claim,evidence,label
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.",1
The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.,"Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.",0
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.",1
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,"Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century.""",1
"at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.","In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).",1
Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.,"At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.",1
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",1
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",1
"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.",0
"""Mike's Nature trick"" has nothing to do with ""hide the decline"", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.",Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.,1
"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.","All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.",0
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"""From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.""",1
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.",0
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.",0
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",0
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma",Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.",1
"“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.","The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.",0
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.,Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.,0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,"Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.",1
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.",The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.,0
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.",1
"Alaska Sen. Mark Begich ""is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.""","The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.",1
Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.,"The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",1
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,"With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.",1
"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.",0
Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.,"These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.",1
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",0
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",0
"North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.",Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).,1
"The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.","There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.",1
"Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming.""","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...],"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...",0
"When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.","""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.",1
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"""Cosmic rays blamed for global warming"".",1
"Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.","The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.,0
"Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.","The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.",0
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.,0
"""The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.",The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.,0
Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.,"His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused ""all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal"" and would explain ice age changes.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",0
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.""",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.",1
"More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.","At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.",0
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”,"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).",0
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.,"Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.",1
"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.","The New York Times reported that ""the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950"".",1
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,"According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.",0
The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.,"At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).",0
“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.,"As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.,Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.,1
Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”,"Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.",1
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,"At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid ""dangerous"" levels, by 2036.",1
The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.,"Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.",0
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,"Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.",0
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",0
Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.,"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",0
In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.,"They predict that under a ""business as usual"" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.",0
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature,"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.,1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",1
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.","That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions.",0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.",1
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.","Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).",0
"While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.","It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.",1
"“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",0
"Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.","The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the ""heat island effect"", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.",0
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).,1
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""","On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he ""would not agree that"" carbon dioxide is ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see"" backing up his claim by stating that ""measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.""",0
"Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.","Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.",1
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,"Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.",0
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","In March 2015, he said that some people are ""global warming alarmists"" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.",0
it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.""","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.,The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.,1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,0
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.","Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.",1
"The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists","""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.""",1
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.",0
Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.,"In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.",1
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,"The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.",1
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.",0
"Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces","The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.""",1
The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.,"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.",0
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",0
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.,1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.",Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.,0
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.",0
“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.,The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.,0
"The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists","The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).",0
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.","Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.",1
We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution,This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.,1
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.",1
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.",Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.,1
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.",0
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.",1
"“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.",A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).,0
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.",He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.,0
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.","The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.",0
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.",1
"""The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.","The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.,0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.,0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,"Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.",0
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",0
Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.,The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.,0
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.",0
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.,"In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.",0
Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.,These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.,1
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.",1
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out.""",1
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).,1
"Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.",Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.,0
’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.,"2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.",0
"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.",Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.,1
Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",1
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.",0
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”",Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.,1
"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.","Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.",0
"Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.",Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.,0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.",0
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. ""","As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.",1
"“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.","Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.",0
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.,"The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.",0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.,Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).,0
"Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.""","Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,"The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.",1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,"The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.",0
This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.,The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.,0
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.,1
"“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.",1
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.",The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.,0
"If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”","Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.",0
"When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.","Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",1
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome.",0
Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.,"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",1
Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.,"Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat.",0
So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.,Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.,1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14","This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as ""ocean acidification.""",0
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’","The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.",1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,"" Gore said.",1
"“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.","The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse.",0
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""","Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.",0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.",1
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,"While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.",0
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.",1
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","The text stated that it was ""likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year"" in the past 1,000 years.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","Nick Bostrom argues that it would be ""misguided"" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be ""a tall order"" for the human race to ""get our precautions sufficiently right the first time"", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.",1
However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast,They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.,0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"""Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds"".",1
"Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says","Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.",1
"Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.","This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",0
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",1
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",1
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.,"""South Australia has the highest power prices in the world"".",0
During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.,"Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of ""direct action"" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.",0
"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.",The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).,0
"“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.","Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.",0
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.",The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.,0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.,0
the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed,The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.,0
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience ""nor'easters,"" which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.",1
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).",1
By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic,The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.,1
“Sea level rise is global.,"Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.",1
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,"By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.",0
Polar bear numbers are increasing.,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.","In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.",1
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.",0
Clouds provide negative feedback,"The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.",0
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",0
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.,1
The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change,"Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,This classic was originally published in French in 1958.,1
"Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.","Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.",0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,"They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.",1
A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.,Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.,0
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.",0
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.",0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.",The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.,0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.",1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",0
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.",0
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.",1
"While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.",Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.,0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
"Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,1
"More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.",Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.,1
'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.,"There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].",0
"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.","Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",1
"Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.","More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",1
(Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.,"Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.",0
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.",A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).,0
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.","The New York Times reported that ""the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950"".",0
"“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.","Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",0
(Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
"With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.","Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.",1
"Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.",The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.,1
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.",0
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.",0
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).",1
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.,"They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.",0
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.",0
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.","In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",0
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
"there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer","In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño ""could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950.""",1
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.",0
It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).,"He wrote that this graph ""asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today"", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.",0
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”",Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.,1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that ""climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.""",1
"Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.","Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.",0
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14",Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.,0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,"Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.",1
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.,"It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.",0
"Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.","A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.",1
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.,1
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name ""hockey stick graph"" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.",1
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).",1
"Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.","All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",1
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well.""",1
"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.","""Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal"".",1
"Thus rather than a ""doomsday"" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.",Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.,1
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",1
We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution,"Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.",0
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,"At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",0
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.",0
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a ""business as usual"" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.",0
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.",1
The polar bear population has been growing.,"On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.",1
The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather,"The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"This less valuable ""spare"" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.",0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",1
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,Carbon dioxide is colorless.,1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires.,0
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.,"The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.",0
"Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'","Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.",0
Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.,"""A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"".",0
the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.,"The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.",1
"Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.","Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",0
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.",1
"Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.","Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds ""we are having a dangerous effect on the climate"".",0
"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",0
The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.,"published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.",1
Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.,"As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.",0
"Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.","""Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011"".",0
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.",1
"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","""Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it"".",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: ""Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease"".",0
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.",0
'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.,"It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.",1
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,"At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.",0
"However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.","Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.",0
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”",Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,1
I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.,"2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.",1
[CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far,Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.,0
Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.,Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,1
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",0
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,"The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.",0
"Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.","The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.",0
"The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.","The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.",1
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.","It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.",0
Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.,"""Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events"".",1
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"Climate change has also been called the ""greatest scam in history"" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.",0
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.","The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.",0
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",1
"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.","Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.",0
Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.,"Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.",1
"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.","These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).",1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"""Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations"".",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.,1
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.","There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers.",1
"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.",0
Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax,"Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.",0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.",0
The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.",0
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.",0
Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.,Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,0
Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.,The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.,0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).",1
The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.,"published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.",0
"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.","Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",1
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.",We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.,1
"When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.","Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",0
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"""EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming"".",1
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage ""fully navigable"".",1
Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.,"Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.",0
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.",In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.,0
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",1
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.",1
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.",0
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.",1
"The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.","Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.",1
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.",0
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.",0
"“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.",0
Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it,"""Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price"".",0
That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.,"Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",1
We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”,Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.,1
Climate change is because of El Niño.,"El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.",0
"Miami Congressman Carlos ""Curbelo supports drilling offshore"" and ""repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.""","The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has ""attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change,"" describing him as ""one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency.""",0
"Alaska Sen. Mark Begich ""is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.""",Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.,0
"The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today",study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.,0
the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.,"Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.",1
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",1
The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.,"The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.",0
The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas,"Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.",0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,"""Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE"".",0
"When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.","Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.",0
"Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.","It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",1
"If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.","Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, ""We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.",1
"“Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.","The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.",0
"The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”",Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.,1
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong,"It is ""extremely likely"" that this warming arises from ""human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases"" in the atmosphere.",1
water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
"A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’","A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",0
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",0
"(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”","The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.",1
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was ""likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year"" in the past 1,000 years.",0
"The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.","""Warming 'very likely' human-made"".",1
"While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.,1
The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.,"The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.",0
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"""Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study"".",0
Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.,"From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.",1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).,0
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
"The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.","Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.",1
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.",0
"“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.","""Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans"".",0
The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.,Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.,1
"The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
"‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’","However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.",1
There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts,"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",0
"Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.","Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.",0
"A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and ""expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.",1
"While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.","Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used ""Mike's Nature trick"" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization ""to hide the decline"" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.",0
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.",1
‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’,"These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are ""driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs"".",0
"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.",It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).,0
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.","Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.",0
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.,0
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.",1
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal ""tidal"" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.",1
"The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming","Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.",0
[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.,"Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.""",0
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.","In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the ""5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing"", noting ""that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.""",0
"But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.","Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",0
The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.,The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).,0
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",0
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,"In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.",1
The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.,"Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.",0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.""",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",1
"whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",1
The polar bear population has been growing.,"Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.",0
It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).,"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",1
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.","While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section ""Structure and bonding"" above).",0
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",0
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.",0
We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.,CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,1
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.",1
"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.","Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.",1
"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",0
"The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”",Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.,0
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”","To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.",0
Polar bear numbers are increasing.,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.,0
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.",Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.,0
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.",Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.,1
"“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.","In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.",1
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.",0
"Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.","It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.",1
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,"While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"It found that the CRU's work had been ""carried out with integrity"" and had used ""fair and satisfactory"" methods.",0
[subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.,"Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.",1
The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.,Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system.,0
"A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman ""was essentially written by BP.""","On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.",0
Greenland ice sheet won't collapse,James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.,0
If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it,"CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.",0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,"From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.",0
Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.,"Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.",0
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.",1
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.,1
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.,1
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.",1
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”","Palin considers herself a conservationist and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics, saying ""of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution.""",1
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, ""no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height.""",1
"Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.","""The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level"".",0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.",1
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","""A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"".",1
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is ""likely"" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.",1
The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”,"""Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'"".",1
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.,1
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",1
"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.",The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.,0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.",1
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.",1
Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.,A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.,1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).",0
"""I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell"" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",1
"According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.","Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.",0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.",1
"“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.","By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.",1
The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.,To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.,1
"Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.""","On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",0
"""Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.","This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.",1
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.",0
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.",Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.,1
"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.",1
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",1
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",1
Dropped stations introduce warming bias,"Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",1
"Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.","Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",1
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.",0
Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.,"For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.",1
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.",0
Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.,"From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.",1
"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.","Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the ""lowest common denominator"" findings.",1
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""","The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.",1
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",0
"...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’,Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.,0
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,"This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.",0
Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.,"Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.",1
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.",1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.",1
The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.,"In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.",1
The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.",Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,"The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (""global warming"") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.",0
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called ""dead zones.""",0
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",1
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",0
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"""Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal"".",1
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high ""for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.""",1
The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather,The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.,1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.",0
"Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.","In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.",0
"While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.","Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.",1
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.",The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.,1
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.",Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.,1
"""I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell"" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)","Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.",0
"Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”","Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.",1
"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.","For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.",0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.,1
"""In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.","The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage ""fully navigable"".",0
"Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.""",Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.,0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).",1
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.,"Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).",1
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.,"Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.",1
“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.,Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).,0
Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
"If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.","Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.",1
"as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.","""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",1
The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas,Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.,1
"while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.","These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.",1
"Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.","7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",1
The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.,"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.",0
"Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a ""pollutant"", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.","Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.",0
Royal Society embraces skepticism,"In this way, Hume embraced what he called a ""mitigated"" skepticism, while rejecting an ""excessive"" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.",0
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.","Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.",0
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.,1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.",1
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.",0
"Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.","Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its ""claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous"" and that it still was valid.",0
"Surface temperatures on Earth ""have stabilized.""","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.","A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",0
"“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.","Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.",0
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during ""a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)"" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.",1
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",0
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”","Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.",1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.",1
"There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.,Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.,1
"whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.",The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.,0
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.,1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",0
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",0
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”","Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.",0
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.",1
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"Donald Trump ""thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.""",This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.,1
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",1
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.",0
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",1
"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”","Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.",0
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.,0
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.",1
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",1
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).",1
[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.,[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.,0
"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.",0
Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.,"Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",1
"In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.","""Warming 'very likely' human-made"".",1
Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.,"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",0
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.",0
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.",The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.,1
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.",According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.,1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,"Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.",1
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.",1
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",1
The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.,"The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",0
"Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'","Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.",0
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,"""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",0
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.",1
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.,0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",0
"Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.","The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,"The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.",0
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",1
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,"Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans ""cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models,"" concluding that ""it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences"".",1
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that ""the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate"".",1
"While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.","The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.",0
"Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.","Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.",0
"Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.","All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.",0
"as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.",Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.,0
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.",0
Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.,"Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented ""the concept of global warming"" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",1
The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.,"This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well.""",1
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.",Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.,1
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14","If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).",1
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","Its conclusions are summarized below: ""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.""",0
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,"During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).",1
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.,0
IPCC overestimate temperature rise,"This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.",0
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","— WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region ""will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming"".",0
"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.","The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.,0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.",0
"“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.","The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a ""potential abundant source of energy"" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.",0
"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)",In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.,0
"The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.","Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.",0
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.,0
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.",1
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.","A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.",0
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.",1
roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.,"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",0
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.","The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.",Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.,0
Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.,Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.,0
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.",1
[…] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”,"The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States, as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system, resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane ""Superstorm Sandy"" by the media, public officials, and several organizations, including U.S. government agencies.",0
"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.",Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.,0
Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.,"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.",1
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising,Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.,0
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.",0
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.","At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid ""dangerous"" levels, by 2036.",1
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.",1
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.",0
"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.",At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.,1
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.,1
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.",1
"“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.",Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.,0
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.,"The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.",0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"In addition to referring to the IPCC as ""[the] world's best climate scientists"", they stated that climate change is happening as ""the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming – what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get.""",1
The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.,"""Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure"".",1
Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.,"Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.",0
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.,0
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that ""changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system"", and concluded that ""increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century"".",0
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,"The scientific consensus on climate change is ""that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities"", and it ""is largely irreversible"".",0
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.,1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.",1
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.","The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.",1
cold kills many more people than heat.,"Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.",0
roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.",1
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.",1
Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef,"An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.",0
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,"Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.",1
"With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.",Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.,1
"While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.","For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation.",0
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.",Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.,0
"""a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.","That article was based on an email interview, and says that ""Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline.""",1
"If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped","Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called ""storm[s] of the century"" at least once a year.",0
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.,1
"The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists",The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.,0
"The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”","In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.",0
Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture,There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.,0
Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax,"Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that ""climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.""",0
"Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.","Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",1
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.",1
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.",This was associated with a change of surface winds over the Pacific which had caused ocean heat to penetrate below 700m depth and had contributed to the apparent global warming hiatus in surface temperatures during the previous decade.,0
"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”","One way, however, that corals ""might escape ocean warming, is to migrate into cooler waters.""",0
"We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.","In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.",1
the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.,"Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.",1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.",Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.,1
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population",Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.,1
Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet,Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.,0
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,"From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.",1
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.","Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.",1
Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet,This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.,0
"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”",The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.,1
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14",Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.,1
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.,0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.",1
"Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.","""Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming"".",0
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.",0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"The text stated that it was ""likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year"" in the past 1,000 years.",1
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: ""The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",1
