuries are hidden behind every flush….
Most people associated the invention of he toilet with Thomas Crapper, something which we’re sure they favour for obvious reasons! Mr Crapper’s lifetime is dated to around the 19th Century, and he actually had very little to do with its invention, as the beloved toilet’s life began a long time earlier.
The first hint of a toilet was found on the Island of Crete, in 4000 year old ruins, followed by evidence in China, at around 400BC. But, like most practical inventions, the more modern day flushing toilet that we’re familiar with begins with the Romans….
Archaeologists found evidence in all manner of Roman ruins, such as homes (or villas) and forts, of systems solely designed to carry away human waste. The city of Rome itself soon became even more civilised, with the implementation of wooden-seated latrines; built over drains, they held the basic form of the modern-day loos we are all familiar with!
Unfortunately, at this stage, instead of the world replicating this hygienic and forward-thinking process, toilets were lost as the Dark Ages came upon us. In a less sophisticated time, it wasn’t until the Middle Ages emerged, and the Normans started to build castles across Britain, that the notion of toilets become addressed again.
The Normans had ‘garde-robes’, which took waste from their castles, and out into the moat. In addition to this, chamber pots were also common place, which allowed people to toss their waste out of their home (and out of the window) and into the streets outside.
The appearance of a water-flushed toilet was brought about, the article stated, from the Queen, Elizabeth I’s grandson, Sir John Harrington. Harrington created a ‘water closet’, which he designed back in 1596, to be placed in Richmond Palace. This water closet had the function to flush, and took the waste away and into a separate chamber of the mechanism, so it was hidden from the user. Although this had to be emptied regularly, in a similar way to the traditional chamber pot, but it wasn’t long before this could be combined with the Romans’ draining system, to make our old friend the lav’.
In 1891, when Prince Albert died of typhoid fever, the lack of toilet had become too much for Queen Victoria. She decreed that something permanently had to be done, and soon after sewerage and water systems were installed throughout Britain. It has therefore only been about 150 years since flushing lavatories were a common fixture in homes!
So what has the toilet done for us? Well, for one, it has helped the health and hygiene of the world like nothing else. Before its invention, there was a time of cholera and dysentery, brought about by the ingestion of infected water. By removing human waste from our homes, thousands of lives have been spared from these diseases, and the quality of life has increased exponentially!
At Newlife, we can provide businesses with comprehensive washroom cleaning services, which will help to keep the toilets in your premises as clean and hygienic as possible. If you would like to know more, you are welcome to contact us and speak to a member of our team, on 0800 0189099.


Beekeeping and the knowledge of how to keep bees were already an important topic in ancient Rome. Beekeeping also played a major role among the Germans, but it was mainly the mead and less the honey that made the Germans happy.
A decisive development took the beekeeping in the European Middle Ages, when with the forest beekeeping ("Zeideln") and the house resp. Garden beekeeping two types of beekeeping were widespread.
At a height of around six meters, the Zeidler cut cavities in the coniferous wood of the forest, left an entrance hole open and closed this nest with boards.
However, this type of beekeeping was difficult and dangerous, which is why people soon began to bring the bees closer to people's homes. In the beginning, plaited baskets and log hives (hollowed out tree trunks) were used, with which the honey could only be harvested by cutting out the honeycomb and thus damaging the bee nest.
It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the American pastor Langstroth developed movable and removable combs in frames. Another advance was the introduction of the honey extractor, which increased the efficiency of beekeeping even more.
The development of modern magazines can also be traced back to Langstroth, because through lengthy research he was able to determine the ideal distance between the movable frames. Thus, the beekeepers finally had a mobile bee dwelling at their disposal with which they could transport the bees to the best feeding places and to changing forages.
In Switzerland, the traditional Swiss boxes are still common today, often near farmhouses. These permanent bee dwellings look like small chalets, on the outside are the usually colored entrance holes for the bees. Beekeepers can conveniently care for the bees from inside these miniature houses.


Remembering the first nursing school in North America -- Mack School of Nursing, St Catharines, Niagara Region
We received a communication from Claudia Gilchrist, RN, class 1973, President of The Mack Alumni Association that is celebrating 146 years in 2020, the Year of the Nurse!:
In celebration of Nightingale’s 200th birthday, we remember that the very first nursing school in North America was formed in St Catharines, Niagara Region. Dr Theophilius Mack, who started the hospital in St Catharines, was very impressed when visiting the Nightingale nursing school in London, England. Nurses came from London to help start the first school in Canada, operating under the Nightingale system in 1874. Six graduated from the first class. It was known as The Mack Training School for Nurses up to 1969. The name changed to Mack School of Nursing, with the first graduating under this name in 1970, until its last class graduated in 1974. At that time the school closed and nursing programs were under the jurisdiction of the colleges.
As of today, the oldest active nursing alumni still is carrying on. The Mack Alumni members come together annually to celebrate the 1970 class, who would be celebrating their 50th anniversary. Unfortunately this year’s dinner is cancelled due to the virus, but we want the Class of 1970 to know that your nursing sisters congratulate you on your 50th!
Florence Nightingale had many famous quotes. In 1870 she said “It will take 150 years for the world to see the kind of Nursing I envision...” Is it a coincidence that if you take the year of the quote 1870 and add 150 years = the year 2020? Canadians should all be grateful at this time for her strength and her vision that made nursing a respected profession.
Stay safe for our nurses on the front lines.
Claudia Gilchrist ’73 – President, The Mack Alumni
To learn more about the Mack Alumni Association, go here.


