by Priscilla Metscher
The conquest of Ireland had meant the social and political servitude of the Irish masses, and therefore the reconquest of Ireland must mean the social as well as the political independence from servitude of every man, woman and child in Ireland.James Connolly 1
As socialists we have ever taught that National Freedom could not be won by a population resigned to industrial slavery; and as believers in National Freedom we have ever taught that the real re-conquest of Ireland necessarily implied the redemption of the Irish worker from the slavery of the capitalist system.James Connolly 2
Most historians who have written on James Connolly would agree that he was one of the outstanding figures of the British/Irish labor movements at the turn of twentieth century. When it comes to assessing his actual contribution to labor history, opinions vary. Connolly’s political career corresponded to the life span of the Second International, and his writings reflect both the strength and weaknesses in the left wing of the International. One controversial issue at the time that still occupies us at the present day was the question of the right of nations to self-determination. Whereas the major European states had resolved their national questions by the beginning of the century, Ireland was still a colony with an unresolved national question. Connolly was aware that any socialist strategy in Ireland must necessarily take into account the status of Ireland as a colony; socialists must realize that “a socialist movement must rest upon and draw its inspiration from the historical and actual conditions of the country in which it functions and not merely lose themselves in an abstract ‘internationalism’ (which has no relation to the real internationalism of the socialist movement).” 3
Concerning this very point of the national question, the mainstream tradition of Irish historical scholarship, as developed since the 1930s, has, under the guise of “value-free” interpretation, sought to “revise” the Irish historical experience. This, as Brendan Bradshaw points out, is nothing more than a negative bias where “a corrosive cynicism is brought to bear in order to minimize or to trivialise the significance of transcendent aspirations or dynamisms.” 4 This “revisionist” approach is particularly apparent in the “iconoclastic assault” upon the “so-called apostolic succession of national heroes,” depicting such figures as Tone, Davis, Pearse, and Connolly “as politically inept and intellectually confused ideologues.” 5
With reference to Connolly, Austen Morgan’s recent book, James Connolly, A Political Biography is an excellent example of this kind of historiographic revisionism. From the outset Morgan poses the question “why a man who lived as a socialist . . . died an Irish nationalist,” his conclusion being that on this account labor in Ireland lost a leader. Morgan works on the assumption that Connolly had feet in two very different movements: “international socialism”’ (being alien to Ireland) and “militant nationalism” (canceling out the idea of internationalism).
He bases his thesis on his own interpretation of Connolly’s writings, scarcely providing any original quotations. He judges Connolly from the high chair of academia, or as Bradshaw so aptly puts it, places him in the dock and conducts the case for the prosecution. 6 He judges Connolly as not measuring up to something that he never aspired to be a professional intellectual and theoretician of the labor movement and also takes him to task for failing to write on certain issues. 7
In contrast to this lack of sensitive response to material at hand, Bradshaw pleads for a more imaginative and empathetic approach in dealing with historical subject matter. Concerning socialist historiography, I think this comes close to E. P. Thompson’s “socialist humanist” approach. Empathy is essential the ability to “listen” or to “tune in” to people in the past without imposing a moralizing tone from above. 8
In an attempt to assess Connolly’s contribution to socialism and the national question the difficulty again seems to lie in the point of approach. A significant recent work on Connolly is Helga Woggon’s well-researched book, Integrativer Sozialismus und nationale Befreiung: Politik und Wirkungsgeschichte James Connollys in Irland. It begins with an abstract model, “integrative socialism,” understood as a special form of socialist politics within a situation of national or colonial dependence that derives socialist concepts from national tradition and tries to fuse them with that tradition. 9 Her conclusion that “integrative socialism” in Ireland was bound to fail as it was not a suitable basis for practical political strategy in the labor movement derives from her understanding of socialism and nationalism as traditionally and basically two contradictory forces in Ireland. Together with Eric Hobsbawm, she sees Connolly as making concessions to nationalism at the expense of socialism: “With the aid of ‘hibernicized Marxism’ he wanted to create a social revolutionary movement out of nothing and transform nationalism in a socialist manner.” 10
To my mind, however, it is not a concept of “hibernicized Marxism” that emerges from Connolly’s writings, and that he demonstrated in his political activities in Ireland. The significance of the term socialist republicanism has, I think, often been overlooked, for the emphasis is undoubtedly on the word “republicanism.” Connolly understood socialism in Ireland as carrying on and developing the tradition of republicanism established by the United Irishmen:
Wolfe Tone 11 was abreast of the revolutionary thought of his day, as are the Socialist Republicans of our own day. He saw clearly, as we see, that a dominion as long rooted in any country as British dominion in Ireland can only be dislodged by a revolutionary impulse in line with the development of the entire epoch. 12
The concept of a socialist republic was in keeping with the democratic ideals of past republicans, including United Irishmen, Young Irelanders, and Fenians. 13 Connolly emphasized, “A socialist republic is the application to agriculture and industry; to the farm, the field, the workshop, of the democratic principle of the republican ideal.” 14 Does the nonrealization of the establishment of such a socialist republic under the given historical circumstances in Ireland make the concept any less legitimate? At a time when the national question has once more assumed an important role in Europe and beyond, James Connolly’s stand on the question of socialism and nationalism is indeed relevant.
3. Ibid., 87. In 1926, in an article in the Communist International, just ten years after the Easter Rising, Schüller points to Connolly as a foremost revolutionary Marxist thinker of his times. To him it was essential to combine the national revolutionary struggle in Ireland with the class struggle of the Irish working class. Connolly, according to Schüller, was not a nationalist in the narrow sense, but, on the contrary, was active both in theory and practice as a Marxist Internationalist (George Schüller, “Jim Connolly and the Irish Rising of 1916,” 88).
7. “The people of the ‘non-civilized’ world are totally missing in Connolly’s writings, appearing only rhetorically in nationalist references to the British Empire” (Austen Morgan, James Connolly, A Political Biography [Manchester Univ. Press, 1988], 210).
11. Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763–1798), one of the founders of the largely Protestant-based Society of United Irishmen, sought to build a democratic republican movement that would embrace both Protestants and Catholics in a united struggle for Irish independence. His goal was an independent democratic Ireland with a secular state free from clerical influences. During the Irish Rising of 1798, he led a French force in an abortive landing in Ireland, was captured by the British, and sentenced to be hanged. He cut his own throat on the morning of the day he was to be hanged, dying several days later on 19 November 1798.
James Connolly was born in Edinburgh in 1868 of Irish immigrant parents and spent his early life in the slums of that city. 1 He started work at the age of ten or eleven, working as a printer’s devil until a factory inspector discovered his real age and he was sacked, then in a bakery, and later in a tiling factory. At the age of fourteen he enlisted in the first battalion of the King’s Liverpool Regiment, and in July 1882 he was sent to Ireland. 2 His biographer Desmond Greaves estimates that he served with the battalion until its return to Aldershot, England, in February 1889. It is possible that during that period Connolly got some insight into the conditions of oppression of the Irish people, which were to occupy him so much in his later political career. On his return to Scotland, Connolly became active in the Scottish labor movement, joining the Edinburgh branch of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), and by 1892 was an extremely active member of the Scottish Socialist Federation. 3 He had his political baptism in Scotland, where, in November 1894, he came in third out of four candidates when he stood as a socialist for St. Giles ward in the Edinburgh municipal elections.
As a member of the Irish immigrant community in Edinburgh, Connolly was acquainted with the struggle of the Irish people for national self-determination. He was familiar with the activities of the Land League in Ireland and as a socialist realized the importance of British workers’ support of the fight for freedom in Ireland. At the outset of his political career, Connolly came under the influence of John Leslie, a native of “Little Ireland” in Edinburgh, poet, socialist propagandist, first secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation 3, and later secretary of the of the Edinburgh branch of Keir Hardie’s Independent Labour Party (ILP). 4 Leslie published a series of articles in Justice, organ of the SDF, between 24 March and 5 May 1894, under the title “Passing Thoughts Upon the Irish Question.” Shortly afterwards the articles appeared in pamphlet form with the title The Present Position of the Irish Question. The pamphlet is important in that it underlined the relationship between the struggle of the working people for a better life and the fight for Irish freedom. Above all, it convinced Connolly of the necessity of an independent organization of the working class in Ireland. Quoting from Fintan Lalor to underline the fact that the national question is basically a social question, Leslie deals briefly with the Fenian movement, maintaining that although it was “the first spontaneous movement of the Irish democracy,” 5 it nevertheless “had no more than a small conception of the great truth without which democracy is but a bottle of smoke, a fraud, a delusion and a snare,” for nationality alone is not freedom. 6 The history of the Land League is, according to Leslie, the story of how the Irish people’s revolutionary struggle for land was successfully diverted into the mere political channel by “the adoption of the single-plank platform of Home Rule.” 7 Summing up the present situation, Leslie explains that he does not believe “that the Alpha and Omega of the Irish Question consists in the hoisting of the green and gold banner above the old Parliament House in Dublin,” or that the Irish Parliamentary Party represents the interests of the Irish working class. 8 The Irish working class should organize its own working-class party. 9
James Connolly took up this challenge on being offered the job as full-time organizer of the Dublin Socialist Club in 1896.10 He saw it as his prime task to establish a genuinely Irish socialist party that recognized the needs of the Irish nation as distinct from Britain. In an introduction to the U.S. edition of his article “Erin’s Hope,” published in 1909, Connolly explains why the name “Irish Socialist Republican” was adopted for the new party:
The Irish Socialist Republican Party was founded in Dublin in 1896 10 by a few workingmen whom the author had succeeded in interesting in his proposition that the two currents of revolutionary thought in Ireland the Socialist and the National were not antagonistic, but complementary, and that the Irish Socialist was in reality the best Irish patriot, but that in order to convince the Irish people of that fact he must first of all learn to look inward upon Ireland for his justification, rest his arguments upon the facts of Irish history, and be the champion against the subjection of Ireland and all that it implies. That the Irish National question was at bottom an economic question, and that the economic struggle must first be able to function freely nationally before it could function internationally, and as Socialists were opposed to all oppression, so they should ever be foremost in the daily battle against all its manifestations, social and political. 11
In its inaugural manifesto, the ISRP laid down as its object:
Establishment of An IRISH SOCIALIST REPUBLIC based upon the public ownership by the Irish people of the land, and instruments of production, distribution and exchange. Agriculture to be administered as a public function, under boards of management elected by the agricultural population and responsible to them and to the nation at large. All other forms of labour necessary to the wellbeing of the community to be conducted on the same principles. 12
This was to be achieved by “the conquest by the Socialist Democracy of political power in Parliament, and on all public bodies in Ireland.” 13 The insistence of the ISRP on “the conquest by the Social Democracy of political power” through the ballotbox was in keeping with the primary importance Marxists in the Second International attached to the workers’ parties gaining control of the national legislatures by electoral organization and propaganda. 14 At the Zurich Congress in 1893, for example, a resolution was passed that made the meaning of “political action” clear:
By “political action” is meant that the working-class organisations seek, in as far as possible, to use or conquer political rights and the machinery of legislation for the furthering of the interests of the proletariat and the conquest of political power. 15
Previously Marx and Engels had worked out a “revolutionary model” for the working class of the bourgeois democratic republics of the nineteenth century (including the constitutional monarchies with a strong middle class, such as England). The struggle for bourgeois democracy as a prerequisite for the success of socialist revolution is underlined in the Communist Manifesto. In such “advanced” states, the proletariat should constitute itself as a political party and by means of the existing democratic institutions (such as elections to parliament) win control of the democratic majority by the conquest of political power and, having reached the position of hegemonic force in the state, carry out the necessary revolutionary changes in society. 16 It is this model that the Marxists of the Second International generally adopted. Marx believed in the possibility of achieving the socialist revolution by peaceful means, but only if the bourgeoisie refrained from employing counterrevolutionary measures to annul the majority decision. 17 The situation in feudal absolutist states, he considered, demanded different strategy and tactics. In such cases, the primary concern was the carrying out of the bourgeois revolution, during the course of which the proletariat, in alliance with the democratic petty bourgeoisie, would come to power, and during a process of “permanent revolution” would assert its hegemonic position by violent suppression of the previous ruling classes. 18 The remnants of feudal absolutism as well as bourgeois society could then be finally destroyed within a relatively short period. 19
This latter “revolutionary model” was taken up by V. I. Lenin and developed for the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party in his article “Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution.” Lenin understood the establishment of a democratic republic to be the necessary prerequisite for the victory of the socialist revolution in Russia, which under the conditions of feudal absolutism could only be possible by using revolutionary force. 20 The bourgeois revolution would not be able to go beyond the capitalist economic structure of society, but the more radically democratic this revolution, the greater would be the benefit to the working class and the easier the task of completing the socialist revolution. Only the proletariat, together with the peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie, would be capable of winning a decisive victory over czarism and of erecting the “revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry” that, he believed, would lay the foundations for the revolutionary change from capitalism to socialism. 21
In the program of the ISRP, the achievement of socialism by constitutional means is underlined, but the question of national self-determination and its role in the establishment of socialism in Ireland a question of prime importance for an oppressed nation is not developed. Greaves remarks that as far as the immediate program of the ISRP is concerned, and also the phraseology it adopted such as “the forces of Democracy,” the influence of the SDF manifesto of 1883, “Socialism made plain,” can be discerned. 22
The immediate program was as follows:
1. Nationalization of railways and canals.
2. Abolition of private banks and money-lending institutions and establishment of state banks, under popularly elected boards of directors, issuing loans at cost.
3. Establishment at public expense of rural depots for the most improved agricultural machinery, to be lent out to the agricultural population at a rent covering cost and the management alone.
4. Graduated income tax on all incomes over £400 per annum in order to provide funds for pensions to the aged infirm and widows and orphans.
5. Legislative restriction of the hours of labour to 48 per week and establishment of a minimum wage.
6. Free maintenance for all children.
7. Gradual extension of the principle of public ownership and supply of all the necessaries of life.
8. Public control and management of National Schools by boards elected by popular ballot for that purpose alone.
9. Free education up to the highest university grades.
10. Universal suffrage. 23
It is interesting to compare this program to the earlier Communist Manifesto. The closeness is striking, although the program of the ISRP is more detailed in certain points with a specific relevance to the Irish situation, such as points 3 and 8. The program set out in the Communist Manifesto is a general one for the most developed countries. It would have to be altered in accordance with the conditions in the individual countries. 24 The measures in the program refer to the situation after the proletariat has risen to the position of hegemonic force in the state. 25 The function of the ISRP program, on the other hand, was twofold: 1) as a means of organizing the forces of democracy for the coming struggle, and 2) as a palliative: reform measures to alleviate “the evils of our present social system,” Thus there is not a clear division between immediate demands in the present struggle and those measures that could effect a revolutionary change in society; a distinction is not made between reform and revolution as is the case, for example, in the draft program of the Russian SocialDemocratic Workers’ Party. 26
One point in which the ISRP program formed a striking contrast to SDF policy was the national question. Whereas the SDF pursued the policy of “Home Rule” for the British colonies and dependencies, the ISRP clearly spoke out against British imperialism in support of self-determination:
The Irish Socialist Republican Party holds . . . that the subjection of one nation to another, as of Ireland to the authority of the British Crown, is a barrier to the free political and economic development of the subjected nation, and can only serve the interests of the exploiting classes of both nations. 27
From this point of view, as Greaves maintains, “the programme of the I.S.R.P, was thus more advanced than that of the most advanced party in Britain.” 28 The ISRP program may have lacked the political sharpness of that of the Russian SocialDemocratic Workers’ Party, 1895–96: 29 the very minimum has been inserted into the ISRP program. There is no mention of the economic situation of the Irish working class, nor of the nature of the class struggle in capitalist society on the economic as well as on the political level. The radical democratic principle of “by the people, for the people, solely in the interests of the people” is inserted side-by-side with the socialist principle of the rejection of private ownership, by a class, of the land and instruments of production, distribution, and exchange as “the fundamental basis of all oppression, national, political and social” 30 and both are clearly seen within the context of the struggle for national independence.
In 1903 Connolly assisted in drawing up a manifesto for the Socialist Labour Party (SLP) of Scotland. In comparison with the ISRP program, this manifesto is more decisive in its formulations concerning the role of the working class in effecting its own emancipation. The manifesto expresses the need for a working-class party, recognizing the concept of the class struggle. Stressing that the efforts of the working class must be directed towards gaining control of the political state and wresting power from the capitalist class, it also puts forward a program of “immediate demands,” including the introduction of the eight-hour working day, abolition of child labor, universal adult suffrage, and a national referendum on foreign affairs. 31 On its own, the ISRP program hardly provides us with sufficient material to understand fully Connolly’s ideas on an Irish socialist republic. His political writings of that period, however, do throw considerable light on the subject.
5. Originally published 1894.