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.",1
"The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”","In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.",0
"If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",0
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Sea level rise is not going to happen.,"However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.",1
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.",1
The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.,Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.,1
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.",Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.,0
The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.,The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.,0
The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].,"For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.",1
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.",A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.",0
This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.,"In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).",0
The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.,"The effect of this warm water propagates through the ocean, and reduces the amount of CO 2 that the oceans can hold in solution, which makes the oceans release large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere in a geologically short time (tens or thousands of years).",0
"“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.","Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.",0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",1
"Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.","However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.",1
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.",1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.",1
"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.",Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.,1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
Solar panels drain the sun's energy.,"Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.",1
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,"In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].",1
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,"Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.",1
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population",The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.,1
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.,1
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",0
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.,1
by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.,"""Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century"".",0
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.",CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,0
"While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.","Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.",0
"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...""","Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 ""But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat.",0
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.",1
Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.,"Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.",0
"“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.",The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.,1
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",0
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",0
’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.,"In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.",1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",0
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",0
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,"There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers.",0
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.,Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.,1
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population",Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,0
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”",The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.,1
"Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.","7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.,0
Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.,Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).,0
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.","In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.",1
"A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.",Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.,0
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,"Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented ""are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, ""We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.",The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.,1
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.,1
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.,0
"Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.",The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.,0
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…","Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.",1
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,"The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.",1
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"""Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011"".",1
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ..."".","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",0
"The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists",The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.,0
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.",Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.,1
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.,"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",1
IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading,"The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened"".",0
Carbon pollution is a health hazard.,"Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.",1
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: ""Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,"" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.",1
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.,1
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F).",1
"The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.","As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.",0
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).",1
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,"In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.",0
"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.",0
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.",1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.",As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.,0
The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”,"For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.",1
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.",1
"In South Florida, ""we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.""","Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: ""The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.",1
Clouds provide negative feedback,"Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.",0
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.",Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.,1
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.",1
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.",0
"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.",It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.,1
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,"Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.",1
Sea level rise is not going to happen.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.,"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.","Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.",0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",0
Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.,The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.,0
The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.,Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.,1
"“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.",0
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.",1
"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”","Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.",0
"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows",Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.,1
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).",0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.",1
"Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.",El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.,0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence"".",0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.",1
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.",1
This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.",0
"However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.",The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.,1
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.",1
"as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.",In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.,1
Polar bear numbers are increasing,"Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.",1
"CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.","On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.",0
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,"In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.",1
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.",The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.,0
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.",The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,1
"Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.","In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had ""no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate"" and its ""four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research"", he upheld nine of a ""long schedule"" of alleged errors presented to the court.",0
The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.,Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.,1
"While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.","The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).",1
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,"Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.",1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.",0
Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.,"Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.",1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).",0
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.","Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.",1
"Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.","From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.",0
"[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...",The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.,1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"""Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True"".",0
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a ""potential abundant source of energy"" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.",0
Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions,Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.,0
That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas,"Rennie 2009: ""Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.",0
"As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.","""End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change"".",1
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.","Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.",1
"Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.","Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",0
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.,1
"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.",At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.,0
"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.,"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that ""currently available scientific evidence"" substantiated its occurrence.",0
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,"Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.",0
"When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.","The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.",1
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.",CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.,0
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","""Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report"".",1
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,"However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.",1
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.",1
"Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.","The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010.",0
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.",The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.,0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.",0
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
Clouds provide negative feedback,"The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.",1
"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","""Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events"".",0
"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.",It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.,0
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like",Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.,0
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.",0
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.",0
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.,0
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.",1
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.","In addition to black carbon, fossil fuel and biofuel soot contain aerosols and particulate matter that cool the planet by reflecting the sun's radiation away from the Earth.",0
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.,An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.,0
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.",Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.,1
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",0
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.",He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000.,0
"Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.","In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.",0
"receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit",The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.,1
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.,0
"Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.","This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.",1
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.",0
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.,0
"We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.",Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.,0
"""The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...","In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","It concluded, ""The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.",1
"The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it,"Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.",1
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.",0
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,"The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.",1
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.",Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.,1
"Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.","Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.",0
There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer,"In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.",0
there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...],"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.""","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
"It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).",This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.,1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.",1
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.",1
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.""",1
Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.,Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.,1
"Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a ""growing consensus"".",The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.,0
"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.","Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.",0
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.",1
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",1
Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.,"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",0
The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.,"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.",0
"""The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.",Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.,1
"Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.",In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.,0
"(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
The polar bear population has been growing.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.,0
Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.,"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.",1
"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","""New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter"".",1
"""An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.",The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.",0
"Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.",Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.,0
This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years,"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",1
Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.,There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.,0
El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"""Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.","The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",0
"In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.","It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.",0
Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.,"""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",1
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.",0
"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",1
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",0
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'",Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.,0
Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.,"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.,1
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.",0
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.",1
"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.",The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.,0
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.",The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.,0
"Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.","Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a ""positive feedback"" that amplifies the original warming.",1
"Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.","Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.",0
"""The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.","Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.",0
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",1
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.",1
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","""New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter"".",0
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.",0
"""[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.","In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.",0
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.",0
"Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH","It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"""Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change"".",1
There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts,"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",0
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","""Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011"".",1
"Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.","Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.",0
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the ""Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.""",0
The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas,"The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.",0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",1
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,"The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.",1
"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.","The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.",0
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.",0
“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.,"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.",0
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,"An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.",1
"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.","In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.",0
We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”,"The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that ""Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors"".",1
"“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.","Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.",0
"Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.","These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",0
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.",1
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence.""",0
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.",Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.,1
Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.,Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.,0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .",This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).,1
The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.",1
"“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.","In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.",1
"The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.","For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.",0
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",1
"If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.",Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.,1
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.,0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.",1
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that ""currently available scientific evidence"" substantiated its occurrence.",0
I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.,Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.,0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.","If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).",1
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,"""Cosmic rays blamed for global warming"".",1
"The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.",Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.,1
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,"Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",0
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,"More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.",1
UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong,This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.,1
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.",0
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased ""Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act"".",1
El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.,"While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.","A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.",CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,0
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.",1
"New Jersey is ""losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.""","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.",0
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.",Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.,1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.",1
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.",1
"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.","Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.",0
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.","Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as ""the leading pollutant"" and ""the worst climate pollutant"".",0
‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.,"""More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century"".",0
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.,1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.,1
Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.,"In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.",0
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.""",0
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.,1
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
"“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.",1
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I ""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia"".",1
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”","Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.",0
"Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
"While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.",0
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state.",0
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","""Greenland enters melt mode"".",1
"The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.","Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.",0
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.","The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.",1
Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.,"In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.",0
"His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.""","The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.",0
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,"By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level.",1
Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.,"The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.",1
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",0
"While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.",As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.,1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.,"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).",0
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,"The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.",0
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.,1
"Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces","Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.",1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.",1
"In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.","In this new report, the EPA concluded that shale gas emits larger amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, than does conventional gas, but still far less than coal.",0
CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.,"However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.",0
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",0
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",0
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.,1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.",0
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.",1
"In South Florida, ""we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.""","Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",1
"Al Gore's film was ""broadly accurate"" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.","In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.",1
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.",The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.,1
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.",0
"""In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.","On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.",0
Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.,"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",1
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising,"""Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level"".",1
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.,0
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",0
The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.,Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005.,1
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.",1
I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
Royal Society embraces skepticism,"In ordinary usage, skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) (Greek: 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to search, to think about or look for; see also spelling differences) can refer to: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; the doctrine that true knowledge or some particular knowledge is uncertain; the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster).",0
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.",1
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.",0
"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.","This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.",1
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.,"Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.",0
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.",0
A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.,"While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.",1
"Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.","The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.",0
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).",1
"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.",Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.,1
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",1
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"Climate Action Tracker ""Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state"".",1
 The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing. ,"Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans ""cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models,"" concluding that ""it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences"".",0
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change.""",1
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",1
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.",1
"as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.","""Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price"".",1
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.",These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).,0
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions.""",1
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",1
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",1
"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.",The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.,0
UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong,"In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).",0
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.",0
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).",1
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.",Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.,0
"The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”","The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",1
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,"George Monbiot reports ""The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.",1
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",1
Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.,"In March 2015, he said that some people are ""global warming alarmists"" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.",1
Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.,Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.,1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.,1
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.",1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",0
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""","""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.,Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.,0
"Miami Congressman Carlos ""Curbelo supports drilling offshore"" and ""repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.""","""Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat"".",0
This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.,"Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.",0
"The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.",Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.,1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","In Hutton's words: ""the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.""",1
"Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.","During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.",0
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",1
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the ""lowest common denominator"" findings.",0
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.",It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.,0
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,1
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,"The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.",0
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like",The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.,1
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.",1
Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.,"Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.",1
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","""Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them"".",0
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.","This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.",0
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.",1
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.",1
"""Many people think the science of climate change is settled.","Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.",1
That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.,"Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.",0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.",1
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.",Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.,1
"satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).","Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.",0
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.",1
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.,0
the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.,"As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.",0
Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",0
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, ""probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.""",0
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.,1
"In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.","Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.""",0
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.",1
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.",0
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.",1
"Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.",The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.,0
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.",0
By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic,"A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.",0
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.","The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).",0
Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.,"Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.",0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).",1
The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.,Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.,1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,"... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",1
The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”,"The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the ""Year Without a Summer"" because of the effect on North American and European weather.",1
"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.",0
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,"""Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification"".",0
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had ""no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate"" and its ""four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research"", he upheld nine of a ""long schedule"" of alleged errors presented to the court.",1
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",1
"The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.","This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it ""rule out a role for cosmic radiation"" in climate.",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.",1
Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.,As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.,0
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.",0
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.",1
"In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”",Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.,0
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""","Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",1
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.",0
The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.,"Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.",0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
"Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”","Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).",1
"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.",To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.,0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.","For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.",0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"""Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell"".",1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.",1
There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.,"Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.",0
The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.,"Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.",0
"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.","Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.",0
Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.,"Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.",0
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.",0
"While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.","On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.",0
"Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.","Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.",0
Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.,"As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.",1
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,"An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.""",0
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.",The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.,1
Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.,"Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.",0
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",1
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",0
"whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.",Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.,0
"Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.",Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.,0
Royal Society embraces skepticism,"""Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds"".",1
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,"""Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature"" (PDF).",1
Climate change is because of El Niño.,"This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.",1
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",0
"Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.",0
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,"In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.",0
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,"Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.",1
"However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.",A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects.,0
"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming","Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.",1
"The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.",Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.,1
The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
"When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.","Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",0
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","Oreskes' 2004 ""Beyond the Ivory Tower"" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).",1
"""His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.","On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.",1
"satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).","There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.",0
"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project","In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.",1
A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.,"The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.",0
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.",Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.,0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",0
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.,0
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.",1
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.",1
"Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.",Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,0
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.",1
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.",0
"CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.",Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.,1
the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm,"Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.",0
"Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.","The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",1
"The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.","Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.",0
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.",Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.,0
that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”,"Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.",0
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",0
Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.,"Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.",1
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”","""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.""",1
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.""",0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",1
Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.,"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",0
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,"A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.",0
"The Obama administration ""has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.""",The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.,0
Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.,The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.,1
"""Mike's Nature trick"" has nothing to do with ""hide the decline"", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.","The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",1
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",0
"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”","""Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price"".",1
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.,1
'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.,"Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.",0
"Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.","The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.",0
Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.",0
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,"Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.",1
The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.,"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",1
Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.,The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.,0
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.,0
Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.,"Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.",0
"""Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.",2016 was the warmest year on record.,1
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",0
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.",[citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.,1
Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming,"In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate ""may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate"".",0
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C","Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.",0
This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times,The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.,0
a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming,"Global Change Research Program concluded that ""[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced.""",0
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas,Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,0
"Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, ""We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.",A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure.,0
"Donald Trump ""thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.""","""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive"" (Tweet).",0
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and ""protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution.""",0
"Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.""",Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.,0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",0
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’","He has called global warming the ""greatest scam in history"" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.",1
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""","""Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it"".",1
"Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”","Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a ""likely"" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",0
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.,1
"President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.","Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.",1
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened"".",1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.",0
"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.",Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.,1
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like","For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.",0
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.",The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.,0
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,"At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.",1
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",0
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.",0
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive"" (Tweet).",1
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.",1
"Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”","Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",0
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.",This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.,1
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,"In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.",1
This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""",According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.,1
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
"While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.",The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.,0
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.",1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",1
During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.,"On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.",0
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",1
Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.,Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.,1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly"".",0
"Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.",He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.,0
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.",1
"If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.",The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.,1
a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming,"""Warming 'very likely' human-made"".",0
"Donald Trump ""thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.""",Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.,0
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.",Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.,0
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","The term ""climate change"" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).",0
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.",1
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.",0
"Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","""Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report"".",0
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,"The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a ""huge natural selection event unfolding"".",0
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.",1
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.","IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).",0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined","Farmer 2014, p. 44: ""Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.",0
Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer,"A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.",0
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.",Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.,1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).",1
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’",Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.,0
The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.,"In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and ""protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution.""",1
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.",1
The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.,"Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name ""hockey stick graph"" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.",0
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.",1
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.",A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,1
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.",0
"“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.",The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).,1
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.,0
Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.,Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"Describing its report as ""hugely positive"", he stated that ""it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.""",0
"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural ""sinks"" involved in the carbon cycle.",0
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.",1
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.",Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,1
Royal Society embraces skepticism,"Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.",0
Clouds provide negative feedback,"But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.",0
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the ""heat island effect"", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.",1
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",1
"""An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.",Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.,0
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","76 out of 79 climatologists who ""listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change"" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.",1
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.",0
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.",1
"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s",Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.,0
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.",Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.,0
"“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.",The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).,1
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",1
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,"The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.",1
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.",0
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""","In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.",0
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.",0
"Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.","In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.",1
"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.","In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.",1
CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.,that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.,1
"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.","Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.",0
"The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”","According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.",1
"Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.",A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,1
"there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,",This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.,0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.",Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.,1
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.",1
"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.","They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).",0
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.","Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.",0
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.",The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017.,0
"for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.","Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.",0
"He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’","The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"1945/1946: The PDO changed to a ""cool"" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.",1
"Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.","The radiation balance is altered by such factors as the intensity of solar energy, reflectivity of clouds or gases, absorption by various greenhouse gases or surfaces and heat emission by various materials.",1
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"""Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000"".",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.",0
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14","Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.",0
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,"The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.",1
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the ""threshold"" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.",0
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.",1
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.",1
"Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’","Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.",0
"“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.",1
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.,1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.",1
"The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.","In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.",0
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.","Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.",0
"In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.",These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.,1
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","In addition to referring to the IPCC as ""[the] world's best climate scientists"", they stated that climate change is happening as ""the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming – what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get.""",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",1
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.","In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.",0
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project","Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.",1
'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.,0
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,"Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.",0
"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.","In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.",0
"Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.","Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.",0
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","""Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says"".",1
"“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.","Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.",0
"The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.","The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",0
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and ""expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.",1
"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.","An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.""",1
"“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.","In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.",0
The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.,The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.,0
Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.,"""Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.""",0
“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.,"In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is ""likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C"".",1
The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm,Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.,1
