The heavy passenger canoe, the “Black Maria” that Dude used to take his tourists out into the waiting surf was quickly pressed into service to train these young men no longer paddling in their old lazy way, but bearing down on their paddles in preparation for the surprise they would hand their competition, Some of the old timers that enthusiastically join the club were
George Ii and Francis Ii Brown,
Harold and Alfred Castle,
Kaniau and Francis”Doc” Evans,
Spider and Luther Evans,
Jack and Ainsley Mackenzie,
W.H.D, “Bill” King,
Jack, Harold and Ernest Lishman,
Henry and George Beckley,
Louis, David, Sam, William and Sergeant Kahanamoku,
Dan, William and Major Keaweanahi,
Boy, Audie and Tommy Holstein,
John D. Lukela Kaupiko,
Kim Wai, Allen “Carnegie” Wilcox,
Hilo and Cleghorn Boyd,
Willie and Jimmy Whittle,
Lew Henderson and many more.
It was during the Presidency of Judge William Rawlins from 1911 through 1916, that the Amateur Athletic-Union was formed. In the first Aquatic Meet of the AAU on August 12, 1911, Hui Nalu took first place in all eleven events with members Vincent Genoves, Watson Ballentyne, Duke Kahanamoku, Edwin Gibb, W. A. Cottrell, Dan and Major Keaweamahi, Lukela Kaupiko, Harold Hustace, Pat O’Sullivan, Archibald Robertson, Hiram P. Kahela and Harold Lishman. Harvey Chilton, one of the best trainers and masseurs had joined the club and under his able training produced these fine swimmers. Because of the scarcity of swimming pools in Honolulu and through the generosity of Thelma Parker Smart, the Hui Nalu team was invited and did train in the swimming pool at her home in Manoa. The team needed unifrom swim suits so when Dude found a mainland outlet that would let him have black swim suits cheap, he suggested a contrasting band of gold and hence the black and gold colors of Hui Nalu. The Hui Nalu boys were happy with their club colors but even happier with the price of their new suits fifty cents.
In February, 1912, Duke left Honolulu to take part in the Olympic tryouts held in different U.S. cities. All his expenses were paid for by the Hui Nalu Club with money raised by subscriptions and donations. Then in June, he left for Stockholm with the rest of the U.S. Olympic team where he went on to fame. The following year Riley Allen, the Editor of the Honolulu Star Bulletin, received a letter from Otto Wahle of the AAU Record Committee in which he said: “I take great pleasure to make use of this opportunity to inform you that I would not mind to have it known publicly that not only Duke Kahanamoku’s performances (which is understood) but also his conduct have reflected nothing but credit upon the organization who have stood as his sponsors. I have been in charge of the swimming team of the U.S. at the last Olympic games and during a trip to the German championships at Hamburg and my memories of Duke are most pleasant in every respect.”
Hui Nalu continued to dominate the AAU meets and on June 18, 1913, left Honolulu aboard the SS Wilhelmina to challenge the top West Coast teams. After arriving in San Francisco, the Hui Nalu swimmers trained for three weeks then took the Pacific Coast Championships at Sutro Baths in San Francisco on July 4th and 5th with a total 34 points. The nearest club, point wise to Hui Nalu was Redondo with a score of 18 points. They brought home two large silver cups, one for winning the most points and one for winning the relay (300 yds – Hustace, Kaupiko, King and Kahanamoku). From San Francisco they entered the Los Angeles Athletic Club Meet where they once again emerged victorious. In a press release from W. T. Rawlins to the Honolulu Star Bulletin was the following: “The boys have worked hard, and their manner and behavior have been the admiration of all who have come in contact with them.”
Although, Hui Nalu was renowned for its championship swimmers both here in Hawaii and on the mainland, equally successful were the paddlers in their canoes, surfers on their boards both on the waves and playing water polo on their boards in the relatively calm water in front of the Outrigger Canoe Club, and sailing their outriggers in the waters off Waikiki. Many members excelled in all these sports and their pride of achievement paralleled their pride of their club and of those leaders who led them and stood by them through both trying times and jubilant victories.
So, well were the Hui Nalu paddlers trained that one Old Timer recalled the early races as “Winning by hardly anything less than six to eight canoe lengths”. In 1930, the Hui Nalu Senior Crew won the blue-ribbon event of the First Kamehameha Day Regatta bringing home the beautiful Los Angeles Steamship Company silver trophy. The Moana bathhouse continued to serve as their clubhouse until 1939 when they were asked to vacate the premises as the hotel needed to remodel the facility for a beach service for their guests. Regatta days in Honolulu Harbor were colorful with much music and cheering from the respective clubs and supporters. Healani and Myrtle Boat Clubs had club houses on the water’s edge of the harbor and their lanai and boat ramps were always full to overflowing with cheering spectators.
In September 1935, Hui Nalu’s beloved Dude Miller passed away after having served the club in so many different capacities but perhaps the most significant as Father, Disciplinarian, and Guardian of all the young aspiring athletes for 27 years. His shoes were difficult ones to fill and fortunately for Hui Nalu Lukela Kaupiko accepted the challenge. He was known as “John D.” and affectionately as “Old Man” for his manner was as expansive as Rockefeller’s purse. With a firm but loving hand he guided his club through many victories and many adversities. When Hui Nalu had to vacate the Moana, he moved his clubhouse under a hau tree next to the Outrigger and his home was the store room for all the Hui Nalu equipment which wasn’t much.
Perhaps the most famous of the Hui Nalu canoes is the Lio Keo Keo or the White Horse donated by Dr. Alfred C. Hall and named after the white caps of the waves off the old Grays Beach next to the Halekulani Hotel. Many a race was won in this revered boat and though she is old and worn, only the deepest love and respect is shown her by today’s paddlers.
As hard as Hui Nalu and the Outrigger tried to keep the interest in paddling alive there was a definite slump commencing and during the duration of World War II. It wasn’t until the Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association came into being in 1950 that the real spark was reignited and more clubs were formed to compete once again in racing. By then, John D. had moved his boys to the Ala Wai Canal as Hui Nalu was still without a home and Walkiki Beach was at a premium. It really didn’t matter to the paddlers where they were as long as they had John D, to guide them and teach them for he truly exemplified the spirit of Hui Nalu.
In 1954 his boys won the Molokai to Oahu Canoe race in the borrowed “Malolo” as the Lio Keo Keo was being refurbished. Whether they were the young beginners or the seasoned seniors, all loved the “Old Man”. In 1962, Hui Nalu once again lost a beloved leader and once again a seemingly impossible void to be filled.
A year passed and it looked as though Hui Nalu was to be a club of the past until founder Dude Miller’s brother and longtime member Kenneth “Enay” Makinney stepped into the picture. He quickly sought the help of the other dedicated members Kim Wai, Gilmer Shingle, George Ii Brown Jr., Richard Sutton, Joe Akana, Adrian McPherson, Ernest Steiner, Fred Paoa, Red Mcqueen and Sargent Kahanamoku. He then persuaded Louis Kahanamoku to serve as Captain and Head Coach and once again the Li Keo Keo was pressed into service along with Toots Minville’s “Niuhi” and the fiber glass canoe “Mehe Manu Ala”.
The 1963 Walter Macfarlane Regatta was like old times once again between Hui Nalu and their long-time friendly rival Outrigger with Hui Nalu winning in very close competition. Since then the club has had many outstanding teams such as the team of 1972 that won the First Around Oahu Canoe Race in 19 hours and 50 minutes under coach Sam Mokuahi’s direction. That same year Hui Nalu won the Oahu Championship Regatta by edging out rival Healani.


Noah's Ark discovered? Researchers '99.9 per cent certain' of . Carbon 14 dating noah ark
Oct 23, 2011 The discrepant C-14 dates provide further skepticism of the recent claim by a Hong Kong Team to have found Noah's Ark on Mt Ararat. You are right that only the old result was published by NAMI-the 2800 BC date.
S. Site age is determined mainly by radiocarbon dating of charcoal or bone. discoveries such as the Ark of the Covenant, giants, Mount Sinai, Noah's Ark, Red
Carbon 14 dating noah ark and advance your career—while earning PDCs—at SHRM Seminars in 14 cities across “Super cereal” carbon billionaire has about as much integrity left as his South Park caricature. .. American Ron Wyatt, in his self-published book Discovered-Noah's Ark, claims . How long after the sell-by date are eggs still good?
The importance of radiocarbon (14C) dating for archaeology is impossible to example, the supposed remains of Noah's Ark, collected on the slope of the
C-14 dating on this object is a waste of time, money and just plain stupid. The experts How old, then, is Noah's Ark? Just about 5,000 years, many say. Others
Noah's family and the animals were to live in the Ark until the Flood ended. . This is the reason why carbon 14 dating performed on soft tissue discovered in y chromosome dating ervaringen
Carbon 14 dating noah ark Apr 27, 2010 eh, we'll see. every 2 years or so someone finds noahs ark. zerocool said: Just the ones who indeed have stated, carbon dating is BS. .. Contrary to popular belief, Carbon-14 dating gives solid evidence for a young Earth.
Carbon 14 has a half-life of only 5,700 years, which is suitable for dating things and considered by some to be possibly from Noah's ark, proved to date only


Pennsylvania Castle is a Grade II Neo-Gothic listed building, located on the top of the Great Southwell Landslip andan important SSSI cliff on the east coast of the Isle of Portland. The site overlooks Church Ope Cove, part of the UNESCO Heritage Jurassic Coast. The Castle has been both a private home and a hotel since the 1950’s and is now a prestigious hotel, a wedding venue and film location.
The Clifftop site, which is part of the Pennsylvania Castle estate, is located between the two listed castles, Pennsylvania and Rufus Castle, the 15th century ruin remains on the site of a 12th century castle. It is a highly sensitive site which is set in a natural step in the terrain directly above the cliff to the coast, a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Clifftops project comprises of five permanent, holiday lodges designed as luxury accommodation and to take advantage of the panoramic views out across the English Channel. The lodges are intended to complement the wild landscape and context of the site and set the development into the cliff by the use of Portland stone and rugged walls, as advised by Historic England. The roofs are covered in native coastal grasses, so the residences will be both hidden from view from the Pennsylvania Castle above and will merge into the cliff in views from passing boats.
A masterplan and LVIA were undertaken to ensure the siting and form of 6 accommodation apartments to be set on the cliff, were visually unobtrusive and ecologically enhancing planting strategy for cliff location and ecology.
Services included a Landscape and Visual Impact assessment.
World Heritage Site, Jurassic Coast.
Pennsylvania CastleGrade II Listed
Client: Colonial Leisure Ltd
Architect: Morrow Lorraine