Back in 1937, a young stock broker by the name of John Patterson Jr. was making a fine living as a stock broker in Dayton, Ohio. When he got the deed for a nice plot of land (at what’s now the corner of Wilmington Pike and Feedwire in Kettering), he set about building his dream home — a massive limestone mansion that sat on some 250 acres of forest.
To celebrate the start of construction on the home, the Pattersons invited their friends over to create a time capsule. The invite read as follows:
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Patterson Jr. cordially invite you to attend the “laying” of a cornerstone Sunday, May 16th at 4:45 p.m. at Sweet Arrow Farm. “Genial” Jim and the “Squire” of Hyde Park have not been invited. Please bring snapshots of yourself and family to be handed down to posterity.
The Patterson mansion was eventually sold to the Dillie family, and the Dillies recently sold the decaying mansion and surrounding forest for development. The site will soon be home to a Costco where you can buy bulk Kirkland-brand bourbon and reminisce about the days when NCR was in Dayton.
Before the Patterson mansion was leveled, a copper time capsule was extracted from the site. It landed in the hands of the Bellbrook Historical Society who just a few short hours ago held a public opening of the copper box at the Bellbrook Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. My wife and I went with baby Claire (who, by the way, believes the grass outside of the church is rather tasty):
The turnout for the event was so large the historical society couldn’t fit everyone in the church, and they had to split their talk up into two groups. They even moved the capsule opening into the parking lot where volunteers climbed in the back of a pickup truck and took a hammer and chisel to the aged copper box. The crowd craned their necks as the gloved gentlemen extracted some great pieces of Dayton history including: a New York Times from the day the capsule was sealed (featuring a grinning FDR on a fishing trip), a Dayton Daily News from the same day and numerous photos of the Pattersons and their friends. My favorite image was of a rather stylish woman and her dashing escort at the trap shooting range:
Here are the rest of the pics I captured. Enjoy!


Welcome to Tamworth Bridge Club.
Welcome to the Tamworth Bridge Club website. We are situated at 7 Hilton St Tamworth. Plenty of easy parking on the grounds.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE CLUB - It is generally conceded that Mrs Marjorie Weaver was the originator of the idea to form a Bridge Club in Tamworth. A meeting was held on 10th April 1974, the Club was formed and commenced playing on 24th April at the Adult Education Centre. Membership was $5.00 and table fees were 40c, which included afternoon tea. In September of that year the venue was moved to the Tamworth & District Workmen's Club and subsequently to other locations until 2000, when the current club house was purchased. At the first AGM in April 1975 there were 55 members, which had grown to 92 by 1988. Today's membership is 62 registered players (February 2024). In 1977 it was reported that "Christmas celebrations were introduced this year in the form of an informal lunch followed by bridge for the Wednesday players, with sweets, nuts, two free drinks and Christmas cake being Christmas fare for the Monday evening players." The Tamworth Bridge Club became incorporated in June 1991, which was noted as "a time consuming and frustrating affair".
SESSIONS Monday, Wednesday and Saturday 12.15 for a 12.30pm start.
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Tuesday, August 23rd at 4 pm
Kings Heath resident Andrew Thornton’s “South Staffords at War” is the first of two volumes that tells the story of WWI soldiers through their letters, diaries and newspaper accounts. Andrew will read their letters and talk about the soldiers who wrote them. He can also answer your questions about researching soldiers who served during the Great War.
Free reading at Oxfam
110A High Street, Kings Heath B14 7LG


