Mesin kepung puntiran
Mesin kepung puntiran adalah sebuah jenis artileri yang memakai puntiran untuk meluncurkan proyektil-proyektil. Alat tersebut awalnya dikembangkan oleh Yunani kuno, khususnya Philip II dari Makedonia dan Alexander Agung, dan dipakai pada Abad Pertengahan sampai pengembangan artileri bubuk meriam pada abad ke-14.

Catatan

Daftar pustaka 

 Sumber primer

 Humphrey, J.W., J.P. Olson, and A.N. Sherwood. Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 1998.
 Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
 Philon of Byzantium. Philons Belopoiika (viertes Buch der Mechanik). Berlin: Verlag der Aakademie der Wissenschaften, 1919.
 Vitruvius. On Architecture. Edited and translated by Bill Thayer. Accessed April 28, 2013. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html .

 Sumber sekunder
 Baatz, Dietwulf. “Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery.” Britannia, 9 (1978): 1-17.
 Bachrach, Bernard S. “Medieval Siege Warfare: A Reconnaissance.” The Journal of Military History, 58 #1 (January 1994): 119-133.
 Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1992.
 Chevedden, Paul E. “Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages,” in The Medieval City under Siege, edited by Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe, pp. 131–176. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1995.
 Cuomo, Serafina. “The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults.” Science, New Series, 303 #5659 (February 6, 2004): 771-772.
 DeVries, Kelly. Medieval Military Technology. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1992.
 DeVries, Kelly & Robert D. Smith. Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of their Impact. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2007.
 Dufour, Guillaume. Mémoire sur l’artillerie des anciens et sur celle de Moyen Âge. Paris: Ab. Cherbuliez et Ce,1840).
 Gravett, Christophers. Medieval Siege Warfare. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd, 1990, 2003.
 Hacker, Barton C. “Greek Catapults and Catapult Technology: Science, Technology, and War in the Ancient World.” Technology and Culture, 9 #1 (January 1968): 34-50.
 Huuri, Kalervo. “Zur Geschicte de mitterlalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen,” in Societas Orientalia Fennica, Studia Orientalia 9.3 (1941): pp. 50–220.
 Johnson, Stephen. Late Roman Fortifications. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983.
 Köhler, G. Die Entwickelung des Kriegwesens und der Kriegfürung in der Ritterseit von Mitte des II. Jahrhundert bis du Hussitenkriegen, Vol. 3. Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, 1890.
 Landels, J.G. Engineering in the Ancient World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
 Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
 Nicholson, Helen. Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300-1500. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
 Nossov, Konstantin. Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons: A Fully Illustrated Guide to Siege Weapons and Tactics. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2005.
 Reinschmidt, Kenneth F. “Catapults of Yore.” Science, New Series, 304 #5675 (May 28, 2004): 1247.
 Rihill, Tracey. The Catapult: A History. Yardley, PA: Wesholme Publishing, LLC, 2007.
 Rihill, Tracey. “On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes.” The Annual of the British School at Athens, 101 (2006): 379-383.
 Rogers, Randall. Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
 Roland, Alex. “Science, Technology, and War.” Technology and Culture, 36 #2, Supplement: Snapshots of a Discipline: Selected Proceedings from the Conference on Critical Problems and Research Frontiers in the History of Technology, Madison, Wisconsin, October 30-November 3, 1991 (April 1995): S83-100.
 Schneider, Rudolf. Die Artillerie des Mittelalters. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1910.
 Tarver, W.T.S. “The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine.” 	Technology and Culture, 36 #1 (January 1995): 136-167.
 Thompson, E.A. “Early Germanic Warfare.” Past and Present, 14 (November 1958): 2-29.

Pranala luar 

 Ammianus Marcellinus
  On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin)
  On Military Matters (De Gestae, English)
  On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin & English)

 Athenaeus Mechanicus
   On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & English)
  On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & Latin, partial text)

 De rebus bellicis
   De Rebus Bellicis (Latin)

 Heron dari Alexandria
   On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek)

 Filon dari Bizantium
  On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek & German)

 Procopius
  The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
  The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
  The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
  The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
  The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)

 Vegetius
  On Military Matters (De Re Militari, Latin)
  On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)
   On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)

 Vitruvius
  On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin & English)
  On Architecture (De Architectura, English)
  On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)
  On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)

Artileri kuno