You will need:
Construction paper in four different colors
Permanent marker or pen
Print out the four pages at the end of this page to use with the timeline.
Cut the construction paper across the middle of the long side. Hang each of them in a line on a wall in sets of colors. (You don't have to hang them but it helps to have a start and finish straight across in a line. If the wall isn't long enough continue underneath the timeline. Or, you can make it into a book by stapling the pages together after you've completed it.)
Using this guideline mark the years on the top, then add the corresponding picture and a brief description below it. For example: 1958, Explorer 1 image, First American Satellite is launched.
(You may want to print out the text to use as a quick reference while doing the timeline.)
Pre1400s: Native indians live in America.
1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by Spain, makes the first of four voyages to the New World. He lands in the Bahamas (Oct. 12).
1620 The Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts is established by Pilgrims from England (Dec. 11 o.s.). Before disembarking from their ship, the Mayflower, 41 male passengers sign the Mayflower Compact, an agreement that forms the basis of the colony's government.
1775–1783 American Revolution: War of independence fought between Great Britain and the 13 British colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America. Battles of Lexington and Concord, Mass., between the British Army and colonial minutemen, mark the beginning of the war (April 19, 1775). Battle-weary and destitute Continental army spends brutally cold winter and following spring at Valley Forge, Pa. (Dec. 19, 1777–June 19, 1778). British general Charles Cornwallis surrenders to Gen. George Washington at Yorktown, Va. (Oct. 19, 1781). Great Britain formally acknowledges American independence in the Treaty of Paris, which officially brings the war to a close (Sept. 3, 1783).
1776 Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia (July 4).
1789 George Washington is unanimously elected president of the United States in a vote by state electors (Feb. 4). U.S. Constitution goes into effect, having been ratified by nine states (March 4). U.S. Congress (Web: clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/househis/lists/sessions.htm ) meets for the first time at Federal Hall in New York City (March 4). Washington is inaugurated as president at Federal Hall in New York City (April 30).
1836 Texas declares its independence from Mexico (March 1). Texan defenders of the Alamo are all killed during siege by the Mexican Army (Feb. 24–March 6). Texans defeat Mexicans at San Jacinto (April 21).
1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected president (Nov. 6). South Carolina secedes from the Union (Dec. 20).
1861–1865 Civil War: Conflict between the North (the Union) and the South (the Confederacy) over the expansion of slavery into western states. Confederates attack Ft. Sumter in Charleston, S.C., marking the start of the war (April 12, 1861). Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee secede (April–June). Emancipation Proclamation is issued, freeing slaves in the Confederate states (Jan. 1, 1863). Battle of Gettysburg is fought (July 1–3). President Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19). Gen. William T. Sherman captures Atlanta (Sept. 2, 1864). Lincoln's second inauguration (March 4, 1865). Gen. Ulysses S. Grant captures Richmond, Va., the capital of the Confederacy (April 3). Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Va., (April 9).
1865 Lincoln is assassinated (April 14) by John Wilkes Booth in Washington, DC, and is succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson. Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, prohibiting slavery (Dec. 6).
1886 Statue of Liberty is dedicated (Oct. 28). American Federation of Labor is organized (Dec.).
1914–1918 World War I: U.S. enters World War I, declaring war on Germany (April 6, 1917) and Austria-Hungary (Dec. 7, 1917) three years after conflict began in 1914. Armistice ending World War I is signed (Nov. 11, 1918).
1931 The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the national anthem (March 3).
1939–1945 World War II: U.S. declares its neutrality in European conflict (Sept. 5, 1939). F. Roosevelt's third inauguration (Jan. 20, 1941). He is the first and only president elected to a third term. Japan attacks Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines (Dec. 7, 1941). U.S. declares war on Japan (Dec. 8). Germany and Italy declare war on the United States; U.S. reciprocates by declaring war on both countries (Dec. 11). Allies invade North Africa (Oct.–Dec. 1942) and Italy (Sept.–Dec. 1943). Allies invade France on D-Day (June 6, 1944). F. Roosevelt's fourth inauguration (Jan. 20, 1945). President Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Yalta in the USSR to discuss postwar occupation of Germany (Feb. 4–11). President Roosevelt dies of a stroke (April 12) and is succeeded by his vice president, Harry Truman. Germany surrenders unconditionally (May 7). First atomic bomb is detonated at Alamogordo, N.M. (July 16). President Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany, to demand Japan's unconditional surrender and to discuss plans for postwar Europe (July 17–Aug. 2). U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan (Aug. 6). U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan (Aug. 9). Japan agrees to unconditional surrender (Aug. 14). Japanese envoys sign surrender terms aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo harbor (Sept. 2).
1958 Explorer I, first American satellite, is launched (Jan. 31).
1959 Alaska becomes the 49th state (Jan. 3) and Hawaii becomes the 50th (Aug. 21).
1961 John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as the 35th president (Jan. 20).
1963 Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech before a crowd of 200,000 during the civil rights march on Washington, DC (Aug. 28). President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 22). He is succeeded in office by his vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson.
1968 Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn. (April 4). Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles, Calif. (June 5–6).
July 20, 1969 1st man on moon: Launched from Florida on July 16, Neil Armstrong
April 27, 1070: USA celebrates its first Earth Day (Now April 22)
1970s- Watergate Scandal: Effects of the scandal ultimately led to the resignation of the President of the United States Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974, the first and so far only resignation of any U.S President.
1950–1975 Vietnam War: Prolonged conflict between Communist forces of North Vietnam, backed by China and the USSR, and non-Communist forces of South Vietnam, backed by the United States. President Truman authorizes $15 million in economic and military aid to the French, who are fighting to retain control of French Indochina, including Vietnam. As part of the aid package, Truman also sends 35 military advisers (May 1950). North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attack U.S. destroyer in Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam (Aug. 2, 1964). Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures necessary to defend U.S. forces and prevent further aggression (Aug. 7). U.S. planes begin bombing raids of North Vietnam (Feb. 1965). First U.S. combat troops arrive in South Vietnam (March 8–9). North Vietnamese army and Viet Cong launch Tet Offensive, attacking Saigon and other key cities in South Vietnam (Jan.–Feb. 1968). American soldiers kill 300 Vietnamese villagers in My Lai massacre (March 16). U.S. troops invade Cambodia (May 1, 1970). Representatives of North and South Vietnam, the Viet Cong, and the U.S. sign a cease-fire agreement in Paris (Jan. 27, 1973). Last U.S. troops leave Vietnam (March 29). South Vietnamese government surrenders to North Vietnam; U.S. embassy Marine guards and last U.S. civilians are evacuated (April 30, 1975).
1975 April 30: End of Vietnam War
1980s- Reagan War on Drugs, Ronald Reagan speaks at the Berlin Wall's Brandenburg Gate, challenging Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!", In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
1990s- August 92 Hurricane Andrew was the third most powerful Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the United States during the 20th century
Bill Clinton: In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
2001 George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd president (Jan. 20).
March 19, 2003 - The War in Iraq begins with the bombing of Baghdad after additional measures and mandates from the United Nations and the United States coalition fail to gain concessions or the removal of Saddam Hussein from power. The U.S. coalition, upon failure to extract authority from the U.N. for action due to the veto power of France, begin land operations one day later with participation from U.S., British, Australian, and Polish troops.
The April 2003 toppling of Saddam Hussein’s statue in Firdos Square in Baghdad shortly after the capture of the city.


Disability Social History Project
Timeline, essays, upcoming conferences, and other resources related to the history of disability in society. The ways in which people with disabilities have been treated vary dramatically throughout history and among different cultures.
Medicine and Madison Avenue
Explores the complex relationships between modern medicine and modern advertising. Presents images and database information for various health-related advertisements printed in newspapers and magazines.
Photographs for Mental Health Care Reform: The Maryland State Care Campaign, 1908-1910
This online exhibition traces the Maryland State Lunacy Commission's successful campaign to transfer the mentally ill from county almshouses into state hospitals. Photographs played a key role in the passage of new laws.
Society for the Social History of Medicine
Pursues inter-disciplinary approaches to the history of health, welfare, medical science and practice. Organization information, upcoming conferences, journal table of contents, and internet links.


