if
you
were
to
have
a
discussion
about
notorious
online
communities
it's
impossible
to
have
that
discussion
without
bringing
up
4chan
at
some
point
you
all
know
the
site
and
i'm
sure
you've
heard
tales
of
some
of
the
crazy
and
sometimes
criminal
shenanigans
that
have
gone
down
over
there
from
doxing
to
harassment
campaigns
to
like
people
confessing
murders
yeah
you
could
say
the
site
has
established
a
bit
of
a
negative
reputation
for
itself
over
the
years
and
much
of
this
comes
from
the
misadventures
of
some
of
its
highest
profile
users
but
that
being
said
there
are
actually
a
handful
of
wholesome
moments
and
actions
that
4chan
has
been
responsible
for
throughout
its
deep
and
complex
history
my
focus
today
is
to
tell
you
the
story
of
one
of
these
moments
a
time
where
4chan
actually
did
something
good
for
humanity
meet
william
lashua
a
world
war
ii
veteran
from
ashburnham
massachusetts
in
september
of
2010
this
american
hero
was
nearing
his
90th
birthday
the
birthday
celebration
planned
for
him
by
his
family
was
expected
to
be
small
and
mostly
unremarkable
but
thanks
to
the
assistance
of
4chan
mr
lashua
would
receive
one
of
the
greatest
birthday
celebrations
of
his
entire
life
buckle
up
boys
this
is
going
to
be
a
wholesome
ride
this
is
the
story
of
how
4chan's
coordinated
efforts
made
william
lashow's
90th
birthday
uh
one
to
remember
uh-oh
i'm
actually
standing
up
on
camera
you
know
what
that
means
it's
sponsor
time
today's
video
is
sponsored
by
brightsellers
it's
been
one
hell
of
a
year
and
i
think
we
could
all
use
a
glass
of
wine
to
get
us
through
this
final
stretch
well
bright
cellars
is
here
with
the
good
stuff
bright
cellars
is
a
wine
subscription
service
that
sends
six
bottles
of
wine
to
your
front
door
every
month
they
have
wines
from
all
over
the
world
and
this
is
a
great
way
to
expose
yourself
to
new
flavors
and
brands
that
you
never
would
have
known
about
otherwise
the
way
brightsellers
works
is
you
go
to
their
website
and
answer
a
quick
quiz
which
gauges
your
taste
preferences
they'll
take
your
answers
into
account
and
send
you
your
first
box
filled
with
wines
targeted
for
your
tastes
you'll
also
get
some
education
cards
telling
you
more
about
each
wine
bottle
you
received
so
you
know
more
about
the
wine
you're
drinking
and
why
it
tastes
the
way
it
does
rather
than
cluelessly
picking
a
bottle
from
the
wall
of
wines
at
my
local
grocery
store
i've
decided
to
let
the
pros
make
the
wine
choices
for
me
and
this
is
a
decision
i
haven't
regretted
thus
far
you
guys
can
get
50
off
your
first
six
bottle
bright
sellers
box
by
clicking
the
link
down
in
the
description
box
big
shout
out
to
them
for
sponsoring
now
let's
get
into
the
story
this
story
begins
in
early
september
of
2010
in
the
small
city
of
gardner
massachusetts
an
anonymous
4chan
user
from
the
area
had
been
made
aware
of
a
notice
posted
on
a
bulletin
board
inside
gardner's
local
stop
and
shop
grocery
store
the
notice
was
a
public
invitation
to
a
birthday
party
being
held
for
this
older
gentleman
the
name
of
the
man
having
the
birthday
party
wasn't
listed
but
an
image
of
him
was
displayed
additionally
the
time
date
and
location
of
the
birthday
event
were
also
listed
wanted
people
for
birthday
party
september
4th
2010
1
to
4
p.m
at
the
ashburnham
american
legion
the
ashburnham
american
legion
is
a
veterans
association
located
in
the
neighboring
town
of
ashburnham
about
a
20
minutes
drive
from
the
store
where
the
birthday
bulletin
was
posted
apparently
the
anonymous
4chan
user
who
stumbled
across
this
birthday
bulletin
was
familiar
with
the
man
shown
in
the
photo
as
anon
was
able
to
identify
this
man
as
world
war
ii
veteran
william
j
lashwa
lashua
was
a
lifelong
resident
of
ashburnham
and
was
known
throughout
the
local
communities
this
upcoming
birthday
for
mr
lashua
was
going
to
be
a
big
one
as
he
was
turning
90
years
old
wanting
to
help
with
the
birthday
call
to
action
the
anon
who
stumbled
across
this
notice
posted
it
to
4chan's
b
board
in
a
thread
created
on
september
1st
everyone
sent
him
a
card
if
not
more
he
is
turning
90
and
is
a
world
war
ii
vet
he
deserves
everything
it
was
admittedly
unreasonable
for
anon
to
ask
people
to
make
the
trip
to
massachusetts
and
attend
the
lashua
birthday
event
in
person
so
anon
simply
encouraged
bee
to
send
kind
birthday
cards
to
the
mailing
address
of
the
veterans
association
venue
hosting
the
party
you
know
wishing
the
man
a
happy
birthday
now
b
is
generally
a
place
of
unchecked
toxicity
vitriol
and
degeneracy
but
something
about
this
simple
request
asking
bee
to
honor
the
birthday
of
this
89
year
old
man
it
seemed
to
crack
the
armor
of
even
the
most
jaded
and
nihilist
of
4chan
[ __ ]
posters
the
request
hit
a
soft
spot
the
idea
of
giving
this
man
the
birthday
of
his
life
using
the
power
of
their
weaponized
altruism
quickly
caught
on
and
b
was
totally
considering
breaking
formation
and
actually
doing
something
good
here
so
b
said
something
along
the
lines
of
this
anon
we'd
love
to
send
some
cards
to
this
old
man
but
we're
not
totally
sold
yet
sell
it
harder
well
if
mr
lashua
turning
90
and
also
being
a
world
war
ii
veteran
didn't
warrant
reverence
already
there
were
some
flattering
details
about
his
character
that
would
soon
be
discovered
that
kind
of
set
this
deal
over
the
edge
for
4chan
so
it's
reported
that
mr
lashua
alongside
his
late
wife
hilda
had
six
children
of
their
own
after
he
came
back
from
the
military
and
started
a
family
but
they
also
housed
dozens
of
foster
children
throughout
the
years
providing
children
with
a
home
safety
and
stability
until
permanent
foster
parents
could
be
found
mr
lashua
and
his
wife
had
provided
a
great
service
for
children
in
need
unfortunately
though
hilda
had
passed
away
in
2005
and
it's
assumed
that
this
marked
the
end
of
the
lashua's
contribution
to
fostering
children
yeah
this
man
was
a
total
sweetheart
all
things
considered
at
this
point
b
was
sold
they
decided
they
were
going
to
do
some
good
here
the
call
to
arms
was
echoed
across
4chan
and
4channers
site-wide
rushed
to
prepare
happy
birthday
postcards
and
other
gifts
for
mr
lashua
which
they
promptly
mailed
to
the
address
listed
on
the
invitation
hundreds
of
people
from
across
the
world
claimed
they
were
sending
something
to
mr
lashua
through
postage
others
simply
left
happy
birthday
wishes
within
the
original
4chan
thread
some
even
claimed
they
might
actually
attend
the
event
itself
an
online
birthday
wish
spirit
bomb
was
forming
and
as
the
days
crept
closer
to
september
4th
mr
lashow's
birthday
the
spirit
bomb
only
got
bigger
operation
wish
mr
lashua
happy
birthday
would
eventually
spread
outside
of
4chan
to
other
message
boards
and
social
media
sites
most
notably
to
reddit
oh
reddit
always
swaggerjacking4chan
anyhow
the
spread
would
only
exponentially
increase
the
mail
and
in-person
attendees
that
could
potentially
be
showing
up
to
this
2000
square
foot
veterans
association
building
in
ashburnham
massachusetts
and
that
being
said
you
have
to
wonder
at
this
point
have
any
of
mr
lashua's
family
caught
wind
of
what's
going
on
online
people
preparing
all
these
cards
and
potentially
attending
this
small
get-together
only
meant
for
family
well
somebody
would
catch
wind
of
it
and
they
would
make
a
post
to
reddit
addressing
all
this
it
was
one
of
mr
lashua's
grandsons
mr
lashua's
grandson
would
thank
people
for
their
support
though
he
urged
people
not
to
show
up
to
the
party
unless
they
were
from
the
local
area
this
is
what
he
said
on
reddit
i
am
william
j
lashua's
grandson
please
read
this
kind
folks
have
read
it
my
family
and
i
appreciate
the
outpouring
of
love
and
generosity
there
has
been
a
large
misunderstanding
the
poster
which
i'm
told
was
found
at
the
gardener's
stop
and
shop
was
more
a
local
notice
for
people
that
know
him
it
was
in
no
way
to
indicate
that
he
is
alone
he
has
seven
children
many
grandchildren
and
even
great
grandchildren
in
his
younger
years
he
was
a
foster
parent
to
dozens
of
foster
children
he
is
well
liked
in
the
community
and
will
be
fully
supported
on
his
90th
birthday
i
ask
that
if
you
don't
know
him
to
not
attend
the
party
as
it
is
for
his
friends
and
family
the
venue
for
the
party
is
a
very
small
hall
and
will
be
full
to
capacity
with
people
he
knows
and
loves
by
all
means
send
cards
and
well
wishes
but
please
refrain
from
sending
gifts
strippers
cakes
candies
etc
and
instead
please
make
a
donation
in
his
name
to
a
local
veterans
charity
thank
you
again
for
all
the
love
and
well
wishes
we
certainly
never
expected
this
you
are
awesome
reddit
now
please
help
me
spread
the
word
to
other
outlets
and
make
sure
this
is
a
smaller
enjoyable
party
for
him
now
considering
the
wishes
of
mr
lashua's
grandson
here
it
was
generally
agreed
by
the
people
on
reddit
and
4chan
that
it
probably
wasn't
the
best
idea
to
actually
make
the
trip
to
mr
lashua's
party
they
figured
the
hundreds
of
cards
that
were
supposedly
coming
in
the
mail
should
probably
guarantee
this
guy
would
have
a
very
special
birthday
at
this
point
all
4chan
and
reddit
could
do
was
wait
for
the
fateful
day
of
september
4th
and
cross
their
fingers
in
the
hopes
that
the
male
would
reach
mr
lashua's
veterans
association
venue
in
time
for
the
party
september
4th
2010
the
day
had
arrived
for
mr
lashua's
birthday
party
in
the
past
week
thousands
online
had
claimed
to
have
sent
cards
and
gifts
to
the
veterans
association
venue
for
mr
lashua
the
big
question
on
everyone's
mind
was
did
the
internet
follow
through
here
did
people
really
send
these
cards
or
was
it
just
a
big
meme
well
i'll
let
you
be
the
judge
of
it
hello
my
name
is
sarah
lozo
my
father
william
lazarus
celebrated
his
90th
birthday
today
someone
put
it
on
the
internet
and
we
got
hundreds
of
cards
and
gifts
and
flowers
and
balloons
and
cakes
[Music]
yep
the
birthday
plan
hatched
by
bee
was
a
massive
success
mr
lashua
and
his
family
were
blown
away
by
the
kindness
shown
by
those
of
4chan
and
the
rest
of
the
internet
users
that
contributed
to
the
party
mr
lashua
received
hundreds
of
birthday
cards
gifts
and
phone
calls
to
the
venue
wishing
him
a
happy
birthday
the
phone
was
ringing
off
the
hook
got
calls
from
japan
ireland
england
all
over
the
not
just
all
over
the
country
but
all
over
the
world
and
it
pretty
much
renewed
my
faith
in
humanity
for
you
know
people
calling
towards
somebody
happy
birthday
that
they
don't
even
know
who
served
in
world
war
ii
we
just
want
to
thank
everyone
for
being
some
kind
and
wishing
him
good
and
to
live
to
be
110.