The supreme court of India gave a historical decision on Ram temple on 9 November 2019 in favor of Hindus. No doubt Ayodhya is the birth place of Lord Ram as per Hindus and has great importance among Hindus community. The Muslim community blamed that the decision of Supreme Court was wrong and was in the favor of Hindus.
Some Muslim leaders blamed that it is not a secular decision as there was already a masque on that place. If it was the Masque, how can Supreme Court give decision in the favor of Temple? No doubt it is really a matter of concern for every responsible Indian who does see India as a secular country. For a moment I was also confused. Before that I took it a biased decision, I wanted to find the answer of following questions, which were arising in my mind at that time.
A secular country is a country that does not have any official religion, unlike Pakistan and Muslims country where Islam is the state religion.
In other terms secular country becomes neutral about religion and gives the religious freedom to its citizens. It does not expend public fund on religion and it’s legal system becomes free from religion. It does allow political leader to come in power irrespective of their religious beliefs, unlike Pakistan where only Muslims can become PM and President of Pakistan.
The next question is
Can Supreme Court give decision on religious matter in secular country?
The answer is Yes, Supreme Court can give decision on religion because secular countries do not bar its citizen to practice a religion means there is a religious freedom. Therefore the communities from various religions exist in the country it is sure that there might be some dispute among them and we know finally the disputes go in the Court.
Now let us understand the Ayodhya case – Till 1992, Hindus used to pray Lord Ram there despite being a Masque. In 1992 Karsevak, a group of Hindu activist demolished the Masque. The case of Masque and Temple was already pending in the Court. The Hindus communities were claiming that the Masque was made after demolishing a Temple.
The main facts, on which basis, Supreme Court gave decision in the favor of Hindus.
1 – The Archaeological Survey of India’s (ASI) – When Hindus began to claim that there was a Temple before the Masque then Court decided to give it to ASI of India. In his investigation ASI found that there was a “huge Temple structure” beneath the earth on which Masque was made. And it proved that of Hindus were right.
2 – Islamic Law about Masque – The Islamic law tells that a Masque cannot be made on any old structure. It means construction of Babri Masque was against Islamic Law as there were already the remains of Temple.
So finally Supreme Court took the decision on the basis of ASI report, which proved that the claims of Hindus were right. And on the basis of Islamic Law which proved that Masque on that place was against Islam as it was made after demolishing Temple. So it does not hurt the secular sentiment of India in any manner rather than it gives full freedom along with religious security.


