WAR and HUNTING
‘The strings were commonly sinew, which when dry shot arrows the fastest but could not be depended upon when wet. Some preferred horsehair, which shot slower but was reliable in all conditions, and still others preferred bear gut.
The best feathers for fletching were turkey feathers, but owl or buzzard feathers were also fine. Hawk or eagle feathers were never used as they were damaged by blood. The best shafts were grooved along their length. We used two grooves and the Lipan used four. This prevented the arrow from staunching the wound it had just cut, but it also kept the shaft from warping.
The blades of hunting arrows were fixed vertically, as the ribs of game animals are vertical to the earth. The blades of war arrows were fixed parallel to the earth, the same as human ribs. Hunting points were made without barbs and tied tightly to the shaft so they could be pulled from the animal and reused. War arrows had barbs and the blades were tied loosely, so that if the arrow was pulled, the head would remain lodged in the enemy’s body. If you were shot with a war arrow, it had to be pushed through the other side to be removed. By then all the white people knew that, though they did not know that we used different arrows for hunting.’
Philip Meyer – The Son


Traditional Dance Practices of the Bukidnon Karul-anon
This research study aimed to identify the most influential social activities that developed the dances; the historical background of such dances; their classifications; and their implications for the lives of the indigenous people of Barangay Carol-an. The Historical Method was used in this study. The researcher sought the assistance of the IP leader to establish trust with the members of the Indigenous people. Thus, this study underwent evaluation and approval from the National Commission for Indigenous People. Furthermore, the researcher immersed herself in the community to thoroughly understand their dances. Thoughts, findings, and results from the study gave more understanding on the different cultural practices of the people, such as rituals and beliefs, customs and traditions, and traditional personal values. There were five identified folk dances of the Indigenous People (IP) of Carol – an, namely, the Sinugabin, Pandango, Binuy-u, Inagong, and Balitaw. These traditional dances were performed by the indigenous people as part of their rituals, beliefs, customs, and traditions. They were classified as courtship and ritual dances performed by the IPs during and after their ritual ceremony called "Buhat". The documentaries gathered may be made as instructional materials for the K-12 program in teaching local dances in grade schools in the future.


Crossing River Rubicon
What does it mean crossing River Rubicon: Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon river on January 10, 49 BC precipitated the Roman Civil War, which ultimately led to Caesar's becoming dictator and the rise of the imperial era of Rome. ... Today, the phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is a metaphor that means to pass a point of no return.
“Crossing River Rubicon” has become a phrase for making the monumental decision to enter an entirely new territory fraught with danger, mystery, risk and opportunity..
What ever took you here will not get you there.
Take our online course Stepping Up and thriving once you are there. Click to explore


Quok Shee, age twenty, endured almost 2 yrs of detention on Angel Island. (documents associated with the Immigration and Naturalization provider, RG 85, NARA Pacific area San Francisco)
Chew Hoy Quong and their “alleged wife,” Quok Shee, crossed my course quite by accident, two among numerous of Chinese would-be immigrants that has attempted to enter the usa in 1916. Their experience ended up being certainly one of difficulty, tenacity, and sadness. It had been uncommon, plus it had been puzzling, for through it operates a thread of secret.
Their tale starts into the thirty-fourth 12 months for the Exclusion that is chinese Act. It really is an account now a lot more than eighty yrs . old. Today it appears dramatic; in those days it certainly passed undetected. No magazine headlines, no memoirs. Just the general public record remains, a folder of papers by which brief portions of the life had been in writing, put together, and preserved with bureaucratic thoroughness: Investigation Case File no. 15530/6-29 during the National Archives and Records Administration–Pacific area (san francisco bay area) in San Bruno, Ca.
Quok Shee’s “investigation case file” is much more than an inches dense, started in September 1916 rather than closed until August 1918. That startled me, shee had been held in detention at the Angel Island Immigration Station for it meant that for almost two years Quok. The dry and dated pages jumped to life as i leafed through her file. She was indeed over over and over over and over repeatedly interrogated, denied access to legal counsel, suffering from despair, put through smallpox, separated from the spouse she barely knew yet who was simply her contact that is only in, pulled that way and that. A hundred and fifty pages of legalistic maneuvering, inquisitorial interrogations, medical evaluations, intrigue, and court orders—all within the attempt of 1 small Chinese girl to go into the usa.
Her situation wasn’t ordinary, but then neither had been the times, the spot, nor one other figures. Scandal wasn’t a stranger to Angel Island, populated by an amazing assortment of truthful and dishonest immigrants, officials faithful or corrupt, a committed investigator-knight errant, smugglers, attorneys of each stripe, racists, and do-gooders. This type of setting, having its rancid undertone of ethical ambiguity, ended up being component and parcel of enforcement of this Chinese Exclusion Act as well as its similarly racist successors.
This can be a tale of Quok Shee and her husband that is”alleged”given that Immigration Service constantly referred to him), Chew Hoy Quong—or at the very least the component we are able to report. The official record is saved properly into the National Archives: their testimony, the memorandums of immigration officials, additionally the solicitors’ appeals. We can imagine their voices, sense the times, and feel the dramas that once swirled around Angel Island if we listen carefully.
Arriving at America
In 1916, going into the united states of america was relatively simple for the majority of would-be immigrants. Just in 1875 had the government that is federal to modify immigration, prohibiting the entry of people in “loathsome classes” as unwanted immigrants. By 1916 record of undesirables had grown to incorporate individuals with all kinds of real or psychological defects which may avoid one from earning money, paupers and people very likely to turn into a charge that is public agreement laborers, assisted aliens, crooks, prostitutes “or females for just about any immoral purpose,” persons with contagious conditions, felons, polygamists, anarchists, and also the illiterate. And the ones debarred under conditions associated with the Chinese Exclusion Act.
The Chinese were passion promo codes the race that is only of become designated by the united states of america for unique therapy through immigration legislation. The Chinese Exclusion Act of might 6, 1882, ended up being meant to end the arrival of Chinese laborers to the united states of america and to bar Chinese from naturalization. Just specific classes of Chinese had been also permitted to go into the United States. They included merchants, instructors, consular officials, tourists, while the spouses and kiddies of these exempt people. Chinese surviving in the usa before 1882 had been additionally permitted to keep and get back. The act was effective for 10 years, however it had been renewed when then, in 1904, made permanent. It had been finally repealed in 1943.
Just exactly How effective had been the Exclusion that is chinese Acts excluding the Chinese? For the half that is last of 1870s, immigration from Asia had averaged lower than nine thousand per year. In 1881, nearly twelve thousand Chinese were admitted to the usa; a 12 months later on the quantity swelled to forty thousand. After which the gates swung shut. In 1884, just ten Chinese had been formally permitted to enter this nation. The year that is next twenty-six.
By 1916 the figures had inched upward; an overall total of 1,762 ethnic Chinese were formally admitted as immigrants, about average for the ten years. Nevertheless, the population that is chinese of united states of america had been shrinking. In 1880, it turned out over 105,000; by 1916 it had dwindled to around 65,000.
Chew Hoy Quong had first visited Ca as Congress ended up being debating the Chinese Exclusion Act. He arrived in san francisco bay area from Hong Kong in 1881 and instantly went along to operate in their uncle’s shop on Washington Street. As soon as the uncle passed away in 1896, Chew inherited the company. Like a great many other merchants, he saw their store damaged within the fire and earthquake of 1906. He told immigration authorities he joined the Dr. Wong Him Company, a Chinatown firm dealing in herbs and medicines that he had run a company near Stockton until 1915, when.
Having resided within the heart associated with bay area Chinese community for almost thirty years, Chew Hoy Quong probably knew the procedures for immigrating towards the usa. He will have understood that when Chinese merchants desired to keep the national nation and re-enter, their organizations had been expected to register with neighborhood authorities. The Dr. Wong Him business had done this. On February 2, 1915, Chew joined up with the company, spending a lot of bucks buying the share out of just one of the founding partners. As an ingredient owner of a genuine company, he could now connect with the Immigration provider for an application 431, that he did on March 25. When this had been authorized, he became eligible to keep the usa. More essential, he became eligible to return—and to create he might have with him any wife or children.
Very Very Very Carefully, Chew had set the groundwork for the following, as well as perhaps final, big improvement in their life: to get a spouse and obtain hitched. May 15, 1915, at age fifty-five, he boarded the SS Manchuria for Hong Kong. He later testified that, utilizing a go-between, he came across a Hong Kong woman known as Lee Shee that has a child who she hoped to marry down: Quok Shee, age twenty.
Chew later testified that on 21, 1916, he and Quok Shee were married february. We have no idea whenever Chew told their bride which they could be likely to Gan San (“Gold Mountain”—i.e., the usa). Possibly her mom informed her that the prospective spouse resided in the usa. Or simply Quok Shee just discovered following the wedding. But she had over five months to modify and get ready for the long run, five months during which she and Chew stated they lived in rented room regarding the floor that is third of Hong Kong building.
It absolutely was most likely in June or July that Chew arranged for passage back once again to America in the Japanese ship Nippon Maru. Ship owners in the commercial of transporting immigrants obviously comprehended that will a passenger be turned back once again or delayed in the U.S. slot of entry, the delivery line would incur extra costs—the immigrant’s maintenance on Angel Island and, if the would-be immigrant be refused entry, the duty of transporting see your face back once again to the united states of beginning.
Hence the Toyo Kisen Kaisha line, owner associated with Nippon Maru, had a reason to observe that their people’ documents—especially their evidence of great health—were if you wish. In Hong Kong, Quok Shee had been taken up to the TKK workplace, where she delivered her picture and obtained a certification stating that she ended up being free from hookworm and trachoma.
On 3, 1916, the Nippon Maru sailed from Hong Kong, arriving in San Francisco on September 1 august. Through the ship’s passenger list, finalized by Captain Nagano as required by United states legislation, we realize that she carried 188 people: 90 Japanese, 75 Chinese, and 23 other people of numerous nationalities (mostly Europeans and People in america). One of the Chinese were Chew Hoy Quong and their spouse of half a year, Quok Shee. Quok Shee had crossed the Pacific, however in numerous ways her journey to America had simply started.
For the majority of non-Asian people, whether immigrants, coming back residents, or people in transportation, moving through the slot’s health insurance and immigration settings will have been done quickly. Visas are not necessary, and there have been few requirements that are formal entry. But also for Chinese like Quok Shee and Chew Hoy Quong, the method had been quite various. Combined with Nippon Maru’s other Chinese passengers hoping to enter the usa, they certainly were taken fully to Angel Island, a few miles away in bay area Bay.
Possibly 300,000 persons passed through the Angel Island Immigration Station between 1910 and 1940. For Chinese, it absolutely was the place that is principal of to the united states of america. Maybe 75 % regarding the entering that is chinese bay area had been detained here for many duration. When compared to tens of millions whom passed through Ellis Island in ny, Angel Island had been a little procedure. Nonetheless it figures large into the history and folklore of immigration to Ca, a really noticeable reminder for the ordeals of these whom passed through it, as well as the united states’s determined efforts to help keep them away.