|History of Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Library|
|Christian Year (Era)||Event （KPUM and its library）||Relevant matters|
||1872（Meiji 5）||November: Hospital
(Ryobyo-in) opened tentatively on the premises of the Shoren'in temple
located in Awataguchi Village, Higashiyama, Kyoto. Opening ceremony was held
on the 1st day of the month.
||November: Hospital journal (Ryobyo-in Shinbun) was launched by Daikokuya.|
|1875（Meiji 8）||April: The construction work of Ryobyo-in and Medical School started at the present location.|
|1880（Meiji 13）||July: The main building of Ryobyo-in was completed to move to the present location.|
|1890（Meiji 23）||November: Medical School's library was established on the premises of Ryobyo-in.|
|1905（Meiji 38）||July: A construction work was completed for a two-storied building that houses a library, a students' lounge, and a students' canteen.|
|1909（Meiji 42）||（April: Kyoto Prefectural Library opened at the present location of Okazaki)|
||1921（Taisho 10）|| October: The establishment of Kyoto
Prefectural University of Medicine (hereinafter called KPUM) was approved.
November: Ceremonies held commemorating the 50th anniversary year and celebrating the status raised from a college to a university.
|1926（Taisho 15）||April: Kyoto Medical Library owned by Gakuyukai was transferred to KPUM to become KPUM Central Library, which was opened at the second floor of the main building with the Central Library regulations established.|
||1929（Showa 4）||May: The construction of KPUM Central Library was completed.|
The construction of a two-storied wooden building accommodating a library on the second floor and a canteen on the first floor was
completed on the premises of premedical course (current Hanazono Campus).
|1953（Showa 28）||April: The title of Library Chief was changed to Library Director|
|1954（Showa 29）||July: The name of KPUM Central Library was changed to KPUM Library|
|1955（Showa 30）||August: The 80 years' history of KPUM was published|
|1972（Showa 47）||January: Regulations of KPUM Library Operating Council were
established, and the first operating council was held.
July: Hanazono school buildings were completed at the current Hanazono campus.
Completion ceremony of Memorial Hall was held to commemorate KPUM's 100th
Anniversary Year. With surplus money of the ceremony, holdings
of KPUM's students and those for liberal arts at Hanazono branch were upgraded.
||August: The 100 years' history of KPUM was published.|
|1983（Showa 58）||January: On-line document search started, utilizing databases DIALOG and JOIS.|
|1984（Showa 59）||September: As part of 110th anniversary year project, maintenance of an audio-visual room, computerisation of checking in and checking out library materials, and expansion of the library holdings were implemented.|
|1986（Showa 61）||April: A plan was formulated to construct school buildings for Fundamental Medicine at KPUM campus, as well as KPUM Library, Joint Lecture Hall, and School of Nursing KPUM, etc. at Hirokoji campus.||March: KPUM's Medical Convention was disolved for a better organisaton, and started as Kyoto Foundation For the Promotion of Medical Science|
|＜Heisei Era＞||1990（Heisei 2）||December: The groundbreaking ceremony for KPUM Library and Joint Lecture Hall was held.|
|1992（Heisei 4）|| May:
The construction of KPUM Library and Joint Lecture Hall was completed.
May 8: The new annex was opened. (Library's integrated computor sytem started simultaneously)
Nov: KPUM Library was completed. The Univ. celebrated its 120th anniversary.
|1993（Heisei 5）||April: With the establishment of College of Medical Technology KPUM, the library of former School of Nursing KPUM was transferred to KPUM Library for integration.|
|1994（Heisei 6）||December: The internet exclusive line was connected to Kyoto University Information Center.|
|1996（Heisei 8）|| April: Kyoto Prefectural School of
Public Health Nursing was integrated with Division of Nursing, College of
Medical Technology KPUM. The holdings of the former were transferred to KPUM Library.
April: The name of Premed Library was changed to Hanazono Library.
|1997（Heisei 9）|| April: The Medline's network service started in KPUM's campus-wide
November: The Univ. celebrated its 135th anniversary.
|June: The provision of the free Database "PubMed" started (U.S. National Library of Medicine)|
|1999（Heisei 11）|| April: KPUM
Library's Medical Information Network Service
aiming at related hospitals was launched by Kyoto
Foundation For the Promotion of Medical Science as
the operating and business body
June: "Catalogue of ancient medical books in KPUM Library" was published.
October: General lectures on "How to use library" were given and user training was started.
|April: KPUM's 125th anniversary journal was published.|
|2000（Heisei 12）||June: KPUM Library's website opened.|
|2001（Heisei 13）||（May: The new Kyoto Prefecutural Library opened.)|
|2002（Heisei 14）|| April: KPUM
Library introduced a
new entry and departure monitoring system.
April: School of Nursing established in Medical Department
|（October: Kansai-kan of the National Diet Library opened)|
|2003（Heisei 15）||October: Connected with Kyoto Digital Canal Network （Wireless LAN was abolished）|
|2004（Heisei 16）|| August: Partnership
and Cooperation Agreement was concluded with "Medical Library", and "School of Health Science Library, Faculty of Medicine", Kyoto University.
August: KPUM Library's web services started.
September: Delivery of "KPUM Library Email News" started.
November: The Univ. celebrated its 135th anniversary.
|October: KPUM's 135th anniversary journal was published.,|
|2008（Heisei 20）||April: Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation established|


Lawrence: Survivors of the Quantrill's Raid Book
|Delivery time:||You should receive your package within 5 to 7 business days from ship date. If local delivery, we deliver on Monday, Wednesday and Fridays to your doorstep (see shipping info for details).|
Stunned and grieving survivors stared into their burned-out town on the western frontier in the midst of the Civil War. William C. Quantrill's Missouri guerillas raided Lawrence, Kansas, on August 21, 1863, and killed 180 men and boys. Women lost husbands, children lost fathers, and fathers lost sons. Every one of the 2,500 residents lost either a loved one, a neighbor, or acquaintance. A few left town, but most survivors were determined to remain and remember; not to "wink out." Newcomers brought industry and innovation. The University of Kansas, 1866, and Haskell Institute, 1884 (now Haskell Indian Nations University), grew into major institutions.
About The Author: Commemoration of Quantrill's raid peaked on the 50th anniversary of the attack in August 1913, when 200 survivors gathered in Lawrence. In 1925, fewer survivors met to remember. Almost 150 years later, the “raid” echoes still. Through images and stories from archival collections, the author, a longtime Lawrence historian, explores how survivors of this horrific event rebuilt their lives, their town, and memorialized their experiences.
|Series:||Images of America|
|Dimensions:||6.5 (w) x 9.25 (h)|


