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The History of Legal Cannabis for Medicinal Use
While cannabis has been used medicinally for thousands of years, its history as a medicine in the United States is much briefer. Though used widely during the 19th century, usually in tincture form, it became less common after the introduction of aspirin as a painkiller. With the passage by Congress of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, marijuana became all but illegal even for medical use. Only in recent decades have policies begun to shift in favor of legal cannabis.
Today, there are 16 states where medical cannabis is legal, plus the District of Columbia. But it has been a long and arduous road.
Initial Moves toward Legal Cannabis
State governments were not the first to legalize medical cannabis. Under the Carter administration in 1978, the federal government instituted a program using cannabis as an Investigational New Drug (IND).
Under this program, individuals could apply for an IND approval to use medical cannabis. A few dozen were approved, mostly for patients suffering from nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, or due to chronic pain or spasms related to spinal injuries (many of whom were Vietnam veterans).
This program actually supplied cannabis directly to patients via the federal government at taxpayer expense. At the time of this writing, there are still 5 active patients in the program who continue to receive their cannabis from the US government. However, after a massive increase in applications in the late 1980s as the AIDS epidemic spread, the first Bush administration effectively ended the federal IND program for medical cannabis.
New Mexico: The First Legal Cannabis State
Also in 1978, New Mexico became the first state to allow the medical use of marijuana, primarily for glaucoma and chemotherapy-induced nausea. Many other states soon followed, but all had to operate under FDA guidelines that required any such program to operate as a research study.
While roughly 250 patients in New Mexico did eventually receive cannabis under this program, deep-rooted opposition from the federal government and the FDA made this and other state programs of the late 70s and early 80s essentially unworkable.
With the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996, California became the first state to pass a medical cannabis law that operated outside the restrictions of the FDAs IND requirements. Though this law has been challenged and endured attacks from the federal government, it has endured. 15 additional legal cannabis states have followed in California’s footsteps, although each state’s program differs in its particulars.
The 16 states (plus the District of Columbia) where medical cannabis is legal are currently:
- California (1996)
- Alaska (1998)
- Oregon (1998)
- Washington (1998)
- Maine (1999)
- Colorado (2000)
- Hawaii (2000)
- Nevada (2000)
- Montana (2004)
- Vermont (2004)
- Rhode Island (2006)
- New Mexico (2007)
- Michigan (2008)
- Arizona (2010)
- District of Columbia (2010)
- New Jersey (2010)
- Delaware (2011)
If you are suffering from the debilitating effects of one of the 16 approved conditions in New Mexico and would like to apply to the New Mexico Medical Cannabis Program, Albuquerque Integrative Medicine is here to help. Please call us at 505-570-5447 to schedule an appointment today.


(Image Credit: Shutterstock.com)
What once began as an American holiday lasting a single day, Memorial Day has now evolved into a weekend celebration often marking the beginning of Summer (as much as its intended purpose). Beginning as Decoration Day in 1868, May 30th was designated as day of remembrance to honor those who died in the Civil War by decorating their graves.
Over time, Decoration Day evolved into Memorial Day. During World War I, the holiday expanded to honor American military members who died in all wars, not just the Civil War. In 1971, following the passage of the Uniform Monday Holiday Act by Congress, Memorial Day became a federal holiday creating a 3-day weekend.
3 Things to Remember for your Memorial Day Weekend
While we enjoy the extended, holiday weekend, there are a number of things we should reflect upon and remember:
- First and foremost, we should take time to remember the true purpose of Memorial Day - the men and women who died serving our country and protecting the many freedoms that we can too often take for granted.
- As we embrace the true spirit of the holiday and celebrate our freedom, we should remember to take a moment to be grateful for the family and friends that we have to share it with.
- Knowing in advance that many of our celebrations will involve alcohol consumption, we should plan ahead. If you will be celebrating at the home of a family or friend, make arrangements to stay where you are when the party ends. If this is not an option, plan ahead and designate a sober driver. You don't need to get a DUI to have a weekend to remember.


According to the true believers who need to replace the concept of original sin, White Privilege is akin to having been born rich with an inside pass to anything that’s desirable. Supposedly doors are always open for you in employment, banks are willing to lend you money, your neighborhoods magically improve, police give you benefit of the doubt.
Whenever an idealist tries to reconcile the beliefs of a dogmatic equalist religion with the reality of achievement gaps and the like they can fall back on the original sin of white people to answer the questions that can never be answered. ‘Check your privilege’ and ‘Jesus died for your sins’ are fundamentally the same statement in my book.
White privilege is, however, just a poor answer to the real question behind the theology. Why do White People get to win all the time?
This is about winning in the way Donald Trump would define winning, what Charlie Sheen meant in his tiger blood rants. To conquer a nation, to spread your culture, your language the ideal for your institutions is to win. To have members from your tribe behind most of the world’s inventions and consequential moments in history is to win. To have the faces of people who look like you associated with birth of the modern world is to win.
If you’re a cis-gendered white male the consequential history of the world involved people who look like you as a large proportion of those actors. The men who created the intellectual framework for the modern world, the explorers who planted their flags across the planet and even on the moon. The men who managed the great military enterprises, who enacted great evil and then stopped it. The woman held up as icons of beauty look come from the same stock that produced your mother or your sister. Most of your kind were scut labor and cannon fodder but it doesn’t change the fact that you can feel kinship to a tribe that always had a key role.
This isn’t about who got an unfair advantage (see Guns, Germs and Steel) or who secretly influenced these events, because they’re irrelevant. This is about who’s myths were spread through the world and who’s faces are associated with the agency to change the world.
To make a specific comparison…
After the revolution, America lost the Royal Navy’s protection from piracy and the slave trade. John Adams was content to pay the ‘Barbary Nations’ tribute for protection of the young nation’s commerce on the high seas, but the Barbary Nations kept increasing their required bribe. Thomas Jefferson, who’d met the ambassador from Tripoli had no such reservations. When he was elected President of the young nation, he sent the navy across the Atlantic Ocean to bombard Tripoli. Tensions were high through the war of 1812. When the hostilities ceased, America turned its’ attention to Algeria and keeping the Mediterranean free for American commerce. President Madison delivered the following words to establish his nation’s future policy to the Barbary States: “It is a settled policy of America, that as peace is better than war, war is better than tribute. The United States, while they wish for war with no nation, will buy peace with none.” In 1815 the United States navy turned the corsair fleet in Tripoli to splinters, got compensation (really a ransom) from Algeria and the release of captured American Slaves. In short, a White America won a transatlantic piracy and slave war by terrifying the former foe into submission through strength.
The slave trade on the western coast of Africa was started by who wanted cheap, malaria resistant labor for the sugar cane fields. It went along roughly from the 1400s to the 1800s when Europeans, feeling bad about enslaving Africans ended the slave trade. The British passed the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833. The Africans who were the primary victims of the conflict, played a minor role in it. No African nation had the ability to build ships, let alone man them or send them across an Ocean. They had no ability to form and equip military forces who could defend their shores. They couldn’t form any political alliances to slow the slave trade which was essentially ended when white people, feeling shame about the barbaric nature of the trade ended it. The Royal Navy freed thousands of slaves after the imposition of the Slavery Abolition Act because they owned the most powerful navy on the planet and nobody else could do anything about it. Moral imperatives mean nothing if you don’t have the strength to back them up. Compared to America’s conclusive handling of Barbary Coast piracy, Africans remained pawns and objects of struggles determined by other people. The heroic narrative in this bottle was hogged, primarily, by European peoples.
The point isn’t about the merits of either group or the evils of slavery or to deny the minor acts of heroism within this grand saga. The point is that the main villains and heroes involved with the saga in Africa, the ones in the history books, weren’t Africans. To say that the history books are biased may be true, but the winners in the narrative get to write the history books.
This was true of the colonial and post-colonial periods which saw both great exploitation and humanitarian projects at the same time. The King of Belgium used mercenaries to turn the Congo into his personal rubber plantation because he could, and he was only compelled to give it up because of international pressure from other European nations. Again, Africans native to the Congo played a passive role in this mass drama in grand historical narrative. Other people conquered them and then a new a group came to ‘liberate’ them, or enslave them in passive aggressive ways.
This is just an example though. If you need to reassure me that there were great African heroes in this struggle that were ignored by history, you may be right, but it doesn’t matter. There were heroes in the Congo who had their own epic struggles against the coastal slavers or the rapacious colonialists but that doesn’t change the grand narrative. A powerful people exploited Africa because they could and they stopped because public opinion had turned against them. Africans got freedom without the sweet victory of defeating their foes. In short, they didn’t win.
Think of the history of Africans and Blacks in America… What historic narratives are they part of where they’re the protagonists of the story? The narratives were another group depended upon them against an evil or a disaster. Think of the narratives that you learned about in elementary school. Which of those stories present anything other than a group of victims struggling to show dignity? Which of those stories are equivalent to the narrative about the founding of the nation, the Apollo Program, the American military machine in WWII, the conquest of the Western Frontier. Don’t look into who was robbed or how complex it was, think at the basic level of who was winning and who wasn’t. To be invited to the party isn’t winning.
The civil rights movement is probably the closest example and even that was a campaign to guilt enough white people to side against others. They conquered no nation to remake in their own image, the only real leadership that was given was related to racial matters in divisive partisan politics. As a victory, it was pyrrhic one.
I think this is the real blind spot with White people talking about white privilege. They might trot out a story about a figure like Jackie Robinson being a hero, but where’s the heroic narrative in that tale? Everyone knew that blacks could play baseball in the 1940s, Robinson’s job was to play and act dignified against bile thrown his way. That’s not the story of a man vanquishing a foe, that’s the tale of a man invited to party, where some of the guests didn’t want him there and remaining a polite party guest despite it.
White people like that story because they are, again, the main protagonists of the story inviting an outsider into their club and proving their own insight and it suggests that, deep down, Jackie Robinson wanted to be like them. Compared to Robinson, Jack Johnson really broke ‘the color barrier’ by living an unapologetically epic life on his own terms during the early 1900s in America, but his story isn’t part of the zeitgeist that I absorbed in a relatively liberal public school system.
Hearing cries of white guilt probably does nothing to fill that void. Offering to give up privilege and invite outsiders to the party only reminds them who has the real power in the transaction and exactly where you stand in the pecking order. I don’t, for a second, believe that any of this is intentional. If the history of the world involves people that you can identify with on more than idealistic grounds, you’re probably ignorant of the fact that not everyone has this tapestry to imagine themselves a part of.
I think this is where the outrages over ‘cultural appropriation’ come from. On logical grounds, the idea that white people are ‘stealing’ rap music or taking a culture to market it make no sense, but it think about it from the perspective of who’s winning.
More than any other export industry that I can think of, hip-hop was black top to bottom. The moguls were black, the start talent was black, the genius producers were black, the venue owners were black. The branding geniuses and apparel marketers were largely black. The media outlets that grew to cover rap were heavily black. Most other industries were founded by others and accepted blacks into their ranks. That’s not a narrative about winning, that’s a narrative about finally getting invited the happy hour that always wanted to be part of. The rap industry, for the most part, was founded and owned by blacks in America. It spread a style and culture that came from their neighborhoods, that wasn’t. The fear is of no longer dominating a sphere of influence in a world were white people are perceived to dominate everything. Logically it’s an inane lament, but emotionally it makes perfect sense.
Before he started sermonizing in polemics about reparations, Ta-nehisi Coates was an interesting journalist who wrote an article about Bill Cosby’s personal quest for black Americans to adopt upstanding middle-class behavioral norms. I won’t get into debates about hypocrisy or privilege that surrounded it other than to state that I think he truly meant it. Coates highlighted a quote that stuck with me ever since where Cosby told a friend ‘I’m tired of losing to White People’. Cosby wanted a black achievement that everyone else would envy: a black owned company that was the envy of the industry, a black neighborhood that everyone else wanted to move into. Being considered good enough to join institutions founded by whites so that white people can brag to each other about it doesn’t count as winning.
The lament from ‘marginalized’ groups isn’t about not getting invited to the party but about wanting to be the main actors in the heroic narratives that shape the world. They’re on the outside wondering ‘when do we get to win?’ ‘When do get to be on the inside with everyone else looking at us with envy?’
White Privilege isn’t about illusory advantages passed down from a society forged by your ancestors but about never having asked that question.