A Look at the Cascading Evolution of the Shower
(ARA) - Count yourself lucky for living in the modern world. If you’re like most people, you begin every day by taking for granted something that was not even available to some of the most wealthy and powerful people throughout history -- a shower.
Today, going without a shower for even a day is out of the question for most people, and to not shower for a week or more would be unthinkable. But most of us have ancestors who probably shunned bathing to the greatest extent possible. Even the Romans, who loved to bathe, took their baths in stagnant pools of dirty water that they shared with hundreds of their fellow citizens. They had no concept of bacteria of course.
In ancient times, the best a rich or royal person could do was to have a servant dump cold water over them as they stood in a basin -- hardly a relaxing experience by modern standards.
Today, manufacturers spend millions finding ways to make water do magical things in order to make showering a luxurious, invigorating and revitalizing experience.
"The soothing massage of a specially engineered stream of hot water is what people seek in their showers today," says David Lingafelter, Moen Incorporated's vice president of product marketing. "We spend a lot of time figuring out how to make water create the sensation of a massage when designing shower fixtures,” he adds. “Our Revolution showerhead actually spins each drop of water that it puts out and then twirls the whole shower stream so that users feel enveloped in water. Making the water droplets larger makes them feel warmer and the increased speed and movement of each drop gives the sensation of higher flow and higher pressure.”
You don’t get that sort of feeling from your average ancient servant with a bucket.
But, at various times throughout history, ancient cultures have embraced the notion of showering for cleansing. During excavation of the Egyptian city of Akhenaten at Tel-el-Amarna, which dates back to 1350 B.C., a small bathroom was found. Lawrence Wright's "Clean & Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom and the Water-Closet" reports that it was determined from the design of the basin, complete with splashbacks, that it was a simple form of a shower. It is believed that the water was most likely poured on the bather from servants holding vases.
Babylon had a series of aqueducts (the earliest ones on record) laboriously maintained to provide the well-to-do with water for their bathrooms, according to "The History of Plumbing - Babylon" on PlumbingSupply.com. While the common people were bathing and washing clothes on the banks of canals or in cisterns, King Nebuchandnezzar (605 to 562 B.C.) bathed in a shower room where, you guessed it, slaves poured water over him as he washed with soap made of ashes and animal fat. The plumbing was advanced enough that a drainpipe took away the wastewater, something modern plumbers wouldn't accomplish until the 19th century.
In ancient Greece, citizens took outdoor showers by standing under a stream of water coming from spouts found on the sides of large fountains built in the cities, according to Penny Colman's, "Toilets, Bathtubs, Sinks, and Sewers." Grecian vases with paintings of people showering in this manner were found by archaeologists.
Unfortunately, the Western world’s showering advancements stopped when people began to think that bathing itself was not altogether necessary. Queen Isabella of Spain, who funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus, was proud of the fact she had taken only two showers in her lifetime, reported Colman. In fact, early Christians equated bathing with vanity and avoided it in order to be more holy. Colman wrote that St. Francis of Assisi listed dirtiness as one of the signs of a holy person, St. Catherine of Siena avoided washing, and St. Agnes, who died at the age of 13, had never taken a bath.
Eventually, cleanliness began to come into vogue again, but only long after a third of Europe had succumbed to the Plague. In 1598, Wright reports, bathing rooms were added to Windsor Castle in London. It was here that Queen Elizabeth took a bath once a month whether she needed to or not.
As recently as 1812, bathing was looked upon as frivolous. When the Lord Mayor of London requested a simple shower bath in the mansion house, he was turned down by the Common Council on the grounds that no one had ever wanted one before. It would take 20 more years before one would be installed.
Showers, as we know them today without the pouring servants, came into use in the late 18th century, according to Rebecca Weaver and Rodney Dale's, "Machines in the Home." The first patent for a shower was granted in 1767 and owned by William Feetham. The earliest showers usually had a hand pump and became popular because they required a smaller water supply.
Frank Muir's "An Irreverent and Almost Complete Social History of the Bathroom," reports that showers had other advantages over the commonplace bathtubs. They were smaller, taking up less room in already tight areas, and they were cheaper to install. With showers, servants had a wider area to clean, but they also had less wastewater to carry away.
But by far the biggest drawback of the shower was the cold water shock that accompanied pulling the cord on the overhead tank. That reason alone kept many people in baths until the advent of piped hot water. They reasoned it was easier to slowly drop into a tub of cold water than to pull the cord and let it rain down upon them.
This shower Renaissance was brought on, in great part, by doctors prescribing water cures to their patients. The water was applied in a number of ways, including the Rain Bath -- simply a shower where the patient would walk in and the doctor would pull the cord on the nozzle to shower the patient.
Lawrence Wright includes this quote: ”It is no rare thing to see a subject who at this first shower betrays actual terror, shouts, struggles, runs away, experiences frightening suffocation and palpitation; and it is not rare to hear him say, after a moment, 'so that's all it is.'"
Shortly thereafter, showers started becoming commonplace. The plumbing industry responded with what some consider the first designer shower, the English Regency Shower. According to "The Stand-Up Bath" on theplumber.com this 12-foot-high luxury shower was made of metal painted to look like bamboo. At its base was a basin with a drain and above it was a tank. A hand pump forced water from the basin into the tank and then over the bather's head. The main drawback of this design was that the same water re-circulated over the bather.
In the 1830s, another unique showering device hit the market, the American Virginia Stool Shower. This all-wood device resembled a quality piano stool with a rotating seat. Placed in the bathtub, the Shower Stool had a hand-operated lever that pumped water from the tub and over the bather's head and back. A scrub brush, attached to a vertical pipe, could be worked up and down the user's body with the accompanying foot pedal.
Advances in plumbing in the mid-1800s led to advancements in showering capabilities. It was about this time that plumbers began making freestanding showers with both hot and cold water, according to theplumber.com.
In 1879, Warren Wasson and Charles Harris, of Carson City, Nev., patented a shower that required the bather to maintain a constant treading motion with the feet to operate a pump which recirculated water from the tub, according to Weaver and Dale.
They go on to report on William Luther's 1891 shower patent in which a pump compressed air in a reservoir to force water up to a showerhead. In 1882 was the first appearance of Ewart's Improved Spray Bath with no fewer than 10 controls that manipulated various body sprays.
In 1889, J. L. Mott Iron Works followed suit, offering a unit that could shower the bather from every angle. The company's catalog touted that the shower would provide for the bather "needle, shower, descending douche, liver spray and bidet" functions. Other manufacturers got in on the act and provided a variety of showering options like multiple heads, waterfall spouts and body sprays.
"The desires of the showering public really haven't changed much when you compare these antique showers with shower suites available today. We’ve just gotten better at delivering what the consumer wants," Lingafelter says.
There are still waterfall spouts, rain-like showerheads and body sprays. For example, Moen's Vertical Spa is available with multiple body sprays to hit every part of the body.
The biggest difference between showers of the 19th and 21st centuries is that today, the pipes are behind the walls and the hot water is a little more reliable. For the hot water, we can thank Edwin Ruud, founder of the Ruud Manufacturing Company, who in 1898 invented the automatic storage water heater. No longer would it be necessary to begin boiling water well in advance of a bath, or stand under the shower awaiting the shock of frigid water.
In fact, today's showering technology has even been able to remove the dreaded shock that accompanies the untimely flushing of a toilet or running of the kitchen faucet when another household member is in the shower. Pressure-balancing thermostatic valves like Moen's ExactTemp are able to maintain a steady flow-rate and constant water temperature, even if someone decides to start the dishwasher or do a load of laundry while you're washing away the cares of the day.
Shortly after the shower renaissance in the late 19th century, showers moved back to being thought of as strictly utilitarian devices and the fancy designs disappeared until the 1980s when manufacturers began responding to the desires of their customers for more versatility in the shower.
"Today, manufacturers are continually coming up with advances in showering technology," Lingafelter says. "Manufacturers are constantly working on ways to deliver the optimal shower to keep the showering public clean as well as happy."
Or, you could just get yourself a servant and a bucket!