"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.","A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.",1
"“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.","Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.",1
a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming,"A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is ""physically plausible"".",1
"However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.","There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.",0
The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",1
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,"A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.",1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.",1
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).",1
"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.",0
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.","For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",0
"This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.”",This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.,0
"“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.","A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.",0
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.,1
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like","Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.",0
"Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",1
"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.","High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.",1
"""There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.","Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.,1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",1
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier ""ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica.""",0
"While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.","Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.",1
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.,0
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted ""the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.""",0
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",1
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).",0
"Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.","Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.",0
This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”,"While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.,"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,"In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).",1
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.",1
The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.,"Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.",1
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.",1
The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”,"Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.",1
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.",1
If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.,"On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.""",0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,"Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.",0
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,"It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.",1
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.",The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.,0
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.,0
"Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.",More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.,0
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",1
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"1945/1946: The PDO changed to a ""cool"" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.",1
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,0
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.,1
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.,Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.,0
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. """,The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.",1
"Despite attention on global warming, ""fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980"" and ""SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.""","The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.",0
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.",0
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",1
Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.,Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.,0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.",A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.,0
"“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.","During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.",0
"I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",0
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,"""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive"" (Tweet).",0
"Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’","Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.",1
"If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped","Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.",0
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.,Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.,0
The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.,"These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures.",0
"says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.","""Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise"".",0
"“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.","In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.",1
"Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.",As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.,0
"The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”","Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",0
"""Mike's Nature trick"" has nothing to do with ""hide the decline"", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.","""Mike's Nature trick"" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the """"hockey stick"" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.",0
"Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.","Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.",1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.",1
"Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.","Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",1
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.,0
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.",1
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.",1
"""The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.","point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.",1
"Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’","""A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg"".",0
"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.","As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.",1
"His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.""","Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",1
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.""",0
"The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.","Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged ""The Forgotten River"" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.",0
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"The ""rigour and honesty"" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.",0
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.",The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean.,0
A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.,Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.,0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.",The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.,1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature",The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.,1
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.,0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.",1
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.,1
Clouds provide negative feedback,"As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].",1
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","""Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary"".",0
"Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
"Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.","Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.",0
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”","In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.",1
"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.",A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).,0
"There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100""","Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.",0
"“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.",Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.,1
Peer review process was corrupted,"The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.",1
"Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.",About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.,0
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.",1
"Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
"Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.","""More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century"".",1
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",1
Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.,"Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016.",1
"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.","Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.",0
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,"A heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached 33.1 °C (91.6 °F), and stayed around 30 °C (90 °F) for the rest of the week.",0
"...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.","Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",0
We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution,"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",0
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.",0
Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.,"""Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent"".",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.",0
Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.,"It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",0
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",0
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,"""EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality"".",0
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.",0
"Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.","It concluded, ""The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.",0
"“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.",Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.,1
Royal Society embraces skepticism,"Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, ""inquiry"") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.",0
IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers,"In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.",1
"It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).",Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.,1
"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”","The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification.",0
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",1
Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.,The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.,0
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",1
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,"It concluded, ""The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.",1
"Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”","Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",0
However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast,Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.,0
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.,1
CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.,"They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.",0
"""a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.,Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,1
"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.","Robert Watson found this ""very disappointing"" and said ""We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy.""",0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.",0
"There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.","The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.",0
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England.",0
"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",0
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”",Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.,1
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","""Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios"".",1
"Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”",Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.,0
There's no empirical evidence for climate change.,"Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.",1
"When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.","Nick Bostrom argues that it would be ""misguided"" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be ""a tall order"" for the human race to ""get our precautions sufficiently right the first time"", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.",1
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.",1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).,1
Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.,"Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.",1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.",1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.",The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.,1
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,"This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: ""a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result"".",0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.,1
"If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped","The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.",1
"Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces","""June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces"".",0
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”","Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.",0
Royal Society embraces skepticism,"The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.",1
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.",1
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.",Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.,1
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.,"The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding ""the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry"" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.",0
"Despite attention on global warming, ""fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980"" and ""SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.""","Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.",1
Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.,"Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of ""The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth"".",0
"Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.","These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.",0
the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.,"The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.",0
"The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.","In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.",1
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.",0
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.",To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.,1
"“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.","During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.",0
"When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"He said that it was not a single scandal, but ""a sustained and coordinated campaign"" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.",0
"that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a ""likely"" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",1
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",1
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,"The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.",0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change.""",1
The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.,"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",1
"In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.",Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.,0
"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...""","A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that ""amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.""",1
"“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.",The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.,1
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.",1
Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.,"On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.",1
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",0
"Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.","The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a ""best guess in the light of current knowledge"" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).",0
"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows","The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.",0
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,"In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.",0
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Climate sensitivity can be estimated using observed temperature rise, observed ocean heat uptake, and modeled or observed radiative forcing.",1
"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.""",0
Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.,Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.,0
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",1
"The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.","Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.",1
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.",1
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","""The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.",0
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”",In India the Ajñana school of philosophy espoused skepticism.,1
"It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.","The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.",1
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.",Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.,1
"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.",0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section ""Structure and bonding"" above).",1
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","As of 2013, the petition's website states, ""The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.",1
Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer,"In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.",0
"Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”",The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.,0
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”","The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.",0
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,"Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040",Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.,0
Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet,"Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.",1
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",1
"While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"""The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.","The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.",0
"Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.","Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).",0
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.",Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.,1
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750.""",0
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","""A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"".",0
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.","IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.",0
"If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",0
"Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.","Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",1
Clouds provide negative feedback,"In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.",1
"Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.","Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.",1
"Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.","These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.",0
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,"Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.",0
"Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.",Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.,1
"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.","It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",1
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.","They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change.",0
"“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.",1
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.",A purely scattering aerosol will reflect energy that would normally be absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system back to space and leads to a cooling effect.,0
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.","Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",0
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
"Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.","Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.",0
"Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.","Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.",0
"Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.,1
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.",1
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).,1
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population","Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.",1
"""Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.","Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.",0
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.","Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).",1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.",0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and ""Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.",0
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.",Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.,0
there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...],"Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...",0
The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.,These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).,1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.",0
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.",Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.,0
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.",1
The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.,"Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.",1
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""","""Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows"".",0
"The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).","Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.",0
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.",1
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.","A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.",1
"Miami Congressman Carlos ""Curbelo supports drilling offshore"" and ""repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.""","""Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill"".",0
"“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.","A positive externality (also called ""external benefit"" or ""external economy"" or ""beneficial externality"") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.",0
The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.,"The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.",0
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.",1
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,"From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.",1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
"""In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.","The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.",0
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,"However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.",0
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C","More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",1
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas,"Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.",0
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent ""dramatic impacts"" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that ""The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.",0
"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.",1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"Climate sensitivity can be estimated using observed temperature rise, observed ocean heat uptake, and modeled or observed radiative forcing.",1
"Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.","As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.",0
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.,1
"“Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.",The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.,0
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,"Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.",0
Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.,"The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.",0
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.",1
Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,"Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term ""climate change"".",0
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",1
The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.,"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",0
"(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.","Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have ""implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases"".",0
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.",0
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.","Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.",0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide).,1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.",1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",0
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",0
Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.,"Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.",1
"""NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.","Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.",1
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”","Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.""",0
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",1
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.,"These fluctuations in atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature, precipitation or other parameters can be quasi-periodic, often occurring on inter-annual, multi-annual, decadal, multidecadal, century-wide, millennial or longer timescales.",0
"Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C"" (Pat Michaels)","""Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent"".",1
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year.",1
"…obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.","Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.",0
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",0
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","""'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour"".",1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.",0
"However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.","(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: ""Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.",0
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.",1
"Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.","This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",1
"The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.","There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.",0
Clouds provide negative feedback,"Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.",1
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",1
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,"The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.",1
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.","From this, he concluded that ""The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.",1
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,"Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.",0
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.",1
"As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.","Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",0
"The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",0
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.",1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.",1
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.""",0
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",1
The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.,"A 2007 NASA sponsored satellite-based study sheds light on the puzzling observations by other scientists that the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface had been steadily declining in recent decades, began to reverse around 1990.",0
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.",1
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.",1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"On 21 October, Christiana Figueres, a UN official on climate change, told CNN: The World Meteorological Organization has not established a direct link between this wildfire and climate change – yet.",0
"Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.","Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.",0
"“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.","During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",0
CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.,"During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).",1
The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.,"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",1
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.,0
It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.,The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.,0
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,"The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.",1
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.",0
Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.,1
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.",0
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.",1
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.",This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.,1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature",Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.,1
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.",0
"In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.,"Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used ""Mike's Nature trick"" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization ""to hide the decline"" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.",1
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,0
"If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.","Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.",1
We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.,"As of 2013, the petition's website states, ""The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.",1
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.",1
"Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.","According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.",1
Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.",1
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.","It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.",0
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).",0
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.",0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.",1
The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.,The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.,1
This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.,"""The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought.""",0
"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming","At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.",0
"""Many people think the science of climate change is settled.","The scientific consensus on climate change is ""that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities"", and it ""is largely irreversible"".",0
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,"""Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000"".",1
"Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius","Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",0
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,"Its conclusions are summarized below: ""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.""",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' ""rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt,"" that the investigators ""did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments,"" but that there had been ""a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness.""",1
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",0
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.",The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.,0
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",1
"there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer","So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].""",0
"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s","They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces.",1
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.",1
"“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“","A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.",1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",0
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.",1
"A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.",The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017.,1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.",1
Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.,Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.,0
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma",Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.,1
"When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend","On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.",1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.",0
"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.","""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",1
This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years,Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"""Cosmic rays blamed for global warming"".",0
Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.,"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.,0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that ""amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.""",1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.",0
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.","AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).",0
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).",0
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,A 2013 study claimed acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.,0
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",1
There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.,"In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.",1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.",1
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""","""The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue"".",0
climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere,"While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.",0
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"""Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll"".",0
cold kills many more people than heat.,The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.,1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"AIBS Position Statements ""Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.""",1
"""Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.","""A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.",0
"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995","The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and ""expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.",0
"""the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events"" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)","But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.",0
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.,1
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.","In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.",1
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
"The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”","Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.",1
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","""South Australia has the highest power prices in the world"".",1
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",0
CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.,"In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.",0
"The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.","""Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming"".",1
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these ""97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming"".",0
"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.","In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.",0
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.,0
"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.","Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.",1
"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...""","Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that ""whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.""",0
until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years,"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",0
"Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing","""United States delivers first payment to global climate fund"".",0
"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.",Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.,1
"In South Florida, ""we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.""","""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"".",1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",0
"The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.","Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",1
"“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.",Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.,1
The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.,"Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.",0
"Al Gore's film was ""broadly accurate"" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.","In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had ""no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate"" and its ""four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research"", he upheld nine of a ""long schedule"" of alleged errors presented to the court.",0
"Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.","In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].",1
"Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.","From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.",0
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification.",1
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,"The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.",0
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,"Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.",0
"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.","Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.",1
Polar bear numbers are increasing,"For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.",0
"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.","As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), ""there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C"".",0
"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.","Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, ""no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height.""",0
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,"""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",0
Climate change is due to cosmic rays.,Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.,1
Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.,The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.,1
"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.","After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.",0
Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.,"The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.",0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,"During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.",1
cold kills many more people than heat.,"After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.",0
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,"High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.",0
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",1
The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2.,"A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as carbon-dioxide levels rose — as indeed it has.""",0
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.",0
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...",1
The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.,"A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (""Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability""), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.",0
"unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.,It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.,0
"satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).",Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.,1
"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s","Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.",0
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.",0
"New Jersey is ""losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.""","During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience ""nor'easters,"" which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.",0
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,"In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.",1
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.","At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.",0
"“Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings.","By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level.",0
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.,0
"'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.",The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.,0
"there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.",The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.,0
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.",0
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.",0
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.",1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.",0
What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.,There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.,1
"“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).","Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, ""We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.",1
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,"These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.",1
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.","Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.",0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",1
"""a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.","In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",0
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.",1
The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.,"From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.",0
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,"As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass.",0
"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.","Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.",1
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I ""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia"".",1
"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.",1
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.",0
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,"In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.",0
Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.,"In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.",0
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.,"Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.",0
The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.,"Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.",1
"While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story","The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"" (PDF).",1
"Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.",This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.,1
"""...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years"" (Judith Curry and David Rose)","However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.",1
Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.,"Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.",1
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.,0
"We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.",Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.,0
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.",1
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,"In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.",1
"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",0
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.",1
"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.,"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",1
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.",1
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.",0
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
"Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.","The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.",1
"CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]","""Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat"".",1
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).",0
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.,1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.",0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend.""",1
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.",1
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.,0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",0
"With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",0
"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.,"In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.",1
The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.,"Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to ""Global Dimming.""",0
"While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”",Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.,0
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation,"Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.",1
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.",0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.",0
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.",The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.,0
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",0
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.,0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",0
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.""",0
CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.,Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.,0
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,"""Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say"".",0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.","Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",1
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,"As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].",0
“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.,"The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.",1
"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",0
"While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.","These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.",0
The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.",(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.,0
But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.,"In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","""Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011"".",1
"The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.","The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.""",0
CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.,"In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.",1
"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995","Here is the quote: ""The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.""",0
The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.,"Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.",1
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).",0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a ""positive feedback"" that amplifies the original warming.",0
the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm,August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.,0
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).",1
"""Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.",0
"“Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.","As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.",1
The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.,"A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.",1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of ""direct action"" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.",1
Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.,An alternative criticism is that the Church opposed particular scientific discoveries that it felt challenged its authority and power – particularly through the Reformation and on through the Enlightenment.,0
"""The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.","The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.",0
"""[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.","The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': ""a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.",0
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.",1
"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",1
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).",1
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).",0
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"""Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?"".",1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming"".",0
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.",found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.,0
"In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”","Gartner's own press release said, ""Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016"", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading ""1.7 percent [point]"" decline.",0
"Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a ""pollutant"", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.","On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.,0
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.",Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.,0
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising,Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).,0
"[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.","Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",0
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.","Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name ""hockey stick graph"" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.",1
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.",A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.,1
This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.,"Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.",1
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: ""The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",0
"Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.","During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",1
"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.","Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).",1
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.",1
This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
"the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.","Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",1
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).",0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",0
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”","Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.",0
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,"These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science.""",1
"If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”",A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.,0
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that ""the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact"".",0
"Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.","As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.""",0
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.,0
"In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.","The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.",1
"As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.","Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.",0
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.",1
But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.",0
"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.","In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.",1
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.,0
"While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.","Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.",0
"for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.","Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled"" Begley 2007: ""polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was ""mainly caused by things people do.""",1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”","This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",0
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",1
That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
"The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.","An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports ""Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).",1
"When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend","More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.",1
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.","""Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows"".",1
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is ""physically plausible"".",0
Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.,"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",0
"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.",1
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a ""best guess in the light of current knowledge"" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).",1
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",1
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.",The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.,1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,"Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.",1
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.",1
We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.,"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.",0
The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.,"Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.",0
by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.,"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.,"In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.",0
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere,"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).",1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",0
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.",0
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,"Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.",1
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,"The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.",0
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.,1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.,"""The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue"".",0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.",Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.,0
"'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.","There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.",0
Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.,They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.,1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",0
‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,1
"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.","The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that ""climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid"".",0
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,"Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.",1
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C",The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.,0
The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather,"Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.",0
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.',There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.,0
"Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.","Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly ""predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.""",0
"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.""",0
Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.,"A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.",0
"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.","Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",0
Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.,"Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.",0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.",0
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.",0
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.",1
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.",0
