context: Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
question: డెస్కార్టెస్, మాకియావెల్లి, హ్యూమ్లతో పాటు ఏ ప్రముఖ తత్వవేత్త భావోద్వేగాల సిద్ధాంతాన్ని అభివృద్ధి చేశాడు?
answers: Baruch Spinoza