Historial Origin of the Prison System in America. Harry Elmer Barnes. Follow this and additional works at: traneccalviri.ml
Table of contents
- History of Prisons
- U.S. Correctional System
- Main navigation
- Institutional Menu Header
- 19th Century Prison Reform Collection | Cornell University Library Digital Collections
His design was intended to ensure that the people who were locked up would never know if they were being watched by guards or not, which he felt would allow the prison to save money. Since the inmates could not be certain how many guards were present, Bentham reasoned, fewer officers would need to be hired to maintain the peace.
In the end, this prison was never built, but the concept of using prisons as a form of long term punishment did catch on. By the 19th century, prisons were being built for the sole purpose of housing inmates.
They were intended to deter people from committing crimes. People who were found guilty of various crimes would be sent to these penitentiaries and stripped of their personal freedoms. Now that the penitentiary was an actual things, there were issues to be addressed, dating back to the corruption and mistreatment that plagued earlier American and British prisons.
Jeremy Bentham was very clear in what he thought should be done, in order to prevent the same things from happening again: he believed that prisoners, though under a strict regime, should still be kept healthy. This was also the time where women and men were separated and sanitation was greatly improved.
In good old American fashion, this new type of institution lead to new inventions and new ideas on how they should be constructed and run. Perhaps the most revolutionary of these ideas came from that Jeremy Bentham, who not only had his ideas on organizational reform, but also on architectural reform. His Penapticon Writings of outline ideas and layouts still used in modern prison system.
The author himself was considered a liberal utilitarian philosopher woah, that's a mouthful , and believed that penitentiaries should have constant surveillance. His solution? A centrally placed observer have you seen Oz? Cells would radiate from this central location to optimize visibility, and this model was used for the next half century. During this time, however, the new prison was not the only solution. They were still not common, though the idea of imprisonment as opposed to death was.
The other solution?
Prison hulks. Though these didn't have as much of an impact, they lasted from to , when they were finally abolished for many of the same reasons early prisons were disapproved of. So what were they?
History of Prisons
Prison hulks were basically a means of transportation for prisoners: ships were anchored in either the Thames, Portsmouth, or Plymouth. The prisoners unfortunate enough to be sent to these harbors were put to work in hard labor during the daytime hours, then chained into the ship at night.
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The conditions were absolutely unacceptable, with a lack of control and poor physical conditions being some of the many problems that these hulks faced. These flawed practices were what eventually lead to their demise.
U.S. Correctional System
Around this time, the Penitentiary Act also was put into effect in It determined that prisons should be built with one inmate per each cell, and that it should operate on the idea of continuous labor carried out in silence. The Penitentiary Act was the start of a series of reforms and refinements that would ensure the prison system would work effectively and humanely. Of course, there's still debate on whether this was achieved or not, but that's another argument for another article!
So shortly after the Act was put into place, the first national penitentiary was built in in Millbank, London. It held up to prisoners, who were, in accordance to the Act, held in separate cells. They were allowed to associate with other prisoners during daytime hours, while also maintaining a healthy work schedule of simple tasks such as picking "coir" tar rope and weaving.
By the start of the s, nearly all states had gotten ride of the death penalty with the exception of 1st degree murder or other similarly severe crimes. With this diminishing of the presence of the death penalty came the development of more prisons, and thus a development of two ideas about the prison system and how it should be modeled:.
Prisoners were of course kept in separate cells, with the added intent of keeping them in those cells as much as possible for maximum solitude. This meant that prisoners had to eat, sleep and work in total isolation during their incarceration. However, unlike the other model, they were allowed to eat meals and work with other prisoners.
The catch? They had to due it in total silence, something that was rigidly enforced by the guards. Both systems have their merits and had their followers. While they may seem to differ severely, they did have similarities. They both sought to rehabilitate their inmates, and to varying degrees they both had a focus on isolation, the use of labor, and the importance of surveillance.
This allowed more wide-ranged use among other prisons around the country. Europe was keeping an eye on the US during this time, and became interested in the prisons that were starting to pop up around the states. The Pentonville Prison built in is a perfect example of how they implemented models born in the US. The Prison held only prisoners in separate cells, and implemented the panopticon system by having 4 separate wings of the prison radiate from a single point from which all cells could be easily watched and monitored.
The cells themselves were 13 feet long, 7 feet wide and 9 feet high, with the inclusion of a solitary confinement unit. The architectural and organizational model that this prison used inspired over 50 more prisons to use this template in the next 6 years. Even though American prisons served as models for Europe, they were not perfect: in , prison reformers Enoch Wines and Theodore Dwight wrote a Report on the Prisons and Reformatories in the United States and Canada , which pointed out administrative corruption as well as prison abuse.
This document perhaps, in part, inspired the forming of the Prison Commission in , which allowed local prisons to be controlled centrally. This period of time also saw a change in the way the effectiveness of penitentiaries was viewed: while the past focused primarily on reform, the new goal seemed to revolve around preventing offending and reoffending.
But fear not! Reform was not lost, and this change was not a permanent one! The Prison Act of brought back the importance of reform and emphasized it as the main role of prison regimes. This act has penal-welfare context that is still alive and well in today's prison policy. The separate system of one prisoner per cell was also diluted, as well as the eventual abolition of hard labor.
But just hard labor; not labor in general.
Institutional Menu Header
The Act established a new idea of productivity for the prisoners that would encourage a possible livelihood after release. The end of the 19th century saw the implementation of juvenile correction: people began to believe that youths should have their own prison establishments separate from those of adults. The very beginning of the 20th century saw the birth of the Prevention of Crime Act of see, I told you, the very beginning!
This introduced the borstal system, which revolved around hard physical work, technical and educational instruction as well as a strong moral atmosphere for incarcerated youths. They used the system to ensure that a young prisoner would have to work through a series of grades, based on privileges, until their eventual release. A Borstal System is an "English reformatory system designed for youths between 16 and 21, named after an old convict prison at Borstal, Kent" Britannica. New models for prisons were also popping up during this time: in , the first open prison was built at New Hall Camp near Wakefield.
The ideals behind this system might best be summarized by prison reformer Sir Alex Paterson, who said that "you cannot train a man for freedom under conditions of captivity". An open prison is "a penal establishment in which the prisoners are trusted to serve their sentences and so do not need to be locked up, thus extending the range of work and occupation they can safely undertake" thefreedictionary. Now, the 20th century is incredibly recent.kinun-houju.com/wp-content/ryfafapi/4860.php
19th Century Prison Reform Collection | Cornell University Library Digital Collections
The "First Great Experiment" was the creation of the penitentiary system. The "Second Great Experiment", which we'll focus on now, refers to the midth century. It basically postulates that the incarceration rate is highest at periods of economic stagnation where unemployment rates are higher than normal. This can be exemplified by the Great Depression, which had the highest incarceration rates in history thus far. In , federal and state prisons peaked at per , this means that people were imprisoned per every , in total population.
After this period, however, those rates rapidly dropped with the beginning of World War II. Why yes, yes it does! Many believe that rates decline during times of war because so many men and women are entering the military, and more jobs are created back on the homefront. In any case, unemployment and imprisonment went up after this war, too because soldiers were coming home and needed more jobs, and no new ones were necessarily being created like they are during wartime.
Lucky for us, however, the rate did not continue to increase and instead remained relatively consistent in following years. It wasn't until the 70s that they started to rise again, but we'll talk about that in a few paragraphs. While there had previously been regulatory laws and acts put into place, this one offered up a more comprehensive system for punishing and treating the incarcerated. While prisons were still the main form of punishment, other possibilities such as remand or detention centers as well as borstal institutions also became widely used.
The next major incident regarding the penal system didn't really happen until the s, when dissent and rebellion began to rise. There was a lot of agitation around this time, revolving around various issues including the Jim Crow system in the South, the Vietnam war and patriarchal institutions.


Squamish Terminals Ltd. is a deep-water, break-bulk terminal located in Squamish, BC, Canada and since 1972 has been serving customers in Western Canada, across North America and around the world.
Squamish Terminals traces its history back to the 1960s, when the extension of the BC Railway to the north and the expansion of pulp production capacity in BC led to the opportunity for the development of a deep water port up the coast from Vancouver.
Newspaper archives report that Robert Cattermole, a prominent forestry executive in BC, made the initial investment to build the first wharf facility on the waterfront. The Training Dyke was built by the community. Cattermole entered into an agreement with Star Shipping in 1971 to expand the wharf development through a joint venture, Squamish Terminals Ltd.
Perhaps nobody was more enthusiastic about the port development than Pat Brennan, then mayor of Squamish. In June 1971, when the site of the proposed terminal was still an area of reclaimed land, Per Waaler of Star Shipping came to visit on the Star Cruiser, a boat which was then tied up to a log boom. A meeting had been arranged with Mayor Brennan to exchange views on Squamish and worldwide shipping in general.
After an enthusiastic exchange of ideas, the time came for the return trip. To their surprise, the log boom had started on its way down Howe Sound with Star Cruiser as part of its tow. Mayor Brennan promptly volunteered to swim after the tow and retrieve the boat. While the offer was politely declined and the boat was retrieved by other means, the mayor’s show of hospitality and camaraderie was certainly appreciated.
The first ship, the Star Columbia, arrived in November 1972 (photo in inset above). Since then Squamish Terminals has handled more than 22 million tonnes of cargo.