In the conquest of Canaan Caleb, the son of Hezron
Had inherited Hebron through hard-fought warfare.
Then came Caleb to Kirjathsepher and said to his
Soldiers, “He that smiteth Kirjathsepher shall marry
Achsah, the apple of my eye and only daughter
Of my old age.” And Othniel, the son of
Kenaz, Caleb’s brother conquered Kirjathsepher.
He was Caleb’s Kinsman and Achsah’s admirer.
He had proven his prowess & thus procured him
The favor of the fair Achsah & her famous father. He
Had earned a beautiful bride because of his bravery.
But after, Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord
And so came a cruel king Chushanrishathaim,
Monarch of Mesopotamia, and made them serve 8 years
In bitter bondage. They begged the Lord
To forgive their follies & defend them from this
Powerful opponent & the pain he had caused them.
So Othniel went out to war with weapon in hand.
The Holy Ghost of God would give him the victory.
The fighting was fierce as famous men and their
Faithful followers fought with all their might.
Bright blades clashed & broken bodies collapsed
Amid the clank & clamor caused by the killing.
But by and by, the battle’s outcome was clear,
Obvious to all. Othniel had dealt
A decisive defeat to the devilish Canaanites.
Israel praised Providence for preserving their lives &
Freedom, forgiving their faults, and raising up
A daring deliverer to defy their enemies
& a respected ruler to rebuke unrighteousness.
And so, for forty years, he faithfully ruled them
Preserving peace, and preaching righteousness.
-Steven L Anderson, 2011


For Immediate Release!
June 23, 2023
Wiley University is pleased to announce it is a recipient of a National Park Services grant as part of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities Historic Preservation Fund. Wiley University is one of fourteen HBCUs to be awarded a $500,000 grant to preserve and restore historic buildings, structures, and landmarks. The grant will support the final phase of the Wiley University project to preserve Pemberton for continued use.
“The Wiley Pemberton Complex continues to be an important space for former high school attendees like me. Having attended Pemberton High School when Marshall education was segregated, the preservation of these buildings ensures history is preserved.” – Mr. Ivan White, Graduate of Pemberton High School and Wiley University Director of Administrative Services
The former Pemberton High School served as the only high school for Blacks in Marshall, TX, prior to the desegregation of the public school in the 1970s. The building is located on the Wiley University campus. It is named after the first graduate of Wiley University, H.B. Pemberton Sr., who was instrumental in obtaining education for Blacks in Marshall, TX. In 1894, H.B. Pemberton Sr. began petitioning the city of Marshall for Black access to education. His advocacy and fundraising efforts established Marshall’s first African American Public School. In 1925, H.B. Pemberton Sr. petitioned for a new school because of outgrowth at the segregated school. That same year, the school site was purchased and would remain the home of the school until its closure in the 1970s. In 1941, through petition, the school board unanimously accepted the petition to change the name of the school to the H.B. Pemberton High School in honor of its founder.
“The National Park Service program to preserve buildings at HBCUs is helping to ensure that America’s rich history is always in our collective memories. The use of these funds to update the Pemberton – Wiley Complex will make it more accessible to members of the community.” – President & CEO Herman J. Felton Jr., Wiley University
The Wiley University Preservation Project: Strengthening the Legacy is scheduled to be completed by March 2024.
For General Press/Media Inquiries, Contact: Jasmine Farmer at firstname.lastname@example.org.
About Wiley University
Founded in 1873 in Marshall, Texas, Wiley University is a historically Black, liberal arts, residential, co-educational, baccalaureate degree-granting institution affiliated with The United Methodist Church. Committed to the principle of educational access, the University serves traditional and non-traditional students from diverse backgrounds who have expressed a desire and potential for learning in a Christian environment. Home of “The Great Debaters,” Wiley University has an intentional focus on social good and leadership, and its motto is “Go forth Inspired.”


The humble coffee mug, once a simple vessel for holding your favorite hot beverage, has evolved into a stylish and diverse accessory that reflects personal taste and cultural trends. Let’s take a journey through the history of the coffee mug, tracing its transformation from a utilitarian item to a fashionable statement piece.
1. Functional Beginnings: The earliest coffee mugs were simple, practical containers made from materials like clay or metal. Their primary purpose was to hold coffee and keep it warm. As coffee culture spread globally, different regions developed their own variations of the coffee mug, each influenced by local materials and craftsmanship.2. Rise of Ceramics: With the rise of ceramic production, coffee mug became more accessible and diverse. The 18th century saw the emergence of finely crafted porcelain mugs, often adorned with intricate patterns and designs. This era marked the beginning of using coffee mugs not just as vessels but as items of aesthetic value.3. Mass Production and Standardization: The industrial revolution brought mass production to the world of coffee mugs. Standardized shapes and sizes became the norm, making mugs more affordable and widely available. This era also saw the introduction of branded and promotional mugs, turning the once utilitarian item into a marketing tool.4. Expressing Individuality: As consumer culture flourished in the 20th century, people started using coffee mugs as a means of self-expression. Mugs with witty quotes, humorous illustrations, and personalized messages became popular. Coffee mugs became not just a vessel for coffee but a canvas for individuality.5. Modern Trends: In the 21st century, coffee mugs have become a canvas for contemporary design trends. From sleek and minimalist designs to quirky and eclectic patterns, there’s a coffee mug for every taste. Artisanal and handmade mugs have also gained popularity as consumers seek unique and sustainable options.6. Beyond Function: Today, coffee mugs have transcended their functional roots to become fashion accessories. Collaborations between artists, designers, and coffee brands have resulted in limited-edition, collectible mugs that blur the lines between art and utility. Social media platforms showcase coffee enthusiasts sharing their favorite mugs as part of their lifestyle and personal brand.In conclusion, the coffee mug has come a long way from its humble beginnings as a simple container. From its functional origins to its current status as a fashion statement, the evolution of the coffee mug mirrors the ever-changing landscape of coffee culture and individual expression. As you reach for your favorite mug each morning, take a moment to appreciate the rich history and personal journey encapsulated in that simple yet significant vessel.


