  In Raman spectroscopy of graphite and graphene, the $D$ band at $\sim 1355$cm$^{-1}$ is used as the indication of the dirtiness of a sample. However, our analysis suggests that the physics behind the $D$ band is closely related to a very clear idea for describing a molecule, namely bonding and antibonding orbitals in graphene. In this paper, we review our recent work on the mechanism for activating the $D$ band at a graphene edge. 
The origin of Raman D Band: Bonding and Antibonding Orbitals in Graphene