THe Guild Turns 25 in 2022!
It’s been a busy five years so far! With the September 2018 meeting, the Guild moved its long-time monthly meeting location from the San Dieguito Methodist Church in Encinitas, to Temple Solel, also in Encinitas. Beginning January 2019, the monthly newsletter PDF was transitioned to a monthly email (later dubbed the “News Blast”) with links to Knitters News on the website.
2020 rolled around and then the pandemic hit. Our last in-person meeting was held March 2020. The San Diego County Fair was cancelled summer of 2020, and then cancellation of the 2020 Holiday Luncheon was announced. We regrouped and began meeting again virtually via Zoom (thanks to the 2019-20 Executive Board and Guild member Karen des Jardins) with the August 2020 meeting, and even held speaker workshops via Zoom. Show and Share went virtual (links to photo galleries can be found here). The summer 2020 retreat was cancelled (as was the January 2021 retreat), and the 2020 Stash Sale was rescheduled to August and moved out doors to Lou Wanna Katz’ back yard.
We just “keep on trucking”, and knitting, of course!
The Guild turns 20!
The Guild celebrated the 20th anniversary of its founding at the monthly meeting on January 10, 2017, almost 20 years to the day after the very first meeting. In recognition of 20 continuous years of service in Encinitas, the City of Encinitas and Mayor, the Honorable Catherine S. Breakspear, presented the Mayor’s Certificate of Recognition to the San Diego North Coast Knitters Guild. On behalf of the membership, co-founders Phyllis Bates and Colleen Davis accepted the honor from City councilwoman, Tasha Boerner Horvath. (Click on the certificate to read.)
The first meeting of potential members was held on Wednesday, September 25, 1996, at the home of Phyllis Bates. Organized as a group, two more meetings were held that year at La Colonia Recreation Center in Solana Beach. Take a look at the notice announcing the third meeting! The first official meeting was January 7, 1997, when Colleen Davis was elected president and program chair. Phyl Bates was elected secretary, treasurer and mailer of meeting notices. Dues were set at twelve dollars for the year. The 1997 roster included 19 names. Of those charter members, Colleen and Phyllis are the only ones listed in the current roster. Read Guild Newsletters from 1997 here! At the end of 1998, the Guild had grown to the extent that the members decided to elect four officers.
The Guild continued to grow and evolve. Chairpersons were chosen to fulfill various functions beginning in June 2009. We add positions as needed to satisfy the mission and goals of the Guild. As Guild membership grew, opportunities to knit together outside of the general meeting were added. The first sub-group, meeting in May of 1999, was called the HMO (Help Me Out). By October of that year the “Clinic”, RN (Rather Normal) and MD (Master Design, now AKG) groups were added to allow members closer contact with others with similar interests and skill levels. Members Teaching Members (MTM) sessions began in April 2007. Quarterly Finishing Sessions were added as an impetus to get more members to complete projects to show at Guild meetings. Holiday parties began in 1998 with a pot luck luncheon and by 2000 the event was moved to a restaurant for festivities. In 2001 the holiday fashion show was added and the celebration was held at a country club for the first time. Colleen Davis and Phyllis Bates’ vision has grown into the present day San Diego North Coast Knitters Guild.
What’s in a name?
Our Guild was named the North Coast Knitters at the first official meeting in 1997. In each succeeding year the number of members increased. Knitters from beyond Encinitas, in fact, from all over San Diego county joined. In 2009 we changed our name to reflect the geographical diversity of our membership. We became the San Diego North Coast Knitters Guild. Today we welcome members from all over California as well as out-of-state. Our new domain name www.SanDiegoKnitters.com makes it easy for everyone–including visitors and newcomers to San Diego–to find us. Our Guild name, however, remains the San Diego North Coast Knitters Guild.
Guild Past Presidents
Colleen Davis (1997-2007)
Thea Lazarevic (2007-2008)
Barbara Levin (2009-2010)
Mar Gee Farr (2011-2012)
Sheila Kirschenbaum and Stacy Mann (2013-2014)
Liz Knapp (2015-2016)
Mary Brown and Laura Brubaker (2017-2018)
Tina Rounsavell (2019-2020)


1. Where is Oman? Locations and its history
Beyond the walls of its capital, Muscat, we can find a secure and welcoming country with changing scenery that transit between desert and also the warm Indian; and a human population which will receive you as if you were a part of it. Oman is a nation situated in western Asia, on the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, with Saudi Arabia to the west and Yemen to the southwest. The coast, meanwhile, is formed by the Arabian Sea to the south and east, with the Gulf of Oman to the northeast ( More on: https://oman-visa.info)
To talk a little bit with regards to its history, we have that Oman extends its beginnings to the Stone Age, because there are indications of human settlements in the area, specifically in Ras al-Hamra, Al Wattih and Harappa. In addition, the metropolis appears named for the first time in the 1st century AD. C., specifically when Greeks and Romans documented the existence of an important commercial port, what is now currently called “Port of Muscat”, a link between East and West.
What happened to the Sassanid Empire?
The fights for power over the port of Muscat have been frequent over the centuries due to its strategic place between Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. In other words, numerous have been the countries that have disputed the possession of the territory, so it has been a very important component for the growth and history of the nation.
In the third century, after going through the hands of Babylonians and Assyrians, Shapur I started an attack on the port, becoming under Persian rule.
What about the Conversion to Islam?
The Imamate era started when conversion to Islam took place. This occurred in the 7th century and in the year 751 the first Imam was already founded. From that point on, this time frame that commenced and it extended until the middle of the 12th century.
What was the Portugueses in the battles for control of the city?
The Portuguese fleet initially arrived in Muscat in 1507, but they were met with shots from the port. The fights for power over the city were devastating, but ultimately the Portuguese took power for more than a hundred years. At that point the Muscat fortresses were designed, to defend against maritime assaults. Nevertheless, this did not avoid the conquest of the Turks, which happened twice (in 1552 and from 1581 to 1588.)
What about the Yaruba Dynasty?
In 1624, Nasir bin Murshid was selected imam of Oman, he was the one who expelled the Portuguese and also was responsible for uniting the country. He was also the founder of the Yaruba dynasty and from it all of the rulers of Oman emerged until 1749. It was a period of great territorial expansion since they conquered metropolitan areas of East Africa such as Mombasa or Zanzibar.
What do we know about the Al Said Dynasty?
Declivity came in the midst of the 18th century, after having a civil war and the continuous incursions of the Persian king Nadir Shah. During those times, there was a power vacuum that resulted in theemergence of the Al Said dynasty. The most prominent leader of the nineteenth century was Said bin Sultan; he improved military supremacy and defeated Zanzibar.
How were your internal conflicts?
Disputes between the tribes within the Oman and the Sultanate resurfaced in the twentieth century, culminating in 1962 with the Dhofar rebellion. Sultan Said bin Taimur had to request the United Kingdom for help to quell the revolts and even had to transfer his house from Muscat to Salalah.
Qaboos bin Said
On July 23, 1970, Qaboos bin Said (son of the Sultan) started a coup d’etat and overthrew his dad. Ever since then, it has the absolute power of the nation, renowned as Sultanate of Oman. No, he is also Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance. His recognized residence is in the Al Alam Palace.