thank
you
all
and
even
though
they
were
told
not
to
a
handful
of
redditors
and
bee
users
actually
attended
the
event
in
person
but
neither
the
family
or
mr
lashua
seemed
to
mind
their
presence
the
90
year
old
mr
lashua
got
an
unforgettable
birthday
and
it
wouldn't
have
happened
without
bee
this
whole
event
is
yet
another
example
of
4chan's
uncanny
ability
to
manifest
real
life
action
out
of
their
campy
online
chatter
now
a
lot
of
the
time
this
real
life
action
that
they
manifest
can
be
negative
but
in
this
case
it
was
overwhelmingly
wholesome
and
positive
as
for
mr
lashua
after
his
time
in
the
internet
limelight
he
went
back
to
living
a
quiet
and
peaceful
life
a
couple
of
years
would
go
by
and
no
updates
about
mr
lashua
would
be
made
public
and
actually
people
online
began
to
get
concerned
for
him
well
finally
in
2013
almost
three
years
after
the
mr
lashua
party
the
internet
would
finally
get
an
update
on
his
condition
and
what
he
had
been
up
to
and
this
update
was
provided
by
one
of
his
grandchildren
in
a
thread
that
they
had
created
on
4chan
unfortunately
though
this
wasn't
the
news
that
people
wanted
to
hear
almost
three
years
ago
4chan
made
my
grandfather
william
lashua
a
very
famous
man
he
was
turning
90
and
is
a
proud
world
war
ii
veteran
because
of
4chan
my
grandfather
and
family
was
overwhelmed
by
the
kindness
and
respect
that
we
got
in
honor
of
my
grandfather's
birthday
it
is
with
a
heavy
heart
that
i
tell
you
that
my
grandfather
passed
away
last
week
he
was
surrounded
by
our
family
as
he
passed
in
his
home
you
can
find
his
obituary
in
the
gardner
news
from
gardner
massachusetts
my
family
and
i
continue
to
thank
you
for
helping
my
grandfather's
90th
one
for
the
books
may
he
rest
in
peace
[Music]
rest
in
peace
to
mr
lashua
i
mean
he
seemed
like
such
a
stand-up
guy
and
just
an
honorable
man
and
i'm
glad
that
the
internet
came
together
to
celebrate
a
person
like
this
you
just
don't
see
it
happen
that
much
and
for
it
to
come
from
4chan
is
even
crazier
we
really
need
more
stories
like
this
let
me
know
what
you
guys
thought
about
the
video
down
below
my
apologies
for
the
two-week
upload
break
you
know
the
world's
been
kind
of
crazy
i
decided
to
take
a
little
vacation
to
witness
the
insanity
but
yeah
i'm
back
baby
well
i
want
to
give
a
major
shout
out
to
my
patrons
i
appreciate
you
guys
wavy
web
surf
out
peace
[Applause]


[Music] you know what i don't feel like saving the world today i'm ghosting on the reapers dr nefarious is going directly to voicemail and xehanort can go do whatever it was he was doing i'm taking some me time i need something cozy ah i think i've got just the thing let's talk about some cozy games what makes them cozier than average and i'll let you in on one esteer extreme pro level cozy game that i've just finished playing but first if you want to multiply your coziness try starting a new hobby with help from today's episode sponsor skillshare i recommend animation for graphic designers how to animate a logo if you've watched this channel for long you know i love animation i love how just a few very simple techniques can bring something static to life william kessling has a step-by-step guide for how to design set up and work through a logo in after effects to get something really eye-catching i used many of these techniques all the time in my videos they're super handy but that's not the only thing you could learn skillshare helps you get started in animation photography graphic design creative writing arts and crafts if you've got a hobby or if you're just looking to start a new one skillshare can help you explore deeper skillshare is an online learning community with thousands of inspiring classes for creators curated and ad free they've got a new summer promo going now too the first thousand people to click the link in the description will get a one month free trial of skillshare so you can start exploring your creativity today thanks skillshare what makes a game cozy anyway if we set out to make a game cozier what would we do it's kind of hard to pin down i think there are things that contribute to coziness and other factors that a lot of people think are necessary for a game to be cozy are just traditions and tropes that a lot of them use but you could still make a game cozy without them i think the keys to coziness are low pressure gameplay without a lot of consequences for veiling at a task or difficult survival elements simple stylistic visuals fun characters and a light story tone you could even get away with basically no story if you want there's one game i've played recently that does all of these things and is my cozy pick of the summer it's a short hike this episode is half an excuse for me to gush about a short hike it's great you play as a bird and you're going with your aunt on a quick getaway drive up to this nature park she works at to destress for a bit the park surrounds hawks peak perhaps you'd like the climate it's a short hike the game has barely any setup and throws you right into things with a loose goal and an entire park to explore the park is a popular tourist spot and full of characters to talk to and help out they're all quirky and wren with that sort of natural endearing dialogue that you might find in something like later alligator or undertale hawks peak is incredibly dense with things to do as you go from place to place in the park you'll stumble into something new around almost every corner you'll find key items scattered throughout unlocking new mechanics to use but the game doesn't limit you to only one place to find the items these buds bloom and act as a trampoline to let you glide around easier but the bucket you need to activate them can be found in a bunch of places throughout the mountain not just one there's a kid that needs a toy shovel to finish his sand castle but there are 5 different places where the game will let you find one scattering key items like that helps you complete tasks in the middle of doing whatever exploring you found most interesting there is no set path up the hill and no set order in which you'll meet people or complete tasks it's entirely at your own pace and you can take or leave the elements that most interest you you don't have to complete everything either there's nothing really to get you off from achieving your goals save for one clearly marked place and you just collect what you want to in whatever order feels right whatever you want to do is totally fine with the game ah you fell off a cliff while exploring well that's very good for a first try you keep at it there's no real penalty for missing a jump or gliding too far or falling off a cliff you're a bird after all so you can glide your way out of most things anyway the game is not only mechanically satisfying but graphically impressive for something that only took three months to make from start to finish the sense of depth that the game plays with is outstanding from the game's usual isometric angle you don't get a sense of it you're focused on the local area and what you can do and where you can go but every so often you'll reach one of these lookout points and you can see just how far you've come there's a haze effect at medium range and a really smart desaturation and outline technique the game uses for things far off in the distance hinting at something that might pique your interest maybe you should go over there too there are secrets in these hills and you can spend the time seeking them out or not whatever you're feeling the whole game might only take you an hour or two to complete but that's really up to you if you want to linger around talking to everyone you find and helping them with their problems be my guest if you want the blitz up the mountain have at it it's your getaway do whatever feels right to you a short hike is a classically cozy game but there are elements in it that you can easily change without losing that cozy charm games tend to feel cozier when they have low consequences but that doesn't mean they have to be these squishy aimless things they can still feel cozy while being focused and having clear goals grow home is a very simple physics based platformer you're a clumsy little robot named bud who has the jump climb and glide his way around a huge plant to get back to his mothership floating high above the planet the plant is filled with these branching buds if you grab one you will ride it as it grows and you can sort of steer the plant towards other things like these glowing land masses that give energy to the plant along the way you'll find and collect some crystals that give bud upgrades that help you traverse the world easier that's about it grow home has a very single-minded overarching goal but stays cozy with its relaxing cycle of jumping climbing growing plants and collecting as you get closer and closer to the mothership it's more single-minded than a short hike but still very relaxed and lets you go about that goal at your own pace the game uses a calm ambient soundtrack a low poly art style the occasional soothing song and the mother ship's computer cheering you on to keep its relaxed vibe there's no time pressure no combat and hardly any enemies to get in your way save for the occasional creature even if you died to it though there's not much consequence or much consequence from falling off the plant for that matter you'll just get teleported back to the nearest beacon it's just you the plant and a ton of crystals to collect as you climb your way back home but as you go up pause for a second every once in a while and take in avista you've earned it a cozy game doesn't have to be sugary sweet either a short hike and animal crossing are known for being as pleasant as possible all the way through but you can still have a nice low-key time being an absolute jerk it worked for dennis the menace why can't it work for a goose untitled goose game is a cozy game where you play as the villain you're a goose working your way through a small neighborhood and going through a literal checklist of mayhem ruining the day of everyone in your path it sounds mean-spirited and it is but so cozy and endearing the presentation and scope of the game do a lot of work here it's a puzzle focused adventure game where you operate on the world by manipulating npcs to complete tasks it's all about exploring the different ways you can affect the environment and mess around with the townsfolk in specific ways actually it's kinda like a cozy version of hitman if you think about it honk at this kid over and over and you'll scare them chase them around and you might trap them in the phone booth or you could steal this gardener's prized rose and while he's distracted you can snatch his hat and force him to wear this there's plenty to poke at in the environment and lots of things to experiment on to see what different behaviors everyone will have in different scenarios like a short hike there's basically no chance to fail and it's easy to get right back where you were if something goes weird the minimalist piano soundtrack flat colored art style and the premise all lend themselves to a delightful low-key experience of being an absolute nuisance you might think you see a pattern here lots of cozy games seem to have fairly similar aesthetics but be careful focusing on aesthetics to determine whether or not a game is cozy can trip you up on the surface night in the woods looks extremely cozy look at that art style animal characters the dialogue is super casual and relatable the music's great it's not mechanically demanding it's just this cozy little adventure game where you go around your small town and do stuff right oh oh no well yes sort of but no knight in the woods a story i'd say takes it firmly out of the cozy camp you play as may who's coming home from college under mixed circumstances your hometown is there but nothing's quite how you left it there's the natural change over time especially in that post high school way where all your friends drift apart a little bit to do their own thing but the town's not doing so hot either work is hard to come by and the town is in this slow decay cycle the people in it are a little more standoffish than you remember it's all sort of the same but not quite you're gonna meet back up with your best friends catch up and see if there's something else going on the game explores personal growth and change urban decay social and psychological trauma and whether or not you can go home again it's not a huge downer but these are some heavy themes that the game plays up it's a great game yes but cozy not really it's pretty funny though you wouldn't expect a game like this to be anything but cozy and yet here it is ah okay now i'm ready to save the world again thanks cozy games head down to the comments where we'll be talking about more cozy games that i didn't mention leave your recommendations cozy games aren't just about an aesthetic they're the product of lots of factors working together to help you relax [Music]


