hey guys just wanna let you know that this video is brought to you by virtual track manager virtual track manager is an online game where you can manage your own tracking company so basically you start up flow buying a couple of used trucks hire some drivers and slowly build your way up to success just like I did you can buy a lot of real trucks and send them to real locations in real time or even obscure drivers to perform dangerous transports I played this game every day so now I've got 18 trucks and managed to talk to over 50 people that join you on your observer this game is free on Google Play and Appstore and if you start playing don't forget to rate it and tell me in the comments what you like about it link in the video description here [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] by [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music]


so
before
the
video
starts
just
like
the
last
big
case
opening
that
I
did
this
video
is
sponsored
by
skin
Baron
now
they
didn't
give
me
any
cash
for
this
they
just
paid
for
the
cases
that
are
open
in
this
video
so
without
skin
Baron
sponsoring
this
video
this
video
would
never
have
happened
Thank
You
skin
Baron
skin
baron
is
a
skin
marketplace
where
you
can
buy
and
sell
csgo
skins
first
a
thank
you
to
skin
baron
for
making
this
video
possible
please
use
the
link
in
my
description
which
is
my
affiliate
code
if
you're
going
to
buy
or
sell
csgo
skins
on
their
site
they
a
nice
hello
guys
now
I'm
here
with
Victor
and
I'm
ready
to
open
these
cases
I
have
400
cases
in
total
which
is
quite
a
bit
of
cases
I'm
not
gonna
lie
I
have
Victor
here
with
me
not
because
he's
my
friend
or
his
funny
cuz
he's
not
but
he's
here
because
he's
my
lucky
charm
because
last
time
we
open
cases
I
got
three
knives
very
nice
this
new
case
I'm
not
going
to
lie
was
pretty
nice
when
I
first
saw
it
but
now
that
I've
seen
how
the
prices
have
gone
down
like
both
of
these
Reds
are
not
very
expensive
and
my
favorite
scheme
is
probably
the
mac-10
which
is
the
cheaper
red
this
is
kind
of
a
weird
case
for
me
I'm
not
gonna
lie
there's
a
vagina
what
that's
literally
oh
my
god
how
is
that
illegal
today
we
realized
Victor
is
gay
this
looks
like
mister
based
like
literally
you
know
mr.
beast
logo
if
mr.
beast
had
a
vagina
in
the
back
of
his
head
okay
a
que
rut
Rob
I'm
not
gonna
lie
this
is
a
good
looking
skin
for
being
a
purple
very
good
looking
skin
for
being
a
purple
oh
my
god
I
think
it
says
me
Blair
there
I
thought
it
was
the
end
word
for
a
second
holy
[ __ ]
you
got
to
check
this
on
there
like
community
workshop
it's
just
like
skin
submitted
by
Victor
okay
star
Trak
maybe
know
for
a
tec-9
I'd
say
this
is
probably
one
of
the
better
schemes
actually
available
for
easy
payments
of
one
hundred
twenty
four
point
ninety
five
dollars
why
did
they
pick
these
not
at
this
number
I
think
there's
probably
some
heat
than
Amin
which
I
don't
get
I
like
this
one
much
more
than
the
m4
decimator
I
think
I
think
I
underestimated
again
how
much
cases
four
hundred
cases
is
how
long
it
takes
to
open
400
cases
so
victories
you
have
a
work
interview
today
don't
you
for
a
job
do
you
think
you're
gonna
get
it
it's
called
Chow
pace
cow
it
looks
all
right
though
this
looks
like
Havana
you
know
the
the
city
Havana
but
if
you
get
this
job
Victor
can
you
make
sure
to
keep
the
job
or
or
we
can
it
have
another
video
in
like
two
weeks
so
Victor
lost
this
job
again
let's
give
me
the
improve
your
soon
like
that
guy
you
know
on
Discovery
Channel
it's
a
dirty
job
but
someone
has
to
be
with
because
he
has
a
different
job
every
day
that's
gonna
be
Victor
now
Victor
actually
got
a
knife
yesterday
when
we
open
cases
and
I'm
hoping
to
do
the
same
Victor
once
your
work
interview
it's
in
like
three
hours
right
there's
like
a
slight
chance
you're
gonna
miss
it
because
we're
opening
cases
very
nice
your
employer
sees
this
video
now
here
like
what
you
remember
last
time
we
had
our
friend
the
TV
bird
on
the
show
now
we
have
another
one
Victor
we
have
an
owl
who
gives
you
free
up
stone
it
was
no
team
one
thing
that
I
really
liked
about
my
mic
by
the
way
is
listen
to
this
it
sounds
like
you're
on
a
huge
Cruiser
ship
that's
that's
sinking
yeah
that's
literally
you
know
you
add
reverb
to
that
and
you
have
Titanic
either
move
the
sound
of
egg
should
we
do
a
case
opening
for
every
pink
I
don't
think
anyone
wants
to
see
that
Lukey
Victoria
I
just
turned
your
shirt
into
a
$3,000
shirt
how
do
you
feel
very
good
I
did
it
spooky
ghost
it's
really
ghost
ghost
caught
on
camera
it's
Jeffrey
Epstein
he's
come
to
haunt
us
victory
yeah
sexually
she's
closed
go
girls
why
does
it
do
that
twice
to
me
this
can't
be
a
good
sign
I'd
say
pie
record
skeleton
or
nomad
Nomad
because
Nomad
because
of
the
animation
pie
record
because
of
the
model
and
skeletal
knife
all
in
all
combined
okay
that's
good
oh
my
look
at
the
Maggie
this
looks
like
death
metal
metal
I
am
never
did
I
think
an
arm
should
be
metal
dumb
a
small
gathering
like
twins
yes
strong
asks
small
insect
grabbing
speaks
for
their
house
going
into
my
goddamn
kitchen
eating
my
[ __ ]
rice
okay
that's
a
good
quality
though
I'm
happy
that's
really
good
that's
minimal
where
it
looks
this
good
okay
yeah
this
one
the
strap
let's
see
how
much
is
it
though
I'm
gonna
assume
this
is
like
a
solid
five
euro
15.99
that's
nice
what
you
always
see
a
vagina
when
you
have
this
skin
[Music]
skin
bad
vagina
that's
my
that's
my
review
my
rotten
tomato
review
that's
true
Victor
that's
true
so
that
means
the
next
step
is
going
to
be
alive
yeah
this
case
is
alive
I
should
just
say
that
for
every
K
so
everyone
on
YouTube
thinks
that
I'm
a
gold
diamond
mind
reader
this
is
a
knife
me
and
Stefan
have
been
talking
a
long
while
and
I
want
to
let
you
in
on
this
idea
as
well
when
I
die
if
I
were
to
die
when
I'm
like
20
30
something
years
old
I
want
to
be
cremated
and
Mia's
death
I've
talked
about
this
I
want
my
friends
to
smoke
my
remains
if
I
die
when
I'm
like
25
I
give
consent
for
you
to
smoke
me
would
you
smoke
me
Victor
would
you
be
a
good
friend
and
smoke
I'm
gonna
make
sure
you
were
you
were
cigarettes
there
only
has
my
penis
dust
in
it
okay
oh
it's
so
battle-scarred
well
Warren
what
that's
a
field-tested
one
really
I'm
gonna
end
up
with
a
survival
knife
it's
walking
across
the
screen
first
it
hits
two
times
on
this
side
and
then
I
get
it
and
then
it
walks
away
actually
honey
let's
mortgage
the
house
and
let
me
open
Jess
I
cracked
the
code
see
you
puts
your
aid
it's
minimal
where's
well
what's
happening
is
this
case
just
gonna
be
the
cat
skin
there's
something
wrong
at
this
point
I'm
wondering
is
there
something
wrong
we
have
seen
the
off
like
ones
and
we've
seen
the
mac-10
like
60
times
is
this
a
joke
is
this
a
is
this
a
joke
is
it
literally
a
joke
I'm
not
kidding
no
disaster
is
this
a
joke
a
[ __ ]
show
Victor
just
pulls
out
his
lunch
from
his
pocket
it's
um
oh
no
it's
so
melted
Victor's
this
courrier
I
didn't
notice
it
says
Havana
here
oh
my
god
Victor
I'm
literally
that's
exactly
what
I
thought
it
looked
like
what
are
the
odds
I'm
literally
Einstein
it's
a
Mac
turn
again
it's
literally
haunting
me
are
you
kidding
me
okay
okay
okay
oh
it's
not
Star
Trek
this
looks
good
though
yeah
minimal
word
that's
good
that's
good
I'll
take
it
oh
look
I
just
finished
the
collection
I
have
every
single
skin
I
have
so
many
of
these
eggheads
now
nowhere
to
run
Victor
that's
what
they
tell
the
[ __ ]
you
and
unemployment
we
are
not
we
are
not
we're
gonna
see
just
because
you
said
that
problem
look
now
we're
gonna
see
the
Mackay's
opening
of
ever
I'm
gonna
have
like
nightmares
whenever
I
see
this
case
should
I
do
trade
up
now
quite
let's
say
if
I
end
up
with
a
mac-10
now
okay
I'm
gonna
do
a
a
pink
trade
up
this
is
gonna
be
a
colon
there
no
it
was
a
decimator
and
then
I'm
going
to
do
a
pink
trade
up
if
this
is
the
mac-10
the
video
ends
[Laughter]
ok
mister
are
you
ready
yeah
I
swear
to
God
if
I
get
them
I'm
gonna
end
the


what is up guys Fee here and today I am back with the top eight heroes a pros are currently using to dominate the pro scene as well as their pubs hopefully you guys are excited through this video if you are please like and subscribe to help our channel grow as obviously we're trying to post daily let's take a lot of work so if you could like the video and that's it it really does help us out on top of that with these 8 heroes I also have two honorable mentions but I'm not certain our gods and pubs but I've been getting picked and even first face pick in the Perot seat so yeah let's hop right into it and on top of the content you're gonna be seen today I recently talked about necro I played a necro game where live I talked about all of my thoughts and really everything that came to mind it was a very funny match yes they basically gave up early on but what I discussed was like how to crush your elite I didn't really dominate your lane ik stage and not just go even because a lot of people think they're winning they think they're doing ok but at the end of the day they're not really doing that well so if you're interested in seeing that video click the link down below to the game League website it's over there I've also made some other videos such as a lively j'en game I've even talked about tightening too recently updating his course we even have an updated Legion course now and so there's so many things to check out on the game league website super cheap a lot of time on our hands I'm sure right now because of the quarantine that I have also going through hopefully I'll see you guys there and now let's get into the video alright so a number one we have bench whole spirit now this hero isn't particularly popular right now but all I have to say is that it's win rates on dota 2 pro tracker and dota buff for this week are very high on pro tracker it's fifty six point nine and this is over two hundred and seventy six games which is you know pretty substantial now basically what I want to say about venge is I think she had a pretty weak leading stage in the past a lot of people would agree with me on this sentiment and now ever since they changed it where you can basically be any sort of hero and buy a headdress and basically be okay and Lane I think this era has become more potent also I want to keep in mind that I think the Vlad's build up which is one of the best items to actually build on Venge as you know you keep the Vlad's aura even if she dies is now one of the best build ups in DotA because you can buy a ring a bassy which is fantastic on venge it helps her with her amount of problems and you can buy a buckler and you can buy a headdress the hell the landing-stage so you could literally be this venj with a 1,500 net worth which is not a lot and have boots and three of these small items on top of like a stick and all of a sudden you're super tanky right you're super strong then yeah it just makes a lot of sense to me in the recent patches well vengers ton got buffed a little bit it does I think ten less damage at level one but quite a bit more at max making it a bit of a better nuke overall which definitely helps in the early game when you hit level seven and you have this 360 damage nuke on a pretty low cooldown I mean also considering it's a stun on top of that I've always felt like been just a hero that kind of gets swept to the side only because of how bad of a laner she is but if you get to the mid game is Venge and you have a max that wave of terror as well and you for some way you have high levels maybe you've been farming quite a bit or winning fights and you have all three of your spell's maxed out man you were one of the strongest heroes in DotA just for the pure amount of physical damage that you actually gave your team and then finally having to swaps of charge has always been pretty strong I feel like this is a very underrated change that got put in place a long time ago but definitely needs to be respected next up on