2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.,"In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.",0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.",1
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.","They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.",1
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.,0
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",1
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven,"According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.",1
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these ""97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming"".",0
"“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“","Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.,1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and ""Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.",0
"In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.","""Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature"" (PDF).",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.",The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.,1
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).",1
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.",0
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.,0
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.,Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.,0
"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.",Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.,1
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,"Here is the quote: ""The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.""",1
Sea level rise is not going to happen.,"Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.",0
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
"According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.","The effects of inhaling particulate matter that has been widely studied in humans and animals include asthma, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, premature delivery, birth defects, low birth weight, and premature death.",0
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the surface ) and thereby absorbs and releases more heat, but the temperature changes less than land.",1
Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.,"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",0
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,"If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.",1
"Surface temperatures on Earth ""have stabilized.""","In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",1
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.,1
Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.,The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.,1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",1
There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.,Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.,0
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require ""deep emissions reductions"", ""rapid"", ""far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society"".",1
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",1
Polar bear numbers are increasing.,"In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.",0
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.,0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.,1
"Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.",The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.,0
"In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”","However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.",1
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.",1
Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.,"The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.",1
"Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a ""carbon tax"" hurt her terribly politically.","During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.",0
"While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.","IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: ""Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.""",1
 The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing. ,"George Monbiot reports ""The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.",1
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.","The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity.",0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,"This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.",1
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,0
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.","Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.",0
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.,The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.,1
"The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.","As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull.",0
"If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.",Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.,1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.",1
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' ""rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt,"" that the investigators ""did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments,"" but that there had been ""a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness.""",1
A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.,Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.,0
[…] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”,"On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.",1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,0
"A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.",The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.,1
By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic,The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.,1
"[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...","It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.",0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.",0
"This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm,Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.,1
"The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.",CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,1
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.",1
Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate,Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.,1
Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.,"Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.",0
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"""'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times"".",1
"Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'",This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.,1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.",1
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”","The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",1
A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.,"In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.",1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.",1
People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.,Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.,1
"When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.",This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.,1
"‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’",Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.,0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",0
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.,0
"satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).","The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.",1
CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.,"Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.",0
"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.",Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.,0
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly"".",0
"There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100""","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas,This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.,1
The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska,"It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.,1
Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation,"As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.",0
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. ""","The New York Times reported that ""the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950"".",0
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,"2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.",0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.",0
"“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.",0
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged ""Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.""",1
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",1
The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.,"The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.",1
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.",0
"Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.","Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.,Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.,1
Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.,"In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.",1
This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”,"The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.",0
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.",1
"""Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.","Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.",0
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.""",0
"Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.","On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.",1
"Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.","However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.",0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.",0
"If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.",Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.,1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,"United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to ""the ocean waters and this environment that we live in"".",1
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these ""97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming"".",1
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.",0
"While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.",The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.,1
"The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.","These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",0
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,"These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).",0
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.",0
Carbon pollution is a health hazard.,"Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.",0
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.,"Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.",1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.",1
"Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",1
"About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase"" (Loehle and Scafetta)","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature",The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.,1
"While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”","The authors concluded that ""Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400"", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.",1
"""Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change"" (Roger Pielke Jr.)","By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.",0
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.",0
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven,"This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.",1
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"""Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events"".",1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.,1
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","""Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans"".",1
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well.""",1
Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years,"The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.",A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.,1
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.",0
The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC,"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.,1
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.",0
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,"Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.",0
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.",0
"Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.",Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.,0
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population","In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.",0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.,0
"""An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.","Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the ""beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations"".",0
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,"Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called ""dead zones.""",1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",1
"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s","On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.",0
The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.,"On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.",1
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.",1
"Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.",Limiting global warming to below 2 °C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.,1
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,"For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.",0
"Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.","Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.",0
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.,"Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.",1
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.,0
a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming,Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,0
"90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.","The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.",1
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.","Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",1
Climate change is normal and continual.,Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.,1
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”","Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.",1
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","George Monbiot reports ""The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.",0
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.",1
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.","The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: ""melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.""",0
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.",Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.,1
Greenland ice sheet won't collapse,"""Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future"".",0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined","These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are ""driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs"".",1
"We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.","In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.",0
the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.,"Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.",1
the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.,Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.,1
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.",These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.,0
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,"The ""greenhouse effect"", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier.",0
Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.,It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.,1
"Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”","In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.",0
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",1
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas,Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.,1
"Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.","""NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015"".",0
"If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.","If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).",0
"Miami Congressman Carlos ""Curbelo supports drilling offshore"" and ""repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.""","At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",1
Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.,"Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.",1
The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”,Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.,1
"Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.","Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.",0
Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.,"Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.",0
There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer,These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.,1
"A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.","The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and ""expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.",1
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.",Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value.,1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","Polar Discovery ""Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005"".",0
Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.,Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.,0
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,"This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",1
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.",0
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.","Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.",0
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.",1
The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.,"""Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming"".",1
It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).,"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",1
"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995",Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,1
"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.",Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,1
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.",0
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).",0
[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.,"Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.",0
"Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.","Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.",1
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","They predict that under a ""business as usual"" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.",1
Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.,The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.,0
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,"""A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?"".",1
"Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.","In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the ""5 lessons of climate change"", as: ""climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one"" ""climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them"" ""our world has huge unmet development needs"" ""our current energy portfolio is not sustainable"" ""massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice"" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.",0
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","Its conclusions are summarized below: ""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.""",1
Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).,"Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of ""The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,"" in Science, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.",0
"“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.",0
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","Gartner's own press release said, ""Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016"", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading ""1.7 percent [point]"" decline.",1
an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming,"Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).",1
"""...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years"" (Judith Curry and David Rose)","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.",0
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.",0
"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.",Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.,0
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.",1
"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.","Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.",0
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",0
If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.,"At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid ""dangerous"" levels, by 2036.",0
A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.,"In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.",1
"Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization",The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.,1
CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.,"The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.",0
"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.","All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",1
"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).",1
"He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’",The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.,0
"receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit",These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.,0
"Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale","In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.",0
This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.,A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.,1
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","""New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes"".",0
"While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story","It found that the CRU's work had been ""carried out with integrity"" and had used ""fair and satisfactory"" methods.",1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.",1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Climate change is due to cosmic rays.,"They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",1
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for ""acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings"" and ""their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice"".",1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""",Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.,0
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,"Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.",1
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.",0
That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.,Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).,0
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","That article was based on an email interview, and says that ""Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline.""",0
"Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a ""pollutant"", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.","American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 ""The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change.""",0
The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.,"Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.",0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).",0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.,0
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.",1
Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet,"The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.",1
Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.,The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.,0
"‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’","""Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?"".",0
Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.,We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.,1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.",0
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.",0
The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].,Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.,0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,"""Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming"".",0
Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.,It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.,0
Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",1
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.",1
Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.,"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",1
"There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.","As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.",0
"“‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.","Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.",0
"“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.",It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears.,0
"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”","""Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming"".",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).",0
Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.,Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.,1
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"""A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"".",0
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,"""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",0
"When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.","Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.",0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.",1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.",1
"The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.","Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",1
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.",The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).,1
Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.,"The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.",1
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,"In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.",1
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",1
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.",1
by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.,The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.,1
"Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.","In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.",1
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.",Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.,1
This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.,"However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.",1
Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.,Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.,0
Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.,Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.,0
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","""A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg"".",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,1
"Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —","In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.",1
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.",1
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.",0
The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.,"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",1
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.",1
"Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.","Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.",1
"While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend",The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.,0
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.",0
"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.","The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.,0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .",This classic was originally published in French in 1958.,1
Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.,"Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.",1
"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.",1
There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts,"We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.",1
U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.,"However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.",0
Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.,"""Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say"".",1
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,"However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today.",0
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.",Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.,1
"Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.","Oreskes' 2004 ""Beyond the Ivory Tower"" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).",0
The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times,"Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.",0
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,"Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.",0
The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.,"Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.",0
"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...""","This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",1
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.",Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.,1
The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.,"The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.",0
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he ""would not agree that"" carbon dioxide is ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see"" backing up his claim by stating that ""measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.""",1
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,1
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.","Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.",0
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.",0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","""Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China"".",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.",Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.,0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",1
it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies],"On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.",1
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.",1
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"This work described what came to be known as ""Munk's enigma"", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.",0
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.",The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.,1
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.","Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.",0
"Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a ""pollutant"", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.","Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.",0
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""","In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.",0
"Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.","The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that ""changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system"", and concluded that ""increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century"".",0
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.",0
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.",Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.,0
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"""A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.",1
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.",Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.,0
"Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a ""pollutant"", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.","It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.",0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.,0
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.",0
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",1
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and ""Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.",0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).",1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence"".",1
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma",In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.,1
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.",0
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.,1
"Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.","The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.",1
'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,"Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.",1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",0
"“Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings.","If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.",0
"[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.",The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.,1
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",1
"Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",0
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,"During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.",0
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).",0
"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.","Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",1
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.",1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.",1
"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.","The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.",0
"If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.",Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.,0
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.",0
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.",1
"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.",1
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,"Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.",1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.",Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.,0
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.",Aerosols and other particulates absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space.,0
"This is called the ""atmospheric greenhouse effect"", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.",The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.,0
The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…],"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",1
"Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.",Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.,1
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.",0
"When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.","Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.",1
The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC,"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.",0
"In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.","""Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal"".",1
"It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.","The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",0
"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.","As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).",0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.,0
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","""Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans"".",1
A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.,"Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.",1
"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”",The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.,0
"As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.",(2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.,0
Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.,"Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.",0
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether ""the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data"".",0
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""",According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.,0
"It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.","As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).",1
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,"In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.",1
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",1
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.",1
‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.,Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.,0
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"""A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island"".",0
current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two,"The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.",1
"""Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.","Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.",0
Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.,"Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.",0
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.",1
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.",1
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.,0
"In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.""","""Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China"".",1
Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.,"The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.",0
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.",1
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.",Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.,0
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.",1
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.,1
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,"Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).",0
Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.,"People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.",1
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 ""The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change.""",1
Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.,"Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.",0
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”",Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.,0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.",1
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"The radiation balance is altered by such factors as the intensity of solar energy, reflectivity of clouds or gases, absorption by various greenhouse gases or surfaces and heat emission by various materials.",0
"Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.",Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.,1
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",0
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.",1
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
"195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.","In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.",0
"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”","Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.",1
"That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.”","With the loss of mass, the gravitational pull becomes less and local water levels might drop.",0
"This is called the ""atmospheric greenhouse effect"", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.","Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.",0
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""",Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.,1
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.",0
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,0
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as ""ocean acidification.""",1
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","""A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"".",1
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,"""End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change"".",0
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.",Positive radiative forcing results in warming.,0
"“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.","Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...],Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...,0
"Despite attention on global warming, ""fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980"" and ""SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.""","By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.",0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","""Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows"".",1
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",0
"Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.","Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.",1
"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",0
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.",1
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",0
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.,Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.,1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",0
Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.,"Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.",0
"“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that ""more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached"" and that the uncertainties were ""the point of the article"".",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.",0
Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer,The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.,1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.",1
The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.,"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.",1
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out.""",0
cold kills many more people than heat.,"Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.",0
"[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...",Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.,1
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.",1
Solar panels drain the sun's energy.,"Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.",0
"The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.","According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","""Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state"".",1
"“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).","This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.",0
"A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.","Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.",0
"While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.","On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.",1
"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).",0
"However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",1
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.",1
"When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.,The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.,1
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”","(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: ""Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.",1
"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.","Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.",1
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",0
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.,0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented ""the concept of global warming"" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",1
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,"Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.",1
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.",Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.,1
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.,"In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.",The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.,1
"“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.",0
"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.","Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.",1
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","""Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change"".",1
"[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.",These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.,1
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.",1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.,1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially ""optimal"" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.",1
"CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef,"In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.",0
Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation,"In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged ""Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.""",0
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"""Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events"".",0
In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.,1
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.",1
"While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.",Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.,0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.,0
Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate,"Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.,"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.",1
Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.,The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.,0
"The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.",The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.,0
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.,1
"U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing",Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.,1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.",1
"there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer","As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.",1
"“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.","The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.",1
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.",1
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.",0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",0
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence"".",0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",1
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.","On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.",0
Sea level rise is decelerating.,Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.,0
"“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.",Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.,1
"“[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.",The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.,0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.",1
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: ""these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude – and ultimately undermine their own cause"".",0
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.",0
"Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a ""carbon tax"" hurt her terribly politically.","Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.",1
"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.",The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.,1
"90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.",In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.,0
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,"""From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed"".",0
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.","Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",1
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","""Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study"".",0
"[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.","In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].",0
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage ""fully navigable"".",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.",0
This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times,Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.,1
“Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere.,Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.,0
"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces.",0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.,0
The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.","A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].",1
"""...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years"" (Judith Curry and David Rose)","Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.",1
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.","Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.",1
"Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.",An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2.,0
"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.","""Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations"".",0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.,0
The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.,"Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components.",0
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.",1
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",0
The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).,"Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.",0
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.","Polar Discovery ""Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005"".",1
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.,"the CO2 concentration already released into the atmosphere since the beginning of industrialization, which has risen from well below 300 PPM to more than 415 PPM (2019).",0
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,"While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.",1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.,0
"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.","Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.",0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.",Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.,1
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,"""World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN"".",0
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.",1
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.,0
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.",0
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level",Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.,1
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”",The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.,0
“Sea level rise is global.,"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",0
"Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says","From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.",1
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""",The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.,1
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",1
But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.,"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.",1
Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.,"Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.",0
Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.,Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.,1
"The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.""",In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.,1
People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.,Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.,1
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.,0
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).",0
"CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.","Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.",0
"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,"This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.",0
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",1
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.",Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).,0
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.",A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.,1
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.","The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a ""best guess in the light of current knowledge"" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).",0
The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.,"""United States delivers first payment to global climate fund"".",1
Infrared Iris will reduce global warming,"The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.",0
The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.,"It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.",0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).",1
'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.,"Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.",1
Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.",0
But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.,"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.",0
"[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.","Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.",1
"There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100""","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.",The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.,0
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…",The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.,0
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",0
"As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.","During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",1
Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.,"These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.",0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,"It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).",0
The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.,"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.",0
"Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius","Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.",1
"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).",1
The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.,"Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.",0
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.,The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination.,0
People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.,"""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",0
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.",1
The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”,"A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as carbon-dioxide levels rose — as indeed it has.""",1
"‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.","This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.",1
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".",Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.,0
"90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.","According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.",0
"President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.","The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.",0
But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.,"Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.",0
"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”","Polar Discovery ""Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005"".",0
"Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.",More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.,1
"CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.",The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.,0
"Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.","In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.""",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: ""Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.",0
"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.",1
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).",1
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven,"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",1
Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate,"Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.",0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
"Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization",All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,1
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.",1
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.",1
But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.,Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.,1
Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.,"A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.",1
"Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.",Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.,1
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that ""changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system"", and concluded that ""increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century"".",1
"The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.","When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.",1
"But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.","People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.",1
Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.,The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.,0
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.",1
"In South Florida, ""we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.""","Shaftel 2016: ""'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.",1
Climate change is due to cosmic rays.,"""Cosmic rays blamed for global warming"".",0
What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.,"The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.",0
The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.,"The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for ""acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings"" and ""their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice"".",0
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.",0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,"Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.",0
"The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”","The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.",1
"Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.",0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.",Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.,1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",0