Free Documentary Film Series Examines War & Citizenship at Go For Broke Launch on Memorial Day Weekend May 28, 2016
Filmmakers David Ono, Sharon Yamato, Sandra Robbie & Joan Mandell Screen Documentaries followed by Q&A with Mitch Maki
Go For Broke National Education Center (GFBNEC) will launch its new Defining Courage exhibition on Saturday, May 28, 2016, with a Free Homecoming Festival and Film Screening in the Little Tokyo district of Los Angeles. Honoring Memorial Day, the film series examines the war and civil rights in the past and present. Focusing on stories from World War II, the struggle for civil rights in California and the current political climate, these films create a dialogue that links our past with the future. Each film is followed by a Q&A with the director and Mitch Maki, dean of the College of Health and Human Services at California State University, Dominguez Hills. To learn more, please visit www.GoForBroke.org. All films are free to the public.
An expert on the issue of redress for the survivors of the incarceration camps, Maki says he is led by the desire to “make a difference in people’s lives for the better and wanting to empower individuals and communities to address issues of social justice.”
1:00 PM Unknown Warriors of World War II Screening followed by Q&A with Director and Producer David Ono
In December 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. The U.S. was at war. Americans of Japanese descent suddenly found themselves labeled “Enemy Alien.” Over 110,000 Japanese Americans were sent to incarceration camps. From behind the barbed wire, young men volunteered for military service by the thousands. The U.S. Army put them in their own segregated units–the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. These became the most decorated unit in U.S. military history. In the Pacific, other Japanese American (JA) soldiers fought heroically in the Military Intelligence Service. “Unknown Warriors of World War II” shines light on the brave, patriotic legacy of the JA soldiers of World War II.
2:00 PM a Flicker in Eternity Screening Followed by Q&A with Director, Producer and Writer Sharon Yamato
In November of 1942, Stanley Hayami began keeping a diary that captured the harsh reality of living in an incarceration camp at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, and his personal struggles as a student, son, brother, friend, and citizen of the world, who despite all obstacles, held onto his dreams of the future. Stanley’s diary serves as witness to a dark time in our history and is told through the eyes of a teenager who will soon be expected to take up the responsibility of a man. As you read his diary, you will discover Stanley’s creative talents, as well as his idealism, his optimism, and his aspirations as he shares his quirky sense of humor, his more serious side, and his dream of a “United Nations of Earth.”
3:00 PM Mendez vs. Westminster: For All The Children /Para Todos Los Niňos Screening Followed by Q&A with Writer and Producer Sandra Robbie
During WWII and the Japanese American incarceration, a Mexican American father and his Puerto Rican wife led a lawsuit including five Latino families against four Orange County, CA school districts that would help to make California the first state in the nation to end school segregation. In 1947, the case of Mendez vs. Westminster helped pave the way to the Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education seven years later. Among many surprises, then-California Governor, Earl Warren, and NAACP attorney, Thurgood Marshall, were involved in both cases.
4:00 PM Voices in Exile: Immigrants and the First Amendment Screening Followed by Q&A with Director Joan Mandell
“Voices in Exile” succinctly documents the beginnings of the longest running deportation case in U.S. history: the 20 year trial of the “LA8”. This riveting video examines plans for rounding up Arab Americans, reminiscent of the WWII incarceration of Japanese Americans, and foreshadowing Guantanamo. The ACLU and Center for Constitutional Rights take on the FBI, INS and Justice Department in a courtroom battle over First Amendment rights for all non-citizen residents.
Go for Broke National Education Center’s Defining Courage Exhibition:
Pearl Harbor changed the lives of all Americans, but one group of citizens was affected beyond compare. Japanese Americans were literally stripped of their rights as citizens, and sent to incarceration camps. Defining Courage provides an opportunity for visitors to experience the results of fear mongering and discrimination and reminds us that as Americans, we are all citizens. Through the stories of the Japanese American soldiers of World War II, visitors learn how to act with similar courage in their own lives.
GFBNEC will debut its new interpretive exhibition and facilities to the public on Saturday, May 28, 2016. GFBNEC is located at 355 E. 1st St., Suite 200 in Los Angeles, CA 90012. For additional information, visit http://www.goforbroke.org.
About Go For Broke National Education Center (GFBNEC)
Since its formation in 1989, Go For Broke National Education Center has been committed to educating the public about the responsibilities, challenges, and rights of American citizenship by using the life stories of the Japanese American soldiers of World War II. In order to share these stories, they began video recording the oral histories of Japanese American veterans, and today they have the largest collection of its kind in the country. The interviews have been incorporated into a complete curriculum with lesson plans and web-based project learning to share their story with youth across the country.
In 1999, GFBNEC dedicated the Go For Broke Monument in the Little Tokyo District of Los Angeles. On the monument are the insignias of the 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, Military Intelligence Service (MIS), 522nd Field Artillery Battalion, 232nd Combat Engineer Company, and the 1399 Engineer Construction Battalion. For more information, visit http://www.goforbroke.org.
2016 Sacramento Asian Pacific Film Festival Lineup, May 27-28; HIDE AND SEEK starring Lia Chang and Garth Kravits screens on May 28
Lia Chang is an actor, a multi-media content producer and co-founder of Bev’s Girl Films, making films that foster inclusion and diversity on both sides of the camera. Bev’s Girl Films’ debut short film, Hide and Seek was a top ten film in the Asian American Film Lab’s 2015 72 Hour Shootout Filmmaking Competition, and she received a Best Actress nomination. BGF collaborates with and produces multi-media content for artists, actors, designers, theatrical productions, composers, musicians and corporations. Lia is also an internationally published and exhibited photographer, a multi-platform journalist, and a publicist. Lia has appeared in the films Wolf, New Jack City, A Kiss Before Dying, King of New York, Big Trouble in Little China, The Last Dragon, Taxman and Hide and Seek. She is profiled in Examiner.com, Jade Magazine and Playbill.com.


ABOUT ALPHA OMICRON
The Alpha Omicron Chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi was founded on March 12, 1938 by seventeen members of the Texas Tech band under the direction of D.O. “Prof” Wiley. These eighteen people were founding an organization at Texas Tech which would have a profound effect on not only the Tech Band program, but also on bands in the state of Texas and indeed across the nation. As the first chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi in Texas, Alpha Omicron was instrumental in the founding of chapters at several colleges across the state including the University of Texas at Austin, West Texas A & M University, Baylor University, Angelo State University and the University of Texas at El Paso among others.
Leadership and unselfish service have been the hallmark of the history of Alpha Omicron from those early years. Within a few weeks of their charter AO members composed a fight song with words which still serve as the official fight song of Texas Tech University. In addition, during the late 1930’s and throughout World War II, the brothers of AO had an instrumental role in founding a sister organization at Texas Tech, the Tech Band Sorority, which became a nationwide organization known as Tau Beta Sigma.
Over the years Alpha Omicron has been involved in many major projects, which have benefited both the Tech band, and bands in general. In addition to providing a consistently high standard of daily manual service, which has benefited the band program through hard economic times and lean budgets, AO has undertaken many other major projects. Some of these projects have included a regional marching festival hosted jointly with Tau Beta Sigma, endowment of an official Texas Tech scholarship for bandmembers, providing major philanthropic support in the area of equipment purchase, recording funding and recruiting efforts for the band. Over the years AO members have even been involved in such major areas as hosting a telethon to raise money to send the marching band to several bowl games and major participation in lobbying efforts to secure various music facilities additions. These are but a few of the areas of support that make up the rich history and tradition of Alpha Omicron.
Alpha Omicron’s service and support have extended beyond the Texas Tech campus with a more than twenty-five year association with community events such as the March of Dimes, American Cancer Society, South Plains Food Bank, Lubbock Chamber of Commerce and assisting at various high schools in a volunteer capacity.
Over its eighty year history Kappa Kappa Psi members at Texas Tech have given much of their time and talent to benefit not only the Texas Tech band program but the community as a whole, and with this strong tradition we will continue to Strive for the Highest.