Leadership Lessons From the Great Books
The Leadership Lessons from the Great Books Podcast (archived below) features the audio version of Jesan Sorrells’s long-form (2+ hour) podcast conversations with leading intellectuals, theologians, historians, and others.
These conversations represent Jesan’s attempt to perform three acts act once:
- To preserve the Great Books of Western Civilization by talking about them, analyzing them, and thinking about them in real-time.
- To provide modern, contemporary leaders with access to lessons about the past, from the past, that inform their acts of leadership today.
- To be counted in these times of strife where the very foundations of the Western civilizational ordering process–such as free speech, for instance–are being challenged by political ideologies that represent a poor substitute for the ideas of the past.
To understand more, check out the video below from Jesan Sorrells


- Ainu dance
- Ainu are hairy and many have blue eyes.
- The ainu look like a mixture of asian and caucasian.
- Ainu culture is also preserved at a village near Lake Akan.
- Investigations on the Clothing Patterns of Ainu Nationality
- The Ainu are indigenous to the northernmost islands of Japan.
- The Ainu settlers in Hokkaido are the last remnant of a prehistoric race.
- Ainu people in the constitution and Asians in general a lot of difference.
- An original Ainu house has been relocated outside the museum for preservation.
- The Ainu had Japan's northern Hokkaido Island nearly to themselves for hundreds of years.


The History of Long Marston
The Village History
The Parish of Long Marston includes the villages of Angram, Hutton Wandesley and Long Marston and is located in the Deanery of New Ainsty. The villages of Long Marston and Hutton Wandesley are mentioned in the Doomsday Book.
All Saints’ Church dates from 1180 with much of its fabric remaining including the main doorway credited to the Norman period, a late Norman Arcade to the North Aisle and original windows. The West Tower, which dates from the 15th Century, contains three bells. Major changes undertaken by the Victorians in 1869 include the East Window, entitled ‘Resurrection’, which is the work of Hardman. The Transept was re-ordered in 2005 to create a multi-functional room that can be used for meetings, display facilities and education resources together with a disabled toilet and small kitchen area. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described the Church as a ‘significant building’.
The Church is open regularly for worship.
Under the Auspices of All Saints’ – Long Marston Parish History Group, Exhibitions with a specific theme, are held in the Church, usually on the second Saturday of each month between April and October. Details of these openings can be obtained from www.longmarstonhistory.org.uk. For many years work has been undertaken to discover and preserve the Archives of the Parish. These Archives together with Census, Parish and other related records will also be on view at the Open Days.
During the English Civil War the Battle of Marston Moor took place near to the village on the 4th July 1644. This was the largest battle ever fought on British soil and is considered by some historians to be the second most decisive battle of that War. Each year the Sealed Knot holds a service of commemoration at the Monument. This service is held on the Sunday nearest to the date of the Battle and the Church will be open on this occasion.
1642 – 1646 | The Battle of Marston Moor
The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644, during the First English Civil War of 1642–1646.
The combined forces of the Scottish Covenanters under the Earl of Leven and the English Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the Marquess of Newcastle.
During the summer of 1644, the Covenanters and Parliamentarians had been besieging York which was defended by the Marquess of Newcastle. Prince Rupert had gathered an army which marched through the northwest of England to relieve the city, gathering fresh recruits on the way. The convergence of these forces made the ensuing battle the largest of the Civil Wars.
On 1 July, Rupert outmanoeuvred the Scots and Parliamentarians to relieve the city. The next day, he sought battle with them even though he was outnumbered. He was dissuaded from attacking immediately and during the day both sides gathered their full strength on Marston Moor, an expanse of wild meadow west of York.
Towards evening, the Scots and Parliamentarians themselves launched a surprise attack. After a confused fight lasting two hours, Parliamentarian cavalry under Oliver Cromwell routed the Royalist cavalry from the field and annihilated the remaining Royalist infantry.
After their defeat the Royalists effectively abandoned the north of England. They lost much of the manpower from the Northern counties which were strongly Royalist in sympathy, and access to the continent of Europe through the ports on the North Sea coast, and were then restricted to Wales and the southwest of England. Although they partially retrieved their fortunes with victories later in the year in the south of England, the loss of the north was to prove a fatal handicap the next year, when they tried unsuccessfully to link up with the Scottish Royalists under Montrose.


Elegant Historic Hotel in Siena
The story of the Palazzo Ravizza dates back to the Great War, when Miss Elena and Giuditta Grottanelli de Santi inherited the Palazzo from their cusins Ravizza.
After moving in the Palazzo, these sienese aristocratic ladies realized they couldn’t afford their old fashioned style of life, and opened their home to paying guests who spent long periods in Siena, hence the name Pensione catering to boarding customers.
The protected and elegant atmosphere of this sienese Pensione, the aristocratic style the house and the garden soon turned Palazzo Ravizza into a landmark in the city of Siena, particularly for anglosaxon and international travellers: among them, many historians, musicians, influential writers and art collectors such as Miss Helen Frick (Frick Library in New York) who as a personal friend of the Grottanelli ladies, helped and encouraged the conversion of the Palazzo into the Pensione, and who donated the Steinway concert piano in the salon.
Over 80 years after, Palazzo Ravizza is an indipendent hotel run by the same family, maintaining the same style and interiors and today guests will find unchanged those special qualities of this Siena Hotel described in the Old Visitor’s Books: its calmness, style, attentive staff and peaceful atmosphere.


MCC is a family owned and operated business. Harold J. Marsman started the business in the 1940’s, operating out of his home and garage on the northwest side of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The business grew, and eventually moved to it’s current location in the mid 1950’s. Harold passed the business on to his five sons, three of whom are still working in the business. Each of them also has a son actively working in the business. Through the years, MCC has built over 100 church buildings, numerous other commercial and office buildings, houses, barns, private roads, and bridges. While specializing in commercial and industrial construction and services, we believe that our business exists to serve people, so we’re always willing to take on the small residential jobs for homeowners with the same quality service and integrity we give to our commercial customers.


Welcome to RPG.avioc.org!! If you have a story to tell or want to join one, you have come to the right place!
It was in 2810 T.A. that Kori, a descendant to the long deceased Key-warden, decided the time was right to restore his family’s reputation. The great War of the Dwarves and Orcs had ended eleven years ago and had a devastating effect on the tribes of the Misty Mountains. Their fewer numbers should allow for access into the old Dwarf home, finding the keys of Tori, and assuring that the vaults of Khazad-dûm were still secured. As long as Durin’s Bane was not disturbed, a company could enter and escape and Kori could restore his families name; restore what once was.


Every culture in history has reflected their values and ethics in architecture. The Greeks invented their column based off of the Egyptian pillar and created wonderful stone and marble structures that still stand today. The art deco style in France and the United States, an expression of both wealth and good craftmanship associated with the prosperity and hard working nature of the West at the time.
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By Dudley Delffs. Published by Zondervan.
Now nearing seven decades on the throne, Queen Elizabeth II has faced many personal and public storms - an early and surprising ascension to the throne, the dissolution of the British empire, political upheavals, international crises, national tragedies, family deaths, and the tabloid travails of her children and grandchildren. But throughout all trials and triumphs, Her Majesty credits her personal faith in Jesus Christ as the steadying anchor to her life and reign.. this book offers a behind-the-scenes glimpse into Her Majesty's Christian faith, drawing on historical archives, royal biographies, and accounts of interactions with historical figures such as Winston Churchill, Billy Graham, Mother Teresa, and Margaret Thatcher. This book gives a greater understanding and a deeper appreciation of the spiritual legacy of the world's most famous woman.


The first President of independent India honorable Dr. Rajendra Prasad laid the Foundation stone of the college building on 14th September 1956. The construction work was completed in 1962 and inauguration was on 14th March 1963 by India's first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. After independence and with reorganisation of the state of Madhya Pradesh, the government attention was directed towards giving priority to overall development of technical education.
Till as late as 1956 there were only three technical institutes in the country offering courses in the important fields of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. In view of this fact and also with an aim of harnessing the ample mineral resources of the region, this institute was set-up on 1st May 1956 as Government College of Mining and Metallurgy. The first session of the college commenced from 1st July 1956 with the admission of 15 students each in Mining and Metallurgy Engineering.
In 1958-59 with the commencement of additional courses in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering the college came to be known as Government College of Engineering and Technology. Later graduate courses in Chemical Engineering (1965), Architecture (1984), Electronics (1985), Information Technology, Computer Science and Technology (2000), Biotechnology, Biomedical Engineering (2003) were also started.
In view of its great past with 50 years old record of excellence and several strengths, the institute has been declared as National Institute of Technology (NIT) by the Central Government on 1st Dec. 2005.


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The Jervis B. Webb Company, with World Headquarters located in Farmington Hills, Michigan, is a subsidiary of Daifuku Co. Ltd., Japan and is engaged in the design, manufacture, installation, and support of a large variety of integrated material handling systems.
The Webb Company was established in 1919 by Jervis B. Webb, a young graduate engineer and native of Detroit, Michigan. From a modest beginning, in offices located above a cut-rate jewelry store on Woodward Avenue in Detroit, the Webb Company has evolved to become a leader in the field of material handling system design and manufacture with a worldwide reputation for innovation and excellence.
For over 90 years, the Jervis B. Webb Company has been an innovator and a pioneer in the material handling industry. In fact, it was Jervis B. Webb who supplied Henry Ford with the chain conveyors that comprised the world's first automated assembly lines. Through the years, the Jervis B. Webb Company has continued its mission to engineer, manufacture, and installs material handling systems that increase productivity and flexibility while decreasing lead time and inventory requirements.


