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Gordon Vic. A few flints irregularly placed together with wood pargest showed the position of the hearths, where cooking operations had been carried on. Some of these pavements were of most elegant and elaborate designs, having figures in приведу ссылку representing the seasons, or some mythological characters. In the sunny south, at Pompeii, the houses were more open, and would be little suited to our more rigorous climate.
Windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian
The land appears to have risen, and the climate became colder.❿
ENGLISH VILLAGES, by P. H. Ditchfield
Eleven years ago my little book on the antiquities of English villages was published. Its object was to interest our rustic neighbours in their surroundings, to record windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian social life of the people at various times—their feasts and fairs, sports and pastimes, faiths and superstitions—and to describe the scenes which once took place in the fields and lanes they know so well. A friendly reviewer remarked that the wonder was that читать полностью book of that kind had never been written before, and that that was the first attempt to give a popular and readable sketch of the history and associations of our villages.
In the present work I have attempted to fill in the sketch with greater detail, and to сомнительно. download winrar 64 bit full bagas31 этом not only for the villagers themselves, but for all those who by education are able to take a more intelligent interest in the study of the past. During the last decade many village histories have been written, and if this book should be of service to anyone who is compiling the chronicles of some rural world, windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian if it should induce some who have the necessary leisure and ability to undertake such works, it will not have been written in vain.
One of the most distressing features of modern village life is the continual decrease of the population. The rural exodus is an alarming and very real danger to the welfare of social England. The country is considered dull and life windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian dreary both by squire and peasant alike.
Hence the attractions of towns or the delights of travel empty our villages. The manor-house is closed and labourers are scarce. To increase the attractions of our villages, to arouse an interest in their past history and social life, is worth attempting; and perhaps this Story may be of some use in fostering local patriotism, and in reconciling those who spend their lives far from the busy hives of men to their lot, when they find how much interest lies immediately around them.
The study of archaeology has been pursued with much vigour during recent years, and increased knowledge has overthrown the many wild theories and conjectures which were gravely pronounced to be ascertained facts by the antiquaries of fifty years ago.
Gildas, Geoffrey of Monmouth, or Richard of Cirencester are no longer accepted as safe and infallible guides. The history of Britain no longer begins with the advent of Julius Caesar, nor is his account of the Celtic tribes and their manners accepted as a full and complete statement of all that is known about them. The study of flint implements, of barrows and earthworks, has considerably thrown back our historical horizon and enabled us to understand the conditions of life in our island in the early days of a remote past before the dawn of history.
The systematic excavation of Silchester, so ably conducted by the Society of Antiquaries, and of other Roman sites of towns and villas, enables us to realise more clearly the history of Britain under the rule of the Empire; and the study of the etymology of place-names посетить страницу источник overthrown many of the absurd derivations which found a place in the old windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian histories, and are often repeated by the writers of modern guide books.
There has been much destruction and much construction; and this good work will doubtless continue, until at length English archaeology may be dignified with the title of an exact science. Destruction of another kind is much to be deplored, which has left its mark on many an English village. If this book should be found useful in stimulating an intelligent interest in architectural studies, and in protecting our ancient buildings from such acts of vandalism, its purpose will have been abundantly achieved.
I am indebted to many friends and acquaintances for much information which has been useful to me in writing this book; to Sir John Evans whose works are invaluable to all students of ancient stone and bronze windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian to Dr.
Cox whose little book on How to Write the History of a Parish is a sure and certain guide to local historians; to Mr. John Hope and Mr. Fallow for much information contained in their valuable monograph on Old Church Plate ; to the late Dr. Stevens, of Reading; to Mr. Shrubsole of the same town; to Mr. Gibbins, the author of The Industrial History of Englandfor the use of an illustration from his book; to Mr. Melville, Mr. Colson, and the Rev. Marshall for their photographic aid; and to many other authors who are only known to me by their valuable works.
To all of these gentlemen I desire to express my thanks, and also to Mr. Mackintosh for his artistic sketch of a typical English village, which forms the frontispiece of my book.
Local histories—Ignorance and destruction—Advantages of the study of village antiquities—Description of an English village—The church— The manor-house—Prehistoric people—Later inhabitants—Saxons—Village inn—Village green—Legends. To write a complete history of any village is one of the hardest literary labours which anyone can undertake. The soil is hard, and the crop after the expenditure of much toil is often very scanty.
In many cases the records are few and difficult to discover, buried amidst the mass of papers at the Record Office, or entombed in some dusty corner of the Diocesan Registry.
Days may be spent in searching for these treasures of knowledge with regard to the past history of a village without any adequate result; but sometimes fortune favours the industrious toiler, and he discovers a rich ore which rewards him for all his pains. Slowly his store of facts grows, and he is at last able to piece together the history of his little читать далее world, which time and the neglect of past generations had consigned to dusty oblivion.
In recent years several village histories have been written with varied success by both competent and incompetent scribes; but such books are few in number, and we still have to deplore the fact that so little is known about the hamlets in which we live.
All windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian seem to join in the same lament, and mourn over the ignorance that prevails in rural England with regard to the treasures of antiquity, history, and folklore, which are to be found almost everywhere. Hughes, who said that the present http://replace.me/28128.txt know nothing of their own birthplaces, or of the lanes, woods, and fields through which windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian roam.
Not one young man in twenty knows where to find the wood-sorrel, or the bee-orchis; still fewer can tell the country legends, the stories of the old gable-ended farmhouses, or the place where the last skirmish was fought in the Civil War, or windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian the parish butts stood. Nor is this ignorance confined to the unlearned rustics; it is shared by many educated people, who have travelled abroad and studied the history of Rome or Venice, Frankfort or Bruges, and yet pass by unheeded the rich stores of antiquarian lore, which they witness every day, and never think of examining closely and carefully.
There are very few villages in England which have no objects of historical interest, no relics of the past which are worthy of preservation. Old legends and quaint stories of the countryside have given place to talks about politics and newspaper gossip.
But still much remains if we learn to examine things for ourselves, and endeavour to gather up the relics of the past and save them from the destructive hand of Time.
A great service may thus be rendered not only to the cause of history, but also to the villagers of rural England, by those who have time, leisure, and learning, sufficient to gain some knowledge of bygone times.
He may not be able to write a history of his parish, but he can gather up the curious gossip of the neighbourhood, the traditions and stories which have been handed down from former generations. And if anyone is at the pains to acquire some knowledge of local history, and will impart what he knows to his poorer windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian, he will add greatly to their interest in life.
Life is a burden, labour mere drudgery, when a man has nothing in which he can interest himself. When we remember the long hours which an agricultural labourer spends alone, without a creature to speak to, except his horses or the birds, we can imagine how dull his life must be, if his mind be not occupied.
We will walk together through the main roads of the village, and observe some of its many points of interest. But to live in memory of what has gone before, of the lives and customs of our forefathers, of the strange events that have happened on the very ground upon which we are standing, all this will make us love our village homes and delight in them exceedingly. Most of our villages have the usual common features, and it is not difficult to describe a typical example, though the details vary very much, and the histories of no two villages are identical.
We see arising above the trees the church, the centre of the old village life, both religious, secular, windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian social. It stands upon a site which has been consecrated to the service of God for many centuries. There is possibly in or near the churchyard a tumulus, or burial mound, which shows that the spot was set apart for some religious увидеть больше even before Christianity reached our shores.
Here the early Saxon missionary download windows 10 2022 bagas31 his cross and preached in the open air windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian the gathered villagers.
Here a Saxon thane built a rude timber church which was supplanted by an early Norman structure of stone with round arches and curiously carved ornamentation. This building has been added to at various times, and now shows, writ in stone, its strange and varied history. The windows, brasses, bells, windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian inscriptions, have all some interesting story to relate, which we hope presently to examine more minutely.
Nestling amid the trees we see the manor-house, standing probably on the site of a much older edifice; and this building carries our thoughts back http://replace.me/29928.txt the Saxon and early Norman times, when the lord of the manor had vassals and serfs under him, held his manorial court, and reigned as a king in his own small domain. The history of the old English manor is a very important one, concerning which much has been written, many questions disputed, and some points still remain to be decided.
Then we notice an old farmhouse which has doubtless seen better days, for there are the remains of an ancient moat around it, as if some family of importance once lived there, детальнее на этой странице wished to guard themselves and their possessions from troublesome visitors.
This moat tells of the times of war and lawlessness, of wild and fierce animals roaming the countryside; and if the walls of the old house could speak how many stories could they tell of the strange customs of our ancestors, of bread riots, of civil wars, and disturbances which once destroyed the tranquillity of our peaceful villages!
We shall endeavour to discover the earliest inhabitants of our villages who left their traces behind in the curious stone and bronze weapons of war or domestic windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian, and who lived in far remote periods before the dawn of history.
The barrows, or tumuli, which contain their dead bodies tell us much about them; and also the caves and lake dwellings help us to form some very accurate notions of the conditions of life in those distant days. We shall see that the Britons or Celts were far from being the naked woad-dyed savages described by Caesar, whose account has so long been deemed sufficient by http://replace.me/4752.txt historians of our childhood.
We shall call to mind the many waves of invaders which rolled over our country—the Celts, the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans—all of whom have left some traces behind them, and added sundry chapters to the story of our villages. The fields too proclaim their story, and tell us of the Saxon folk who were our first farmers, and made clearings in the forests, and tilled the same soil we work to-day. They tell us too of the old monks who knew so windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian about agriculture; and occasionally the plough turns up a rusty sword or cannon ball, which reveals the story of battles and civil wars which we trust have passed away from our land for ever.
The very names of the fields are not without signification, and tell us of animals which are now extinct, of the manners of our forefathers, of the old methods of farming, and the common lands which have passed away. All was activity in the stable yard when the coach came in; the villagers crowded round the inn doors to windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian the great folks from London who were regaling themselves with well-cooked English joints; and if they stayed all night, could find comfortable beds with lavender-scented sheets, and every attention.
But the railroads and iron steeds have changed all that; until yesterday the roads were deserted, and the glory of the old inns departed.
Bicyclists now speed along in the track of the old coaches; but they are not quite so picturesque, and the bicycle bell is less musical than the cheerful posthorn. On the summit of a neighbouring hill we see a curious formation which is probably an earthwork, constructed many centuries ago by the early dwellers in this district for the purpose of defence in dangerous times, when the approach of a neighbouring tribe, or the advance of a company of free-booting invaders, threatened them with death or the destruction of their flocks and herds.
These earthworks we shall examine more closely. An ivy-covered ruin near the church shows the remains of a monastic cell or monastery; and in the distance perhaps we can see the outlines of an old Norman keep or castle; all of these relate to the story of our codec 64 bits powerpoint download, and afford us subjects for investigation and research.
Then there is the village green where so many generations of the villagers have disported themselves, danced the old country dances now alas! Here they held their rural sports, and fought their bouts of quarter-staff and cudgel-play, grinned through horse-collars, and played pipe and tabor at many a rustic feast, when life was young and England merry.
We shall try to picture to ourselves these happy scenes of innocent diversion which cheered the hearts of our forefathers in bygone times. We will try to collect the curious legends and stories which were told to us by windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian grandsires, and are almost forgotten by the present generation. These we should treasure up, lest they should be for ever lost.
Local tradition has often led the way to important discoveries. In this brief circuit of an ordinary English village we have found many нажмите чтобы прочитать больше which are calculated to excite our imagination and to stimulate inquiry. A closer examination will well repay our study, and reward the labour of the investigator.
It is satisfactory to know that all possible discoveries as to the antiquities of our villages have not yet been made. We have по ссылке much to learn, and the earth has not yet disclosed all its treasures. Roman villas still remain buried; the sepulchres of many a Saxon chieftain or early nomad Celt are still unexplored; the pile dwellings and cave domiciles of the early inhabitants of our country have still to be discovered; and piles of records and historical documents have still to be sought out, arranged, and examined.
So there is much work to be done by the antiquary for many a long year; and every little discovery, and the results of every patient research, assist in accumulating that store of knowledge which is gradually being compiled by the hard labour of our English historians and antiquaries.
If this book had been written forty or fifty years ago it might have been stated that our first knowledge of Britain dates from B. He says that the climate was foggy, a characteristic which it has not altogether lost, that the people cultivated the ground windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian used beer and mead as beverages.
Our villagers still follow the example of their ancestors in their use of one at least of these drinks. Of the history of all the ages prior to the advent of this Pytheas all written record is silent. Hence we have to play the part of scientific detectives, examine the footprints of the early man who inhabited our island, hunt for odds and ends which he has left behind, to rake over his kitchen middens, pick up his old tools, and even open his burial mound.
About fifty years ago the attention of the scientific world was drawn to the flint implements which were scattered over the surface of our fields and in our gravel pits and mountain caves; and inquiring minds began to speculate as to their origin.
The collections made at Amiens and Abbeville and other places began to convince men of the existence of an unknown and unimagined race, and it gradually dawned on us that on our moors and downs were the tombs of a race of по этому сообщению windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian fashioned their weapons of war and implements of peace out of flint.
These discoveries have pushed back our knowledge of man to an antiquity formerly never dreamed of, and enlarged considerably our historical horizon. So we will endeavour to discover what kind of men windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian were, who roamed our fields and woods before any historical records were written, and mark the very considerable traces of their occupation which they have left behind. The condition of life and the character and climate of the country were very different in early times from what they are in windows 10 1703 download iso italys largest victorian present day; and in endeavouring to discover the kind of people who dwelt here in prehistoric times, we must hear what the geologists have to tell us about the physical aspect of Britain in that period.