Membership is open to female veterans and to the mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, granddaughters or great-granddaughters of American Legion members or deceased veterans who served in the Armed Forces during World Wars I and II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, Grenada, Panama, and/or Lebanon conflicts, and the Persian Gulf War. Descendants of veterans (great-granddaughters, etc.) often are presented with Junior memberships at birth or during childhood through the generosity of an older relative and Auxiliary member. Many of these young women continue their membership as Senior members after they reach age 18.
2017 - 2018
|1st Vice President||Audra McKinney|
|2nd Vice President||Entire Unit|
|Sergeant at Arms||Kelly Pelletier|


To start with of the nineteenth century plant dyes were being changed by aniline colourings. "The ideal merchandise in the nation will be the Pirot carpet, worth about 10 shillings a sq. metre. The patterns are very pretty, as well as rugs, devoid of being so hefty because the Persian, or so ragged and scant in the world wide web and woof as Caramanian, have on for at any time. The manufacture of those is nearly entirely confined to Pirot. From Pirots old Turkish signification as Şarköy stems the normal trade title in the rugs as Şarköy-kilims. Stemming with the homonym on the today's Turkish settlement of Şarköy in Thracia, which experienced no recognized rug earning tradition, Şarköys will often be falsely ascribed to originate from Turkey.
Madrid ongoing being a weaving centre by way of into the 20th century, creating brightly coloured carpets almost all of whose layouts are strongly motivated by French carpet structure, and that are usually signed (on situations While using the monogram MD; also occasionally Together with the identify Stuyck) and dated during the outer stripe. After the Spanish civil war Basic Franco revived the carpet weaving sector in workshops named immediately after him, weaving designs which can be influenced by before Spanish carpets, typically in a very confined array of colours.[forty two] Serbia
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The oldest records of flat woven kilims originate from Çatalhöyük Neolithic pottery, circa 7000 B.C. Among the list of oldest settlements ever to have been identified, Çatalhöyük is found south east of Konya in the midst of the Anatolian region.
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On a knotted pile carpet (formally, a "supplementary weft Reduce-loop pile" carpet), the structural weft threads alternate having a supplementary weft that rises at proper angles for the surface area in the weave. This supplementary weft is connected on the warp by one among 3 knot forms (see underneath), for instance shag carpet which was well known from the seventies, to kind the pile or nap in the carpet. Knotting by hand is most widespread in oriental rugs and carpets.
[seventeen] Gantzhorn concurs using this thesis. It really is interesting to notice that on the ruins of Persepolis in Iran where several nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse layout in the Pazyryk carpet is similar to the reduction depicting A part of the Armenian delegation.
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In the Moorish (Muslim) interval generation came about in Alcaraz inside the province of Murcia, along with becoming recorded in other towns. Carpet output once the Christian reconquest ongoing in Alcaraz although Cuenca, initial recorded as a weaving centre during the twelfth century, grew to become progressively crucial, and was dominant within the seventeenth and early 18th century. Carpets of absolutely diverse French based mostly styles began to be woven inside of a royal workshop, the Royal Tapestry Manufacturing facility (Actual Fábrica de Tapices de Santa Bárbara) in Madrid within the 18th century. Cuenca was shut down with the royal diploma of Carlos IV inside the late 18th century to stop it competing with the new workshop.
We begin with one of the most resilient carpet fibers ever created. After which we throw in one thing added, like lifetime warranties against stains and soils, and warranties for wear up to twenty years.


Lincoln’s True Views on Niggers, In his own words…
I cannot write like Thomas DiLorenzo on this abhorrence of a man, this man people hold up as some sort of savior. But, I hope there are a few black people that make it to this page, and they tell a few of their black friends, and hopefully then they can uncover the true fraud that is the REAL LINCOLN.
(posted from lewrockwell)
“… when they [slaveowners] remind us of their constitutional rights, I acknowledge them, not grudgingly but fully and fairly; and I would give them any legislation for the claiming of their fugitives.” ~ Lincoln, speaking in support of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.
“…in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you… I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that ‘I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.’ ”
“I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable.” ~ Lincoln, speaking in regards to slavery and in support of a proposed Thirteenth Amendment to explicitly guarantee slavery.
“Servile labor disappeared because it could not stand the competition of free labor; its profitability sealed [slavery’s] doom in the market economy.” ~ Ludwig von Mises, explaining why an institution that had been a universal feature of all societies throughout recorded history could finally be abolished by laissez-faire economic liberties, which unfortunately, could not prevent politicians from stealing the credit for it.
As his own words demonstrate, Lincoln was willing to accomodate slavery. As was shown in the taxation section above, it was only the tariff that he would never compromise on.
“The whole nation is interested that the best use shall be made of these territories. We want them for the homes of free white people.” ~ Lincoln, on whether blacks – slave or free – should be allowed in the new territories in the west, October 16, 1854.
“I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong having the superior position. I have never said anything to the contrary.” ~ Lincoln, Aug. 21, 1858, in remarks stating his belief that blacks were naturally inferior to whites, which was a nearly universal belief on the part of whites in both the North and South long before and long after the Civil War.
“Root, hog, or die” ~ Lincoln’s suggestion to illiterate and propertyless ex-slaves unprepared for freedom, Feb. 3, 1865.
“They had better be set to digging their subsistence out of the ground.” ~ Lincoln in a War Department memo, April 16, 1863
“Send them to Liberia, to their own native land.” ~ Lincoln, speaking in favor of ethnic cleansing all blacks from the United States.
“I cannot make it better known than it already is, that I favor colonization.” ~ Lincoln, in a message to Congress, December 1, 1862, supporting deportation of all blacks from America.
“President Lincoln may colonize himself if he choose, but it is an impertinent act, on his part, to propose the getting rid of those who are as good as himself.” ~ America’s preeminent immediate Abolitionist and advocate of free trade, William Lloyd Garrison.
“[Lincoln] had not a drop of anti-slavery blood in his veins.” ~ William Lloyd Garrison.
The comments shown here illustrate that abolition was not what motivated Lincoln. The coldness in Lincoln’s remarks, the lack of thought and preparation about the process of emancipation, and how the freedman would cope without the necessary skills is readily apparent.
On the Emancipation Proclamation:
“What good would a proclamation of emancipation from me do, especially as we are now situated? I do not want to issue a document that the whole world will see must necessarily be inoperative, like the Pope’s bull against the comet! Would my word free the slaves, when I cannot even enforce the Constitution in the rebel States?… Now, then, tell me, if you please, what possible result of good would follow the issuing of such a proclamation as you desire? Understand, I raise no objections against it on legal or constitutional grounds; for, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, in time of war I suppose I have a right to take any measure which may best subdue the enemy; nor do I urge objections of a moral nature, in view of possible consequences of insurrection and massacre at the South. I view this matter as a practical war measure, to be decided on according to the advantages or disadvantages it may offer to the suppression of the rebellion…. I will also concede that emancipation would help us in Europe, and convince them that we are incited by something more than ambition…. Still, some additional strength would be added in that way to the war, and then, unquestionably, it would weaken the rebels by drawing off their laborers, which is of great importance; but I am not so sure we could do much with the blacks…. I think you should admit that we already have an important principle to rally and unite the people, in the fact that constitutional government is at stake. This is a fundamental idea.” ~ Lincoln’s reply to a Committee from Religious Denominations of Chicago asking for a Proclamation of Emancipation, on Sept. 13, 1862. Less than four months later he would decree what he would term a “war measure,” the Emancipation Proclamation, on Jan 1, 1863.
“It had got to be midsummer, 1862. Things had gone on from bad to worse, until I felt that we had reached the end of our rope on the plan of operations we had been pursuing; that we had about played our last card, and must change our tactics, or lose the game. I now determined upon the adoption of the emancipation policy; and without consultation with, or the knowledge of, the Cabinet, I prepared the original draft of the proclamation, and, after much anxious thought, called a Cabinet meeting upon the subject. This was the last of July or the first part of the month of August, 1862. [The exact date was July 22, 1862.]” ~ Lincoln, to the artist F.B. Carpenter, Feb. 6 1864. Almost two months before his meeting with the Chicago Committee. Ol’ Honest Abe, indeed.
“The original proclamation has no… legal justification, except as a military measure.” ~ Lincoln, in a letter to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase.
On the War:
“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union.” ~ Letter to Horace Greeley, Editor of the New York Tribune, August 22 1862. This more than anything else demonstrates that Lincoln’s centralist superstitions derived from Daniel Webster and Joseph Story about “the Union,” rather than the immorality of slavery, were his motivations in plotting war. This letter also contradicts Lincoln’s sentiment expressed in his first inaugural address, that he had neither the “lawful right,” or the “inclination” to abolish slavery.
Also, by Myles KantorSlavery was another area Lincoln encountered as a lawyer. He served as counsel in two slavery cases: Bailey v. Cromwell (1841) and Matson v. Rutherford (1847). In the 1841 case, Lincoln victoriously argued for the presumption of freedom regarding an attempt to sell a black woman. (The converse presumption would have considered her a slave until she proved her freedom.) The 1847 case involved a slave owner named Robert Matson claiming return of fugitive slaves. Matson was from Kentucky and brought slaves to Coles County, Illinois, for part of the year. Jane Bryant escaped with her four children from the Coles County plantation and found refuge with local abolitionists. They were soon after found and jailed as fugitive slaves.
Given Lincoln’s 1837 description of slavery as “founded on both injustice and bad policy” and his 1841 advocacy, one would guess he came to aid of the runaways. In fact, Lincoln represented Matson in his desire to re-enslave Bryant and her children. He predicated his argument upon Illinois law that allowed ownership in slaves to be maintained if they were brought into the state in transit. The Illinois circuit court was unconvinced, and the disgruntled tyrant returned to Kentucky in default on his attorney fees; the Bryants left to make a new start in Liberia.
Lincoln’s conduct here not only diverged from but defied his actions in Bailey. It was one thing to abstain from Garrisonian positions; it was another to assist a slave owner in pursuit of his “property.” Added to which, consider what Lincoln wrote to his friend Joshua Speed in 1855:
“In 1841 you and I had together a tedious low-water trip, on a Steam Boat from Louisville to St. Louis. You may remember, as I well do, that from Louisville to the mouth of the Ohio there were, on board, ten or a dozen slaves, shackled together with irons. That sight was a continual torment to me; and I see something like it every time I touch the Ohio, or any other slave-border.”
Indeed, the 1841 sight was so much of “a continual torment” that in 1847 he went on to represent a man who would have put Jane Bryant and her children in those very shackles. Just to top things off, the attorney who defended Matson with Lincoln was Usher F. Linder, who as Illinois Attorney General had encouraged the mob that murdered abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy in 1837.
The Gettysburg speech was at once the shortest and the most famous oration in American history…the highest emotion reduced to a few poetical phrases. Lincoln himself never even remotely approached it. It is genuinely stupendous. But let us not forget that it is poetry, not logic; beauty, not sense. Think of the argument in it. Put it into the cold words of everyday. The doctrine is simply this: that the Union soldiers who died at Gettysburg sacrificed their lives to the cause of self-determination – that government of the people, by the people, for the people, should not perish from the earth. It is difficult to imagine anything more untrue. The Union soldiers in the battle actually fought against self-determination; it was the Confederates who fought for the right of their people to govern themselves.