Richardson & Wrench
Elizabeth Bay / Potts Point
We acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land where we work and live. We pay our respects to Elders past, present and emerging. We celebrate the stories, culture and traditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Elders of all communities who also work and live on this land.
For prestige and timeless European elegance it is impossible to go past property in Elizabeth Bay and Potts Point. With views of Sydney Harbour and some of the city’s oldest and most highly regarded schools including Sydney Grammar, Scots, and Cranbrook, not to mention the multiple harbourside cafes and parks, it is no wonder that real estate in Elizabeth Bay and Potts Point is so highly valued.
Real estate in the area is made up of wonderfully preserved and lovingly restored period homes, including larger historic homes. Richardson & Wrench also offer smaller terrace homes and newer apartments capturing the luxurious feel of Elizabeth Bay and the surrounding suburbs of Potts Point, Rushcutters Bay, Wooloomooloo, and Darlinghurst.


Loon Echo Land Trust protects land in the northern Sebago Lake region of Maine in the towns of Bridgton, Casco, Denmark, Naples, Harrison, Sebago, and Raymond.
Loon Echo Land Trust recognizes that our conservation lands are unceded lands of the Abenaki people, specifically the Pigwacket and Ammoncongan, who are members of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Wabanaki Confederacy - the Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Abenaki, and Mi’kmaq peoples - have stewarded these lands for centuries.
We acknowledge and respect the values of the Wabanaki people and affirm their sovereignty in this territory. We intend to support their efforts for natural resource protection and a restoration of their sovereign rights, including rematriation of land to the Tribes. The Wabanaki are the first peoples of Maine and northern New England, and have lived on this land for over 10,000 years. Wabanaki means People of the First Light, and Maine is the first place in the United States that experiences the sun rising in the east.
It is estimated that prior to European colonization there were between 10,000 and 20,000 Wabanaki people in southern Maine. The nearest known Wabanaki settlement to Loon Echo Land Trust’s service area was in the fertile flood plain of the Saco River Valley in what is now called Fryeburg.
Since European colonization, Wabanaki people have suffered a 96% population loss due to genocide, disease, land dispossession and forced removal, erasure of traditions through forced conversion to Christianity, warfare between Europeans, and scalp bounties. There are at least 8,000 tribal members alive today who live in communities in Maine and Quebec, the Canadian Maritimes, and in diaspora.
Sources: Abbe Museum
, Wabanaki REACH
, First Light Learning Journey


Change-Maker Program – February 2019
Black History Month Launch: Black Migrations: Exploring Our Roots and Beyond
W.E.B Dubois Centre, Accra
Panel Discussion and Soul Food Lunch
Attendees: Derrick (Program Coordinator), Baafi (Alumni), Sadik (Class 6), Linda (Class 6), Shelia (Class 6)
Description: As a part of GEC’s 2019 Changemaker Program students learn about famous figures past and present, about historically significant events, as well as community events and movements throughout Ghana. This helps the students reflect on an ever changing society and their roles within it. In honor of Black History Month the students attended the launch of Black History Month in Accra with the African American Association. The program allowed the students to learn about the history of the hardships and challenge of the transatlantic slave trade and about the reasoning’s behind the 400 years of return celebration taking place in Ghana during 2019. The program spoke to the role of African Americans in developing the world through innovations in Science, Math, Technology and the Arts. The program also allowed the students to learn what is being done in Ghana to embraces those returning to the diaspora in love and harmony. The students are crafting their own reflection papers from the event.


Triangle Motors was founded in 1978 when Tom Meacham bought a Texaco gas station on Route 40 with only two service bay. In 1980, Triangle Texaco hired Kevin Riffle who will be celebrating 42 years with Triangle Motors this year. During the early 1970's a new Japanese car company began to gain ground in the states. That company was Honda. With Hondas being affordable and much better for gas mileage then some of the larger American cars they quickly gained ground. This gave Tom the idea, why don't we specialize in Hondas?
Needless to say business boomed and Triangle gained a reputation for being The Honda specialists in Frederick County and so they changed from being a gas station into a full-time service garage with 5 service bays. Once again business boomed and Triangle working on Acuras (Hondas luxury brand) and Triangle gained long-time employees Brian and Matt as technicians. In the late 1990's the decision was made to move the business to a new and larger location to what was called Evergreen Point at the Time. In 2002, Triangle outgrew its house again and moved to its current location 1790 North Market St, where the business has been ever since. With 12 service bays, a full-time sales, service, and rental staff Triangle Motors has become a Frederick landmark known for its friendly, small-town feels and Honda expertise.


A&W began in June 1919 at 13 Pine Street Lodi, California, when Frank Wright partnered with Roy Allen to help Wright with the root beer business he started that year. They branded their product A&W Root Beer after their surnames. In 1921, Allen began franchising the drink, arguably the first successful food-franchising operation. His profits came from a small franchise fee and sales.
A&W Restaurants Low Carb Buzz from the Internet
On November 29, 2007, IHOP (now DineEquity) announced that it had completed a $2.1 billion purchase of the Applebee’s chain.
Applebee’s Low Carb Buzz from the Internet
Arby’s was Started in Boardman, Ohio, in 1964 by Forrest and Leroy Raffel, owners of a restaurant equipment business who believed there was a market opportunity for a fast food franchise based on a food other than hamburgers. The brothers wanted to call their restaurants “Big Tex,” but that name was being used by an Akron business. Instead, they chose the name “Arby’s,” based on R. B., the initials of Raffel Brothers*.
Arby’s Low Carb Buzz from the Internet
The restaurants sell the standard burgers and shakes, salads and fries, plus less common dishes like halibut and fries, and specialty soft drinks like fresh lime squeezes and fresh (non-alcoholic) lime rickeys.
Arctic Circle Restaurants Low Carb Buzz from the Internet
Atlanta Bread Company also offers a catering service that caters to businesses, medical buildings, and private residences. The catering menu is similar in scope to the in-store menu.
Atlanta Bread Company Low Carb Buzz from the Internet
The chain started as a market stand in the Downingtown, Pennsylvania Farmer’s Market. In the same year, Auntie Anne’s expanded to eight locations in the state of Pennsylvania, after the first bakery opened in Harrisburg. The first mall location was the Park City Center in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1989. By 1990, the bakery chain spread to nine other states with 50 locations. In 1992, the first Auntie Anne’s airport location opened at the Pittsburgh International Airport. The year 1995 brought its first train station store at Penn Station in New York City
Auntie Anne’s Low Carb Buzz from the Internet