Benjamin Mkapa, the third president of Tanzania and the leader of the country during a crucial period of democratic transition, died on Friday at a hospital in the port city of Dar es Salaam. He was 81.
“I will remember him for his great love for the nation, his piety, hard work and his efforts in building the economy,” Mr. Magufuli said in a message posted on Twitter. “Certainly, the nation has lost a strong pillar.”
Mr. Mkapa was the president of Tanzania from November 1995 to December 2005 and was the first leader elected after the return of multiparty politics in 1992. During his tenure, he played a central role in helping the country transition from a socialist system of development — popularly known as ujamaa — into a free-market economy.


This week’s show is a conversation with Armenian-American photographer and filmmaker Nubar Alexanian. We talk about the film he is making with his daughter about their journey to their ancestors’ homeland, the site of the Armenian genocide which began in 1915. Nubar describes the legacy of silence that surrounds this genocide and the impact this silence has had on his sense of self and his place in the world. He also talks about how making this film has awakened deeply suppressed emotions in him, and helped him become proud of being Armenian for the first time in his life.
For more information about the film, visit scarsofsilence.com.


The Reality of the Syrian Civil War - MAY 2014
The following post will uncover and reveal the truth about the Syrian Civil War. After reading this article,you will definitely support Bashar Al Assad in the Syrian Civil War (and rightfully so.)
The "Syrian Uprising" (Fabricated)
Firstly, I would like to give some basic background on the Syrian civil war. It started in 2011 with supposedly peaceful protests in the village of Deraa (near the Israeli border) calling for the downfall of the regime/government of president Bashar al Assad. Western media will go on to say that the Syrian Army was deployed and used its military force indiscriminately to quell the protests and killed hundreds of civilians, which lead to wide spread protests across Syria. After a few months, there was the formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) which was supposedly made up mainly of Syrian Army defectors. The war has been raging on until this very day and more than 160,000 people have been killed and around 3 million displaced.
In reality what happened in Deraa was something completely different. Hundreads of fighters had been smuggled into Deraa along with munitions. They were smuggled in from Israel.
The Israeli backed militants opened fire on civilians as well as government and military bases in Deraa and bought chaos to the Village (there was no peaceful protests and most of the fighters were not of Syrian nationality.) Some Syrian citizens in other parts of the Country went out to protest because they thought that the Syrian army had opened fire on protesters. Other militants were also sent to other parts of Syria and some militants attacked protests (these militants posed as the army in order to frame the Syrian Arab Army.) Furthermore, some Syrians were payed by gulf states, Turkey and Israel to protest against the regime, some were paid up to $400 per day. The Syrian Army was deployed in several parts of Syria in order to protect the areas and the civilians in the areas from the militants. By this point, some soldiers of the Syrian army had defected. Some had defected because they thought that they weren't fighting for a just cause (they didn't know the reality of the Syrian conflict) and others defected because they were offered high salaries from the countries who had caused the violence. The defecting soldiers weren't able to defect with any heavy weaponry, but their military uniforms were very useful to the opposition because it could be used to frame the Syrian army (thousands of videos have surfaces on youtube appearing to show the Syrian army torturing civilians and militants - these videos have been staged using the uniforms.) In some videos it is clear that the perpetrators are not Syrian army soldiers (not even Syrian in fact.) You can identify this by their accents and the dialect of Arabic they speak - some fighters have been sourced from countries like Chechnya and Afghanistan and in some videos the supposedly SYRIAN soldiers are speaking Russian (spoken language of Chechnya) and Pasto (Spoken language of Afghanistan.) The number of Syrian soldiers who had defected from the Syrian army are a lot less than the claims of western sources.
Many people who support the opposition have done little research on the Syrian civil war and have been quick to appoint blame to Assad. Around 90% of the worlds media is portraying Assad as a ruthless dictator and is influencing the opinions of many viewers (but around more than 70% of Syrians support Assad and most of the remaining 30% just want the war to end, regardless of the victor.) The claims of Syrian army soldiers opening fire at protesters in a form of ethnic cleansing (killing the majority Sunni population) is completely incorrect. If the Syrian army was ordered to kill as many Sunnis and protesters as possible, the number of civilian casualties would of been much greater (in excess of 1 million) and much of the Syrian army would of defected and there would be no one left in the Syrian army. Another reason why people are against the current Syrian government is because of the alleged chemical attack which happened in Ghouta. All the countries opposing Assad were quick to determine that Assad was the perpetrator when in fact it was carried out by the opposition/the Zionists to encourage and justify Western military intervention in Syria. There are several reasons why it is clear that Assad's forces did not use chemical weapons.
A day or 2 before the chemical attacks took place, UN inspectors had arrived in Syria and were staying just a few miles from the Ghouta. If Assad was to use chemical weapons, why would he use it just after UN inspectors had arrived and in an area within close proximity to the UN inspectors. These attacks could have been carried out before and nobody would have heard of it. Also, when the chemical attacks took place, the Syrian Army was in a much stronger position than it was the previous (it had taken back several strategic cities and areas.) A report by Seymour Hersh stated that the Armed opposition possessed Chemical weapons and had the means to deliver them to a specific area. Turkish authorities had also recently arrested members of the armed opposition in Turkey who were in possession of sarin nerve gas. The Syrian Intelligence services (Mukhabarat) claimed to have intercepted a message from a member of the Saudi royal family speaking to militants on the ground who said " the chemical attack had been a success." Ghouta is located just a few miles from the central Damascus, on the day of the chemical attack, it was windy and the chemical gasses could of easily reached central Damascus and could of inflicted injury on supporters of the Assad government as well as members of it. Taking all of these facts into consideration, it is clear that the Chemical attacks weren't carried out or authorized by Assad.
The west had benefited from the Syrian war, at the start of the war, the EU imposed an oil embargo on Syria (preventing Syrian oil to be sold/exported.) After the armed opposition captured the oil rich region of Deir Ezzur the oil embargo was lifted and the armed opposition was selling oil to the west for a fraction of the price (that Syrian was offering before the war.) The west and Israel had also benefited because as a result of the Syrian civil war, the Syrian Military, Hezbollah and the Iranian armed forces have lost some of their military capability. This is good for Israel because Syria and Iran are 2 of the few countries that still refuse to recognize the state of Israel and have stood by the people of Palestine.
The government of Assad had provided stability fro Syria, had developed a capable military, Syria was one of the cheapest countries to live in and people of different religions could live freely without persecution. Syria also welcomed Iraqi refugees and Assad had developed the Syrian education system and provided the best opportunities for the future generations of Syria. Some disliked the Assad family because they are Aliwities and there are currently a lot of misinterpretations of the Aliwite religion - people outside the religion often think the Aliwites worship Ali (this is not true.)
The Real UN solution for Syria
If the UN and the countries like Qatar, the USA and Turkey really wanted their to be peace in Syria and for the president to be elected fairly then they should of sent a large coalition force to support the Syrian army and retake all of Syria. Then elections could be held and could be monitored by a governing body that was made up of members from different countries including Syria. The outcome would determine who ruled Syria. As previously stated, the Syrian civil war was plotted and the countries that call for democracy and change in Syria dont really want that, they just want to benefit themselves.
In the coming months, hopefully the Syrian army will continue to take back areas and restore peace to Syria.
Note: If you have any questions or disagree with anything in this article/oppose Assad then please leave a comment below and we will respond within 24 hours. We also encourage a discussion of the Syrian Civil war in the comment section below. If you do not have a blogger account you can post a comment as anonymous.


The most famous engraving used in Venice is the diamond-tip graffiti, invented in the middle of the 16th century.
This technique consists of precise decorative motifs engraved on a thin glass surface.
The rotary decoration, derived from the engraving of hard stone, came to Murano from Bohemia between the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century.
It consists of the grinding of the surface with special wheels, to obtain engraved or hollowed out designs. The optical effect, however, is of a bas-relief. The incision can be left rough or polished.


King Letsie III wed Karabo Motsoeneng in what was quickly dubbed the
Marriage of the Millennium two years ago, Lesotho indulged
itself in three days of happy celebration.
The wedding, in which the couple plighted their troth in front of a
40,000-strong crowd in the national stadium, was seen as a symbol of
national unity. And, as such, it embodied hopes that Lesotho was entering
a period of social and political stability after several years of upheaval.
Only two years earlier, riots had broken out when opposition groups
disagreed with the results of parliamentary elections, and peace was
only restored after the armed forces of South Africa and Botswana intervened.
In 1994, unrest had prompted King Letsie to suspend the constitution
in a political crisis that was to pave the way for his father, Moshoeshoe
II, to return to the throne a year later.
II had abdicated in favour of his son in 1990, in an earlier crisis
when the country was under military rule following a coup detat
in 1986. Letsie III became king for a second time on the death of his
father in a road accident in 1996.
For many years, King Letsie III had repeatedly referred to his need
to find a wife, most notably when he jokingly urged the assembled heads
of state at a summit meeting of the Southern African Development Community
(SADC) to help him in his quest.
His choice of a wife, now formally known as Queen Karabo Mohato Bereng
Seeiso, broke with tradition. It was the first time in the history of
modern Lesotho that a royal had married a commoner.
Last October, the royal couple announced the birth of their first daughter.
Whether she eventually ascends to the throne remains to be seen as the
royal succession is traditionally reserved for the male line.