Dive into adventure in Titanic's Keys to the Past! Join Lillian as she travels to the opening of the world's first ocean-floor museum. Jump between the present and past as you help her discover the Titanic's mysteries and get closer to unveiling the truth behind the disaster that took her great-grandmother's life 100 years ago. Are you prepared to uncover the truth behind the Titanic's fateful voyage?
Lillian is starting her great adventure by traveling to the underwater museum of Titanic, placed on the ocean floor in Titanic's Keys to the Past game. Visit the location of drowned Titanic and explore it remains. Thing is Lillian's grandma in Titanic's Keys to the Past game was on that cursed ship and died there, so Lillian has unique chance to find cause of her grandma's death! Download Titanic's Keys to the Past game and find out, why Titanic drowned for real! Travel between future and past in Titanic's Keys to the Past game and explore locations of the greatest ship ever in it's former beauty and present destruction!


Charming bungalow style two story home on a quiet street in the heart of Sconset. The house was built circa 1920s and renovated in 2011 with all modern conveniences, wood floors, wood-burning fireplace, front porch and a large yard. Excellent rental history.
First Floor Description:
Living room with fireplace, lovely sunny enclosed porch with glass doors, dining room and wonderful kitchen with mahogany center island, stone counter tops, farmer's porcelain sink. Bath with shower and mud-room.


Eli Townend died on Saturday, sixteenth July 1910, aged 65, just after many yrs of failing health and fitness that experienced brought about him to sometimes miss having his seat on Ossett City Council. Latterly, his issue had little by little turn out to be even worse and he was not often able to enterprise from your home. His coronary heart was failing and he experienced from bronchitis.
The Inghams had been really a wealthy Ossett loved ones and Benjamin had acquired a style for overseas journey when he was a teen. Youthful and self certain, using a modern “first-consulate” haircut, he had travelled to Paris in 1802 once the Peace of Amiens. His elder brother Joshua Ingham had travelled to Rome in 1804 by using a solid American passport and perhaps Benjamin’s subsequent interest in America was stimulated by his excellent-uncle’s spiritual popularity there? Ingham turned a lover while in the family business of Ingham Brothers & Co. based at Hunslet, Leeds who have been merchants and fabric companies. 1806 was a foul calendar year for 22 calendar year-old Ingham.
A portico ran the duration on the setting up downstairs to deliver shade, while the main ground experienced seven French Home windows primary on to some balustraded balcony with 8 pairs of columns. In front is a significant courtyard, which accustomed to have arcades along each side. In real Ingham design and style, your home was A lot grander than your home at 'Baglio Woodhouse'.
A different recommendation made was that till the Ossett Gasoline Corporation were ready to transfer possession in the is effective for the Community Board, then the latter ought to refuse to enable the town to become lighted by fuel. It can be worth recalling that in the initial Area Board election, in which he was profitable, there have been 35 candidates for fifteen seats and also the voting paper was forty seven inches lengthy.
or Saracenic cistern, which was loaded from the nearby well by a sequence of buckets labored by a blindfolded mule.
In area affairs, the deceased gentleman took his section and had a distinction, which no other man could declare. If the Ossett Board of Surveyors was fashioned, he was one among its initial associates , while he didn't keep on in office for a few years. He was elected a member in the Regional Board about the formation of that entire body in 1871. All over again, he did not sit extensive retiring when his initially phrase of Office environment expired. But once the Constitution of Incorporation was granted in 1890 and the first city council was elected, he was yet again A prosperous candidate so that he was one of several very first users with the Board of Surveyors, Neighborhood Board and Company consequently, although on none of these bodies experienced he a protracted period of support.
When Eli was 8 or 9 decades of age, and also to complement their meagre earnings, his moms and dads became caretakers of the “Saloon” on Bank Avenue, which was not a drinking establishment modelled on those while in the American wild west, but was in reality a Temperance club, more normally called “t'owd saloon” with the Ossett locals.
. At the peak of his profession from the 1830s and 1840s, Ingham was an importer and exporter; he owned various ships wherein he traded with England and America and supplied transport Place for other mercantile homes in Sicily. In Palermo, he carried on a wholesale retail trade in a variety of products, engaged while in the land mortgage loan small business, and provided banking services. He had a three way partnership with Prince Pantelleria in Sicilian sulphur mines and his Marsala winery grew to become the most important within the island. This coincided Along with the growth in American railway and canal making, but in addition that has a period of terrific industrial advancement, specifically in New England. In order to get any of his revenue from America, Ingham had to route it by means of London, thus dropping up to 20% in Fee to middlemen. This, By natural means did not Enjoy very well with Ingham and he desired to leave his money in America. Considerably in the wine that Ingham, Whitaker & Co. despatched for the United states of america was consigned to Barclay and Livingston, a Ny organization of wine sellers. One of the customers of this agency, Schuyler Livingston was to act index for greater than twenty years as Ingham's expense agent inside the USA and therefore was the real architect of his amazing wealth. He was Yet another of People Office environment-certain "desk men" and his complete existence, from boyhood, was devoted to the mercantile career. He experienced no ambition outside of it had been claimed that while in the 43 several years given that he first swept out the Business office being an underneath-clerk, that he had in no way been from the city of Big apple over a week at a time. Livingston invested Ingham's money in real estate of Fifth Avenue and large tracts of farmland in Michigan. The bigger revenue rolled in throughout the 1850s. While in the early times, Livingston sensibly concentrated on using the canal boom, yet again generally within the states of Ny and Michigan.
Details in the trial are Practically non-existent. Transcripts have not survived and there have been no newspaper reviews following the General Strike finished.
December came and afterwards eventually some information from your missing William Whitaker in Naples. Leydings, by all accounts, were providing him "difficulty and vexation" so he had designed the choice to question his uncle to fire them.
Preferences and fashions changed nevertheless, then at the start of the new century the phylloxera sickness decimated Europe's vineyards and drastically decreased the manufacture of Marsala. "I are unable to stand the fleas with which your own home is pestered."
No Many thanks This company is provided by Go, Inc. and is not affiliated Together with the property specialists related to this house. By clicking “Get Transferring Prices” I consent to staying contacted on the telephone number I’ve presented earlier mentioned, like by using an automated dialing system or an artificial or pre-recorded voice: (A) to receive transferring quotations by up to 4 (four) corporations as may be selected by Shifting.
As relatives and buddies grew to become aware of Ben's enthusiasm for housing, they began to ask for his guidance. He identified he could turn into a accredited agent and aid them even though making a successful and lifestyle-lengthy occupation.
Also, specified expenditures are usually not mirrored In this particular calculation, one example is any gas surcharge Which might be applicable at time within your shift and valuation fees.