A Dancer’s History of River Falls Lodge, by Jennie Wakefield
In June 1995, Harvest Moon Folk Society held its first contra dance at River Falls Lodge in northern Greenville County, SC. The band was Haphazard Ensemble (Laurie Fisher, Julia Wetherford, Karen Gaughan, Beth Magill) and the caller, Beth Molaro. Beth remembers it as “a magical dance in a magical place reawakening the spirits of dancers past.” I was there that night, and the Lodge has figured into my life ever since, including as the setting for one daughter’s wedding. The Lodge does have a certain magic, as if at any moment you could walk through the door into an alternate universe. I have been under the influence of its magic long enough that I decided to do some research to shed light on my imaginings and to verify the bits and pieces of history I’ve heard.
I’m grateful for two major sources, a memoir by Elzy Kathleen Nelson, and a history by Mann Batson, local historian. I interviewed a number of other individuals, to whom I am most appreciative. Jimmy Smith, an employee at the Greenville County Library and a contra dancer, searched out several old documents. Thanks also to Laurel Horton for excellent feedback.
The explorer Hernando de Soto and his expedition first made contact with the Cherokee in the mountains of South Carolina around 1540 (“Cherokee”). In 1767, South Carolina and North Carolina negotiated with the Cherokee to create a boundary between new settlements to the east and Indian land to the west. In South Carolina, that line ran north from what is now Honea Path, crossed the Reedy River near what is now Princeton, and ended at the border of South Carolina and North Carolina (“Historic Markers”).
In her memoir set in the area on the Middle Saluda River in northern Greenville County, South Carolina now known as River Falls, Kathleen Nelson, descended from settlers of the area, recalls stories told by her grandmother about the Cherokee origin of the name Oil Camp Creek and present day Oil Camp Creek Road. Indians hunted and camped by the creek, and on the creek’s edge was a dark scary cave that extended far into the mountainside of Pinnacle Mountain. Near the front of the cave was a large flat rock, possessing a long deep groove, which extended outward from the cave. When the Cherokees cooked their wildlife, mostly bear, the oil from the meat ran down the long deep groove and flowed into the creek, thus the name Oil Camp Creek. (22)
The Saluda River got its name from the Saluda Indians, who came through the area between 1695 and 1712. They were a small band of Shawnee that migrated south from Pennsylvania, probably to trade with the Spaniards in Florida. They returned to Pennsylvania but their name remained on the river and other locations in the Carolinas (Vandergrift).
Roads In and Out
The boundary line between Cherokee territory and white settlement did not prevent colonists from crossing into Indian territory. The Potts family settled in the River Falls area and for a while the area was known as Potts Cove. A trading post stood near the present day Jones Gap State Park trailhead (Nelson 21, 48).
In 1777, the Cherokee ceded almost all their territory in South Carolina. By 1790, new settlers, as many as 16,000, had moved into the region (“Cherokee”). New roads in upper Greenville County were authorized by the legislature in the early 1800s (Nyland 1). By the mid-1800s, people needed an efficient way to move livestock and produce between Greenville, South Carolina and Transylvania County, North Carolina. Low country tourists sought the climate of the upcountry in summer and needed adequate roads (8).
In 1852, Solomon Jones and other residents of River Falls formed a company and petitioned the legislature to build a road that would run along the Middle Saluda River to Greenville (Nyland 2). Jones, a tall man of Welsh descent and a staunch Unionist, was born in Hendersonville, North Carolina in 1802 and had moved to Oil Camp Creek as a child with his family, married, and remained in the area. He and his wife Mary lived in a farmhouse on Oil Camp Creek Road. He was called “The Road Builder” despite his lack of formal engineering training.
Legend has it that Jones laid out the Jones Gap Road through the dense mountain valleys – now the hiking trail through Jones Gap State Park – by following the path scouted by his sow. He wielded an axe in one hand and held the animal’s tail in the other. Solomon built other roads too, but this one was especially well engineered – scenic, crooked, but with “a gradual climb” that was easily traveled (Nelson 10-11). It took Jones and his crews ten years to build (Nyland 4). Jones set up toll gates at both ends of the road, the lower end at River Falls and the upper end in Cedar Mountain (Nelson 10). The legislature set the toll fees for portions of roads not maintained by the state (Nyland 6).
In 1862, the legislature recommended that the state discontinue maintaining any part of the Jones Gap Company’s road because the road was not wide enough to fit the definition of a turnpike, because of the expense to remedy this, and because the toll road further up benefitted the Jones Gap Company (Nyland 6).
In 1869, the company requested a recharter stipulating that the company would maintain the eight miles from Oil Camp Creek Road to the top of the mountain near the North Carolina line. This mountainous section is considered the Jones Gap Road. It required constant work to keep up the many bridges. Solomon Jones died in 1899 and the Jones Gap Road operated as a toll road until about 1909 (Nyland 3-5).
The name River Falls refers to an impressive waterfall formed by Falls Creek north of Duckworth Road. It is visible from several locations around the area (Nelson 47). Ducworth Road is between River Falls Lodge and Jones Gap State Park.
Elzy Cox, the husband of Nora Hart, who was a granddaughter of Solomon Jones, built the winding part of Oil Camp Road in the early 1900s using knowledge he learned from Solomon. The road ends just below Caesar’s Head (Nelson 35).
Gap Creek Road began at River Falls Road and terminated in the hills at Green River in North Carolina (58). Later it connected to U.S. 25, which became a four-lane expressway in 1973, making Gap Creek less remote (aaroads). Larry Epps – who grew up in Dacusville, South Carolina in the 1950s and ‘60s – recalls that before Gap Creek Road intersected Highway 25, there was a store not far from the intersection with River Falls Road, run by Ruby Barton, that sold beer on Sundays. As a teenager, Larry and his friends would go there on Sunday afternoons, sitting in cane-back chairs around the edge of the room. Local musicians jammed on fiddle and banjo and people clogged. No one got out of line, he said, because Ruby kept a baseball bat.
Inns and Other Enterprise
River Falls stirred with enterprise in the late 19th century and into the 20th. In 1885, C. G. Drake came through the area, married, and built the Drake Inn across River Falls Road from Ducworth Road. The inn hosted commercial traffic, including revenuers and drovers as well as summer tourists (Batson 142-3). Nelson describes the Drake’s “renowned splendor” as “picturesque.” Guests might spend the entire summer, coming back each year.
The main house had two levels and a porch across the front with rocking chairs (Batson 46). The kitchen was attached to the main house and the cooking was done in a huge fireplace. The main floor had a parlor, dining room, and pantry, as well as two bedrooms. The second floor had six bedrooms. On the back porches of both floors, sinks ran with cold water that operated by “gravity flow,” says Batson (142-3). The water came in through a pipe from higher ground and the spigot was left to drip (Nelson 39).
The Drake family raised their own fruits, vegetables, and meats, and hunted and fished to provide food for the guests. Meals were served on a huge dining room table, family style. There was a smokehouse with a cold water trough running through it where meat was cured, and produce and dairy products stored. The inn had pens, barns, and feed for the livestock of travelers and drovers (Batson 142-3).
The Drake property also had a two-story dance hall. The first floor was open air so was used for dancing only in good weather. Upstairs were 12 more guest rooms. Sometimes the music was from a Victrola, which had to be wound up by hand (Batson 142-3).
The public was invited to swim free of charge in the Drake’s swimming lake, which Mr. Drake created by damming the river. It was six to eight feet deep in some places, with a rope swing and a sandy beach on an inside bend. Batson writes that the Drakes also had a store and a surrey line to take travelers on to Caesar’s Head via the Jones Gap Road (144).
Between 1910 and 1914, the Swamp Rabbit train ran intermittently between Greenville SC and River Falls (abandonedrails.com). Nelson says the railroad line was completed to River Falls in 1908 (44). The train crossed the river at Dead Man’s Curve – which is near River View and Jennings Mill Road, about a mile from the F-Mart – traveled along the side of the river, then turned into the woods on its way to the River Falls depot. The depot was located across Gap Creek Road from where the fire station is now, at the corner with River Falls Road. The concrete piers of the crossing can still be seen near Dead Man’s Curve, and decayed cross ties and long iron spikes can be found in the woods (32). The train’s “turn table” was near the intersection of Gap Creek and River Falls Roads “in the Cantrell’s fields” (44).
Nelson writes that tourists, especially young men, often took the Swamp Rabbit train to River Falls and traveled up Jones Gap Road, sometimes on foot, to Caesar’s Head for the Saturday night dances. Arriving there in time for supper, they stayed for the dance at the hotel (built in 1851, according to Judith Bainbridge), and returned home on Sunday (Nelson 36-7).
Robert West took over the Drake Inn and operated it between 1915 and 1919. In 1917, he built another inn, the Valley View, across River Falls Road at the corner of Ducworth Road, says Batson. It had three levels and 17 rooms. There was a downstairs porch and a second floor porch that wrapped around the house, with bathrooms on the first and third floors. It was heated by one wood heater in the living room but was not fully occupied in winter. It had electric lights, an ice room, and excellent food (141-2). The hotel burned in 1942 (Nelson 47).
The state took over maintenance of River Falls Road at some point prior to 1921, but the mountainous section remained unpaved (Nyland 7). When a highway was proposed from Greenville to Caesar’s Head, many people wanted it to follow the Jones Gap Road. It was decided in 1932, however, to route Highway 276 away from Jones Gap (Nelson 79). In time, Jones Gap Road reverted to a winding trail, now the hiking trail through the state park. As Nyland points out, “Closure of the road to automobile traffic played a large part in preserving this wilderness area for today” (8). We can only imagine how different River Falls would be had Highway 276 been routed along Jones’ road.
In 1931, the Cleveland State Fish Hatchery was built on 20 acres of what is now Jones Gap State Park for the purpose of raising rainbow trout to stock the mountain streams (71). The natural beauty of the surrounding area was left undisturbed in the interest of drawing tourists. The superintendent was J. Mays Nelson, and his wife Grace was a great granddaughter of Solomon Jones (Nelson 72-4). The family lived on the grounds in a log house. Because the hatchery was open to the public seven days a week, activity and traffic in the River Falls area was heavy, especially in warm weather (52, 77). It operated until 1963 (113).
In the early decades of the 2oth century, local children attended a one-room schoolhouse, Salem School, on Oil Camp Creek Road (Nelson 22) and another on Gap Creek Road. Some graduates went on to Six Mile Academy in Six Mile, SC, North Greenville College, Clemson, Wofford, or Converse (54-5, 58). Local residents attended Gap Creek Church, established on land deeded in 1840 and rebuilt or renovated over the years (63).
Families and individuals also left the area. Many went west in the late 1800s encouraged by the Homestead Act of 1862 (Nelson 40). Residents fought in both world wars (27). Later residents worked at the lumber mill, which stood where the Cleveland post office is now, or at Slater Mill in Marietta (Townes).
In the 1940s and ‘50s, after the railroad and inns were gone, people from Greenville built summer homes and cabins at River Falls. The swimming hole near the intersection of Ducworth Road and River Falls Road, where the Middle Saluda curves sharply and near where the Valley View once stood, was a draw. To the right of the swimming hole was a log pavilion used for square dancing. Music was from a juke box and dances were called by a caller. The wooden floor was sprinkled with corn meal to make it easier to dance on. A store stood across the road where people could get snacks (Nelson 51).
The lumber mill closed around 1958 (Chambers), and in the early 1960s, a group of developers created an amusement park on the site, Echo Valley, but it was short lived. Patterned after an amusement park in Maggie Valley, North Carolina, it had a western theme, including a train ride from Marietta to Echo Valley on which was staged a gunfight (Townes).
Around 1955, local residents asked the state to rework the neglected part of Jones Gap Road beyond the hatchery, but this did not happen. Then in 1959, a flood and landslide isolated the hatchery, killing fish and damaging roads and bridges. The hatchery closed in 1963 (Nelson 113).
In 1976, the state began to acquire property to preserve the mountain wilderness and protect it from development. Jones Gap State Park opened in 1989 (Bainbridge), and the Jones Gap State Park visitor’s center was built in 1991 on the site of the superintendent’s log house. The paved road now ends at the park. Solomon Jones’ road is now the hiking trail through the park (Nelson 117).
River Falls Lodge
River Falls Lodge was built in the 1950s by Lowell and Jane Tankersley, who had roots in the area. Prior to that, it had been a pasture. The Tankersleys held square dances there on weekends. One of Lowell’s brothers was the caller. Lowell built a large swimming pool in the field beside the lodge and visitors swam for free (Nelson 52, McGee, Poole).
The dances were popular. It wasn’t uncommon to have 350 people present on a given night, but not all danced at once. For crowd control, arm bands were issued at the door. There were 175 red and 175 white arm bands. Red did two dances, white did two, then back to red. Dancers traded bands if they wanted to sit out or dance more (Reed, Burns).
Contra dancer Roger Burns was told by his father, who lived in Travelers Rest, that the Lodge was a “rough-and-tumble” place and that he was “careful not to go alone and to be sure his intentions toward the ladies were not misunderstood.” Larry Epps, from Dacusville, says his parents did not allow him to go to the Lodge as a teen because there was drinking, but once when he was 18 or so, he did go, staying only a short time in case anyone should see him and tell his parents. He remembers the dances as couples dances and was careful not to “cut in” because the girls’ dates would not have taken kindly to it.
Later, the Lodge was used as a community hall by groups who wanted a mountain dance hall for a social, including college students from Greenville, one of whom was John Duggan, now a Greenville attorney and an initial organizer of Harvest Moon Folk Society. As a Furman student, Duggan played bass in a swing band at River Falls.
Nelson describes that era as having “an exciting, romantic and mysterious quality.” It was “a special nostalgia” to those who lived there then (52). She points out that the entire area from Highway 276 to the North Carolina line is known as River Falls – “an area that encompasses communities once known as River View, Jones Gap, Gap Creek, Oil Camp Creek, as well as River Falls.” Yet the name is not noted on maps, nor can it be ascertained on a map (52).
Leon Chapman and Harvest Moon Folk Society
Around 1985, Leon Chapman had a cabin in the River Falls area and began using the Lodge for storage, leasing it with an option to buy (Reed). The deed was transferred to him on December 12, 1995 (Ownership). Chris Bueker describes more about how Harvest Moon came to be at River Falls in “A Short History” elsewhere on the Harvest Moon website.
Leon kept the name River Falls Lodge and the rusty sign identifying it, respectful of the patina of time. He had the swimming pool filled in and grassed over for safety reasons.
When I first began dancing at Slater Hall, Leon was a favorite partner of mine. He always smelled of talc, wore his gray hair neatly combed back in a ponytail, and had Popeye arms with tattoos before tattoos were common. He walked and danced with a limp, due to a wreck years before. While driving on one of the country roads, he collided with a school bus. I don’t believe any children were hurt, but Leon had both hips replaced. Maybe as a way of coming to terms with this, he collected school buses. There are still several of them out behind the lodge. He had planned to have them outfitted for people to stay in after the dance – like a bus hotel. Leon died in 2005. Scott McCall inherited the lodge from Leon.
I stopped in at the F-Mart recently to ask if anyone there could answer a question about the Lodge’s history. John McCarson, sitting on a stool at the back of the store, listened respectfully to the background of my question, and gave me contact information for his 88-year old sister, Betty McCarson Poole, who he thought could help. As I drove on towards River Falls, I noticed McCarson Road not far from the store.
AARoads.com – U.S. Highway 25. www.aaroads.com. Accessed June 18, 2016.
Abandonedrails.com/Greenville_to_River_Falls. Accessed June 5, 2016.
Bainbridge, Judith. www.caesarsheadshowcase.com/history. Accessed June 17, 2016.
Batson, Mann. Early Travel and Accommodations Along the Roads of the Upper Part of Greenville County, South Carolina and Surrounding Areas. An Original Publication. Taylors SC: Faith Publishing Company. 1995.
Burns, Roger. Email. March 26, 2011.
Chambers, Gary. “Memories of the Steam-Powered Sawmill.” www.farmcollector.com. Accessed June 17, 2016.
“Cherokee People,” www.palmettohistory.org. Accessed June 26, 2016.
Duggan, John. Telephone interview. March 26, 2012.
Epps, Larry. Telephone interview. June 6, 2016.
“Historic Markers Across South Carolina.” www.lat34north.com. Accessed June 25, 2016.
McGee, Emma Lou (b. 1935). Telephone interview. June 14, 2016.
Molaro, Beth. Email. January 14, 2012.
Nelson, Elzy Kathleen. As the Crow Flies: The Saga of Nora Hart. LaVergne, TN: Xlibris, 2008.
Nyland, R.C. Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, Division of State Parks. “Working Paper – Draft, Jones Gap Turnpike Road.” April 16, 1991, September 10, 1991.
Ownership History. Gegis.org/webmappub/parcelhistory.aspx.
Poole, Betty McCarson (b. 1928). Telephone interview. June 15, 2016.
Reed, Weogo. Email. March 27, 2012.
Townes, Laura. Interview. June 13, 2016.
Vandergrift III, Roy and William S. Taylor, Sr. www.scgen.org/path. Accessed June 15, 2016.