Oxford England: Blackwell Bookshop
University of Oxford
48-51 Broad St, Oxford OX1 3BQ, UK
One of the world’s most memorable bookstores!
Whenever I am anywhere near Oxford, I cannot resist making a pilgrimage to Blackwell Bookshop. There are over forty branches across the U.K. Founded in 1879 by Benjamin Henry Blackwell, son of the first city librarian, who having finished his education at 13, was apprenticed to a local bookseller for a shilling a week. His father, Benjamin Harris Blackwell, had been heavily involved in the Temperance Society. The society promoted, as well as religion, self-education and also encouraged reading.
The flagship shop at 48–51 Broad Street, Oxford, was originally only twelve feet square but quickly grew to incorporate the upstairs, cellar and neighboring shops. Benjamin Henry Blackwell was well respected in Oxford and was elected the first Liberal councilor for Oxford North.


How to win Domino’s: Watch this guide for the easy way
It’s a simple but incredibly effective strategy: sit down and eat a meal.
If you want to win a pizza, you must sit down, eat it, and then sit down again and eat it.
That’s because the Domino franchisee has a very simple rule: when you eat a Domino, you have to sit down.
This simple rule is so simple that it’s easy to forget that it has a complex, long-term, and somewhat controversial history.
Domino has a long and colorful history.
It was founded by a German immigrant named Hermann Schnatter.
He was a self-taught pizza maker who grew up in a German-speaking town in Germany.
In the early 1900s, Domino was a chain of pizza shops that were owned by Italian immigrants from Sicily and Genoa.
Schnatter sold Domino to his father, a German Jewish butcher, who gave it to his daughter, Margot.
When she was a teenager, Margota decided to start her own pizza chain in New York City.
She sold her first store to Schnatter in 1902 and began to build her brand.
In 1913, she opened her first Italian-themed Domino Pizza in New Jersey, named Domino.
Schnatt and his family moved to Manhattan and became a wealthy New York real estate developer.
Schnitts family began to open Italian-inspired restaurants across the country, including one in the heart of Manhattan’s East Village called Domino in 1927.
Dominos popularity spread and he became a regular at Manhattan’s famous Italian restaurants, and Domino became one of the most popular pizza chains in the United States.
The pizza chain had more than 500 restaurants by 1930, but by 1931, the company was struggling.
The stock price of Domino fell dramatically.
The business began to hemorrhage money, and by the time the stock price dropped to below $100, the stock had already been bought by General Motors for $2.3 million in 1932.
By the time it was bought by the company, the pizza chain was losing more than $1 million a day.
By then, the business was struggling, so General Motors took over and sold the business to the US government in 1933.
The government purchased the company in 1941 and renamed it Domino Enterprises.
The new company continued to grow, but it wasn’t until 1959 that the stock rose to over $250,000.
In 1960, Dominos share price was at $200,000, but within two years it was at a high of $3 million.
In 1962, Domina Enterprises was renamed Domino Superstore and Dominos stock price had been growing steadily for more than a decade.
But in 1968, it was sold to General Motors and the stock fell back to under $50,000 in 1973.
That year, Domanios stock price plunged to $1.6 million.
Dominios business suffered as the recession hit the country.
It’s not clear what the government did with the company after the sale.
It may have been sold to a company that would later go on to make other pizza brands, including Pizza Hut and Papa John’s.
But Domino had another problem: it had a huge debt.
In 1976, the brand was bankrupt.
In 1983, it paid off a $4 million debt and declared bankruptcy.
But the bankruptcy was not enough to keep Domino from facing another crisis.
In 1991, the debt owed to the government was almost $30 million.
The company had to raise $15 million through a bond sale and then pay another $15.6 billion in interest to the U.S. government.
The debt would be paid off in 2019.
But then the government started issuing bonds again.
That meant that the company would have to pay interest on a $3 billion debt for the next 30 years, even though it had already paid off $7.5 billion in bonds.
The interest was so great that by the end of 2022, the total debt was nearly $10 billion.
By 2022, Domios debt had risen to more than the company owed in interest on its previous bonds.
That made it hard for Domino and the company to meet its obligations.
In March 2018, Domini’s stock price crashed from $2,200 to $5,600.
The bankruptcy made it difficult for Domini to pay its debt.
So in the late 1990s, a new owner took over the company and started working to repay the government’s money.
The plan was to put up another $25 million in bonds and make a profit on them.
But this plan also caused a crisis for the company.
The bond issue in 2019 created another $8 billion in debt.
Domiocos debt would rise to nearly $20 billion in 2020 and then to more $25 billion in 2022, according to Forbes.
In 2020, Domio’s debt was nearing $30 billion.
In 2021, it would hit $30.5 million.
By 2021, the government