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).",1
"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.",0
"Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.","The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",0
"Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming.""",The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.,1
"In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”","The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.",0
"Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.","The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.",0
Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",0
"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.",1
"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.",This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.,0
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"""South Australia has the highest power prices in the world"".",1
"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.","The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.",1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.",1
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",0
"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming","Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a ""positive feedback"" that amplifies the original warming.",0
Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.,"During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).",0
Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.,"The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.",0
"Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.",The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.,1
This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.,"Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.",1
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that ""climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid"".",1
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.",0
"Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.",Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.,1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"" (PDF).",0
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.",0
"The Obama administration ""has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.""","Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.",0
"While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.",Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.,0
"Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming","Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.",0
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’","""Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report"".",0
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.",0
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.",0
Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).,"In 2004, a paper was published in the journal Science by Naomi Oreskes titled Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.",0
Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.,An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.,1
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.",1
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.",0
Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.,"United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to ""the ocean waters and this environment that we live in"".",0
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.,1
"If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.","Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.",0
"The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..","In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.",1
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.",1
"“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.","The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.",0
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,"It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.",0
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,1
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""",Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.,1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,"The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.",0
Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.,"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",0
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”",Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.,1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.",0
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",1
"None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.","Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.",1
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",0
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.",0
"“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.",A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.,1
The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.,"The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.",1
CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.,"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",0
The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,"""Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability.",1
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: ""The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.",1
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.",0
"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.",0
"The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.",Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.,0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.",1
"When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.",There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.,0
"The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming","Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.",0
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.",Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.,0
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","Climate Action Tracker ""Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state"".",1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","""Islands disappear under rising seas"".",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.",1
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
"“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.",0
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’",He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.,1
"However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.","However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",1
the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.,"The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.",0
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.,1
"""Mike's Nature trick"" has nothing to do with ""hide the decline"", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.","Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used ""Mike's Nature trick"" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization ""to hide the decline"" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.",0
Climate change is normal and continual.,"increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).",0
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.",Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.,1
"Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.","The committee criticised a ""culture of non-disclosure at CRU"" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.",1
"The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.","In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.",0
policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",0
"‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.","This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.",0
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.",1
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined","The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.",1
Southern sea ice is increasing.,"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.",0
"“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.",1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Hansen testified that ""Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now"" and ""The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.""",1
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.,"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",1
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.",0
"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.",1
"Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces","20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.",0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,1
Dropped stations introduce warming bias,"While the ""heat island"" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.",0
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,"As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...",1
The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.,"In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.",0
"President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.",To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.,0
"‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’","""A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.",0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",1
"About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase"" (Loehle and Scafetta)",It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.,0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).",0
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,"""Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)"".",0
A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.,"Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.",0
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.",0
"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","""Warming 'very likely' human-made"".",1
"It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.","He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.",1
"Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.","The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.",1
Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.,"People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.",0
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","""Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill"".",0
"“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.",0
Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction,"The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: ""melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.""",1
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.",0
Royal Society embraces skepticism,In India the Ajñana school of philosophy espoused skepticism.,0
Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state,"A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.",0
"“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.",Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.,0
an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming,This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.,1
"Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995","The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.","Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.",0
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.",1
Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.,"The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.",0
"unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.","Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.",0
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",0
"Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.","Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.",1
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,"Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.",0
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).,0
[subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.,"Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.""",0
"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2","It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.",1
"The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today","The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.",0
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.""",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
"Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.","The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.",0
"'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.","The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.",1
"Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.","U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.",0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.",0
"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.","The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during ""a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)"" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.",1
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).",1
"Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.","EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.",0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",0
President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”,"According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.",0
"If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.","The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.",0
The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.,"This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.",0
"While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.",Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.,1
Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.,"The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage ""fully navigable"".",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.",A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.,0
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.,0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.",There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.,0
there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...],The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.,1
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"""Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds"".",0
"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.","According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.",1
Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy,"""'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails"".",0
"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.","Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.",0
Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.,"Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.",1
Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.,They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.,1
Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.,Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.,1
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…",Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.,0
"Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.",To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.,1
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.,0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",1
Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state,"""Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state"".",0
Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.,This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.,0
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.",1
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.,1
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”",Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.,1
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,0
"Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.","Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.",0
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","""The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.",0
"""Many people think the science of climate change is settled.","Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.",0
"The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.",El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.,1
"In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.","Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a ""trick"" to ""hide the decline"" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.",0
"Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH","There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.",1
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.",0
"This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.","Nick Bostrom argues that it would be ""misguided"" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be ""a tall order"" for the human race to ""get our precautions sufficiently right the first time"", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.",0
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals.,1
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that ""2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.",0
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
"CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]","""Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet"".",0
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",1
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""",Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,1
Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction,"Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.",0
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.",0
"When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.",Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.,1
"The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.","The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.",0
"The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.","The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.",1
"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.","It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",1
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.",1
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",0
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",1
“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.,It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.,1
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",1
"If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped",This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).,1
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,"While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.",0
it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.,"In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.",1
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.",Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.,1
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",0
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,"Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.",1
Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.,A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.,0
"“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.","Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as ""the leading pollutant"" and ""the worst climate pollutant"".",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"""Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events"".",1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",0
"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and ""Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.",1
Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature,"The email was widely misquoted as a ""trick"" to ""hide the decline"" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.",0
"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.",1
There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.,A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,0
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).",1
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he ""would not agree that"" carbon dioxide is ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see"" backing up his claim by stating that ""measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.""",1
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",1
"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that ""late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.",0
Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.,"""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.""",1
"But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.","As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.",0
The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.,"Eventually, the land and oceans will take up most of the extra carbon dioxide, but as much as 20 percent may remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.""",0
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.",These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.,1
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.",0
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,"Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.",1
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century.""",0
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.","Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by ""excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.",0
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",0
'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,"Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.",0
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.,0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.,1
 The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing. ,Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.,0
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.",1
Peer review process was corrupted,"At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.",0
Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.,"In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.",0
"""Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.","""Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000"".",0
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.,"So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.",1
South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.,"Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.",1
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.","Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).",0
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).",0
"The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”","Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.",0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).",0
"“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.","In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is ""likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C"".",1
The polar bear population has been growing.,"In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.",0
"“Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.","Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.",1
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.","They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.",0
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","The scientific consensus on climate change is ""that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities"", and it ""is largely irreversible"".",0
Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.,"Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.",1
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.,0
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,"In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.",1
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.",Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.,0
But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.,0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).,0
Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state,"Climate Action Tracker ""Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state"".",0
"In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.","The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that ""changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system"", and concluded that ""increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century"".",1
"[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...","""Greenland enters melt mode"".",0
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","""Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level"".",0
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.",Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.,0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
"While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.","Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.",1
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.",1
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’","If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",1
"A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).",1
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.",1
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...",1
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",0
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"""The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.",1
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.",1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.,1
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.",Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.,1
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.,1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).",0
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.",There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.,1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.",1
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.,1
it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.,"""The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue"".",1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.",0
"“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.","As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.",1
People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.,"""A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?"".",0
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).,1
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.",Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.,1
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.,"Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.",0
They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.,Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.,1
"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","""Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?"".",1
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,One way is to use estimates of global radiative forcing and temperature directly.,0
People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.,"""Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,"" Gore said.",0
Climate change is because of El Niño.,"The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.",0
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.,El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.,0
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
"While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.","Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.",0
"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.","If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.",0
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.,0
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"The New York Times reported that ""the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950"".",1
"""A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",0
"Alaska Sen. Mark Begich ""is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.""","Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.",1
Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.',"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.",1
"Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.",The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.,0
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","""New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes"".",1
"Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.","""Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,"" Gore said.",0
"Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.","As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.",0
"There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.","[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.",0
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.",1
Sea level rise is not going to happen.,"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).",0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.,0
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.",1
"Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.","Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.",1
Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.,"""Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE"".",1
Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.,"Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented ""are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.",1
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,"This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat.",0
"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.",Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.,1
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).",1
"There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100""","Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.",0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.",1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",1
"Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C"" (Pat Michaels)","In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is ""likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C"".",0
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like","Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",1
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.""",1
"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)","In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend.""",1
"The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today","The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.",1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",0
"The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.""",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.,The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.,0
"Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming",The postulated period coincides with a global clustering of volcano collapse events; perhaps global warming occurring during this time when the last glacial maximum approached its end predisposed volcanoes to collapse.,0
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”","For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body ""protectively"" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).",0
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.",0
"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows","Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.",0
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.",The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,0
"If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.","Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.",0
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.","Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.",1
Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’","For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",1
"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.","A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that ""amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.""",0
"Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.","Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.",1
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.",1
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.",1
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: ""Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease"".",1
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,"The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.",1
"While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.","Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.",1
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.",1
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.","Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).",0
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.",0
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""","Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it ""a lot.""",0
Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.,"Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.",1
Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.,"A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.",0
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.,0
"while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.","In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.",0
The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm,"These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.",1
"This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.",0
"The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.","The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.",1
Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture,"This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well.""",0
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.",0
CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.,"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",0
"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.",0
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,"Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",1
Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.,"He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.",0
"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.","The email was widely misquoted as a ""trick"" to ""hide the decline"" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.",1
"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s","As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,"Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.",1
"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.","Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",1
"As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.","The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.",1
It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.",The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.,0
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.",More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.,0
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.",0
"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.","One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.",0
"With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.","To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.",0
Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction,"Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.",0
Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.,"The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.",0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change.""",0
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.",0
If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.","Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.",1
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14","Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require ""deep emissions reductions"", ""rapid"", ""far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society"".",1
Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.,Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.,1
"Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.",The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.,0
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.",0
Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.,"A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.",1
"Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.","In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",0
"Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.","The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.",1
"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.",The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.,0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.,"The scientists declared ""climate emergency"" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.",0
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.,1
The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.,"The modeling also shows that ""even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.""",1
Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.,"For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.",1
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",0
"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.","Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, ""inquiry"") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.,"Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.",1
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",0
Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.,"There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.",1
"The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,"A 2007 study found the decline to be ""faster than forecasted"" by model simulations.",0
"there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,","These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.""",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.""",1
"whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.","Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.,"On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.",1
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).",1
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"""Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios"".",1
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.",1
The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.,"The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.",0
The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.,A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.,0
"The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",0
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.",1
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.",0
"""by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.","The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.",1
"Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.","""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"".",1
"“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.",Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.,1
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,"In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged ""Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.""",1
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.",0
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population","Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented ""are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.",1
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.",Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).,1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.",0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.",0
"Thus rather than a ""doomsday"" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.","Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a ""positive feedback"" that amplifies the original warming.",0
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",0
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""","Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.",1
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.",1
The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.,"""A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island"".",1
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’","In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.",1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",1
"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.","During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",0
"Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.","latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).",0
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.",0
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","In it, the IUGG concurs with the ""comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change"".",0
Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.,"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",0
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).",0
Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.,"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that ""climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid"".",1
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.",1
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",1
"Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.","Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.",1
"Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.",A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.,1
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.",0
Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.,"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",0
IPCC overestimate temperature rise.,"Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100.",0
The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.,"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",1
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a ""likely"" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",1
"While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.","In Hutton's words: ""the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.""",0
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like",The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).,1
The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.,"The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.",0
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.",0
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.",1
A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.,"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.",1
Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.,"For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.",0
"Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.","Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.",1
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’","""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.",1
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.",1
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,"According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.",0
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.",The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.,0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.",2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.,1
"Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).",1
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.,0
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,"""June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces"".",1
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","""20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise"".",1
This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years,"Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project","The OISM website states that ""several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project"", and that the petition has ""more than 31,000"" signatures by scientists.",0
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.,"Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.",1
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.,0
"“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.","This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).",0
"A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",0
The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.,Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.,0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
"Miami Congressman Carlos ""Curbelo supports drilling offshore"" and ""repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.""","The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification.",1
"The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming","Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.",0
a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming,"According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.",1
"It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).","In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.",0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.",A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.,1
"While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.","Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.",0
"Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.","In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.",0
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…","Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.",1
This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years,"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.",0
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of the Earth's atmosphere.,0
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.",Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.,0
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",0
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).",0
The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.,Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.,0
"Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.","Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.",0
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.","The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",1
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".",The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.,1
"The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.","Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.",1
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.",Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.,0
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.",0
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",0
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.",1
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",1
"The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.",The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.,0
"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.","Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a ""trick"" to ""hide the decline"" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.",1
the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.,"Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.",0
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.",1
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.",1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"""Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat"".",1
"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)","A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.",1
"""A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...","However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself.",0
Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.,"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.",0
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.","The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).",0
"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”",The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,0
"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.","Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.",1
Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.,"Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.",0
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,"Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.",1
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.","In an interview, Trenberth said, ""The planet is warming"", but ""the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.""",0
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,1
Climate change is normal and continual.,Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.,0
"North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.","In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.",0
Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.,"Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.",1
Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef,"The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.",1
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.",0
"While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.","Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.",1
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these ""97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming"".",1
"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.","As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that ""the last decade is the warmest since 1400"", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is ""likely"" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",0
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.",0
"Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",1
"A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.""",0
Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.,"More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.",0
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.",1
the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.,"The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high ""for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.""",0
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.",Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.,0
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,"""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive"" (Tweet).",1
"Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.","In an interview, Trenberth said, ""The planet is warming"", but ""the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.""",0
"there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.","""Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses"".",1
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.",1
Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.,"Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of ""direct action"" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.",1
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.",Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.,1
"In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.""","Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.",1
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","Generally, impacts on public health will be more negative than positive.",0
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…","It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.",1
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","""Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary"".",1
"Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.","""A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?"".",1
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.,1
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.",1
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.,1
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.",1
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.",0
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.",0
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,"Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.",1
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","From this, he concluded that ""The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.",0
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,"The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.",1
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.",1
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.",0
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.","This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",1
CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.,"The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.",0
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.",0
"About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase"" (Loehle and Scafetta)","Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.",1
"The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.","Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal ""tidal"" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.",0
Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","""Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it"".",0
"Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.","The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.",1
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is ""likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C"".",1
There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts,"There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.",1
"Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper ""An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy"".","""An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy"".",0
"While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",0
The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”,"""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",0
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.",0
"""Many people think the science of climate change is settled.",Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.,1
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.",0
"According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.","Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016.",0
"Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.","Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.",0
"If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.","In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.",0
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.,1
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.",1
Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.,"Palin considers herself a conservationist and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics, saying ""of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution.""",0
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.",0
"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming",Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.,0
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.",1
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.",1
Climate change is normal and continual.,"Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.",0
The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.,Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.,1
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.",1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"76 out of 79 climatologists who ""listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change"" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.",0
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.",1
We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”,"Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: ""The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.",0
"If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.",Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).,0
"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.",More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.,1
“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.,"Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.",0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.,1
"""There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.",Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,1
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.",0
"Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.",Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.,1
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.",1
"Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.","Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.",1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.",1
Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.,"""It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly"".",1
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","""Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life"".",0
Carbon pollution is a health hazard.,"Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.",0
Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.,With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.,0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","""Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report"".",1
"While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.",This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.,0
"In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.""","As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.",0
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: ""The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.",1
Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.,The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.,0
"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”","Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.",0
South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.,[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.,0
Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy,Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.,1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,"In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.",1
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,"""Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'"".",0
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.",1
"Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.,The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.,0
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.","The OISM website states that ""several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project"", and that the petition has ""more than 31,000"" signatures by scientists.",0
"Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die",Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.,0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,"Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.",1
"""The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...","""Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages"".",1
"Al Gore's film was ""broadly accurate"" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.",The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.,0
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.",Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,1
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",0
