The resulting food is called a "pickle", or, to prevent ambiguity, prefaced with the adjective "pickled"
That is interesting. What else can you tell me?
Pickling something usually affects the way the food tastes or feels. 
What kinds of foods can you pickle?
Most vegetables can be pickled. Some common ones are cucumbers, cauliflower, even eggs and beans.
Any other kind of foods other then vegetables?
Meats and fruits can be pickled as well!