Last Saturday, the 6th of February, an atelier of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam became the “Brijksmuseum”.
(For the non-Dutch speakers, “Rijk” rhymes with “Brijk” which rhymes with “brei” and “brei” means “knit”.)
The word went out a few weeks earlier (via Ravelry, via knitting groups, via a blog) that a knitting event was organized at the museum, partly to talk about knitted sailors caps that were found in graves dating from the 17th century and partly as a knit-along using a pattern written up based on one of the hats.
The event was over subscribed and if you didn’t reserve your spot you were turned away at the door. I saw in the news afterwards that there were 140 of us there. I’ve never seen so many knitters all in one place! While we were sitting in this canteen (photo above) waiting for the presentation to begin, the organizer gave a little welcome speech. It was quiet except for the sound of needles clicking. Too funny!
There were professional photographers there and a couple of movie cameras filming us. Gosh, are we THAT unusual?
Everyone wanted photos of the event….
The presentation was one hour long. For the first 30 minutes a woman (sorry, I don’t remember her name) talked about paintings from the 16th century and the clothing we see in these paintings. What are we looking at? What did these styles represent? She talked about the influence of Spanish fashion and the big difference between rich and poor dress. We learned about the different parts of dress and where they came from. It was very interesting.
Next a man (also who’s name I didn’t catch) talked about the hats we were busy copying in our own knitting, who wore them and where were they found. The hats were found in Dutch sailor’s graves from the 17th century, on an island in the far north of Norway. What were they doing up there? Whaling. They died of scurvy for the most part. We heard about the history of whaling in that time period and why the Dutch went up that far north and the troubles they had. Can you imagine living on a small wooden boat, up near the arctic circle, trying to kill whales and trying to keep yourself alive?
All the sailors were buried with their knitted hats on their heads. The theory goes that each hat was so individual to the person that no one else would want to have the hats so they were buried with the wearer. My theory is that they were probably so smelly that no one would want to put them on their own head.
Here is a photo taken by Geerje Jacobs, during the talk, showing the hats that were recovered:
It was a fun day out and I’m glad I went. It’s always fun to knit with other knitters and this was even better with the history and education thrown in. The organizer was really amazed that so many people wanted to come. Maybe with this experience, the museum will organize more events like this. Obviously there are enough of us who are eager to come together, chat, knit, and listen to experts explain something new to us. I feel a real surge in knitting interest these days. It’s in the news. WE are in the news. I hope we keep the momentum going.
So, did I knit the hat that we were given the instructions for? I started it. It’s about 25% done. I might finish it. I might not. I have other projects I’d rather knit right now. You can see a few finished hats, along with other photos, here. It’s a nice pattern though, that you can modify a lot to make it your own. Just like the sailors.


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A companion to Oliver Stone’s ten-part Showtime documentary series in the tradition of Howard Zinn’s People’s History of the United States, this cutting-edge and provocative book challenges the status quo of American history.
Multiple Academy Award-winner Oliver Stone (once called “Dostoevsky behind a camera”) has directed such iconic movies as Platoon, Wall Street, JFK, Natural Born Killers, and W and is known for his often controversial point of view and probing exploration of weighty historical and political topics. Now, Stone collaborates with esteemed American University professor Peter Kuznick to present our country’s “secret history,” one that has been unearthed through recently discovered archives and newly declassified material.
Filled with poignant photos and little-known historical facts, this book covers the rise of the American Empire and national security state from the late nineteenth century through the Obama administration, revealing how deeply rooted the seemingly aberrant policies of the Bush-Cheney administration are in the nation’s past—and why it has proven so difficult for President Obama to significantly change course.
By discerning patterns that have previously gone unrecognized and examining the most recently released classified documents, Stone and Kuznick challenge prevailing orthodoxies and ask questions not normally raised. The result is not the kind of history taught in schools or represented on television or in popular movies, and it will come as a surprise to the vast majority of American and global citizens, shocking and astounding both experts and history-lovers alike.