Spleen whose author, charles Baudelaire once visited the property.
3, a second wine is produced under the label L'Ermitage de Chasse-Spleen and another titled l'Oratoire de Chasse-Spleen.
Color, combien gagne une puericultrice en belgique red, dessert wine, no, alcohol.8, grape varieties.
Crus Exceptionnels in the, cru Bourgeois classification of 1932, and through later revisions until the annulment of the classification in 2007.
Rating, when to drink, jean-Marc Quarin 86/100 2005 to 2016, la Revue du Vin de France 14/20.Sustainable Allergens Contains sulfites On Sale 111.99 USD.99 Millesima In stock Chateau Chasse-Spleen (Bordeaux available at Millesima - French Wine Expert- online or at our NYC store.Anson, Jane, Decanter (26 February 2008).6 Production The vineyard area extends 80 hectares, with the grape varieties of 73 Cabernet Sauvignon, 20 Merlot and 7 Petit Verdot.Long viewed as the leading cru of Moulis, the estate's viticultural history is documented concours de création d'entreprise eco citoyenne back to 1560, and possibly before.A b c d e f Peppercorn, David (2003).
Wine Spectator, 50 Best Bordeaux under 50,.73, b c d e Kissack, Chris,.
Pdf Archived t the Wayback Machine.
3 6 After the death of the last Castaing, from 1909 to 1914 Chasse-Spleen was owned by the Segnitz family, north-German wine merchants who contributed to the quality and reputation of the estate, but after the outbreak of World War I the estate was confiscated.
Currently, the estate is run by her daughter Céline Villars-Foubet.
6 After changing career from teacher to winemaker, Jacques Merlaut's daughter Bernadette Villars and her husband took control of the estate and with the collaboration of Professor Émile Peynaud, great lunettes de vue femme promo improvements to the facilities and quality of wine followed.To date the estate is run by her daughter Claire Villars.3, a second wine is produced under the label L'Hermitage de Chasse-Spleen and another titled l'Oratoire de Chasse-Spleen.Château Chasse-Spleen, château Chasse-Spleen is a winery in the, moulis-en-Médoc appellation of the, bordeaux region of France, just north-west.Wir verwenden Cookies, um Inhalte zu personalisieren, Werbeanzeigen maßzuschneidern und zu messen sowie die Sicherheit unserer Nutzer zu erhöhen.History, long viewed as the leading cru of Moulis, the estate's viticultural history is documented back to 1560, and possibly before.Vineyard, medoc, wine certification, aOC, producer, chateau Chasse-Spleen.Initially an estate named Grand-Poujeaux, it was owned by the seigneurs, grenier, which may have evolved into Gressier.The estate was divided in 1822 due to inheritance complications, half the property becoming Château Gressier-Grand-Poujeaux, and the remainder passed to the Castaing family.Château Chasse-Spleen was selected as one of six.
The estate was divided in 1822 due to inheritance complications, with half the property becoming Château Gressier-Grand-Poujeaux, and the remainder being passed to the Castaing family.


A genuine example of the July 4, 1863 edition of the Vicksburg DAILY CITIZEN, printed on wallpaper. One of the rarest and most highly prized of all American newspapers, the July 4th issue was printed by occupying troops of the Union Army who found the typeset still intact from the pre-surrender July 2 issue and after some minor alterations of their own, printed a small number of copies to be kept as souvenirs. Their added text is found in the final paragraph and includes some jubilant digs at their Confederate counterparts. These last issues were printed on wallpaper stock, as were being utilized by the Daily Citizen for their circulation, the available stock of any other paper long ago having been exhausted. This example is printed on one of the three wallpaper patterns known to have been used on that day.
Since the July 4th surrender, over 30 reprints have been made of this edition but estimates of genuine and original examples extant range from ten to twenty. The paper is accompanied by a letter from Terrance J. Winschel, Historian of Vicksburg National Military Park stating that after 18 years of service with 50-100 requests yearly, this is only the second example he has authenticated. He includes a nine-point authenticity test, which assists in proper identification of original specimens.


U-Boat is an anglicised version of the German word. U-Boat is a shortening of Unterseeboot, literally "underseaboat".While the German term refers to any submarine, the English one refers specifically to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role (commerce raiding) and enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-Boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and other parts of the British Empire, and from the United States to the United Kingdom and (during the Second World War) to the Soviet Union and the Allied territories in the Mediterranean. German submarines also destroyed Brazilian merchant ships during World War II, causing Brazil to declare war on the Axis powers in 1944.