Climate change is because of El Niño.,"It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.",1
"Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'","The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.",0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",0
"The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.""","Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.",0
"While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.","In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.",1
Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction,"""special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.""",1
"‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’","""Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record"" (Press release).",0
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming"".",0
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.",0
“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.,"They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.",1
This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.,Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.,1
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.",Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.,0
"Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'",This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).,1
‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.,Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.,1
an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming,"While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.",0
"The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.",0
"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.","This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",0
Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.,"White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that ""The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity"".",0
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.",1
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,"The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.",0
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.",0
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","""Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan"".",0
"‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’","On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.",1
"[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter","Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",0
"If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.","Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components.",1
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.","Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",0
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","""Islands disappear under rising seas"".",1
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.",1
"“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, ""It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.","Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.",0
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.","Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.",1
Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.,"Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.""",1
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.",Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative.",0
Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet,"Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.",1
"Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.","""MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array"".",0
"there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,","The authors concluded that ""Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400"", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.",1
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven,"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that ""currently available scientific evidence"" substantiated its occurrence.",0
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.",0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A  and  B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\displaystyle P(A{\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\times {\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {1}{4}}} .",1
The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather,"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",0
"Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.","A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: ""Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease"".",1
The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.,"Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.",1
"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.",Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.,1
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""","During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).",0
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.","The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.",0
‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’,"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",1
"18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.",The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.",The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.",1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming","The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.",0
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'",More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.,1
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.",The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.,0
"Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”",Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.,0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"""New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes"".",1
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.",0
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.",0
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.,0
"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.",0
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. ""","The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.",1
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.",0
a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming,"Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.",1
"The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.","Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.",1
"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"""I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell"" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)",Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.,1
The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.,"According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.,0
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.",0
"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)","""A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.",0
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,"Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.",1
"[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter","Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, ""inquiry"") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.",1
"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.","Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.",0
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.",1
"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.","On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, ""unstoppable"" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.",0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.",1
Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.,"La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.",0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.",1
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.",0
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,"Galileo's discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be ""formally heretical.""",1
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"" (PDF).",0
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.",Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,1
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,"In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent ""dramatic impacts"" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that ""The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.",0
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.",1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.",1
Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.,Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year.,0
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.,1
"Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.","Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",1
This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.,"""Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming"".",1
"While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.,found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.,1
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”","At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.",1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.",1
Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years,"Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.",0
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",1
"""I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell"" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)","Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.",0
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,"In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.",1
The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.,"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",1
There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer,"The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.",1
"When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.","One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.",0
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.,1
This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.,This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.,0
"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.",0
"The lower temperatures at this ""coldest point"" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.","Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",1
"The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”","By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.",0
"According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.","Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.",0
Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer,"This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.""",1
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
"Miami Congressman Carlos ""Curbelo supports drilling offshore"" and ""repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.""","As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.",1
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,"The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.",0
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.",0
Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.,"The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was ""likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year"" in the past 1,000 years.",1
"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","Most of these fine particles are a by-product of... burning... coal, gasoline, diesel, wood, trash...",0
"But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.","A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding ""projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution"".",0
"Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.","By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.",0
"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.",Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.,1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.",1
"The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.","Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",0
This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.,"The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.",0
"In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.","Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.",1
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",1
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.",1
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",0
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.""",1
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.",0
The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.,The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.,1
"“Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.",There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.,1
"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s","Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.",0
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",1
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.",1
The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.,"The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.",1
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",1
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.",1
A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.,"Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.",1
Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.,"""Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says"".",0
"Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.","It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",1
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.","Here is the quote: ""The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.""",0
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows","More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.",0
Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.,Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi).,0
Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”,"A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.",0
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,1
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",0
"for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.","Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.",0
"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",1
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.",1
Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.,"In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.",1
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.",0
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.",0
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that ""the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate"".",1
There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.,"7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",1
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",1
"Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.",Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.,1
"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.","Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.",1
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,"Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.",0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.",0
I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.,"On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he ""would not agree that"" carbon dioxide is ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see"" backing up his claim by stating that ""measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.""",0
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).,1
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",0
"(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”",Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide).,0
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.",0
Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years,"Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.",1
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ..."".","The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence"".",1
"says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.",0
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",0
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.",1
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.",1
"Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.","International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.",1
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,"""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",1
IPCC overestimate temperature rise,"The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.",0
Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.,"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.",1
"Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply ""recovering"" from the Little Ice Age.","Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.",1
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",0
"for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.","A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.",1
Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.,"Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.",1
"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).",1
"More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges","Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.",0
The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.,Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.,1
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”","Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.",1
The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.,"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.",0
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.",Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.,0
Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming,"A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.",0
"""The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.",Now measurements are made at many sites globally.,1
[subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.,"Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.",0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend.""",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.",1
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.,1
"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.",0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].",1
"The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”","In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.",1
"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.","""Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True"".",1
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.",Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.,0
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","""One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change"".",1
"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.","""Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film"".",0
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.","Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.",1
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.",The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.,1
"A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman ""was essentially written by BP.""","Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.",1
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.,1
"CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]","This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",1
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"He has called global warming the ""greatest scam in history"" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.",0
The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.,"After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.",0
Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.,"Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.",1
"Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius","In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.",0
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","For example, in regards to safety, the report found a ""[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects"", and that ocean fertilization ""may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')"".",0
"says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",0
"In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”",It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).,1
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.,1
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.",1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: ""Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,"" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.",0
We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.,"The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.",0
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.,"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",1
Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet,There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.,0
The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.,"Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",1
"In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.","1945/1946: The PDO changed to a ""cool"" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.",0
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”","People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.",1
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.,0
"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, ""makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.",1
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.,0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.,0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a ""best guess in the light of current knowledge"" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).",1
The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.,"While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled.",0
"Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.","The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.",0
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","""Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds"".",1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.",1
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.,1
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",1
There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.,"However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a ""business as usual"" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.",1
Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.,"Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that ""whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.""",1
Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.,"For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.",1
"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.",1
Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.,"People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.",1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level","However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.",0
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",1
The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.,"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and ""did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures"".",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.",0
Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.,"The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.",1
"'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.","The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.",1
"“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.",The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.,1
current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two,"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.",0
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.",1
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.",0
"Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.","This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,"This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.""",1
The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.,"""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive"" (Tweet).",1
"However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.","It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",1
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.",0
"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.,0
"“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.","To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.",0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming"".",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.",0
"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.",1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"The authors concluded that ""Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400"", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.",1
Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.,"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",0
That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.,"On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.",1
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,"Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.""",1
"About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.",[citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.,0
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.",1
Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.,the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.,0
Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.,"""The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict"".",0
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.",0
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,"Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.",1
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.",Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,1
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,"In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year.",0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,"The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding ""the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry"" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.",1
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.",found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.,0
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",1
Carbon pollution is a health hazard.,It is considered to be a health hazard.,0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.",1
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"""Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'"".",0
"This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)",This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.,1
"says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.","The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.",1
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
"""NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.",This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.,0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).",0
The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.,"In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.",0
Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.,"After the election and the Climategate scandal, Palin spoke at a 2010 California logging conference calling studies supporting global climate change as ""snake oil science"".",0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,"Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.",0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.",1
"No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing","Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.",0
Climate change is normal and continual.,"Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.",0
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",0
"By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...","""Islands disappear under rising seas"".",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.",1
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.",The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).,1
"“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.",0
There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.,"The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.",0
Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.,0
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.",0
"The Obama administration ""has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.""","On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.",0
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",1
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,"In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that ""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.""",0
Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.,Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.,1
Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years,"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""",CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.,1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.,"In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.",1
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”","Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.",0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.",1
“Sea level rise is global.,"The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.",1
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that ""amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.""",1
Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.,Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.,0
"""Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.",Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.,1
"We know the Northwest Passage had been open before.""","On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.",0
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,"Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.",1
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.",1
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.,0
We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution,The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.,1
Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.,This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.,0
"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.","A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.",0
Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.,Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.,0
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.,1
The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.,"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.,"Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.",1
The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.,"For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body ""protectively"" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).",1
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s",Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.,1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level.",1
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.",that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.,1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",1
"“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.",the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.,1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.",0
"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural ""sinks"" involved in the carbon cycle.",1
Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped,"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.",0
"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2","Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.",0
"""Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change"" (Roger Pielke Jr.)","Nick Bostrom argues that it would be ""misguided"" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be ""a tall order"" for the human race to ""get our precautions sufficiently right the first time"", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.",1
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.",0
"""The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.","The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.",0
Polar bear numbers are increasing.,"Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.",1
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require ""deep emissions reductions"", ""rapid"", ""far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society"".",0
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",1
"While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.","It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.",1
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.",It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.,1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.",A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,1
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.",Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.,0
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).",1
"Alaska Sen. Mark Begich ""is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.""","The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': ""a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.",1
"When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.","While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.",0
Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax,Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.,0
"""by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.","Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",1
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to ""Global Dimming.""",1
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.",Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.,1
"Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.","""US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016"".",1
If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.,"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.",0
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.",1
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas,"It found that the CRU's work had been ""carried out with integrity"" and had used ""fair and satisfactory"" methods.",1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.",They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.,1
"Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'","""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",1
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"""More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century"".",0
the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed,They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.,0
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.",Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.,0
"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.","As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.",1
"90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.","Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.",0
"""Many people think the science of climate change is settled.","""A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"".",1
So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.,"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",0
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.",0
They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.,"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",1
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.,European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.,0
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).",1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).,1
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"""Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming"".",0
"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.","Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.",1
"But Trenberth’s ""lack of warming at the moment"" has been going on at least a decade.",found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.,1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.",Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).,1
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",1
"'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.","The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.",0
"""Many people think the science of climate change is settled.","Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled"" Begley 2007: ""polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was ""mainly caused by things people do.""",0
The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.,"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",1
The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.,The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.,1
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.",0
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.",1
There's no empirical evidence for climate change.,Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,1
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.",1
"I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.,1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,"At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.",1
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,"Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.",0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by ""excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.",1
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”",The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.,1
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.",1
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","The statement goes on to assert that ""evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change.""",0
We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution,"""The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint"".",1
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.",1
"Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.","This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.",0
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.",1
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","""Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report"".",1
IPCC overestimate temperature rise,"Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.",1
"Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a ""growing consensus"".","The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.",1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.,0
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.",1
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.",1
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","""Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature"".",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"He has called global warming the ""greatest scam in history"" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.",1
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",0
"at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.","Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.",1
The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.,There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.,1
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.""",0
"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.",One way is to use estimates of global radiative forcing and temperature directly.,1
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,"The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.",0
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"""'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times"".",0
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, ""no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height.""",1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",0
The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.,"If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.",1
"Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.","Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.",0
Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.,Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","""End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change"".",1
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals.",0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.",1
"In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.","According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.",1
"We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.","Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.",0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.,0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.",0
"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.",0
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”","This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",0
However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast,"The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.",1
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.","Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).",1
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.",1
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.,0
"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.,0
"The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.","However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.",0
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""","In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.",0
"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.",1
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.",1
"In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.","June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",1
"Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.","The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science.""",0
"as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.","In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.",0
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",1
"""Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.",These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.,1
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, ""It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.",Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.,1
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially ""optimal"" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.",1
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.",1
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.","Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.",1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.,0
"Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.""",All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,0
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,"Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.",0
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",0
"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”","The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.",1
"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.","Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.",0
Climate change is due to cosmic rays.,It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.,0
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""","""How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?"".",0
The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.,"Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.",1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño ""could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950.""",0
"that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”,"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",0
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,"Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is ""very likely"" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for ""acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings"" and ""their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice"".",0
"“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.","""Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure"".",0
The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.,The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.,1
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.",Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.,1
"Barack Obama supports proposals ""to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change.""",Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.,1
The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.,"In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had ""no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate"" and its ""four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research"", he upheld nine of a ""long schedule"" of alleged errors presented to the court.",1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,"Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.",1
"The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”","At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",1
"the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.","According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).",0
Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.,"""Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe"".",0
Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.,"IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).",1
"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a ""business as usual"" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.",1
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions.",0
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.,0
"“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.","Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.",0
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy,"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.",0
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).",1
"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.",Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes.,0
Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.,The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.,0
"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.","The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.",1
"In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”","It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.",0
"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.","One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.",1
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.",1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",1
Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.,Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.,1
"There have long been claims that some unspecificed ""they"" has ""changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'"".","Shaftel 2016: ""'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.",0
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the ""beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations"".",1
Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.,This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.,0
cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures,"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.,"As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",1
The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.,"[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.",0
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.",According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.,0
Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.,A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,1
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.","The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).",1
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. ""","It is ""extremely likely"" that this warming arises from ""human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases"" in the atmosphere.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.,1
Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.,"The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.",1
"Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.","Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"".",0
Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.,"The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",1
"By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...","If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.",0
Polar bear numbers are increasing,"In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.",1
"The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.","Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.",0
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.,1
"Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”","The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.",0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.,1
"""Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change"" (Roger Pielke Jr.)","""Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE"".",1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature",This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.,1
"While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.","This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",1
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.",0
Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.,Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.,0
"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.","Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",1
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.",0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused ""all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal"" and would explain ice age changes.",1
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"Costs of production from coal fired plants built in ""the 1970s and 1980s"" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.",0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,"""Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)"".",1
The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.,"Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.",1
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",0
"The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.,"Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.",1
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley.",0
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.","The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.",1
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.","It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.",0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.,1
cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures,"Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.",0
"Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.","Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.",1
Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.,"Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.""",1
The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.,"The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had ""found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics"".",0
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"""End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change"".",1
But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.,There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.,1
"The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..","""Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change.""",0
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.",1
"If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.",Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.,0
The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].,"Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.",1
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,",The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
"That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.”","It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.",1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.",1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.",It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.,1
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.,The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.,1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.,1
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.",1
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.",0
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.,estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.,1
"Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —","If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A  and  B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\displaystyle P(A{\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\times {\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {1}{4}}} .",0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",0
"This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.","This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.",0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","""Warming 'very likely' human-made"".",1
"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.",1
Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.,This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.,0
Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state,"""Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state"".",0
The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.,Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005.,0
climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere,Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.,1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.",1
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.",The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,0
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"He has called global warming the ""greatest scam in history"" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.",1
"The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.","Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.",0
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.,"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that ""currently available scientific evidence"" substantiated its occurrence.",0
There's no empirical evidence for climate change.,Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.,1
"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.","""Cosmic rays blamed for global warming"".",1
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",1
"“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.",The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.,1
Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.,"The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.",1
"The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.",1
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.",1
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.",Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.,0
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.",1
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""",The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.,1
"The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.",Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.,1
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,"It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.",0
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding ""the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry"" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.",1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.,1
Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.,The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.,0
"Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'","The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the ""heat island effect"", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.",1
"""Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.","Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",1
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.","Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.",0
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that ""the last decade is the warmest since 1400"", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.",1
"“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.","""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive"" (Tweet).",1
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.",0
CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.,Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,1
The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times,"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
"The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.","""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",1
"""Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.","""Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True"".",1
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""","Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.",1
"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2",This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.,0
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",1
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.",0
"Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.",Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.,0
Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.,"Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.",0
"‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.",Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).,1
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",1
"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.",Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.,1
U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.,"European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.","As of 2013, the petition's website states, ""The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.",0
"Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH",Limiting global warming to below 2 °C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.,0
"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.",The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.,0
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",0
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C"" (Pat Michaels)","The text stated that it was ""likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year"" in the past 1,000 years.",1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"""Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China"".",1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.",1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.",1
Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.,"Galileo's discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be ""formally heretical.""",0
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",1
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,"The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.",0
"Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C"" (Pat Michaels)","IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).",0
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",0
U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.,"As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.",0
During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.,"In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged ""Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation.""",1
"“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).",The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.,0
"“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.","""U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record"".",0
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”","Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.",1
"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","""It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly"".",1
All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.,"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.",0
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).,1
The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.,"Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",0
"Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.","In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: ""I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.",0
"""His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.","Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.",0
"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.""",0
 The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing. ,"From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.",1
"The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”",that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.,0
Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.,"Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.",0
"""A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.",1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,"For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.",0
"[…]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",1
"CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,0
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.",The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.,0
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.,1
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,"Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.",0
"""the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events"" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)","For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.",0
Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.,"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",0
"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.",0
"Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a ""growing consensus"".","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.,"National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.",1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.,1
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,1
"""the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events"" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)",The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.,1
The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.,"Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.",0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.",1
"...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.","Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.",1
Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.,"According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).",0
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,"The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a ""best guess in the light of current knowledge"" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).",1
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","AIBS Position Statements ""Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.""",0
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,2016 was the warmest year on record.,0
This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times,Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,0
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.",0
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.,1
Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.,"As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",0
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.,1
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.""",1
"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.","Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.",0
Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate,"Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.",0
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.",0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.",1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.,1
Climate change is normal and continual.,"In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",1
The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.,Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.,1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.",Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.,1
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.",1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that ""the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate"".",1
The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.,"Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.",0
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.",Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.,1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","The statement goes on to assert that ""evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change.""",1
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,"Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.",1
"When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend","A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.",0
“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.,"When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.",0
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,"However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a ""business as usual"" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.",1
sea-level rise is not accelerating.,"There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.",1
Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.,"Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.",1
The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming,Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.,1
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",0
"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating ""there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere"".","Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.",1
"Alaska Sen. Mark Begich ""is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.""","In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.",1
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.",Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.,1
"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.","Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.",1
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",1
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.",0
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising,Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.,0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.",0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.",1
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.,0
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.,1
"""a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.","For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",0
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",0
Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming,The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.,0
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""","La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.",1
Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”,Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.,1
That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.,"The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.",1
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","Gartner's own press release said, ""Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016"", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading ""1.7 percent [point]"" decline.",1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.",0
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.",A 2018 study tried to identify such a planetary threshold for self-reinforcing feedbacks and found that even a 2 °C (3.6 °F) increase in temperature over pre-industrial levels may be enough to trigger such a hothouse Earth scenario.,0
"I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.",Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.,1
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",0
There's no empirical evidence for climate change.,Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.,0
Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.,The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.,0
"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].",1
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","""Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms"" (PDF).",1
Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state,Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.,0
“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.,"""Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again"".",0
"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",0
"The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.",CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.,0
Infrared Iris will reduce global warming,"Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.",1
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
"Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.","Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.",1
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: ""I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.",1
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.",1
"""the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events"" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)",Positive radiative forcing results in warming.,1
"""[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.","As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.",0
"While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story","They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.",0
"While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story","Antilla 2005: ""One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.""",0
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).",1
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I ""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia"".",0
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.",1
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.",1
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.,"A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.",0
Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.,"The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.,"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",0
Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.,"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that ""currently available scientific evidence"" substantiated its occurrence.",0
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].",0
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""",Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.,1
Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.,"This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"In July 2019, they issued a declaration ""affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples"" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.",0
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",0
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.","The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.",0
"Barack Obama supports proposals ""to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change.""","Here is the quote: ""The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.""",1
Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.,"Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.",1
"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.",0
"The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.","For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.",0
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,"The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.",1
Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years,"Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.",0
But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.,"More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier ""ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica.""",1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.",1
"While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.","""Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return"".",0
"“[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.","The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).",0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.",0
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",0
Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.,"There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.",1
The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.,"The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",0
IPCC overestimate temperature rise,"The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.",1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.,0
"Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased ""Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act"".",0
Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.,A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.,0
'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.,The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.,1
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.",Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,1
Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.,"The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.",1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.","There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.",0
During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.,"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.,"A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that ""Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors"".",0
"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2","Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.",1
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.",1
Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.,"Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.",1
There's no empirical evidence for climate change.,"In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"Barack Obama supports proposals ""to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change.""",They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.,0
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’","(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)",0
"Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.","Some renewable electricity sources have identical variability to coal-fired power stations, so they are base-load, and can be integrated into the electricity supply system without any additional back-up.",0
the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century,"If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.",0
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.",1
Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.,"In an interview, Trenberth said, ""The planet is warming"", but ""the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.""",1
The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded,"""Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill"".",1
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,"In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.",0
"Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.","Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.",0
'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.,"Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.",1
"The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.",The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.,1
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"“Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.","In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.",1
"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.","All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.",1
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.",1
"In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.","Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.",1
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",0
During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.,"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",1
"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.","In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.",0
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level","He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and ""Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.",1
"unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.",[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.,1
"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.","The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.",1
"U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing","So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.",0
"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.","The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a ""huge natural selection event unfolding"".",1
"“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.",Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.,0
Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.,"""Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses"".",0
"“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).","Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.",0
"that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.",Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.,1
"Surface temperatures on Earth ""have stabilized.""","Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.",1
"Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.",Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).,0
Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",0
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","""Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says"".",1
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,"Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.",0
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"""Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,"" Gore said.",1
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”","Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.",0
"Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.",This classic was originally published in French in 1958.,1
"18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.","A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.",0
"In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.","An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",1
"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","""Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report"".",0
Sea level rise is not going to happen.,"In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.",1
"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.",1
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","""Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change"".",0
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.,0
"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",1
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.",0
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.",0
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.",1
“Sea level rise is global.,"""One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change"".",0
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.",0
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.",0
Polar bear numbers are increasing.,The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean.,1
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”","In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.",0
CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.,Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.,0
"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"""Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios"".",0
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","""More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,"" Gronewold said.",1
"Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.","In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years"".",0
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (""global warming"") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.",0
"Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.",Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.,1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",0
"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.",Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.,0
"Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.","This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.",1
Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.","The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' ""rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt,"" that the investigators ""did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments,"" but that there had been ""a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness.""",0
"[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.","In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.",1
This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.,This classic was originally published in French in 1958.,0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.,0
"Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'",This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.,0
"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
"A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.","So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.",1
"Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.","A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is ""physically plausible"".",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.",1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.",0
The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.,"Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.",The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.,1
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"""Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages"".",0
"Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a ""growing consensus"".","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming","Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require ""deep emissions reductions"", ""rapid"", ""far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society"".",1
Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.,"Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.",1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"""'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour"".",0
This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.,"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.",0
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).",1
There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer,It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.,0
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.",Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.,1
Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.,"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.",1
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.",The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.,0
"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.","""Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell"".",1
"""Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.","The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",0
"If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.","Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.",0
Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.,"Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.",1
"'To suddenly label CO2 as a ""pollutant"" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.",The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.,1
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.","Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.",0
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""","A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.",1
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.,0
"“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.","If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.",0
"Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”","For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.",0
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,"Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.",1
There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer,"The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.",1
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, ""It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
"Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.","The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.",1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.","In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, ""probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.""",0
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: ""a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result"".",1
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).",0
Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.,Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.,0
Carbon pollution is a health hazard.,"This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.",1
"“Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.",Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.,0
"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.","In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.",0
"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.",The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.,1
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","""Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'"".",1
"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.","IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).",0
"While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.","Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fröhlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.",0
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.""",0
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.,"According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.",1
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"""It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly"".",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.",1
"Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.","It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.",1
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming,Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.,1
"Connie Mack ""is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.""","If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).",1
"Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says","Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: ""We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum.""",0
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.",1
"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows",A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.,0
A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.,Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.,1
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that ""late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.",1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",1
"Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.",It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.,0
"Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.","""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",1
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.",Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.,0
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","While the ""heat island"" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.",0
"Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.",Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.,1
"Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.",1
"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.","If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"""...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago."" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)",The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.,0
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.",0
"In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.","Hansen testified that ""Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now"" and ""The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.""",0
"Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.",The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.,1
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.",1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",0
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.",1
Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.,[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.,1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project","Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.",0
"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (""Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability""), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.",1
"unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.","The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.",1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.,1
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”","In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.",1
"The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists","The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.",1
"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.","In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.",1
"receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit","""Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,"" Gore said.",1
"""In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.","On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.",0
"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.","A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.",0
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.",Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.,1
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.,1
"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.",1
"[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.","As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.",0
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.",As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.,1
"“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.","A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.",1
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.",1
“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.,"Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.",0
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.,1
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.",0
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.",0
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"""'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel"".",0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.",1
The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”,"Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.",1
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).",0
the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.,"In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.",1
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",1
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.,0
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",1
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",1
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.",0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.",The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.,1
During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.,The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.,1
If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.,"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.,This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.,1
"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether ""the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data"".",1
"Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.","This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",0
"for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.","Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.",1
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""",Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.,0
"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.","As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.",1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.,"""Cosmic rays blamed for global warming"".",1
"“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).",1
Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates,"Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.",1
"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.",1
[…] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”,This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.,0
Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).,"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and ""Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.",1
"“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.",Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.,1
"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","""Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses"".",0
"It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).","However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.",0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.,1
"Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.","Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",0
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
Climate change is normal and continual.,"""Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll"".",1
There's no empirical evidence for climate change.,"... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",0
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.",1
"It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.","The committee criticised a ""culture of non-disclosure at CRU"" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.",0
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",0
"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.","Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.",1
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.",1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"""Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says"".",0
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.,"It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.",1
"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.","Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.,1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,"In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.",1
The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.,"The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).",0
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature,"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).",0
This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.,"However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.",0
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,"Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that ""climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.""",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that ""currently available scientific evidence"" substantiated its occurrence.",0
"Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces","Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",0
"“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.","Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.",0
"""a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.","In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the ""5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing"", noting ""that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.""",1
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,"For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.",1
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.",0
“[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.,"Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.",0
"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”","From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.",0
Climate change is because of El Niño.,Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.,1
"Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today",The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.,0
"In South Florida, ""we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.""","The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.",0
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""","The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.",1
"“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","""Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.",1
"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
"""Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.",The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.,1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.",1
"""The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...","There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.",0
"Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.","The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.",0
"“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong,The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.,0
IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers,The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.,0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).",1
"We know the Northwest Passage had been open before.""","In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: ""these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude – and ultimately undermine their own cause"".",1
"Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.","Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.",1
More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,"At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.",1
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,"Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.",0
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",1
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","""Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation"".",1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.",1
The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas,"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.",According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.,0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.","Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.",1
"""The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.","Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.",0
"While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.","In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.",1
"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.",0
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,"Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.",1
'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply ""recovering"" from the Little Ice Age.","This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",0
Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.,"The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a ""huge natural selection event unfolding"".",0
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","The IPCC First Assessment Report included a ""schematic diagram"" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on Hubert Lamb's 1965 paper.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"""Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price"".",1
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,"Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.",0
"For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests","Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.",0
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,"Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.",0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.,0
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.",1
"In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.","In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.",0
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.,"Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F).",0
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.,1
‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’,Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value.,0
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",1
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.",0
"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.","On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.",0
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"He has called global warming the ""greatest scam in history"" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.",0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",1
Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.',"He also stated that ""I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip"", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.",0
"In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.","The modeling also shows that ""even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.""",1
The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.,"""Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation"".",0
Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.,"For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.",0
“Sea level rise is global.,"""20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise"".",0
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","""World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN"".",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project",The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.,1
There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.,"Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.",1
This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.,"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.",1
For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.,There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.,1
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,"The OISM website states that ""several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project"", and that the petition has ""more than 31,000"" signatures by scientists.",1
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…","The finished report summarizes the findings of scientists, showing that maintaining a temperature rise to below 1.5 °C remains possible, but only through ""rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure..., and industrial systems"".",0
"But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.","Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.",1
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.",0
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"""Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.","Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.",1
"While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.,"He wrote that this graph ""asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today"", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.",1
Sea level rise is decelerating.,"Oreskes' 2004 ""Beyond the Ivory Tower"" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).",1
"""Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.",Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.,0
"While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.","Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”",This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).,0
Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.,Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).,0
But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.",0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.",1
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",1
Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.,"Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.",0
"[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.","There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.",1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,"This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.",1
the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’,"Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.",1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.",Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.,1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",1
"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.",The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.,1
Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.,It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.,1
"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…","The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.",1
"Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.",Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.,0
"The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’","At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.",0
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.",To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.,1
"In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”","Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",1
"“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.","Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.",0
an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",0
"“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.",Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.,1
"We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.,1
Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.,Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.,0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",0
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.,0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"Farmer 2014, p. 44: ""Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.",1
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.","Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.",1
Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.,Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.,0
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”","A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",1
"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project","As of 2013, the petition's website states, ""The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.",0
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""",The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.,0
"The lower temperatures at this ""coldest point"" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.",These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.,0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined",The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.,0
The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.,"Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.",1
There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer,"Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled"" Begley 2007: ""polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was ""mainly caused by things people do.""",1
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.",1
Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.",1
"""by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.","The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during ""a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)"" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.",0
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.,1
Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.,The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.,0
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.,0
"In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”","Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).",0
"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.",Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,1
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.",0
There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,1
"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.",0
The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.,"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.",0
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. ""","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.","Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.",0
Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.,"""Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say"".",0
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.",Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.,1
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.","The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.",1
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,"Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.",1
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”,"One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).",0
Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.,"They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions.""",0
"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.",0
"Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming.""","The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.",1
A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.,"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.",1
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.",0
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.",1
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.",0
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",0
"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.",0
The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times,"Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.",0
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like","The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.",1
"Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.","Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the surface ) and thereby absorbs and releases more heat, but the temperature changes less than land.",0
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.,"A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.",0
A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.,"Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.",0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs,A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,0
Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.,"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",1
"A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.","For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.",0
"Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.","Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.",0
The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.,"Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly ""predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.""",1
"Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.","The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.",1
"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.",0
"“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.","Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.",0
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.,0
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.,1
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.",0
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",1
"Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans","A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.",0
"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.","Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.",0
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.",0
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”",Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.,0
Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.,"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",1
[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003,"A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that ""the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate"".",0
The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.,"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).",0
Global warming is causing snow to disappear.,"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",0
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,"The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.",0
But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.,Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals.,0
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",0
Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.,"In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.",0
"In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like",Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.,0
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.",0
"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.",1
Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years,The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.,0
"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.",0
"Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.","""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
(Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.,"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature,"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.",0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.",1
"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","AAWV Position Statement on Climate Change, Wildlife Diseases, and Wildlife Health ""There is widespread scientific agreement that the world's climate is changing and that the weight of evidence demonstrates that anthropogenic factors have and will continue to contribute significantly to global warming and climate change.",0
The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change,"Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).",0
"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).",1
"If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”",Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.,1
Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate,"If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).",0
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.,"On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.",0
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.,"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",1
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.,0
The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.,"A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.",0
parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable,"In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.",0
I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory,"Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.",1
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,"The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.",1
"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.","Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.",0
current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two,They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.,1
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).",1
"...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.","A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.",1
"""The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.","In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",1
"Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.""",These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.,0
"The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.","About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.",0
Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",0
Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.,"Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...",1
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.",1
The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.,All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,1
"He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’",Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.,1
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""","""Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.",0
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].""",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.",1
The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.,"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.,1
The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.,"From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,"According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.",0
Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”,"Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.",0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","""Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report"".",1
"Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.","Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.",1
"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.","Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.",1
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.",Positive radiative forcing results in warming.,1
By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic,A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached.,0
"When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.","The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",1
Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.,Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.,1