the list is Phoenix now I am certain that Phoenix is a very very very strong hero right now the only thing I would mention guys if you plan on picking Phoenix you have to watch a pro replay before you do on top of that you also need to play multiple games of this hero because otherwise you're not gonna fully understand this kit right your queue does damage to yourself your W does damage to yourself all your spell's basically do damage to yourself right your dive is a very clunky spell that can be hard to use you can cancel it your fire spirits are a really weird skill shot that can be difficult to hit without proper practice and sunray you can like move in the middle of it if you know what to do it can save you you can go up cliffs an egg is one of the hardest spells in dota to use because if you slightly mess it up you die and that's the reality behind Phoenix right now he's one of the highest dps heroes in DotA hands down the amount of damage a Phoenix can do pause five pause four pause three even mid I literally played at mid recently it does so much damage on top of that it's axe I want to talk about attacks because it's axe isn't ain't basically what it allows you to do is get three more hits on your egg unless I'm mistaken and take one of your teammates into the gate right so basically you can save them let's say your gyro copter has 100 HP you save them you put it in the egg and then you can keep them alive on top of that it also allows you to use some rate during the egg and sunray guys is one of the highest dps spells in dota going into the middle a cave because it is percentage based damage so no matter how much health someone has sunray is going to absolutely melt them and if you put that on top of the DPS of egg right of the supernova there is almost no one who can just chill in a sunray and try to kill an a that has like 13 attacks it's ridiculous and that sum it all up the main reason why Phoenix has recently become popular is because her over like the last five patches I swear he's been buffed in every single one in terms of like overall laning stats armor damage like literally every next up on the list we have like and I'm not gonna talk too much about like didn't because unless you guys have been living under a rock you should know that the cero is mildly broken even after the nerfs guys on dota 2 pro tracker over 869 games and sure you know this account's from before the nerfs the hero had a 64% win rate that I mean literally I don't do I have to really say anything else and the reality is even after the nerfs Lycan is still unbelievably strong ever since they made his shape-shift or seconds longer his laning stage a little bit better with that one extra HP regen and the fact that you can start with this headdress giving you like eight HP regen has made like in a very sustainable laner and on top of that right it is almost impossible to deal with him in the first 50 minutes of the ape hands-down literally if you get a helmet the Dominator and he gets in on Necker Manik on and runs at you or do you feel helpless you feel helpless not to forget that helmet the nominator was cheaper right last patch necro is cheaper the build-up to necro is better because this Aegis mask helm of the Dominator gives 20% damage to all units right and all of a sudden likens just broken and yes I think he still is so still picked him next up on the list we have PL and the only reason I want is this euro is getting like extreme hate for not a proper recent like legit this hero is getting hated on for no good reason and people are basically being like oh you know now that Wraith King of like 10 are the carries or like Weaver we can't pick peel you can sell pick bill you still can pick peel he's fine peel is not worse feels like the same and he was really strong last patch and he still is if you're looking for a hero to get really good at and when silic you games by you know getting your timings your 14-minute diffusal your 20 minute Manta your 25 minute horror and you can do that every single game you will gain MMR just as before and the pros are still picking him at a 51% win range ready to dota 2 pro tracker so yes please still pick this hero it's fine like it's fine especially if you can pick into the late into the game and they have no illusion counters you're gonna win next up on the list we've risky I just mentioned before but yes this hero is definitely indefinitely strong especially the lower end MMR you get AI think that better rating gets due to his simplicity of execution the hero even if you don't know how to use skeletons is going to get firm because you summon them they get you like a thousand gold like that's it and as I just said a second ago his execution in fights is also the easiest thing in DotA you walk in you stun someone you click your fees boots or I don't know you stay on strength treads have you bought treads and you auto attack people to death if you die you have a second life and your stun someone again and then you crit them and if you're low you go lifesteal I really do think racing though is super super strong I think Albert is in a good place I think armlet is in a pretty solid place if you want to buy it on racing and you know radiance is fine as well next up we have clockwork and clockwork I would say is one of the best positions for us right now even in pubs that you roll currently has a fifty five point nine percent win rate on dota 2 protractor and what I want to mention is that this hero in my opinion is one of the best derozan dota for catching people in the side lane that are split pushing right now what I want to mention in particular is something that a lot of you guys might not have thought about recently which is basically the fact that ever since BOTS got removed dealing with split-push is ten times harder that's why if you're like nature's prophet has actually become more popular in the recent weeks ever since the boots of travel change in fact a lot of these split-pushing heroes such as void spirit and ember spirit I'm gonna mention at the end of the video are a little bit better because you can't really deal with their split-push also if we look at the highest one right hero of this week which is meepo are at around a 57% winner right one of his biggest weaknesses was boots to travel because people could actually catch up to him when he was split-pushing now that doesn't exist so heroes like NYX assassin and as I'm talking about here clockwork are able to deal with that they're able to catch two split pushers no problem even of course without boots of travel in addition to that we once again have to go back to the fact that a lot of these sustainable offlaners are popular right now though just to name a few we have Mars and centaur that are two of the most popular offliners right now and clockwork even though he can't necessarily help them dominate their lane early on into the laning stage because that's not what clockwork does he can at least drag the creep wave and once people started figuring that out basically you hit it early level two especially in early level three which is your major spike on clockwork as your battery of self goes from twenty to forty five damage people would just drag waves so instead of ever contesting the wave of clockwork but you really don't have to do you just walk in between the tier 1 and tier 2 Tower of the enemy team you pull the creep wait in between your tier 1 and tier 2 Tower or at least in front of your tier 1 tower and all of a sudden the lane is completely fine even though you have some weird double melee late and so yeah just because of those two main reasons that I've at least noticed clockwork has become a 55% win rate hero in pubs and in prodota next up on the list we have co-op and co-op just got some really nice quality of life changes in the recent patch and on dota 2 pro tracker a 57% win right pretty insane right because co-op in a lot of people's opinion what was 8 awful and I mean awful hero like coop was really really really bad it's just if you didn't have your ultimate co-op felt unbelievably underwhelming but now the ultimate is 10 seconds shorter which helps it helps and in my opinion what is very important is that the dagger 65% slow at max he's almost impossible to run away from unless you have a purge some innate mobility even then co-op can basically always catch up to you so yeah I'm a huge fan of dagger maxing right now and I really do think that these two main reasons help coop become meta also bleed Mel's broken which I personally think more people should be considering and finally before the honorable mentions we have coddled and I'll cuddle surprises me the only reason I'm saying Connell is because eg is picking him liquid is picking him and for that reason I'm like okay this year must have viability now what I do want to mention is that generally they pick him with some sort of melee hero and lamb so the most notable combo in DotA is the Caudill bristle vac that is almost impossible to deal with because it's just a bristle back with infinite quills and you literally insta build two quill stacks it's pretty self-explanatory guys it's pretty self-explanatory it's just a bristle who shoves your wave and builds up these facts then Guzzi you if you try to trade with the personal you get blinding light it's like I can't third it they do you really can't do anything even like a er like no joke ubi trying to lean slaughter against this thing you still can't beat it even though slaughter traditionally could do okay against bristle back if not meet him hey you just can't because you're lame as always shoved in and you just take way too much damage from the quills on top of that we also saw eg picket with terrorblade who is also becoming a more popular a little bit more popular and yeah it looked pretty good you know that the cuddle with the headdress helped sustain the Tara blade about a heart at the roske I'm sorry not a heart or scoring at or ask my apology guys what is really the difference though they basically give you both a million HP and infinite HP regen but yeah in this combination the kata protected the terribly gave him more illusions more mana and then the mid-game obviously provided the control terribly needed to shred through saponin with the willow noe spa and finally for honorable mentions to be avoid spirit ember spirit and the reason why I want to talk about them is they happen first base heroes in all of the recent tournaments especially void spirit now for weak spirits wintering is not really that high at least not in pubs so that's the only reason why I want to say this like it is one of the most versatile heroes in DotA we're talking about void spear here it can go off Lane it can go safely and I've seen them played one two three four five it has legitimate place midlane upland buzz 4+5 I've seen it play all of the roles in pro matches I'm not kidding I'm not kidding I think it was GAMP and picked that as a five like multiple times actually so like mojo in this hero it's just good because what does it do it gives you a good landing stage because your E is a great spell it gives you control with your Q it gives you this high tempo here oh that's highest cooldown is astral step at 30 seconds at level one right that's the highest cooldown you have so you're almost impossible to catch you split push unbelievably well there's no BOTS in the game anymore you kill waves you play high tempo you can lane anywhere so in broad ona when you want to early pick hero you want some of this versatile and this reliable and that's exactly what void spirit it's reliable and versatile and hopefully that makes a lot of sense why this hero has been early pick and finally we have ember spirit who has actually been a counter pick to the void spirit in lane at least or at least that helps you keep up with the tempo of