Bayswater South Primary School is proud of our forty-plus year history of teaching using the German language, and its contribution towards continuing the proud German heritage of the suburb of Bayswater.
Bayswater’s proud Germanic history
It is easy to see why Bayswater South Primary School teaches German when you consider the suburb of Bayswater’s long and proud history of German heritage through the German immigrants who settled in the area.
In the area’s early history, the township was called Macauley, but it was also nicknamed Germantown, due to the large number of German immigrants settling in the area. When the railway arrived in 1889, the township became Bayswater.
In the 1920s, the land around the township of Bayswater mainly comprised of farmland belonging to five families, originally from Germany. It is an interesting fact to consider that most of our suburb today has been built on land that was originally German farmland.
In the late 1940s, more German families settled in the area, as they were able to find work in the area and knew one another. Many families connected through the Templer Society settled in a small area of Bayswater. It was thought that up to half of the Bayswater community, at this time, was either from a German or Dutch speaking background. Several of the German families came from an agricultural background and therefore kept wonderful vegetable, flower and fruit tree gardens and theses gardens were often the envy of the wider community.
Today, Bayswater is a multicultural community with a population from many places, cultures, and heritages. And while it might be harder to see the German heritage in the suburb, The Templer Society continues to provide a wide range of support to the local community through its Community Centre and TTHA (Tabulam and Templer Home for the Aged), including a retirement village, nursing home and age care, while Siemens, a large German multi-national company, also has its Australian national headquarters in Bayswater.
Bayswater South Primary School is proud of our forty-plus year history of teaching using the German language and its contribution towards continuing the proud German heritage of the suburb of Bayswater.


Montezuma: A Nahuatl (Aztec) given name, and the name of two Aztec emperors. Montezuma, Moctezuma, or Montecuzoma, was a Mexica (or Aztec) name. It's meaning is "His Angry Lord, Archer of the Sky". There were two Montezuma. At the time when the Spaniards arrived in the country, Montezuma II. was on the throne, one of the most extravagant of voluptuaries. Ballou, Maturin Murray.


Dr Clive Tonks lived positively with his diagnosis of GSD2, Pompe disease, until he passed away on 15th November 2019 in his mid-eighties.
He is very fondly remembered and contributed greatly to AGSD-UK during some of the most formative years, around the turn of the century. He was a Trustee, committee member and secretary in the years before the association became incorporated. His medical background and work as a psychiatrist meant that he brought special and much needed skills at that time.
Current trustee Ailsa Arthur said:
“I met Clive at several events and conferences and remember him as someone with a sharp intellect and great understanding”.
Charity co-founder Sue Del Mar said:
“Clive was a very dedicated member of AGSD-UK. He was a valuable contributor to our meetings to which he brought a degree of insight and sensitivity. He also attended many conferences and his calm and steadfast manner was a considerable source of comfort to many of those with the same disorder.”
Clive Tonks at a committee meeting in 2001, with Sue Del Mar, one of the co-founders.


The Liberty Bell has a new home, and it is as powerful and dramatic as the Bell itself. Throughout the expansive, light-filled Center, larger-than-life historic documents and graphic images explore the facts and the myths surrounding the Bell.
X-rays give an insider´s view, literally, of the Bell´s crack and inner-workings. In quiet alcoves, a short History Channel film, available in English and eight other languages, traces how abolitionists, suffragists and other groups adopted the Bell as its symbol of freedom.
Other exhibits show how the Bell´s image was used on everything from ice cream molds to wind chimes. Keep your camera handy. Soaring glass walls offer dramatic and powerful views of both the Liberty Bell and Independence Hall, just a few steps away.
The bell now called the Liberty Bell was cast in the Whitechapel Foundry in the East End of London and sent to the building currently known as Independence Hall, then the Pennsylvania State House, in 1753.
It was an impressive looking object, 12 feet in circumference around the lip with a 44-pound clapper. Inscribed at the top was part of a Biblical verse from Leviticus, “Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land unto all the Inhabitants thereof.”
Unfortunately, the clapper cracked the bell on its first use. A couple of local artisans, John Pass and John Stow, recast the bell twice, once adding more copper to make it less brittle and then adding silver to sweeten its tone. No one was quite satisfied, but it was put in the tower of the State House anyway.
The Liberty Bell is composed of approximately 70 percent copper, 25 percent tin and traces of lead, zinc, arsenic, gold and silver.
The Bell is suspended from what is believed to be its original yoke, made of American elm.
The Liberty Bell weighs 2,080 pounds. The yoke weighs about 100 pounds.
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If you love Paris in the springtime, Parc is a veritable grand cru. With Parc, famed restaurateur Stephen Starr brings a certain je ne sais quoi to Rittenhouse Square. Parc offers an authentic French bistro experience, fully equipped with a chic Parisian ambiance and gorgeous sidewalk seating overlooking the Square. Cuisine Parc menu encourages a joyful dining experience, where croissants, Read more...
Zavino is a new pizzeria and wine bar located at the epicenter of the city´s trendy Midtown Village neighborhood. The restaurant features a seasonal menu, classic cocktails, an approachable selection of wine and beer and some of the best late night menu offerings in the area. The restaurant´s interior looks great – it has a simple, rustic feel with an Read more...
Located in a Rittenhouse Square space evoking the free-wheeling spirit of a speakeasy, Village Whiskey is prolific Chef Jose Garces’ intimate, 30-seat tribute to the time-honored liquor. In fact, Village Whiskey features a veritable library of 80-100 varieties of whiskey, bourbon, rye and scotch from Scotland, Canada, Ireland, United States and even Japan. Much as Village Whiskey could be a Read more...
The Chestnut Hill Hotel is located in the historic community of Chestnut Hill, approximately nine miles northwest from Center City Philadelphia. Although Chestnut Hill is close to Center City by today´s standards, it was originally a distant “suburb” on the outskirts of the Philadelphia countryside. Today, it is one of the region´s most charming neighborhoods. Tree-lined streets and grand estates Read more...
The Alexander Inn is one of Philadelphia´s most popular and reasonably priced small hotels. Conveniently located in the heart of the Washington Square West neighborhood in Center City Philadelphia, the Alexander Inn is a great place to base your stay in Philadelphia. The décor of the hotel´s 48 designer rooms is inspired by the style of the grand cruise ships Read more...


The Colosseum of Rome
The great four storeyed stone amphibeater, which could seat 50,000 spectators, completed in A.D.80.
Above thee ground are four storeys, the upper storey contained seating for lower classes and women. The lowest storey was preserved for prominent citizens. Below the ground were rooms with mechanical devices and cages containing wild animals. The cages cold be hoisted, enabling the animals to appear in the middle of the arena.
Emperors used the Colosseum to entertain the public with free games. Those games were a symbol of prestige and power and they were a way for an emperor to increase his popularity.
Games were held for a whole day or even several days in a row. They usually started with comical acts and displays of exotic animals and ended with fights to the death between animals and gladiators or between gladiators. These fighters were usually slaves, prisoners of war or condemned criminals. Sometimes free Romans and even Emperors took part in the action.
The southern side of the Colosseum was felled by an earthquake in 847.


The Bothin Foundation (pronounced “bo-THEEN”) was established by Henry E. Bothin and incorporated as a private foundation in the State of California in 1917.
Lyman H. Casey, President
A. Michael Casey, Vice President & Treasurer
Devon Laycox, Vice President
Lyman R. Casey


- Software name: appdown
- Software type: Microsoft Framwork
- size: 193MB
"How did that come about?"
He stated that the cause of the destruction was the necessity of punishment, because Belgian soldiers in civilian dress had stayed behind in Louvain, waiting to attack the German army from behind at the first favourable opportunity. They thought that their chance had come when for a short time the German troops had to be withdrawn from the fortified camp of Antwerp to take their share in a122 fight near Louvain. Von Manteuffel thought that by attacking the troops in the town the Belgians hoped to prevent the Louvain garrison from assisting their comrades.For that fog the seaplane was making at full speed.
It has been doubted, we think with insufficient reason, that Lucretius was acquainted at first hand with Empedocles.204 But, by whatever channel it reached him, the enthusiasm of Empedocles and the Eleates lives in his verse no less truly than the inspiration of Aeolian music in the song of his younger contemporary, Catullus. The atomic theory, with its wonderful revelations of invisible activity and unbroken continuity underlying the abrupt revolutions of phenomenal existence, had been the direct product of those earliest struggles towards a deeper vision into the mysteries of cosmic life; and so Lucretius was enabled through his grasp of the theory itself to recover the very spirit and passion from which it sprang.205CHAPTER XLI. PROUT IS INDISCREET.
"Seen nothing of a woman," growled the sergeant."And what do you want to write about?"
"I don't quite agree with you," Lawrence said. "The man was detained again his will. Where was he detained? In the Corner House? Because his gaoler was afraid of his discretion. Now go a step further and ask who detained him yonder. You can answer that question for yourself."