"Barack Obama supports proposals ""to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change.""","For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).",1
it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies],The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.,0
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,0
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.","Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.",1
"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.","In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted ""the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.""",1
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.,0
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.,"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",0
"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.""",Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).,1
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.,0
CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.,"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).",0
"The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”","The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.",0
"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)","""Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.""",1
During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.,"He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.",0
"""His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.","Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a ""positive feedback"" that amplifies the original warming.",0
There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.,"""Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal"".",0
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent ""dramatic impacts"" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that ""The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.",1
"[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.","Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.",0
"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.",1
"Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.","Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",0
"The United States is the leading nation in the world ""with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.""","For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.",1
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.",1
"Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.",A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.,1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.",1
"When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”,"""A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?"".",0
A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.,"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.",1
"If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.","At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.",0
Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.,Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.,0
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.,The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.,0
Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.,"Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.",0
The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.,"Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.",0
It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).,It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.,0
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.",0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,"Hansen testified that ""Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now"" and ""The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.""",1
Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.,"It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",0
There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts,"Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.",0
Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.,"There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.",0
"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",1
"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.",1
cold kills many more people than heat.,At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.,1
Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.,"""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",1
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,"The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.",0
"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.",1
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.",1
"When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.","IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: ""Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.""",0
"“Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.",1
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","Polar Discovery ""Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005"".",1
"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”","They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change ""based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor.",0
The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"""Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.","Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.",1
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).",This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.,1
The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.,"In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.",1
"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.",Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.,1
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.",0
This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times,"It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","The authors concluded that ""Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400"", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.",0
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.",1
"Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C"" (Pat Michaels)","It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C.",0
"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that ""whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.""",1
Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming,"187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).",1
CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.,Now measurements are made at many sites globally.,0
"""by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.","This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.",0
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"""Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia"".",0
"The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.","Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.",0
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
"“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.","It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",1
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature,"They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.",1
"90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.",Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.,1
"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.",The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total.,1
The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.,"""It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly"".",1
There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.,"While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",0
Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.,"""The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.",1
The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.,"Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis ""A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.""",0
"""Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.","Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.",1
"“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.",CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"""He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.",1
Climate change is because of El Niño.,"""El Niño in a changing climate"".",0
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these ""97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming"".",1
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",0
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",0
"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.","In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.",0
"As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.","This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.""",0
Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate,The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.,1
The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.,"""Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature"".",1
"""Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.","The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate.",0
Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.,"""Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?"".",1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",1
"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",1
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming,"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level."".",0
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""","For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.",1
"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","Mann said, ""Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion.""",0
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.,"They predict that under a ""business as usual"" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.",1
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",0
“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.,Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.,1
Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
Solar panels drain the sun's energy.,"However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself.",1
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: ""melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.""",1
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","A 2007 study found the decline to be ""faster than forecasted"" by model simulations.",1
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",1
"Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.",There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.,0
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,"Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented ""the concept of global warming"" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",0
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",1
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",1
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,"From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.",0
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""","""More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,"" Gronewold said.",0
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.",0
"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.",0
But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.""",0
there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...],"The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high ""for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.""",1
"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”","The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.",0
"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.",An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.,1
"Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.",A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.,0
"Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.","For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",1
"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.",Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.,0
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called ""storm[s] of the century"" at least once a year.",0
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.,"In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.",0
“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.,"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.",1
Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.,"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.",1
Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.,"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.",0
"Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.","""The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level"" (PDF).",0
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.",0
The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.,"This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.",0
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.",0
"“For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.","Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",1
"“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.",1
The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm,"We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.",0
"""by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.,"""Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"".",0
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",1
"In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",0
Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming,"""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",1
"Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.","In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.",0
"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.",1
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",1
Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.,"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.",1
"Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.","In 2006, the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems.",0
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.",0
IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments,"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",1
However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.","In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that ""more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached"" and that the uncertainties were ""the point of the article"".",0
Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.,"Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.",0
The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.,"Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.",0
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is ""physically plausible"".",0
"Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.",Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.,0
the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle,"The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a ""huge natural selection event unfolding"".",0
Sea level rise is not going to happen.,This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.,0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.",0
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","""Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price"".",1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.",0
global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature,"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",0
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”",The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.,1
"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.","Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.",0
"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.",1
"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","""South Australia has the highest power prices in the world"".",1
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",0
That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.",Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,1
"A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.","Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.",0
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.",0
"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.",1
Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.,"The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.",1
Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.,"Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.",1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).",1
Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.,"Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.",0
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence"".",1
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",0
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,"These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).",0
Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions,"In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.",0
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.",Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.,1
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.",0
"Donald Trump ""thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.""","In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that ""The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.""",0
Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.,"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.",0
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.",0
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented ""the concept of global warming"" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",1
IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.,"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is ""likely"" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",0
Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.,The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).,0
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,"Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).",0
Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.,"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.""",0
"‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’","The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.",1
"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”","The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.",1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"""Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.""",1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.",All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.,1
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,1
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,"As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.",1
"there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer","Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.",0
Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.,"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",1
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,"In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.",0
"It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.","There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.",0
Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored,"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",1
"But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.",The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).,1
Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.,"Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.",1
Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.,"Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.",1
Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.,"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",0
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.",Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.,1
The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.,"Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.",1
“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.,"""Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat"".",0
"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.",0
Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.,"Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.",1
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.","Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.",0
Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.,"In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.",0
"Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.",This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.,0
"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.","Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.",0
"""...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.",0
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.,0
the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed,"However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.",0
"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is ""likely"" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",0
"“Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.","Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.",0
But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.,"A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.",1
"In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.","1976/1977: PDO changed to a ""warm"" phase.",0
"“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.",0
"If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.","""June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces"".",1
"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.","increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.",0
CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.,This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.,1
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.,"Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.",1
The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.,"In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted ""the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.""",1
"Thousands of coral atolls have ""drowned"" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s ""the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence"".",1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs,"Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.""",1
nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.,"Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",1
"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",1
cold kills many more people than heat.,"In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.",0
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.,"In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a ""crisis"" or a ""serious problem"", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.",0
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.",1
"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","In addition to black carbon, fossil fuel and biofuel soot contain aerosols and particulate matter that cool the planet by reflecting the sun's radiation away from the Earth.",1
"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.",The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.,1
"In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.",These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.,1
Polar bear numbers are increasing,Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,0
The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”,"It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.",0
"By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.",0
"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.","The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.",0
During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.,We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.,0
"The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).","As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.",1
Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.,"Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.",1
The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.,"Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.",0
"The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.","A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially ""optimal"" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.",0
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.,"As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).",1
more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions,"Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.",1
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.",0
"Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.",Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.,0
Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.,"Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.",0
"receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit",Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.,0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.",0
Clouds provide negative feedback,The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.,1
"“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.","Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.",0
"Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant",An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.,0
Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.,"In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.",0
"“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population","20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.",1
"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.","Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.",0
'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.,"The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.",0
"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.",0
"But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"Donald Trump ""thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.""","Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented ""the concept of global warming"" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",0
"Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”","The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.",1
Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.,"An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.,"Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.",1
"Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a ""carbon tax"" hurt her terribly politically.","Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.",1
"""Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.","""Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago"".",0
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"""From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.""",0
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.",0
The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.,Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.,0
Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.,It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.,1
"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.",Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.,1
"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.",1
"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...""","Rennie 2009: ""Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.",0
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).","Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.",1
"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"“‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.","Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.",0
"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.","A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.",1
"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of ""The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth"".",1
Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era,"However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.",1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.,0
"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.",The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.,1
"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.",Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.,1
"In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.","Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.",0
"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.",Carbon dioxide is colorless.,0
"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.",Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.,1
"‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’",The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).,0
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.",1
"according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.","Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
"Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.","Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",1
"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.",0
"Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH","Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.",1
Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.,"This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.",0
“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.,"An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports ""Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).",0
There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming,Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.,1
The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).,"Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.",1
The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.,"""The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint"".",0
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",0
"‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”",This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.,1
Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.,The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.,0
warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica,"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
Climate change is due to cosmic rays.,"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.",1
Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.,"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",0
"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.",0
"“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.",Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.,0
[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.",1
"“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“","Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.",0
"Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant","Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.",1
The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.,The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.,0
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (""greenhouse"") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",0
"It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.","""A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"".",0
This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.,According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.,0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,"This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural ""sinks"" involved in the carbon cycle.",1
"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that ""the last decade is the warmest since 1400"", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.",0
Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.,"Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.",0
We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”,"With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.",1
"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.",There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.,1
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.,"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record",Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.,1
Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef,"It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C.",1
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"""Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events"".",1
"""Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.","Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.",1
"Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.","Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.",1
"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.",1
Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.","A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",1
"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a ""huge natural selection event unfolding"".",1
"“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.","The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.",0
"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","""Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says"".",0
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.",1
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.","Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.",0
"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",1
"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)","Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.",1
"""The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...","""No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming"".",0
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.",1
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",0
"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.",The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,0
"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.",The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.,0
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.,"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",1
the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.,"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",0
"“[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds ""we are having a dangerous effect on the climate"".",1
One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.,"The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).",0
This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.,"Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.",0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.,0
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.",1
Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.,"While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).",0
current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two,"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",0
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.,1
“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.,"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.",0
"Carbon dioxide is not ""a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.""","""EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming"".",0
"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.",Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.,0
Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.,Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.,0
"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.",1
That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.,"This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.",1
"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.",1
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"Climate sensitivity can be estimated using observed temperature rise, observed ocean heat uptake, and modeled or observed radiative forcing.",0
Renewables can't provide baseload power.,"On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.",1
"By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...","June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.",1
"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to ""the evaporation of our Great Lakes.""","In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.",1
But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.,"Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.",1
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming,that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.,1
"The ""decline"" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","This ""decline"" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.",0
Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods,This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.,1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.",1
"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).",Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.,1
"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.","Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.",1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.",0
"‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.","While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.",0
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.",1
Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture,The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.,1
Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.,"The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.",1
"In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.","The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it ""is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century"".",0
Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.,The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.,1
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.,"In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years"".",1
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases",Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.,0
"Scientists are ""questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. """,The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",1
"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.","Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.",0
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",0
[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.,"The modeling also shows that ""even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.""",0
"""The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.","Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.",1
"However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.",Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.,1
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C","The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.",0
"Barack Obama supports proposals ""to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change.""","Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people.",0
"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.",0
Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.,"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that ""climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid"".",0
"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”",Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.,0
They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.,"Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.",1
"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.",1
"""In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.",Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.,1
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’",Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.,0
The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.,Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.,0
"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.",0
"More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges",This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).,0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,"Nick Bostrom argues that it would be ""misguided"" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be ""a tall order"" for the human race to ""get our precautions sufficiently right the first time"", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.",1
The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.,The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.,0
Peer review process was corrupted,"Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is ""ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.",0
"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C","Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.",0
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.",The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.,1
Renewables can't provide baseload power,James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.,1
"""So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.",They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.,0
"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995","In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that ""Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively.""",0
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.,"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).",1
"Thus rather than a ""doomsday"" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.","Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,"Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.",0
The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.,Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.,0
"Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.","Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.",0
"When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.",Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.,1
"North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.","Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.",0
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.,"While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.",0
Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.,Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).,0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.,0
“…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.,A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.,1
The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.,"""Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell"".",1
"Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.","According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.",0
Renewable energy investment kills jobs.,The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.,1
"The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.",It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.,0
" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is ""unequivocal.","In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.",0
"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.",1
"'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no ""statistically significant"" warming.","He said that ""Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors"".",0
"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","""special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.""",0
"Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.","""He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.",0
"“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.",1
“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.,"However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.",0
"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.","While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.",1
What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.,"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",0
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.",1
"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”","Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",1
"While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.","The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.",1
"In South Florida, ""we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.""","Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",0
"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.",1
Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.,This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.,1
"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.","It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.",1
"there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,","An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports ""Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).",1
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.,"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that ""climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes"".",0
"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.",0
"""His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.","However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the ""Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.""",1
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",0
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"""Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China"".",1
"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times,"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
"New Jersey is ""losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.""","The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.",1
"More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.","The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.",0
"Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.","""U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions"".",0
‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.,"Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.",1
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.",0
Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.,"""Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report"".",1
The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.,The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total.,0
"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.",1
contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.,"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.",0
"The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.","Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.",0
"‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’",It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.,1
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.",The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.,1
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.,"It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.",1
"The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.",1
"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.""",The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.,0
The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.,"7–10 ""There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.",1
"Climate scientist James Hansen: ""we have until perhaps 50 years from now,"" or maybe a little longer ""and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.""","For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).",0
"“Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.","Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.",0
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect,"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.",1
Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.,Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.,1
"The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.",They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.,0
The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.,"""Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature"".",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.",2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.,0
"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.",0
"Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization","Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.",1
"The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”",Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass.,0
"The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming","Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.",1
"His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.""","In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.",0
Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s,"In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).",1
Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass,"If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).",0
"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”","However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a ""business as usual"" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.",1
"Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.""","Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.",1
The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.,The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.,1
"Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.","Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.",1
The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.',"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.","Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",1
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Global Change Research Program concluded that ""[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced.""",1
There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",1
Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.,Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.,0
"(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”",Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.,1
"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”",Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.,0
"Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.",Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.,0
"Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.","In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"""The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are ""indicative of what could also happen in the future,"" as Narisma","Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.",0
"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.",The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.,1
An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.,"Describing its report as ""hugely positive"", he stated that ""it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.""",0
"“The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.","As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.",0
Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.,"""Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"".",1
"Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.","Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.",0
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.",1
Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.,"Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their ""efficient prices,"" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.",1
“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.,"Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.",1
Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.,found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.,0
"“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …","The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.",0
"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.",1
"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","""Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says"".",0
"Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",0
Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.,"If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.",1
"Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology","[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.",0
"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
"“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).",Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.,1
Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax,"""Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China"".",0
"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.""","In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.",1
"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.","It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",0
The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",1
This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.,"It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.",1
Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax,"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",1
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",1
"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.","They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.",1
The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather,"This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.",0
"While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.","There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.",1
Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels,"The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.",0
"In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",1
Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.,"When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.",1
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.",The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.,1
"While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.",The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.,0
During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.,"""Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans"".",1
the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm,"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.",1
"Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.","The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.",0
This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.,"Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).",1
Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.,"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.",1
Infrared Iris will reduce global warming,Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.,0
"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.","Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.",1
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.,"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",0
"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.",Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.,1
"Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.","More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.",0
"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.",1
Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).,"Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.",1
They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.,"Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as ""climate change"" or ""anthropogenic climate change"").",0
Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.,"Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.",0
by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.,"The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.",0
"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.",1
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.,"Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.",1
Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.,"The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.",0
Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.,"""Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell"".",0
"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.",0
"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is ""too hard"" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",1
"Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”","Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.",1
The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.,"Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is ""very likely"" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.",0
"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.",1
"“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.",0
"More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.","The modeling also shows that ""even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.""",1
The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.,"Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.",1
Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate,"In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.",0
Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax,"Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.",1
"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.",0
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.,"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).",1
"The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.","point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.",0
"The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.","Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.",0
"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...""",Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.,1
"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.",0
This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times,The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.,1
Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.,"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.",1
"""There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.","Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.",0
"The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.","""Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability.",0
IPCC overestimate temperature rise,"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",0
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.,"In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.",1
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.,"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.",0
New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.","The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the ""Year Without a Summer"" because of the effect on North American and European weather.",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.",1
"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.",0
Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.,"Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.",1
"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",1
"Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.","Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.",0
"“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“","More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.",0
Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.,[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.,1
IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers,"Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.",0
"As a result, ""The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.",0
"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.",Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.,1