Within the century that is 13th mills sprang up in Spain, France and Germany
Paper made during medieval times ended up being produced from shredded rags that were prepared manually right into a pulp then collected on a superb mesh framework, switched out onto interleaving felt layers then allowed to dry.
In those times manufacturers discovered that the wire mash frame often revealed on thinner paper. Then they made insignias through the exact same cable and connected it towards the frame to make certain that during make this cable insignia would seem from the paper when held as much as the light, so the Watermark ended up being designed, getting used to delineate specific paper manufacturers items.
The image is of y our Arabic Linguistic and Rhetoric web web page written readily available set paper. The paper had been hand set on a cable display screen which had the manufacturers insignia made you hold the paper up to the light you can see the “Watermark” in the form of a crescent into it so that when.
In unusual circumstances text was discovered written on copper sheets.
Probably the most famous could be the “Copper Scroll” found in Cave 3 among the list of Dead Sea Caves. It informs of a listing of valuable components of Gold, incense and silver that has been hidden throughout Judea of which none has ever been discovered. The image is of the reproduction of just one of the two copper scroll portions as available at Qumran.
> Czytaj dalej


how it all started...
Following the establishment of the Federation of Wellington Progressive and Residents' Associations in 1972 a residents' association was formed in the inner-city called The Flagstaff Hill Residents Association. The Association was established in 1976 and spread across the suburbs of Te Aro and Wellington Central. Its area of interest was bounded by the Everton Terrace Bridge to the north, the CBD to the east, Ghuznee Street to the south, and Victoria University of Wellington to the west. The Association's activities were intermittent.
On 17 June 2008 Grant Robertson (Labour Party candidate for Wellington Central and later MP) organised a meeting of inner-city residents to discuss the possible formation of a residents' association to consider ideas and issues of interest to their community. All three Lambton Ward Councillors (Iona Pannett, Stephanie Cook and Ian McKinnon) participated. During this early period local resident Gus Charteris facilitated several meetings of the group at the Southern Cross Tavern, Abel Smith Street in Te Aro.
On 8 September 2008 Mark Blumsky (National Party List MP and former Mayor of Wellington) organised a meeting of Cuba Street businesses and residents at the Tulsi Restaurant, 135 Cuba Street in Te Aro, to discuss the possible formation of a Cuba and Surrounds Business and Residents Association to also consider ideas and issues of interest to their community. Two of the Lambton Ward Councillors participated (Pannett and McKinnon).
Given the similar objectives of these two groups the parties agreed to unite and on 3 November 2008 at the Southern Cross Tavern, they formed an Inner-City Residents and Business Association. In that same month a constitution for the new entity was drafted and agreed upon. The organisation officially came into existence when it was incorporated on 19 January 2009 as the Wellington Inner-City Residents and Business Association. It held its inaugural AGM on 19 February 2009 at the Southern Cross Tavern. Following its AGM in April 2017 the organisation became known as Inner-City Wellington.
The first officers of the organisation were David Wood (President), Mark Blumsky (Vice President), Gus Charteris (Vice President), Cheryl Ferguson (Secretary) and Jamie Frazer (Treasurer). The first Committee which included two alternatives, compromised Stella Bridge, Grant Firth, Tony Hiles, Anna Locker-Lampson, Danny McGrath, Godfrey Nicholson, Jean Phipps, Rachel Wilkinson and Martin Young. The tenures of the early presidents were David Wood (2009-10), Gus Charteris (2010-11) and Geraldine (2011-17). On 8 March 2016 Geraldine was presented with the Wellington Community Champion Award by Grant Robertson (Wellington Central MP) for her services to the organisation.
The Founders of the organisation shall be acknowledged as Grant Robertson and Mark Blumsky. The Founding Day of the organisation (which occurred at the Southern Cross Tavern) shall be 3 November 2008. The organisation shall digitally preserve its history to include that of its personnel, milestones and achievements.
Photo credit: David Webb


|Lormong Lo, the first Hmong served two times City Council for the city of Omaha, Nebraska passed away on July 19, 2011 at about noon time in his home in Arkansas due to health condition.|
For detail info, call Doua Lo at 402-452-7536.
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Read about Lormong Lo legacy from wikipedia below:
Lormong Lo is the first Hmong American to be appointed to a city council in the U.S, in 1994, to manage the largest metropolitan city (Omaha--480,000 people) of a state like Nebraska. He was re-elected in June 1997 to a second full-term from 1997 until June 2001.
In June 1997, Lo is the first Hmong ever to become president of a city council in the U.S., Omaha City Council, who presided over the official meetings of the council. He is the first to ever hold the title of Acting Mayor of the City of Omaha starting in June 1997.
Lo was the first Hmong American to ever become elected President of the Asian Pacific American Municipal Officials (APAMO) by his APAMO colleagues, a constituency group of the National League of Cities, in Washington, D.C.. He was selected to be Vice-Chair of both the Economic Development Committee and the Program Committee of NLC. In these positions, he helped write municipal policies, e.g., housing and economic development policies for the 15,000 cities in the United States and was responsible for its conference planning. He often lobbied the U.S. Congress and White House officials on policies of interest to the cities, especially credit, economic, housing and immigration policies.
In 1998, he was appointed by Governor of Nebraska Ben Nelson and served as a member of the Nebraska Public Employee Retirement System, where he oversees the state's $5 billion retirement assets. He is the first Hmong American official to be welcome in Beijing by the Vice-Premier of China. In 1988-89, Councilman Lo made official visits to China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Taiwan -- where he met with foreign ministers, dealing with trade issues and promotions and the Prime Minister of Thailand, where thanked the Thai people, Thai government and Thai monarchy for providing humanitarian support to the Hmong and Indochinese refugees in Thailand for a decade, until they are resettled into third countries, particularly the U.S., Canada, France and Australia.
Mr. Lo is one of the first Hmong born in Laos to go back to hold face to face meetings with the cabinet ministers of the Lao communist government concerning the alleged communist use of chemical warfare against the Hmong people and its continuing attacks on the Hmong villages in Northern Laos, particularly at Muang Mok. Through such direct talks, Laos has gradually opened the door to visitors who were natives of Laos.
He attended gatherings at the White House during the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, while he discussed municipal policies with White House officials as leader of APAMO during the Bill Clinton administration.
Former Councilman Lo dies
By Susan Szalewski
WORLD-HERALD STAFF WRITER
Former Omaha City Councilman Lormong Lo morphed quickly from lowly and unassuming to bold and assertive during his seven years on the council.
When board members selected the soft-spoken, 5-foot-tall Laotian immigrant to fill a vacancy on the board in 1994, he bowed to them and told them that his interest in serving stemmed from his hunger to give back to the community.
Four years later, as a council president, Lo was daring enough to settle a prolonged contract dispute with the firefighters union while then-Mayor Hal Daub was out of town. Daub's absence made Lo the acting mayor.
Omahans learned not to underestimate Lo, who was being remembered after his July 19 death at his Arkansas home. He was 52. The cause of his death has not been determined, said his brother, Doua Lo of Omaha.
Lormong Lo started feeling sick on July 18, went to a hospital near his home and then returned home, where he died the next day in his sleep, Doua Lo said.
An autopsy was performed and the family was waiting for results, his brother said.
Lormong Lo grew up in Laos during the Vietnam War. By day he attended school. By night and on weekends, he said, he joined his family and other Hmong people who worked with the CIA against communist forces and rescued American pilots shot down in enemy territory.
But the Hmong became endangered after the United States withdrew from the war. Lormong and Doua escaped into Thailand. Lormong later remembered being a teenager sleeping under a scrap of an American parachute in a Thai refugee camp.
He arrived in Omaha in March 1976, receiving help from a Ralston church. Lo graduated from Ralston High School in 1979, working two jobs during the week and an extra one on the weekends. He said he slept two hours a night and developed ulcers. Lo earned a degree in political science from Creighton University in 1983.
In 1980, Lo founded the Lao-Hmong Association of Nebraska, a refugee service. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1988.
During the summer of 1990, Lo worked as an intern in the mayor's business development office. Lo commuted to Sioux City, Iowa, in 1990 and 1991 as executive director of the Woodbury County Community Action Agency. He joined the Omaha Planning Department in 1991 and worked there three years in housing rehabilitation.
Lo's decision to settle the fire contract dispute while he was acting mayor stunned Omahans and made him the fodder of talk radio. Lo had worked on Daub's campaign staff and at one time was seen as a Daub loyalist. Daub later rescinded the agreement but signed virtually the same package a short time later.
Daub said he remained friends with Lo. He said any differences they had were minor. "They never interrupted our friendship or our ability to get things done," Daub said.
"I considered him a dear friend," the former mayor said Monday night. "He was a very hard-working fellow who cared about his family and was proud of his heritage. He was so very proud to be an American."
Lo's experience as a refugee fleeing to the United States made him fiercely patriotic and freedom-loving, friends have said. When he interviewed for a vacant seat on the Omaha City Council, Lo spoke of his gratitude at starting a new life in the United States.
"I thank you, America, I thank you, Omaha," he told the council.
Lo was said to be the first Hmong American to be appointed to a City Council in the United States and the first to serve as a council president for a city as large as Omaha.
He lost a 2001 re-election bid to fellow Councilman Marc Kraft, after redistricting moved Kraft into Lo's District 1. Lo bought a chicken farm in Lincoln, Ark., about seven years ago but kept a residence in Omaha, his brother said.
"I know he loved Omaha very much," Doua Lo said. "He loved his hometown and the people of Omaha."
Lormong Lo also worked preparing taxes in Siloam Springs, Ark., near his home.
Lo was involved in forming national refugee policy under the Reagan, George H.W. Bush and Clinton administrations. He worked on economic development with the National League of Cities in Washington, D.C.
Lo also was a member of the governing council of the Nebraska Synod, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
Survivors include his wife and five children, all of Lincoln, Ark.
Private funeral services in Arkansas were pending. The family is planning a memorial service in Omaha but did not have a date yet, his brother said.
Contact the writer:
Lormong Hmong City Council Died when visited Laos
- Registration date : 2009-12-15