Textilaties (Pty)Ltd was founded by its owner Duncan Johnson on 15th October 1973. It was intended to service the knitting and general textile industry. Duncan was introduced to knitting machines through a five year apprenticeship at G. Stibbe & Co of Leicester England, from 1966 to 1971. Stibbe at that time built Rib, Interlock and Double Jersey Jacquard machines with much work done on electronic needle selection machines, which culminated in the production of a fully electronic Jacquard machine in 1970, way ahead of its time.
Textilaties first established itself as a needle and accessories supplier, growing from strength to strength over the years with the introduction of various agencies which for many years included the famous Bentley group of England which at the time employed 5000 workers around the Midlands of England.


Our rooms at the Landhotel Elfenhof
The Landhotel Elfenhof has 8 rooms / suites. Earlier the Elfenhof was a farmhouse with granary and stable. The rooms were anew split by the rebuilding to the Landhotel as follows:
- Three double rooms one of it with balcony. The original use was the barn of the farm. Here hay and straw was stored. (Atrium)
- Three suites (Two gallery suites and a Maisionettensuite). The original use was the grain chamber of the farm. (Glöckchen, Sternchen and Peter Pan)
- A history suite which was used at that time as a farm chamber and kitchen.(Nimmerland)
- The inner courtyard suite, originally used as a pigsty. (Naseweis)
All rooms / suites dispose of WLAN, TV and WC with shower, partial bath.
The detailierte description of the rooms and suites are here on the web page.
By the transformation in the Landhotel Elfenhof value was placed of the use of natural building materials. The equipment of the rooms are adapted elegant and affectionately of the surroundings and the house.
Enchant yourselves by own charming atmosphere.


Without Hindsight: A History of the Progress Trust 1943-2005
This book views sixty years of British politics through the eyes of the Progress Trust an exclusive, secret and influential group of senior Conservative MPs. Many of them occupied important positions within the Conservative Party; others served as Ministers or Secretaries of State during the course of their careers. Not always known to the general public, they exercised crucial influence in times of difficulty. Private archives never accessed before reveal how senior Conservative politicians reacted behind the scenes to significant post-war events, while shedding fresh light on whether history repeats itself. Many of today s controversies have been around for a very long time wet vs dry; big or small state; Europe or open seas; control or no control of immigration. A chronology of British politics 1943 2005, viewed without hindsight by senior Conservative MPs, provides a new and fresh perspective on events both remembered and forgotten.
The Old Stagers: Canterbury, Cricket and Theatricals: An Official History: 1
The first official history of the oldest dramatic society in the world. This is the story of the Old Stagers, who have been treading the boards at Canterbury for over 170 years. They are the oldest amateur dramatic society in the world, and their history is bound up with cricket and Kent. The unique and rich archives of the Old Stagers are the foundation of this first official history, furnishing wonderful contemporary accounts of the theatre and Canterbury Cricket Week since 1842. Famous figures from sport, politics and the law have been proud members of the Old Stagers; their triumphs and disasters both on and off the stage offer a telling insight into English life and history since Victorian times. From the keenly felt distinctions between amateur and professional to the struggles in keeping the Society going through two World Wars, The Old Stagers: Canterbury, Cricket and Theatricals is a priceless and engaging look at the enduring appeal and charm of the theatre.


ONÓRA WHISKEY 1842
Single Barrel Cask Strength
Made with heirloom Amanda Palmer corn, Bloody Butcher corn, White Wheat and Two-Row Barley used from the late 1700s along with a pre-Prohibition yeast strain brought back from extinction | Matured in 500-year-old American White Oak, Beechwood and Maple cut down 200 years ago and recently resurrected from the bottom of Lake Superior's icy waters. It is then finished in old growth Redwood from the original football stadium at the University of Notre Dame.
Onóra Whiskey's 1842 Special Reserve is the bottle every connoisseur and collector will covet. Each pour contains a unique splash of Notre Dame history.
To celebrate the University’s beginnings in 1842, we have produced only 1842 bottles of Special Reserve. It’s the only whiskey finished in old growth Redwood from the original Notre Dame Stadium. Crafted by Master Distiller, Roy Anderson, Jr., 1842 Special Reserve has ancestral roots all the way back to President George Washington.
James Anderson, Roy’s forefather, distilled whiskey in Scotland. When James came to settle in America he brought his passion for whiskey with him. Here in the land of opportunity, he was able to co-found a distillery with President George Washington.
For our 1842 Special reserve, Roy is using the original mash bill that James Anderson developed not long after arriving in America.
Roy has crafted a mix of grains used in the late 1700s: heirloom Amanda Palmer corn, Bloody Butcher corn, White Wheat and Two-Row Barley. In addition, the mash contains a pre-Prohibition strain of yeast. This rare yeast strain was brought back from extinction by the world-famous whiskey expert Alan Bishop.
The mix has been matured in 500-year-old American White Oak, Beechwood and Maple woods that were cut down 200 years ago and recently resurrected from the bottom of Lake Superior—perfectly preserved by the Great Lakes’ icy waters.
Onóra Whiskey's 1842 Special Reserve is steeped in history and distilled with the care that a Notre Dame tribute deserves.
Onóra: It’s not just whiskey. It’s tradition.


|Eskisehir Chamber of Industry|
ESKISEHIR CHAMBER OF INDUSTRY
On 1st November 1968, the Industrial Chamber of Eskisehir separated from the Trade and Industrial Chamber of Eskisehir in order to work as a separate chamber, to deal with the problems of the industry and to accelerate the industrialization in the province.
Since the first day of its foundation, the Industry Chamber of Eskisehir has conveyed the problems of the regional industry to the public attention, presented solutions and became one of the leading chambers with its efforts to point out the importance of the industry.
The number of members of the Industry Chamber of Eskisehir was in the first years 85 and has reached in 1999 a number of 416 from various sectors. Today, 416 member companies continue their works in 21 different professional committees. The Chamber Council conforms of 2 members of these committees and the Council appoints the Board of Directors.
The first president of our Chamber Council was Husnu Yercil. He was at office until 1974. Then, Kazim Alanya was at office until 1979. Since 1979, Mesut Erez is the president of the Council. As it is known, Erez is one the prominent persons of our countries political history and was at the offices of Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance and Vice Prime Minister during previous governments.
The first President of the Board of Directors of the Industry Chamber of Eskisehir was the deceased Ismail Kanatli. He was at office during the period of 1968-1972. During the period of 1972-1974, Orhan Erden was at office. In 1974, Mumtaz Zeytinoglu was elected as president and was at office until 8th February 1979 when he died in a traffic accident. It was in this period that the Industry Chamber of Eskisehir became prominent nationwide. Mumtaz Zeytinoglu contributed enormously to the concept of national industry. After the death of Mumtaz Zeytinoglu, Turgut Cuhaci and Metin Erozlu were at office for short periods.
At the elections in November 1979, Yavuz Zeytinoglu was elected as president and he was uninterrupted at office for 10 years. At the elections in 1989, Savas M. Ozaydemir was elected to the Presidency of the Board of Directors of the Industry Chamber of Eskisehir and is still at office.
The Industry Chamber of Eskisehir has always considered industrialization as a priority of the country and the only way of development. Our Chamber, within the framework of rights and obligations granted by the law, has always considered it as a duty to approach and deal with issues related to the development of the country. Owing to this concept, our Chamber has reached the deserved level among other professional institutions.
In order to increase the level of our service quality, we have initiated in October 1998 the works to obtain the ISO-9002 Quality Certificate. After the investigations in May 1999, by the Turkish Standards Institution (TSE), we obtained the TSE-EN-ISO-9002 Quality Certificate.
Conatct Person: Rukiye Cevik
Adress: Organize Sanayi Bölgesi
Telephone: +90 222-2360360
Fax: +90 222-2360041