The Villa “Am Sandwerder 5”
Literary Colloquium Berlin
by Barbara Kobek
translated by Sonja Schillings
The house Am Sandwerder 5 in the Wannsee district, built by the architects Kayser & von Groszheim in 1884/85, is the seat of the Literary Colloquium. Like all “old” houses, it has a colorful past. The first houses of the “villa colony Wannsee” were built in 1874. Until its sale, the “Haveldüne” (Havel dune; at the bank, the premises plunge 25 m) belonged to the property of Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828-1885). Around 1896, the street running alongside the Haveldüne was named Friedrich-Karl-Street, and, in 1933, it was renamed “Am Sandwerder” (At the sand ait; “sand ait” is the old name of the island Schwanenwerder/swan ait).
The first to settle in on the compound acquired by the building officer Robert Guthmann were his sailing pals, the “Jolly Seven”, who resided at the gardener’s house. When building contractor Guthmann placed his “downscaled renaissance palace” there (Georg Braasch), the “Jolly Seven” quit the field and established a domicile in the sailors’ house at the Wannsee.
After Guthmann’s death in 1924, his grandson and heir Hans Georg von Morgen let the house to the banker Dr. Ernst Goldschmidt, a cousin of Carl Zuckmayer’s mother. The playwright wrote his Merry Vineyard at the “castle at the Wannsee”, as he called it. He also described the manison as “a horrible old crate in the style of an imitated knight’s castle”, but he praised the view and the surrounding landscape. Julius Posener said about the villa: “Steeple and gable are over-orchestrated. Modesty is the last word to describe this villa. Once you have accepted that, the house is persuasive.”
In 1932, the villa was let to the banker Ernst Possel. In 1934, von Morgen sold the family property to Prof. Rosin, who emigrated to England in 1935, and could only dispose of the house after a recovery lawsuit in 1953. It was sold by him to Ms. Wanda Höxter, the manager of the hotel “Casino Hotel at the Wannsee” which had established at the house after the war. Before Ms. Höxter, there had been several owners between the years 1938 and 1953. The most spectacular project of this time took place under the supervision of one of the acquirors, Councilor Röben of the navy’s high command. The navy developed a “One-Man-Torpodo” at the house.
The Casino Hotel raised the disapproval of the neighbourhood, and as the building became increasingly rundown, the owner sold the property to the state of Berlin in 1960. There was a variety of different suggestions for institutions to be installed here, but the senate did not have the means to realize any of them. Therefore the Literary Colloqium Berlin (LCB), “endowed by the Henry Ford Foundation, borne by the state of Berlin”, could move into the house in 1962.
Ever since, culture has been called for and supported at the address Am Sandwerder 5. The LCB was founded by Prof. Walter Höllerer after the building of the wall in 1961, and registered as a nonprofit association in 1963. “He is the most exceptionally gifted collector of people, inflamer of talent, agitator for the present” (A. Mugsch about Höllerer). Objectives of the LCB are: distribution and promotion of German and international literature, presentation of Berlin’s literature at home and abroad via writers’ meetings, literary awards, authors’ training, scholarships, translation funding, international writers’ exchange, publications, film portraits and public events. The Alfred Döblin prize and the Berlin literature prize have been awarded at the LCB for years. The writers of the famed Group 47 were the first to hold a meeting in the house, rather rundown after having stood empty for two years, in a city that was walled in, a threatened island due to the Cuba missile crisis – Soviet strafers droning above the Wannsee. In this setting, “they fought until sparks flew” (Höllerer), “battlesome conversations” (Grass), “rancors, rivalries” (Peter Weiß). These were creative disputes.
But even if they did not necessarily love each other, they all loved the Haus at the Wannsee. Whenever some senators “considered” a sale of the property (as it did happen in 1982 and 1994), they protested together with other authors, publishers, critics, literary scientists, and institutes worldwide against this “misguided thought”. Particularly as the financial cost of all literary institutions of Berlin combined represents less than 0.5 % of the cultural budget.
The renovated villa became a guest- and working house for authors, translators, dramatists, film makers, and grant holders. The names of those who stayed here during the 35 years of LCB history, and who represent literature of world rank, are impossible to enumerate. Pars pro toto: John Steinbeck, John Dos Passos, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Uwe Johnson, Umberto Eco, Pavel Kohout, Cees Noteboom, Toni Morrison.
The “Poet’s place” at the Wannsee has become part of literature. The novel “The Guest House”, written by several authors, Gerhard Falkner’s “Iron Heart Letters”, Demir Özlü’s novel “Hallucination in Berlin” and the poems of Jürgen Becker all erect a monument in the house’s honor. In “Golden fruit. Encounter with people, gardens, and houses” (1955) Johannes Guthmann, one of the original builder’s son, lovingly recalled the artistic contribution of his parents to the premises’ design.
Therefore we have come full circle – with Carl Zuckmayer, the literary history of the house by the sea began.
From: Zehlendorf. Yearbook 1999.
Ed. by Heimatverein für den Bezirk Zehlendorf (1886) e.V.,
Bezirksamt Zehlendorf von Berlin


Brown County Historical Society is a non profit organization striving to preserve, present and share the heritage of Brown County through preservation activities, exhibitions, educational programs and events.
Brown County Historical Society announces Ethnic Christmas at Hazelwood taking place on December 8th and 15th from 11am-7pm at the Hazelwood Historic House, 1008 S. Monroe Avenue in Green Bay.
The Hazelwood Historic House will be decorated for the festivities, with the rooms decorated by several local ethnic groups. Visitors will taste ethnic holiday foods, hear traditional stories, listen to songs, and learn about time-honored celebrations.
More information is available at browncohistoricalsoc.orga
CLICK HERE to learn more about the Grant Program.


Hurricane Irma- Lightner Museum
Loss Event: Hurricane Irma
Building Type: Museum
Location: St. Augustine, FL
Services: Water Remediation and Structural Drying
Description of Work:
St. Augustine, FL- First Response was called out to the Lightner Museum to assist with water intrusion due to Hurricane Irma.
The Lightner Museum opened in 1948 with the collections of the “Gilded Age” artwork, antiques and curios of Otto C. Lightner. As once-proud Chicago estates were put up for auction and sold for taxes during the Depression, Lightner quickly purchased the collections of millionaires that had been acquired over a lifetime.
The historical relevance and one of a kind artworks were of the utmost importance to keep and preserve. With high moisture content in the air, these artifacts could have absorbed moisture and caused significant damage. First Response was able to quickly extract the ground moisture and set drying equipment to help preserve all of Lightner’s collection.
First Response was able to help stop the flooding and dry out the affected area before any of the collection was affected by either the flood water or mosture in the air.


Emerald Isle, NC Real Estate
When Ronnie Watson and Steve Matthews first came to Emerald Isle NC, they came by ferry or private boat because there was no bridge and at that time Highway 58 did not run the length of the island. As the area grew, Ronnie Watson became mayor and since that beginning, the Emerald Isle and Atlantic Beach area has continued to grow and is one of the top family beaches on the East Coast.
In 1978 Ronnie and Steve formed Watson-Matthews Real Estate and joined in the residential development of our Emerald Isle. They were the developers of several residential subdivisions including Lands End, Emerald Plantation and played a part in the development of Emerald Landing, Royal Oaks, Dolphin Ridge and several others.
Watson-Matthews Real Estate is currently involved in several property developments such as Bell Cove Village, Bell Cove Estates and Morada Bay. Other properties are in the plans for development in the near future.
Home Seller Center


Simply by One Vote is a political novel and documented series written by expert author Carole Eglash-Kosoff. That is a story about 12 significant events in American politics where one vote altered our contemporary society, significantly, and set our nation on an totally different course. While each generation may think it is facing the place’s worst political and monetary times, By One Have your say is a poignant and factual story that instructs us otherwise. Through the authors detailed and developed accounts of history we see what she identifies as “The Butterfly Impact, ” how one small change at just a minute in time can have a large, deep and sweeping effect another time. We also get started to see how the political wheel of interpersonal justice turns and how it is often flipped by simply one have your vote. Written in third person narrative and frequently explicit first person dialogue, this guide is for mature followers. It can be well researched and specialized in the unsung characters, the unknowns-not famous men and women of the past, who changed the world with conviction and standing up so that they believed. These people changed the world as much as Roosevelt, Lincoln subsequently or Bush. buy online votes
In 1783 the War of Self-reliance was over. Unpaid troops from 13 colonies conquered the 18th Century’s most dominant world power, Britain. It was no tournament that General George Wa would become the first President of the Usa States, nevertheless , establishing new rules for running a country was no easy task; even the location for a central federal government was highly disputed. By a brand new York tavern, Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris from the Federalist Celebrate met privately with two leading Republicans, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. In the event that Hamilton gets his financial package passed they will see that Jefferson gets the national capitol built along the Potomac Water, near Virginia and Annapolis. Until completed, the non permanent capitol location would stay in the “City of Brotherly Love, ” Phila., Pennsylvania. The offer was sealed. Jefferson and Madison commenced encouraging southern claims to vote for Hamilton’s financial or Assumption Take action and Robert Morris improved his vote for the Residency Act to move in favor of the District of Columbia. Almost all hinged on that one vote.
Later in the election of 1800, Betty Jefferson is running against Aaron Burr and there is a deadlock; the land experience its first Constitutional crisis. Jefferson meets with James Bayard and makes certain him he won’t replace the people who have worked so hard within his party, if this individual is elected. Also, in a strange twist, Alexander Hamilton wants Jefferson, his long time arch adversary on the political the front, to win this political election. On Feb 17, 1850, James Bayard lowers his loud Federalist voice and changes his vote from Aaron Burr to write off. The deadlock is damaged and Jefferson becomes Leader, doubling the size of the country with the Louisiana Purchase and dispatching the Lewis and Cs Expedition to seek a northwest passageway to the Gulf of mexico. Aaron Burr believes Alexander Stalinsky has attacked his reverance. He challenges Hamilton to a duel, in the end getting rid of him with a topic to his lower belly. The Federalist voice is greatly diminished.
In 1868, Articles of Impeachment against President Andrew Johnson were approved by the Property of Representatives. Abraham Lincoln subsequently was your 16th director of the United Declares. After his assassination, Manley took the Presidency. This individual reversed and vetoed many of Lincoln’s legislation including the Freedman’s Federal Software to help slaves and the Civil Rights Take action. Johnson also fired Lincoln’s popular Secretary of Warfare. Edmund Ross would have the deciding vote on the Impeachment of Nicholson. It could not come to pass because no person desired Benjamin Wade to become the next President. Rather, General Ulysses S. Offer took the Presidency over the following election.
Almost a ten years later, Rutherford B. Hayes is the Republican nominee that will continue Residence Rule and be sure racial equality in the Confederacy. Southern Democrats hate Republicans and want to end Home Rule. If perhaps elected, Samuel Tilden will destroy every multiracial company in existence and there will be no security for blacks; sharecropping will still enslave blacks as indentured servants. Justice Daniel Davis was to ensemble the critical vote of the Electoral Committee. When ever Davis realizes he no longer has independence from prospects Hayes and Tilden, he resigns. Justice Paul Bradley is appointed to take his place and may cast his deciding choose Hayes. Rutherford B. Hayes accepts the Presidency, however it’s bittersweet. His cupboard has convinced him this individual or she must make changes to appease the South. He accepts The Devil’s Compromise. Against his belief system and meaning focus he ends House Rule and withdraws Institute troops from the To the south. Education for the Marrano and other Federal Courses disappeared completely leaving these to face decades of dread and intimidation. Their monetary slavery continued well in the 20th Century.