Thomas Street is one of the oldest streets in Dublin. It was part of the western route to the old city of Dubh Linn, which means the Black Pool, now called Dublin.
In the late medieval period it was the site of the Abbey of St. Thomas the Martyr, hence its name.
The adjacent St. Catherines Church dates back to 1765, but there had been a church on the site since the 13th century. In 1803, the Irish Patriot, Robert Emmet, was executed by hanging on a gallows erected outside the Church.
The Glib Stream, which was a main water course for the old city, played an important part in the streets development.
This abundant suppy of water, coupled with the fact that grain would arrive from the countryside to the city via Thomas Street, has meant that, since medieval times, there has been an abundance of breweries and distilleries on the street, many of whom pre-dated the Guinness Brewery, at the adjoining St. James' Gate.
One traveller in 1610 commented that brewing was "the very marrow of the commonwealth of Dublin".
In 1740, the Anchor Brewery was set up on a 13 acre site on the adjoining Usher Street. For over 150 years this was the second biggest brewery in Dublin.
In 1757, Roe's distillery was established on the northwest end of the street, it included what is the biggest windmill ever erected in the British Isles. Unfortunately, it's sails were removed over 100 years ago. At a later stage this was incorporated into Guiness's property. It is now called St. Patricks Tower.
In 1759, Arthur Guinness began operating his brewery from No.1 Thomas Street.
In 1785, Powers Distillery was founded on the street. Today, what was Powers Distillery is occupied by the National College of Art and Design. The pot stills are still in place in the concourse of the College.
Millers Distillery was also situated on the street, and William Jameson had a distillery on the nearby Marrowbone Lane.
This premises, Arthurs, 28 Thomas Street, has been trading as a pub for over 200 years. It was rebuilt in the 1880's and retains its original shopfront and layout. It is a classic Dublin pub, old style, but well appointed.
Over the years it has been known as Hickeys, Ryans, The Robert Emmet and GF Handels.
It was closed for 7 years from 2004, but re-opened as "Arthurs" on March 17th 2011, St. Patricks Day.
It is the closest pub to the St James Gate, and the Guinness Storehouse. Naturally it has the freshest pint of Guinness in all of Ireland.


On the 6th of March, 1911
On March 6, 1911 a congregation meeting was held for the purpose of organizing a church. At this meeting two made profession of faith, increasing our membership to 16 confessing and 20 baptized.
Indicative of the founding spirit of the initial congregation is the following excerpt from the minutes of the first congregational meeting:
"May God by His Oath and Covenant take this congragation under His Fatherly care, and her Prophet, Priest and King, Jesus Christ, teach her, and in the offering of prayer, constantly remember her and be her keeper and protector against the wiles of the devil. May the Lord God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, bless her and make his countennance to shine upon her and be gracious unto her and give her Peace and Grace, so to prepare her with the militant church here below to finally be united with the triumphant church above, unblemished and without spot or wrinkle as the Bride of the Lamb"
At this meeting it was decided to erect a small church building, 16' X 24', which was completed that summer. The first structure was located on the SW-2-8-12 W of the 4th, where the congregation gathered until January of 1961.
1961 - 1985
This served well until a large addition to the building was started on March 12, 1984 and completed a few months later.


Hoover vacuums using type A bags was a big improvement in the cleaning effectiveness of Hoover Vacuums. A rigid plastic tube carried the dirt to the top of the bag where it was deposited. This allowed the bag to fill from the bottom up ensuring the vacuum’s performance didn’t go down as the bag filled with dirt. Hoover introduced this feature in it’s upright line in the 1970’s. Hoover models incorporating the type A bags were the better Convertible models, Concept One, Concept Two, Decade 80’s, Elite, and Legacy models. Many of these vacuums are still in use today thirty years after they were manufactured. All these vacuums were made in North Canton Ohio, and they illustrate the quality Hoover put into their products. Unfortunately with Hoovers purchase by TTI the parts needed to keep these machines running are slowly becoming harder to get. Parts for these models, and type A bags are readily available at www.okvac.com.


Two thousand years ago, the Roman statesman and philosopher Seneca recognized that "travel and change of place impart new vigor to the mind." We at MISP couldn’t agree more. In setting itineraries, we take into consideration the educational value of the city or attraction, its historical and cultural significance, and the advice of local experts in the travel industry. Here is just a sampling of likely destinations, along with possible sights of interest:
- Leipzig—home to the St. Thomas Church, where J. S. Bach was organist (2010 marked the 325th anniversary of his birth); site of the monument to the Battle of the Nations, where an alliance of European armies soundly defeated Napoleon’s forces in the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I; and the birthplace of the non-violent demonstrations that led to the collapse of the Soviet-backed East German dictatorship in 1989
- Bad Frankenhausen—one of the centers of the peasant rebellions that emerged in the wake of Martin Luther’s protest against the Catholic church in the early sixteenth century and home of the Panorama Museum, which contains a massive, allegorical mural on the events of that protest and their meaning through subsequent centuries; nearby is the Kyffhäuser monument, one of the three sites claiming to be the burial place of Friedrich Barbarossa and a focal point of German national identity since its construction in the late nineteenth century
- Weimar—the heart of German classicism, where the great German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller lived and wrote; the birthplace of the Bauhaus artistic movement in 1919, which greatly influenced twentieth-century design and architecture; and the site, on a hill just north of the town, of the Buchenwald concentration camp
- Harz mountains—a region important to German history and lore, among which charming towns such as Wernigerode, Quedlinburg, and Halberstadt are nestled, and home to the Brocken, one of the most legendary peaks in Germany
- Dresden—the great Saxon cultural capital only recently recovering from its destruction in World War II and home of the Semper opera house, the Church of Our Lady, and the Zwinger palace and museum
- Potsdam—location of Frederick the Great’s imposing palace Sanssouci and its magnificent grounds, birthplace of the German film industry at the Babelsberg Studios in the 1920s, and site of Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Harry Truman’s famous meeting to plan the post-war organization of Europe
- Berlin—long regarded as one of the most exciting cities in Europe, capital of a reunited Germany, and home to numerous museums, such as the Pergamon; to numerous palaces, such as Charlottenburg; to the largest department store on the European continent, the KaDeWe; and to almost countless points of historical interest, such as the Berlin Wall, Checkpoint Charlie, the Kurfürstendamm, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche, the Brandenburg Gate, Potsdamer Platz, Unter den Linden avenue, and the Reichstag, the German Parliament
We at MISP take seriously both aspects of our role as a study-and-travel program. We believe strongly in the quality and benefits of our courses. We also recognize that seeing things firsthand, meeting new people, and encountering new sights, sounds, and smells are an important part of a stay abroad. Not only that, for young people they contribute greatly to the development of a mature and respectful individual. In addition, time spent visiting sites of historical and cultural interest provides an undoubtedly welcome respite from the rigors of reading and study, from rehearsals, and from the daily routine.
Whether visiting the places listed here or others equally noteworthy and intriguing, participants will find their preconceptions challenged, their awareness broadened, and their understanding deepened. And when they return home at the end of the program, we hope they can say, along with the American poet James Baldwin, "I met a lot of people in Europe. I even encountered myself."


I think I know!
Also, Lapse has its own domain now! Whoo! It is now at www.lapsecomic.com, so please remember to change your bookmark! In the meantime, lapse.spiderforest.com will still redirect to the site proper.
TWC Image: The girl in white used to be from the 1860's. This was her original design when she was from that time period.


Kalam presentation in Santiago
On March 22, the presentation “Kalam, Architectural Heritage as a value investment in Chile and Latin America” was held in the Residence of the Spanish Embassy in Santiago. The event was attended by personalities from the work of Chilean heritage and culture as well as investors interested in the recovery and conservation of historic buildings. Attendees included the Spanish Ambassador, Carlos Robles Fraga, and the President of Kalam, Ramón Mayo Fernández, who expressed the importance of private public collaboration in the complex but rewarding and necessary work of the recovery of historic areas. Areas with sensitive and unique assets, whose conservation is vital to sensitize the public and which require investment to prevent irrecoverable losses, restoring their value and returning them to use that ensures their proper management and sustainability.