the void spirit because what I've seen with with a lot of teams is that if they don't have the void spirit even if they can sort of beat it in Lane or go even the void spirit just takes over the game because it's so high tempo and can be anywhere at any time now what other hero does that is ember spirit on top of that ember spirits flame guard cannot really be broken properly by the void spirit and because of that it's a pretty good landing stage your sleight of fist allows you to disengage from a lot of the damage of the void spirit as well if you time it correctly and most importantly you can keep up high tempo so these are like the brothers that are fighting it out you know both want to turn on their Xbox and they can't get it so they're always put against each other battling out and it's been a ton of fun to watch so if you guys haven't been watching prodota I am 100% sure you will be seeing a lot of void spirit and a lot of ember spirit because yeah they're just very versatile and and strong high-tempo Heroes that seem to be the meta in this current point in DotA ever since shrine have been removed and now BOTS following that as well but thank you guys for watching this video of the top medical rosette pros are picking if you enjoyed please do do like and subscribe to help our channel grow and I'll see you the next one and hey guys remember before you end this video in the link down below I've been playing a lot of live games where I talk about my thoughts in real time in the middle of a dota match so if you want to get in the head of a pro player quickly down below to the game bleep website super cheap right now right like and I'm doing this a ton we all have time on our hands I have time to make content you guys probably have time to enjoy and learn dota get better at the game so yeah if that combo works for you click the link down below and I'll see you there [Music]


this video was made possible by - lame try - lean for free on your first device by heading to - link on /h a here's a joke for you what do you call a rock in the middle of the ocean a sea shale get it shale like the rock but then you know what I shouldn't explain it here's another one what do you call two rocks in the middle of the ocean well if you're Japan you call it the island of Okinawa eeschema emphasis on island alright that one wasn't funny but let's be honest the first one wasn't either the island and am using the term island loosely here of okey no terashima is found here in the Philippine Sea and was first discovered in the mid 16th century possibly by this guy in 1543 and definitely by this guy in 1565 who named the then five rocks and surrounding coral reef para sevilla meaning looking like a sail in recognition of how sails as we all know look exactly like five medium sized rocks in 1789 it was rediscovered by the English who in classic English fashion assumed they were the first to find us and named as Douglas wreaths because nobody named Doug lived on it or after Captain William Douglas who's to say the Japanese first visited in 1922 and 1925 then claimed it in 1931 and named it oke notary Shima which translates to stupid tiny rocks that are in a strategically useful location that we're just going to lie pout and say we just want for nature observation sorry that's a mistake it means remote bird islands I mixed up Google Translate and Google foreshadowing again anyways because a volcano Toriyama's strategic location between Taiwan and Guam Japan wanted to build a military base on it but to avoid controversy they used a clever little technique called lying and said they were going to build a quote lighthouse and meteorological observation site they began construction in 1939 but after a few years they had to stop because of a little conflict you probably haven't heard of called the Second World War or as I call it world war 2 - world - war after the war the rocks were given to the United States adding to their rock collection which includes Plymouth fraggle and the but in 1968 Mewis was busy with its national pastime of fighting wars and decided to regifter to Japan now you might be wondering why the US would give up a valuable kind of island for no real reason especially considering they've been holding on to useless islands like Baker Howland and Road for centuries well the thing is Oki notary Shima didn't really become valuable until 1982 when the nations of the UN got together and wrote a Convention on the law of the sea which they could have called something cool like the Treaty of ver C's or something but they instead decided to name the 1982 UN Convention on the law of the sea among other things that convention laid out the rules of exclusive economic zones or Easy's which allow a country to claim all of the water within a radius of 200 nautical miles or 370 point 4 kilometers or 189,000 385 point for the rocks of their Shores as there Easy's to be clear they don't have sovereignty over that water and it isn't part of their country but they do have a number of a rights over it including rights to exploration and dibs on valuable natural resources that's why Japan really really really wants these two damn rocks to be an island it means they get to claim this entire 150 4,500 square mile area as their exclusive economic zone which means they would have exclusive access to it to rich fishing grounds rare metals and suspected oil reserves but that claim is hotly disputed but no because people say Japan doesn't own okunoshima instead they agree Japan owns it they just say it's not an island and by they I basically mean China why you asked as China care well apart from China wanting to have a monopoly on dumb fake Islands if the US ever wanted to send military troops from Guam to Taiwan to do military stuff China sure would love to be able to give them a super special surprise of a bunch of submarines in their way but to do that they need to make a map of the ocean floor and they need surveys for that map and they can't do those surveys in Japan zz+ there's oil there which people tend to get mad about because you know oil so you're probably wondering then is okay no terashima an island or not and the answer is probably or not you see the UN Convention on the law of the sea specifically distinguishes between islands which they define as quote a naturally formed area of land surrounded by water which is above water at high tide and rocks which quote can also stain human have or economic life of their own and quote shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf these rocks can't really sustain human habitation or economic life on their own because you know they're rocks but that hasn't stopped Japan from pouring an obscene amount of money into trying to convince people otherwise in 1987 they started building steel breakwaters and concrete walls around the rocks to protect them from erosion and in 1988 they built the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center which isn't actually on either of the rocks but it's near them so good enough I guess and finally even though the UN Convention clearly says that man-made islands don't count they built an artificial third Rock because as we all know the only thing better than two dumb useless rocks is three dumb useless rocks but in Japan's defense they've only spent six hundred million dollars on the project so far spending six hundred million dollars trying to keep two rocks above water is dumb but you know what's smart making everything you do online faster by using - leme - leme is a mobile and desktop app that gives you a shortcut for everything you do online offering one-click logins and auto-filling personal and payment info at the touch of a button you know when you're ordering something online you have to type in your credit card number and then your shipping address on the your billing address and then you forget your password and have to recover it and by that point you forget what you were even buying in the first place well - Lee makes it so that'll never happen again and it works every time across devices and platforms you can try - sign for free on your first device by heading to dashing calm /h AI then when you want to upgrade to premium use the code h AI for a


hmm do-seong Wow let's go [Music] this is the project at hand right now there are 87 he seems ok nothing's on fire there it is intake finished wouldn't eat when it really looks like you know r7 both axles are done finished clean is in 5 people listen up here there's less than two weeks left for you win can block very young Ford Focus ST yes it's real this is not CGI we're not that techy entering is simple for every dollar you spend at hoonigan calm it's you one entry into this giveaway you have to do the rules don't miss out on your opportunity Tom one of ten blocks very own cars you win a car we lose a car and you know what that means room for a more car I'm gonna head on over who'd again calm because there's only two weeks left one of the last pieces I got to fabricate exhaust these are some of the components that uh that are going to the exhaust to cats these are metalcore cats or high-flow a muffler a resonator to flex pipes via and some hangers and the y-pipe I want to keep the car fairly quiet hence the ultra quiet muffler and the resonator and a bunch of bends some old ones even have some old ones in here i welded from before old ones new ones were to make sense of it they one of the biggest challenges today is doing this exhaust on the ground it's not that much ruled underneath there but let me show you what's going on yeah so here's exhaust manifold and one here and one you see that right there the exhaust has to run from here alongside here another one here and kind of meet somewhere around here hence that little Y pipe and then it's gonna go out that's gonna be my biggest challenge the rest is pretty much easy it's a straight shot it goes out the passenger side still waiting for a driveshaft but I kind of figure out where the driveshaft kind of sits so just gonna stick the exhaust a little lower I have to fit two cats in here and a Y pipe somewhere here so let's get going [Music] after a few hours this is what I got this was probably the hardest part of it because in between here it's really close to its like the crossmember I'll show you a little bit but there's a crossmember and stuff those are the two cat pipes that come down and then now it's gonna go past the and into a why you install these up these are just tacked right now so I'm gonna tack them up a little heavier than that so they don't move any more and make the rest oh [Music] my god that suck I hate myself [Music] that's a bunch of work here's what it looks like right now that is the Y pipe well whatever we call it the two manifold connections to cats they merge around the transmission which is here and into a white color to a two to one the exhaust is like I said it's gonna be fairly easy it's a straight shot but it's fairly straight out the passenger rear the only I don't like is this I bought this I forgot where I got this thing from it's two and a half inches two and a half inches and then merges into a three but I don't know you could see that there's a just like a it's two and a half inches then it goes to three kind of like a choke right here so I'm gonna cut this off cut this right about here so where it merges together it would just come out as a straight three inch rather than having that little choke in two and a half and then it expands to a three inch that's the only modification I make I still have to weld all this stuff and the next step is gonna be is to modify that piece right there [Music] oval we need round [Music] [Music] damn almost there we might be there that's it see the sides of smooth and clean it up a little bit of it even tighter than that look at the difference that was the original hole