today's video is sponsored by Squarespace so if you need a website good squarespace.com forward slash Heaton couple of couple of changes couple of things you might notice from this video that are different to my usual videos one I'm sitting in the comfy chair in my office rather than at my desk and two I'm filming this on my new Fuji XT three for no other reason then I really just wanted to use it and give it a good old thrash Ingo to Nepal which funnily enough is I'm there now it's very confusing making videos for the future so today's video is going to be an educational video you see there are lots of photographers out there who create some incredible educational content from top tips videos to online photography courses to blog posts or just simply in the field kind of inspirational content just like mine and really if you like that kind of inspirational content in the field then go ahead and subscribe and whilst all of this education can certainly help benefit your photography I do wonder if there is a better way a way there's less popular with the well-known photographers so instead of me sharing my best images from the best locations and telling you everything I did right in order to get this image I'm gonna share some bad photographs from some average locations as well as epic locations and I think the value in me sharing bad images and when I say bad images that don't mean test shots and I don't mean you know snapshots opportunistic kind of stuff I'm talking about proper images where I contemplated the scene work to composition set up my tripod and sometimes got so so much tunnel vision and I was so stubborn with a particular scene that I shot it anyway blind to the fact that actually it was in fact a rubbish image and I really do think that you can learn a lot if not more from can get bad images as opposed to looking at good images so I'm gonna show you not this this is one of my epic shots from Patagonia I'm gonna show you some bad photographs and I'm gonna start with this one no this on the face of it when you first look at it you think well that's a that's a nice image you know it's well exposed it's sharp it's colorful it's peaceful yeah I'm not talking about technical faults here with images but this photograph which I took not too long ago I worked on it for so long to get the balance right and to make sure that it was symmetrical and I was so fixated with the hanging leaves and the the reeds coming up that what I didn't really notice or didn't think was important until after the fact was this window here this natural frame this image doesn't work because there is nothing in the window it is empty and that is empty space as opposed to negative space and I think I'm gonna mention that couple of times in this video so where as straight off the bat you think this is an OK image the more you look at it the more you get that feeling of what am I looking at there's no subject there the only way this could have been improved was one of two things one if there was something in this window you know I don't know an eagle or a yacht or something like that Oh if these these leaves hanging down were all level and nice and symmetrical called symmetrical and uniform and then that would be a nice abstract number but you know this one as it stands does not work as an image and if quite it's just not great but don't worry they get a lot worse okay this one no this isn't a snapshot okay this is an image that I worked on for well over an hour when as I worked on I mean drone footage camera footage piece to camera talking b-roll taking the photograph I worked on this for so long what happened was I was walking through the woods and spotted this yellow tree oh you know you know how much I loved a yellow tree and really stood out look how vibrant it is look how good of a subject it is and it is it's a fine subject but it's a bad photograph and that's because the surrounding environment doesn't support the subject it's messy these trees this one in particular here they cut off the the branches of the yellow tree the left-hand side of the image all of this crappy twigs and branches are coming in and it's just horrendous this side of the image is green they're messy and not very organized makes the whole image feel imbalanced now I when I was in the field the kind of thought I could get away with it I thought I could shoot wide open and soften the foreground you know softening all of these branches and I thought I've darken it in post and you won't even see this you'll be so fixated on the yellow tree but that's just not the case everything around the yellow tree is uneven unbalanced and screaming for attention which pulls the viewer away from that yellow tree how could I have improve this image well if I'd had my chainsaw all that would have helped I would have cooked down these trees on the left here when these branches I would have probably cooked down a couple of the green trees on this side and I never cooked down this tree here just you know sort of of course opened up the view to the hello tree but of course you know we don't even remove twigs from dead trees let alone take and chainsaw so that's not going to happen but what I'll do is I'll show you an example of a very very similar image which I captured a few weeks ago same idea same kind of thing but it works much better that's this image yellow tree in the woods the difference being there is nothing between me and the yellow tree so you don't have anything interrupting the shape and form of the tree and there is nothing really creeping into shop pulling the eye and distracting away from the main subject everything else in the frame is subdued fairly uniform and just nice and quiet therefore all of the attention is on the yellow tree whereas in this one as much as I love the yellow tree and as much as I tried to make it work and as much as I thought I had made it work it's just awful awful bad image and I'm quite embarrassed by this which is great because I'm showing it to the world all right this this photograph I hate this photograph and I included this in a video about two months ago and I don't know honestly time to my heart I don't know what I was thinking I think I was just trying to get an image to complete the video and that is a trap you can fall into if you're a photographer working on YouTube sometimes you can you feel like you have to get an image to complete all of the hard work that you've put into creating a video and that's what exactly what I did here why doesn't this image work it's quite simple there is no focal point there is nothing this may as well be a picture of cat SiC you know looking at anything what is the viewer looking at what am I trying to show to the viewer if I can't answer that question then it's not a good image you should always ask yourself that when composing a photograph what do I want the viewer to look at what am i showing them what am I trying to get across in my image and in this case no there's nothing it's just a mess first I thought maybe a bit of coloring a little bit of a focal point with this tree trunk but no it is horrendously bad and it's messy chaotic there's nowhere for the eye to land doesn't that work as a photograph how could have I improved it I know if there was more color maybe it would have been a bit more of an abstract but even then I don't think it would have worked what this really needs is a solid focal point something like this this is a similar kind of idea lots of color lots of foliage but there is a very very clear and obvious focal point with that black strong form of the tree all right this is an epic location and what this just goes to show is even in epic locations you can still take crap images and this is a bad photograph if I was judging a competition this came in it would be dismissed in a split second why great subject it's even got some nice light but there's no atmosphere and there's no balance and harmony within the image let's break it down blue skies is blue skies have never really done landscape photographers friendless that's you know let's face it the lights very harsh which means the shadows are very very deep so you've got that unattractive contrast foreground is sloping from left to right but there's nothing on the other side really that's strong enough to tip the scales and rebalance the image so you've got this very heavy dominant dark shadow Hill thing just just on the left side and that really ruins the whole thing you know I mean yeah you could let's have a look you could probably make this image black and white and that will improve it a little bit but the problem really is this so I think when I took this I was probably looking at the back of my camera and I was so like happy that I could see Fitzroy and that there was a lovely bear light on it I was probably just focusing too much on the mountain and I wasn't doing my edge patrol and checking you know looking at this so how could it have been improved the best way to improve this two things one shoot it earlier on in the day so you get more atmosphere softer light with more cooler and see if you can fix this sloping foreground have an example here this was just the same mountain shot from further back but more or less you know a very similar image and you can see this was photographed much earlier on in the day and you're watching this you're a landscape photographer you know that the best light is the beginning of the day and at the end of the day in most cases anyway and here's a great example lovely pink magenta lights which means your highlights aren't as harsh so you can hold more detail in the shadows so you don't have that contrast bit of wispy wispy clouds in the sky which kind gives it a bit more atmosphere but really it's all about the light and look there is nothing distracting so the in