  Cartilage is a connective tissue that covers the surfaces of bones in joints and provides a smooth gliding surface for movement. It is characterized by specific biophysical properties that allow it to withstand compressive loads, distribute mechanical forces, and maintain tissue integrity. The bi-ophysical properties of cartilage are primarily determined by its extracellular matrix, which is composed of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and water. The collagen fibers provide tensile strength, the proteoglycans provide compressive resistance, and the water content provides lubrication and shock absorption. The potential for greater knowledge of cartilage function through refinement and engineering-level understanding could inform the design of interventions for cartilage dysfunction and pathology. The aim is to assist to present basic principles of cartilage modeling and discussing the underlying physics and assumptions with relatively simple settings, and also it presents the derivation of multiphase cartilage models that are consistent with the discussions. Furthermore, modern developments align the structure captured in the models with observed complexities. The interactions between these components and the surrounding tissues regulate cartilage biomechanics and contribute to its ability to resist damage and repair itself. Alterations in the biophysical prop-erties of cartilage can lead to degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, highlighting the importance of understanding cartilage structure and function for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. 
Biophysical and biomechanical properties of cartilage