Selbyana 15: 132–149. 
 - Smith L B. 1971. Bromeliaceae. 12(1): 1–361. In T. Lasser (ed.) Fl. Venezuela. Fondo Editorial Acta Científica Venezolana, Caracas.  - Smith, LB. 1986 [1987]. Reision of the Guayana Highland Bromeliaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73(4): 689–721 
 - Smith, L.B. & R. J. Downs. 197. Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae), Part I. Fl. Notrop. 14(1): 1–660. 
 -Steyermark, J.  1995. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana Project.
Selbyana 15: 132–149. 
 - Smith, L. B. 1971. Bromeliaceae. 12(1): 1–361. In T. Lasser (ed.) Fl. Venezuela. Fondo Editorial Acta Científica Venezolana, Caracas. 
 - Smith, L.B. 1986 [1987]. Revision of the Guayana Highland Bromeliaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73(4): 689–721. 
 - Smith, L.B. & R. J. Downs. 1974. Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae), Part I. Fl. Neotrop. 14(1): 1–660. 
 - Steyermark, J. A. 1995. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana Project.
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