A. Struggle of the victims' families and Kwangju citizens between 1980-1995
The young leaders of the Kwangju uprising, who decided to defend the city of Kwangju and to fight to the death, did so knowingly. They foresaw the potential effects of their acts in terms of bringing democracy to Korea and told foreign correspondents present in the city that sacrificing their lives for the future democracy of Korea was necessary, as at that time there was no other alternative. However, they also urged high school students to leave the Provincial Hall and be witnesses for what happened during the last hours before the city was taken.
Throughout the uprising and even the last hours before the city was taken, there was a high sense of morality among the citizens and the youth. This morality, conscience and deep belief in the ideal of democracy, led the youth to commit the ultimate act of sacrifice. When their city was retaken, military brutality met with human morality. At that moment military might overpowered the physical strength of the Kwangju citizens. However, the moral convictions of the people remained untouched, showing that strong moral conviction could not be undermined through military power or state violence. This morality continued to sustain the spirit of the uprising in the years to come. Military brutality won the battle, but citizen morality won the war.
The city of Kwangju was retaken by the military in the early morning of May 27 amidst the massacre of hundreds of young people (the actual number killed is still not known). This was the final and most terrible blow to the citizens of Kwangju by the military administration of Korea. Unfortunately, the effects of the blow did not end with the recapture of Kwangju. Rather, it gave birth to one of the most difficult times for its citizens, particularly for those who were directly involved in or supported the uprising, and for the family members of those who had been killed (hereafter 'family members').
It is reported that General Chun Doo-hwan toured Kwangju after the city was taken and told the people of Kwangju not to make an issue of what had happened, but to learn from it. In other words, he was suggesting that they leave the past behind and ensure that such acts do not recur. In fact, not only did the citizens of Kwangju not put the uprising behind them, but they relived it in many ways, such as through the commemorations of the dead, through publications, cultural performances, mass rallies, demonstrations, petitions and so on. In short, the people of Kwangju were adamant in seeking truth and justice for the Kwangju massacre, achieving democracy in Korea and bringing an end to military domination in Korean politics.
Commemoration of the victims and the uprising
In the immediate aftermath of Kwangju, commemoration of the victims was the only thing family members and others seeking justice could think of doing, and even this was a very difficult task:
The authorities kept family members under surveillance and used house arrest as a means of keeping family members away from the cemetery, as well as outright blocking access to the cemetery.
They also tried to influence family members' associations in various ways, attempting to disunite them. This resulted in twenty-six bodies being exhumed from the Mangwoldong cemetery and buried elsewhere. However, such acts were strongly resisted by the May 18 Bereaved Family Members Association and family members managed to maintain their unity.
Many family members who continued to carry on commemorative activities and campaigns to seek truth and justice were arrested.
Furthermore, victims' families were initially stigmatised as family members of the 'rioters'. (The official stance taken against the Kwangju uprising was that it was merely a riot caused by mobs, and this is what was reported in media throughout South Korea, which was mainly state controlled.)
In cases where the head of the family was killed or injured, the family suffered economic hardship and struggled to survive from day to day.
In fact, not just commemoration but merely speaking out about the uprising was initially an almost impossible task, particularly from 1980-1985. However, for the family members of the Kwangju victims, commemoration at least was essential, and so they struggled to hold commemorative events in spite of the difficulties caused by the government. Eventually they were supported in their attempts by civil society groups in and outside of Kwangju. They even managed to bring the bodies of their loved ones to one place to bury - the Mangwoldong cemetery. This was a very important act of unification among the family members, as it provided them with a venue to commemorate and grieve collectively.
This perseverance of the family members and the activists who supported them enabled them to eventually obtain truth and justice. It should not be forgotten that the families of the victims suffered (and are still suffering) grave psychological wounds caused by the loss of their loved ones.
In 1981, the first attempt to hold a commemorative event was prevented by the police. They barricaded the area near the Provincial Hall and about 50 students who took to the streets were either arrested or prosecuted. The family members finally decided to organise a private ceremony to commemorate their loved ones. During that commemoration, the director of the May 18 Uprising Bereaved Families Association, Chung Su-man made a speech. Soon after, he was arrested for 'propagating anti-American sentiments'.
In 1982, the planned commemorative rally was again banned and disrupted by the government. However, a small memorial service by 30 bereaved families managed to take place. The government also launched other events to divert the attention of the Kwangju people from the commemoration activities of the uprising initiated by the family members, including a Convention for the Solidarity of Kwangju Citizens at the Kwangju Public Stadium. The government tried in many ways to split the emerging groups who wanted to keep the memory of the uprising alive, with gestures such as giving amnesty to 1, 288 citizens imprisoned in connection with the Kwangju uprising, on August 15 (Independence Day).
Commemorations continued on a smaller scale in 1983. The Chun Doo-hwan government tried to influence individual family members to move the graves of their loved ones from the Mangwoldong cemetery. They put family members under house arrest, mobilising intelligence agencies and the police, and they blocked access to the Mangwoldong cemetery. The authorities even kidnapped opposition political party members who supported family members of the victims and took them to places like Pusan and Cheju island.
In 1984, students and citizens managed to hold a memorial rally at the Mangwoldong cemetery, with 3, 000 persons attending. This was the biggest rally held in Kwangju since May 1980. University students started creating ad-hoc fact-finding committees to investigate into the Kwangju uprising. There were also various protests in different parts of the country regarding Kwangju, however, demonstrators were arrested nation-wide; in Kwangju alone 80 students were arrested.
On 17 May 1985, various colleges and universities in Kwangju organised a demonstration drawing 38, 000 demonstrators. The National Campaign Headquarters held a collective memorial service that was attended by 150 family members, seven National Assembly members and 700 students, of whom 394 were arrested. For the first time, there was a government level response to the deaths in Kwangju: in answer to a question at the National Assembly, Defence Minister Yun Sung Min put the death toll of the massacre at 191. Although the figure was incorrect, the referral to deaths in Kwangju by a Cabinet minister illustrated the increasing pressure on the government to reveal the truth regarding the uprising.
In 1986, the fact-finding campaigns on the Kwangju uprising by citizens continued. New groups began to form such as the Youth Comrades Association of the May 18 Kwangju People's Uprising, formed in April. Defying the police ban, a commemoration rally was held at Nam-dong Cathedral drawing 2, 000 people. After the memorial mass, people clashed with the riot police, resulting in a large number of injured. A monument in honour of the victims of the uprising was built at the Hankuk Theological School. From 1980 to 1986, the memory of the Kwangju uprising fuelled the aspirations for democracy of the South Korean people.
In January 1987 Park Jong Chol, a student at Seoul National University, was killed by police water torture. This prompted much protest by university students. At the same time, there were nation-wide protests by citizens demanding constitutional reforms allowing direct elections. In June, Li Han Yol, a Kwangju citizen and a student of Yonsei University in Seoul, was killed during a student protest by a teargas canister deliberately aimed at his head by a riot policeman. His funeral was attended by one million people in Seoul.
The June 1987 protests revived the Kwangju spirit throughout South Korea. With over 3, 000 strikes by labourers and many demonstrations, the pressure started mounting on the government. On July 2, Roh Tae Woo, presidential candidate of the ruling Democratic Justice Party and mastermind of the Kwangju massacre expressed his regret for the victims of the massacre. He also promised to construct a monument for the victims and introduce a special law to compensate the bereaved families. Roh Tae Woo was elected president in December.
In 1988, the government stopped calling the Kwangju uprising the 'Kwangju Affair', and began referring to it as a 'movement that is part of the efforts by the Kwangju students and citizens to promote democracy.' The government also offered compensation to the victims' families. However, most of the families rejected the money as they felt that accepting the compensation offered by Roh, the chieftain of the massacre, would betray the spirit of the Kwangju uprising. For the first time, a commemorative rally took place in front of the Kwangju Provincial Hall at Kumnam Avenue in May, without police harassment, drawing over 100, 000 citizens. Half a million people from all over the world visited Mangwoldong cemetery.
Revealing the truth about Kwangju
Another way to ensure that the events of Kwangju were not forgotten, as well as the primary way to obtain justice for the victims who died and those that survived, was to let the truth about Kwangju be known. This was difficult not only because of the military crackdown, but also because of the censorship and distorted information surrounding the uprising.
In the immediate aftermath of the uprising, one of the first groups who began to talk about it was a group of priests from the Kwangju Diocese through publishing The Truth of the Kwangju Affair. The first step to organise themselves by the citizens was taken by the family members. Despite the government's attempts to repress and sabotage their efforts, the people formed the May 18 Uprising Bereaved Families Association on 6 June 1980. After that a number of organizations were formed. Forty more advocacy and campaign groups were formed between 1982 and 1985, among them the May 18 Injured Association, the Youth Association, the Uprising Veteran's Association, the Democratic Taxi Driver's Association, and the Women's Association. One of their first and most important tasks was to initiate fact-finding and conduct documentation on the victims of the massacre.
In 1985 fact-finding work accelerated. The National Campaign Headquarters for Commemorative Events and the Construction of a Monument was formed in Kwangju. In late April, the former protesters published Beyond Death, Beyond the Darkness of the Age, a firsthand comprehensive account of the uprising. Considerable risk was undertaken in gathering information for the book and it was the first comprehensive publication in the Korean language on the uprising. However, the authors could not use their real names to publish it. The military regime banned and confiscated many copies of the book before it went on the market. But the publishers had foreseen such a crackdown and had already leaked copies, which were then photocopied and distributed widely. The book became essential reading amongst student activists.
Citizens' protests in 1985 regarding the Kwangju uprising also continued with perseverance, sometimes taking extreme forms. For example, on August 15, Hong Ki Il, a 25-year-old worker, set himself on fire on Kumnam Avenue in Kwangju, demanding that what happened during the uprising be revealed. There were many such acts committed by the citizens in their struggle to seek the truth.
In August 1988, opposition legislators managed to form the Special Investigative Committee of the May 18 Kwangju Pro-democracy Campaign within the National Assembly, to conduct an inquiry into the government cover-ups. The committee found that 77 of the officers who had led the crackdown against the uprising had been decorated.
In 1989, the National Assembly investigations into the Kwangju uprising took place on a full scale when the hearings of the Special Investigative Committee opened in the spring. The victims of the military crackdown and the army officers involved were summoned for testimony. Their testimony was televised, live. The army officers had become senior officials in the government. Chun Doo-hwan was also summoned, and he testified on December 31. Due to its limited powers, the Committee could only publicize the proceedings, not prosecute those responsible. Attempts to introduce laws to punish the perpetrators of the Kwangju massacre were unsuccessful due to the power of the ruling party in the National Assembly.
In 1990, a new liberal democratic ruling party pushed through the Act on Compensation for the May 18 Kwangju Uprising Victims. The government unilaterally gave compensation to 2, 226 individuals. Still, some of them refused to take the money.
Even after the latest round of appeasement efforts, during 1991 the people continued to demand a full revelation of what had happened during the uprising and the punishment of the masterminds of the massacre. Another group of students began protesting with their lives; in May, Kang Kyung Dae, a freshman at Myongji University was beaten and killed by the police during a campus protest against government policy towards the Kwangju uprising. Soon thereafter, Park Seung Hee, a student at Chonnam University set herself on fire in protest at the killing of Kang. Another 10 college students died in the flames of self-immolation. They were all buried near the dead they wanted to identify with, in Mangwoldong cemetery. Such self-sacrifices were mainly aimed at the revelation of truth of the Kwangju uprising. After 1980, there have been a total of 37 activists who lost their lives or self-immolated as the ultimate protest, and who have been buried in the Mangwoldong cemetery.
In 1992, the demand to reveal the truth of the Kwangju uprising continued through protests, despite a general decline in the pro-democracy movement. The commemoration activities continued on a larger scale in Kwangju and Kwangju citizens established the 'Five Principles to Resolve the Kwangju Issue'. They were:
1. A full investigation into the uprising;
2. The punishment of the guilty;
4. The restoration of the victims' honour; and
5. Commemoration and succession.
In May 1993, President Kim Young-sam angered and disappointed the citizens of Kwangju when, in order to avoid political conflict, he asked for people to put the past behind them. The campaigns were re-organized with their key demand being the introduction of a special law and a special prosecutor to punish the leaders behind the massacre. Students barricaded the Mangwoldong cemetery in protest, causing President Kim to cancel his visit.
From 1994 to 1995, the movement for the Kwangju uprising began to concentrate on the legal battle. Because of the statute of limitations, those responsible for the Kwangju massacre had to be prosecuted within 15 years, that is, by May 1995. The victims of the uprising pressed charges against the 78 organizers of the massacre. On 29 October 1994, however, the local prosecutors suspended prosecution against 38 of them. Advocacy groups and human rights lawyers began to pressure the national prosecution office, however, to little avail.
In July 1995, the bizarre and ridiculed decision of the prosecution that it had no power to prosecute members of a successful coup intensified public anger. College students walked out of classes and took to the streets. Religious leaders and even some members of the opposition party went on a hunger strike after shaving their heads in a sign of protest. A total of 6, 549 professors from 89 universities and colleges signed a petition for the punishment of the coup leaders. Finally on December 21 the National Assembly passed a special law allowing for the prosecution of the two ex-presidents.
The decade long struggle of Kwangju citizens and family members culminated in the prosecution of those responsible in 1996, which is discussed in more detail in the next lesson. Before that though, the campaign of Kwangju as carried out by civil society must be studied in more depth.
B. Civil society
The chronological view of the actions and events undertaken by Kwangju citizens and family members above highlights the perseverance and consistency of the Kwangju movement. Both of these factors are essential to the success of any movement. The success of the Kwangju movement to seek truth and justice also stems from the significant role played by the family members of victims.
Kwangju citizens, from the beginning, wanted to achieve a specific goal: to restore honour to the victims of the Kwangju uprising. This could only be done by revealing the truth surrounding their death, by commemorating their actions and by establishing democracy in South Korea (which was the ideal the victims so willingly sacrificed their lives for).
Thus, Kwangju citizens fought to accomplish these three things. Year after year, they persevered in their commemoration activities regardless of government actions. They established groups and organizations to document and research the event of the uprising, to support family members and to advocate for democracy, such as: the May 18 Uprising Bereaved Families Association, the Youth Association, the Uprising Veteran's Association, the Democratic Taxi Driver's Association, and the Women's Association.
The documentation of the uprising together with more established forms also took the form of cultural media such as poetry, music and engravings, as well as novels, paintings, plays and even television dramas. This contributed to the making of history and also comprised an alternative culture. This alternative culture "that went beyond the capitalist consumer culture ?provided the opportunity for concepts of human rights, peace and justice to enter ?everyday [life] as a reality rather than as ideals" (Jung Keun-sik, 428).
II. Role of family members and citizens
As activist Kim Yang-rae said succinctly, without the voice and participation of the family members, there would not have been any progress in restoring honour to the Kwangju victims. It was the family members who initially began the fight to seek truth and justice, and who continued the struggle when others were ready to give up. It is necessary to appreciate here that the family members were not organized at the beginning, they did not know how to campaign effectively, and yet they learnt as they went along. For instance, they did not even have a place to meet when they first decided to group together. Similarly, they initially did not know how to go about printing their material regarding the uprising, so certain church organizations helped them by using their own hand presses to print the material.
This leads us to the important point that the family members were joined in their fight by numerous groups, students and even individuals, whether through printing their material, holding rallies or giving legal advice. Without this support from civil society, the family members may well have remained an isolated group with little influence. However, the group's resonance with students, professionals and workers made up a powerful movement that spread outside of Kwangju to various parts of Korea.
It must be remembered also that the initial period after the uprising, 1980-1985 was a very dark and repressive one in South Korean history, particularly for the people of Kwangju. No one dared to speak out about the atrocities recently witnessed. And yet, even at this time, family members were active. Their persistence and courage are to be admired and emulated.
C. Questions For Discussion
Discuss the significance of these actions as undertaken by family members and Kwangju citizens:
a. burying all victims in one place (Mangwoldong cemetery)
b. comprehensively documenting the events of the uprising
c. using cultural media such as poetry, plays and dramas to relive Kwangju
d. establishing the 'Five Principles' to resolve the Kwangju issue
Due to the difficult circumstances they were facing and because they believed there was no other alternative, several students and activists took their own lives as the ultimate form of protest. In different circumstances, what are other ways of protest that do not cause harm to anyone's life?
Choose one particular action that was undertaken by citizens of Kwangju and see how it could be carried out regarding an issue in your own country, keeping in mind the factors of perseverance and consistency.
What seems to be the relationship between democracy and justice for the Kwangju victims? How has this relationship enhanced the movement in Kwangju?