“Fluidly written, with finely drawn characters and spot-on historical research, Assassins(Book 1 of The Waters of Destiny) is a tightly plotted international thriller that flips effortlessly between the 12th and 21st centuries to tell a gripping tale of ancient hatreds and modern-day nightmares. Starring a murderous sect of medieval Muslims – that may just have survived into our own age – a Christian fundamentalist US Government agent hot on their trail, and a sexy Canadian history professor looking for love in all the wrong places, Assassins packs in conspiracy, action, romance and clock-ticking suspense into one thoroughly enjoyable Dan Brown-style yarn. Highly recommended.” — says Angus Donald, bestselling author of The Outlaw Chronicles
Historian Abigail finds an old poem which drags her into a web of intrigue.
A 12th Century Arab doctor of genius discovered the true cause of the Black Death— can modern terrorists exploit his work?
Tongue of knowledge
Funded by the Assassins of Alamut, Hakim the doctor fights his way to knowledge in Ethiopia. Abigail finds herself robbing medieval tombs while a fanatical carrier of plague arrives in America.
Hakim succeeds in isolating and storing plague—which modern Assassins now release upon the world. Despite Abigail’s kidnap by Christian fundamentalists, might her discoveries still save billions of lives?


sprinkling of places to explore various facets of Massachusetts
Boston African American National Historic Site
Telephone: 617-725 0022; Transport: Park Street subway station
on the Red Line.
The Museum of Afro-American History is dedicated
to preserving, conserving and accurately interpreting the contributions
of African Americans in New England from the colonial period through
the 19th century.
Commonwealth Museum and State Archives
220 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125
Collection related to Massachusetts history,
George Washington, the Civil War, and the archaeology of the Big
Dig in Boston. The museum offers field trips for school groups
and workshops for teachers.
Hall & Quincy Market
National Park Service Rangers offer historical
talks every half hour in Fanueil Hall (except when the hall is
closed for city sponsored events). For more information call (617)
Transport: Park Street subway station on the Red Line. Printable
Free tours of the Freedom Trail from the Boston
National Historic Park Visitor Center, 15 State Street, 617-242-5642.
You can take a ferry from Long Wharf to the Charlestown Navy Yard
instead of walking. See http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/boats/lines/?route=F4.
Old North Church
It was from the steeple of the Old North Church that the two lanterns
closely associated with Paul Revere were hung by Robert Newman,
Church sexton, on April 18, 1775, igniting the War for Independence
and leading to the birth of our Nation.
Telephone: 617-523-2338; Transport: Green Line to Haymarket station;
on the Freedom Trail in Boston's North End, follow the signs and
the red line on the sidewalks. Ten minutes from Faneuil Hall /
On the night of April 18, 1775, silversmith Paul
Revere left his small wooden home in Boston's North End and set
out on a journey that would make him into a legend. Today that
home is still standing at 19 North Square and has become a national
historic landmark. It is downtown Boston's oldest building and
one of the few remaining from an early era in the history of colonial
Transport: Green Line to Arlington station.
The beauty of the Boston Public Garden lies in the Lagoon, Swan
Boats, sculpture, fountains, flower beds, and its notable trees.
Telephone: 617-522-1966; Transport: Arlington Street subway station
on the Green Line. Open April - September. The
Swan Boats driver paddles passengers around the Public Garden
Lagoon for a 15 minute peaceful cruise.
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of Fine Arts
Telephone: 617-267-9300; Transport: Museum of Fine Arts stop on
the Green Line "E" train.
The new Art of the Americas wing showcases art of the ancient
Americas and Native American art from the prehistoric era to the
present, as well as early American art produced primarily in New
England and the Northeast. Visitors can also see five period rooms
from Oak Hill, a circa 1800-01 mansion featuring the work of the
Salem architect and carver Samuel McIntire.
Longfellow National Historic Site
Telephone: 617-876-4491. Transport: Harvard stop on the Red Line
or #77 bus from Arlington.
Longfellow National Historic Site preserves the
home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, one of the worlds foremost
19th century poets. The house also served as headquarters for
General George Washington during the Siege of Boston, July 1775
- April 1776. In addition to its rich history, the site offers
unique opportunities to explore the themes of 19th century literature
and the arts.
Telephone: 617-547-7105 Transport: Watertown Square or Waverley
Square bus (#71 or #73). Get off on Mount Auburn Street at Aberdeen
Avenue. Cross Mount Auburn Street to the Entrance Gate.
Mount Auburn Cemetery has been designated a National
Historic Landmark by the Department of the Interior, recognizing
it as one of the country's most significant cultural landscapes.
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The Concord Museum
Massachusetts is a community rich in historical association, renowned
as the site of the battle that began the American Revolution and
as the home of the most original thinkers and writers of the American
literary renaissance. The Concord Museum is the one place where
all of Concord's remarkable past is brought to life - Algonkians,
Puritans, Revolutionaries, Loyalists, Farmers, Silversmiths, Transcendentalists,
Cabinetmakers, Anti-Slavery Activists, Mill-Workers. Free parking.
200 Lexington Road, Concord, MA.
"Between two tall gateposts of roughhewn stone
. . . we behold the gray front of the old parsonage, terminating
the vista of an avenue of black ash trees." So begins Mosses
from an Old Manse, the set of short stories Nathaniel Hawthorne
wrote while living at The Old Manse. The
landscape Hawthorne describes is still recognizable to a present-day
visitor more than 160 years later.
Site of the shot heard round the world.
The historic home of the extraordinary Alcott family,
where Louisa May Alcott
wrote and set Little Women!
Telephone: 978- 318-3233.
Perched on the top-most glacial hill in the cemetery,
Authors Ridge gathers together, among others, the graves of Henry
Thoreau (1862), Nathaniel Hawthorne (1864), Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1882), Louisa May Alcott (1888) and her father, Bronson Alcott
(1888). Each is buried in a family plot and marked with modest
Pond State Reservation
Telephone: 978 369-3254.
Henry David Thoreau lived at Walden Pond from July 1845 to September
1847. His experience at Walden provided the material for the book
Walden, which is credited with helping to inspire awareness and
respect for the natural environment.
The Wayside is the only National Historic Landmark
lived in by three literary families. Their home and works span
more than three centuries.
Historic Deerfield http://www.historic-deerfield.org/
Situated on a 330-year-old, mile long street, Historic
Deerfield preserves and interprets the architecture, artifacts
and lifestyle of a prosperous early New England town.
One of the first outdoor museums in America, at
Fruitlands visitors discover the stories, experiments and ideals
of the Alcotts, Shakers, utopians, artists and Native peoples.
Fruitlands four galleries, singular collections, over 200 pastoral
acres, trails and vistas stir the imagination.
The first skirmish of the American Revolution took
place here at dawn on April 19, 1775.
Man National Historic Park Visitor Center
the acclaimed program, "The Road to Revolution," a 26-minute
multi-media presentation detailing the events of April 18-19,
1775, shown daily every half hour, 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM. Obtain
park newspaper and brochure and continue your explorations.
A visit to the National Heritage Museum is truly
an experience in the American spirit. Our exhibitions tell thrilling
stories of patriotism, adventure, invention, community and dissentall
aspects of how we as a people have worked, and played, struggled
and achieved. And because our exhibitions change regularly, you
always experience something new.
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American Textile History Museum http://www.athm.org/
The American Textile History Museum tells America's
story through the art, history, and science of our textiles.
National Historic Park http://www.nps.gov/lowe/planyourvisit/things2do.htm
With Lowell National Historical Park situated in
the midst of downtown Lowell, the offerings available through
the park blend with the many cultural sites and historic scenes
throughout the city.
New Bedford Whaling Museum
The New Bedford Whaling Museum is the largest museum
in America devoted to the history of the American whaling industry
and its greatest port. Through exhibits, publications, and programs,
the Museum brings to life the whaling era and the history of the
local area. It houses the most extensive collection of art, artifacts,
and manuscripts pertaining to American whaling in the age of sail
- late eighteenth century to the early twentieth, when sailing
ships dominated merchant trade and whaling.
Hancock Shaker Village
The Shakers called this community "The City
of Peace." Although you will find Hancock Shaker Village
a welcome retreat from today's hectic pace, this name belies the
level of activity at this living museum. Set
your watch back a century or two and see the Village come to life
through vibrant programs, tours, exhibitions and hands-on activities.
Talk with artisans on a tour focused on Shaker daily life. Learn
about the heritage breeds of animals that roam the pastures and
the heirloom crops in the gardens. Learn to sing "Simple
Gifts." Your children can even take a lesson with a Shaker
schoolteacher (costumed staff). Or just soak up the beauty of
Plimoth Plantation & the Mayflower II
Plimoth Plantation is Plymouth as
it was in the 17th century: it is a centuries-old Wampanoag homesite,
a welcoming bench covered in furs, bluefish roasting slowly over
an bed of hot coals, and a man dressed in traditional deerskin
clothing. It is townspeople speaking the poetic language of Shakespeare's
England, the sharp smell of gunpowder during a military drill,
the sound of laughter around a glowing hearth and the salty breeze
blowing across a wooden ship's deck. These and many other unique
living history experiences can be yours when you visit Plimoth
This self-guided 1.7 mile walking tour, replete
with red sidewalk guide lines, highlights Salem's important and
historic contribution to American history. Sites include: House
of the Seven Gables, the Peabody
Essex Museum, the Salem
Maritime National Historic Site, the Salem
Witch Museum, Stephen
Phillips Memorial Trust House, Witch
Dungeon Museum, the Witch
House. Begin at the National Park Visitors Center at 2 Liberty
Street across from the Museum Place garage.
Old Sturbridge Village
In the years 1790 to 1840 a new nation took
shape. In rural towns across New England, ordinary people worked
to better their lives, build strong communities, apply new technologies,
and define the meaning of democracy. Learn their story at Old
Sturbridge Village as you journey into the past.
For instance, Arlington, MA is the birthplace of
Uncle Sam, the location of the first public children's library,
and the site of most of the fighting when the British marched
through it returning from the Old North Bridge at the start of
the Revolutionary War. Arlington has preserved many of its historical
buildings and even recreated its town common. Sites of interest
Cyrus Dallin Museum in the
Jefferson Cutter House http://www.dallin.org/
Uncle Sam monument (corner Mass. Ave and Mystic
Jason Russell House, http://www.arlingtonhistorical.org/house/index.php;
The Jason Russell House was the site of the bloodiest
fighting during the first day of the Revolutionary War, April
19, 1775. Today it and the adjoining Smith Museum hold collections
of the Arlington Historical Society. Open 1 PM to 5 PM Saturday
Old Schwamb Mill, 17 Mill Lane at
29 Lowell St., http://www.oldschwambmill.org/main.html.
Open Saturdays from 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM. 781-643-0554. Visitors
can tour the mill buildings and see the manufacture of high-quality
oval and circular picture frames using original tools and processes.
can you find out about the history of your town or city? Where
is the oldest house? What does the town or city flag look like?
When was your town or city founded? How did your town or city
get its name?
Study Project has useful teaching tools for local history:
for local history sites here: http://www.msp.umb.edu/texts/lc31.html
information on this website does not constitute legal advice;
it is provided for informational purposes only.