Pressed Pennies pin commemorating a skeleton pirate at the wheel in the Pirates of the Caribbean dark ride at Disneyland Park. A Walt Disney Imagineering (WDI) exclusive. The back of the backing card reads: "In 1987, a phenomenon began at Disneyland in the form of a pressed penny. In celebration of the popularity of the pressed penny, and in the timeless tradition of great Disney Collectibles, this set of pressed penny pins was designed exclusively for Walt Disney Imagineering." Measures 1"x1.5". Release date is unknown; a Limited Edition of 250. Mint and sealed in its original plastic packaging. I am always happy to combine multiple items in one package to save on postage costs.


Šibenik can be distinguished from the other Croatian cities near the coast, because it's considered to be founded by natives instead of Illyrians and ancient Romans. There are evidences of presences in the region since the XI century. The king Petar Krešmir IV was the first that has named it in a written document: today the town is known also as "City of Krešmir".
The magnificence of arts reflects local culture and dominations' influence followed during its history. You can easily appreciate Bribirska glavica and Skradona romana, the fortress of Šibenik, those of Saint Michael and Saint Jones Šubičevac, as well as fortresses of Knin and Saint Nichols. You will be surprised by the panorama, that you can see from the Šibenik's Saint Michael fortress where you can see the Krka river and the Adriatic sea.
The Šibenik's town hall is Croatian renascence architecture masterpiece and it was rebuilt after the second world war bombardment. Also in Croatian renascence style, the San James cathedral was built during the XV century by Venetian artisans using stone extracted from the Brač island and Korčula. It has been considered one of the most important work of famous Juraj Matejev Dalmatinac: Saint James is in the historical heritage list of UNESCO.
Also in the UNESCO, Primošten town was built in an island linked by bridges, that was fortified with walls and towers during the Turkish invasions time. After that the bridges were replaced with an embankment that transformed the island in a peninsula. The Primošten's beach is considered one of the nicest beach, it can be seen in Croatia.
Knin town hosts a Middle Ages fortress that overlook in the centre of city and it's linked with drawbridges. Moreover Knin is an important infrastructural node for the region.
During a Croatian journey, you have to visit the National Park of Kornati, that extents in the zadar region. Every sea-lover will enrapture by enchanting coves, by absolute silent, by stone and crystalline water. The Kornat island, the grater one, gives the name to the archipelago. A legend tell that "when God was creating the Earth, as crowning achievement of his work, he creates the Kornati islands with tears, stars and breath". Even George Bernard Show writer, after a look to the numerous islands, was struck by these suggestive places.
The National Park of Krka river is a comparable beauties, in fact it is an oasis of karstic rocks along the canyon of the river, that born from the Dinara mountain. In this luxuriant park you can admire a rich flora and fauna. It is interesting for ornithological studies, because there are a lot of birds and some rare species. The river has seven falls and the last one draws attention for dimensions and flow.
Visiting the park, it is mandatory a visit to Saint Archangel of Krka orthodoxly monastery and the Visovac franciscan convent. The monastery is dated back to the XV century and beyond the interiors Byzantine architecture, you can admire the Krka valley panorama. Inside you can find high artistic value icons, books, manuscript and liturgical vestment, too. Instead the franciscan convent is in the centre of a lake made by Krka river, but you can reach it using a boat from Skradinski Buk. Inside there are some italian paintings of the XVI and XVII century and the illustrated Aesop tales. Moreover there are other documents of the turkish occupation, as well as Vuk Mandušič saber death in a battle against the ottomans in the XVII century. As you can easily imagine the area near Krka is rich of prehistoric archaeological sites, but also a roman aqueduct protected as cultural heritage and a lot of middle ages ruins. Inside an ancient wind-mill there is an interesting ethnological museum.
In the park area is hosted also the only croatian centre for hawk training. During the visits, it is possible to see these magnificent predators to show their ability to fly and hunting strategy. Skradin is of 339 b.C. and it is a place where you can take a look to illyrians settlement ruins.
The islands in front of Šibenik region can be distinguished each from the other by a particularity: for example Zlarin has depths rich of corral, while the smaller Krapanji is famous for the presence of sponges.
Boats that starts from Šibenik reach the splendid islands of Kornati's archipelago, Zlarin, Prvic, Zirije, Krapanji and a lot of others.
Distances from important cities:
Primosten (25 km)
Murter (30 km)
Trogir (50 km)
Zadar (70 km)
Split (80 km)


What is History in Scale?
History in Scaleis a website that is showing a vision on history by using metal and plastic figurines set in historical sceneries to express this vision.
For convenience history is roughly divided in 4 main time spans:
1. Ancient period (2000 BC-500 AD)
2. Middle Ages (500-1500);
3. Early modern period (1500-1800);
4. Late modern period (1800-1945).
Each main period is further divided in several subperiods. You can choose the time spans and the subperiods on the menu bar above on the homepage or on clicking the underlined time spans,topicsor sub-periods below.
Then you will get to the chosen period page that consists of a slide show of historical scenes.
The Creator's studio page gives you inside information about the used techniques and the creation proces.


The McIlvaine-Speakman Funeral Home Ltd. was originally founded as the Armour Funeral Home in 1917 by W. M. Armour. The original location was in the Southeast corner of the intersection of Main and Pike Streets in Houston, PA.
In 1926 L. P. Speakman joined the firm and became a partner with W.M. Armour in 1931. Mr. Speakman purchased the funeral firm in 1933 and became its sole proprietor. The Speakman Funeral Home business grew and the customs were changing. More funerals were being held in the funeral home and not in residences, so the need for additional space became evident. In 1946 Mr. Speakman purchased and remodeled a home on the present Cherry Avenue site.
In 1953 L. P. Speakman passed away and the business was taken over by his son, William E. Speakman. Through the ambulance service that was run through the funeral home as well as the funeral services he performed,the business continued to grow. Mr. Speakman was instrumental in forming the local ambulance service in the early 70's.Robert K. McIlvaine joined the firm in 1975. Rob worked at the funeral home while he attended Grove City College and Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science. Mr. McIlvaine was licensed in 1979 and purchased the firm in 1985. As a result the name was changed to McIlvaine-Speakman Funeral Home Ltd.
Although in the same location, the funeral home has been able to improve and adjust to the changing needs of the community. Handicapped accessibility and additional parking were added in 1997.
In 1999 Rob joined with three other local funeral directors in forming Woodruff Family Services which joined management of seven funeral homes and a cemetery. The affiliation with Woodruff ended in January 2008, when Rob reacquired 100% ownership of the firm.
Another milestone happened in 2010 when Sara K. McIlvaine joined her father at the funeral home. Sara is a 2010 graduate of Bethany College where she received her Bachelor of Science in Chemistry. She became a licensed funeral director in 2012 and promises to continue with the high standards the funeral home is known for.
For the past 90 plus years the firm has taken great pride in providing the communities of Houston, Canonsburg, Meadowlands, Hickory, Eighty Four, Washington and surrounding areas with the highest level of professional funeral service.


Possibly the most perfectly pretty mosque in Istanbul, Rüstem Pasa Mosque is home to the most stunningly preserved Iznik tile panels in the city. Even better, as it’s less known, you’re likely to be able to admire them up close without having to battle any crowds. Finding the mosque adds to the fun as it’s squirreled down a skinny lane lined with market stalls and always bustling with life, near the Spice Bazaar. The ancient Hippodrome was begun by Septimius Severus in AD 203 and completed by Constantine the Great in AD 330. This was the center of Byzantine public life and the scene of splendid games and chariot races but also factional conflicts.
Just like many other mosques, it also comprises a tomb of the founder, a madrasa and a hospice.Besides still used as a mosque, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque has also become a popular tourist attraction in Istanbul. For us, the health of our competitors, volunteers and the members of the organization team comes first. The cancellations of the official championships and popular international events similar to ist5days all over the world and in our country, have supported our unwilling and unhappy decision.
Classic Turkey Highlights Tour
Eastern Mediterranean cuisine can be enjoyed in the iconic Levantino Restaurant while the Bar’s all-day menu offers everything from coffee to cocktails. With contemporary services & design, this is the place to gather & connect in Istanbul. Every year, millions of people visit Istanbul for touristic purposes. The city has wonderful historical heritages, museums, gorgeous scenic beauties, and other charming attractions besides cultural activities, art, and social organizations. Some of these tourists choose to buy their holiday home in Istanbul so that they can visit it every time they get a chance. Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and the fifth-largest city in the world by population, is considered European, yet it occupies two different continents.
There is also a quaintly old-fashioned tramway that runs along its length right up to Taksim Square at the top of the hill. From Taksim Square, busy Cumhuriyet Caddesi is lined with hotels, shops, restaurants, and high rises. On the east side of the road, just after the square, is Maçka Park, which is home to the interesting Military Museum. This Genoese tower was built in the 14th century and is one of Istanbul’s most recognizable landmarks. Take the elevator or the stairs for great panoramic views over the city from the top balcony.
Legacy Ottoman Hotel
When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and its capital was in Constantinople where Hagia Sophia had been built. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of political, cultural, religious and economical centers of Europe until it finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Ottomans officially conquered it in 1453, and it was immediately renamed Turkish citizenship 250.000 USD and was made the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Mehmed brought back the Greek Orthodox and Catholic residents who had fled, as well as Jewish, Christian and Muslim people for a mixed population. By the 1500s, Istanbul reached nearly 1 million people, although the Ottoman Empire was defeated and occupied by the allies in WWII. Following occupation, the Turkish War of Independence occurred, and the city became a part of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in 73 CE. Byzantium’s decision to side with the Roman usurper Pescennius Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Carlton Hotel Istanbul is a distinguished hotel among the historical heritages of Istanbul.
Price-wise the weak Turkish Lira makes Istanbul an affordable place to stay and visit. Transport is cheap, food is cheap and if you go to the right places everything is cheap! If you get a chance I would recommend visits to Eminonu and the Misir market and the underground market under the Eminonu tram line there. Also Hamdi restaurant in Eminonu is very good, if you get a chance to have dinner here you will enjoy it. Water Gardens mall in the Asia side of Istanbul which has an amazing dancing fountain in the middle that puts on shows every minutes.
It is a good job I am not taking a flight which only gives me a 2 hour turn around with another airline, as I would be stressed out with the distances. I flew through ‘s New Airport last week and agree with a lot of what your say here. Yes, it’s very beautiful but a lot of facilities were not ready, primarily the WIFI.
Not so radical in design, the Ortaköy Mosque is still one of Istanbul’s most beautiful structures and is known as the jewel of the Bosphorus due to its stunning waterside location. Set in the handsome Ortaköy district, this striking Neo-Baroque mosque was built between 1854 and 1856 by the order of Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid. The mosque was designed by Garabet Amira Balyan and Nigoğayos Balyan, Armenian father-and-son architects also responsible for the Dolmabahçe Palace and its mosque. Although its name suggests otherwise, this building in the Eminönü quarter of the city actually dates back to 1663. Found at the end of Istanbul’s famous Galata Bridge, the New Mosque took more than half a century to build, due to funding issues and political turmoil, and was designed by Sinan’s apprentice, Davut Ağa.
While Istanbul’s Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the 1955 anti-Greek pogrom prompted thousands to leave. Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000. There are today 123,363 Armenians in Istanbul, down from a peak of 164,000 in 1913.
As the first of turkish citizenship by investment‘s grand imperial mosques to be built, as well as being home to Sultan Mehmet’s tomb, it’s an important historic building and a popular pilgrimage site for locals. This is by far the best place in town to get your finger on the pulse of Turkey’s contemporary art scene. The galleries are being temporarily hosted in a historic Beyoglu building while they wait for the completion of this art museum’s new permanent home in Karaköy. As well as the big four , leave enough time to explore the other sights.
It’ll also help you with some of your day-to-day needs, like getting around. Single-use plastic bottles are a huge threat to Marine Life – Be a part of the solution and travel with a filter water bottle. Most people here drink bottled water, which we’d NEVER advise. Thinkpide(a ‘Turkish pizza’), borek, and of course kebapsanddoner.