The Gilder Leherman Institute of American History
Two thousand Mormon women gathered at the Salt Lake Theatre on Saturday, March 6, 1886, to protest the “indignities and insults heaped upon them as wives and daughters of Mormons” in Utah district courts. Under the direction of Mary Isabella Horne, elected president of the protest meeting, 33 women presented personal statements reacting to the legal and political ramifications of the pending Edmunds-Tucker Bill then before Congress, which included the loss of voting privileges and self-government. These women, motivated by restricted religious rights, were prompted to political action.
Following the March 1886 mass meeting, the women compiled the proceedings into a 91-page pamphlet, “Mormon” Women’s Protest: An Appeal for Freedom, Justice and Equal Rights, to distribute in Washington and elsewhere. Originally printed in the local newspaper and then published in pamphlet form, the text includes the news notices prior to the event, transcripts of speeches, resolutions, and poems composed for the occasion, and undelivered speeches and letters written for the event. Women involved included female doctors, teachers, authors and poets, women’s rights advocates, religious and community leaders, and mothers.
Political and social leaders outside Utah were concerned with the Mormon religious practice of polygamy. Plural marriage was adopted in the LDS Church from 1852 to 1890 in an effort to restore biblical practice and encourage family support. Studies suggest that twenty to twenty-five percent of LDS adults were members of polygamous households during this era. Federal injunctions followed within a decade of the public announcement of plural marriage as an official tenet of Mormon faith in 1852. In 1856 the Republican platform shouldered responsibility for ending "those twin relics of barbarism—polygamy and slavery". Republican politicians sited Utah as an example of what happened when territorial citizens governed themselves. The 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act aimed to prosecute polygamists but proved to be impossible to enforce.
Various legislative actions occurred over the next two decades as Congress restricted political and legal rights based on LDS religious practice, suggesting that Utah Territory be prevented from becoming a state until plural marriage was abandoned. The Cragin Bill in 1868 and the Cullom Bill of 1869-70 were passed to remedy the deficiencies of the Morrill Act. Republicans worked to revoke the voting rights of anyone who believed in plural marriage. Women were compelled to testify against their husbands, and all involved were convicted of "concubinage," fined, and sentenced to prison. The 1882 Edmunds Act removed polygamists from jury and public office, and Congress established a Utah commission modeled after post-Civil War reconstruction government to run territorial affairs.
Mormon women responded en masse. While the Latter-day Saints respected the Constitution, promising to honor civic leaders and obey the law of the land, they felt that these congressional acts violated freedom of religion. The 1886 protest meeting ironically prompted patriotism, where Mrs. H.C. Brown stated:
"We are here, not as Latter-day Saints, but as American citizens—members of that
great commonwealth which our noble grandsires fought and bled to establish—legal heirs to those rights and privileges bequeathed to that heaven-inspired document—the Constitution of the United States. Yes, legal heirs, yet illegally, unconstitutionally deprived of that dearest, most cherished of all."
The public political action of Latter-day Saint women had its roots in the inception of their religious female association, the Relief Society, in 1842. Members delivered petitions to Illinois governor Thomas Carlin in defense of Joseph Smith and his illegal imprisonment. Thirty years later in Utah women reacted to antipolygamy legislation with similar activity. They wrote letters, sent memorials, and urged people to testify before Congress. To show their solidarity and commitment to their beliefs, three thousand women gathered at a "Great Indignation Meeting" in Salt Lake City in January 1870. Throughout the month, the structure of that meeting was repeated in over fifty Utah settlements in their various Relief Society organizations, where countless LDS women publicly defended their right to practice their religion. This public effort led to the pursuit of the vote for women, particularly in conjunction with a popular belief outside the territory that women would then vote to remove polygamy. By February of 1870 acting territorial governor S.A. Mann granted Utah women suffrage, second only to Wyoming. This movement precipitated an 1871 visit of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to Utah and created bridges with national women’s organizations.
Meanwhile Utah women of other faiths opposing plural marriage prepared counter memorials to Congress and the President under the auspices of the Utah-based Anti-Polygamy Society, founded in 1878. In 1886 Angie Newman, with the Methodist Episcopal Home Missionary Society and congressional support, built a Salt Lake City home for disenchanted plural wives and their children. They believed their benevolent efforts would arouse sympathy and rescue victimized women. However, the number of applicants seldom reached twenty in any given year, and by 1893 the refuge closed. The eventual passage of the Edmunds-Tucker Act nullified already operative civil rights and duties, including woman suffrage. More than 12,000 Mormons in Utah were disfranchised. In 1890 Church president Wilford Woodruff [only publicly, not privately] abolished new plural marriages, and Utah was admitted as a state in 1896, when once again Utah women gained the vote.
Some historians suggest that the principle of plural marriage had unexpected benefits in politicizing Mormon women. Due to shared domestic responsibilities and the combined efforts of "sister wives," women built and managed cooperative stores and a local silk industry, maintained a grain storage program, established welfare and home industry, edited a major women’s newspaper, attended medical school and developed a women’s hospital with community nurse and midwife training, led women’s suffrage efforts, and participated in public education and higher education. Liberal divorce laws in Utah gave women legal rights; property laws allowed women to own land and maintain their own households. Latter-day Saint women found common cause and gained political experience in pursuing their religious freedoms.


The B-17 Flying Fortress was the primary long-range heavy bomber aircraft used by the Allies during World War II in Europe, dropping 780,000+ tons of bombs on German factories and cities.
In Blazing Angels, it's the only bomber aircraft usable by the player in certain missions.
On August 8, 1931, the US Army Air Corps issued a request for a heavy bomber to replace the Martin B-10 as its primary long-range strike aircraft. It was to have a maximum range of 2,000 miles, a top speed of at least 200 mph and capable of carrying a "useful bomb load." The four designs submitted by Boeing, Douglas and Martin were impressive indeed.
In 1932, the Army Air Corps proposed a competition for a $600 million, 200-unit contract for conceptual designs from the aviation giants of the day: Boeing, Martin and Douglas. At first, it seemed Boeing was in the lead with their YB-17 four-engine long-range heavy bomber, of which 65 had been ordered. Toward the end, however, Army Chief of Staff Malin Craig cancelled the order in favor of Douglas' B-18 Bolo twin-engine medium bomber, ordering 133 of them.
But the USAAC had been impressed by the performance of Boeing's design. Using a legal loophole, on January 17, 1936, the Air Corps ordered 13 YB-17s (formerly Y1B-17) for further evaluation. Boeing had incorporated several upgrades into the revised design, including more powerful Wright R-1820-97 Cyclone radial engines in place of the original Pratt & Whitney water-cooled motors. Twelve of the aircraft were delivered to the 2nd Bombardment Group in 1937 for operational development and flight tests, while the thirteenth was delivered to the Material Division at Wright Field, Ohio, disassembly and study.
In 1938, the Army Air Corps approved the design, redesignated B-17B, for production and placed the effort under the authority of Boeing's lead engineers E. Gifford Emery and Edward Curtis Wells.
After approving it for production, the Army Air Corps ordered the first fifty aircraft to the 2nd and 15th Bombardment Groups to begin building squadrons. The effort still had its share of critics, who believed that the money and time being spent on the aircraft would be of better use elsewhere, such as finding a way to haul America out from the depths of the economic depression that had struck in October, 1929. Opposition waned as awareness of war in other parts of the world increased.
After the unprovoked surprise attack by Japan on the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, all opposition vanished as the United States mobilized for war in a raging thirst for vengeance and the B-17 Flying Fortress was ordered into full production. Component were manufactured all over the country, but the aircraft were assembled at the Boeing factory in Seattle, Washington.
As early as March of 1942, dozens of the aircraft were being delivered to Great Britain each month. The majority of the aircraft were based in England, but many were sent to the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the South Pacific.
Hundreds flew thousands of missions over France, the Low Countries and Germany, battering the Nazi defenses before and after the historic landings at Normandy.
- Maximum Speed (cruise, combat): 182 mph (293 kph); 287 mph (462 kph)
- Maximum Range (combat, nonstop): 970 miles (1,561 km); 2,000 miles (3,219 km)
- Service Ceiling: 35,600 feet (10,850 m)
- Weight (empty, loaded): 36,135 lbs (16,391 kg); 54,000 lbs (24,500 kg)
- Powerplant: 4 x Wright R-1820-97 Cyclone 1,200 hp turbocharged radials
- Dimensions (length, height, wingspan): 74'4" x 19'1" x 103'9"
- Crew: 12 (2 pilots, bombardier, radioman, 8 gunners)
- Armament: 15 x Browning M2 .50-caliber machine guns (G model), 12 x 500-pound high-explosive freefall bombs
- The B-17 carried a maximum load of 5,000 pounds of ordnance for short range loads.
- The B-17 was well-named: It bristled with up to twelve to thirdteen Browning M2 .50-caliber machine guns in eight positions that covered all attack vectors.
- The B-17G was the only model that featured a chin turret, mounting two additional machine guns.
- The most vulnerable points on the B-17 were the nose, wings and tail.
- The average B-17 crewman stood 5'4" tall and weighed 165 pounds.
- Despite their heavy onboard armament, more B-17s were lost to enemy fighters and accidental friendly fire than anti-aircraft gunners.
- The B-17's original design featured teardrop-shaped "blisters" on its port and starboard flanks.
- A total of 12,731 B-17s were built between 1936 and 1945.


on the scene. Retrieved 2 December 2013. 7 Including the purchase of the land, the construction of the stadium was originally to have cost 60,000 all told. In France, the word 'gateau' designates various patisserie items based on puff pastry, shortcrust pastry (basic pie dough sweet pastry, pate saglee, mds promo code choux pastry, Genoese and whisked sponges and e word 'gateau' is derived from the Old French wastel, meaning 'food'. The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopaedia. 50 Winning paintings were put on permanent display on the concourse of the Old Trafford family stand, and the winners were presented with awards by artist Harold Riley on 22 February. 17 "The OT Story: 19101930".
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Future expansion is likely to involve the addition of a second tier to the South Stand, which would raise the capacity to around 88,000. For the cricket ground, see. Contents History Construction and early years Old Trafford's East Stand in 2011, displaying a panorama of the stadium one hundred years prior. Replication of the corner stands on the other side of the stadium would further increase the stadium's capacity to 88,000 and increase the number of executive facilities. Vous avez 45 minutes pour gagner votre sauf-conduit et vous échapper afin de prolonger votre expérience de dégustation sur le salon. 73 Originally designed to hold 20,000 fans, the Stretford End was the last stand to be covered and also the last remaining all-terraced stand at the ground before the forced upgrade to seating in the early 1990s. Archived from the original on Retrieved "Seating Plan". The cake was then returned to the oven for a while.