The city of Millen, GA, serves as the seat of rural Jenkins County, sitting on the east side of the Ogeechee River. Millen is home to an estimated population of around 3,000 people, covering 3.5 square miles of land.
Settled in 1835 and incorporated nearly a half-century later in 1881, Millen relied largely on cotton farming in the early years. It was named for McPherson B. Millen, the superintendent of the Central of Georgia Railway. Most of Millen was destroyed during the Civil War and rebuilt thereafter. Today, Millen maintains several key pieces of its history. The Downtown Millen Historic District joined the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, and surroundings remain largely agricultural.
For complete automotive repair close to Millen, you can always count on the expertise of Auto Aid. Since 1987, we’ve handled all basic requirements and ultimate performance needs as the “go to” shop when others have difficulty in diagnosing a problem. From online auto maintenance schedules to friendly service reminders, it has never been easier for Millen drivers to keep their cars and trucks in top shape. Our friendly staff invites you to schedule an appointment at our convenient location in Sylvania.
“Diagnostics, repair and maintenance. When experience matters!”


About Theodore (Ted) C. Cheney, Jr.
Bio / Background:
Ted Cheney was born at Milwaukee Children‘s Hospital and grew up in Elm Grove and Wauwatosa, WI.
Education: Graduated Wauwatosa High School in 1952, Northwestern Prep School in 1954 and the US Naval Academy in 1958.
Family: Married Susan “Susie” Holt in 1958 – a blessed partnership that produced 6 wonderful children and 13 grandchildren. “Susie” passed away in 1997 and then married Mary Voell Patek in 1999.
Military Service: Naval Reservist 1951 – 1954; US Navy (Naval Academy and active duty aboard two ships) 1954 – 1962; Naval Reservist 1962 – 1978 (Command of Surface Division 9–215).
Ted Cheney joined the W. E. Cheney Company in 1962 as Sales Manager, ultimately becoming President of The Cheney Co. (name changed in 1969), part Owner by 1971 and sole Owner by 1975.
Sold the company in 1987; started Cheney Travel in 1987– ceased operations in 2001, started Cheney Building Systems in 1988 – ceased operations in 1992, started Access Elevator in 1992 – sold the company in 2002.
Sales Consultant for Access Elevator until 2019. Retired from the business world in 2019, becoming active full-time on operation of Aslan’s Warehouse, a nonprofit organization providing household goods for the needy, coordinating these activities with many other non-profits, including BASICS (Brothers And Sisters In Christ Serving), Milwaukee Rescue Mission, Port of Missions, Adullam, Friend of Sinners Church, Hope Street, Care Net, MacCanon Brown Homeless Sanctuary and others.
In late 2020, Ted was asked to return to Access Elevator, as a part time employee. Unfortunately, COVID proved to be a hindrance, and once again “retired.”
However, calls regarding servicing and/or replacement of The Cheney Co. products continued to come in and Cheney Elevators became very active in consulting with architects, building owners and contractors regarding accessibility elevators and lifts, gaining a unique reputation for solving unusual problems in that field.
Click on the image above for more enlightening information regarding the history of the chairlift
Our Saviors Lutheran (Oconomowoc, WI): Bible Study Teacher and Deacon, served as Vice Chairman of the Congregation.
Kettle Moraine Evangelical Free Church (Delafield, WI): Trustee, the church‘s first building was constructed during Ted‘s term.
Elmbrook Church (Brookfield, WI): Currently a volunteer receptionist and on the Coffee Team, having served in the past as a Bible Study Leader and member of the Prayer Team and a founding member of the Mission Cafe Team.


Silk feather pillow
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Description and uses
While considered a decorative piece of furniture, the feather pillow—along with the waster—is the best weapons used for training, as it does very little or no damage at all. This version uses silk cloth when manufacturing a silk feather pillow, which is literally silky. In the minds of those in silk-producing locations, this ends the debate among textile manufacturers that silk is superior to both cotton and hemp.
Often portrayed as the instrument of choice in the classic pillow fight, an explosion of feathers will be at the scene of the crime.
Pillows were originally used mainly by wealthy men in Asia, and after were found in Ancient Egyptian tombs. The difficulty of sophisticated dyes and sewing techniques led to the development of pillows as an art form, with highly decorated pillows becoming prized commodities first in China and Persia and later in Medieval Europe. In Tudor England, pillows became widely-used; it was believed only women giving birth and weak men should use one. The Industrial Revolution saw the mass production of decorated textiles and decorated pillows. Traditional Chinese pillows are often hard boxes made from stone, wood, metal, or porcelain instead of stuffed fabric. Some ancient Egyptians slept on pillows made out of stone. (from Wikipedia)


A little piece of Heaven-er.
Read on to find out how two banks became First National Bank, our little piece of heaven in Heavener, OK:
- Farmer and Merchants Bank opened in Heavener in 1905.
- O.J.M. Brewer opened the Bank of Heavener in the Brewer Building on November 1, 1909.
- On September 15, 1910, the directors of the Bank of Heavener applied for a national charter. That application was approved, and on November 23, 1910, the Bank of Heavener became the First National Bank of Heavener.
- That same year, FNB constructed a new bank building at the corner of East Avenue C and East First Street. The year of construction was memorialized on the crest of the building, as shown in the picture at the top of this page.
- In 1912, Farmers and Merchants Bank received a national charter and became State National Bank.
On December 27, 1915, First National Bank was robbed by three men who arrived in town on horseback. Everyone in the bank, including President Brewer, was taken as hostages and forced to leave the bank at gunpoint. They were led to the edge of town, where accomplices were waiting with the thieves' horses. As the bandits stepped away from their hostages to make their getaway, they became entangled in barbed wire, tearing the bag holding their loot. Undeterred, they jumped on their horses, hollering, "Let's ride!" apparently oblivious that they were leaving a trail of silver dollars and five dollar bills behind them. Thankfully, the thieves left their hostages uninjured, although certainly a little shook-up. J.T. Baker, a member of the posse sent after the bandits, picked up some torn leather straps along the money trail, believing the evidence might, "make a difference later." It took a few days, but the posse tracked the thieves to a backwoods home. J.T. snuck into the adjacent barn to compare those torn leather straps he had gathered after the robbery to the saddles resting in the barn. Sure enough, it was a match, and the bandits were captured. (Marsh, 47-58)
- State National Bank constructed a branch on Highway 59 in 1996.
- In August, 2000, Sooner Southwest Bankshares, Inc., a bank holding company, purchased State National Bank.
- In January, 2001, Sooner Southwest Bankshares, Inc., purchased First National Bank.
- Sooner Southwest Bankshares wasted little time and in April, 2001, merged the two banks under the charter of First National Bank.
- In 2005, First National Bank began construction of a new, full-service branch in Poteau, OK. A temporary building was opened on the property during construction of the permanent facility.
- The new FNB Poteau branch was completed and opened for business in December, 2006.
In 1958, Phillip Freeman came to work at FNB and later served as President / CEO. Phillip's son, Eddie, and O.J.M. Brewer's great-granddaughter are employed at FNB today.
Marsh, Ralph. "Biography of a Bank." Yellow Dog Press, 1995.


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Ceramic Square Matzoh Plate - Delft, Holland 18th Century
Item #: AX_IM528002
Glazed ceramic plate decorated with a foliate design in deep blue. This Passover plate is based on an original from Delft, Holland from the 18th century. Matches IM428224. Product of The Israel Museum in Jerusalem.


