The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States 
What else could you tell me about it?
Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts
That is definitely something I did not know. 
Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign
I am curious if this is stuff I should've learned in school because I know literally nothing about any of this.
federal courts are composed of three levels of courts.