Brides have been wearing wedding dresses for nearly four thousand years. When was the wedding dress first used? So how did the first white wedding dress come about?
It has been customary to adorn the bride since the first ages of history. From Antiquity to the Middle Ages, the wedding dress worn by brides was more ostentatious and ostentatious than in those times. Although the custom of wearing a white wedding dress dates back to the 16th century, even about 4,000 years ago, brides were wearing wedding dresses that would make them feel special on this special day. ”The wedding dress”, which is one of the sine qua non of marriages, is not so important for some people.
The Bridal Legend in Chinese Civilization
Wedding dress, which is called the dress to be worn at the wedding, has a very rooted and interesting history. The first records of the wedding dress are based on sources in an ancient Chinese mythological legend; According to this Chinese legend, the mythological creature Panhu, half dragon, half dog, turns into a human in order to marry the daughter of the Chinese Emperor. In order to marry the daughter of the Emperor of China, on the wedding day, the empress dressed the princess in a magnificent phoenix dress and crowned her. After this dress that the Chinese princess wore at the wedding, this has become a wedding tradition. Following this tradition, the rule that the wedding dress should be of a certain color was also seen in China in the 1000s BC. During the Zhou Dynasty, it required the bride and groom to wear black clothes with red embroideries at the wedding. In the 7th century BC in the country of China, the Tang Dynasty changed the tradition of black dress with red embroidery in weddings; The tradition of green for brides and red for grooms began. Also, on the same dates, at Japanese weddings, couples wore kimonos in several different colors, which are widely used in Japanese tradition.
What is the Turkish Wedding Dress Style?
In weddings in Central Asia and Anatolia, brides preferred the color red to celebrate happiness and symbolize the joy of life. Brides in Central Asia and Anatolia preferred the color red when leaving their father’s house.
Why are Wedding Dresses in White Color?
After the periods of China, Egypt, Central Asia, Ancient Greece and Rome, in the Ottoman Empire, brides were usually in red. However, Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent and Hürrem Sultan, wore a blue silk dress, which was the most beautiful wedding dress of the period. Queen Victoria wore a white wedding dress for her marriage to Prince Albert in 1840. Before this date, no one preferred a white wedding dress, except for a few brides, such as Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. She created the flamboyant wedding dress made of white satin with a 5.5 meter tail that Queen Victoria wore when she married Prince Albert. Since the mid-1800’s, white wedding dresses have found their place all over the world, from British palaces to Ottoman palaces. However, this tradition, which was started by Queen Victoria, became fashionable not only in Europe but also all over the world in a short time. Wedding traditions, which have been going on for centuries, have also changed due to colonial activities in Africa and Asia. Wedding dresses have also had their share of this change. While the fashion that changes every year adds an innovation to the bridal gowns, which are the symbol of innocence and purity, veils, flowers, tulle, chiffon, satin, lace and silk fabrics have always been indispensable for bridal gowns. In Turkey, in the 1930s-1940s, a fashion began to emerge in the wedding dress, which was sewn from silk and chiffon fabrics, towards the end of the 1940s. While puffy waist wedding dresses were designed in the 1950s-1960s, differentiation was observed in fabrics and models in the 1980s-1990s.


Tattooing is one of the art forms which are poorly preserved in our historical record. Due to a fragile characteristic of the skin, it rarely survives in a burial that is why we never become able to get the confirmation of patterns or designs.
Nowadays again tattoo is in trend. Before applying any tattoo over the body it is necessary to select a perfect design according to an individual need. As permanent tattoo remains with you life-long so, in that case, there are several things you should consider & a person should take the proper time to properly research the tattoo he desires as every tattoo designs not suit to an individual personality. Moreover, tattooist will also assist you to select the best tattoo design.
In the current scenario, Viking tattoos are very much in trend. Viking designs also include the Norse mythology that has various symbols called Viking symbols & all of them are adventurously powerful. It is one of the ways of showing the European roots moreover you will be able to find out your family shield.
Viking tattoos are the coolest tattoo with interesting figures of history with cultural impact. Moreover, Norse mythology inspires the creation of the superhero. These Viking tattoos give you a feeling of Viking warrior of the middle of a battlefield with a helmet featuring of two horns.
Vikings were very practical and that is why their axes were very light & narrow. That is why you should avoid the tattoos with depicting double bladed axes as the form of these axes never existed at that time.
There is a wide range of Viking tattoos online available. You can choose one of them as per your need, budget & suitability. You will also find the tattoos related to Viking god theme. These tattoos are the source of information related to Viking gods. Viking designs are also a way of purely authentic study with Viking art.
These designs hold various meanings which widely differ too. Additionally, the meaning of the tattoo depends on the specific design that you have selected. That is why during selecting a design you should not forget that it will represent exactly what you want. Viking tattoo designs also include the meaning of – freedom, victory, rebirth, renewal, courage, achievement, strength, protection, life, Christianity, spirituality and much more.
1. Viking tattoo on full Chest
2. Viking tattoo on forearm
3. Viking tattoo on arm
4. Leg Viking tattoo
5. Full Back Viking tattoo
6. Beautiful Viking Tattoo
7. Viking Tattoo On Back Body For Men
8. viking tattoo on back of arm
9. Forearm Viking Ship Tattoo For Men
10. Viking tattoo on Sleeve
11. Wonderful viking thor tattoo
12. Gorgeous Viking Tattoo
13. Awesome viking tattoos
14. Gorgeous Viking Tattoos
15. Half Sleeve Viking Tattoo
16. Viking Tattoo
17. Lower Arm Warrior Viking Tattoos
18. Gaint viking tattoos
19. Viking tattoo
20. Man Right Shoulder Viking Head Tattoo
21. Amazing Viking Tattoo
22. Viking Tattoo
23. Viking tattoo on Chest
24. Ancient viking tattoos
25. Viking, bicep tattoo
26. Viking ship with red sails tattoo
27. Shoulder Vikings Tattoo
28. Celtic Viking Tattoo For Leg
29. Old Viking Tattoo
30. Beautiful viking tattoo
31. Viking tattoos
32. Peter Walrus Madsen Viking Tattoo
33. Dotwork Colorful Viking Tattoo
34. viking tattoo on back side
35. Viking Tattoos on two mens
36. Cool Vikings Tattoos
37. viking tattoo on half sleev
38. viking tattoo on wrist
39. Viking tattoo on leg
40. If you desire a tattoo based on Viking heritage
41. Colored Viking Tattoo
42. Omaha Tattoo
43. Traditional Viking Lady Tattoo
44. Stencil viking tattoo
45. Viking tattoo with eagle
Moreover, the designs also include various symbolic meanings to the wearer. These tattoos symbolize courage & strength. And their every facial part is very important, specifically their eyes. Viking symbols are liked by both the genders. These tattoos come in many variations with designs, sizes, styles, and colors. Most of these designs portray a warrior prepared for battle & holding weapons, flag or a shield.


Fun fact.. When architect and inventor, Erno Rubic invented what became known as the Rubik’s Cube he had no idea it would become one of the world’s most popular puzzles that sold over 450,000,000 units and still selling.
Rubic was just trying to put (beginning with 8) small blocks together in a manner where they would stay together, yet be able to move all around without falling apart. The first successful model was made of wood and there was no way to keep track of the movements, so he decided to paint the 6 sides different colors to keep track of what went where…
Once he did that and started moving the blocks around without recording the movements he realized that they may never be returned to their original positions again as the more he tried to return all sides to match their respective colors the worse it became.
Determined to return it its original positioning Rubik spent days trying to succeed.. Finally after a month he succeeded which brought about a well desereved celebration.
After word got out and the cube was passed around for others to try, Rubik patented the cube and a toy manufacturer bought the idea with not much success with sales.. The cude didn’t start selling well until businessman/mathematician Tibor Laczi bought the sales rights and took the cube to a toy fair. This is where Tom Kremer, an expert with toys, had a look at it and ended up buying what is said to have been a million cubes from the manufacturer.
The cube soon after became an international hot seller. Clubs were formed, competitions were held and the rest is history.
Since the original Rubik’s Cube gained its fame, there have been a number of variations of the cube with even more difficult solutions.
These variations as well as the original, but improved, version are available on Amazon. Here are a few to check out.
Click here for a large selection of Rubik’s Cubes and other related brain teasers..