the last image you've got this big black bit of foreground sort of wooden balancing and tipping the image in the wrong direction here it's all nice and level and it's nice and layered and you can see the details in the shadows so the contrast isn't too high and that is another example how I would have fixed this bad image okay moving on to the next image sticking with an epic location this is probably the best example of a bad image that I have the reason this is a good example of a bad image is because it has all of the elements that you would look for when taking a great landscape photograph we have epic mountains we have snow and ice we have foreground interest we've got the ocean we've got waves so really this this should work as an image okay it has a lot going for it but it doesn't work and it just goes to show that a great view certainly doesn't mean you're gonna get a great image so this is mine you know I remember taking this it was a years ago but I remember it like it was yesterday because I worked so hard for this image it was the only time I've ever combined landscape photography and yoga I was getting in some funky positions trying anything and everything to compose this photograph and I just couldn't get it right but I I was stubborn and I kept working it and kept working it and finally this was my image and it's a shocker it's a shocker and I can tell you why we can break it down and we can see exactly why this is a terrible photograph the first and obvious thing is there's no light but that's not to say that an image with no light can't be good of course it can light isn't everything although is incredibly important but there's no light the second thing is because there's no light there's no texture in this foreground it's very flat it's very dark it doesn't have any pop to it and light would have certainly helped with that light would have also created depth within the image image but more importantly than light is balance and composition and this image is way off balance and that's because everything is on the right hand side and everything that is on the right hand side is kind of leading and pointing this way towards the left-hand side of the image and what do we have in the left-hand side of the image yeah nothing empty space not negative space negative space is a good thing and I couldn't make a whole video on negative space versus empty space but empty space dead space useless space everything's leading this way to nothing now how could this have been improved if this Bank of cloud wasn't here maybe we would have had a beautiful sunset so I would have like hit in the mountains would have been able to see the source of the light which would have given more interest more atmosphere more mood that would have improved it and helped tip the scales back and rebalance the image more clouds up here to add interest or maybe a really big sailing ship just here to fill this space that would have helped so it's all about balance I'll show you an example of a similar kind of image taken on the same trip that has more of what I was talking about when it comes to balance and stuff like that so this was taken on the same trip now this image doesn't have light so you know it just goes to show that again you can make nice images without lights but what it does have that the other image didn't is balance and harmony we've got the mountains here on the left yes nicely fill most of that horizon and they're just COFF at the very very tip there and then in the foreground we have a center strong focal point because of this pool of waters reflecting the blue sky above you've got the vibrancy you've got nice sort of contrast in texture so you have the textured rock and a smooth water it's dead center so it's an anchor and it's balancing the image the sky is much darker on the right-hand side than it is on the left-hand side which again helps address the balance within the image because although there is more going on on the left-hand side up here with these mountains the ocean and the dark sky here really help redress the balance within the image and that you know that really really counts for a lot and is what this image is missing is that balance and interest so let's just go back and briefly summarize some of the key things that we can learn from these bad images empty space no focal point a natural frame that contains no interest a clear and obvious subject but the surrounding environment does not support the subject and actually screams and distracts away from the subject cat sick just nothingness blur horribleness emptiness confusion what am I asking the viewer to look at god only knows you always need to ask yourself that question balance balance balance balance totally totally unbalanced and a certain lack of atmosphere and the same kind of thing we have all of the elements that should make for a good landscape photograph but unfortunately all of these elements are over to the right hand side pointing to nothingness and there is nothing in this left side here to redress that balance so always always think about that think about the balance within your images it's one of the most important things I look for edge patrol for crap coming into your image and balance right great thank you so much I want to thank Squarespace for sponsoring this video I'm surprised surprised if you don't know if your Squarespace are I really would so instead of me yeah bring on about building websites and stuff just like we say that it is easy I've built a couple of websites using Squarespace and it's a photographer's dream if you want your own line portfolio and website so God squarespace.com /he turn and give it a free try and if you like free trial use the off code heatin for temp cent of your first purchase that thanks so much join me next week when hopefully there will be content from Nepal so very something like nipple didn't it a big content from Nepal so yeah very very much looking forward to that and hopefully I'll see you then so until next time bye for


in season five of the wire Gus a newspaper editor says this if you can describe him as you really is tell the story in moments get back in shelters and soup kitchens and just be with Oakland just spend the day being with people not interested what do the quota of counter honest I'm interested in what feels true this is an ethos that the wire takes to heart and uses to develop its themes and ideas as I laid out in part one of this series on the wire show creators David Simon and Ed Burns had intentions for the show that went far beyond creating entertainment they were interested in what feels true and they used moments to examine and develop their themes in this video I'm going to show how the wire uses narrative structure and the juxtaposition and relationship of scenes and characters to illustrate ideas to show this I'll have to spoil aspects of the show if you haven't seen the show yet and you'd like a spoiler free overview of why it's great make sure to watch part one in this series this video is sponsored by Nordby pn you can go to nord VPN comm slash thomas flight to get 75% off a three-year plan the wire deals with many issues but its primary focus is illustrating the city of baltimore by showing its various institutions and the individuals that make up those institutions the show portrays how economic political and individual motivations affect how institutions operate key to the story is how these motivations keep the institutions in a cycle of failure and make it difficult for individuals to reform are you in any way suggesting that the system's lost controls but how do you lay out these ideas on film how do you portray them without beating your audience over the head with preachy complicated exposition one way is to use the technique that gus describes you show individual moments and use the relationship between those moments in different characters lives to infer certain ideas here's an example early in season two there are two scenes that mirror each other visually and in con stringer Bell and Avon Barksdale communicate through the chain-link fence of a prison there's a Breanna reminded the myth we've got promises about to keep I know her daniels and McNulty communicate through the chain-link barrier of the evidence room we brought in a case the conversations in the two scenes are different in how they relate to the story but taken together the scenes illustrate the dysfunction of the police department who is punishing the officers that successfully arrested Avon Barksdale even as they punish Avon Barksdale and none of this is in exposition the wire doesn't tell you this it simply lets you see it through context and the visual connection through these kinds of associations the show creates the city of Baltimore as a character each institution and character touches every other in some way corner kids will take money that's being given away just like clay Davis clay Davis is told he shouldn't flip and needs to carry the charge against him or you carry this for all of us carried as far as you can just like D'Angelo is told the same thing but you heard him you heard his whole family D'Angelo is scolded for being unloyal to his family just like Carver is scolded for being unloyal to his police unit you see loyalty they learn loyalty you show them it's about the work it'll be about the work Carver is scolded by lieutenant Daniels for going outside the chain of command while Carcetti later thanks Daniels for doing the same thing well thanks for going outside the chain of command Carcetti is trying to do politics differently but struggles against the cons of clay Davis so much for laying back on a million we paid $20,000 for this if you probably went to Royce and shook him down for a load of thirty just like stringer Bell does when trying to reform his drug empire Oh about 30,000 coming Batman I'm talking about the quarter of a mil that you took now you need to call mr. goose mr. faucet remember you got a call because I'll get you money to run remember that stringer Bell is punished by his institution for that very attempt to reform get all what it move just like bunny Colvin is punished for his attempt to reform how much you can say is not real police get on with him Oh Colvin reaches for a harebrained illegal scheme to try to force reform when all else fails legalize drugs which is mirrored by McNulty's harebrained illegal scheme to inspire change in season 5 he needs to be caught McNulty's actions in season 5 lead to him losing what he loves police work just like Marlo's mistakes lead to him losing what he loves his crown was dead even though Marlowe tries to reform he's drawn back to the streets just like Avon Barksdale was drawn back after attempting to reform yeah I know suit when businessman like you you know I'm just a gangster I suppose Avon Barksdale is more interested in sending a message than ineffectiveness when the work hard this boy Marlo punkin me what am I look like just like Police Commissioner Burrell we need to let them know who we are we can't for one minute let them think that this will stand this is just a fraction of the ways that characters and moments are interconnected on the wire I think you need a lot of context to seriously examine anything these connections provide some of the context necessary to seriously examine the issues separate individuals are also used to tell aspects