where it merged scup together was a two and a half inch hole a big difference this has a little pinch in here you see that more than we do isn't when I hit it like I did this I see I know it's flat so I cut it back but it's still a little oval see that will squeeze it a little bit get that to fit perfect this is a flex pipe then you want to look for just a little quick tip see how that has the corrugated inside look yeah kind of the same way like a flex bellow but it's got this shielding on the outside some of these have the shielding on the inside too you don't buy that one because the shielding and the inside I've seen collapse plugs up the exhaust and destroys its it just kills itself so when you go to buy these just get the ones with the bellow inside like that if you see the ones with the with the mesh inside don't buy it and that is the modified merge collector right we had that little restriction in there look much bigger and I added the Flex pipe to it and that's what it looks like look straight through perfect the exhaust should be fairly easy it's a straight shot to the back and finish up welding this stuff finish the the back half the exhaust wait for the driveshaft and I should be able to drive hopefully another week I'd be driving this thing alright I made this the other day not the muffler tips I ordered them online and had a couple scrap bends that I just kind of made into a merge cut it really short cuz there's not a lot of room in the car right there you see so the next step is to be getting in the car mock it up where I want it and then move on to these hangers right here of course it's never that easy see this doesn't fit so there's no way of stopping that you see that so that take this and move it back a little bit never never easy these were tacked right right here [Music] it works not bad alright to get it where it wanted I ended up cutting a bumper a little bit right there so it's moved over its pretty good spacing it's pretty tight there moved it farther from there bet the heat you a little bit put your far from the tire straight think Dean looks really good all right let me try to explain what's going on these are the bends I have okay that's it all I had I'm not going out to get more so I have to make a little bit extra of a bender let me show you what's in the back this one also sorry on you but it's not enough to come this way so I need just like another I don't know 15 degrees to come this way and then out that way I'm gonna pie cut it show you a quick easy way to do that all right easy way first thing you want to do you take your straight pipe like this and draw a straight line down the middle then you're gonna transfer that line exact opposite to the other side set the angles cut on the line the blade comes down get your angle flip over to the other side where the line is they measure let's say I want an inch then cut over the other side again like this and measure again one inch 1 inch I cuts easy the muffler section is done tips are on bracket is in and I put a V bed at the end there so just in case one day maybe I'll make a straight pipe or something be real obnoxiously loud and here's the last piece of the puzzle the middle section the V dad is on that side and then the muffler is from here and resonator flex pipe and then the that's gonna get welded to the Y pipe that connects the two headers together and then I'm done in a weld this section right here fit it back onto the car one last time and button things up [Music] and that's the completed midsection I added the little brackets here so I could take apart the two primaries and slide them out of the collector if I had to no.2 right here and it's done they tell in the void it's been a few days since the exhaust got finished and I gave the measurements to the drive shot people they just call the driveshaft is done so in a little bit I'm gonna go pick it up and I'm gonna come back install it drive the car around the block and then maybe if all goes well I'll hop onto chavos dyno but in the meantime cuz I haven't used the garage in a few days it has become storage for patio furniture and more bikes got my hair


so
music
psychologists
have
this
wonderful
term
that
they
call
the
indifference
interval
it
can
refer
to
music
which
feels
neither
too
fast
nor
too
slow
it's
the
most
average
music
possible
it's
the
goldilocks
tempo
it's
the
ph-7
of
music
it's
at
about
100
beats
per
minute
or
roughly
a
beat
occurring
once
every
600
milliseconds
it's
different
from
person
to
person
but
what's
so
fascinating
about
this
indifference
interval
is
that
it
also
corresponds
to
your
walking
speed
how
fast
it
feels
most
natural
to
just
walk
down
the
street
at
a
comfortable
pace
if
you
want
to
really
feel
it
take
out
a
metronome
and
try
walking
at
different
tempos
first
at
the
indifference
interval
of
about
100
bpm
see
how
that
feels
then
speed
it
up
to
a
faster
musical
tempo
like
maybe
180
bpm
it's
gonna
feel
a
lot
more
chaotic
and
frantic
like
music
at
180
beats
per
minute
like
drum
and
bass
music
if
you
slowed
it
down
to
say
60
beats
per
minute
the
speed
of
a
slow
and
lingerous
jazz
ballad
you're
gonna
really
feel
that
slow
tempo
in
your
lingerous
gate
so
your
feeling
of
fastness
and
slowness
as
you
listen
to
music
corresponds
to
the
fastness
and
slowness
of
your
walking
gate
what's
interesting
here
is
if
you
slow
your
walking
gait
down
to
a
certain
point
you'll
stop
feeling
it
as
a
rhythm
you
like
kind
of
awkwardly
try
and
time
out
leg
movements
and
the
distribution
of
weight
will
be
really
weird
if
you're
doing
it
too
slow
it
won't
feel
like
walking
and
it
won't
feel
like
music
either
at
those
tempos
it
will
be
impossible
to
feel
the
groove
and
so
there
are
hard
limits
to
how
fast
and
how
slow
our
brains
and
bodies
can
process
music
not
play
music
not
perform
music
but
how
they
can
process
music
let's
talk
about
rhythmic
thresholds
[Music]
this
video
was
brought
to
you
by
stream
and
my
streaming
service
nebula
where
you
can
watch
an
extended
version
of
this
music
theory
video
[Music]
liminal
is
an
adjective
that
is
used
to
describe
the
uneasy
feeling
of
being
at
the
threshold
between
two
states
of
being
it's
a
word
that
the
internet
loves
to
describe
spaces
liminal
spaces
god
does
the
internet
love
liminal
spaces
this
music
was
written
using
what
i'm
going
to
call
liminal
rhythm
which
is
music
that
has
that
uneasy
feeling
being
at
the
threshold
of
walking
too
slow
[Music]
it's
a
tune
called
threshold
by
my
band
sungazer
and
we've
been
using
it
as
kind
of
an
experiment
of
sorts
this
summer
as
we've
been
touring
we
were
very
curious
to
see
how
audiences
might
entrain
how
they
might
move
their
bodies
to
this
music
how
might
they
headbang
how
might
they
groove
and
the
results
have
been
interesting
because
different
people
seem
to
feel
it
different
ways
in
different
cities
it's
the
same
music
why
the
difference
well
a
couple
years
ago
i
made
some
videos
talking
about
the
fastest
possible
music
and
the
slowest
possible
music
which
turns
out
to
be
about
33
beats
per
minute
at
least
as
cited
by
paul
price
in
the
psychology
of
time
this
is
what
33
beats
per
minute
sounds
like
played
on
a
drum
set
it's
hard
but
not
impossible
to
connect
these
beats
together
in
your
brain
in
a
process
that's
called
subjective
rhythmization
you're
hearing
a
strong
beat
and
you're
hearing
a
weak
beat
if
this
was
any
slower
this
might
be
very
difficult
if
not
impossible
to
do
like
walking
might
be
so
all
you
got
to
do
just
gotta
count
to
four
we
swear
there's
no
tricks
there
is
no
trick
just
gonna
try
and
count
to
four
together
three
[Music]
four
we
found
when
playing
live
is
that
getting
a
whole
audience
to
count
to
four
in
this
tempo
makes
it
so
it's
actually
relatively
easy
to
feel
that
on
and
off
pattern
which
might
suggest
that
in
a
large
group
of
people
you
could
actually
lower
the
limit
for
rhythmic
perception
you
can
make
music
which
is
even
slower
because
the
larger
group
will
be
able
to
feel
it
on
mass
more
this
is
total
conjecture
but
i
thought
that
was
kind
of
a
cool
idea
maybe
next
time
but
anyway
on
one
end
of
the
spectrum
this
music
is
in
4-4
but
why
does
it
sound
so
fast
and
frantic
there's
a
fastest
possible
music
too
how
fast
our
brains
can
process
subdivisions
and
usually
this
is
pegged
at
about
100
milliseconds
or
10
notes
per
second
yes
you
can
play
faster
than
that
i
i
know
you
can
that's
good
for
you
but
our
brains
have
a
hard
time
understanding
what's
going
on
faster
than
10
notes
per
second
for
example
check
out
these
two
piano
bleeps
bleep
one
and
bleep
two
in
the
first
example
the
notes
were
separated
by
50
milliseconds
and
in
the
second
example
the
notes
were
separated
by
40
milliseconds
that's
a
20
difference
in
speed
between
the
two
of
them
now
i
don't
know
about
you
but
i
have
a
hard
time
telling
the
difference
between
the
two
examples
the
just
noticeable
difference
between
the
two
is
very
high
compare
it
to
these
beliefs
example
one
and
example
two
in
the
first
example
the
notes
were
separated
by
500
milliseconds
and
in
the
second
example
they
were
separated
by
400
milliseconds
the
same
percent
difference
as
in
the
earlier
bleeps
but
i
don't
know
it was
just
a
lot
easier
to
tell
the
difference
for
me
so
if
you
want
your
brain
and
other
brains
to
notice
the
differences
between
rhythms
it
doesn't
really
do
you
any
good
to
play
faster
than
100
milliseconds
which
is
cited
as
the
fastest
possible
subdivision
yes
of
course
you
can
play
faster
than
that
but
as
we
heard
your
brain
has
trouble
keeping
up
sungazers
drummer
sean
crowder
and
i
talked
a
lot
about
what
these
thresholds
might
mean
in
our
music
what
it
might
mean
to
play
music
that's
both
ridiculously
fast
and
ridiculously
slow
at
the
same
time
when
you
play
10
notes
per
second
at
33
beats
per
minute
you
get
a
subdivision
of
a
little
bit
more
than
18
notes
per
beat
which
we
just
rounded
up
to
19
notes
per
beat
this
is
what
you
might
call
a
19
tablet
the
beat
has
been
divided
into
19
evenly
spaced
pulses
which
is
ridiculous
a
19
tuplet
it
is
it
is
the
most
the
most
tuplet
19
of
them
sean
crowder
has
a
video
out
now
on
his
channel
you
can
check
out
where
he
talks
all
about
these
hyper
tuplets
or
high
resolution
tuplets
but
you
could
also
just
think
of
this
as
a
really
fast
1916.
[Music]
[Music]
now
something
is
both
insanely
fast
and
insanely
slow
we
run
into
the
danger
of
people
not
knowing
what
to
do
with
it
not
knowing
how
to
move
but
what's
very
interesting
is
people
fell
into
a
third
category
one
which
related
back
to
the
indifference
interval
you
see
when
you
divide
19
into
groupings
of
six
plus
six
plus
seven
you
get
a
groove
which
sounds
like
this
you're
hearing
three
almost
even
pulses
in
the
kick
drum
it's
kind
of
like
3
4
except
that
last
beat
is
just
a
little
bit
longer
it's
100
milliseconds
longer
[Music]
[Music]
because
of
that
you
can
kind
of
just
groove
along
to
the
whole
thing
in
three
four
even
if
it's
not
actually
in
three
four
that's
kind
of
what
the
audience
was
doing
you
can
see
them
moving
as
if
it's
in
this
three
except
that
third
beat
is
a
little
bit
longer
than
the
others
i
kind
of
feel
it
the
same
in
uh
threshold
i
feel
like
in
three
when
i
do
the
delay
stuff
at
tap
tempo
in
the
three
[Music]
but
i
try
to
mess
with
because
it's
not
really
in
three
if
you
take
33
beats
per
minute
that
4
4
pulse
and
divide
it
into
three
you
get
99
bpm
very
close
to
the
indifference
interval
of
100
beats
per
minute
the
tempo
which
feels
not
too
fast
and
not
too
slow
it's
something
that
you
can
really
latch
on
to
and
groove
too
so
in
the
tune
we
have
three
concepts
in
music
psychology
that
correspond
with
different
tempos
and
time
signatures
we
have
the
low
rhythmic
threshold
of
33
bpm
going
by
in
4
4
we
have
the
indifference
interval
of
roughly
100
beats
per
minute
going
by
in
a
lopsided
3
4
and
we
have
the
upper
rhythmic
threshold
of
100
milliseconds
whizzing
by
in
19
tuplets
or
1916.