Ottershaw Village History
Ottershaw, used as the name of the present village, came into general use in the mid-19th. C. when it was formed from the hamlets of Chertsey Lane End (the Guildford, Chobham and Foxhills Roads area), Brox (around the Brox Lane area) and Spratts (Lane). Previously 'Ottershaw' had referred only to the Ottershaw Park farm/estate. The name is nothing to do with otters, (we have no river in the village), but is likely to be derived from the medieval 'outer' and 'shaw' meaning a small wood, therefore 'outer wood'.
Church Hill now known as Guildford Road in c 1908, showing The Otter, opened in 1803. The first victualler was Samuel Neville.
Administratively much of N.W. Surrey was in the Hundred of Godley which was granted by Edward the Confessor to the Abbot of Chertsey. After the dissolution of Chertsey Abbey in 1537 it passed to the Crown who granted it to various persons.
Land and housing were administered by the Manor of Walton Leigh, with the Manor House at Walton-on Thames still standing. But originally the area around Ottershaw Farm (Park) was in the Manor of Walton-on Thames, and the east of Foxhills Road in the Manor of Chertsey Beomond.
The earliest settlements occurred along the River Bourne in the Durnford Bridge/Anningsley Park area. In the Middle Ages it was spelt as Annynggelagh meaning a clearing (in the woods) of the people of Anna and is mentioned as such at the time of Richard I, (1189-1199).
All of the Ottershaw area was also in Chertsey Common, now existing only north of Lyne, all of which was part of Windsor Forest and, being a royal hunting forest, the deer were protected even if they ate the farmers` crops. The Crown’s interests were looked after by keepers who worked under the supervision of outrangers. One of these was the Lord Onslow of Clandon Park, (whose family owned Horsell and Chobham Commons until the 20th.C).
On the left is the original Roakes blacksmiths in c 1910, now Anvilautos on the right, essentially unchanged today.
The present village was 'waste of the manor' ....resembling the present Horsell and Chobham Commons of heathland and woods. Farmers and cottagers paid the usual copyhold rents to the Lord of the Manor; in return they had the right of grazing, turf cutting, taking heather and wood, for their own use, from the waste land. By the mid-16th C. there were the first recorded small farms of Bousley and Spratts built in the waste and woods. The earliest listed cottages are in Manorial records of 1623.
Two other farms were established in the waste, Great Grove and Brox. Like most of the centre of the village they were converted into market nurseries to supply the growing London market in the 18th and 19th C. under the families of the Mansells, Fullers, Grays, Fletchers, Tilliers, Burrees, Lemons and Mandry`s. But a lot of this land was sold for the development of the village from the beginning of the 20th C., particularly after World War 2. Farms around the periphery were acquired by London merchants in the 18 and 19th C to have new large houses built with fashionable parks laid out around them to replace the farmland: Ottershaw Farm became Ottershaw Park, Potters Park Farm became Queenwood House, Anningsley Farm became Anningsley Park, Bottles became Botleys Park.
To quench the thirst of the farm labourers and nurserymen, by 1850 there were 4 pubs, Otter, Castle, Plough and the Gardeners Arms, the latter 2 now being the sites of the garages of Trident and Shell on the Guildford Road.
Ottershaw originally had been part of the parish of Chertsey. It was briefly in the new parish of Addlestone. Christ Church, the parish church (consecrated in 1864) was built and endowed by Sir Edward Colebrooke on the edge of whose Ottershaw Park estate the church and original vicarage were built. The architect was Sir George Gilbert Scott. The building is one of the 9 Nationally Listed Buildings in Ottershaw. The original vicarage on the Guildford Road was demolished and Beech Hall is now on the site. The second vicarage was in Cross Lane and the present one is in Slade Road.
Church Hill now known as Guildford Road, with Coach Road, showing the Gardeners Arms, open by 1861 to sell Ale only. After 1931 it became a petrol filling station. It is now the site of Trident Garage. Christ Church can be seen up the hill.
Junior and Infants schools were built on the Guildford Road at the chief expense of Sir Edward Colebrooke, and on his land, and opened as a Church of England school in 1870 with 128 pupils including, in due course, those from the Meath Homes and Trelawn Orphanages. In 1906 a new infants school opened in Brox Road, now the Toad Hall Nursery. This is one of the 18 Locally Listed Buildings/Monuments in the area. By the mid 1960`s, with the increase in the size of the village, two new schools were built in Fletcher Road/Close. The original building on the Guildford Road was converted into houses and named after Colebrooke. Meath School was an orphanage founded by the Countess of Meath in 1884, and is now run by the charity, I Can, as a specialist school for children with complex speech and communication needs.
The 1st shop was opened in 1839 at No. 2 Chobham Road by Richard Colebrook, now Curchods. The 1st Post Office was established in 1844, moving to its present building in Brox Road in 1850.
The First Otter "Roundabout" in c 1919, with The Grove Dairy, now Curchods, to the right of the picture.
The Post Office c 1932. Notice the elongated first floor “window”. This was goods delivery access to the upstairs bakery.
The other two parades of shops followed in the 1930`s and 1960`s. The 1st district nurse arrived in 1925. The 1st doctor was Dr. Armstrong-Dash living in St. Aubyns, one of the 2 large houses built by the Fletcher family of nurserymen where the flats of Moat Court are now. The second doctor, Dr. Stevenson established his surgery at Eriskay in Southwood Avenue in 1960. It was moved to its present location in Bousley Rise on his retirement in 1992.
The Working Men`s Club was founded in 1883 on the Guildford Road. The present building on Brox Road was paid for by 18 village landowners and was built in 1885, now much enlarged, as a Reading Room to teach men and boys to read. No alcohol was to be sold and no gambling at all or games on Sundays. But as education improved, it became the present Social Club, but women were not admitted until 1962.
The Village Hall was built in 1930, on the site of an old thatched cottage. It was financed through a benefaction left to the church by Miss Lilian Brook in memory of her parents who had lived at Crofton House, hence its original name 'Brook Hall'. It is owned by the Church, but run by a separate charity as a tenant. This charity has raised a considerable amount of money in the last 15 years to completely refurbish the hall and to add the new Runnymede Room, kitchen, toilets and a new dressing room for dance and drama events.
In Murray Road the original Poor Law Institution (Chertsey Union) or Workhouse for Chertsey and all the surrounding area, was built on nursey land in 1836. In 1930 it became Murray House, a hospital for 'mental defectives'. By 1986, now under the NHS, it was no longer fit for purpose and it was sold and demolished for housing, but the original facade is still there as the front of one of the rows of terraced houses on this road. Next door was the Isolation Hospital, built in 1881, again serving most of NW Surrey for scarlet fever, diphtheria, small pox, typhoid etc. After becoming part of the NHS in 1948, it had one of the 1st iron lungs for polio. But then, with medicine starting to eliminate the old infectious diseases, it became a centre for older and long stay patients. It was also demolished for housing, Clarendon Gate, in 1995.
The Garden View of the Isolation Hospital, now Clarendon Gate. Murray Road, once called Weybridge Road, is located to the rear of these buildings.
Important Open Spaces are the Memorial Fields, on Foxhills Road, given to the old Chertsey Urban District Council in 1952 by 2 landowners in memory of their sons killed in the Second World War. Timber Hill/The Common was saved from development by a long fight by the residents, including going to the High Court in 1984, resulting in Runnymede Council buying it in 1992. Plus, we have the most other Open Spaces in the Borough, all owned by Runnymede Borough Council.


The Parade, Box, Corsham, Wiltshire, SN13 8NX
(Find us on Google Maps)
The Filling Station
NEW: The Creation Tapestries
Sermon Audio Library
The history of
The Methodist Church in Box
The original Ebenezer Methodist Chapel in Box opened in 1834, but by the end of the 19th century it was thought to be too small, so land was purchased adjoining the original building and facing the
The organ appeared in the 1920’s replacing the harmonium ably played by Miss Noble for many years. The organ, with its mahogany case, is a single manual instrument dating from the 1850’s and it was rebuilt in 1986 and placed in its present position, in the gallery above the main entrance, in 2002. By 2000, it became obvious that the Sunday School building was not suitable for access for the disabled and to update it would cost many tens of thousands of pounds. That building was sold in 2001 and converted into a dwelling while the Church used the money raised to completely refurbish the Church building and make it user friendly for the 21st century. In October 2002, Rev. Ian Cramb, former Minister of the Church, performed the re-opening ceremony to a packed Church with our Anglican friends joining with us for the momentous occasion.
Currently, the Church is in use each day of the week by various community organisations and Sunday morning sees the Church pleasantly full for the service.
Originally the Methodist Church in Box was one of 4 such societies. One closed in the 1950’s, the Box Hill and Kingsdown Chapels closed in November 1967 and joined with Box to make one society. The Church, though in the County of Wiltshire, was in the Bath Circuit for all its life, until September 2008, when that circuit joined with the Midsomer Norton and Radstock Circuit, and the church at Keynsham, to form the North East Somerset and Bath Circuit with the Rev. Ian Souter as Superintendent Minister.


Published by DLC Marketing Team
Favourite Holiday Desserts.
The holidays are a wonderful time of year for the merriment, music, lights… and treats! You’ll need to throw out the scale for this list of scrumptious holiday dessert ideas.
Gingerbread Cookies: Did you know? The oldest recorded gingerbread recipe, dating to the 16th century, is kept in the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg! A tried-and-true classic for a reason, gingerbread is a particularly festive go-to! Whether you create gingerbread men or a gingerbread house – or a whole town (we won’t judge!) – you need the right recipe!
Nanaimo Bars: Over the years, this delicious treat has gone by many names… The first recipe originated in the 1952 edition of the Women’s Auxiliary Nanaimo Hospital Cookbook where it was simply named “chocolate square”. A similar recipe was later published in a 1953 edition of the Edith Adams’ Cookbook with the name “Nanaimo Bar”. The recipe clipping still hangs in the Nanaimo Museum! A no-bake dessert bar, this mouth-watering treat consists of three main layers: graham wafer crumb and shredded coconut for the bottom, a custard-flavored butter icing in the middle, and a chocolate ganache on top.
Peppermint Fudge: Originating in the 19th century, fudge is not necessarily new… but with so many additions to flavourings, it never gets old! This season, try one of our favourites – peppermint fudge! Easy to make and waiting to be enjoyed.
Peanut Brittle: Brittle is thought to be one of the first candies ever made… and there is a lot of confusion around how it came to be. Some claim it happened by accident as a New England woman was making taffy and accidentally added baking soda in 1890! Another theory dates brittle as far back as the Celts where it was enjoyed as a traditional Celtic dessert, making its way from Europe to America! Still today, peanut brittle continues to stand the test of time as a favored treat.


Aboriginal people have been present on the South Coast of New South Wales for the past 20,000 years. Occupation and use of the land increased since rising sea-levels shaped the current shoreline some 6,000 years ago. During that period, rich social structures developed, along with cultural and spiritual traditions. The long history of indigenous occupation is reflected in many of the place names along the route of the Great South Coast Walk. These names have their origins in Dreamtime creation stories. Many places are sacred sites, of particular significance to the people, where important events occurred during the Dreamtime or where ceremonies are conducted.
The fundamental social unit of coastal aboriginals is the extended family or clan and intimately associated with each clan is their country 1. For coastal clans, country included not only the land, but the adjoining estuaries, beaches, coastal waters and ocean 2. The ocean, or saltwater country, was inseparable from the land 2. Groups of clans speaking a common language formed a wider social group, sharing ceremonies, belief systems, technologies and subsistence strategies 2. South Coast populations formed into three language groups - Tharawal, Dhurga and Thaua.
The Great South Coast Walk passes through the land of the Tharawal, Wodi Wodi, Wandandian, Jerrinja, Walbunga, Djiringanj, Kootungal, Thaua and Bidawal peoples. So, as we undertake our journey on the Great South Coast Walk, let us acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land through which we pass and pay respect to the knowledge and traditions of these peoples and their unbroken ties to the country of the South Coast.
References and further reading
1. Smyth D (1994) Smyth, DM (1994). Understanding Country – The Importance of Land and Sea in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Societies. Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, Canberra. http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45870929
2. Smyth D (2001) Indigenous People and the Sea in the South-East Marine Region. In: Sea Country: An Indigenous Perspective https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/271c0bfc.../indigenous.pdf
Organ MK (1993) Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines, 1770-1900, Report to the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Canberra, 348p. University of Wollongong Research Online
Shoalhaven City Council Shoalhaven Indigenous History
Harrison MD, McConchie P (2013) My People's Dreaming - An Aboriginal Elder Speaks on Life, Land, Spirit and Forgiveness. Harper Collins (a personal insight into the traditional teachings of an elder of the Yuin people of the South Coast).
McKenna M (2016) From the Edge: Australia's Lost Histories. Melbourne Univ. Publishing (a fascinating account of the first encounters between indigenous and European people as the 17 survivor of the "Sydney Cove" shipwreck walked north along the South coast to Sydney town in 1797).