of a broader more general story a great example of this is D'Angelo and cutty D'Angelo is on a path to reform but he's killed before he has time to complete his arc killing off D'Angelo is necessary to illustrate the forces that keep reform from happening but what if he had made it out of prison alive what would that have looked like you put it behind you huh some cane the wire provides us with Dennis Wise who Allah straights what D'Angelo's path might have looked like had he lived there's an amazing amount of nuance that's available with this type of storytelling it's one of the ways the wire balances precariously on the edge of cynicism and hope seeing D'Angelo die is heartbreaking getting to see Cuddy successfully reform provides a ray of hope but even then the struggles of performing are made very clear another example of this our characters Jimmy McNulty and kima Gregg's we meet McNulty in season 1 as a talented but dysfunctional detective he has a drinking problem has trouble keeping a relationship together and is jaded by his career Chema's arc over the entire show and the similarities to Jimmy's helps illustrate how Jimmy may have ended up the way he was in season 1 by doing this the wire tells the individual stories of Jimmy McNulty and kima Gregg's but it's also telling the broader story of the jaded dysfunctional detective it tells the individual story of D'Angelo Barksdale and cutty wise but it also tells the broader story of reformed gangster it tells the individual story of Michael and Omar little and the broader story stick-up man ultimately the stories of the kids in seasons four and five are the largest piece of this inter character narrative by showing each kid's struggles and what leads them to their final destinations we see how characters like Omar bubbles and bunny Colvin may have come to be it allows us to connect the failure of the school system to the dysfunction of the institutions and seasons one through three but the show isn't so deterministic as to say that the individual adhering to the broader story is inevitable through great effort and a little luck some individuals can break through the cycle and behave differently unfortunately though it often takes great trauma to inspire an individual to reform this is the wires call for individual reform but it's also perhaps and insinuation that similarly true reform for institutions may only come through trauma to the institution understanding this broader narrative about institutions helps us understand why a character like Omar is so compelling in the world of the show in a world where so many characters are bound or hobbled by failing institutions around them a true rogue a lone rebel is someone we can root for but all this is left for the audience to extrapolate for themselves from individual moments which keeps the show from feeling like it's shoving a message down your throat there are layers to unravel and depths to examine and interpret but the show allows you to use your worldview to see the issues it's laying out even as it might challenge your own assumptions and worldview and present its own [Music] in the final part of this series I'll be examining more layers of the onion and showing why each season of the wire is important to the overall story so if you're interested in that subscribe and hit the bell so you see the next part when it's released this video is sponsored by Nordby pn you can go to nord VPN comm slash thomas flight to get 75% off a three year plan everyone should have access to a VPN it's an important part of basic good security as an Internet user a lot of people don't realize that when you connect to public Wi-Fi whether it's with your laptop or your phone you're often exposed to hacking or security risks when you use a VPN like Nord VPN your connection is encrypted and other people on that public network can't access your data I love being able to promote Nord VPN because it's a company I was using and paying for long before they ever sponsored me and I continued using it to this day they have thousands of superfast servers in a ton of different countries they have great apps for iOS and Android that make it really easy to connect to the VPN on your phone you can get 75% off a three-year plan and use code Thomas flight to get an extra month for free thank you so much for watching I hope you enjoyed this video if you want you can go to patreon.com/scishow and creation of this type of content I really appreciate all my patrons and I'll talk to you again next


hello
good
people
i'm
dmitry
and
we
have
a
very
special
video
for
you
today
i
have
been
collecting
some
of
the
most
popular
microphones
for
streaming
and
for
gaming
and
today
we're
gonna
see
which
one
sounds
best
to
your
ears
you
better
put
on
some
headphones
to
get
the
best
representation
on
how
those
microphones
sound
and
just
an
fyi
i'm
no
sound
engineer
so
the
recordings
that
you
see
now
are
coming
not
from
a
professional
but
from
an
amateur
with
regards
to
audio
at
least
as
usual
everything
will
be
linked
in
the
description
below
so
let's
check
out
the
microphone
roundup
say
hello
to
proper
airflow
with
be
quiet
purebase
500dx
a
compact
mid
tower
with
a
mesh
front
panel
and
three
140
millimeter
purewings
2
fans
that
are
silent
and
capable
enjoy
tasteful
argb
illumination
a
type
c
port
and
an
easy
case
to
work
in
check
it
out
below
welcome
back
so
i
think
we
have
a
pretty
diverse
microphone
collection
some
budget
stuff
some
staples
and
some
surprisingly
good
quality
mics
in
here
too
so
put
on
some
headphones
and
enjoy
let's
cover
some
basic
mics
first
like
the
15
microphone
is
a
condenser
comes
with
a
user
manual
a
little
stand
for
attachment
and
a
non-removable
usb
2
cable
the
volume
in
the
front
has
nice
resistance
controls
the
gain
of
the
microphone
and
there
is
no
headphone
jack
for
30
dollars
i'm
really
curious
if
you'll
be
able
to
hear
the
difference
between
the
more
high-end
stuff
but
given
the
current
situation
this
microphone
is
a
lot
more
expensive
fifty
percent
markup
at
forty
five
dollars
we'll
hear
if
it's
worth
it
the
mod
mic
usb
is
always
a
nice
addition
to
your
favorite
headphones
the
magnetic
clasp
system
is
brilliant
we
get
the
mute
button
down
the
cable
that's
perfectly
in
reach
and
a
dual
microphone
capsule
for
noise
cancellation
or
broadcast
quality
at
80
dollars
it's
a
compact
solution
you
just
have
to
deal
with
the
cable
next
up
we
got
a
razer
siren
emote
microphone
and
the
only
reason
it's
in
here
is
because
of
that
matrix
led
that's
facing
the
viewers
so
it's
the
most
engaging
streaming
microphone
out
there
that
can
sync
when
you
get
a
subscriber
or
bids
or
reaction
it
is
kind
of
pricey
for
voice
quality
at
129
but
the
basics
are
covered
with
a
headphone
jack
and
a
mute
switch
and
a
headphone
volume
dial
at
the
front
you
will
have
to
work
with
razer
synapse
to
set
everything
up
and
the
led
matrix
is
pretty
beautiful
but
the
voice
quality
is
not
there
for
129
dollars
i
have
the
two
yetis
the
original
and
the
nano
love
the
blue
color
by
the
way
both
have
headphone
monitoring
mic
mute
and
headphone
volume
dial
at
the
front
with
a
few
more
controls
on
the
og
eddie
like
gain
and
four
pickup
patterns
the
price
difference
is
30
which
is
totally
worth
it
as
you'll
hear
i
really
like
the
design
of
the
hyperx
quadcast
with
that
gorgeous
red
shine
through
that
is
also
the
built-in
pop
filter
we
have
the
capacitive
mute
switch
up
top
four
pickup
patterns
and
a
mini
usb
cable
just
like
the
yeti
with
zero
latency
monitoring
and
my
only
complaint
here
is
the
gain
dial
at
the
bottom
that
is
super
easy
to
just
accidentally
move
out
of
place
at
139
dollars
it's
a
very
good
microphone
that
has
built-in
noise
cancellation
as
well
and
red
makes
your
voice
faster
of
course
the
noise
cancellation
is
not
aggressive
it's
basically
a
built-in
low-pass
filter
that
cuts
out
anything
that's
super
super
in
the
background
my
surprise
of
the
day
microphone
is
the
new
audio
technica
atr
2500x
usb
the
type-c
cable
is
removable
and
easily
accessible
the
same
with
the
headphone
jack
at
the
front
with
buttons
for
volume
the
includer
tripod
is
kind
of
brilliant
and
the
microphone
sounds
incredible
for
119
dollars
that
is
an
easy
recommendation
as
you'll
hear
the
next
two
microphones
are
from
elgato
the
wave
one
and
wave
three
they
use
the
same
cardioid
condenser
capsule
so
they
should
sound
identical
although
of
course
the
wave
three
being
the
higher
model
has
the
higher
kilohertz
range
but
it
really
doesn't
matter
the
only
difference
are
the
controls
as
the
wave
3
has
headphone
volume
and
input
gain
adjustment
with
monitor
cross
fade
while
wave
1
only
has
headphone
volume
control
and
push
to
mute
while
the
wave
3
has
that
fancy
capacitive
mute
button
on
top
of
the
microphone
they
both
have
zero
latency
headphone
jack
and
the
type
c
connection
with
a
long
cable
and
a
mic
10
adapter
the
wave
3
is
the
most
expensive
in
this
roundup
at
159
and
129
for
wave
one
but
the
icing
on
the
cake
is
the
driver
software
that's
called
wavelink
that
is
extremely
powerful
and
is
actually
quite
beneficial
for
streamers
it
really
lets
you
configure
what
you
hear
as
a
gamer
what
you
pass
on
to
a
different
channel
for
the
audience
to
hear
as
a
viewer
and
there's
a
lot
of
granularity
is
that
a
word
there's
a
lot
of
flexibility
in
what
you
can
do
with
the
software
it's
awesome
and
my
last
microphone
here
would
be
the
blue
amber
which
is
the
only
one
that's
not
usb
so
it's
not
exactly
in
the
same
category
as
the
others
but
it's
only
99
and
delivers
a
beautiful
sound
which
is
why
it's
in
this
video
and
so
now
the
features
are
out
of
the
way
let's
do
a
recording
test
with
the
guitar
and
then
my
voice
[Music]
[Laughter]
[Music]
so
[Music]
so
now
that
you've
heard
the
guitar
test
which
one
sounded
best
to
you
and
could
you
even
tell
the
difference
my
own
observation
is
that
any
microphone
that
has
no
sensitivity
adjustment
like
the
actual
dials
was
louder
just
because
it
automatically
boosts
its
gain
to
maximum
and
only
tries
to
like
lower
it
based
on
volume
pickup
but
i
found
the
quadcast
the
blue
yeti
and
the
audio
technica
to
sound
the
best
in
terms
of
like
delivering
beautiful
high
notes
that
are
super
detailed
yet
sharp
and
not
too
harsh
and
it's
really
impressive
to
hear
what
the
15
microphone
can
deliver
for
30
dollars
which
i
thought
sounded
beautiful
and
neutral
and
now
on
to
the
vocal
test
all
are
wrong
two
days
highly
recommend
this
one
from
junior
high
on
penelope
maintained
amicable
but
purposefully
limited
personal
relationships
so
she
wouldn't
have
anybody
tethering
her
to
earth
and
she
was
utterly
kick-ass
top
of
her
cohort
across
all
categories
universally
recognized
as
a
natural
mission
leader
she
would
be
a
pioneer
she
would
see
the
storms
of
jupiter
with
her
own
eyes
and
served
the
rings
of
saturn
on
a
space
walk
and
that
was
worth
not
having
close
friends
or
romantic
relationships
or
a
loyal
dog
everything
was
going
according
to
plan
until
the
first
time
she
went
to
space
the
launch
was
flawless
penelope
performed
her
functions
with
such
precision
they
would
have
used
it
to
teach
incoming
recruits
how
gloriously
capable
an
astronaut
can
be
she
was
prepared
she
was
ready
she
was
perfect
until
she
passed
through
the
top
layer
of
earth's
atmosphere
and
her
mind
went
completely
blank
there's
a
small
subset
of
people
whose
cognitive
functions
get
scrambled
in
outer
space
something
about
how
the
pressure
change