Brief : A new transformation for Gan Clan Singapore. To build a community among the Gans with pride in their heritage and to promote traditional Chinese culture and values.
Approach : Giving the whole space a touch of modern with oriental minimalist. Gan Clan hopes to encourage more younger generation to participate in the activities and to understand the history of Gan. The whole spatial design was developed with a great understanding of the history and culture of Gan. With the beginning of Gans as the introduction of the space and the evolvement of the surname character, flowing to the China history then to Nanyang Pre and Post War. Colours and materials were selected based on the period of the history. The space was also carefully thought to ensure that every exhibited panels are modular and easy to be shifted.


From the legendary king "Dauno" arriving from Greece, son of Lycaon of Arcadia. The story begun in the "Paleolithic era" when ancient civilizations passed down customs that are still alive in our territory today, owing to the sensitivity of its people, who have always been attached to their traditions.
Indelible traces can be found in the many cultures that have come across our territory, from the Romans and Byzantines, the Lombards, Normans and Swabians, the latter settling under the patronage of Emperor Frederick II, who not only chose Castel Fiorentino as his residence, but also spent the last days of his great existence there.
It should however not be forgotten that several unusual ancient traditions such as agricultural activities and sheep transhumance from Abruzzo to the pastures of the Tavoliere (formerly the sheep customs) are still alive today. Not to mention the stories told by the frescoes of the Red Cave Paglicci and by the many Neolithic villages scattered everywhere in the "Piana" such as Herdonia, Arpi, San Giusto, Teanum Apulum, Matinum, Salapia and Stele Daune found in the Necropolis between Cervaro and Candelaro, where the remains of history dating from the sixth and seventhcentury A.C. lie buried or semi-covered.
The Land of Daunia, a territory of hardworking men, with a spirit of sacrifice, attached to their traditions and a deep sense of family bond; the sacred land where Padre Pio lived in love and humility, leaving behind charitable works including a major hospital, today internationally renowned.
The sacredness of the olive tree, emblematic symbol of the Dauno population and part of the folklore and traditions of a land so rich in history, with its beautiful and equally mysterious landscapes. While wandering the beaches and shores, plains and hills, woods and forests, the great hospitality and kindness of the Dauno people is heartwarming, as they are ready to offer you the best of the unmistakably authentic tastes and aromas of the typical "Mediterranean diet".


The Pizza Business started in the Barbato family back in the 1930s by John and Agatha Barbato. The first pizza sold by the Barbato family was sold at a neighborhood club known as the Pratola Peligna society, also known as the P.P. club. They would make the pizza at home and bring it to the club, bake it and sell it for 5 cents per slice. This sparked the interest of their boys Pat, Nick and John. Pat and Nick who were in the service, had seen pizza shops in some of the bigger cities. It was then that they decided to open a shop in Erie. In the early 1950s Pat and Nick opened the first Barbato's. Pat and Nick were the original owners, however, the other brothers Fred, Al, and John (Chick) also helped to get the shop started. The original shop was located on 17th and State street where the Holiday Inn parking lot is now located. This original shop was strictly carry out.
Shortly after the shop was in operation the redevelopment authority stepped in and took over that piece of property, forcing the Barbato brothers to move their shop directly across the street. This new shop was much more modern and had a full service dining area. As this shop became a success they felt that there was a need for a shop on the east side of town. Pat spotted a store in Wesleyville which is where they opened their second location in 1955. After a short time Pat and Nick decided to concentrate their efforts on the original location, so they sold their interest in the business to Fred and John (Chick). The shop was opened from 7:00pm to 11:00pm as John and Fred had other full time jobs. After a short time Fred and Pat decided to go into other business ventures. Pat sold his share to Nick and Fred sold his share to John. Pat and Fred opened the A-1 store, on 12th and French St. which is known today as Fred's Furniture and is run by Fred Junior. Pat eventually went into real estate investing.
John (Chick) Barbato Sr., and his wife Amelia, the owners of the Wesleyville location, began making improvements including remodeling and invested in modern equipment. The recipes they used were favorites of Johns mother, Agatha. Johns sons John Jr., Rob and Mike continue using those same recipes today to continue the Italian tradition.
Barbato's was the first to introduce the pre-baked pizza shell to the Erie market. This dramatically reduced the preparation and cook time. They were also the first in Erie to serve a round pizza and the submarine sandwich. Barbato's motto for years used to be The Home Of The Round Pizza and The Submarine Sandwich. Today, both pre-baked pizza shells and fresh dough pizzas are available. With technological breakthroughs in pizza oven design, it is now possible to serve a fresh dough pizza with only a 3-4 minute longer cook time than the pre-baked pizza shell.
The menu has been also expanded to include pasta dishes such as spaghetti, lasagna, gnocchi, antipasto salads and many other traditional Italian dishes.
Over the years our menu has evolved to include other items such as, Bruschetta Bread, Homemade wedding soup, Calzones and our new lineup of Homemade pastas, Homemade gnocchi & Stuffed shells, to name but a few of the changes our menu has over gone. Barbato's isn't just a place for great pizza. We do specialize in Italian dishes but we have a wide variety of other menu items as well, such as, Seafood, Chicken wings, Salads and much more. We have affordable catering, offering all your favorites from our menu served up party style. Perfect for any size gathering, large or small.


The Denver area, part of the Territory of Kansas, was virtually unsettled until the late 1850’s. In 1858, Green Russell and Sam Bates discovered the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. By spring 1859, tens of thousands of gold seekers arrived and the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush was under way.
On October 24, 1859, an election was held to form a provisional government for the goldfields. The formation of the provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was approved. Robert Williamson Steele was elected Governor.
On February 28, 1861, President James Buchanan signed an Act of Congress organizing the free Territory of Colorado. On March 25, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed William Gilpin the first Governor of the Territory of Colorado. The Colorado General Assembly first met on September 9, 1861, and the legislature created 17 counties including a new Arapahoe County with Denver City as its seat. In 1865, Denver City became the Territorial Capital and shortened its name to just Denver.
On June 24, 1870, the Denver Pacific Railroad arrived in Denver, bringing a new era to the City. It brought residents, tourists, and much needed supplies. In the 1870’s, it is estimated that the railroad brought 100 new residents to Denver each day. Between 1870 and 1890 the city’s population increased from less than 5,000 to 100,000. On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted to the Union. After a state wide vote in 1881, Denver became the permanent state capital.
In the 1880’s silver was discovered in the nearby mountains, leading Denver to a new stage of opulence and beautiful architecture. In 1883, the first courthouse was built. The courthouse stood between 15th and 16th Street, and Tremont and Court. It was demolished in 1934.
The first courts in Denver were justice of the peace courts followed by Denver Municipal Court. In 1968 the Colorado Reform Act was passed and Denver County Court was created by this constitutional amendment which abolished justices of the peace and Denver Municipal Judges. The amendment provided that the Mayor of Denver appoint County Judges.
Arapahoe County Courthouse City and County Building Lindsey-Flanigan Courthouse
The City and County Building, the current home of several County and District Court courtrooms, was built in 1932. The Lindsey-Flanigan Courthouse was built in 2010.