Information about all books can be found under each tab above, or visit my facebook page. Please note that one of the books in the WW 2 section, 'Steel Queen' can be downloaded, or read on line, for free. Please go to: www.smashwords.com
The Twilight of the North.
From Byzantium to Stamford Bridge
One of two books from medieval times. Both takes place during the Viking age. This is the exciting story of Erik Sigvaldsson. We follow him from the Battle of Stiklestad, as a member of the famous Varangian Guard in Byzantium, to the crucial Battle of Stamford Bridge.
Memories of a Train and Model Train enthusiast
A nostalgic look at my 50 years as a train and model train enthusiast. 100 pages. Main text in Norwegian, but English picture text and chapter summaries.


The Tarot is a deck of cards that originated over 500 years ago in northern Italy. Although the Tarot was first used in a game called Triumphs, it was quickly adopted as a tool for divination, and popularized by occult societies such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The early Tarot symbolism was deeply rooted in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, but over the centuries it has grown to incorporate everything from Astrology and Kabbalah to Runes (which predate the Tarot by 1000 years) and the I Ching (which predates the Tarot by 2500 years).
The Tzigane Tarot, also called the Tzigane Oracle or Gypsy Tarot, is a divination tool composed of 36 cards that is very explicit visually. It can be used in many different ways, by drawing one card or in a more complex manner such as, for example, using the Wheel of Fortune spread or the Cross etc.Continue reading


Overview of the a basement room discovered in October 2018 during asbestos survey of the St Ignatius Centre. The space is thought to have sealed up about 1904 when the Rectory was built. This brings with it a new exciting history for the building, discribed as a source of local pride and an identity as well as a reminder of Ordsall community’s culture and complexity.
As well as the significance of the building itself, many residents of the community and surrounding areas fondly remember celebrating birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas parties as well as singing in the choir at the St Ignatius Centre. Graham Nash, original member of the pop group The Hollies, which was formed in Manchester in the early 1960s, is understood to have begun his musical career in the choir at the Church of St Ignatius.
An identity as well as a reminder of Ordsall community’s culture and complexity. Depicting both a famous and recognisable dramatic of the community at the heart of the New Barracks Estate, which will give long-time residents as well as people who have lived or visited the area an opportunity to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of Ordsall and bringing people of all ages and walks of life together.
Salford Barracks sold for the sum of £38,500 under the provisions of the Barracks Act of 1890 to the Corporation of Salford, to be used by the corporation for the erection of artisans' dwellings (known today as the New Barracks Estate).
St Ignatius Centre is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.
The St Ignatius Centre will preserve and increase access to and awareness of our local heritage, while promoting local distinctiveness and opportunities for people in and around Ordsall.


2 Chronicles 35:1–7 – "Josiah – Passover at Last" – Kerry Kaino
Discussion Questions (2 Chronicles 34:8–35:19)
1. Why do you think the maintenance of the Temple had been neglected? (34:8) Why do you think it was possible for such an important book as the “Book of the Law” to become lost in the Temple? (34:14)
2. What do you think it was about Josiah that made him a great king?
3. What was it about the Passover that Josiah celebrated with the people that made it worthy of the statement, “The Passover had not been observed like this in Israel since the days of the prophet Samuel; and none of the kings of Israel had ever celebrated such a Passover as did Josiah, with the priests, the Levites and all Judah and Israel who were there with the people of Jerusalem.” (35:18)
4. Why are anniversary dates important? Why are they good reminders? In what ways do they give us a sense of focus? What anniversary dates have been important to you?
5. Why do we need reminders of what is important? What causes us to forget … or if we don’t completely forget, at least to become numb or casual … sometimes even things of great importance?
6. What helps you to keep things fresh in your life?


Friends of Lincoln Park Fundraiser
Thursday, August 11, 2016
The historic 150-year-old park, located on the southwest corner of Congress and Franklin streets in Portland, Maine, has a group of friends who having been working hard for the last three years to restore the public space and its original Parisian fountain.
Shipyard is excited to support the efforts of The Friends of Lincoln Park on Thursday, September 15th by hosting a fundraising party in the Shipyard Tasting Room. From 5:30-7:30 pm join us in supporting this great local organization and hear first-hand why Friends of Lincoln Park founder, Frank Reilly, was so inspired to halt the decline of Portland’s first public green space and restore it to its original condition.
The Friends of Lincoln Park are currently trying to raise $170,000 to restore Lincoln Park’s most visible fixture, the Parisian fountain, cast in 1870, to its original splendor.
WHAT: Friends of Lincoln Park Fundraiser at Shipyard Brewing Company
WHEN: September 15th, 5:30-7:30 pm
WHERE: Shipyard Tasting Room, 86 Newbury Street, Portland, Maine
WHY: To help raise funds to restore Lincoln Park’s Parisian fountain
COST: $20 per ticket will include 2 complimentary beer tickets. The full ticket price and proceeds from additional beer purchased will go right to Friends of Lincoln Park.
** GET YOUR TICKETS NOW **