of
the
vacuum
affects
the
bonds
between
molecules
in
the
neurons
of
their
brains
no
one's
even
sure
why
it
happens
but
penelope
was
one
of
that
subset
somehow
this
fact
eluded
the
years
of
rigorous
screening
one
moment
she
is
definitely
guiding
the
launch
vehicle
through
the
final
atmospheric
layers
seeing
the
gaping
expanse
of
space
for
the
first
time
her
heart
beating
and
measured
but
ecstatic
bursts
the
happiest
she's
ever
felt
and
then
nothing
she
doesn't
know
who
she
is
she
doesn't
know
where
she
is
she
doesn't
know
what
to
do
something
in
her
basic
constitution
keeps
her
from
having
a
panic
attack
as
most
people
would
if
they
suddenly
woke
up
piloting
a
goddamn
spacecraft
with
a
planet
receding
behind
them
but
she
can't
remember
anything
the
instrument
panel
should
spend
years
mastering
means
nothing
to
her
inscrutable
acronyms
printed
over
lights
flashing
and
seemingly
random
patterns
so
she
stares
out
the
viewing
dome
at
the
radiant
vapor
of
stars
smeared
across
the
black
canvas
of
space
and
we're
gonna
finish
with
my
favorite
vocal
microphone
the
blue
amber
plugged
directly
into
my
camera
i'm
sorry
she
said
but
i'm
not
really
sure
where
i
am
right
now
her
co-pilot's
just
as
well
trained
and
keening
with
tiny
flames
of
envy
at
how
far
ahead
of
them
should
always
ranked
relieved
penelope
of
her
duties
they
had
to
abort
the
mission
at
no
small
expense
because
her
unpredictable
presence
endangered
everyone
and
just
like
that
penelope
the
best
of
the
best
of
the
best
became
a
threat
fantastic
book
and
read
highly
recommend
this
one
so
based
on
what
you
just
heard
did
you
pick
out
any
particular
microphone
that
sounded
best
to
your
ears
obviously
the
recording
environment
and
how
close
you
are
to
the
microphone
is
actually
quite
important
when
it
comes
to
a
condenser
microphone
so
not
being
super
far
away
but
being
as
close
as
possible
to
give
you
the
best
sounding
example
for
my
tone
i
find
all
the
mics
that
add
some
bass
complement
my
tone
so
the
quadcast
the
blue
amber
of
course
uh
the
audio
technica
and
the
wave
three
the
wave
one
and
the
only
reason
why
the
wave
one
didn't
sound
as
good
is
because
my
sensitivity
and
wavelength
in
the
driver
software
was
cranked
all
the
way
up
which
is
what
i
did
for
the
wave
3
but
turned
down
the
actual
gain
on
the
microphone
itself
but
the
wave
one
just
kind
of
carried
over
that
same
sensitivity
which
is
why
it
sounded
so
compressed
is
because
it
was
way
too
loud
and
it
was
trying
to
compensate
my
least
favorite
sounding
microphones
was
the
razer
siren
emote
and
surprisingly
the
blue
yeti
nano
i
find
that
it
was
natural
but
a
little
bit
too
harsh
on
on
the
sensitivity
that
it
was
boosting
automatically
uh
while
the
razer
microphone
was
kind
of
a
bit
too
flat
in
terms
of
noise
cancellation
only
the
wave
microphones
the
audio
technica
and
the
quadcast
have
some
like
audible
compression
built
in
that
mutes
out
slump
some
background
noises
but
it
really
is
about
your
environment
like
if
you're
still
typing
on
the
keyboard
and
the
microphones
on
a
table
you
will
100
hear
that
which
is
why
it's
important
to
position
the
microphone
as
close
to
your
mouth
as
possible
lower
the
gain
sensitivity
and
play
around
with
noise
floor
noise
gate
in
whatever
software
i
actually
did
a
really
cool
video
you
can
check
out
over
here
on
how
to
improve
your
vocal
quality
for
gaming
microphone
but
it
really
applies
to
streaming
microphones
or
these
microphones
as
well
and
so
there
you
have
it
my
quick
comparison
on
some
of these
really
popular
streaming
microphones
that
you
can
utilize
to
improve
your
stream
your
gameplay
your
communications
whatever
i
hope
you
enjoyed
and
let
me
know
which
one
sounded
best
your
ears
both
in
the
music
test
and
the
vocal
test
yeah
i'm
dmitry
thanks
much
for
watching
check
out
this
other
relevant
content
subscribe
for
more
and
as
usual
everything
will
be
linked
in
the
description
below
and
yeah
i'll
talk
to
you
in
the
next


hey
there
welcome
back
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channel
if
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and
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what's
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going
it's
very
good
to
see
you
again
you
see
what
happens
when
you
subscribe
to
my
channel
you
get
an
extra
greeting
at
the
beginning
of
every
single
video
so
press
the
subscribe
button
fine
folks
we've
got
a
very
special
video
today
I'm
very
excited
I've
wanted
to
make
this
for
a
very
long
time
but
I
just
don't
know
how
to
go
about
doing
it
but
today
feels
right
we're
gonna
be
talking
about
a
very
strange
television
show
that
used
to
be
on
television
obviously
the
show
is
about
you
know
spinning
game
being
suave
so
I
thought
I'd
look
the
part
okay
I'm
growing
out
my
facial
hair
I'm
gonna
look
handsome
and
strapping
and
I'm
just
gonna
look
like
a
super
good
boy
and
I
let
you
guys
know
an
Instagram
that
I
was
growing
my
my
mustache
out
I
haven't
looked
at
the
comments
yet
but
I
thought
we'd
look
at
them
now
and
start
this
video
on
a
high
note
you
know
so
let's
take
a
look
at
all
these
how
these
compliments
shall
we
alright
I'm
just
gonna
pull
it
up
remove
immediately
went
from
soft
boy
looking
effervescent
a
30
year
old
in
the
party
looks
like
therefore
summaries
I
hate
it
you
looking
dumb
to
stop
it
this
is
what
my
sleep
paralysis
demon
with
his
life
like
Curtis
I
think
there's
some
dirt
above
your
lip
I
have
never
been
so
terrified
scrolling
through
my
community
you
are
rat
at
this
picture
smells
like
26
cream
flavor
blasted
goldfish
you
guys
I'll
be
right
back
it's
gonna
shave
this
off
really
cool
oh
my
god
are
you
kidding
me
no
razors
am
I
gonna
do
I
can't
keep
this
on
my
face
if
only
there
was
a
company
that
could
hit
oh
yeah
today's
video
is
sponsored
by
Dollar
Shave
Club
we
all
know
what
Dollar
Shave
Club
is
high-quality
razors
with
new
blades
sent
to
you
in
the
mail
for
an
affordable
price
it's
the
best
but
did
you
know
that
they
have
way
more
than
just
shaving
products
Dollar
Shave
Club
has
something
to
solve
all
of
your
grooming
needs
in
just
one
box
there's
shower
products
like
the
sage
and
black
pepper
shampoo
oral
care
products
like
the
peppermint
kick
toothpaste
skin
products
like
the
citrus
Hawaiian
ginger
face
cleanser
and
so
much
more
dude
one
product
I've
really
fell
in
love
with
is
this
dr.
Carver's
shave
butter
for
years
I've
been
using
just
random
shaving
gels
from
the
drugstore
but
after
trying
this
dude
I'm
never
going
back
it's
the
smoothest
goddamn
shave
I've
ever
had
and
that's
especially
good
for
you
mustache
hating
citizens
of
Curtis
town
because
I
can
get
rid
of
every
last
little
hair
on
my
face
and
it
doesn't
matter
if
you're
a
boy
or
a
girl
or
whatever
you
identify
as
if
you
want
high
quality
products
and
the
most
bang
for
your
buck
Dollar
Shave
Club
is
the
way
to
go
my
guy
join
the
club
with
one
of
their
starter
sets
for
only
$5
and
after
that
the
restock
box
ships
regular
size
products
at
regular
price
get
this
exclusive
deal
at
dollarshaveclub.com
slash
Curtis
town
and
you'll
also
be
supporting
me
and
my
channel
so
I
can
make
bigger
and
better
videos
in
the
future
all
right
thank
you
very
much
Dollar
Shave
Club
now
let's
get
into
the
video
cam
back
I
just
had
to
go
do
something
really
quick
he
was
nothing
really
okay
so
a
little
while
back
I
made
a
video
about
this
old
kid
oh
and
that
I
later
found
out
was
only
really
played
in
Canada
and
to
keep
up
with
this
well
I
guess
we'll
make
it
a
series
now
and
weird
old
Canadian
television
shows
we're
gonna
be
talking
about
one
called
keys
to
the
VIP
keys
to
the
VIP
was
basically
a
game
show
where
two
fellows
would
go
head-to-head
with
each
other
through
a
series
of
challenges
and
whoever
won
won
a
nice
like
fun
VIP
night
at
a
club
and
I
know
you're
wondering
what
did
these
boys
do
to
compete
with
each
other
did
they
do
some
sort
of
athletic
challenge
some
sort
of
crazy
gross
like
fear
factor
challenge
type
thing
do
they
answer
skilled
testing
questions
nope
they
battled
it
out
in
a
club
to
see
who
could
hit
on
girls
better
yeah
and
they
did
this
while
four
dudes
would
watch
them
from
some
remote
location
and
judge
them
basically
I
don't
know
what
they
were
thinking
when
they
made
this
but
it's
we're
gonna
watch
one
episode
in
particular
see
the
format
of
it
how
it
was
laid
out
and
how
exhale
II
cringy
it
really
was
when
I
was
researching
for
this
video
I
watched
way
too
many
episodes
of
this
and
my
brain
literally
doesn't
work
anymore
it
was
ruined
it
was
ruined
in
the
process
but
for
the
content
baby
it's
what
you
do
so
we're
gonna
watch
Season
one
Episode
four
and
the
title
of
this
episode
was
cocoa
butter
Chris
vs.
yak
off
the
trapper
okay
let's
go
[Music]
in
tonight's
battle
cocoa
butter
chris
takes
on
Jakov
the
trapper
in
a
three-round
contest
at
mink
nightclub
each
round
is
a
challenge
carefully
designed
to
test
a
player's
ability
to
seduce
women
in
a
real-life
battlefield
real-life
battlefield
you
know
it
would
be
hilarious
if
that's
what
war
was
the
Curtis
here
reporting
for
duty
okay
here's
your
chinstrap
beard
and
aviators
go
where
don't
make
your
country
proud
where's
my
gun
I
really
like
fighting
and
stuff
oh
that's
weak
[ __ ]
this
is
the
real
war
picking
up
chicks
the
cameras
are
hidden
the
women
are
real
and
the
game
is
on
now
we
get
to
meet
the
judges
who
apparently
are
masters
of
picking
up
chicks
and
stuff
there's
just
the
[ __ ]
smoothest
dudes
you've
ever
seen
dude
so
smooth
they're
hairless
and
very
soft
so
smooth
here
across
town
at
Chi
Lounge
our
expert
panel
of
pick
up
commentators
with
perspectives
descending
from
the
four
corners
of
the
male
psyche
there's
Allen
the
cold
calculated
master
of
pickup
analysis
peaches
an
ex
all-star
jock
inspired
seduction
specialist
jock
inspired
subduction
specialist
I
hope
that's
on
his
resume
Sheldon
the
mysteriously
coy
and
unorthodox
philosopher
and
Chris
a
hopelessly
romantic
man
of
integrity
I'm
gonna
say
something
right
now
I'm
gonna
be
vulnerable
I
used
to
watch
this
show
a
lot
I
don't
know
why
because
when
I
watched
it
I
was
like
ten
probably
ten
to
twelve
is
when
I
watch
the
show
a
lot
and
I
don't
know
why
I
wasn't
going
to
clubs
it
wasn't
picking
up
girls
I
was
so
nervous
around
girls
all
the
time
when
I
is
that
age
obviously
cuz
I
was
ten
but
even
more
embarrassing
than
that
this
Chris
guy
the
last
guy
they
showed
you
I
thought
he
was
the
coolest
guy
in
the
world
just
cuz
he
had
like
longer
hair
I
guess
and
a
soul
patch
if
you're
gonna
have
a
guy
judging
how
well
another
guy
is
doing
the
judge
shouldn't
have
a
soul
patch
no
offense
if
you
have
a
soul
patch
but
if
I
see
someone
with
a
soul
patch
I'm
not
taking
anything
they
say
seriously
they
the
words
come
out
it
gets
tangled
in
their
soul
patch
in
and
of
an
inch
[ __ ]
happens
you
know
that's
science
dude
lock
it
up
okay
now
it's
time
to
meet
the
two
fellas
competing
let's
go
pop
first
Yakko
the
trapper
hey
I'm
Yakko
this
is
my
pad
everything
here
reflects
what
I
do
why
I
do
it
accessories
you
gotta
have
the
right
stuff
can
you
even
imagine
a
more
early
two-thousands
pair
of
sunglasses
you
know
those
[ __ ]
fast
ones
that
are
like
when
I'm
shooting
targets
I'm
a
hunter
why
do
I
but
also
kind
of
a
little
bit
of
a
trapper
yeah
you
know
what
I
mean
who
doesn't
love
a
cowboy
right
yeah
I
love
music
I
love
to
DJ
I
mean
good
for
him
he
has
a
lot
of
hobbies
and
interests
but
I
don't
think
a
bow
and
arrow
should
ever
be
that
close
to
a