Pennsylvania has a rich, varied history in our nation. Here are my top ten of off-the-beaten-path sights to enjoy in this great state.
1. Beautiful landscapes.
2. A “keystone” of American history.
4. Cold winters.
5. Unexpected surprises.
6. Beautiful forests.
7. Long-lived traditions.
8. Railroads, such as the railroad shops of the East Broad Top Railroad in Oribsonia.
9. “Gritty” places.
10. They have a historical marker dedicated to one of the worst industrial accidents in the nation’s history.
One thought on “Why I Love PA”
Love your photos!


Broken Records: 1960-1969 by Andrew S Guthrie
Hong Kong, China 2007
published by Lik Ink
“Broken Records: 1960 – 1969”, is an artist book that documents one 45rpm for each year of the1960s. The selection of the 45rpms is almost random (as if rescued from oblivion), yet accurate in its portrayal of the times as history tends to skip the left over, the unspectacular, and the minor hit. On one side of the accordion foldout are pictures of the records, on the reverse side each record is documented, citing band members and singers, production and label information, its position in record industry charts, and its place in Pop Music history. Additionally, there are sidebars about each year of the 1960s in world history, and a running commentary about the recording industry, pop culture, ownership rights, marketing and the 1960s as a significant turning point in youth culture.
「Broken Records: 1960 – 1969」是一本藝術書刊，記載著二十世紀六十年代每一年的一張45轉（7吋）黑膠唱片。手風琴式折頁內的一邊有黑膠唱片的圖片，另一邊有此唱片的資料記錄，內容有歌手與樂隊成員和唱片公司的介紹、唱片製作詳情、唱片在業界內的排名位置，以及在流行樂歷史的定位。此外，側欄內有同時代每一年的世界歷史，以及一個關於錄音界、流行文化、版權、市場策劃、六十年代作為青年文化重要轉折點的評論。
Pages:  pages
Dimensions (folded): 21 x 21 cm.
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Celts have always been associated with the northern European lands and of inhabiting Ireland, Scotland and Wales; but it is true that Celtic tribes did migrate to Spain, known then as the Iberian Peninsula.
- The Celtic Tree of Life
- The Celtic Cross symbol
- The Dara Knot
- The Ailm
- The Triquetra / Trinity Knot
- The Triskelion
- The harp
- The shamrock
- The Claddagh Ring
- Serch Bythol
- The Celtic Motherhood Knot
- The symbol for new beginnings
- High Chieftains, Nobles, and ‘Magistrates’
- Celts: The ‘Men of Art’
- The Scope of Clientage
- Low-Intensity Celtic Warfare and Mercenaries
- The ‘Solution’ of Wealth and Prestige
- Feasting and Raiding
- Druids and The Otherworld
- The Arms, Armor, and Deployment of Celtic Warriors
- The Contrast between Rich Clothes and Ritual Nudity
- The Frenzied Charge and Cacophony of the Celtic Warriors
- Honorable Mention – Lime-Washed Hair
The Celts who crossed the narrow strip of water between Europe and Asia were a varied group comprising three separate tribes, the Tolistobogii, the Tectosages, and the Trocmi. They had separated from the main force which attacked Delphi and were led by Leonorios and Lutorios. What is particularly interesting is that half their total number of 20,000 were non-combatants—the women, the children, and the aged. This suggests that, unlike the warriors who chose to follow Brennos on his raid, the groups who stayed with Leonorios and Lutorios were migrant populations in search of new land to settle.
Coilltich and Ceiltich
When celebrating the fabulous history of the Celtic peoples in the New World, one must include the progeny of their liaisons with the Native Americans, for herein lay many of the greatest stories on this continent. The joining of these two tribal cultures results in some of the greatest warrior-heroes to walk the planet, just when their people needed them the most. The traditional powers of the Old World (Britain, Spain and France) were locked in mortal combat over the vast resources of the New World. These resources included the “Coilltich”, Gaelic for the “forest-folk”, the term the highlanders had for the Red Man.
“The American Indians are very refined in their language and they are eloquent and expressive in their manner of speaking. It is likely that the Gaels realized that Native Americans were the disposed and disenfranchised of America in the same sense that they had become the subject race of Scotland, driven out of their home by Clearances that continued into the early twentieth century”, We’re Indians sure Enough.
Despite having left such a big impression on the country, the Celts were not the first inhabitants to land on Irish shores. The general consensus among experts is that the first inhabitants crossed over the narrow sea between Scotland and what is now Northern Ireland. This was in 6000BC, so the climate and sea level was very different back then. Crossing a sea on what would have been a small and very basic boat would not have been too difficult! These people gradually made their way from north to south, living very primitive, hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Over time, their skills developed into farming and agriculture, and eventually the people learned how to mould and work with metals, creating various tools to make life easier and more efficient for themselves.
The ancient Celts were various tribal groups living in parts of western and central Europe in the Late Bronze Age and through the Iron Age (c. 700 BCE to c. 400 CE). Given the name Celts by ancient writers, these tribes and their culture migrated and so they established a presence in territories from Portugal to Turkey. The term ‘Celts’ is commonly used to refer to peoples who lived in Iron Age Europe north of the Mediterranean region prior to the Roman conquest after ancient writers gave them that name. However, it is a problematic label. This is because these peoples were not part of a unified state but, rather, belonged to a multitude of tribes, many of which had no direct contact with each other.
The exact origins and history of the Celts is debated among historians. Because the Celts did not have written historical records, much of their history is lost and what we know of their culture has been pieced together from surviving examples of their art. As such, there is a lot of uncertainty about the history of the Celts. The Celts were also divided into groups such as the Gauls, the Britons, the Gaels, the Celtiberians, the Galatians and others, which makes it more difficult to define the Celts as a culture because there is a lot of diversity among them.
The words “Celt” and “Celtic” originally came from Latin (celtus) and Greek (keltoi) and are used by historians to denote European peoples who spoke a Celtic language. Nowadays, the term “Celtic” is commonly used in connection with the languages and cultures of the “six Celtic nations”, namely Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and the Isle of Man, where four Celtic languages are still in use: Breton, Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. Historians sometimes classify Celtic peoples into “Continental Celts”, denoting those on the continent of Europe, (eg. the Gauls) and “Insular Celts”, meaning those of Britain, Ireland and other local islands.
What is a Shaman?
“Magic and magicians are to be found more or less all over the world, whereas shamanism exhibits a particular magical specialty, on which we shall later dwell at length: “mastery over fire”, “magical flight”, and so on. By virtue of this fact, though the shaman is, among other things, a magician, not every magician can properly be termed a shaman. . . . . the shaman specializes in a trance in which his soul is believed to leave his body and ascend to the sky or descend to the underworld.” “A shaman is a man or woman who enters an altered state of consciousness – at will- to contact or utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help other persons. The shaman has at least one, and usually more, “spirits” in his personal service.”
Shamanism, in a “pure” sense, is usually characteristic of paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies. As such, it can safely be said to represent humankind’s earliest and most primal form of religion, magic and healing modality. It is also the most conservative and well established form of human spirituality, as we were hunter gatherers for literally thousands and thousands of years, far longer than the subsequent span of our collective history.
Like most Iron Age people, the Celts worshipped and sacrificed to a myriad of gods, many local and unique. Their learned class— the Druids—were masters of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and history; they scorned writing and put their faith in training the memory. Celtic women had more options and independence than women in Greece or Rome; writers such as Diodorus, Siculus, and Tacitus describe women who fought as warriors or served as tribal rulers.
Celtic warriors were renowned for being terrifying, functioning as independent fighters, and seeking
to enhance personal reputations for heroics and glory. Many of these fighters would prove their skills by forgoing the lightest of Celtic armor and shields. Opposing armies would often be faced with the frightening psychological warfare of fierce, crazed, unclothed long-haired barbarians. They were also known for a frightening habit of collecting heads.


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Gdansk, PolandVarious shots of the cities two main port area showing mainly foreign ships, tugboats arriving and departing from Gdansk. Various shots of Second World War commemorative statue. Various shots of ships in Nowy Port and New Port. Medium close-


Gagoze is a Japanese Yokai monster mentioned in books like "Nihon Genhou Zenaku Ryouiki" in 822, "Honchou Monzui" in 1060, and "Gazu Hyakki Yakou" in 1776.
Gagoze was believed to be appeared at Gangouji Temple in Nara during Asuka era 600 to 700. One day, Raijin the god of thunder in a form of child fell onto the ground with lightning near a farmer's house in Owari. A farmer came out and tried to kill it. Raijin begged the farmer for mercy and promised a birth of a strong child like Raijin if the farmer let the Raijin go. Farmer accepted and made a little boat as Raijin asked, Raijin hopped on it and flew back to the sky.
Soon after, wife of the farmer had a baby that has an enormous power and strength. At the age of 10, the child could defeat the strongest man in imperial palace for no problem.
The child became a child monk at Gangouji Temple when there was a serial murder of child monks in Gangouji Temple. It was belived to be done by a monster in the temple. The child said he's gonna catch the monster. He stayed in the bell room and waited for the monster to come. Around dawn, the monster appeared, The child captured its hair and slammed around. Soon after in the morning, the child pulled off the monster's hair and the monster ran away. The child traced the monster's blood and it led to a grave which was for a guy who used to work in the temple. The guy's spirit became the monster and caused the temple some troubles.
The child solved many problems with his power and became known as "Dojou Houshi" after he finished studying at the temple.