Our History & Expansion
Our first Cumbrian Properties office opened in Keswick in 1994. Shortly after this our second office was opened in Windermere and David’s brother Adrian joined the business and opened the head office in Carlisle. We have grown and expanded massively over the last 25 years, we have always been keen to be the county’s leading family run estate agents in Cumbria.
From day one we have been extremely proactive and always wanting to expand and develop our company. We have worked incredibly hard and have been able to aquire various local estate agents over the years in not just Cumbria but Lancashire too, which includes; Property Selecta of Carlisle, Hopes of Wigton, Homesearch Direct of Whitehaven, Keith Pattinsons of Carlisle, Halifax of Windermere, Carter Jonas of Windermere, and Roger Thompsons of Kendal.
As a company we strive to be market leaders and are proud to have created a property agency and a well-known brand that is ultimately devoted to the property needs of people and families in our region.


Cannabis & the Levant
With the modern push for cannabis legalization across the Western world, we might think this is a brand new trend toward openness and acceptance of the power cannabis can have for users, both from a recreational and a wellness perspective.
But in fact, cannabis has been a longtime companion of the human race. The last century of prohibition is the exception, not the rule! Wherever human beings tended to be in history, we can find evidence for cannabis and other mind/mood altering chemicals infused into daily life.
Early Civilization & Cannabis
Traces of cannabis can be found along ancient Eurasian trade routes dating back to the Bronze Age. And in the Levant (the area that today contains Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and perhaps snippets of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt), there is evidence for cannabis use in rituals and healing ceremonies as far back as
Cannabis & the Israelites
I hear you saying it now: “I went to Sunday school, I know bible stories — And I never ever heard about weed in the bible!”
Well, there are certainly interpretations that leave out cannabis. But in reading Exodus chapter 30, verse 23, which describe the holy announting oil for use in the ancient temple in Jerusalem, it says:
וְאַתָּה קַח-לְךָ, בְּשָׂמִים רֹאשׁ, מָר-דְּרוֹר חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת, וְקִנְּמָן-בֶּשֶׂם מַחֲצִיתוֹ חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתָיִם; וּקְנֵה-בֹשֶׂם, חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתָיִם.
V’ata kach l’cha, b’samim rosh, mar-d’ror hamesh m’ot, v’kinman besem m’hatzito hamishim umataim, u’kane-bosem, hamishim umataim.
Take thou also unto thee the chief spices, of flowing myrrh five hundred shekels, and of sweet cinnamon half so much, even two hundred and fifty, and of sweet calamus two hundred and fifty
The third spice listed here, traditionally translated as sweet calamus is pronounced ‘Kane-Bosem’ — and among more adventurous interpretations includes those that say this was, in fact, the term for cannabis nearly three thousand years ago.
In 2020, arcehologists at Tel Aviv University proudly announced evidence collected at the Tel Arad dig site revealed the residue from the local temple alter. Haaretz wrote:
The ancient Israelites used cannabis in their religious rituals, archaeologists were stunned to learn by analyzing charred residues on a 2,700-year-old altar unearthed in a desert shrine.
Why were they shocked? It’s right there in the book of Exodus. In any case, the presence of cannabis in the land is as old as the peoples written of in those bronze-age texts.
Cannabis & the Crusades
Cannabis had a role to play in the era of the Crusades as well. One of the European Crusaders’ most feared enemies were the Assasin. They were a heretical tribe of Islamic mercineries with a taste for a specific form of cannabis — hashish. From World History Encyclopedia:
The group was known as the Assassins by their enemies in reference to their use of hashish, ‘assassin’ being a corruption of the Arabic hasisi (‘hashish-eater’), and so the name has since come to be associated with their chief modus operandi, the act of murder for political or religious purposes. The Nizari Ismailis continue to exist as a branch of Islam today.
Hashish remains popular in the Middle East. And was once the most reliable and available form of cannabis in the region. As recently as 10 years ago, it was rare to see flower in casual use, for it was expensive, low-quality, and inconsistently available.
With the rise of the medical cannabis industry, and changing attitudes toward cannabis across developed societies, flower is king, as well as other high-end cannabis products like shatters, concentrates, and edibles.
But alas, Hashish, that tar-like residue so easily smuggled, cut, distributed, has fallen out of favor in most social and casual settings in Israel today.
Hey, speaking of Israel and cannabis today…
Israel & Cannabis Today
All of that is simply background. It’s context, and history. But in addition to being a biblical setting, an historical treasure trove, and a contraverscial piece of modern geopolitics, Israel of today is a modern, forward thinking, technological powerhouse.
From advances in application, cultivation and export of medical-grade cannabis to flirting with legalization again and again, the modern state of Israel is writing a new chapter in her realtionship with cannabis.
Israel Cannabis Review is here for you! Our goal is to simply report and review the state of cannabis in Israel today. We also provide the historical context, and cultural knowledge to understand a little bit about Israel through the lens of cannabis.


The lights are on
Often called Game Informer’s Library of Congress, the Vault is hands-down the best part of the Game Informer office. With over 12,000 games currently stored inside and still growing, it really is a sight to behold. What started as a small collection of games when the magazine began in the fall of 1991 has ballooned into an entire room dedicated to preserving game history. Watch the video explaining the history and novelties of Game Informer’s vault with editor-in-chief Andy McNamara and executive editor Andrew Reiner.


Susan began trumpet lessons with her uncle at eight, joined the musician's union at fifteen and began playing with the local concert band. She later studied with Armando Ghitalla and Roger Voisin, principal trumpeters of the Boston Symphony. As a Boston area freelancer she played everything from Broadway musicals to the Ringling Brothers Circus. Classical performances included operas, orchestral concerts, chamber brass gigs with large ensembles or brass quintets, and solo recitals (with organ) on historical and modern trumpets.
won critical acclaim in Fanfare ("assured and musical"),
New England Performer ("sublime tone and warmth") and
American Record Guide ("flawless technique, tasteful dynamics").
Susan has taught music at Brown University, Wheaton College, UMass-Lowell and Berklee College of Music. At Berklee she created and taught a course about 20th Century women musicians, jazz and classical, and moderated Women in Music forums with such panelists as: jazz pianist Carolyn Wilkins, jazz flutist Barbara London, trombonist Abbie Conant, rock guitarist Lauren Passarelli, conductor Kay George Roberts, musicologist Judith Tick, pianist Virginia Eskin, and composer Pozzi Escot.
Biographical entries in Scribner's American Biography: Trumpeter Les Elgart, jazz singer Carmen MMcRae, jazz pianist Hazel Scott, conductors Antonia Brico and Thomas Schipper, Oscar Levant, organist E. Power Biggs; in Routledge's Jewish Women in America:Trombonist Dorothy Ziegler
Edna White Chandler: A Brasswoman Pioneer, Women of Note Quarterly, Vol 2, # 4, Nov. 1994
Growing Up in America: 1900-1920, a video documentary (1981-83)
Her award-winning suspense thriller, Absolution, was published in 2008.
A member of the Pioneers Committee of the International Women’s Brass Conference (IWBC), Susan did extensive research on female brass players. At the first IWBC conference (1993) the Pioneers Committee distributed a booklet documenting the names and accomplishments of hundreds of women brass players.
In 2005 Susan discovered a "lost" all-woman band, the Original Shades of Blue (see photos in Images) and persuaded the New Orleans Times-Picayune to run a feature article on them. To preserve their history she interviewed Rita Gibliant, whose sister played in the band. The video is available at the Tulane University Hogan Jazz Archives and the National Park Service Jazz Historic Site.
On April 30, 2012 Susan had the honor of introducing legendary Boston Symphony principal flutist, Doriot Anthony Dwyer, at the Rochester (NY) Music Hall of Fame Awards.
SPEAKER and NOVELIST
A recognized authority on female musicians and a frequent speaker, Susan addressed the 2004 Tau Beta Sigma National Convention (Norfolk, VA). While living in New Orleans she gave jazzwomen lectures at the Jazz National Historic Park, New Orleans Public Library, Dillard University, and the International Music Colloquium at the Louis Armstrong Festival. She now divides her time between Boston and the Big Easy.
None of the materials on this web site may be used, reproduced or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or the use of any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission. For permission, contact susan via email. susan [AT] susanfleet.com


Baker Street is one of London’s most infamous streets which runs through the heart of Marylebone within the city of Westminster. The road gets its name from William Baker, the man who laid the street back in the 18th Century. Throughout the years Baker Street has been synonymous with the rich and the famous and was the infamous home of the Beatles’ Apple Boutique studio. But perhaps Baker Street’s most famous resident was sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, who now has a museum located there in his honour.
Aside from the Sherlock Holmes museum there are plenty of exciting ways to spend an evening in Marylebone with your Baker Street escorts. Baker Street has a number of excellent and traditional pubs you can enjoy a quiet drink with your Baker Street escorts. Why not try the Volunteer at 247 Baker Street NW1 6XE. This quirky gastropub has a great atmosphere with a great mix between locals and tourists making it the ideal scenario to talk with your companion.
Escorts in Baker Street
When it comes to grabbing a bite to eat central London never disappoints and Baker Street is no exception. Why not pay a visit to the Potting shed at the Dorset Square hotel NW1 6QN. With a delightful menu and prices that do not reflect the area that it is in, making the Potting shed a very popular choice. Ensure you book in advance to enjoy this restaurant with your Baker Street escorts.
You don’t have to walk too far from Baker Street to find one of London's many 5 star hotels so that you can end the night with your Baker Street escorts in complete luxury. The Landmark london Hotel on Marylebone road is one such example and despite its reputation and stature it still remains one of Londons more hidden gems. Known for its beautiful atrium and classic British style, you couldn’t ask for a more appropriate place to end an evening with your Baker Street escorts.