you
know
threshold
is
a
piece
of
music
that
you
can
feel
many
different
ways
and
they're
all
right
it
kind
of
calls
into
question
what
a
time
signature
even
is
and
what
its
value
is
for
us
and
for
me
a
time
signature
is
a
means
to
an
end
and
it
isn't
the
music
itself
it's
a
means
of
playing
the
music
but
it's
also
a
lens
through
which
you
can
understand
movement
how
you
might
move
to
a
given
piece
of
music
how
you
might
entrain
to
the
pulse
it's
all
in
4-4
man
yeah
i'm
just
feeling
it
man
just
feel
it
and
feel
it
stop
thinking
about
it
feel
that's
how
you
do
it
kids
now
we
certainly
aren't
the
first
people
to
use
liminality
as
a
framework
for
composition
in
fact
that's
the
name
of
the
doctoral
thesis
that
we
got
this
from
from
steve
layman
sean
and
i
initially
wrote
this
tune
threshold
as
a
kind
of
an
experiment
a
way
of
writing
music
that
was
both
too
fast
and
too
slow
at
the
same
time
but
this
tune
has
kind
of
taken
on
new
meaning
in
the
past
year
we've
been
thinking
a lot
about
time
and
the
relationship
of
people
to
each
other
in
time
because
the
past
year
has
radically
altered
the
collective
consciousness
and
how
time
works
for
us
as
people
and
also
as
musicians
time
works
differently
rhythm
is
just
fundamentally
all
about
events
in
time
and
music
is
about
how
we
experience
time
how
we
experience
the
relationship
between
events
the
passage
of
time
and
god
for
me
does
the
passage
of
time
feel
very
different
now
than
it
ever
did
in
my
entire
life
and
so
playing
this
tune
threshold
all
about
being
in
the
perceptual
present
in
such
a
specific
way
night
after
night
two
crowds
of
people
counting
to
four
together
has
kind
of
given
me
a
better
appreciation
of
time
and
my
relationship
to
it
it's
been
weirdly
therapeutic
honestly
[Applause]
[Music]
by
the
way
we
have
an
album
coming
out
on
october
11th
called
perihelion
threshold
is
one
of
ten
tracks
each
of
them
has
a
crazy
rhythmic
idea
behind
it
and
we
haven't
even
talked
about
the
bridge
yet
you're
curious
about
the
bridge
where
i'm
playing
the
like
ding
ding-ding
jazz
oh
bridge
you
had
to
bring
up
the
bridge
if
you
want
to
learn
a
little
bit
more
about
liminal
rhythm
and
watch
me
rant
a
little
bit
more
about
the
perceptual
present
there
is
an
extended
version
of
this
video
available
exclusively
on
nebula
nebula
is
my
streaming
service
where
you
can
find
all
kinds
of
extended
versions
of
my
videos
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lindsay
ellis
12
tone
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atom
and
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more
it's
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over
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way
thank
you
everybody
for
watching
and
until
next
time


this video is brought to you by brilliance of problem solving website and app with a hands-on approach check them out at brilliant at org forward slash buyer graphics more on them in a bit in the early 17th century a religious man decided he was going to uncover the architecture of the universe itself using observations of the heavens and a deep understanding of geometry this man conjectured a world of harmonious design where the secrets of God's creation could be deciphered by anyone willing to use mathematics to look for them in the course of his quest this man managed to change our understanding of astronomy forever his name was Johann s Kepler and he would go down as one of the greatest scientists to ever live ball into a divided Europe Kepler grew up in a time of unfathomable change Witchcraft Trials religious war and a scientific revolution were all pulling the continent apart yet Kepler managed to not just navigate through these changes but to do so while transforming science he discovered laws of astronomy he changed our understanding of optics pioneered crystallography developed telescopes and even wrote what's likely the first work of science fiction persecuted for his faith misunderstood in his lifetime this is the life of you Hannes Kepler the man who discovered the secrets of the universe when Johannes Kepler was born in 1571 it was into a Europe already reeling from two major revolutions half a century earlier a man named Martin Luther had nailed his 95 thesis to a church door kicking off a century and a half of religious upheaval known as the Reformation 26 years after that in 1543 the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus had proved that the Sun didn't orbit the earth but rather the other way around triggering an even bigger upheaval known as the Scientific Revolution by the time Johannes Kepler first opened his eyes these twin revelations were causing Europe to strain at the seams not the Kepler's parents would have imagined that he could have lived long enough to see those scenes rip right open the boy was weak he was sickly a prime candidate in those hard times for an early death and died he nearly did before he was even five Kepler came down with smallpox a disease that left his eyesight damaged and his hands unable to properly function luckily though it didn't kill him and Kepler would live through his illness to see the sight that would change his life the great comet of 1577 was so bright it made the whole of Europe stop and Gorp up in the Kingdom of Denmark the astronomer Tycho Brahe Hey we're gonna meet again in just a moment watch the comet pass and knew that it would transform his life's work for young Kepler though the great comet was even more important it was this event that would one day make him into an astronomer but only after some false starts as a good Lutheran growing up in the Holy Roman Empire a collection of several hundred states roughly analogous to modern Germany Kepler wasn't meant to be a mathematician when he enrolled at the University of Tubingen in 1589 it was on the strict understanding that he would study theology become a pastor and help spread Luther's gospel the fact this didn't happen is due entirely to Michael Mason Mason is one of those figures basically no one today can name but who wound up changing history Kepler's mathematics tutor Maslin was a private devotee of Copernicus privates because these were the days when saying the Sun didn't orbit the earth could end with the religious authorities using you as an unwilling test subject for their shiny new thumbscrews but when Mason discovered Kepler loved astronomy he broke cover long enough to lend him Copernicus as de revolutionibus orbeum cholesterin levels blew his mind in Copernicus's heliocentric universe Kepler saw not heresy but the first glimpses of God's harmonious design for Kepler this was the road to Damascus moments the revelation that changed everything from then on he devoted his life to studying the Stars it was the start of a journey that would take him not just across the Holy Roman Empire but into more danger than this sickly teen could have ever believed possible [Music] in 1594 Johannes Keplar received an unexpected letter now 23 Kaplow was on the verge of graduating University despite his devotion to astronomy he still planned to become a pastor because that's just what you did in the late 16th century the letter changed all of that sent from the Austrian city of grabs it invited Kepler to come and work as a maths teacher and just like that Kepler was able to throw his boring destiny away and become the mathematician had always dreamed of being well almost despite what the letter had promised almost nobody in Grant's attended Kepler's classes he was forced to take a second job as a calendar maker just to survive but what Kepler's life in grads lacked in opportunity's success or happiness it more than made up for with spare time spare time in which Kepler could ponder some of Sciences most pressing mysteries before Copernicus had come along and dynamited thousands of years of human thinking it was accepted that the planets were fixed to the heavens and that the heavens rotated around the earth but now the Copernicus had shown that the earth was moving around the Sun all sorts of weird questions had arisen clearly earth wasn't fixed to anything it was just kind of floating along so well what made it float what made the other planets move it was wild daydreaming in one of his near empty classes in 1595 that Kepler felt a light bulb go ping right above his head if the planets had a regular orbit around the Sun then surely this was because the Sun itself was affecting them with some kind of force today we of course would call that force gravity but Kepler was living about fifty years before Isaac Newton was even a lustful twinkle in his father's eye so well he called it magnetism still it was the very first time anyone in Europe had come even close to understanding what made our solar system tick but Kepler went even further than just pontificating about the Sun curious about the space between the planets he hypothesized that each gap must correspond to one of the Platonic solids the tetrahedron cube octahedron icosahedron and dodecahedron when his calculations seemed to bear this out he declared hit uncovered gods architecture so this might sound a little cuckoo to modern ears I mean magic shapes gods architecture what well we need to remember the area Kepler was living in this was an era before pure mathematics an era in which you could say the Sun orbited the earth and not only have people snigger at you but then have them imprison your neighbor for disagreeing what Kepler's work did was suggest the universe could be understood through maths that there was a scientific way of thinking about to the heavens beyond simply saying God did it it is that simple thought that would turbocharged the Scientific Revolution Kepler published his ideas in 1597 the very same year he married his first wife not long after he began writing to t-hub I remember bra Hey he was the Danish guy who saw the great comet and realized that it would transform his career what Kepler became his pen pal just as Breyer was in the process of moving his work to Prague it was a relationship that would soon save Kepler's life in 1599 the religious tensions simmering across Central Europe between Catholics and Lutheran's boiled over in gratz the city's Catholics bartered against attacking Protestants for the Lutheran Kepler this Rosa oh boy better get out of here moments the trouble was yet nowhere to go his religious buddies Mecca University had read his book and decided he was a Copernicus loving heretic who wasn't allowed to hang out with him anymore just as it was starting to look like Kepler might find himself being tarred and feathered by angry Catholics bright thrown a lifeline hey I've got a crazy idea you basically said why didn't you come work for me in Prague and that's how in the dying days of the sixteenth century Johannes Kepler found himself joining the legendary court over Rudolf the second but before we get to what he did there I do want to take a moment to tell you about today's sponsor brilliant brilliant is a problem-solving website and app with a hands-on approach they've got over 60 interactive courses in maths science and computer science on their platform you can use brilliant to achieve stem goals you get one little bit of information and learning at a time you're going to expand your knowledge of the world through interactive puzzles brilliant courses teach you through storytelling interactive challenges and problem solving brilliants are always improving their platform endures brands new interactive content recently including updates to their logic course as well as their course on mathematical fundamentals or if you want something completely new brilliant of course all about search engines which will teach you how search engines like Google work basically they're behind the scenes how they find the information you need incredibly quickly from the billions of websites out there look brilliant is a great compliment to watching educational videos like this one and it will really help explain even complex and technical subjects so if you want to support biographic Sande get unlimited access to all of brilliance in-depth maths and science courses head on over to brilliant double forward slash