Announcement Date: January 17, 1989
The first generation sets a new course. The expansion of the company is accompanied by the development of new products
- Finer leather for belts and leather goods
- Vulcanized leather (for moulded soles of safety boots)
and the improvement of production through the purchase of new machines.


Words from the Founder
The Eatonville Culture and Heritage Foundation Inc. has a commitment to nourish cultural & creative opportunities in the community. We are set to accomplish this by way of visual arts, performing arts, culture, environment, health, human services and community development in the Historic Town of Eatonville.
"At our levels best, it is our duty to sing the praises of the significance of our historic town far and wide. We intend to celebrate the town's total heritage acknowledging its greatness by way of the visual arts, performing arts, culture, environment, health, human services and community development. We have a lot to celebrate and everyone should know about us. We will be that household name synonymous with what is right about a small Black town." -J. Benderson
Incorporated 1887. Newly freed slaves who had come into the area from Georgia, Alabama and further north and the not-yet-incorporated Maitland first settled the town in 1880.These newly freed men labored at clearing land, planting crops and citrus groves, and helping to build houses, hotels and the railroad system. In a few years, some of them became community leaders, businessmen and respected citizens of the newly developed town of Maitland. By 1887, the African-American settlers in Maitland became interested in establishing their own town.
An all-African-American town seems to have initially been a dream of Joseph E. Clarks, but he was unsuccessful in his attempts to purchase land for that purpose.


Rome is a city known for its rich history and diverse symbols. Most of these symbols are relevant to everyday life. From the she-wolf that is infamous for having feasted on her superiors, named Remus and Romulus, to the...
In ancient times, the concept of religion was fundamentally different from what it is today. The ancient people did not live their lives independent of their religious beliefs. Instead, religion was fully integrated into the lives of the people, from the peasants to the kings, and was most commonly depicted through various symbols, which influenced the lives of the masses accordingly.
As such, you will find innumerable ancient symbols, appearing in scriptures, sculptures, amulets, architecture, jewelry, pottery, and sarcophagi, irrespective of class, across the different cultures of the world.
Understanding the meanings of symbols is like learning a long-forgotten language and culture. Ancient symbols served as tools to communicate abstract concepts, ideas, philosophies, values, and symbolisms. Interestingly, the same symbol could have different meanings, depending on the era and context it is viewed within. Meanings of symbols aren’t inherent but may be different across various cultures, which is why context is essential when decoding symbols.
Similar to written language, symbols have the ability to carry meanings that allow people to communicate with each other. However, unlike modern languages, ancient symbols carry much deeper and mystical meanings that tap into our spiritual connection.
We are passionate about understanding the significance and implications of the world’s most ancient symbols. Our series of informational articles on ancient symbols explores the origin, meaning, and relevance of symbols across various cultures of the world.


