Computer programming  is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.
That sounds like a very complicated thing.
It is! it involves analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation
How much schooling does it take to be a computer programmer? 
I dont know but it involes many diferent skills like testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code, implementation of the build system, and management of derived artifacts such as machine code of computer programs.
Is it a job that pays pretty well?
Yes it does depending on what language you code in because there are many.
How many languages are there and what are some of them?
C# C++ java and python are just a few. The purpose is to solve a task.