biographic and get 20% off their annual premium subscription let's get back to cap life if you were alive and into spooky stuff in 1600 there was nowhere better to be than Rudolf the seconds Prague Holy Roman Emperor was obsessed with everything occult the legendary Alchemist John D worked for him as did rabbi lourve the man said to have created the Golem not that rudolf distinguished between crackpot mysticism and actual science though he supported alchemists and astrologers but also astronomers and mathematicians and one of those astronomers just happened to be bride rye arrived in Prague the year before to take the title of Imperial mathematician his mission was to undertake a new set of planetary observations and then create a table from the results that could predict where anything in the night sky would be on a future date such tables had existed before but they'd been plagued by poor data Brahe he was determined to make the most accurate table in history unfortunately history is exactly what bra he was about to become on October the 24th 1601 bra he'd died rather than halt his work Rudolph the second simply handed it to Brys assistants this is how Kepler's suddenly found himself not just saddled with the title of Imperial mathematician and a difficult job to finish but also with access to the scientific equivalents of magic pixie dust in his lifetime but I had been a guy who didn't like to share among the things he didn't like sharing where his astronomical observations the most accurate in human history so an Kepler inherited bra his work he also got his hands on these observations this data would be the key that helps unlock Kepler's greatest discoveries for the next decade Kepler slaved away in Prague making new discoveries like a man possessed in 1604 for example is attempt to figure out the best way to observe an eclipse sent him down a rabbit hole that ended in him discovering how light travels through the human eye remember in science class when you found out that the human eye actually projects stuff onto your retinas upside-down and your brain flips the image the right way up again while Kepler was the first to discover that he then used this work to design a highly improved eyeglasses the same year he was working on optics Kepler also became the first to observe what he called a new star in the sky actually we now know that it was the last recorded supernova in the Milky Way many years later Kepler's observation would help improve that earth isn't the center of the universe a few years later in 1608 he wrote somnium more of a dream in English possibly the first work of science fiction but it was the book Kepler published in 1609 that really changed the world astronomic Nova grew out of Kepler's observation of Mars's orbit after tracing it through the sky for years he finally clicked that the complex twisting trail that we see from Earth is also because earth is moving through space by deploying what in the sixteen hundreds must have seemed like an insane thought experiment Kepler managed to show what Earth's own orbit would look like from Mars from there it was just a small step to prove that Mars's orbit must be elliptical it was the first time that anyone had figured out what a planet's orbit actually looked like and it was from here that Kepler drew his first law that the planets have elliptical orbits with the Sun as one of the foci it's also from here that he drew the second of his three laws which is pretty difficult to explain but basically gives you a way to measure the speed that any planet is traveling around the Sun as for the third law well we'll get back to that in a bit when Kepler published these findings in astronomia nova in 1609 he impressively included all his raw data today something that's a given where science is concerned at the time though it was almost like a dare for its critics a way for Kepler to say you think I'm wrong to you well study the data and show me where I'm wrong the astronomic Nova was a monumental achievement one that cemented Kepler's claim to greatness unfortunately six was also the moment Kepler's world began to split apart back in 1555 the Holy Roman Empire had managed to stop the consonant exploding with something called the Peace of Augsburg after Martin Luther did his thing the Empire had transformed into a gigantic pressure cooker with Catholics and Lutheran's threatening to unleash holy war on one another the peace had released some of that pressure by removing the requirements for states in the Empire to be Catholic instead each territories ruler could choose for themselves whether to be Catholic or Lutheran and no one else would interfere but the peace was just a temporary fix a quick release of some steam inside individual states pressure was still rising as the growing popularity of Protestantism collided with the often Catholic elite in Bohemia the catholic rudolf ii had tried to solve this by signing the letter of majesty and attempted compromise it allowed Bohemia's Protestant Nobles to build their own churches and worship however they wished unfortunately it was this very act of compromise that would insure the pressure cooker of Europe finally exploded into the 30 Years War mother Keppler really noticed any of this as the new decade dawned he was still beavering away in Prague still making discoveries in 1610 for example Galileo used the first telescope to discovered Jupiter's moons Io Callisto Europa and Ganymede now known as the Galilean moons their existence was such a controversial discovery that most people simply refused to believe it claiming the telescope must be causing optical illusions so Kepler sat down and wrote another book on optics which not only proved Galileo couldn't be seeing things but also described how to build a vastly more powerful telescope if it's starting to sound as if Kepler could do just about anything he put his mind to well you haven't heard the half of it the following winter 1611 he was inspired to do a short study of snowflakes not only did he become the first person in history to observe that all snowflakes are unique the resulting pamphlet has been called the earliest work on crystallography and if you're feeling like an underachiever right now well you're not alone but even as Kepler kept churning out discovery after discovery storm clouds would gathering on the horizon the same year that Kepler was writing about snowflakes Rudolph's younger brother Mateus forced the Emperor to abdicate at sword point from the moment he took the throne the hardcore Catholic Mateus made it clear that he wasn't going to honor any letters giving legal rights to Protestants come suddenly the Lutheran Kepler was living in a city that officially hated Lutheran's it was Grant's 2.0 and once again Kepler had no way out as 1612 got underway Kepler began searching frantically for an exit from Prague he wrote again to his old University but they were like dude you wrote that the Earth orbits the Sun that's crazy if we hire you people are gonna think we're crazy right if that wasn't bad enough that same year Kepler's wife died of spotted fever just as Kepler was getting desperate the city of Lintz came to his rescue they would create the position of district mathematician just for him provided he used his time in the city to finish price tables with no other options Kepler accepted he got out just in time five years later in 1617 Prague cracked down hard on its Protestants the churches opened under Rudolf the second were closed non Catholics were subjected to harassment for a year the Protestants tried to put up with these indignities then in 1618 they finally snapped on May the 23rd a group of Protestants stormed Prague Castle grabbed three Catholics and held them out of a high window the defenestration of Prague is famous today nova rudes death toll all three Catholics survived after landing in a pile of manure but it's famous for what it started the defenestration was the opening salvo in the thirty years war three decades of religious violence that would destroy Central Europe and leave over 8 million people dead and Johannes Kepler was about to get caught right in the middle of it if we were to try and explain the 30 Years War it would take about well 30 years and leave us all with really sore brains to put it in its crudest terms just note that it was a religious war that quickly grew beyond religion and would ultimately involve not just the many states of the Holy Roman Empire but also France Spain Sweden the Netherlands Poland the Ottoman Empire the Habsburg lands England Scotland Russia and pretty much any nation happened to be passing by and felt like joining in the Royal Rumble now when because the war was so big so long and so vicious it also created the ideal conditions for the outbreak of a plague which in turn created the ideal conditions for witchcraft panics which in turn led to some of the largest mass executions for witchcraft in human history so yeah 30 years warn not exactly a fun time to be alive in Central Europe sadly though Central Europe was exactly where Kepler was by 1619 Lintz like grads and Prague before it was paralyzed by anti Protestant riots as a guest of the city Keppler was allowed to stay and he and his new family had married local lass Susan rooting us soon after arriving in 1613 and now they had three children they were officially protected that's unofficially unofficially the family had to deal with prejudice every single day in such circumstances it's almost a wonder that Keppler got any work done at all yet somehow he managed that same year Kepler published his third law which states that squaring the length of any planets orbits in other words the length of its year and dividing that by its distance from the Sun cubed will return a constant number it was a powerful mathematical insight but it was also overshadowed by events in Kepler's life arena the books Omni and Kepler published back in 1608 the one we said might be their first work of science fiction well we didn't mention it at the time but somnium includes a little side story what about a son who is a scientist and a mother who is a witch in 1620 life began imitating Kepler's art in the darkest possible way that year Kepler's own mother was imprisoned for witchcraft witchcraft accusations during the 30 Years War certainly not something to be taken lightly this was the same error as the worst burg witch trials in which hundreds of people were burned at the stake Kepler knew he had to save his mother so he dropped what he was doing and returns at once to organize that offense the resulting trial would eat up over a year of his life hear the story now is actually all sorts of impressive Keppler approached the case like he did his scientific work using a deep analysis of the raw documents to forensic ly examine the prosecution's claims it was a battle between science and superstition a case in which one side used rational arguments while the other talked about demons and women turning themselves into cats incredibly science actually won after 14 months manacled in a Cell the threat of torture looming over her Kepler's mother was set free thanks entirely to her son's efforts the Kepler for rationality this was a huge victory but it was one that came at a price for over a year Kepler's scientific work had been put on hold the trial had also left him in dire need of money money the city of Linz wasn't willing to pay not long after the trial ended Kepler's Lynn's home was requisitioned and turned into a troop garrison in 1625 the Catholics running the city confiscated his entire library and forced his children to start attending Mass finally in 1626 Kepler and his family they left Lance for good but now they were broke and on the verge of destitution ever the optimist Kepler tried heading back to Prague and asking the Treasury for unpaid wages that rudolf ii had owed him but they simply laughed him out of the city it was a bleak time not just for Kepler but for the whole of Europe but the astronomer wasn't done yet he still had one last moment of greatness to come [Music] it had been $15.99 when rudolf ii first called brah hey to his court to prepare new