Today marks the 76th anniversary of the attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. As we remember this day which will forever live in infamy, we reflect on the many sacrifices that led to greater freedom and liberty not only across our great nation but throughout the world.
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About the Author
A former foreign correspondent who spent four years in the Middle East and served as Business Week’s London bureau chief during Margaret Thatcher’s first two terms as Britain’s prime minister, Andrew is a regular contributor to leading national publications, including the American Spectator, the Weekly Standard, and the Wall Street Journal.


Picture a cityscape brushed with an artist's palette, where three rivers converge, and skyscrapers reach for the clouds. This is the City of Pittsburgh, my hometown. Once known as the 'Steel City,' Pittsburgh has shed its industrial layers and emerged as a vibrant hub of diverse cultures with a rich and fascinating history (History of Pittsburgh - Wikipedia). But the story of this transformation is worth more than a passing glance.
From the 1800s through the early 1900s, Pittsburgh grew into the world’s #1 producer of steel, it earned the nickname of the “Steel City.” At the confluence of three rivers, the fiery furnaces of the steel mills churned out iron and steel, their smokestacks painting the sky with plumes of sooty black smoke. I recall seeing photographs from the 1940s of Pittsburgh at midday. The photographs were so gray and overcast they appeared to have been taken in late evening, rather than midday (Midday smog in Pittsburgh, 1944 -- the consequence of steel mills, coal power, and no EPA. (photo credit: AP File Photo/Walter Stein) : r/ImagesOfThe1940s (reddit.com)). But as we moved into the latter part of the 20th century, the steel industry declined, and the once-bustling factories fell silent. In most cases, the old mills were torn down and replaced by highways, office buildings, and housing developments.
Note: On your visit to Pittsburgh, don’t pass up the opportunity to visit the Homestead Iron Works and the Steel Mill across the river (Carrie Blast Furnaces National Historic Landmark — Rivers of Steel). It is a short drive east from Pittsburgh, along the Monongahela River. The scale of the mills and the descriptions of the dangerous conditions provide an incredible perspective of the extreme conditions the steel and iron workers faced every day.
Make no mistake, Pittsburgh is a city born of resilience, of people that are the descendants of legal immigrants and slaves driven to achieve their American dream, and it refused to be defined by the closure of its steel mills. Beginning in the 1950s and continuing during 1970s and early 1980s, the city leaders embarked on missions to reinvent Pittsburgh, and what emerged was a city reborn. See: A Pair of Pittsburgh Renaissances - Positively Pittsburgh.
Today, at the meeting point where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers form the Ohio River, is a city that has embraced its history while setting its sights on the future. The steel mills may have mostly disappeared from the area around these three rivers, but in their place, a new Pittsburgh has risen.
Today, the City of Pittsburgh's economy thrives not on steel, but on services. This shift didn't happen overnight. It was a painstaking process that began over 30 years ago and continues to this day as Pittsburgh continues to evolve and grow. The fruits of this labor are evident. Pittsburgh is now a vibrant, dynamic metropolis known for its innovation, diverse culture, growing economy and thriving services sector.
Pittsburgh's cultural scene is a testament to its continuing evolution. Art galleries, music venues, and exquisite dining experiences fill the city, offering a blend of tradition and modernity that creates a unique tapestry of experiences for residents and visitors alike. See: Visit Pittsburgh | Official Tourism Site for Pittsburgh, PA.
A sports lover's paradise, the City of Pittsburgh is home to multiple championship-winning sports teams. Whether you're an ardent football fan ("Go Steelers") or a die-hard hockey enthusiast ("Yea Penguins"), this city's rich sports culture is sure to keep you engaged.
The city's rich history, which predates the Revolutionary War, is proudly preserved in its museums and historical landmarks. The echoes of the past mingle with the sounds of the present, creating a harmony that is uniquely Pittsburgh.
Note: When you visit Pittsburgh, be sure to go to the Heinz History Center (Home - Heinz History Center), on Smallman Street near downtown Pittsburgh for a wonderful historic perspective of Pittsburgh. Also, The Andy Warhol Museum (The Andy Warhol Museum) and the Mattress Factory (Plan Your Visit | Mattress Factory) both in the North Shore area (we called it the Northside when we were growing up). I promise that you will love the art and history on display at all three places.
The metamorphosis of Pittsburgh is a story of resilience, vision, and an unswerving commitment to the future. It's a story that inspires pride in those of us fortunate enough to call this city home. Always a Steelers fan and indelible memories of growing up in one of many multi-cultural neighborhoods. This is a city of neighborhoods. This is Pittsburgh - my beloved hometown.
Through my blogs, I will continue to explore the vibrant stories embedded in Pittsburgh's history and future.
I invite you to join the journey. Together, let's discover and explore the heart and soul of Pittsburgh.


2007 marked the 30-year anniversary of the most iconic bike in BMX history, the P.K.Ripper. To celebrate the 30-plus years of BMX history and the original P.K. Ripper, DC and SE Racing joined forces to re-release the P.K. Ripper bike in its original aesthetic for an exclusive limited edition project named “30 Years of Radness.”
The project is comprised of several unique elements sold separately that made this one of the most extensive projects to date for DC. Included is the P.K. Ripper bike, with only 150 produced and a limited run of 1500 pairs of DC shoes that pay homage to the original P.K. Ripper. Packaged with the shoes will be a special edition re-release of Joe Kid on a Stingray, the film that captures the sport of BMX and its history of individualism, self-expression, and sometimes pure insanity.