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25, 1950 Osage Cemetery Coronary Occlusion M Burial ANDERSON, Gilbert Osage, Mitchell Co. Cardiac Arrest F Burial ANDERSON, Lottie Mae Osage, Mitchell Co. 9, 1962 Osage Cemetery Irreversible Shock M Burial ANDERSON, Robert Gustaf Osage, Mitchell Co., Iowa 84 Jul.
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6, 1953 Osage Cemetery Gastro Intestinal hemorrhage M Burial BAILEY, Maud M. 13, 1962 Osage Cemetery Ventricular Fibulation M Burial BOWER, Charles E. 29, 1950 Osage Cemetery Coronary Occlusion F Burial BOWER, John Edgar Osage, Mitchell, Iowa 81 Feb.
Osage, Mitchell Co., Iowa 87 10/17/1971 Wayne Cemetery, Mc Intire Cerebral Thrombosis F Burial BAILEY, Rose Ann Osage, Mitchell Co. 28, 1954 Osage Cemetery Coronary Occlusion F Burial BAKER, Helen Maude Osage, Mitchell Co., Iowa 61 2/7/1972 Osage Cemetery Pending Autopsy F Burial BAKKE, Serina Austin, Mower, Minn. Non Communicable F BALDNER, Arnold Fred Osage, Mitchell Co. 28, 1967 Osage Cemetery Acute Myocardial Infraction M Burial BALDNER, Grace Elizabeth Osage, Mitchell Co. 22, 1965 Osage Cemetery Acute Myocardial Infarction F Burial BALDNER, William Osage, Mitchell Co. 20, 1959 Osage Cemetery Cerebral Apoplexy M Burial BOWER, Sandra Kae Woodward, Boone Co., Iowa 1 yr Jan.
2, 1956 Osage Cemetery Myocardical Infraction F Burial ANGELL, Elde Osage, Mitchell, Iowa 84 Jan.
Iowa is a Midwestern state that is known for its state fair, agriculture and dairy industry, amusement parks college football, and modern cities like Des Moines, which has a great party scene with tons of bars and clubs, and plenty of sexy singles and swingers looking to hookup tonight.


Discover fascinating stories of India: Videos, audio tours, walking tours, workshops, blogs, podcasts and more... Explore everyday sights, uncover hidden histories and stories of her people, places and culture.
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Terry Whenham of AMG amgltd.co.uk organised a Fundraising evening for the Soldiers Charity on 25th November.
Terry commented: “The ABF Soldiers Charity is the National Charity of the British Army. My Great Uncle was killed during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. 15 years ago I visited his grave for the first time and I decided I wanted to do something to remember him that would really make a difference. So I became a volunteer fundraiser for the ABF and, along with 100 other people including many veterans, walked 75 miles across the World War 1 battlefields to raise money for the charity. I will be doing this walk again in October 2017 – the fundraising will never stop for me”.
Terry applied for a Rightmove support grant to cover the costs of four comedians for the evening.


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The 'blue' mansion in Penang. A heritage building over a century old, this perfectly feng-shui-ed home belonged to a Chinese businessman. His rags-to-riches story had him dubbed the Chinese Rockefeller. Currently the house proves to be a popular tourist attraction, it being one of the few original Chinese courtyard mansions left.


This article covers Old Chicago Menu Prices 2023 in depth. We’ve gathered all of the most up-to-date and complete menus prices with the official websites. Old Chicago Restaurant is a restaurant located in the Loop district of Chicago.
The restaurant has been open since 1921 and is known for its Chicago-style deep-dish pizza. There’s something about the old Chicago restaurant food menu that still tantalizes diners.
Whether it’s a dish like chicken gizzard and liver pie, or something simpler like beef on these menus are a throwback to a time when restaurants were more about the experience than the cuisine.
What could be more nostalgic than a trip down memory lane to a favorite old Chicago restaurant? The smell of cooking grease, the sound of waitstaff bustling around, and the sight of classic dishes like cheeseburgers and French fries all come together to create an experience that is hard to replicate anywhere else.
Of course, nostalgia can only take you so far – if the food at your old neighborhood spot isn’t up to par, you’ll quickly realize that your trip was a waste of time.
Chicago’s history is filled with amazing stories and one of the most iconic chapters in that history is the city’s food scene. From fine dining establishments to greasy spoons, Chicago has something for everyone when it comes to grabbing a bite.
One of the oldest restaurants in Chicago is Harry Caray’s Italian Restaurant which opened its doors in 1943. The menu at Harry Caray’s was exactly what you might expect from an establishment that was located in a time when authenticity was key and quality ingredients were mandatory. Check out Old Chicago Menu Prices.
Table Of Contents
Old Chicago Menu Prices In 2023
|Pizza With Pow||$4.59|
|Power Chicken Salad||$4.59|
|Your Zone Calzone||$4.59|
|Cheesy Chicken Sandwich||$4.59|
|Kraft Macaroni & Cheese||$4.59|
|Scooper Duper Sundae||$0.99|
|The Big Cookie||$2.99 – $4.99|
|Molten Chocolate Cake||$4.99|
|Homemade Cheesecake With Fresh Berries||$5.49|
|Fried Mac N Cheese||$3.69|
|Fried Spicy Pickles||$2.29|
|Build Your Own Calzone||$9.89|
|Italian Sausage & Spinach||$9.99|
|Fish & Chips||$11.29|
|Crispy Chicken Tenders – Original Or Buffalo||$10.19|
Specialty Pizzas – Tavern Thin Crust
|Chicago 7||$10.29 – $19.59|
|Applewood-Spiced BBQ Chicken||$10.69 – $21.49|
|Meat Me||$10.69 – $21.49|
|Double Deckeroni||$10.29 – $20.19|
|Hawaiian||$10.29 – $19.49|
|Tuscan Chicken With Spinach||$10.69 – $21.49|
|The Classic||$10.29 – $19.49|
|Royal Margherita||$9.69 – $18.29|
Specialty Pizzas – Chicago Thick Crust
|Chicago 7||$10.39 – $21.89|
|Applewood-Spiced BBQ Chicken||$10.49 – $22.99|
|Hawaiian||$10.29 – $20.19|
|The Classic||$10.29 – $20.19|
|Meat Me||$10.49 – $22.99|
|Double Deckeroni||$10.29 – $20.19|
|Tuscan Chicken With Spinach||$10.49 – $22.99|
|Royal Margherita||$10.09 – $18.89|
Create Your Own Pizza
|Chicago Thick – Cheese||$8.79 – $14.79|
|Chicago Thick – Topping||$1.00 – $2.30|
|Tavern Thick – Cheese||$7.69 – $13.49|
|Tavern Thin – Topping||$1.00 – $2.00|
|Oh My Spaghetti Pie||$10.99|
|Chicken Mac N Cheese||$10.29|
|Big Chicago Meatball & Spaghetti||$10.19|
|BBQ Bacon Cheddar||$8.99|
|Pepper Jack Turkey||$8.49|
|Chicago 7 Stromboli||$8.89|
|Italian Sausage Stromboli||$8.89|
|Stacked Turkey & Bacon Club||$8.89|
|Classic Italian Melt||$8.99|
Soups And Salads
|Old Chicago Chopped Salad||$10.29|
|Asian Chicken Salad||$9.79|
|Mediterranean Salad With Chicken||$10.29|
|Classic Chicken Caesar Salad||$9.59|
|Harvest Salad With Roasted Chicken||$9.99|
|Crispy Chicken Salad||$9.69|
|Old Chicago’s Famous House Salad||$3.79|
|A Cup Of Soup||$3.79|
|Sicilian Pepperoni Rolls||$7.99|
|Melted Mozzarella Bruschetta||$5.99|
|Anaheim Pepper Spikes||$6.49|
|Mozzarella Cheese Sticks||$6.99|
|Classic Chicken Wings||$4.99 – $8.89|
|Jalapeno Cheese Pretzels||$5.29|
|Cheese Garlic Bread||$4.99|
|Chicken Tenders – Original Or Buffalo||$8.39|
About Old Chicago
In conclusion, Old Chicago restaurant company history is an interesting one. Frank Day is the founder and he started the company in 1976 in the United States.
The company has seen its ups and downs over the years, but it remains a popular choice for pizza lovers all over the country. If you’re looking for a great pizza experience, be sure to check out Old Chicago.
The Old Chicago Restaurant was a popular restaurant in Chicago from the early 1900s until it closed its doors in 1982. The Old Chicago served delicious Italian cuisine and was well-known for its pizzas.
The restaurant was also popular for its live music and entertainment. The first restaurant in what is now downtown Chicago was a saloon opened in 1837 by George Shiras.
The city’s first hotel, the Grand Pacific, opened in 1855. It was followed by the Congress Hotel which opened in 1871 and became the city’s most luxurious hotel.
The Chicago Athletic Association built the Auditorium Building on Washington Street in 1893, and soon after, the city’s first skyscraper, the Sears Tower, was erected.
There is no one definitive history of Old Chicago restaurant. It can be said that the restaurant, formally known as Brown’s Hotel and opened in 1892, was a popular stop for tourists and locals alike.
By the early 1900s, Old Chicago had become a hot spot for entertainment and business with live music performed in its ballroom on weekends. In 1927, the landmark building at 75 East Ohio Street was purchased and renamed Old Chicago.
The restaurant continued to thrive through the Great Depression and World War II, when it served as a favorite gathering spot for members of the military.
You’ve already gone over the full Old Chicago Menu Prices 2023, in which we discussed the most up-to-date menu and pricing. We hope you found this information useful and if we have missed any information you can let us know in the comments below.
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