astronomical tables this was years before kepler described his three laws years before his discovery of Mars's orbit before the defenestration of Prague before the 30 Years War in that time Brian Rudolph had both died and the continent had split apart the couple hadn't forgotten what he was meant to be doing he hadn't forgotten the promise that he had made so long ago in 1627 Kepler finally published Brys finished tables known today is the rudolf een tables they were the most accurate tables for predicting the movement of the planets in human history they were based not just on Brahe Hayes jealously guarded data but also on Kepler's own observations in fact his three laws were baked into the tables underlying every calculation that Kepler had performed if his laws were real the predictions in the tables would be borne out and luckily there was a major one coming up that everyone could check them against in 1631 mercury was scheduled to transit across the Sun sadly for our story Kepler wouldn't live to see himself vindicated on November the 15th 1630 Johannes Kepler passed away in the city of Regan's back around him the 30 Years War continued to rage a pointless howl of destruction consuming Europe even a death Kepler wouldn't escape it at some point a rampaging army destroyed the cemetery he was buried in the location of his body it's now lost to history but even as Europe tore itself apart the first rays of hope were beginning to glimmer in 1631 mercury completed its transit across the Sun exactly as Kepler's tables had predicted with Kepler's work clearly on the mark it started raising questions one of which would eventually come to greatly trouble a young British man about fifty years later long after the 30 Years War it finally ended Isaac Newton found himself pondering Kepler's tables if it were possible to predict the movements of the planets so accurately there must be some sort of force guiding them Newton disagreed with Kepler's theory about a magnetic Sun so he set about discovering just what this mysterious force might be from these musings would come the discovery of gravity a while is influence on Newton maybe Kepler's biggest claim to fame there are other ways that his work lasts it just take a look at Kepler's conjecture 16:11 theory on the stacking of cannonballs that wasn't proved until 1998 nearly 400 years later but perhaps the most important aspect of Kepler's work is the thinking that underlay it all Kepler was one of the first to look at the night sky and not see some unknowable mechanism at work but a divine plan that was both beautiful and capable of being understood by humans what Kepler may have been more explicitly religious than most scientists today he even actually referred to himself as a prophet at one point that idea of a universal language of an existence we can understand through mathematics is still very relevant Kepler may have died before he could see his life's work be proved right but his name will continue to echo across history for centuries to come so I really hope you found that video interesting if you did please do hit that thumbs up button below do not forget to subscribe brand new videos four days a week also why not check out another channel I do it's called high light history it's sort of a today and history thing I'm going to link to that below and as always thank you for watching


[Music]
Forrest
Gump
is
a
myth
of
20th
century
America
Robert
Zemeckis
film
comprehensively
tracks
the
story
of
America
from
the
post-world
War
two
period
into
the
post-watergate
era
and
like
any
good
myth
it
filters
historical
facts
through
allegorical
characters
and
a
particular
language
my
mom
always
said
life
was
like
a
box
of
chocolates
you
never
know
what
you're
going
to
get
to
create
a
symbolic
journey
that
makes
emotional
sense
out
of
what
was
a
deeply
complicated
and
confusing
era
for
many
Americans
somebody's
shot
that
nice
young
president
when
he
was
riding
in
his
car
and
a
few
years
after
that
somebody
shot
his
little
brother
in
this
myth
forced
himself
embodies
our
country's
central
spirit
so
as
Forrest
Gump
turns
25
this
year
here's
our
take
on
what
this
modern
American
myth
has
to
say
about
our
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forests
life's
story
is
interwoven
with
major
historical
events
from
the
1950s
to
the
1980s
zemeckis
even
inserts
forests
into
real
archival
footage
in
a
technique
considered
pretty
cutting-edge
when
the
movie
was
made
in
1994
thus
the
film
rewrites
history
so
that
the
character
is
there
the
secret
catalyst
of
all
the
events
that
define
our
collective
memory
the
lights
are
often
they
must
be
looking
for
a
fuse
box
or
something
cuz
in
flashlights
keeping
me
awake
big
personal
events
in
his
life
map
onto
pivotal
historical
moments
or
have
recognizable
history
as
a
backdrop
it
was
the
happiest
moment
of
my
life
the
film
also
uses
the
most
iconic
music
associated
with
the
periods
it
covers
[Music]
making
this
feel
at
times
close
to
an
audio
visual
textbook
[Applause]
the
result
of
this
historical
rewrite
is
that
forest
story
is
America's
story
it
begins
with
the
shameful
past
forest
is
named
after
Nathan
Bedford
Forrest
the
first
Grand
Wizard
of
the
Ku
Klux
Klan
so
the
story
starts
in
the
shadow
of
America's
original
sin
his
childhood
in
the
50s
is
pretty
peaceful
and
happy
just
like
the
decade
was
a
prosperous
one
for
many
Americans
forests
confusion
as
he
runs
straight
off
the
college
football
field
very
confusing
reflects
the
60s
tumultuously
in
Vietnam
he
watches
his
friends
get
killed
and
wounded
in
a
war
that
doesn't
make
sense
I
don't
know
much
about
anything
but
I
think
some
of
America's
best
young
man
served
in
this
war
personally
feeling
the
defining
American
tragedy
of
this
era
the
cultural
divide
between
establishment
types
and
counterculture
hippies
again
effects
Forrest
very
personally
as
he
and
his
loved
Jenny
are
separated
by
their
very
different
paths
we
have
very
different
lives
you
know
Forrest
helps
open
up
US
relations
with
Communist
China
post
military
life
he
becomes
an
exemplary
entrepreneur
transforming
a
dinky
boat
into
a
successful
shrimping
business
literally
overnight
we
got
more
money
in
the
daily
coffee
so
he
lives
that
American
ideal
of
getting
obscenely
rich
through
simple
perseverance
then
he's
an
early
investor
in
the
tech
boom
he
got
me
invested
in
some
kind
of
fruit
company
in
1976
Forrest
sets
off
on
a
three-year
cross-country
run
after
Jenny
leaves
him
and
his
personal
heartbreak
is
linked
to
a
national
need
to
heal
and
process
the
tumult
of
the
60s
some
reason
when
I
was
doing
seem
to
make
sense
to
Jenny's
death
in
the
early
80s
is
part
of
the
dawning
AIDS
crisis
I
have
some
kind
of
virus
and
the
doctors
don't
I
don't
know
what
it
is
and
there
isn't
anything
they
can
do
about
it
and
it
symbolizes
a
mourning
for
something
beautiful
and
pure
of
our
national
character
that
was
lost
in
these
times
but
while
he'll
never
be
over
his
grief
for
Jenny
his
touching
life
as
a
father
and
the
vast
potential
of
his
son
forced
jr.
he's
very
smart
he's
one
of
the
smartest
in
his
class
leave
us
with
optimism
that
the
kids
and
the
future
of
America
will
be
alright
so
what
exactly
is
the
movie
trying
to
say
by
choosing
this
unassuming
largely
passive
simpleton
to
carry
the
mantle
of
our
country's
history
at
first
glance
Forrest
lacks
stereotypical
American
traits
like
ambition
ego
self
interest
or
career
goals
the
very
first
thing
we're
told
about
him
is
that
he's
slow
witted
Forrest
even
his
last
name
Gump
is
a
word
for
fool
yet
he
achieves
all
the
trappings
of
the
classic
American
dream
serving
his
country
becoming
a
successful
capitalist
meeting
presidents
and
starting
a
family
with
a
woman
he's
always
loved
and
while
it
may
seem
he
Rises
purely
thanks
to
dumb
luck
in
fact
he
possesses
key
qualities
that
account
for
his
success
and
reflect
something
about
our
national
character
one
of
his
greatest
gifts
is
his
single-minded
focus
and
straightforward
dedication
to
the
task
at
hand
when
someone
gives
Forrest
a
simple
Direction
like
to
run
across
a
field
keep
his
eye
on
a
ping-pong
ball
or
reassemble
a
gun
he
excels
at
this
jesus
H
Christ
this
is
a
new
company
Rick
it's
like
there's
no
extra
clutter
in
his
brain
distracting
him
and
getting
in
the
way
of
his
focus
and
because
he's
so
unintellectual
he
never
gets
bored
with
tasks
others
would
find
repetitive
and
this
aspect
of
forests
nature
maybe
getting
at
how
the
US
does
well
when
it
channels
its
energy
into
achieving
very
clear
objectives
another
of
forests
defining
skills
is
his
ability
as
a
runner
which
symbolizes
stamina
and
resilience
when
I
got
there
I
figured
since
I
gone
this
far
might
as
well
turn
around
his
love
of
running
captures
an
American
enthusiasm
and
all-or-nothing
attitude
if
you're
going
to
do
something
why
walk
when
you
could
run
and
it
also
represents
the
fortitude
to
keep
going
no
matter
how
tough
it
gets
my
mom
always
said
you
got
to
put
the
past
behind
you
before
you
can
move
on
and
I
think
that's
what
my
running
was
all
about
in
the
scene
where
a
group
of
local
teenage
boys
chase
forests
their
car
features
a
prominent
Confederate
flag
license
plate
as
if
forest
is
trying
to
outrun
the
evils
and
pain
of
our
country
yet
forest
always
does
outrun
whatever
dangerous
after
him
even
as
the
forces
chasing
him
get
more
and
more
formidable
even
though
forests
life
is
marked
by
disadvantages
he
has
a
low
IQ
a
crooked
spine
and
an
absent
father
he
miraculously
overcomes
his
disability
now
you
wouldn't
believe
[Music]
so
his
superpower
reveals
the
optimism
at
the
heart
of
this
movie
the
implied
message
is
that
our
country's
20th
century
journey
is
about
triumphing
over
darkness
even
when
it
seems
impossible
Jenny
first
tells
for
us
to
run
away
from
problems
but
forests
impulse
to
run
is
ultimately
a
zeal
for
running
itself
embodying
the
wisdom
that
the
journey
is
really
the
destination
used
to
be
I
ran
to
get
Wow
when
Bubba
later
repeats
Jenny's
instructions
during
battle
Forrest
characteristically
does
what
he's
told
but
he
quickly
sees
a
problem
with
running
away
threat
so
far
so
fast
it's
pretty
soon
I
was
all
by
myself
which
was
a
bad
thing
so
he
runs
back
into
the
line
of
fire
Bubba
was
my
best
good
friend
I
had
to
make
sure
he
was
okay
what's
beautiful
about
the
scene
of
him
rescuing
his
wounded
brothers
is
the
simplicity
of
his
motivation
in
contrast
to
the
grandiosity
of
lieutenant
Dan's
dream
of
dying
heroically
his
instinctual
understanding
that
we
don't
leave
our
friends
behind
is
what
heroism
really
is
this
scene
also
shows
that
when
the
core
things
he
knows
are
important
are
on
the
line
Forrest
isn't
just
mindlessly
obedient
so
Forrest
is
actually
a
lot
smarter
than
people
think
in
a
critical
way
it's
just
that
he
really
only
concerns
himself
with
the
few
things
that
truly
matter
Bubba
was
my
best
good
friend
and
even
high
no
that
ain't
something
you
can
find
just
around
the
corner
forest
also
has
a
total
lack
of
ego
and
a
down-to-earth
love
of
his
home
qualities
many
successful
Americans
pay
lip
service
to
but
rarely
practice
and
coz
that
was
a
gazillionaire
and
I
like
doing
it
so
much
I
cut
that
grass
for
free
and
while
forest
is
not
a
creative
ideas
guy
himself
he's
responsible
for
Elvis's
moves
say
man
crazy
little
walk
you
just
did
there
the
lyrics
to
imagine
and
in
China
they
never
go
to
church
no
religion
too
hard
to
imagine
it's
easy
if
you
try
dick
and
the
[ __ ]
happens
slogan
happens
[ __ ]
all
these
revelations
come
out
of
his
ability
to
be
himself
in
a
totally
unfiltered
unselfconscious
way
and
this
realness
sparks
breakthroughs
and
others
most
fundamentally
he
embodies
through
egalitarianism
you're
the
same
as
everybody
else
the
virtue
of
being
receptive
and
an
inexhaustible
ability
to
love
I'm
not
a
smart
man
but
I
know
what
love
is
if
forest
is
the
central
spirit
of
America
the
supporting
characters
represent
other
key
mythical
or
spiritual
aspects
of
our
national
identity
forests
first
inspiration
is
his
mother
who
represents
fierce
love
of
family
my
boy
forest
is
going
to
get
the
same
opportunities
as
everyone
else
and
the
power
of
a
homegrown
folk
wisdom
life
is
a
box
of
chocolates
forest
you
never
know
what
you're
gonna
get
mrs.