My first introduction to the Cuban National Ballet was a small mention given to the company's founder, Alicia Alonso, in a documentary. Since then I have read her biography and any other material I could find, and scrounged YouTube for videos. I recently found this production (performed in Paris in 2007) on DVD. What I love most is the passion with which they dance, even the corps, and their musicality. Alicia Alonso founded the company in the 1940s, and in those early days they toured the country performing in factories and army bases, among other unlikely places, and sharing the history of ballet as they went. As a result of one woman's vision and persistence, ballet is now as popular as soccer in Cuba, with audiences cheering and screaming unrestrainedly during performances. She still directs the company at the age of ninety.


One-Eyed Jacks story begins back in the 1980s when co-founder Scott Shulock was cooking Bar-B-Q at a little joint in Orlando, Fl. After returning to his hometown of Lockport in the early '90s, he missed the great Bar-B-Q he helped produce down south. He then decided, along with co-founder Christine Yotter to open One-Eyed Jacks Smokehouse Grill on May 5, 1998. The start was very modest, a small place on the corner of Rt.31 and Sandpit Rd. had only a few tables and a small counter. After the first couple of years, things began to take off and they ran out of room. The decision was made to move to larger digs, and they moved to their current location at 5983 S. Transit Rd. in the spring of 2000. As the years went by, the business continued to grow, and in 2002, they began catering and vending at different events around the WNY area. After nearly 20 successful years, Chris decided to retire at the end of 2016, and Scott formed a new partnership with Paula Smallman and Katrina Boyce, who had been employed by One-Eyed Jacks for several years. Together, the three partners have several decades of experience in the restaurant business and will continue to carry on the One-Eyed Jacks legacy.


History of the Death Penalty in Colorado
The first execution in Colorado was the hanging of John Stoefel in 1859. All executions were carried out by hanging until 1934, when the state adopted lethal gas as its new execution method. Colorado switched to lethal injection in 1988.
Current Death Row
Currently there are three African-American men awaiting execution:
1) Nathan Dunlap – who was condemned for shooting and killing Colleen O’Connor, 17; Benjamin Grant, 17; Sylvia Crowell, 19; and night manager Marge Kohlberg, 50 at a Chuck E. Cheese restaurant on December 14, 1993.
2) Sir Mario Owens and Robert Ray, who were convicted and sentenced to death for the June 2005 shooting of Javad Fields. Owens received an additional death sentence for the killing of Vivian Wolfe, who was with Fields when he was killed. Fields was scheduled to testify in Ray’s trial for accessory to the homicide of Gregory Vann. Both Owens and Ray are litigating the constitutionality and fairness of their convictions and sentences.
On January 7, 2011, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter granted a full and unconditional posthumous pardon to Joe Arridy, who had been convicted and executed as an accomplice to a murder that occurred in 1936. The pardon came 72 years after Arridy’s execution and is the first such pardon in Colorado history. A press release from the governor’s office stated, “[A]n overwhelming body of evidence indicates the 23-year-old Arridy was innocent, including false and coerced confessions, the likelihood that Arridy was not in Pueblo at the time of the killing, and an admission of guilt by someone else.” The governor also pointed to Arridy’s intellectual disabilities. He had an IQ of 46 and functioned like a toddler. The governor said, “Granting a posthumous pardon is an extraordinary remedy. But the tragic conviction of Mr. Arridy and his subsequent execution on Jan. 6, 1939, merit such relief based on the great likelihood that Mr. Arridy was, in fact, innocent of the crime for which he was executed, and his severe mental disability at the time of his trial and execution. Pardoning Mr. Arridy cannot undo this tragic event in Colorado history. It is in the interests of justice and simple decency, however, to restore his good name.”
Milestones in Abolition/Reinstatement
Colorado abolished the death penalty in 1897 and reinstated it in 1901.
– In 2009, the Colorado House of Representatives passed a death penalty abolition bill by a 33-32 vote. The bill failed in the state Senate by a 17-18 vote. The bill would have shifted death penalty prosecution funds to the Colorado Bureau of Investigation for the purpose of solving cold cases. Officials estimate abolishing the death penalty would save the state approximately $1 million a year. There are currently about 1,400 unsolved murder cases in Colorado, but the Colorado Bureau of Investigations cold case unit has only one staff member. The $1 million could add eight people to the unit, proponents claim.
– Colorado’s only execution since 1977 took place in 1997. Gary Lee Davis, 53, received a lethal injection for the 1986 murder of Virginia “Ginny” May.
Following Furman v. Georgia, the death penalty was reinstated on January 1, 1975.
Location of Death Row: Sterling
Location of Executions: Canon City
Governor: John Hickenlooper
Legislative Information: Colorado General Assembly Homepage


Axminster Carpets has been synonymous with carpet luxury and craftsmanship for over 250 years. They are Britain’s oldest, and perhaps best-known carpet designer and manufacturer. Their high quality carpets can be found in royal residences, in some of the finest hotels in the world, in train carriages, on the aircraft of major global airlines and in thousands of discerning homes up and down the country.
Thomas Whitty began making Axminster method carpets in 1755. These original Axminster Carpets™ could be found in Chatsworth House and Brighton Pavilion as well as being bought by King George III and Queen Charlotte, who visited the factory.
182 years later, a carpet manufacturer called Harry Dutfield was on a train where he met a vicar from the West Country who told him that carpets had not been made in Axminster for a while due to a disastrous fire that had destroyed the factory. The germ of an idea was born and in 1937 the decision was taken to re-launch carpet manufacturing in the town of Axminster.
This was the renaissance of ‘Axminsters from Axminster’. Today, Axminster Carpets™ is still weaving beautifully designed carpets in the Devon town of Axminster for the Royal Household, stately homes, luxury hotels and homes around the world.
Call in to Norman Foster Carpets today to see the full Axminster range!


(Edited by Gus’s grand nephew Charlie Ekburg)
August (Gus) Ekburg b. 1869 – d. 1950
August Ekburg (Gus) was born in Eksjö, Sweden in 1869 (1950). We believe he and his brother’s Charlie, John (Jon) and Karl emigrated to the States in the 1890’s initially settling in Alamosa then Silverton, Colorado. He and his brother moved to La Plata sometime before 1897.
Gus married to a lady named Mary Grahn on April 12, 1901 in Pueblo, Colorado. Nine months later, Mary gave birth to their only child Elvira Ekburg (1/6/1902) in Silverton, Colorado.
We do not know what work or industry Gus and Charlie engaged while in Silverton nor do we have stories or documents telling us how Gus or Mary made it to La Plata City. We know through family lore that Gus and his brother Charlie worked in mining and helped other miners with their annual assessment work.
Gus and Charlie were hard-rock miners; they located the White Di’Mond lode claims in the summer of 1897, some time after they had located the Black Di’Mond mining claims. These claims were in the California Mining district, adjacent to Little Kate mine and near the Tomahawk mine in the Basin Creek basin. The White and Black Di’Mond mine portals day-lighted at over 11,000 feet in elevation near Diorite Peak.
Mary Grahn Ekburg died in the 1917-18 flu epidemic. We have no official records of her death or interment (ongoing study). We make the assumption that Gus buried her in the La Plata cemetery, but that is pure speculation on our part. We may have only a few images of Mary.
In 1929, about 12 years after Mary’s death, Gus took a second wife named Signe (Vic) Kronlund, a widow who reportedly had lost her husband in a carriage accident a few years earlier in Illinois. Signe married this first husband, named John Erik Kronland in Chicago, Illinois; they had a daughter named Fekla Signe Mae Kronlund. Gus and Signe married on April 5, 1929 in La Plata County, Colorado; Signe’s daughter Mae lived with them until Gus’s death in 1950. No stories exist in my memory or in family archives about how they met.
Gus acquired a home and lived in La Plata city, Colorado. Later, after his daughter Elvira’s marriage to Arvid Alexander, another casehardened Swede, Arvid moved from Silverton to work at the Black Di’Mond mine, prompting Gus to acquired a second home. Gus and Signe had three houses in La Plata City, the “Red House”, “Blue House”, and the “Square House”. All three houses exist today (2016), only two, the Red and Square, are owned and maintained by the Alexander family.
Gus purchased the “Red House” from the Gold King milling co., and moved it to La Plata City giving it to his daughter Elvira as a playhouse. The Alexander family added to it over the years converting it to a livable cabin.
Gus lived in the canyon (Blue House) until his death, after which Signe and her daughter Mae left the area and ultimately moved to Finland in 1950. Records show Signe buried Gus in the Greenmont cemetery Durango, Colorado, but because of poor marking and record keeping we can’t find Gus’s exact grave site, just the general area. We are investigating a small anomaly regarding Gus’s burial site. According to Greenmont records Gus’s grave is in the older part of the cemetery where according to attendants, they have not added new graves for many decades. Gus’s brother Charlie, his wife and son are buried in a newer part of the cemetery and they passed before Gus.
Click to read more about: (Links in red are currently inactive – webmaster)
Mary Ekburg (Grahn) Gus’s first wife
Signe Ekburg (Kronland) Gus’s second wife.


In the Streets
Prior to the invention of air conditioning and the popularization of the automobile, early Chicagoans lived the bulk of the lives in the streets of the city. Whether it was buying or selling goods, catching up on the latest news, escaping the heat of stuffy tenement houses, or chasing down a runaway goat, the streets were more than a transportation network; it was where people lived, worked, and played.
For much of its history, Chicago held the title, "Bicycle-Building Capital of America" and is the birthplace of the famous Schwinn brand. This history of cycling has left its literal mark on the city by way of our streets. Our In the Streets City Series re-introduces locals to the ease and joy of navigating the city on roads specifically designed for cyclists. Learn to safely travel the city by bike while exploring the many diverse neighborhoods of Chicago. A stop at a neighborhood favorite for a bite to eat makes this the best way to see, hear, smell, and taste Chicago in a brand new way!
Your health is our top priority. We've put special measures in place to keep all guests safe during and after your tour. Learn more by reviewing our Health & Safety Policy.
In a car-centric era, Milwaukee Ave. has developed as a major business corridor with restaurants, shopping centers and entertainment venues leading from the city's northwest side into downtown. However, prior to the 1950's, this "Hipster Highway" was considered an “unspeakable ten miles of drainage ditch they call a road" by visitors and residents alike. On this ride, we'll explore how--in a city run by bikes--residents got to work, The Loop, and favorite local sights using the network of quiet side streets that branch off of "questionable" Milwaukee Ave.
The West Parks
In 1869, the State of Illinois passed legislation to create a new system of parks and boulevards in Chicago. Three park commissions, Lincoln, South and West, were created to oversee the parks’ development. This was done in response to a lack of open air/green space in the city that forced residents to picnic in local cemeteries. Using parts of our lush boulevard system, we ride through the man-made parks of Humboldt, Douglas, and Garfield and explore the impact these parks (listed in the National Register of Historic Places) have had on life in Chicago and the nation as a whole.
The boulevards are wide, tree-lined streets, which connect Chicago's largest parks. This system of parks and boulevards was the first of its kind in the country - imagined nearly 150 years ago. On this ride we take a new look at the old neighborhoods that emerged along these boulevards in the 19th Century and into today. Discover "hidden" parks and green spaces throughout the city that are often overlooked, but are just as beautiful as our famous lakefront parks.