This page will be a repository of interesting family history and stories of the Altabets, Gabays, Magrisos and Levys (2 sets) in our Sephardi background, and stories of the Katzes in our Ashkenazi heritage.. We hope you find some of these as interesting as we do.
- Mumya -- Discovering what this old Turkish remedy really was, was a never ending mystery for me and my cousins that was not quite solved until well into adulthood.
- Family Trees by branch
- Family Tree
- Family Photo -- 2004
- Magrisso Family Tree
- Katz Family Tree
- Levy Family Tree -- still need a bit more work
- Gabay Family Tree: Gabay-Levy descendants of Bohor & Sarah Betzion
- Family tree
- Gabay & Levy: See the separate Gabay Pages also
- Katz & Levy
- Family Tree
- Family Name Background:
- For a study of the possible origins of the family name, go to this page: Altabet
- For Uncle Albert's writings go to: Uncle Albert
- The family was from Tikirdağ, Turkey, also called Rodosto in Greek. There are records of Altabets in pre-expulsion Gerona, Spain. See "Los Ijos de Ibero-Franconia," by Nissim Elnecav. A list of names in this book compiled by Ben Nahman can be found at: http://home.earthlink.net/~bnahman/AtoZlist.htm .Besides the Arabic "Altabets" noted in the origins notes mentioned above, we have since discovered the name among Christians in the Barcelona/Gerona area.
- The family name Gabay:
Alternate spellings in Latin characters: Gabay, Gabbay, Gabai, Gabbai
Hebrew: גַבַי, גַבַאי
The name is clearly derived directly from the Hebrew and means a trustee or board member of a synagogue. It is also used as the word for the person who monitors the Torah reader during services to assure correct pronunciation of the reading. In modern Hebrew it is also used to mean treasurer, which would have been one of the functions of a trustee.
The name is common throughout the Sephardic world (and including the Jews of Arab countries). The name is also found in the Philippines, where it comes from the Tagalog language and appears to mean “guide,” so one can occasionally meet non-Jewish Gabays.
- The family name Magrisso
Latin Characters: Magrese, Magresi, Masgrissi, Magreso, Magriso, Magrisso, (Magriço in Soundex system)
Turkish Language: Magrýso
Hebrew Characters: מאגריסו
Adapted from a write-up on the origins of Brazilian names:
Italian, Spanish or Portuguese or other Romance language surname, typically with origins as a nick name, it comes from the word “Thin” (Magro/a – Spanish/Italian/ Portuguese, Maigre – French, the English cognate is “meager”), with a suffix added-isso/issi (which indicates the plural affectionate or diminutive form), Magro comes from the Latin macer, macrum, words by which slender people were known, such as lanky or thin. Literally we could translate this last name as "Skinny". Once someone had such a nickname due to physical traits, the name was transmitted to descendant as " So-and-so, son of Magrisso", the plural "form Magrissi" appeared to indicate a family clan, for example, the Family of Magrissos " in Italian is "Famiglia dei Magrissi", the termination " i " indicates the plural form.
There appear to be numerous unrelated families with the name, both Jewish and Gentile, all with roots in Spain,. Portugal or Italy. If Jewish, it is clearly of Sephardi origin.
Grandma Elizabeth (Boulissou) came from Kirkkilise (now Kirklareli), Turkey but the family fled to Edirne, Turkey (Adrianopolis in Greek) during the Balkan Wars when Kirkkilise was taken over by Bulgaria (returned to Turkey in 1922). The town was also known as 40 churches (Saranta Ecclisiae). See the Wikipedia entry at (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklareli ) for more information. Her mother Rebecca Levy was originally from Serbia.
There have been several famous Magrisos in Jewish history, the most famous being Yitzhak (ben Moshe) Magriso who took over the writing of Me’am Loez after Yakov Culi died in 1732. His commentary on Pirke Avot, done as part of Meam Loez is still considered by most scholars the best commentary ever done on Avot. He lived in Constantinople (Istanbul), but his family appears to have originally come from Edirne. And an Avraham Magriso who died in 1687 (possibly his grandfather) was Dayyan (judge) of the Rabbinical court. A Rabbi Haim Ezra Magriso was alive in 1717 when he donated funds for the publication of a book written by Rabbi Haim Algazi, called Beney Hayai. Several Rabbis named Magriso are recorded as living in Serbia during the 1800s.
- The family name Levy
Latin character alternate spellings: Levy, Levi
Meaning is “my addition” from the root “joined to me,” see the verse below where Leah names Levi, Jacob’s third son.
וַתַּהַר עוֹד וַתֵּלֶד בֵּן וַתֹּאמֶר עַתָּה הַפַּעַם יִלָּוֶה אִישִׁי אֵלַי כִּי-יָלַדְתִּי לוֹ שְׁלשָׁה בָנִים עַל-כֵּן קָרָא-שְׁמוֹ לֵוִי
"Vatahar od vateled ben, vatomer atah hapaam yilaveh eeshee elai ki-yaldti lo sh’loshah vaneem al-ken kara-shmo Levi"
"And she conceived again, and bore a son; and said, Now this time will my husband be joined to me, because I have born him three sons; therefore was his name called Levi."
The name almost always indicates descent from Jacob’s son Levi and being of the tribe of Levites. It is a common name among all Jews from all traditions.


Coffee milk was introduced to Rhode Island sometime in the early 1930s. It came about from creative diner and drugstore operators trying to attract new customers with creative drinks. One of these operators, who is lost to history, sweetened leftover coffee grounds with milk and sugar. This created a molasses-like extract that became popular. Coffee milk became a favorite among Rhode Islanders and created a demand for this coffee syrup. The demand was so great, that in 1993, it beat out Del's Lemonade as the official drink of Rhode Island.


While cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco often steal the spotlight, California is home to many hidden gems that offer a unique charm and lifestyle. In this article, we’ll explore some of these lesser-known cities, from the quaint coastal town of Eureka to the historic charm of Redlands. Whether you’re seeking a slower pace of life or a tight-knit community, these cities are worth considering for your next move within California.
- Eureka: Coastal Beauty and Victorian Charm
- Explore the coastal beauty and Victorian architecture of Eureka, located in Humboldt County.
- Discuss the city’s thriving arts scene, historic Old Town district, and outdoor recreational opportunities.
- Redlands: Historic Architecture and Small-Town Charm
- Discover the historic charm of Redlands, known for its well-preserved Victorian and Spanish colonial architecture.
- Discuss the city’s vibrant downtown area, cultural attractions, and close-knit community.
- Davis: Bicycles and Beyond
- Explore the bicycle-friendly city of Davis, home to the University of California, Davis.
- Discuss the city’s commitment to sustainability, outdoor recreational opportunities, and thriving arts and culture scene.
- Ojai: Serene Retreat in the Ojai Valley
- Discover the serene beauty of Ojai, nestled in the Ojai Valley surrounded by the Topatopa Mountains.
- Discuss the city’s focus on wellness and spirituality, with numerous spas, yoga retreats, and outdoor activities.
- Paso Robles: Wine Country Living
- Explore the wine country charm of Paso Robles, known for its vineyards and wineries.
- Discuss the city’s agricultural roots, vibrant culinary scene, and outdoor recreational opportunities.
- Nevada City: Gold Rush History and Quaint Charm
- Discover the Gold Rush history and quaint charm of Nevada City, located in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
- Discuss the city’s thriving arts community, historic downtown area, and outdoor recreational opportunities.
Conclusion: Moving to a lesser-known city in California offers a chance to discover a hidden gem and experience a unique lifestyle. Whether you’re drawn to the coastal beauty of Eureka, the historic charm of Redlands, or the serene retreat of Ojai, these cities have something special to offer. By considering these hidden gems for your next move, you can explore a new side of California and embrace a lifestyle that suits your preferences.


I have named my Vintage Textile Sewing business in honour of my father’s four sisters – Feodosia, Anna, Maria, and Anastasia.
During World War Two, when Russia invaded Ukraine, many people suffered great persecution. The family farm was burnt to the ground, the elderly parents left homeless. The elder brother, Mykola, a partisan, murdered. My father Ivan, aged only 21, left home to fight in the war and the four young sisters, all seamstresses, were banished from their homeland and sent to the frozen depths of Siberia.
With them they took a Singer Treadle sewing machine and this, along with their other skills, enabled them to survive their time in exile by sewing in exchange for food and favours.
After ten long years they were finally allowed back home to Ukraine, and with them they brought back their trusted sewing machine, where it still stands today in the family home.
It wasn’t until fifty years later, with the fall of the Berlin Wall, that my father was allowed back to his homeland and was finally reunited with his four sisters.


Come join us in food, events, parade, car show and activities for the whole family!
In 1950, Orting's first Red Hat Days event was held as a celebration to the beginning of the hunting season.
40 years later Red Hat Days continues to celebrate the history and traditions of the town of Orting.
There are events throughout town for everyone of every age to enjoy. The town festival is held in the month of October every year.


The sellers are the original builders of the main house and guest house / shop, and therefore extensive documentation of the buildings will be provided, including original plans and photos taken throughout the projects. The guest house / shop was built first, and the owners lived on-site in the guest apartment while the main house was being constructed, supervising and managing the project. An experienced crew of four, led by a master builder and contractor, was employed to build the house.
The architectural designer of the main house was the late Brant Nightengale, who is known locally as the “designer of angles” because of his ability to create homes and commercial buildings that are elevated above the standard box or rectangular shape. Many architectural patterns that humans find comforting and relaxing were incorporated into the design, drawing inspiration from the homes designed by leading architects in the early 1900s such as Charles and Henry Greene and Frank Lloyd Wright, but not copying them. Inspiration and ideas were also gleaned from the work of a leading contemporary architect, Sarah Susanka, whose many books explore the use of architectural patterns in present-day homes. A description of the architectural style is probably best summed up as “Eclectic, with Craftsman, Mountain Lodge, and Asian influences”.
Please see the following pages if you would like more information about the construction of the main house:


The Beginning of Everything
To everything there is an origin, a beginning, a seed of thought that blossoms into an idea and eventually gains forward momentum. The same is true with what we now call “Black History Month“.
The story of “Black History Month” began as an idea, in the mind of Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson. Early on in the year 1915, as Mr. Carter was discussing with a group of African-American men at a YMCA in Chicago, he convinced them that an organization focused on striving for a balanced history was needed. Later in the same year (September 1915) half a century after the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States along with prominent minister, Jesse E. Moorland, Mr. Woodson founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). The organization’s main purpose was to research and promote the achievements of black Americans and other people of African descent. The ASNLH today is known as the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). The group sponsored a national Negro History week in 1926, choosing the second week of February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. The creation of Negro History Week in 1926 thus paved the way for the establishment of “Black History Month” in 1976. Since its inception the celebration has grown.
Today “Black History Month” is celebrated nationwide. Schools and communities alike continue to organize local celebrations, establish history clubs and host performances and lectures all, in a collaborative effort to celebrate historical figures who range from abolitionists to jazz musicians. To everything there is an origin, a beginning, a seed of thought that blossoms into an idea and eventually gains forward momentum.