Temecula is a city in southwestern Riverside County, California, United States. The city is a tourist and resort destination, with the Temecula Valley Wine Country, Old Town Temecula, the Temecula Valley Polo Club, the Temecula Valley Balloon & Wine Festival, the Temecula Valley International Film Festival, championship golf courses, and resort accommodations for tourists which contribute to the city’s economic profile. It is part of the Greater Los Angeles area.
The city of Temecula, forming the southwestern anchor of the Inland Empire region, is approximately 58 miles (93 km) north of downtown San Diego and 85 miles (137 km) southeast of downtown Los Angeles. Temecula is bordered by the city of Murrieta to the north and the Pechanga Indian Reservation and San Diego County to the south. Temecula had a population of 100,097 during the 2010 census and an estimated population of 114,761 as of July 1, 2019. It was incorporated on December 1, 1989.
The area was inhabited by the Temecula Indians for hundreds of years before their contact with the Spanish missionaries (the people are now generally known as the Luiseños, after the nearby Mission San Luis Rey de Francia). The Pechanga Band of Luiseño believe their ancestors have lived in the Temecula area for more than 10,000 years, though ethnologists think they arrived at a more recent date. In Pechanga history, life on Earth began in the Temecula Valley. They call it “Exva Temeeku”, the place of the union of Sky-father, and Earth-mother (“Tuukumit’pi Tamaayowit”). The Temecula Indians (“Temeekuyam”) lived at “Temeekunga”, or “the place of the sun”. Other popular interpretations of the name, Temecula, include “The sun that shines through the mist” or “Where the sun breaks through the mist”.
The first recorded Spanish visit occurred in October 1797, with a Franciscan padre, Father Juan Norberto de Santiago, and Captain Pedro Lisalde. Father Santiago kept a journal in which he noted seeing “Temecula … an Indian village”. The trip included Lake Elsinore area and the Temecula Valley.
In 1798, Spanish Missionaries established the Mission of San Luis Rey de Francia and designated the Indians living in the region as “Sanluiseños”, shortened to “Luiseños”. In the 1820s, the Mission San Antonio de Pala was built.
The Mexican land grants made in the Temecula area were Rancho Temecula, granted to Felix Valdez, and to the east Rancho Pauba, granted to Vicente Moraga in 1844. Rancho Little Temeculawas made in 1845 to Luiseño Pablo Apis, one of the few former mission converts to be given a land grant. It was fertile well watered land at the southern end of the valley, which included the village of Temecula. A fourth grant, known as Rancho Santa Rosa was made to Juan Moreno in 1846, and was in the hills to the west of Temecula.
As American settlers moved into the area after the war, conflict with the native tribes increased. A treaty was signed in the Magee Store in Temecula in 1852, but was never ratified by the United States Senate. In addition, the Luiseños challenged the Mexican land grant claims, as under Mexican law, the land was held in trust to be distributed to the local Indian tribes after becoming subjects. They challenged the Apis claim to the Little Temecula Rancho by taking the case to the 1851 California Land Commission. On November 15, 1853, the commission rejected the Luiseño claim; an appeal in 1856 to the district court was found to be in favor of the heirs of Pablo Apis (he had died in late 1853 or early 1854). The Luiseño of Temecula village remained on the south side of Temecula Creek when the Apis grant was acquired by Louis Wolf in 1872; they were evicted in 1875.
A stagecoach line started a local route from Warner Ranch to Colton in 1857 that passed through the Temecula Valley. Within a year, the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line, with a route between St. Louis, Missouri, and San Francisco, stopped at Temecula’s Magee Store. On April 22, 1859, the first inland Southern California post office was established in Temecula in the Magee Store. This was the second post office in the state, the first being located in San Francisco. The Temecula post office was moved in the ensuing years; its present locations are the seventh and eighth sites occupied. The American Civil War put an end to the Butterfield Overland Stage Service, but stage service continued on the route under other stage companies until the railroad reached Fort Yuma in 1877.
In 1862, Louis Wolf, a Temecula merchant and postmaster, married Ramona Place, who was mixed-race and half Indian. Author Helen Hunt Jackson spent time with Louis and Ramona Wolf in 1882 and again in 1883. Wolf’s store became an inspiration for Jackson’s fictional “Hartsel’s store” in her 1884 novel, Ramona.
In 1882, the United States government established the Pechanga Indian Reservation of approximately 4,000 acres (16 km2) some 6 miles (9.7 km) from downtown Temecula. Also in 1882, the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Santa Fe Railroad completed construction of the section from National City to Temecula. In 1883, the line was extended to San Bernardino. In the late 1880s, a series of floods washed out the tracks and the section of the railroad through the canyon was finally abandoned. The old Temecula station was used as a barn and later demolished.
In the 1890s, with the operation of granite stone quarries, Temecula granite was shaped into fence and hitching posts, curb stones, courthouse steps, and building blocks. At the turn of the 20th century, Temecula became an important shipping point for grain and cattle.
In 1904 Walter L. Vail, who had come to the United States with his parents from Nova Scotia, migrated to California. Along with various partners, he began buying land in Southern California. Vail bought ranchland in the Temecula Valley, buying 38,000 acres (154 km2) of Rancho Temecula and Rancho Pauba, along with the northern half of Rancho Little Temecula. Vail was killed by a street car in Los Angeles in 1906; his son, Mahlon Vail, took over the family ranch. In 1914, financed by Mahlon Vail and local ranchers, the First National Bank of Temecula opened on Front Street. In 1915, the first paved, two-lane county road was built through Temecula.
By 1947, the Vail Ranch contained over 87,500 acres (354 km2). In 1948, the Vail family built a dam to catch the Temecula Creek water and created Vail Lake. Through the mid-1960s, the economy of the Temecula Valley centered around the Vail Ranch; the cattle business and agriculture were the stimuli for most business ventures. In 1964, the Vail Ranch was sold to the Kaiser Aetna partnership. A later purchase by the group brought the total area to 97,500 acres (395 km2), and the area became known as Rancho California. The I-15 corridor between the Greater Los Angeles area and San Diego was completed in the early 1980s, and the subdivision land boom began.
The 1990s brought rapid growth to the Temecula Valley. Many families began moving to the area from San Diego, Los Angeles, and Orange County, drawn by the affordable housing prices and the popular wine country. On October 27, 1999, the Promenade Mall opened in Temecula. In 2005, Temecula annexed the master-planned community of Redhawk, bringing the population to 90,000. After a period of rapid population growth and home construction, the 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis and the resultant United States housing market correction caused a sharp rise in home foreclosures in the Temecula-Murrieta region.
Local Temecula small businesses… MEET local Temecula consumers!
This website serves two different groups in Temecula.
At it’s core, we’ve built this directory to help residents of and visitors to Temecula find the Best Businesses in the city. We’ve focused on businesses who are based here in the local community and offer superior quality and service to their customers. Whether you’re looking for a new favorite coffee shop, or need some remodeling done in your house, we’ve attempted to include the best the city has to offer. If you know of a quality business who’s not here, please let us know and we’ll get in touch.
On the other hand, if you own or manage a local business here in the Temecula Valley area, we invite you to add your business information here. You can choose from a simple free listing, or upgrade to one of our Standard or Premium listings to attract even more new customers. It’s easy to do, and will ensure visitors to this website can find out what you offer. Click here to add your listing.
Part of this symbiotic relationship is the ability of our Premium businesses to run promotional campaigns on our Facebook page at no charge to the business. This gives the consumers a way to try out businesses they’re not familiar with yet, while giving the business a way to reach new customers in a new and exciting way. For more information about this program, send us an email to get more details.
Who runs Local Temecula?
A pair of Temecula passionate long time residents, Keith and Frida Motte help local businesses grow and improve their marketing ROI through their local marketing agency, Marketing Meets Technology. Their passion is to facilitate matching consumers with the businesses that can best serve their needs and to help local businesses get their products and services in front of the people they can help most. Keith originally started Temecula Vally Online back in 2002 – 2008 as a side effort but put the site on hold until now.
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- ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
- ^ Brunsting, Melody. “Temecula Street Painting Festival”. Temeculacalifornia.com. Archived from the original on April 8, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
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- ^ “Home – Pennypickle’s Workshop”. Pennypickle’s Workshop, the Temecula Children’s Museum. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ In one of Ronald Reagan’s presidential speeches, Temecula was mentioned by President Reagan, where he said: “There are similar stories right here in California, the folks in a rather small town, Temecula. They got together and built themselves a sports park, held fundraising barbecues and dinners. And those that didn’t have money, volunteered the time and energy. And now the young people of that community have baseball diamonds for Little League and other sports events, just due to what’s traditional Americanism.” – at a luncheon meeting of the United States Olympic Committee in Los Angeles, California March 3, 1983. See City of Temecula: Ronald Reagan Sports Park
- ^ “Communities of Interest – City”. California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
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- ^ http://supervisorchuckwashington.com/our-district/
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- ^ “Temecula seeking $50 million to unlock 15-215 Freeway bottleneck”. Press Enterprise. February 22, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ “Maps & Schedules”. www.riversidetransit.com. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
- ^ RCTC Commuter Rail Feasibility Study
- ^ “Nearby & Closest Airports to Temecula California”. Visit Temecula Valley. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
- ^ “California Association of Public Cemeteries”. Capc.info. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ “History of the Temecula Public Cemetery District”. Temeculapubliccemeterydistrict.org. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved November 3,2018.
- ^ “North County News – San Diego Union Tribune”. Nctimes.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ “About the Hospital”. Temecula Valley Hospital. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
- ^ “UHS Healthcare Facility Locations”. Universal Health Services, Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
- ^ “Temecula Medical Offices”. Kaiser Permanente. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
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- ^ “Mormon Colony San Bernardino: Home”. Score.rims.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ “Pioneer Settlements in California”. Lightplanet.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
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- ^ “Temecula parish to mark 100 years”. November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
- ^ “Welcome to ICTV – The Islamic Center of Temecula Valley • 31061 Nicolas Road, Temecula, CA 92591”. Icotv.org. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ “Temecula approves mosque after contentious 8-hour hearing”. Los Angeles Times. January 26, 2011., Retrieved June 4, 2013.
- ^ “New Masjid Project – Welcome to ICTV”. Icotv.org. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- ^ “Calvary Baptist Church – Temecula, CA”. Calvary Baptist Church – Temecula, CA. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ “Sister Cities”. City of Temecula. City of Temecula. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
- ^ Claverie, Aaron (September 11, 2013). “Temecula: Candles, tulips mark somber ceremonies”. The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- ^ “Rob Brantly Statistics and History”. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
- ^ “Elizabeth Taylors eighth husband faces eviction – Yahoo! News”. March 21, 2011. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- ^ Barrera, Sandra (January 6, 2018). “Meet ‘Usagi Yojimbo’ creator – and Temecula resident – Stan Sakai at the Japanese American National Museum”. Orange County Register. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
- ^ “Palomar Inn Hotel”. Palomarinntemecula.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ “Restaurant Express visit Temecula”. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Further reading


You can spend your first day in Kars in the city centre – there are so many places to visit and see!
Begin the day by visiting the Old Ottoman settlement in the Kaleiçi District. Then, head to the Ortakapı, Cumhuriyet and Yusufpaşa districts, which feature grid plans from the time when Kars was under the rule of Tsarist Russia.
After eating a fine lunch of Kars goose, continue to explore. Go to the Archaeological Museum, in the western part of the city. In the museum, wander through exhibits featuring artifacts from the Palaeolithic and Early Bronze Periods, and the Urartu, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman eras.
Now, it’s time for a break. Enjoy a magnificent view of Kars with a hot tea at Kars Castle? The next stop is the Kümbet Mosque, south of Kars Castle. This mosque was built as an Armenian church in the 10th century and turned into a mosque in the 11th century. The last stop of the first day is the Baltic-style Katerina Hunting Lodge, erected at the end of the 19th century by the Russian tsar, Nicholas II!
At least some of your second day in Kars should be spent at the Ani Ruins, as this is a destination not to be missed. Ani is an hour’s drive from the Kars city centre, very close to the border with Armenia.
It will probably take you a few hours to explore the Ani Ruins and see the incredible artefacts there. For lunch, Lake Çıldır looks like the best option!
Lake Çıldır is the best option because this lake – which freezes over in the winters and can be walked on – is also the habitat for the delicious yellow fish. Yellow fish, like Kars cheddar and the Kars goose, have a distinctive flavour.
As sunset approaches, it is time to return to the city. Spend your evening in a unique Kars activity – a minstrelsy performance!