Christopher (Critta) and Myles LeePort Howard Farm
Brothers Critta and Myles Lee own and run Port Howard Farm on West Falkland.
Port Howard was founded in 1866 and in 1986, it was bought by Robin and Rodney Lee, who let the local population buy shares. In 2004 the farm was taken over by Myles and Christopher (Critta) Lee, Robin's sons, after the retirement of Rodney Lee. Port Howard is the largest privately owned farm on West Falkland with a permanent population of about 30. Most of the people are employed by Port Howard Farm which runs 40,000 sheep and 270 cattle on over 90,000 hectares. Over the years, Port Howard has in many ways led farming in the Falklands with one of the most notable things being the fields surrounding the settlement which had been ploughed using horses.
The introduction of machinery and at times different breeds of animals had been led by the farm and in more modern times a lot of tree planting had taken place to provide shelter belts.
The previous owner Rodney Lee had been a leader in pushing forward the Wool and Meat Companies which are now of benefit to all farms.


The History of the Corporation
Thursday, 10 June 2021
09:00 – 16:00 EDT | 15:00 – 22:00 CEST
Henry Hansmann (Oscar M. Ruebhausen Professor Emeritus of Law, Yale Law School and ECGI)
Naomi Lamoreaux (Stanley B. Resor Professor of Economics & History, Yale University)
About the event
In anticipation of the sixth Global Corporate Governance Colloquium, which was held online on 11-12 June 2021, the organisers presented a virtual workshop on ‘The History of the Corporation’ on 10 June 2021. The workshop highlighted the Imperial Russia, turn of the century Egypt and China, Edwardian Britain and the Gilded Age US, exploring issues of corporate governance that continue to resonate in the present day. The morning sessions will examine the relative performance of western-style corporations and their indigenous alternatives in Russia, Egypt, and China. The afternoon papers re-examined structures of corporate governance and control in the US and Britain in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The conference concluded with commentary that draws out the broader implications of these historical studies, setting up themes.
Click below to visit the conference page


The rue de l'ancien four was built sometime in the early 19th century. Mr. Fraisse, a rich wine merchant had a house built for his mistress ... just in front of his his own house - The story does not tell what his wife thought of it!
The elegant fence also dates from that time. The courtyard is a great place to relax with a book or for alfresco dining. One enters through the kitchen which was renovated in 2011. Then comes the first living room with a fireplace. There are also two bedrooms downstairs (one with single bed and one with a double bed). The upper floor has a sunny and pleasant living room with a balcony, a bathroom and the third bedroom (double bed) with a terrace.


Home of the Avro Arrow
The Mississaugas are part of the Ojibwa Nation, in the Algonquian language family. They established themselves on the north shore of Lake Ontario between 1700 and 1720. During the American Revolution, the British Crown began purchasing and acquiring by treaties large tracts of land for the incoming Loyalists. On October 28, 1818, the British Crown and the Mississauga First Nation signed Treaty 19. In this treaty, the British acquired the rest of the “Mississauga Tract” which was the land north of modern day Eglinton Avenue. This area included the “New Survey” in Township of Toronto (now the City of Mississauga) and would include the villages of Streetsville, Malton and Meadowvale. Malton was purchased for 8,500 British Pounds.
Settlement began in the Malton area after shortly after the 1819 survey. Malton was first settled in 1823 by Samuel Moore. Many of Malton’s first settlers are buried in Moore’s Cemetery which is located at 2030 Derry Road East on the south side between Bramalea Road and Torbram Road. The next prominent individual to settle here was Richard Halliday, a native of Malton in Yorkshire, England. Halliday was the only blacksmith in town and wielded great influence. In time this community would become known as Malton, a tribute to the Halliday ancestral home.
Malton developed around the “four corners” of Derry and Airport Roads. By the 1850s Malton resembled a small village and included a general store, a cobbler shop, a small hotel and Halliday’s blacksmith shop. Malton would rise to prominence in 1854 with the arrival of the Grand Trunk Railway in 1854 which turned Malton into a major grain depot. Malton prospered and was awarded the county seat in 1859, which it held for just one year. Steady growth led to Malton being incorporated as a Police Village in 1914.
Malton was a major contributor to Canada’s war efforts. The former Malton airport (the forerunner to today’s Pearson International Airport) was a training base for pilots and was also the site where aircraft were manufactured; most notably the Lancaster Bomber. Following the second world war the A.V. Roe plant in Malton manufactured North America’s first jet passenger plane. The legendary Avro Arrow was entirely designed and built in Malton. When the Arrow’s production plans were suddenly grounded on February 29, 1959 that day would live in infamy in Malton as Black Friday. It was the end of an era. Sadly, a fire would destroy the old Malton Village in 1969 however this proud community would rebuild and is now home to new Canadians from all over the world whose hopes and dreams are just as strong as the first settlers who lived here so many years ago.
Malton is located in the northeast corner of Mississauga abutting the City of Toronto to the east and the City of Brampton to the north. Malton is situated adjacent to the Toronto Pearson International Airport. Malton is separated geographically from other Mississauga neighbourhoods. This has created a strong sense of community. Much of this community pride emanates from Malton Neighbourhood Services, an organization that operates out of the Malton Community Centre, situated at 3540 Morning Star Drive. This organization provides support for newcomers, as well as adults, youth and seniors. Additional Malton landmarks include Westwood Plaza, Paul Coffey Arena and Park, Mimico Creek, Malton Creek, Malton Victory Hall, and Victory Park.
Westwood Square located at 7205 Goreway Dr is an indoor shopping mall. It has undergone recent improvements and receives generally favourable reviews from shoppers for its wide selection of shops and services. Multi-cultural stores featuring Asian, East Indian and African goods makes Westwood Square an interesting place to shop.
Malton Community Centre located at 3540 Morning Star Drive, features a double gymnasium, expanded fitness area and completely redesigned change rooms with adjacent steam rooms. Malton Community Pool is a 25 metre, 4 lane, rectangular shaped pool located in the Malton Community Centre. There are also community meeting rooms. Outdoors amenities include a new splash pad, playground and basketball play pad which provide endless hours of summertime enjoyment. Cyclists and hikers will enjoy the Malton Loop trail which traverses a green corridor that follows the meandering Mimico Creek. Parking for this trail is provided at the Malton Community Centre.
Paul Coffey Park, named after NHL Hall-of-Famer Paul Coffey, features an ice arena, playgrounds and sports fields. There is also a dramatic new children’s playground with a castle theme. The most notable landmark in this park is the real life moments that pays tribute to the Avro Canada CF-100 “Canuck” which was the first Canadian designed and built combat aircraft to engage in wartime combat missions.. The “Canuck” played a critical role in Canada’s participation in the defence of North America and Europe during the Cold War.
Albert McBride Park 3811 Teeswater Rd
Anaka Park 7666 Anaka Dr
Brandon Gate Park 3545 Brandon Gate Dr
Cattrick Boulevard Park 53 Cattrick St
Derry Greenway 7044 Goreway Dr
Elmcreek Park 7320 Darcel Ave
Father Joseph A. Nolan Park 7385 Finery Cres
Frank McKechnie Park 2 Hull St
Malton Greenway 3555 Etude Dr
Malton Village Park 39 Beverley St
Marvin Heights 7363 Redstone Rd
Northwood Park 3830 Brandon Gate Dr
Paul Coffey Park 3430 Derry Rd E
Ridgewood Park 7239 Cambrett Dr
Station Way 26 York St
Victory Park 3055 Victory Cres
Westwood Park 6941 Darcel Ave
Woodgreen 3325 Twilight Rd
Lincoln M. Alexander Secondary School
Brandon Gate Public School
Corliss Public School
Darcel Avenue Senior Public School
Dunrankin Drive Public School
Lancaster Public School
Marvin Heights Public School
Morning Star Middle School
Ridgewood Public School
The above information is shared from Heritage Mississauga, Neighbourhood Guide and Find a Park and Peel District School Board. For more information about Malton's history, please visit Heritage Mississauga and Malton: Farms to Flying.


Turkish Angora is perhaps one of the oldest cat
breeds and can be traced back further than any other breed. It has its origin in Turkey
and named after the country's capital which was previously called Angora.
After a trip to Turkey in the 1600s century, brought the Italian explorer Pietro Della Valle some Turkish Angora cats
with him to Italy. Some of these were given to the French royal family as gifts.
There are paintings from this period depicting Turkish Angoras. To distinguish it from other cats renamed Linnè it "Cattus angorensis" in
the 1700's. Even in Persia were longhaired cats resembling Turkish
Angora, and in the 1800s there were many who traveled between the Middle East and brought on board longhaired cats home to Europe.
In the 1870s, when one began with cat shows in England was the category for longhaired very popular. Despite the fact that the Persian and
Angora already had developed major differences, there were many breeders who did not distinguish breeds
when females came into heat. Thus, the two breeds mixed and
generally judged as longhairs with equal standard.
This led to, that an American Persian breeder, Dorothy Champion,
came with recommendations that "termen`Àngora` rarely, if ever should
be bred. Since a typical Turkish Angora barely existed.
In 1940s created the Turkish government
a breeding program to save the breed, which was now threatened with extinction. The breeding started at Ankara Zoo, with assistance from the Zoo
in Izmir and Istanbul. According to legend, should Turkey's
ancestor Mustafa Kemal Ataturk be resurrected in the form of a white, deaf, odd-eyed
Turkish Angora male. So therefore bred one only of such
to begin with. In 1962 came the first Turkish Angoras to America, through
military stationed in Ankara. In 1973 the Turkish Angora recognized
as breed of CFA, but then only in white. Since there
was born cats of other colors as well, the standard was changed in 1978
to that all colors should be allowed in Turkish Angoras. FIFe approved Turkish Angora as breed in 1988.
Through several imports from Turkey has
gained a wide breeding base. In Europe, these beautiful cats
becoming common. Here in the Nordic countries, there are still not that many, but this is a breed constantly expanding.