turntable
that
should
be
a
la
where
those
should
be
kept
a
certain
number
of
meters
away
from
each
other
nice
I'm
rooting
for
this
guy
okay
only
because
of
the
extremely
pop
collar
and
the
puka-shell
necklace
if
you
got
the
confidence
to
rock
those
two
together
my
god
you
can
do
anything
dude
I'm
really
concerned
for
Yakov
cuz
I
think
he
hasn't
slept
in
a
couple
of
days
I
like
how
he
was
talking
about
increase
torque
times
there
was
hunting
well
I
think
in
prehistoric
times
the
yak
off
would
have
been
the
hundred
[Laughter]
bullying
I
know
I
was
poking
fun
at
him
but
I
was
only
making
fun
of
his
his
hobbies
and
his
clothing
all
right
I'm
making
fun
of
things
that
he
chose
to
do
he
didn't
choose
to
look
like
that
but
these
guys
are
just
like
[ __ ]
this
guy's
ugly
as
[ __ ]
[ __ ]
this
guy
he
doesn't
have
a
soul
patch
like
me
these
four
guys
know
everything
about
seduction
and
how
to
pick
up
girls
they're
all
so
[ __ ]
mean
let's
watch
them
bully
this
poor
man
ha
ha
ha
cocoa
butter
cray
hi
my
name
is
Chris
and
welcome
to
my
palace
okay
Jesus
Christ
I
know
I
edit
my
videos
too
[ __ ]
but
oh
my
god
can
we
dial
it
back
like
a
bit
like
all
this
flashing
and
crazy
transitions
for
a
guy's
bedroom
before
I
go
on
I
like
to
use
cocoa
butter
because
this
is
the
number
one
key
to
my
game
I
put
it
on
everywhere
tonight
I'm
winning
I'm
taking
that
title
and
I'm
taking
the
ladies
home
because
I'm
smiling
and
I'm
fly
if
this
guy
isn't
in
jail
right
now
for
murder
I'll
be
surprised
look
at
this
face
dude
this
is
what
you
see
before
you
die
and
what
the
ladies
like
did
ha
ha
ha
the
most
awkward
thing
I'm
what
the
ladies
like
so
the
cameraman
was
like
waiting
for
him
to
say
something
else
videos
like
I'm
what
the
ladies
like
is
he
gonna
say
something
else
should
I
just
like
keep
it
rolling
I
don't
round
one
each
player
has
five
minutes
to
impress
us
with
his
unique
seductive
prowess
no
rules
dude
that's
cool
let's
go
what
is
this
girl
care
I
mean
these
girls
look
old
enough
to
vote
let
them
make
decisions
this
is
like
the
main
problem
with
this
show
when
you
try
to
like
game
a
PHY
is
it
a
word
game
fi
oh
my
god
it
is
cool
when
you
try
to
like
gamify
a
human
interaction
it's
impossible
because
these
two
girls
had
boyfriends
and
obviously
they're
not
gonna
be
like
well
yeah
this
dancing
guy
is
dancing
here's
my
number
so
you
can't
really
have
like
consistent
outcomes
every
time
because
you
know
they're
human
beings
not
a
game
but
hey
what
do
I
know
let's
keep
watching
[Applause]
not
for
a
little
bit
ladies
secure
[Music]
going
with
your
name
I
need
to
know
otherwise
that
like
that's
a
thing
that
automatically
set
up
to
fail
like
that's
so
weird
for
one
guy
to
just
be
like
I
don't
maybe
it
maybe
it's
not
I
don't
know
do
people
just
go
to
clubs
alone
and
being
light
and
just
like
your
name
alright
hey
you
wanna
date
okay
do
you
wanna
dance
no
you
don't
all
right
what's
your
name
and
then
it
just
goes
on
forever
I
have
no
idea
I
think
hazel
yeah
oh
so
the
end
of
the
first
round
zero
zero
because
you
know
they're
both
bad
they
didn't
kiss
anybody
what
was
that
what
was
that
all
about
huh
kiss
no
it's
a
round
one
was
freestyle
where
they
can
do
anything
but
most
of
the
time
they
have
these
little
like
challenges
or
rules
and
this
one
in
particular
they
have
to
not
use
any
words
and
just
dance
because
you
know
it's
a
totally
human
interaction
that
will
definitely
work
okay
Jesus
Christ
so
it's
really
hard
to
watch
a
lot
of
the
time
because
obviously
they
get
shut
down
most
of
the
time
another
thing
I
want
to
talk
about
the
four
judges
through
all
of
the
episodes
I've
seen
in
my
life
probably
all
of
them
because
I
I
was
very
weird
ten
year
old
I
guess
you
they
never
show
them
picking
up
girls
or
anything
cuz
I
feel
like
if
they
did
show
them
in
a
club
doing
this
with
the
same
setting
it
would
go
just
the
same
because
it
back
to
my
regular
point
they're
not
treating
these
girls
like
you
know
human
beings
I
don't
know
just
a
thought
let's
keep
going
that's
a
DQ
because
he's
not
supposed
to
say
a
word
he's
supposed
to
get
somebody
to
dance
without
saying
a
word
it's
not
the
rules
dude
you
can't
talk
to
someone
dude
how
dare
you
bro
that's
what
I'm
gonna
do
to
start
conversations
now
start
dancing
in
front
of
people
don't
even
like
saying
a
word
hey
welcome
to
Starbucks
how
can
I
help
you
sir
there's
a
line
behind
you
can
you
just
go
why
isn't
this
working
catch
me
at
your
local
Starbucks
absolutely
busting
a
move
very
soon
I'm
three
each
player
must
retrieve
a
woman's
phone
number
what
the
player
doesn't
know
is
that
his
opponent
will
be
sent
in
just
steal
her
away
[Music]
good
okay
well
that
was
the
most
uncomfortable
thing
I've
ever
[ __ ]
seen
in
my
life
this
is
almost
like
a
legal
it's
two
guys
being
like
we'll
come
on
no
like
what
with
me
don't
dance
with
me
no
I
mean
uh
but
like
what
about
meat
and
me
come
on
like
just
pulling
Oh
gross
man
it's
so
gross
but
hey
the
battlefield
did
those
are
deuce
killed
[ __ ]
soldiers
out
there
and
the
trenches
dude
being
creepy
that's
what
you
got
to
do
man
he's
trying
like
so
hard
to
like
still
be
cool
why
sup
Oh
God
there's
no
way
in
hell
that
can
give
the
VIP
experience
any
of
these
clowns
nobody
really
won
any
of
the
three
rounds
because
the
casting
director
did
a
terrible
job
under
the
casting
director
was
for
the
show
but
they
should
be
fired
immediately
what's
that
you
want
two
guys
who
are
really
cool
and
it
can
are
really
smooth
and
stuff
okay
well
I'll
do
the
opposite
of
that
goodbye
we
might
as
well
just
crown
that
guy
you're
the
champion
of
today's
game
buddy
congratulations
that
guy
enjoy
your
VIP
experience
so
now
they
just
crown
a
random
guy
I
guess
which
is
actually
pretty
funny
I'll
give
that
to
them
that's
really
funny
that
they
did
that
and
now
this
guy
just
has
a
fun
night
at
a
club
so
there
you
go
there's
an
episode
of
keys
to
the
VIP
I
wanted
to
talk
about
this
show
because
I
remembered
it
a
few
weeks
ago
and
I
for
a
second
I
was
like
it
was
that
actual
real
show
or
did
I
just
imagine
all
of
that
but
it's
very
real
and
you
can
watch
all
of
them
on
YouTube
so
I'll
leave
it
in
the
description
if
you
want
but
it's
just
a
really
strange
concept
and
I've
watched
a
lot
of
episodes
in
the
past
few
days
and
most
of
the
girls
are
insanely
uncomfortable
when
these
guys
come
up
to
them
obviously
and
these
challenges
are
relatively
tame
I've
seen
some
episodes
I'll
show
you
some
examples
but
literally
one
challenge
was
you
had
to
start
your
conversation
with
an
insult
and
then
still
try
to
get
their
number
how
[ __ ]
up
is
that
you
know
and
some
TV
executives
were
just
like
dude
I
know
we're
already
objectifying
these
girls
but
how
about
we
[ __ ]
insult
them
too
what
do
you
think
guys
and
then
everybody
clapped
the
weirdest
thing
about
the
show
is
that
when
they're
competing
they're
in
a
club
drinking
you
know
dancing
with
girls
and
the
prize
is
to
go
to
a
club
to
drink
and
dance
with
girls
that's
like
if
you
got
first
place
for
gymnastics
at
the
Olympics
instead
of
a
gold
medal
they
were
just
like
congratulations
now
you
get
to
go
do
more
gymnastics
enjoy
not
a
very
good
prize
there's
just
absolutely
no
way
that
this
TV
show
could
exist
today
thank
God
it's
so
[ __ ]
up
to
just
go
into
a
club
and
be
like
hey
girl
give
me
your
number
all
right
great
I'm
never
gonna
talk
to
you
again
because
this
is
for
a
show
for
what
so
I
can
win
and
hang
out
with
other
girls
[ __ ]
you
it's
so
so
weird
and
the
worst
part
you
know
worse
than
the
editing
the
creepiness
the
objectification
what's
worse
than
that
is
chris's
soul
patch
obviously
the
massaging
everything
is
a
lot
worse
than
that
but
dude
don't
have
a
soul
patch
that's
the
main
thing
that
i
want
you
to
take
from
this
video
Chris
if
you're
watching
this
and
you
still
have
that
soul
patch
please
click
the
link
of
my
description
all
right
okay
I
mean
I
was
gonna
do
it
for
this
video
thank
you
very
much
for
tuning
in
if
you
liked
the
video
please
press
the
like
button
one
like
equals
one
soul
patch
then
you
won't
like
it
that's
not
a
good
thing
one
like
equals
one
shaved
soul
patch
let
me
know
if
you
enjoy
this
you
want
to
see
more
videos
like
this
Canada
had
a
lot
of
very
strange
television
shows
and
I'd
love
to
do
more
so
let
me
know
if
you
want
to
see
more
weird
Canadian
shows
that
I
can
make
fun
of
and
obviously
don't
forget
to
press
the
subscribe
button
because
I
make
a
video
every
single
week
and
there's
so
much
fun
and
you'll
get
an
extra
greeting
at
the
beginning
of
every
video
so
press
it
did
trust
me
to
implement
thanks
again
to
Dollar
Shave
Club
for
sponsoring
today's
video
I've
been
using
them
for
like
over
a
year
so
it's
really
cool
to
get
to
do
a
video
with
them
click
the
link
in
the
description
give
it
a
try
you'll
love
it
did
that's
the
new
slogan
Dollar
Shave
Club
you'll
love
it
dude
and
you'll
also
be
supporting
me
in
my
channel
so
yeah
check
it
out
guys
thank
you
very
much
also
in
the
description
you
can
find
links
to
my
super
cool
and
soft
merch
and
links
to
my
podcast
that
I
do
a
weekly
podcast
called
very
really
good
it's
a
lot
of
fun
and
there's
also
a
patreon
for
that
podcaster
you
can
get
early
access
to
episodes
and
a
bonus
monthly
video
episode
alright
thank
you
very
much
for
watching
I've
been
Kurtis
Connor
I'll
see
you
guys
next
week
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hey guys it's me this episode is sponsored by Squarespace we made our website carbide animations calm using Squarespace because so many more plans to add to our site integrating the cartoons downloads and online shop it's amazing to have an all in one simple to use yet packed with features website making website like Squarespace and if you don't know where to begin there's templates to choose from want something more advanced you can edit and add your own code there's also an easy experience transferring our domain name over which I thought was gonna be a huge headache I love the fact that I can just update it myself and get exactly what I want are you thinking about making your own website do yourself a favor and go to Squarespace comm and start your free trial and when you're ready to launch go to Squarespace comm slash carbide animations for 10% off your website or domain name [Music] [Music] [Music] jobs finished [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] the life of the Reaper man is always into [Music] I love it when a plan comes together [Music] yeah jobs finished [Music] [Music] by the numbers boys [Music] [Music] I have met the enemy [Music] not enough energy keep your shirt on Sparkie orders received outstanding I feel yeah we could use some help here [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Laughter] [Music] this is under liberation is at hand [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] two glorious battles I love it when a plan comes together [Applause] [Applause] [Music] let's ride [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] by the numbers boys good [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] bring it [Laughter] [Music] I'll be out of here by the numbers this bezel requires assistance money [Music] [Music] have the best pilot in all the nine worlds [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] nuclear launch detected [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] let's see be ready [Music] [Music] [Music] we could use some help here [Applause] sites [Music] and shall stand [Music] be happy [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] we could use some help here [Music] [Music] Oh it must be done where's my the life of the reaper man is always [Music] I normally don't get ride to strangers and just being paranoid resent medic [Music] awesome borders are seeing [Music] [Music] [Music] feel defeated [Music] [Music] salvaging operation complete [Music] [Applause] [Music]