Nottingham, Wheeler Gate
Located in a striking 19th century listed building, the broad windows and high ceilings of 15 Wheeler Gate have become the home to one of the best-equipped business centres in Nottingham. Wheeler Gate is dotted with Victorian and early 20th century buildings, with shops on the ground floor, and offices above. The modern business centre here is no exception, sitting on top of the retail units and supplying offices, co-working areas and meeting rooms to a variety of clients. Across the multiple floors of this stylish centre, the historic charm of the building blends with the trappings of modern office space, such as super-fast Wi-Fi connections and dynamic shared working spaces.
With its city centre location and proximity to the Friar Lane (Stop F4) Bus Station and Old Market Square Light Rail Station, you’re connected to the wider Nottingham area and beyond. Nearby, the National Justice Museum and Nottingham Castle Museum & Art Gallery are distinct inspirational landmarks, while the more light-hearted National Ice Centre, and The Lost City Adventure Golf are ideal for some post-work winding down. However you plan to spend your working day though, the flexible workspaces at Wheeler Gate give you the tools to take your business to the next level.


Repost from Richard Lassiter
The stage for the civil rights story in Kinston, NC during the early 1960s can be set with an understanding of who was undertaking the role of activist. While older college students were driving the Civil Rights movement across the state and nation, in Kinston, teenagers took up the cause. The NAACP Youth Council was founded in 1943 and produced untold numbers of civil rights leaders including one of the young men at the Greensboro sit-in. The Kinston NAACP chapter was organized in 1956 with George Marks as president. In 1960, Simeon White, a senior at Adkin High School, was the Kinston chapter president and Mrs. Alice Hannibal was their advisor.
Mrs. Hannibal was one of two devoted women who guided the Kinston NAACP Youth Council and lead Kinston’s civil rights movement; the other was Annie Whitehead. A native of Onslow County, Mrs. Whitehead and her husband moved to Kinston in 1954. Disturbed by poor conditions for African Americans in Kinston, she “set out on a mission to provide change.” Mrs. Whitehead met Alice Hannibal in 1956 as the latter was planning her city council campaign. Gregor Hannibal recalled the work of his mother and Mrs. Whitehead in a 2006 Free Press article following a ceremony honoring Mrs. Whitehead: “Many of the gains (voter registration, adult education, and integration of businesses, restaurants and theaters) back then were accomplished because of her work,” he said. Mrs. Whitehead stated some of her recollections in another 2006 interview: “It was terrible, it was a bad feeling, it felt like you wasn’t even a human being. But to tell you the truth, they didn’t think we were.” Mrs. Whitehead assisted Mrs. Hannibal’s campaign effort by coaching potential African American voters to pass the voting test: writing their name and reciting parts of the constitution. Mrs Whitehead helped form the Citizen Improvement Association, which was aimed at voter registration and work to alleviate the rampant poverty among African Americans in Kinston.
Mrs. Whitehead’s oral history made it clear that there was not always complete agreement within the African American community about how, when, and what social change should happen. After losing her city council seat, Alice Hannibal ran for county commissioner. During that campaign, the male leaders of the Citizen Improvement Association gave their support to a male candidate. In response, Mrs. Whitehead helped to found the Volunteer Housewives Association that worked to forge the way for equality by promoting education, fighting poverty, and helping to register 3,000 new Lenoir County voters in the 1960s. The group’s voter education program, which included volunteers to escort applicants through the process at the courthouse, became a model eventually used statewide. The group grew into the Concerned Citizens of Kinston. Mrs. Whitehead was appointed by Gov. Bob Scott to the North Carolina Board of Health’s Advisory Committee for Medical Assistance in 1969 and served six years. Also about this time, Mrs. Whitehead was offered a radio show. According to Mrs. Whitehead the station owner, Jack Rider, used the station to espouse racism and hate-speech. When he was forced to racially diversify his station, Mrs. Whitehead became the host of a talk show called “The Spot Light.” As time passed, Mrs. Whitehead’s calm and welcoming demeanor on the air won Jack Rider’s respect. Mr. Rider made his feelings public by issuing compliments to Mrs. Whitehead on the air.
Mrs. Whitehead recalled the dangers of her activism: ‘As we were out doing these things it was real dangerous because we got threats, we got phone calls . . . When I talk about it, it just hurt[s] me so bad it almost brings me to tears what we went through.” What Mrs. Whitehead went through was at times harrowing. She recalled that KKK marches through town were common and that crosses were burned in her yard as well as at the Hannibals’. Another time, someone threw a torch through the window of her home. Once, an armed Klansman came to Mrs. Whitehead’s front door. She opened the door and invited him in, which completely unnerved him and other Klan members. She concluded her 2012 interview by placing an emphasis on duty and responsibility stating: “Each one of us owes something to society in the community where we live.”
Another activist was Samuel Dove. Still a teenager, Mr. Dove was a senior at Adkin High School in 1960 and was living with his family in Mitchell Wooten Courts housing complex in Kinston. A few weeks after the 1960 Greensboro sit-in, Mr. Dove and his friends Curtis Henderson and Thomas Henderson staged a sit-in at Standard Drug #2 although their action was known to few people other than the participants and witnesses. Inspired by the Greensboro events, the youths made a careful plan. With Thomas Henderson posted outside the building to serve as the “look-out” in case of “trouble,” Dove and Curtis Henderson, who was Thomas’ brother, went into the drugstore. Mr. Dove was an excellent student in French and the pair used this to their advantage. Dove introduced Curtis Henderson to the white waitress as an African diplomat from Washington. This subterfuge included Mr. Dove speaking French to Curtis Henderson who replied in gibberish. Mr. Dove “translated” Henderson’s food order of eggs, bacon, and coffee to the waitress. She hesitated, Mr. Dove recalled, and went to get the “young manager” who responded to the word “Washington” in the introduction and ordered the food to be prepared. An African American waitress, who happened to be a neighbor of Mr. Dove’s, wanted to be the one to deliver the plate to the false ambassador. When she started towards them with the plate and realized who it really was, “she nearly dropped the plate,” Mr. Dove said. She then asked the white waitress to make the delivery. Mr. Dove remained standing at the counter beside Curtis Henderson until he was nearly finished with his meal when Dove too, took a seat. The pair paid the bill and left the building. Mr. Dove remembered that the three youths “ran all the way back to East Kinston.” Fearing repercussions for themselves and their parents (both of the boys’ mothers were ministers) they did not publicize their act.
While the 1960 sit-in may not have had lasting effects, in retrospect, it illustrates the increasing dissatisfaction among many Kinston African Americans with the status quo. The 1960 sit-in was following in February 1961 with a second sit-in at Standard Drug #2. Annie Whitehead was a participant at the 1961 sit-in. She recalls that the group of about twenty protesters marched to Standard Drug # 2 and looking in the windows, saw that the group of white customers, whom she refers to as “the officials,” were “meeting.” Her description of the event highlights the tradition of important political gatherings held over meals at the lunch counter. Mrs. Whitehead also notes that Standard Drug # 2 was chosen specifically because of its prominent role in Kinston politics.
The sit-in began as youths Simeon White and William Cheeks “rushed” inside the lunch counter and claimed the only two vacant seats, while other members rushed to the front door. The hurried actions of the group caused anger and panic among the white patrons, many of whom ran out the back door. Mrs. Whitehead found their reaction ironic since the back door had long served as the African American entrance to the store.
The protesters sat at the counter, ordering and eating for about two hours. They were served and, according to Mrs. Whitehead, not asked to leave. Afterwards the group returned to their Youth Council headquarters. An oral history account from George Skinner, who was the store manager during the 1950s and 1960s, differs slightly in the details. Mr. Skinner recalls that the protesters were served, but were eventually asked to leave. According to Mr. Skinner the store closed for a short time “in order to keep everyone calm,” but reopened later that day. Mrs. Whitehead remembered that for several days following the sit-in, African Americans returned to the lunch counter and continued to be served. Change at the Standard Drug # 2, occurred peacefully in large measure because of store owner Henry Suddreth’s willingness to change policy. Mrs. Whitehead felt that Suddreth lost business over the incident, but that he “was very nice about it – acted like it didn’t bother him.” Mr. Skinner’s recollections about Mr. Suddreth fit with this picture. According to Skinner, Standard Drug # 2 was one of the first businesses in Kinston to hire African Americans to “work in front” serving food. He himself hired several young African American women to work at the counter.
The after effects of the Standard Drug #2 sit-in are recorded in a news report in the Carolina Times on June 13, 1963. The article, which is about later protests at downtown Kinston businesses stated simply: “Lunch counters in Kinston desegregated in December 1961.” The discrepancy between the December date and the recollections of Mrs. Whitehead may have a number of explanations. The most likely is that the varying dates reflect the delay between the Standard Drug # 2 sit-in and desegregation actions among other drugstore owners. This is supported by a February 3,1963, article in the Carolina Times giving a review of the activities of the Youth Council chapters statewide. The Kinston Youth Council reported that “after brief sit-ins, the group was successful in getting the management of ten drugstores to drop their segregated lunch counter policy.” The names of all of these drugstores are not know, but Kinston drugstores in 1960 included: the six Standard Drug stores, Hood’s Rexall Drugs, Lenoir Drug Co., Parkview Drug Co., Sewall’s Pharmacy, and Temple Drug. It should be noted that Mrs. Whitehead reported that the only lunch counter sit-in held in Kinston was at Standard Drug #2. Mr. Skinner recalls that Standard Drug owner, Henry Suddreth, was one of the business owners who met with the protesters to arrange a date for integration.
The history of the sit-ins at Standard Drug #2 are not written down in any single source. The racial attitudes of the time perhaps contribute to the lack of contemporary documentation. No news reports of either sit-in at the Standard Drug #2 has been found. Samuel Dove, who went on to be heavily involved in the Civil Rights movement as a college student, recalled that white leaders and the white media “suppressed anything out of the black community at that time…”. It is clear that the Standard Drug sit-ins were part of many relatives small events that made up a tremendous effort to achieve racial equality. Pressure by the NAACP Youth Council, with dedicated leaders Alice Hannibal and Annie Whitehead, brought about the desegregation of many business places in Kinston from 1961 through the summer of 1963.