Libération Apple Print
Industry West is proud to collaborate with Image Republic and feature their high-quality art printed and designed in France. Art and press walked hand in hand for decades. The French activist magazine Libération launched in the early 1970s with radical articles and reporters who refused to use advertising at all to fund their publication. Decades later, Libération is still an institution in the French press.
Frame not included. This print uses heavy art-grade paper and ships professionally matted for framing.


The Hotsy Legacy - Nothing Cleans Like a Hotsy!
Number One In North America for High Pressure Cleaning Equipment
Hotsy’s history began in 1970 when a gentleman by the name of Bob Cohen became aware of a steam cleaner that was built by Slifer Manufacturing, and marketed by Kanco Tech. Early models were known for their hot water steam cleaning, a term often used today to describe pressure washers.
Bob was impressed by these heavy-duty cleaners and ended up buying both companies, later changing the name to Hotsy, which was a derivative of "hot systems". It soon became the most recognized brand – along with its trademark red - in the industry for high-pressure cleaning equipment
Engineering Excellence and Innovation Since 1970
For the past forty years Hotsy has established a leadership standard in industrial quality, performance, and dealer support. The early steam cleaners have been replaced with an impressive line of over 100 models of hot water and cold-water pressure washers, a fine array of automatic parts washers and an extensive line of high-quality detergents designed specifically for both. In addition, a rather large selection of pressure washer parts and accessories makes Hotsy the clear choice for high-pressure cleaning equipment.
Hotsy has backed its equipment with North America’s largest network of trained service centers. Hotsy dealers are part of a large family – one with an amazing history in the cleaning industry. Their knowledge and experience is unsurpassed. In fact, many dealers keep it in the family with their children taking over dealerships when they retire.
Today, Hotsy has manufacturing plants in Camas, WA, Fayetteville, AR, Chandler, AZ, Monterrey, MX as well as Reggio, Italy. Hotsy has distinguished its legacy with four decades of innovation, quality and unmatched performance. No other name in the pressure washer industry has enjoyed such a Red Hot history as Hotsy!


Sun on the Rock Amber Ale
The caramel and fruit notes of our amber ale capture the rich history of the ‘Rock of the Clyde - a 240ft high plug of volcanic basalt from the Paleogene.
It became the main stronghold and port of ancient Strathclyde. Over the next one thousand years, Dumbarton Rock would see sieges, battles and illustrious visitors that other castles can only dream of.
Our beers are conditioned in the bottle and unpasteurised to preserve the natural flavours from the brewing process. This may give the beer a hazy appearance.
For best results, please store vertically and serve in a dry glass.
Vegan (in bottles)


International Women’s Day is celebrated by women all over the world on March 8th every year. This year, as part of the lead up to IWD, I was privileged to be part of a group of women involved in producing a video on the most prominent trade union women in Scotland’s history. This event was organised by the STUC in conjunction with the STUC Women’s Committee, of which I am a member.
Last Monday a group of us visited the archives at Glasgow Caledonian University to research leading women from our labour history. We were able to explore some of the archives and then pick our ‘favourite’ influential woman from history. The STUC filmed the research process and then participants were filmed talking about themselves and why we were inspired by the legacy of the woman we picked.
The purpose was to provide some education on forgotten women from labour history, and to get women speaking about their involvement with unions. The STUC will be releasing the video on social media as part of this year’s celebration of International Women’s Day.
I found it a fascinating experience and the woman I chose was Martha Dewar. Martha was one of the first members of the STUC Women’s Committee when it was established in 1926. She represented workers in the Textile Industry in Dunfermline, the majority of which were women. My interest in her was sparked by the fact she lived in my home town. I discovered that Martha went on to become a councillor and then the first female magistrate in Dunfermline in 1932. There was a children’s home named after her based on the site that is now the Keavil House Hotel just outside Dunfermline. She also has a street named after her, Frew Court.
I look forward to seeing the video and I will share it on social media.


1. The rules and regulations and prices now in force are subject to change at any time with the approval of the Leisure Services Commission and the City Council of the City of Waverly.
This article attempts to explain some of the basic millitary abbreviations and what they can tell you.
About the year 1862, Henry Harlington Couse, one of the public spirited men of Waverly, established a cemetery on the south city limits of Waverly and named it Harlington after himself. In 1869, Mr. Couse appointed Ferdinand Lane as superintendent of his cemetery, which position he filled until he retired in 1896. At this time over 800 bodies were interred.


Monolog lives and paints in abandoned places in Slovakian countryside near the city of Košice.
Zukclub in a Ghost-town called Milovice (CZ). It’s an abandoned military base, where you can find old soviet buildings from 70s.
Here are the 1st photos of the 4th edition of the Black Circle Festival 2013. It took place in a village named Sheshory (Ivano-Frankivsk region). Just like the previous edition,…


History of Lacrosse
Lacrosse originated in the Indian nations of mid-America. In many Native American societies/tribes, the ball sport was often part of religious ritual, played to resolve conflicts, heal the sick, develop strong, virile men and prepare for war. Legend tells of games with more than 100 players from different tribes taking turns to play.It could be played on a field many miles in length and width; sometimes the game could last for days. Early lacrosse balls were made of deerskin, clay, stone, and sometimes wood.
Lacrosse played a significant role in the community and religious life of tribes across the continent for many years. Early lacrosse was characterized by deep spiritual involvement,befitting the spirit of combat in which it was undertaken. Those who took part did so in the role of warriors, with the goal of bringing glory and honor to themselves and their tribes. The game was said to be played "for the Creator" or was referred to as "The Creator's Game".
Lacrosse, one of the oldest team sports in the Americas, may have developed as early as the 12th century, but since then has undergone many modifications. In the traditional Native American version, each team consisted of about 100 to 1,000 men on a field that stretched from about 500 yards to a couple of miles long. These lacrosse games lasted from sunup to sundown for two to three days straight. These games were played as part of ceremonial ritual to give thanks to the Creator. The modern Ojibway verb 'to play Lacrosse' is baaga'adowe (Baggataway [sic]).
The French Jesuit missionary, Jean de Brébeuf, saw Iroquois tribesmen play it in 1637 and was the first European to write about the game. He called it lacrosse. Some say the name originated from the French term for field hockey, le jeu de la crosse. Others suggest that it was named after the crosier, a staff carried by bishops.
In 1856, Dr. William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club. In 1867 he codified the game, shortening the length of each game and reducing the number of players to twelve per team. The first game played under Beers' rules was at Upper Canada College in 1867, with Upper Canada College losing to the Toronto Cricket Club by a score of 3–1. By the 1900s, high schools, colleges, and universities began playing the game. Lacrosse was contested as a demonstration sport in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics. On each occasion, a playoff was held to determine the American representative to the Olympics and on each occasion the playoffs were won by the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays.
In the United States, lacrosse had primarily been a regional sport centered in and around Maryland, New England, upstate New York, Long Island, and mid-Atlantic states. In recent years, its popularity has started to spread nationwide. The sport has gained increasing visibility in the media, with a growth of college, high school, and youth programs throughout the country. The NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship has the highest attendance of any NCAA Championship, outdrawing the Final Four of men's basketball. The growth of lacrosse was also facilitated by the introduction of plastic stick heads in the 1970s by Baltimore-based STX. This innovation reduced the weight and cost of the lacrosse stick. It also allowed for faster passes and game play than traditional wooden sticks.
Up until the 1930s, all lacrosse was played on large fields outdoors. The owners of Canadian hockey arenas invented a reduced version of the game, called box lacrosse, as a means to make more profit from their arena investments. In a relatively short period of time, box lacrosse became the dominant form of the sport in Canada, in part due to the severe winter weather that limited outdoor play. More recently, field lacrosse has witnessed a revival in Canada as the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) began operating a collegiate men's league in 1985. It now includes 12 varsity teams. In 1994 Canada declared lacrosse its National Summer Sport with the passage of the National Sports Act.
In 1987 a professional box lacrosse league was started, called the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League. This league changed its name to the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, then later to the National Lacrosse League and grew to encompass lacrosse clubs in twelve cities throughout the United States and Canada. In the summer of 2001, a professional field lacrosse league, known as Major League Lacrosse (MLL), was inaugurated. Initially starting with six teams, the MLL has grown to a total of ten clubs located in major metropolitan areas in the United States.
Source: Wikipedia - Lacrosse


Siemens was established in 1847 by Werner von Siemens and
begun its existence as Telegraphenbauanstalt von Siemens & Halske
in a small workshop making telegraph equipment and warning bells for trains.
From day one, Siemens were growing and growing with every new invention.
In 1866, Werner von Siemens produced a electric generator powered by
electromagnets, this leads to escalators, street laps, electric railways,
and more to be invented.
In 1892, its founding member Werner Von Siemens past away but the company
kept growing and by the 1920’s Siemens was one of the leading electronic
manufacturing companies in the world.
When the Nazi Party took control of the government of Germany, Siemens
was forced in the war economy which meant increase in demands from the
military and that led to an increase in the work force up to 1944. After
the war, Siemens rebuilt in Germany but was forced to move into different
countries in 1950 and returned to its position it held in the 1920’s
as one of leading electronic manufacturing companies in 1960. In 1966,
Siemens & Halske merged with two other companies: Siemens Schuckertwerke
AG and Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG to form Siemens AG.
From this date Siemens went from strength to strength developing almost
anything from telephone exchanges to computers. Siemens emergence to the
cellular world was quite slow.
In 1991, the GSM mobile network was released aimed at linking up the
whole of Europe in a wireless network. Siemens waited until 1997 before
releasing their own mobile handset, the S 10.