Colts Neck Memorial Garden
Do you know what the Colts Neck Memorial Garden is? Pay a visit to remember those from the community who were killed in the attacks on September 11, 2001.
About the Colts Neck Memorial Garden
Colts Neck is a small town, and many residents are professionals who commute into New York City’s financial district. During the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, five Colts Neck residents died. The Colts Neck Memorial Garden was designed and built in the municipal center by sculptor Jim Gary, a Colts Neck native, to commemorate those who lost their lives from the community. The memorial garden features five benches, each bearing a nameplate for a Colts Neck victim:
- John F. Casazza
- Dennis M. Cook
- Paul James Furmato
- James P. Ladley
- John Joseph Murray
Jim Gary also created a sculpture of metal and stained glass dedicated to their memory. When the memorial was dedicated, he also gifted a small sculpture to each of the victims’ families.


The Great Blasket is an island located off the coast of south-western Ireland, it is 3.25 miles long and 1/4 mile wide. The terrain is mountainous and blanketed by grass. Presently, there are the remains of houses that had been lived in until the 1950’s. The Great Blasket was first inhabited in the iron age and early christian times. Up until 1756 there were sporadic inhabitants that eventually grew to in to a community of five or six families. There was an influx of families in 1800 because of the population growth and numerous evictions on the mainland of Ireland. By 1821 there were 128 people living on the island and by 1841 the population had grown to 143 people. However, there was a period of decline prior to 1851 because of the effects of the Great Famine, resulting in a population of 97 people. After this time of hardship, the population began to yet again increase and by 1881 there were 136 people living on the island. In spite of this progress, the houses were in poor conditions which caused an outbreak of typhoid in 1890 causing a decline in the population. In 1893 the island’s population augmented and continued to do so until 1911 when they reached their peak population of 160 people. This year marked the end of the island’s boom. In 1953 the island was abandoned by the 21 remaining people.
The modern settlement was centered initially on the lower half of the village and progressed uphill. Milk and milk products were a vital parts of the islands economy, while oats and potatoes were the main crops. Fish supplemented the peoples diets and saved the island from complete destruction during the famine.
Despite the small population, the islands’ inhabitants were prolific in creativity. There were poets, authors, songwriters, historians, and musicians. The first writer on the island was Thomas Ó Criomhthain. He lived from 1855 to 1937 and is considered the greatest of the island writers. His best known works are Allager na hlnise and An tOileánach. He said that he wrote to leave record, “of what life was like in my time and the neighbors that lived with me.” Muiris Ó Súilleabháin was another author from the Great Blasket who was inspired by Thomas Ó Criomhthain’s success to be a writer. His first book was Twenty Years a-Growing. It was a hit and as a result he took up writing full time. In 1950 he died at the age of 46 Muiris drowne while swimming in Galway.
Peig Sayers was a Blasket writer who lived from 1873-1958. Of the three most renowned writers, Sayers was the one with the most traditional view. She was educated in English and was unable to write in Irish, she therefore dictated her work. Peig’s books deal with the topic of upbringing on the mainland and marrying a Blasket man. The author uses stories o illustrate her observations. She wrote two volumes of an autobiography, Peig (1936) and An Old woman’s Reflections (1939) which have earned her immense prestige.
Eibhlís Ní Shúilleabháin was an author of a series of letters entitled Letters From The Great Blasket (1978). In the book she draws on a correspondence between herself and George Chambers, an english visitor of the island. The letters focus on early adult life on the island and her first decade on the mainland. She was married to Seán Ó Criemhthain who was also an author. He was the youngest son of Thomas Ó Criemhthain. He wrote books and essays for Irish journals. His writing was influenced by his father’s style. One of his books was Ládar Saol.
In Twenty Years a Growing, Muirisósuilleabhháin described his view of the island: “The Great Blasket was stretched out straight to the west over the sea like a big ship cleaving the waves either side of her. The white houses packed closely together with the smoke rising from them, and then the litle blaskets around it like a sow with her brook behind her.” I read this quote while in the Blasket Island Heritage Center before traveling out to the actual island. I was curious to see how my perception of the Great Blasket as a visitor compared to Muirisósuilleabhháin’s who lived there full time. As the boat neared its destination I realized that no matter whether you are a first time visitor or have lived on the island your entire life, the natural beauty of the sloped green pastures and blue water complimented by the small hint of civilization will never cease to amaze.
Written by Group C – Caroline, Leah, Lindsay, Jeremy, Mike, Dana & Miranda


Google Earth Blog
With the 100th anniversary of the start of World War I occurring a few weeks ago, I expect we’ll see various recreations of events from the war in Google Earth as those individual 100 year anniversaries approach.
The first example of this I’ve seen comes from Bart Busschots. A few days ago marked the 100th anniversary of the German invasion of his native Belgium, and he’s created a map to show a bit about what happened.
From Bart’s site:
The first major battle of the campaign was centred on the ancient town and prince-bishopric of Liège in the north-east of the country. The Battle of Liège lasted from the 5th to the 16th of August 1914, and centred on the ring of 12 fortifications surrounding the town. Remains of all of these fortifications remain in the landscape, and can be clearly seen on satellite images. When reading about the battle I found myself wanting to better understand the geography of the region, and where the forts fit into the landscape, so I mapped their locations on Google Earth and saved them out as a KML file.
We have discussed the amazing work that Google Earth Outreach does quite a few times on here, and they continue to assist with amazing projects around the world.
They recently released a video that showcases some of the work that they’ve done with nonprofit organizations in Canada. Check it out:
The organizations involved in this include:
- “Caribou Migration,” by Golder Associates Ltd & Hugh Stimson
- “I Am Fish,” by the David Suzuki Foundation
- “Canada’s Boreal, the World’s Largest Intact Forest,” by Pew Environment Group
- “Voices on the Land,” by Okanagan Nation Alliance, Gregory Kehm Associates & Ecotrust Canada
- “Oil & Water Map,” by the Living Oceans Society
- “Natural Capital,” by the David Suzuki Foundation
For more, check out the official Google Earth Outreach website.
(via +Google for Nonprofits)


Oak Hill is one of thirteen villages in the City of Newton. It is situated on a landform and one of seven elevations within Newton. Oak Hill Park is a section of Oak Hill Village which was first established in 1948, and officially dedicated on May 21, 1950 for veterans who came home from the war. It began with six models of the cottage style homes. Streets, as well as paths, are named after Newton citizens who had died in WWII. Though most of the original homes have been modified or replaced, Oak Hill Park still maintains a sense of history within the City of Newton.


The History, Meaning and Symbolism of the Irish Celtic cross
One must have come across a Celtic cross symbol and wondered its purpose and why people carry it with them. The Celtic cross jewelry is mostly used by catholic congregations. These items include celtic crosses, Celtic cross ring, Celtic cross pendant, Celtic cross necklace. Information about the presence of these symbols in tattoos and images can put someone to shock. It would not be shocking to find out that one can have them yet they do not know what does Celtic cross mean. It is only a few minorities of people that can explain where these celtic crosses originated from, their history, and the meaning of their iconic symbols. Some of these people come and adapt to the lifestyle of using them as a weapon against the attack and also a symbol they can use to pray. One is recommended to research and find out the origin of the celtic crosses so that they can understand how it was used in the past. The other reason why one is supposed to obtain the facts by themselves is that it avoids one from following a cult in the name of religion. Books of history and senior religious leaders are some of the platforms one can use to find out the info they need to know about the existence of the celtic crosses. The following are some of the important records, symbolism, and Irish Celtic cross meaning.
The Irish Celtic cross was formerly used in the state of Ireland to bring pagans into salvation. It was first used by St Patrick, although many people believe that it was introduced by St Declan. After most people found out that it was used, they joint the bandwagon and continued to use it too. Not many people were aware of the uses of the Celtic cross and no one would have taught them. Despite many using the Celtic cross, there was a large majority that never knew its purpose yet no one would have taught them how and why it was used. Most of the people still believe that the Celtic cross is used for religious purposes, which is wrong.
The construction of the Celtic cross is made of features a normal cross has but with circular rings at the intersection for it to be more prominent. The representation of unification, wholeness, and totality is done by the circular rings that are established where the intersection of the cross is. The Irish Celtic cross is also used as a symbol to show how proud one is about the Irish culture and lifestyle. Even when the Celtic cross has its roots established deep in the ancient belief of pagans, it is used in the Christian religion in the modern days. In native America, the Irish Celtic cross is used as a symbol of the medicine wheel. The Irish Celtic cross is mainly used by the Catholics in their religion.


found in original older restored condition, came from California so all good but seats and hood suffered from the heat, with 4 new tyres.
it will run, was in some museum in the USA and in storage for many years LHD 3 litre it is a Pennsylvania USA car and was last taxed in 1957 so in the museum for possibly 60 years now fitting new Brake linings, and modified rear oil seals
Rewired, new batteries
re-shimmed the diff and front prop shaft joint
electric starter now working
more pictures and a video available


Fredbäck & Friends® came around as a means to share stories. Founded by Mr. Viktor Fredbäck a collector of denims from the 1800’s with one of the most exclusive collections in the world.
His quest for new items has taking him on adventurous excavation in abandoned mines and meeting interesting like-minded. What once started as collecting denims turned into collecting stories.
Viktor Fredbäck is a Swedish denim collector, speaker and author. He shares his travels to old silver mines in the Nevada desert in hopes of digging up historic jeans from the 1800’s. This is the story of his passion and how each garment fits into his great historical puzzle.