Although the oldest written reference to the city dates back to 1488, there were numerous archaeological finds of ustralopithecus (Java Man) that lived on the banks of Cikapundung river and the shores of Bandung’s Great Lake. In the 17th-18th century, the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) created small plantations in Bandung, with a road to Batavia (today’s Jakarta) completed in 786. In 1809, Louis Bonaparte, the ruler of the Netherlands and its colonies, ordered the Dutch Indies Governor H.W. Daendels to improve Java’s defences against the threat of the British, who occupied the nearby Malay peninsula. Daendels responded by building the Great Post Road (De Groote Postweg) that stretched about 1000km between the west and the east coasts of Java. Because the north coast had impassable swamps and marshes at the time, the road was diverted through Bandung along what is now Jalan Asia-Afrika.
Daendels liked Bandung’s strategic location so much that he ordered the capital to be moved there. Military barracks were built and Bupati Wiranatakusumah II, the chief administrator of that area, built his dalem (palace), Masjid Agung (the grand mosque) and pendopo (meeting place) in the classical Javan alun-alun (city square) near a pair of holy city wells (Sumur Bandung) and facing the mystical mountain of Tangkuban Perahu.
Powered by its cinchona (for malaria drug quinine), tea, and coffee plantations, Bandung prospered and developed into an exclusive European style resort with hotels, cafes, and shops. Many of Bandung landmarks, including the Preanger and Savoy Homann hotels, as well as the shopping street of Jalan Braga, are still available today. The Concordia Society building, now Gedung Merdeka, was built with a large ball room as a club for rich Europeans to spend their weekends.
Pasopati bridge flyover, a new landmark of Bandung.
In 1880, the first major railroad between Jakarta to Bandung opened, boosting small industries and bringing in Chinese workers. The first of Bandung universities, the Technische Hogeschool (TH) was established on July 3rd, 1920. One of the its alumni members is President Soekarno himself. That university is now known as the Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB).
In 1942, after Japanese soldiers landed in coastal areas of Java, the Dutch retreated from Jakarta to Bandung, but were driven out from there as well and surrendered soon after. After the end of the war, first the British and later the Dutch came back trying to reestablish the pre-war colonial situation, but on 24 March 1946, during the struggle for Indonesian independence, the city of Bandung was burned down by retreating forces of the TRI, because they would not comply with the order given by the British forces to move out of Bandung to the south (Bandung Sea of Fire/Bandung Lautan Api). For the TRI this act was a sign of refusal to surrender. Over 200,000 people fled the city during the incident.
In 1955, the Asia Africa Conference (Konferensi Asia Afrika) was held in Bandung, paving the way for the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. The Indonesian parliament was located in Bandung from 1955 to 1966, but was moved back to Jakarta in 1966.
Mainly industrial and developing residential area. Hussein Sastranegara International Airport is here and also the Aircraft industry. This region is connected to the west with Cimahi and Padalarang where you can find more industries, and also the Kota Baru Parahyangan (residential area).
Mainly contains the up and coming residential area in the north part of Bandung. The air is considerably cooler here so it is preferable for residential area. Still need some progress for well managed residential area but in some enclave it already has upscale residential area. Residential area developing to higher area with fresh and cool air like sariwangi, gerlong, and ciwaruga. This region also contains many universities. Contains malls like Paris Van Java malls and Bandung Trade Center. Jalan Setiabudi in the north also has a row of Factory Outlets and in process of gentrification. Further north from this region are more residential suburb that seeks Bandung’s fresher air. In the north part of this area you will find many beautiful recreation place like dusun bambu, villa istana bunga, lembang, maribaya waterfall, the peak, kafe bunga, curug tilu waterfall, ciwangun indah camp, curug pelangi waterfall. Plenty cafe and restaurant with mountaneous tropical rain forest view here..
Cipaganti and Cihampelas Areal
Two long strips that contains upscale residential area (on Jalan Cipaganti) and Bandung’s jeans center (on Jalan Cihampelas). Stride on small streets between those two main street and you will find more relaxed residential area with some nice cafes dotting the area. Cihampelas Walk Mall (open concept) is in this area. Travel service from Jakarta mostly have terminal in this area.
In the colonial era, this is the favorite residential area for rich people. Currently you can find row of factory outlets, restaurants, and hotel along Jalan Dago (Jalan Ir. H. Juanda). Together with Riau/Gedung Sate Area, this part of the city is undergoing a tremendous change in the process of gentrification. You can find the Bandung Institute of Technology and Bandung Zoo here. The area is nice to explore, possible on foot but preferable by car.
Contains middle class residential area in the vast area further to the east of Bandung. Contains the Saung Angklung Mang Udjo.
Part of the historical colonial government complex which is very planned and nice to explore on foot. Together with Dago area, this part of the city is undergoing tremendous change in the process of gentrification. You can find many restaurants and factory outlets in this area. A lot of trees shading the road making this area a perfect location for cafes. Be sure to stop by Gedung Sate as the architectural heritage in Bandung.
Upper Central Area
This is the new important business area in Bandung. Contains Bandung’s railway station, Paskal Hypersquare, and Istana Plaza Mall.
City Hall Area
Also part of the historical colonial government complex similar like Riau/Gedung Sate Area. But this area has more building that still functional as government / military building. Broad road and big government complexes mark the area. Contains Bandung’s city hall, the central bank office, Bandung’s cathedral, and many more historical building. Together with Riau and Dago Area, a lot of architectural sights here. The famous Braga street is here.
This is a very busy business and China town area. Contains Pasar Baru Trade Center with its grand bazaar style. On weekdays continually suffering from traffic jam
A vast area that is dense with residential, business, and industrial area. Majority are not a tourist area except some dots like the shoes production center in Cibaduyut. Contains a lot of textile and garment industry that is the main industry in Bandung area.
Source : http://wikitravel.org/en/Bandung