This is my commandment, that ye love one
as I have loved you. ~ John 15:12
"We Gather to Worship;
We Go Forth to Serve"
We warmly welcome you to come to the Church
for any and all services. We focus on study of the Word of God in the
Holy Bible, prayer, worship and praise, and continually learning and
growing in the Lord's teachings, guidance, and Will.
We are committed to living a life of
holiness and purity in keeping with the Word of God, and of loving
service to one another and the community at large through ministries
such as "In Jesus' Name" ministry for the homeless, nursing care
facility ministry and services, youth programs, and senior citizen
History of the Congregation
In August of 1961 the Community Church of God had its beginning with a
two week Bible School at 5740 Kirby Road, Falls Church, Virginia, the
home at the time of our Pastors Emeritus Jennings Byron and Gail Wood.
The average attendance was thirty-five. The first worship service was
held at the conclusion of that Bible School. Major William and Mrs. Ann
Webb were among the thirty-three in attendance. The Webbs faithfully
supported this work from that time forth, Brother Bill to the time of
his passing into the presence of the Lord in December of 2003 and Sister
Ann Webb to the present. In the intervening years Bible
School has been an integral part of the ministry here with attendance as
high as 240. Our record Sunday School attendance is 340.
From December 1961 to 1966 our congregation held Sunday morning worship
services in the Dunn Loring Elementary School. Evening services Sundays
and Wednesdays were held at the home of Brother and Sister Wood and
later at the Barcroft Community Center in Arlington. In 1967 the church
building and property at 2438 Gallows Road was secured from the Dunn
Loring Methodist Church. We met at this location until 1988. During
those early years Sunday afternoon services were held at the Iliff
Nursing Home and a ministry was begun in the home of Edward and Vietta
Johnson on Cedar Lane where Worship Services each Sunday afternoon,
Bible Schools, and Revivals were held for two and one-half years.
Our congregation was officially named “Community Church of God” in
In February of 1963 Pastor Gail Wood made the first missionary trip to
Jamaica. In November of 1973 Pastor Gail Wood and Sister Myrtice Morris
made the first trip to Haiti, a fifteen day adventure for the Lord!
The congregation acquired our present property here at 2500 Gallows Road
on October 14, 1981. The parsonage next door at 2520 Gallows Road was
purchased on June 25, 1986.
In September 1984 Sister Wood’s childhood vision was realized when she
and Brother Wood and Sisters Cynthia Cash and Allena Wood traveled for
three and one-half weeks with Pastor Ralph and Sister Gertie Farmer to
Tanzania, East Africa.
From March 1987 to May 20, 1988, many dedicated, faithful people
contributed to the erection of our new building. Our dear deacon at the
time, Brother Harold Hunsberger, provided invaluable assistance, drawing
from his construction expertise. The late Kenneth Farthing, a local
businessman and friend of the church, also served as a key figure in the
May 21, l988, was a highlight in the history of this congregation when
the first service was held in our new building dedicated “To The Glory
In February 1989 Pastors Jennings B. and Gail Wood and Brother John
Bailey joined our Haitian missionaries, Brother Nathan and Sister Wanda
Bailey Dieudonne, on a border-crossing mission trip from Haiti to the
In April 1991 Pastors Jennings B. and Gail Wood, Pastors Claude Overbay
(North Carolina) and Hoyt Runion (Tennessee) and Brother Wiley Cash
embarked upon a three week mission trip to T. P. Gudur, Andra Pradesh,
South India. This trip laid the groundwork for our congregation’s most
ambitious missionary outreach to date, a vibrant work in the ancient
land of India.
Since the beginning of this congregation, well over
one hundred mission trips have been made involving over more than one
hundred Gospel workers. As of this date our mission outreach includes
Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, India, Nigeria,
Guatemala, and the Philippines.
Home-mission outreach includes our annual Summer Bible School; the
Lighthouse Bible Institute; conventions; Camp Crossroads youth camp; the
Burnside, Pennsylvania family camp meeting; and the “In Jesus Name”
ministry to the homeless.
Ministers of the Gospel who were trained in this congregation include
Edward Beck, Brian Bridges, John Cain, Nancy Orr Cain, Peter Canciglia,
Wiley Cash, Glenn Dryden, Allen Fletcher, Jack Reedy, Lennox Smith, Gary
Williams, Garry Wood, and Allena Wood.
It is our prayer that God will bless each one who has shared in this
ministry and outreach down through the years.
HISTORICAL NOTE REGARDING PROPERTY AT 2438 GALLOWS ROAD
In 1887, a small group of first settlers of Dunn Loring felt the need
for religious services in the community. Thomas Tudor Taylor, one of the
first residents of Dunn Loring, encouraged Pastor O. C. Bell of Andrew
Chapel Methodist Church to come to Dunn Loring on Sunday afternoons to
conduct services. Pastor Bell preached in a grove near what is now
Sandburg Street and the W&OD bike trail. Soon it became apparent that a
church building was needed to shelter the Lord's flock. General William
McKee Dunn and Dr. George B. Loring were co-owners and developers of the
Dunn Loring subdivision in the late 1800s. General Dunn announced that
he would donate some of his land if the people would erect a building.
Thomas Tudor Taylor was responsible for erecting the building and for
soliciting contributions of cash, labor, and materials. This building
located at 2438 Gallows Road was known as the "Little White Church" and
was home to our congregation from 1967 until we moved into our present
location on May 21, 1988.


History of Arcade Games
Arcade games were popular a long time ago. The most famous arcade games were space invaders, Galaga, Mrs. Pac-Man and so on. They were introduced firstly by two students studying at Stanford University in the year 1962. Atari Incorporated was the first company to popularize and begin the arcade games franchise, with their first arcade game being Computer Space. In the following years, from Speed Race to Gun Fight, the era of arcade games began. But when the world was introduced to gaming consoles that you could plug in your own homes, slowly, the popularity of arcade games went down. Many new gaming consoles, like the Sony Playstation, X-Box and so on were introduced, which remain popular to this day and the era of the most famous arcade games reached a decline.
Where and How to Play Arcade Games on PC
You can play these games at the Internet arcade where you can play and enjoy the vintage and most famous arcade games for free. This is a web-based library made up of famous arcade games, that you can play, enjoy and live out your pass time. You would need certain free arcade simulators to play these games free of cost online. These games can be played for pc as well. You might require wheel, flight , recurrent environment, walking and other similar simulators for these games.


On July 10 I attended a remembrance ceremony for US Army Ranger Specialist Joey Dimock, who lost his life on July 10, 2010 in Afghanistan. It was very moving to hear from his family and to speak with the friends and neighbors who knew him so well. It was clear that Joey lived his life to the fullest! I was honored to have been there to remember him. I also want to thank Wildwood Boy Scout troop 672, who tend to his memorial stone so well.


The words of our Founding Fathers through the Declaration of Independence written over 200 years ago, still ring true to this very day. Students of history and pragmatic in their actions, they gave voice to a free people of the 13 colonies. Rooted in the belief that free men can rightly and justly govern themselves, they declared their freedom from the British Crown, and gave birth to a new nation. Their words in this document and many other of our founding documents provide historical context as a means to describe the course of human events and why it is necessary to correct and repeal evil and tyrannical actions. Even in this declaration, it is stated how governments are to be distrusted, vigilantly observed, and corrected when it faults. It is the duty, the right, and the obligation of free men to be the vigilant protectors and defenders of freedom. As we were told by President Andrew Jackson, “vigilance is the price of freedom.” We must value these words and we must remember these words. Shall we ever forget them, we will lose our way as a people, as a country, and as a free nation. Let us pray we never forget their words, their actions, and their wisdom. Happy birthday America.