Today, we have normalised and internalised the existence of mannequins. We are used to seeing them in window displays and shops, and perfectly understand their function. However, the mannequins that we know today are the result of centuries of history that we want to share with you in this article.
When was the first mannequin made?
How, when and by whom were the first mannequins made? This object that is so present in our daily life was invented centuries ago and has undergone several modifications throughout history.
Discover how this journey culminated in the mannequins we have today:
History of mannequins I: from ancient times to the 19th century
Definitely what marks the beginning of the story are the artisanal wooden torsos. The first known precursor to modern mannequins was discovered in Ancient Egypt by Howard Carter, a renowned Egyptologist and archaeologist, who found a replica of a human body without limbs made from wood, the measurements and features of which corresponded with those of pharaoh Tutankhamun. It is believed that this piece was used by tailors to allow them to design the pharaoh’s clothes, as they were absolutely prohibited from touching the king.
In the 16th century, fashion dolls appeared, made from papier-mâché, with the purpose of spreading French fashion throughout the rest of the world. In the 18th century, these dolls were made of wood, with articulated limbs and with an average size of 35 centimetres. In the same century, dressmaking mannequins also appeared for the first time, often made from wood and wicker, and used at the recently established fashion schools of the French capital.
History of mannequins II: the Industrial Revolution
During the 19th century, and with the creation of dressmaking mannequins, the first full body mannequins appeared. For shops to be able to sell the garments created thanks to this new invention, it was necessary to present them in an eye-catching way in a window display.
These first mannequins were women’s bodies, and their faces often included glass eyes, false teeth and natural hair. They were carved from wax or wood and/or made of iron, and had to be shown clothed.
However, the wax used had the disadvantage of melting when it was exposed to high temperatures, while the other two materials were very heavy. Despite this, the mannequins made with these materials continued to exist until after the First World War.
History of mannequins III: 20th century
During the 1920s, mannequins were made from papier-mâché, particle board, plaster and/or plastic, which led to lighter elements, while the bodies rendered were more stylised, flatter and without waists.
However, the use of plastic became problematic, as it contained resin and glycerine, which caused the colour of mannequins to vary due to reacting with paint. Despite this, and having explored alternatives, plastic continued to be used until being replaced by resin and fibreglass in the 1960s.
During this century, different forms and volumes were also explored. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s, the figure of Marilyn Monroe was present in the majority of window displays, while in the 1970s, mannequins with few or no facial features became fashionable. In the 1980s, athletic bodies were opted for, while in the 1990s, very slim figures were used.
History of mannequins IV: today
Today, there is a trend toward seeking increasingly sustainable materials with minimal environmental impact for manufacturing mannequins. Specifically, at Atrezzo Mannequins, we refuse to use PVC, and only use RS-07 LSE resin, a resin with a low styrene content, Bio 30R PU with at least 30% bio-components, and MM-R2R PS which can be recycled to manufacture new mannequins.
Additionally, in recent years, proportions have increasingly become less standardised, and both new forms and creative concepts and new technologies are explored, such as 3D design and printing.
The history of mannequins is constantly evolving, in terms of both the materials with which they are manufactured and their design.
Since it was founded thirty years ago, one objective has guided everything that we do at Atrezzo Mannequins: offering the highest quality and design standards to the visual merchandising industry, combining artisanal tradition with the most advanced techniques.


Turkish Jewelry: Traditions and Talismans
This autumn is all about renewal and expansion for Minimal Chaos. The release of our first official jewelry collection is one of those magical moments we have been so eager to share with you all. Let’s talk the tiniest bit about Middle Eastern trade history, and explain why rounding out The Souk is a must for us.
Turkey sits right in the middle of Anatolia, the peninsula that connects Europe with Asia. This location, no surprise, has fostered a rich culture of trade as far back as we can historically trace; Assyrian merchants established Turkey as an important hub for luxury goods early on. Archaeologists believe skill in Turkish metallurgy goes back to 5,000 BCE.
With the Byzantine Empire, Roman influence and motif spread throughout Europe and Asia, along with the importance and popularity of adornment. As Istanbul became a “lavish” center of style and craft, gemstones from all over the world met with Turkish gold and silver handwork and over time has evolved into more minimal contemporary design styles.
Byzantine Gold Pearl Sapphire Amethyst Emerald Bracelet, c.6th-8th Century, Source - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
By the time the Ottoman Empire was in power, gold was “not just for personal adornment, but for many it was a way to reserve and hold money. Frankly, the Ottomans were obsessed with jewelry and wealth, and this came hand in hand with the success of the Ottoman empire.” Many palatial jewelers were Christian or Jewish artisans, melding European influences, at a time when the culture was also becoming “Persianised” creating a unique blend of three religious fashions.
Byzantine Temple Pendant and Stick, Made in Constantinople ca.1080-1150, Source - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
“This vast, decorative, and lavish jewelry history significantly shaped how Turkey and the Middle East as a whole was perceived by the west in the 19th century. The Middle East was frequently exoticised by 19th century and 20th-century artists, especially in a sexual guise. Many artists portrayed Turkish and Middle-Eastern women wearing lots of jewelry, flowing diaphanous robes, and in suggestive poses, transforming them into “odalisques”(reclining nudes).”
Odalisque Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant (French,1845-1902)
Okay so back to Minimal Chaos…
Boasting glistening fingers, wrists and ears, it's easy to imagine the instant requests Sarah received upon each return home from the souks. Handmade gold and silver jewelry pieces from Istanbul were rationally the first goods Sarah brought home to The States to share with friends.
We wanted to keep this nod to our origin as a mainstay of the shop. Our first jewelry release consists of two themes we thought would be a great introduction.
“Bestie Bridal” celebrates the rich history of goldwork. Sarah and I each saw our childhood best friends get married this season and we couldn't help but curate a collection inspired by wedding season, yet classic enough for year-round. Beautiful pearl and shell beadwork contrasted with dark set rhinestones and a few “something blues” will keep you perfectly paired for any ceremony or lend the perfect accent to your winter whites.
“Talismans” is an intro to the many symbols of Middle Eastern jewelry culture and design. Just in time for spooky season, a contemporary take on ancient motifs like the Hamsa, or Hand of Fatima, as well as roman coins, horns, and of course more pearls.
Each piece is a modern ode to the unique construction and detail of Turkish jewelry history, brought to you by a small business run by an Afghan family who, like many other refugees, have made Istanbul their home.
“Ottomans valued the original shape and natural contours of a gemstone, and the pieces had a rougher, but nonetheless still beautiful, look to them.”


Welcome back to the John’s Coffee blog! It’s a start of a new phase for us, and you can expect regular posts on all things coffee-related. We will have insights into our beans, coffee farming, brewing and tasting. Check back in a couple of weeks, when we take a deep dive into the world of women growing coffee in Rwanda. Today though, to start a new era on the blog, it only seemed right to look back at where everything started.
Coffee. Where did it begin?
Where coffee comes from is simple. The coffee plant flourishes most readily in the so-called “bean belt”, a region around the equator where the conditions of rich soil, mild temperatures and plenty of rain are found.
Where coffee came from, on the other hand, and how it became the drink it is today is a fascinating story. The true origins may have faded into myth. There are two versions of the legend listed on Wikipedia, and a quick hunt of the internet turned up at least a couple more.
From perky goats…
One version includes unexpectedly perky goats, and an Ethiopian goat-herder called Kaldi. He grew curious about the berries his goats were eating which made them so energetic. He took the berries to a monk who disapprovingly threw them in the fire. The resulting smell of the roasting beans intrigued the monk enough to put the remains in hot water to drink. It’s a great story, but problematic, as the story arrived much later than the coffee.
Another version tells of the disciple of a Moroccan mystic, a healer called Omar. While travelling in Ethiopia, Omar saw birds eating the berries. This version of the tale is more iterative than Kaldi’s, as Omar is said to have found the raw berries too bitter, the roasted berries too tough, and it was his third idea to try putting the roasted beans in water. The inspired innovation of this process appeals, but there are still problems with the historical accuracy of it.
As a side note, in Omar’s story he eventually became a saint, although not the patron saint of coffee. That’s Saint Drogo, which seems a little unfair, as there appears to be no historical links between St Drogo and the arrival of coffee into Europe, some three hundred years after he died.
Either way, if you want to celebrate the true origins of coffee, how about trying our Ethiopia Guji Coffee?
… to a cultural revolution
Coffee’s spread out of Africa was slow, due in no small part to the problems of transporting it quickly enough to avoid spoiling. Coffee spread as technology evolved to move it. It was in Yemen at the end of the 15th Century, arrived in Europe in the 16th Century and made it all the way to us in Finland in the 17th.
It wasn’t all plain sailing though. Through its long history, coffee has at times been viewed with suspicion. Whether it was because it stimulated radical thinking, was potentially Satanic, or was just interfering with the beer trade, coffee hasn’t always been welcomed. The good news on the Satanic front is that coffee received the all-clear from Pope Clement VIII, so we’re probably safe there.
The spread of coffee has gone together with the spread of coffee houses, and they have always been places associated with creativity, free thinking, and artistry. So much so that a case could be made that the changeover from beer to coffee as the preferred breakfast drink changed civilisation as we know it. In fact here’s that very case, in a bit of a YouTube-y way.
Next time you sit down with a coffee to work on your novel, know that you are part of a long and glorious tradition.


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The Kennedys: After Camelot (2017)
Picking up where the Emmy® winning miniseries THE KENNEDYS left off, THE KENNEDYS: AFTER CAMELOT provides a fascinating look into the modern era of America’s royal family. Starring Katie Holmes as Jackie Kennedy-Onassis, Matthew Perry as Sen. Ted Kennedy, Alexander Siddig as Aristotle Onassis, and newcomer Brett Donahue as the beloved John F. Kennedy, Jr.
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