Fun facts about Memorial Day:
• Memorial Day started back the Civil War time. It was tradition for families of fallen soldiers to annually visit the grave yards of soldiers and put flowers at their graves. Memorial Day has been said to be born in Waterloo, New York.
• Memorial Day was originally known as Decorations Day until 1867. It originally started as a federal holiday and slowly each state of the Union began to adopt the remembrance of soldiers fallen until it became a national holiday. It was not until the 1970s that Memorial Day became the last day in the month of May.
• Pres. Ulysses S Grant started ceremonies at the Arlington Cemetery with the playing of Taps in the 1860s. His purpose was to honor all the men and women of the Civil War who died.
• Memorial Day typically marks the beginning of summer, while Labor Day marks summer’s end.
• Memorial Day is the day of remembering the men and women who died while serving our country not to be confused by Veterans Day, which celebrates the service of all US military veterans.
• One of the traditions of Memorial Day is for the President or Vice President to lay a wreath at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery.
• On May 5, 1868, Gen. John Logan, the national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic declared May 30th to be the day that the cities and towns across the United States should decorate the graves of soldiers, who died for their country.
• In 1968. The Congress passed a law called the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved Memorial Day to the last Monday in May. The first nationwide Monday Memorial Day happened in 1971, with the Nation celebrating a three-day Memorial weekend from coast-to-coast.
• President Obama in his weekly White House address reminded all Americans to pay homage to the fallen patriots and heroes. “Every single one of us owes our fallen heroes a profound debt of gratitude. Because every time we cast our votes or speak our minds without fear, it’s because they fought for our right to do that,” he said. “Every chance we get to make a better life for ourselves and our families is possible because generations of patriots fought to keep America a land of opportunity, where anyone – of any race, any religion, from any background – can make it if they try.”
We hope you are having a wonderful holiday weekend with your family and friends.


The First Nations Information Connection is an initiative of the University of Alberta Libraries in collaboration with First Nations institutions and in partnership with Alberta Advanced Education and Technology, Sun Microsystems, OCLC, and Nexen Inc. It allows students and faculty in seven First Nations educational institutions to take full advantage of the Lois Hole Campus Alberta Digital Library. The FNIC also provides access to a collection of culturally significant web resources. Most resources are also accessible to the general public.
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The purpose of the Legal Archives Society of Alberta is to preserve complete and accurate documentation and provide resources for research on the evaluation of law and society in Alberta.
Where did builders find the marble for the Legislature Building? How is an American state Legislature different from our provincial Legislature? What happens during a typical legislative session? This booklet is designed to address these and many other questions related to the history, traditions and procedures of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. It also contains review questions and answers as well as a glossary of parliamentary terminology.
Together, they are known as the Famous 5—the women who struggled to have women declared "persons" so they could be appointed to the Canadian Senate. Individually, each was a prominent women's leader in her own right. The Famous 5 Heritage Edukit is based on the Nation Builders Teacher Resource Guide, produced by a senior Social Studies consultant on contract to the Famous 5 Foundation. Included are three lesson plans for both elementary and junior/senior high school students that address topics such as the Persons Case, Families and Communities and Citizenship.
This site is about the history of Canada through the words of the men and women who shaped the nation. Built around the Government Documents collection of the Early Canadiana Online collection, it integrates narrative text with links to primary source texts. The site has been designed for students and teachers of Canadian studies, history and law, but will also be useful to researchers and anyone else interested in Canada's past.
This Web exhibition recounts first-hand information illustrating the complex and often contentious relationship between the Canadian government and Canada's Aboriginal people from the late 1700s to the mid-20th century. There are three thematic sections with essays and selected documents about the Red and Black Series (Department of Indian and Northern Affairs' administrative records of Aboriginal people from 1872 to the 1950); Treaties, Surrenders and Agreements; and Aboriginal Soldiers in the First World War.
Building a Just Society is an eclectic Web exhibition created by Library and Archives Canada to mark the 25th aniversary of Canadian Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms (adopted April 17, 1982). It is a historical collection of records (images, articles, books, etc.) about the governance and political culture in Canada, and the achievement of Canadian rights and freedoms.
The constitutional development of Canada is important in understanding how the political system has developed and why the challenges and opportunities of today have evolved. The process is ongoing and is vital in addressing the issues of regional alienation and the potential resolution of those tensions.
The Guide is meant to act as a resource for lawyers to learn about historical and cultural elements that provide context for the professional relationship between an Indigenous person and their lawyer. It also provides tools to help lawyers represent Indigenous clients as effectively as possible, and a number of resources to encourage lawyers to continue their education. The Advocates' Society, in partnership with the Indigenous Bar Association and the Law Society of Ontario, developed the guide.
One of the most famous cases in Canadian legal history--the Persons Case--was brought by five Alberta women--Emily Murphy (Herstory 1974), Nellie McClung (Herstory 1974), Irene Parlby (Herstory 1975), Henrietta Muir Edwards (Herstory 1976), and Louise McKinney (Herstory 1981). They asked the Supreme Court of Canada to declare that women were persons under the meaning of the British North America Act and therefore eligible to be appointed to the Senate.


A bold 17th century mock castle built by the Wheld family on the Lulworth Estsate. After a fire in 1929 the interior was destroyed, but the exterior remained but went to ruin for a while. A new roof was built, but they left the interior as it was after the fire, resulting in two magnificent venue spaces where the remnants of fireplaces, stairs and door are left exposed. The Castle is now primarily a venues for weddings and festival events. the estate had a catholic chapel, one of the first to be allowed in the England and also has a parish church.
We had the opportunity to shoot just as a wedding was being se up by an outside cater and shows some of the interior details.