Long ago, the Valyrian Freehold did not find dragons within the volcanoes that stretched across their peninsula. Instead, one man found an old woman who gave him a gift of knowledge: the knowledge to create machines. Using this knowledge, the small Valyrian tribes formed the Valyrian Freehold based around new technologies such as gunpowder and steam, with weapons that fit. They soon conquered the Ghiscari Empire, who still relied on swords and shields. Their victories were swift, and soon almost all of the continent of Essos was under their sway. However, the Valyrians kept most of their technology a secret, letting little of it ever leave Valyria went not at war, and so much of the world remained medieval in technological level.


On December 31st, 1996, the leased Grange building which was our home for eight years, was crushed by one of the worst winter snow storms in Yakima. For the next three years, we used various buildings, as we searched for a new home for our church. Finally, we found our new home. The land that the grange had been on was for sale. The Fire station was remodeled into our new church home, back where we started twelve years previously. We were able to use Mountain view Elementary school, until our church building was ready. We expanded our church building in 2007.


I was only ten years old on August 28, 1963, when from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood before 200,000 civil rights supporters and delivered one of the most famous speeches of the 20th century entitled, “I Have a Dream.” King called for racial equality and an end to discrimination.
My father’s family is from the Deep South, Louisiana. My mother’s family hails from a small town in northeast Texas. Because of where my parents were from, they grew up inundated with racial inequality. That meant…separate bathrooms for blacks, required seating in the back of the bus, even separate water fountains to drink from…all those corrupt requirements imposed to try and prove that whites were superior when in actuality it proved pride and hatred. Even at ten years old, I recall feeling uncomfortable if I heard the “n” word because I knew it was not a term of endearment but a pinpointing of insignificance.
I remember the day King gave this speech because I recall watching my father as he listened to him on television. The expression on my father’s face changed through the course of King’s speech. You know what I mean? That curious, inquisitive look of, “Well, I wonder what this fine, black fella has to say.” transformed to “I don’t think I’ll ever be the same!” My father got up from his chair…different. I could hear the liberation in his voice when he spoke. God had touched his heart with King’s message.
When was the last time God touched your heart with THE King’s message? Unlike the early disciples who had to rely on their memory of Jesus walking and talking with them, we possess in our very hands the written Word. When was the last time you allowed the King to liberate your heart? Take out your Bible. Sit. Read. Ponder. Meditate on it. Memorize it. Open your heart and allow The King of Kings to come in and touch your heart TODAY!


Vinyl’s conception takes us to the creation of the phonautograph by Édouard-Léon Scott in 1857. While Scott’s invention recorded sound in the form of visual wavelengths and frequencies, there is no evidence to suggest he used the information to reproduce the sound.
It was only in 1877 when the phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison that sound could be both recorded and reproduced.
Edison initially used tinfoil over a grooved metal cylinder. A sound-vibrated stylus would leave indents in the tinfoil when the cylinder was rotated, which could be played back immediately. Later Edison would use a hollowed wax cylinder instead of tinfoil.
Early recording was done entirely acoustically by collecting sound from the horn, which was then piped to a diaphragm which in turn vibrated the cutting stylus. The acoustic recording technique proved difficult for musicians, with singers needing to nearly put their face in the recording horn to be audible.
Stronger sounding instruments were often used in place of those which weren’t easily heard on records. For example, Stroh violins were often used rather than standard violins.
In 1925 recording technology was advanced by Western Electric, whose engineers established the capturing of sound with a microphone and using vacuum tubes as an amplifier.
Photo: Acoustical Recording | National Jukebox LOC.gov © Robert Baumbach
After decades of music seemingly disappearing into a computer hard drive, January 2017 reported the highest number of vinyl sold since 1991. In 2016 vinyl had reached a 25-year high, with more than 3.2m LPs sold.
2016 was the ninth consecutive year vinyl had grown, with 2m LPs sold in the UK in 2015. In 2014 vinyl was the only physical format of music that had increasing sales from its previous year. UK sales had increased five-fold between 2009 and 2014.


Silver is amongst the foremost important metals in the mean time, plus the demand from customers for silver coins from sovereign mint plans as well as a choose handful of private mints has sometimes threatened to put all coin courses on halt due to silver shortages.
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It is surrounded by engravings which might be all from the native Cyrillic language, with “Countrywide Lender of Ukraine” located earlier mentioned the look established and outdoors on the octagonal cartouche that frames the coat of arms.
Following these productive coin systems, the US Mint launched into a plan to mint and launch a number of bullion quarters inside a uncommon five oz body weight to honor national parks, national forests, and monuments from over the country. This new coin series debuted in 2010, and it is named the The united states The gorgeous coin sequence.
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Around the obverse encounter in the coin you’ll find the exact same image of Queen Elizabeth II featured about the 12 months in the Goat coin. Just about every of those silver coins characteristics .999 pure silver articles.
Engravings to the reverse include the Chinese symbol for goat in the center, the load, purity, and metallic content along the still left, plus the phrase “2015 Calendar year of the Goat” underneath. Each and every gold lunar series coin functions .
As well as the bullion version of your coin, a collectible evidence version with the coin is struck given that 1986 also. In 2006, the burnished coin was included to This system and it encompasses a special manufacturing approach.
For A huge number of yrs, silver coins were synonymous with cash. As one of several oldest forms of currency, silver coins were the muse of trade in The traditional environment. First used in Greece, Persia, Rome, India, and China, silver coins assisted standardize trade across civilizations and so they have been Utilized in circulation until late inside the twentieth century.
The specifically dealt with blanks, which can be spun within a barrel of resources that polish them, are hand loaded, struck one at a time and then eliminated by hand all over again for rapid packaging to make a certainly special, attractive complete.
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You'll have a number of options for storing your silver. You are able to choose one strategy or use a range of click here approaches Based on your own demands and preferences. A lot of the best storage selections for silver bullion incorporate the following:
As of 2015, The usa Mint has the ability to supply as quite a few as 28 billion coins each year. Amongst the most visible silver coin systems on the planet could be the American Silver Eagle, and along with the The us The attractive assortment, these coins stand for the top of silver coin generation with the US Mint.
Thomas Pessendorfer developed both visuals in 1989 to be used within the gold Variation on the coin, and his photos continue for use nowadays on both sides of your silver coin likewise.


Issoire and its history
From Captain Merle (who destroyed the church tower after the Saint Bartholomew's massacre) to Queen Margot (wife of Henri IV imprisoned in the castle at Usson), via Charlemagne and Chancellor Duprat (born in Issoire), the town has known a tumultuous past marked particularly by religious wars. Passionate about history, I would be delighted to share with you my knowledge about the fascinating past of the town and its surrounding region. The story of the town is like an adventure book that we could leaf through together
The most beautiful village of France and Auvergne
Within a 15 Km radius of Issoire are to be found three of the most beautiful villages of France :
Usson : village to which Queen Margot (Marguerite de Valois) was banished; this village of winegrowers' houses built with black stone has not only a rich historical past but is also famous for its basalt columns.
Saint Floret : a village in the Couze Pavin valley; in the castle keep, which dominates the village, frescoes painted in 14th century tell the story of Tristan and Isolde.
Montpeyroux : a former winegrowing village centered around its keep, perched on a hill it dominates the Allier valley.
A little further away :
30km, Saint Saturnin with its romanesque church
37km, Blesle with its Benedictine abbey and headdress museum.
The spa towns of Auvergne :
Synonymous with well-being, there are many spa towns in Auvergne such as Vichy, La Bourboule, Le Mont-Dore, Châtel-Guyon and Royat-Chamalières. Others are a little bit further away.
The story of an area closely linked to coal extraction around Brassac les Mines.
The resistance :
An important page of history during the Second World War : the activity of the resistance network is visible at the Mont Mouchet site and in museums of the region.


Method: Arts and Crafts
Problem: Modern advancements in technology have brought forth a great number of solutions to many of our problems. However, they have also phased out some of the older ones. Today we find ourselves in a world where many of the crafts that have existed in our culture for centuries are slowly being forgotten or merely replaced by their more modern alternatives which lack the same liveliness present in the originals.
Goal: Through learning how to craft many of these near-forgotten artifacts, the participants will get a chance to explore many aspects of Serbian culture and find out which unique elements distinguish it from those of our neighboring countries. With the guidance of our expert moderator, they will help us in preserving and important part of our history for the future generations.
End result: Upon completing this workshop, the participants will have gained the knowledge on how to create many traditional items that have been present in our culture for centuries and the context within which they came to be and how they have impacted Serbian national history.


Thomas H Handy Sazerac Rye 2018 Release
Part of Buffalo Trace’s annual antique collection. Bottled at 64.4% alcohol, they do get higher ABV than this but it’s still impressive!
The 2011 release won Jim Murray’s Whisky of the Year!
Buffalo Trace’s Antique Collection celebrates various historic bourbon brands and figures. The Thomas H. Handy rye is named after the company’s founder, and features an image of the eponymous Sazerac Coffee House where everything started on the bottle.