starting a video with editing Becky like what is going on those of you seen it last week's video that I made was all about how we measure the speed of light and how we did it in the first place and how we now know its exact value because we've defined it for those who've seen it will know what I'm talking about if you haven't watched that video maybe go watch it and you'll realize that halfway through that video about when I'm getting to sort of the turn of the 20th century I went off on a little bit of a tangent and started talking about how we know the speed of light is a constant and also the universal limit that you cannot go faster than in the universe and I decided to leave this for a separate video which is what this is now all you need to know for the start of this video is that the focus turned from measuring the speed of light to figuring out what light travels through but anyway I'll leave previous me to explain that it wasn't about measuring the speed of light anymore it was about thinking what on earth is light an electromagnetic wave moving through if it can move through empty space because waves need a medium to travel through they need something to travel through so ripples travel across the surface of water a Mexican wave needs people to move around the stadium Sound need the medium to travel through when it travels through air it uses the molecules in the air to make them vibrate in order for that sound wave to travel it's why in the vacuum of space we always say in space no one can hear your scream but light obviously can travel through the vacuum of space because otherwise we wouldn't get light from the Sun and so physicists at the end of the 19th century were essentially wondering what was the medium that filled empty space and it was something that eventually became cold ether and so the focus really turned from measuring the speed of light to trying to detect the medium that it was moving through now in 1887 Mickelson and Mali were trying to do you just that and they worked off Bradley's earlier concept of the fact that earth is moving through space and that affects how light arrives to us so the earth is also moving through this ether and the speed of light should couple with the speed that the earth is moving out when it's pointing in the same direction as the earth or when it's pointing against the direction that the earth is going in with and against this sort of wind of ether as the earth moves through it so what they did to test this was set up this huge big experiment in the basement of a dorm at Western Reserve University which is just outside of Cleveland in Ohio in the States they had a beam of light that was split into two into ninety degrees to each other and both of those paths of light were then bounced around a load of mirrors back and forth back and forth before they were then brought back together recombined and focused at an eyepiece and when they were brought back together the two waves would be at different points and crests if they'd traveled different paths and therefore they would interfere with each other and give this weird interference pattern and what they did was they floated this massive set up in a pool of mercury and the reason it was mercury was because once they set it spinning it would then just spin indefinitely because mercury is essentially frictionless so if you put in a pool of water it would eventually have slowed down the box at mercury you can sort of set it going at a speed and it will stay going at that speed nice and sort of constant and the reason they wanted to set it spinning was so that these light waves would essentially turn through all of the possible angles with respect to this ether wind as the earth moved through it and then what you should get is that as the block spins again you get this nice sine wave curve of a big displacement when it was against the wind and a big displacement when it was with the wind and you should be able to detect the fact that the speed of light has been propagating at different speeds through the ether as the earth moves through it now some of you will not be surprised with what I'm about to say because they didn't find it at all it's one of the most famous negative result experiments ever paper they show sort of the predicted model of what they expected to find given you know the speed of light and the estimated speed of the earth around the Sun and then they show what they actually found and the - they can't even plot them on the same scale because the prediction was so much larger than what they found which was pretty much just flat within error like no difference no matter what angle you measured the speed of light err and I think Mickelson why I get a lot of stick for that experiment which is unfair I think because they were working with the the best hypothesis they had at the time of how lights propagates and it was almost obvious to them that that should be the case but of course when they then found their result that was when they revile you ate it and crucially changed their viewpoint on what must be happening here based on their evidence it's not like they stuck to the idea that the ether must exist when they found that there was no evidence they moved on to something else and that is so important because it allows science to move on as well and in particular it allowed Einstein to come in who in 1905 proposed his theory of special relativity it was a theory that explained why light needed no medium to travel in and then it could travel across empty space and also that it's speed was independent of the observer which is the real crucial bit here because the Michelson and Morley experiment relied on this idea that the speed of light would add with the speed of the earth or subtract from the speed of the earth and that would be the relative speed that you would measure so for example if you're on a train and you're playing catch down the aisle then you would measure the speed of the ball I don't know let's say something like 5 meters per second as you threw it back and forth if I was on a train next to you that was traveling at the exact same speed as your train and I looked across and measured the speed of the ball I would probably also measure the speed of the ball at 5 meters per second but if I was on a station platform watching your train whizzed past and measured the speed of the ball I would measure the speed five meters per second plus whatever speed that the train was moving at but what Einstein said was the instead of a ball if you were trying to measure the speed of light from say a laser pen not that laser pens existed back in Einstein's day but you get the analogy if you were measuring the speed of the laser pen you would measure it at the speed of light on the train and if I was on the platform with your train whizzing past and I measured the speed of light in the laser pen I would measure the speed of light rather than the speed of light plus the speed of the train now that might seem a bit counterintuitive but that's what the Michelson and Morley experiment found that the speed of light was invariant with the speed that the earth was moving through space so if light didn't need a medium to travel in then what was actually happening for the principle of relative observers to hold well Einstein in his theory of special relativity invoked some work done by Lorentz a couple of years earlier that looked at the transformation between two frames of reference like a stationary observer and a moving observer so that what Einstein said was that as you travel faster and as you get closer to the speed of light time actually slows for you and lengths contract as well for someone who is still and stationary an infinite amount of time can pass whereas to you traveling at the speed of light it can feel like no time at all is passed similarly a huge distance to a stationary observer like us can feel infinite whereas to something traveling at the speed of light it can feel like no distance at all so it's not the speed that changes it's the distance in the time which might sound really strange but if you think about it speed equals distance over time that's an equation that's drilled into us at high school and so if the speed can't change for relative observers someone who's moving in someone who's stationary then it has to be the distance and the time Einstein took it one step further though a special relativity and explained why the speed of light was an actual universe so speed limit and it all comes down to this idea of mass and energy equivalence or e equals mc-squared energy and mass are pretty much the same thing now e equals MC squared is probably an equation that everybody has heard of it's the most famous equation in the world I think I'm safe to say that but it's actually a simplified version of the full equation because that only holds e equals MC squared when objects are at rest are stationary for something that's moving you need the full version which is e squared equals M Squared C to the power of 4 plus P squared C squared so an extra term in there one that has the speed of light in it again C but also this term P which is your momentum so probably come across momentum before at high school again in high school physics you have P equals MV right your momentum is your mass times by your velocity so if you want to increase a particle speed you have to increase its momentum and to increase its momentum you have to put more energy into a system which is fine for speeds on earth you put an extra energy and your speed goes up proportionally but for this relativistic equation if you put extra energy in it doesn't always go into increasing the momentum in fact the closer you get to the speed of light the more you put energy in the more it actually goes into increasing your mass and not increasing your momentum so the faster you travel their heavier that you get this is why nothing can go faster than the speed of light it's why it is this universal speed limit because as you reach the speed of light and as you get closer and closer and closer and closer to it you reach the point where you have infinite mass and you can't go higher than infinity also I absolutely love my necklace this week I don't know if any of you noticed but it's like the phases of the Moon and it's just so pretty like it's not in your face space but it's just like ah did you notice my phases of the Moon necklace this was sent to me by the folks at eclectic eccentricity who are May they have this huge collection of like space and cosmos themed jewelry which is just like I'm like a kid in a candy store when I go to their website I'm just like I just want it all so if you're struggling for Christmas presents for someone who loves space and jewelry then this would be the place to go because oh this stuff is just gorgeous my earrings are from there too also little moons can't get enough cannot get enough seriously traveling at the speed of I'm gonna be an infinite mess over you