gums
words
are
essentially
a
Bible
to
her
son
which
translates
the
complicated
world
into
accessible
language
and
evocative
metaphors
I'm
always
had
a
way
of
explaining
things
so
I
could
understand
them
almost
all
his
beliefs
come
from
her
mom
always
said
there's
an
awful
lot
you
could
tell
about
a
person
by
their
shoes
now
mom
was
sad
days
only
so
much
fortune
a
man
really
needs
and
the
rest
is
just
for
showing
up
mama
always
said
dying
was
a
part
of
life
when
he
needs
guidance
he
looks
for
ways
to
interpret
his
mother's
teachings
as
needed
just
as
one
might
interpret
a
Bible
verse
is
any
more
mama
Gump
instills
in
forests
the
liberating
knowledge
that
despite
differences
in
our
gifts
and
our
fortunes
from
the
deepest
human
level
everyone
is
really
equal
more
often
in
our
American
culture
we
emphasize
telling
kids
they're
special
one-of-a-kind
but
the
characters
in
this
story
who
feel
they're
special
smart
important
or
entitled
to
a
special
life
suffer
due
to
that
thinking
I
was
Lieutenant
Dan
Taylor
you
still
lieutenant
thing
for
stable
well-adjusted
temperament
comes
out
of
the
philosophical
tools
his
mama
gave
him
for
processing
this
world
especially
what's
dark
and
troubling
about
it
I
mean
what's
vacation
mean
vacation
we're
daddy
went
vacations
when
you
go
somewhere
and
you
don't
ever
come
back
she
doesn't
lie
to
Forrest
that
he's
smarter
than
he
is
instead
she
drills
into
him
the
point
that
he
has
control
over
whether
he
does
stupid
things
or
not
and
that's
what
really
counts
each
day
better
something
promises
to
business
if
it
does
so
instead
of
denying
her
sons
disadvantages
or
shielding
him
from
the
upsetting
aspects
of
life
or
history
mama
said
that
the
forest
part
was
to
remind
me
that
sometimes
we
all
do
things
that
well
just
don't
make
no
sense
she
equips
him
with
a
matter-of-fact
worldview
that
doesn't
allow
adversity
or
hardships
to
make
him
feel
disempowered
I
guess
you
could
say
me
and
Mama
was
on
our
own
but
we
didn't
mind
later
we
see
pretty
much
every
other
character
unable
to
deal
with
the
kind
of
adversity
that
forest
overcomes
you
know
what
it's
like
not
to
be
able
to
use
your
legs
yes
I
do
and
his
resilience
is
largely
thanks
to
his
mother's
education
which
taught
him
to
look
truths
in
the
face
while
not
letting
anyone
talk
you
out
of
the
most
important
things
you
know
deep
down
he
didn't
want
to
be
called
crippled
just
like
I
didn't
want
to
be
called
stupid
forests
childhood
sweetheart
Jenny
represents
historical
trauma
her
father's
abuse
leads
her
to
repeat
a
pattern
of
self
harming
choices
and
toxic
relationships
with
men
for
a
long
time
she
rejects
forests
love
I
would
never
hurt
you
I
know
you
wouldn't
force
seemingly
because
she
thinks
she
should
be
with
a
man
who
will
hurt
her
would
never
hurt
you
Forrest
and
Jenny
are
inversions
of
each
other
forest
is
slow
while
Jenny
is
very
smart
and
perceptive
forest
grows
up
contented
in
the
warmth
of
his
mother's
unconditional
love
while
the
first
thing
Jenny
knows
of
this
world
is
her
father's
abuse
Forrest
runs
everywhere
toward
the
world
Jenny
shares
that
open
go
where
life
leads
you
attitude
but
for
her
it's
really
running
away
her
recurring
desire
is
to
become
a
bird
but
she
can
never
escape
the
pain
she's
trying
to
be
free
from
that
guy
flashes
fresh
because
it's
deep
inside
her
eating
her
from
within
sometimes
I
guess
there
just
aren't
enough
rocks
in
the
novel
that
Forrest
Gump
is
based
on
Forrest
wasn't
as
squeaky-clean
but
Richard
Corliss
writes
that
in
the
film
adaptation
screenwriter
Eric
Roth
transferred
all
of
forests
flaws
and
most
of
the
excesses
Americans
committed
in
the
60s
and
70s
to
her
so
we
can
see
how
the
film
explicitly
turns
Jenny
into
a
symbol
of
America's
inability
to
heal
from
past
wounds
I
just
I
want
to
apologize
for
anything
that
I
ever
did
to
you
cuz
I
was
messed
up
for
a
long
time
she
represents
the
60s
counterculture
that
strove
to
break
with
past
injustice
and
create
a
future
based
on
love
and
equality
she
discovered
ways
to
expand
her
and
learn
how
to
live
in
harmony
but
Jenny
is
too
wounded
to
really
do
this
so
her
dreams
of
peace
give
way
to
attempts
to
escape
reality
just
as
the
free
love
movement
eventually
deteriorated
in
a
similar
way
despite
her
tragic
fate
jenny
represents
an
incredible
beauty
in
the
American
spirit
in
history
the
idealism
of
the
60s
was
a
remarkable
dream
likewise
in
forests
eyes
nothing
and
no
one
compares
to
Jenny
she
was
like
an
angel
I've
never
named
a
boat
before
but
there
was
only
one
I
could
think
of
the
most
beautiful
name
forests
life
is
always
tinged
with
sadness
because
however
much
he
prospers
the
one
he
loves
isn't
with
him
for
most
of
it
this
incredible
person
with
so
much
potential
can
never
live
the
life
she
should
because
she
was
terrorized
by
the
man
who
brought
her
into
this
world
and
that's
a
terrible
injustice
so
though
Forrest
himself
embodies
the
optimism
and
resilience
of
our
national
character
his
love
for
Jenny
captures
that
the
losses
and
suffering
of
the
less
fortunate
among
us
will
always
color
even
our
country's
greatest
joys
and
achievements
as
happy
as
Forrest
is
being
a
dad
to
force
jr.
he'll
never
stop
missing
Jenny
Michigan
Bubba
represents
the
American
entrepreneurial
spirit
his
dream
is
to
start
his
own
business
and
rise
on
the
capitalist
ladder
business
for
myself
it's
significant
that
the
one
main
character
of
color
in
the
film
has
the
most
capitalists
drive
for
this
young
black
man
the
capitalist
American
dream
represents
the
chance
to
make
a
better
life
than
his
ancestors
had
his
mama
cooks
rent
and
her
mama
before
her
cooks
ramp
and
her
Milan
for
her
mama
cook
shrimp
and
after
Bubba
dies
and
Forrest
makes
his
dream
a
reality
we
see
the
power
of
money
in
freeing
Bubba's
mother
from
that
oppressive
history
she
didn't
have
to
work
nobody's
catching
on
well
yet
Bubba
himself
never
gets
to
make
this
happen
so
he
also
becomes
a
symbol
of
the
great
human
potential
that
our
country
has
lost
to
senseless
Wars
Bubba's
Trenton
bulk
captain
but
daddy
died
right
there
by
that
rather
than
that
lieutenant
dan
represents
the
American
military
tradition
somebody
and
his
family
had
fought
and
died
in
every
his
wish
to
continue
in
his
ancestors
footsteps
captures
the
military's
illustrious
past
and
how
it's
a
way
of
life
for
generations
of
American
families
but
his
crisis
in
Vietnam
interrupts
that
tradition
and
shatters
his
worldview
this
gets
at
how
Vietnam
made
people
question
previous
assumptions
that
America
was
the
good
guy
instead
of
finding
glory
Lieutenant
Dan
is
permanently
scarred
and
returns
to
a
world
that
doesn't
respect
his
sacrifice
yet
in
the
end
this
man
comes
to
be
grateful
that
he
survived
I
never
thanked
you
for
saving
my
life
and
the
suggestion
is
that
by
making
it
through
this
test
he
comes
out
the
other
side
with
a
richer
understanding
of
what
life's
about
he
never
actually
said
so
but
I
think
he
made
his
peace
with
God
finally
Jenny's
in
forests
son
little
Forrest
signals
the
promise
of
the
next
generation
he
embodies
the
best
of
both
his
parents
his
mother's
intelligence
every
night
we
read
a
book
this
is
so
smart
and
his
father's
open-hearted
capacity
for
love
11
the
movie
tells
us
that
this
young
boy
does
not
represent
a
departure
from
history
he
has
his
father's
first
name
and
will
grow
up
in
the
exact
same
house
so
little
Forrest
represents
the
power
of
building
and
improving
upon
our
country's
past
to
live
up
to
our
full
potential
I'm
gonna
share
that
for
Sterling
telling
us
Ramage
to
read
it
to
you
this
film
and
its
values
are
as
American
as
apple
pie
why
are
you
so
good
to
me
you're
my
girl
it
celebrates
capitalism
and
lets
us
buy
into
the
dream
of
becoming
rich
it
emphasizes
the
importance
of
being
a
good
person
who
loves
your
hometown
and
your
mother
and
it
hints
at
a
divine
presence
watching
over
us
the
filmmakers
intended
the
story
to
be
a
political
but
Forrest
Gump
isn't
about
politics
or
conservative
values
it's
about
humanity
even
when
Forrest
speaks
his
thoughts
on
the
Vietnam
War
the
mic
gets
unplugged
so
we
don't
get
to
hear
them
that's
the
right
on
me
within
the
story
his
fellow
citizens
can't
understand
how
he
can
have
no
political
ideology
everywhere
he
goes
they
try
to
project
motivations
on
to
him
Forrest
grounds
his
story
and
events
that
dominate
our
collective
national
memory
and
which
are
inextricably
bound
up
with
personal
memories
so
the
goal
of
this
exercise
is
to
bring
us
together
with
shared
stories
and
to
illustrate
the
link
between
personal
and
communal
well-being
mom
always
said
there's
an
awful
lot
you
could
tell
about
a
person
by
their
shoes
where
they
go
where
they've
been
his
gift
for
storytelling
echoes
the
us's
ability
to
craft
a
narrative
about
itself
that
people
want
to
buy
into
well
it
was
a
very
lovely
story
and
you
tell
it
so
well
such
enthusiasm
if
there's
one
image
that
this
modern
American
myth
has
made
eternal
its
young
Forrest
breaking
free
of
his
restraints
and
doing
what
nobody
thought
he
could
do
never
letting
the
bullies
in
the
darkness
of
the
world
overtake
him
and
this
too
is
Forrest
Gump's
fundamental
belief
about
the
American
spirit
we
can
do
the
impossible
and
so
you
just
run
hi
guys
it's
Susanna
and
Deborah
and
we
are
gonna
take
if
you
like
what
we're
doing
and
you're
new
here
please
subscribe