There is a very large Jewish community in the Northeast of Brazil. You mention the Dutch in this article. Did the Sephardic Jews from Portugal not moved to Netherlands? Amsterdan has so many Sephardic Jews. I have met so many Dutch Jews in the USA. Usually they look white with light color hair and eyes but with a Jewish nose or a Jewish name. I believe they mixed with the Dutch. I m shocked to see so many Jews that call themselves Dutch. For what I've read the few Marranos (crypto-Jews who converted into catholicism) left in Portugal after the Reconquest were used during the age of exploration as colonist (much in the same way the English used the Pilgrims, perhaps?), after the SHTF in the colonies they either moved to other colonies, Amsterdan or New Amsterdan (Later Jew York City), this doesn't mean that NO Jews were left in(or maybe returned to) Portugal, since I suspect that much of the economic decline of Portugal, was their doing...    That post is an excerpt from a book called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews this is the table of contents:   Table of Contents Introduction vii Jews and the African Slave Trade 9 Columbus, Jews and the Slave Trade 11 The Jews and Slavery in Colonial South America and the Caribbean 18 Brazil 20 The Spanish Inquisition 33 Surinam 35 Essequebo, Guiana 49 Barbados 56 Curaçao 64 Jamaica 73 Martinique 78 Nevis 79 Saint Dominique 80 Saint Eustatius 81 Saint Thomas 81 Jews and Slavery in Colonial North America 89 New York 92 Newport, Rhode Island 99 Pennsylvania 103 Jews and the Red Man 105 Jews in the South 120 Virginia 124 Carolinas 127 Georgia 131 Jews in the West 137 Jews, Slavery and the Civil War 139 Jewish Clergy and Black Slavery 143 Jews and Abolitionism 147 Jews and the Confederacy 157 Jews and the Economics of the Civil War 161 Reconstruction, Blacks and Jews 169 Holocaust 177 Census Data of Jews and Black Slaves 182 Slaves in Jewish Wills 186 Anti-Semitism? 186 Jews and the Rape of Black Women 196 Slavery in Jewish Law 202 Blue Laws 205 Jews, Blacks and the Law 207 Jews and the Great Nat Turner 211 Black Slave Owners and Jews 212 Jews of the Black Holocaust 213 Selected Bibliography 313 Index 319 Following on the excerpt about Brazil:   The Dutch West India Company It is necessary to look more closely at the entity responsible for seizing and administering colonies in Brazil and throughout the [23] Caribbean. The Dutch West India Company was founded in 1621 for the sole purpose of making money. There was little concern as to how this was to be achieved. Its primary method was to establish colonies and trading posts in the New World and exploit the natural resources to then trade with Europe and the other colonies66 - an endeavor requiring many thousands of Black slaves. According to Company founder William Usselincx: Some people were so vile and slavish by nature that they were of no use either to themselves or to others and had to be kept in servitude with all hardness.67 They raised capital by selling shares and by pirating Spanish and Portuguese silver ships and plundering their cargoes.68 Wiznitzer's Jews in Colonial Brazil, is more explicit about the Company's origins and methods: Jews invested heavily and became willing partners in the company seeking dividends from silver, gold, furs, and [the] slave trade.70 At the time, Holland was the only country where Jews [24] were permitted some semblance of religious and economic liberty. The Dutch rulers, in promoting economic development, encouraged the immigration of Jews for their business expertise and international connections and Holland soon became a center of Jewish wealth and power. The Dutch had invented the doctrine of mercantilism, the notion that the state existed not to save souls but to increase wealth, and for this the Jews were reputed to be expert.71 Marcus Arkin writes: Since the main industries in which [Jews] participated (silken textiles, sugar refining, diamond cutting, and tobacco blending) were dependent on colonial sources of supply, it is not surprising to find the Jews of Amsterdam concerned with Dutch commerce to the Far East and the New World.... In the eighteenth century approximately one-quarter of the [Dutch East India] company's shareholders were Jews, and its ultimate decline brought ruin to many a wealthy [Jewish] family.72[25] 70  A Private Venture ....  Dutch Conquest in Brazil ....  Jewish Expulsion ..... .... By 1654, the Jews sought refuge in Amsterdam, the Caribbean Islands, and further north in New Amsterdam, later to be called New York.101 They continued in slave dealing, either as buyers or sellers wherever they found refuge. Jews who returned to Amsterdam were no less dependent on the Black slave. Nearly a century later in 1743, according to tax records, of 422 Jews, 2 had seven slaves, 5 had [32] six slaves, 14 had four slaves, 21 had three slaves, 54 had two slaves, 282 had one slave, and 39 reported none.102  Jewish Slave Legacy .....