The smallest town in Bulgaria is located in the southwest foothills of The Pirin mountains. Surrounded by the phenomenal sand pyramids Melnic has kept the atmosphere of the traditional Bulgarian life and culture – picturesque tile-roofed houses,narrow cobbled streets, wineries and taverns. The river Melnishka which runs through the town adds to the unique atmosphere.Melnik has been announced a town-museum since 1968.Though small Melnik is rich in landmarks – the natural phenomenon MELNIK PYRAMIDS, the architectural landmarks Kordopulova house,Pashova house,the Despot Slav fortress and a few old churches.
One of the biggest and oldest monasteries in Bulgaria,the Rozhen monastery,is only 7 km. away to the east.You can also visit RUPITE nearby as well as the ST. PETKA BULGARSKA temple-monument and the national park-museum SAMUILOVA FORTRESS. They are both included in the 100 NATIONAL TOURIST SITES list.
It is the largest monastery in the Pirin region and one of the very few medieval Bulgarian monasteries which are quite well preserved.It is open and operating and subject to the Nevrokop eparchy. There is no information of the exact date of the monastery construction because a big fire destroyed the monastery buildings and the archieve at the end of the 17th century.According to Aton documents it was build in 890. Greek manuscripts prove its existence in the 13th century and Byzantine coins from the same period were found during excavation work there. The monastery is a part of the 100 national tourist sites list. The grave of the Bulgarian revolutionary Yane Sandanski can be found some 200 km away to the east of the monastery. He has been buried near the St St Kiril and Metodii church built on his initative in 1912-1914 period.
Also called TSINTSAROVATA HOUSE,it was built in 1754 and it is the biggest Renaissance house in the Balkan peninsula. It has been specially built for wine producing, storage and trading and belonged to the rich Greek Kordopulos family.
THE MELNIK PYRAMIDS
They can be found near the smallest town of Bulgaria – Melnik. They are among the most interesting natural landmarks in the country. They are rock formations spreading around an area of 50 square km.
The Melnik pyramids were announced a natural landmark in 1960 and are divided into 3 parts – Melnishki, Karlanovski and Rozhenski.
MELNIK HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Housed in Pashovata kashta until recently now it has its own separate building. The exposure there underline several basic subjects – the history of Melnik and the region, ethnography, photos and objects associated with the development of the wine producing through the ages.
THE DESPOT SLAV FORTRESS
Despot Alexii Slav was an independent Bulgarian ruler in the 12th-13th century.He originates from Asenevtsi dynasty.Many other mountain fortresses have been under his rule – the western and central Rodopi and a large part of East Macedoniato the east of Struma river.Unfortunately due to the many wars the Despot Slav has been destroyed but the ruins of its stone walls can still be seen in the Sveti Nikola hill in the south of Melnik.
SVETI NIKOLAI CHUDOTVORETS CHURCH
This metropolitan church was build of stones and thin bricks. There is a small mountain water fountain in its yard. There is an ancient fragment of the original wall-painting on the northside wall. The church has been painted by Lazar Zograph Melnichanin and his image can be seen on the old iconostasis. Authentic and much valuable icons are also stored
there and they are a unique example of the Melnik and the region painting school.
The church was built in the 13th century but has been rebuilt and expanded many times through the ages. Today it is one of the very few operating churches in Melnik. You can see other churches in the town such as St Nikola, St Antonii, St Petar and Pavel etc. as well as the ruins of several monasteries.
ST BOGORODITSA SPILEOTISA
Also known as St Zona is a medieval monastery belonging now to the Nevrokop eparchy of the Bulgarian Orthodox church. The monastery, announced a cultural monument of national importance, is located only a kilometer away from the centre of Melnik.
Located just 2 km to the east in Kozhuh it is one of the largest ancient cities along the Struma river. The Latin inscription from 308 found there proves the existence of the ancient city Heraclea Sintika close to the village of Rupite.
It is an ancient city in the present-day southwest Bulgaria. The ruins are located in the village of Rupite, Petrich district in the south part of Djonkov peak in the volcanic tor called Kozhuh.
In ancient times the city has been the centre of Sintika inhabited by the Sinti Tracian tribe mentioned by Homer, Herodotus and Tukidid.
Scientists have been arguing about its location for more than 100 years and has finally been located in Rupite by Associate Professor Georgi Mitrev from the Plovdiv University after spotting a big inscription in Latin which he translated, commented and published.It is about a letter by the emperor Galerii Maximin Dayafrom the year 308 answering a citizens’ request for restoring their lost rights.
It is the largest town in the foothills of the Pirin mountain. It is located in the Blagoevgrad region and is the administrative centre of Sandanski municipality. It has been named after the famous Bulgarian revolutionary Yane Sandanski. Spartacus – the leader of the most massive uprising in antiquity- is thought to have lived there. The Spartcus monument is one of the symbols of the town. Sandanski is a universally recognized nature sanatorium for treating diseases of the respiratory system.


During the mid-1990’s a number of west European Federations arranged a friendly Water Polo Tournament for Senior Men. These Federations were Ireland, Belgium, Sweden, England and Scotland and the Tournament became known as The North Sea Cup.
Over the following years, some of the teams dropped out and other new teams became involved such as Denmark, Switzerland, Portugal and the Czech Republic. This was seen as a strong preparation for those nations who participated in the European “B” Championships which were held every two years. However, since these Championships were dropped by LEN five years ago, a working group came together to develop water polo tournaments for the “B” nations to compete in. This group is driven by four members from Czech Republic, Ireland, Denmark and Switzerland.
Four years ago we had only one event, a Men’s Six Nations Tournament. Three years ago we renamed the events as EU Nations Cup where we held our 1st 8 Nations Men’s Tournament in Limerick, Ireland. In 2015 we have increased the participation to Senior Women, Junior Boy’s and Junior Girl’s Tournaments. The Junior Girl’s Tournament took place in Prague last September and for the first time, we had 10 Nations taking part. Half of the year later, for the first time in the EU Nations history, the Senior Women’s tournament in Prague was held under the patronage of LEN. This might have been the next step for EU Nations in becoming a No. 2 water polo event in Europe right after the Championships.


Davidson County was created in 1783 by an Act of the North Carolina legislature; named in honor of William Lee Davidson (ca. 1746-1781), colonial soldier, Revolutionary War officer in the North Carolina Third, Fourth and Fifth Regiments who was killed in action at the Battle of Cowans Ford on the Catawba River in North Carolina. Davidson County is located in Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three "grand divisions." Davidson County was formed from Washington County and now contains the greater metropolitan Nashville area.
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