Federalist No. 10 (part 1)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.572 --> 00:00:02.217
- [Narrator] In other videos
we have talked about how

00:00:02.217 --> 00:00:06.098
ratification of the US
Constitution to replace the

00:00:06.098 --> 00:00:09.266
Articles of Confederation
was not a slam dunk.

00:00:09.266 --> 00:00:12.010
After the Constitution
was drafted during the

00:00:12.010 --> 00:00:14.818
Constitutional Convention in mid 1787,

00:00:14.818 --> 00:00:18.126
you actually have a
significant group of people who

00:00:18.126 --> 00:00:19.816
are against the ratification.

00:00:19.816 --> 00:00:21.865
And we study some of their
writings in another video

00:00:21.865 --> 00:00:26.029
on the anti-Federalist Papers,
in particular on Brutus I,

00:00:26.029 --> 00:00:27.794
which is the most prominent of them.

00:00:27.794 --> 00:00:30.176
In this video we're gonna
focus on the other side,

00:00:30.176 --> 00:00:33.510
on the folks who are
aggressively advocating for

00:00:33.510 --> 00:00:36.493
ratification of the Constitution.

00:00:36.493 --> 00:00:40.458
Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, John Jay were some

00:00:40.458 --> 00:00:42.774
of the most prominent of
these and they were the ones

00:00:42.774 --> 00:00:45.619
that wrote the Federalist
Papers that were focused on

00:00:45.619 --> 00:00:49.357
convincing everyone to
adopt the Constitution.

00:00:49.357 --> 00:00:51.551
And what we're going to look
at in this video is, perhaps,

00:00:51.551 --> 00:00:54.535
the most famous of the Federalist Papers,

00:00:54.535 --> 00:00:56.952
this is Federalist number 10.

00:00:58.784 --> 00:01:01.465
Or at least an excerpt of
Federalist number 10 that

00:01:01.465 --> 00:01:03.167
we're going to look at right over here.

00:01:03.167 --> 00:01:06.139
It was published November 23, 1787.

00:01:06.139 --> 00:01:08.879
And if you remember the video
on Brutus I this is only

00:01:08.879 --> 00:01:11.865
a few weeks after Brutus I,
which is now considered a

00:01:11.865 --> 00:01:14.104
famous anti-Federalist
Paper was published.

00:01:14.104 --> 00:01:17.452
So it's right in this time
period right over here

00:01:17.452 --> 00:01:19.468
where people are going
back and forth deciding,

00:01:19.468 --> 00:01:21.824
do we ratify this constitution?

00:01:21.824 --> 00:01:25.764
And James Madison published
under the pen name Publius.

00:01:25.764 --> 00:01:29.032
And Publius is making
reference to one of the ancient

00:01:29.032 --> 00:01:32.976
Roman aristocrats who
overthrew the Roman kingdom in

00:01:32.976 --> 00:01:37.527
the late sixth century to
establish the Roman Republic.

00:01:37.527 --> 00:01:40.517
So one way to think about
it is he is viewing himself

00:01:40.517 --> 00:01:43.924
and the other Federalists
as trying to establish

00:01:43.924 --> 00:01:45.592
a strong republic.

00:01:45.592 --> 00:01:48.051
This is in comparison to
Brutus, which we see as the pen

00:01:48.051 --> 00:01:51.627
name for some of the significant
anti-Federalist Papers,

00:01:51.627 --> 00:01:54.797
and Brutus played a significant
role in the assassination

00:01:54.797 --> 00:01:58.721
of Julius Caesar to keep him
from corrupting the republic,

00:01:58.721 --> 00:02:01.931
ending the republic and
turning it into an empire.

00:02:01.931 --> 00:02:06.537
But now let's read this excerpt
of Federalist number 10.

00:02:06.537 --> 00:02:09.727
And as I read this keep in
mind some of these ideas,

00:02:09.727 --> 00:02:12.229
these flavors of democracy
that we have talked about

00:02:12.229 --> 00:02:13.309
in other videos.

00:02:13.309 --> 00:02:15.886
Does Madison, in Federalist
number 10, does he seem

00:02:15.886 --> 00:02:18.077
pro-participatory democracy
or anti-participatory

00:02:18.077 --> 00:02:18.910
democracy?

00:02:20.215 --> 00:02:22.899
Does he seem to think that
pluralism is a good idea

00:02:22.899 --> 00:02:24.118
or a bad idea?

00:02:24.118 --> 00:02:27.816
And is he more pro elite
democracy or anti-elites

00:02:27.816 --> 00:02:29.483
running a democracy?

00:02:30.468 --> 00:02:33.075
"To the People of the state of New York."

00:02:33.075 --> 00:02:35.289
Like Brutus I, it's addressed
to the people of the

00:02:35.289 --> 00:02:37.812
state of New York because one,
New York was a significant

00:02:37.812 --> 00:02:40.778
state and he's trying to
convince them, in this case,

00:02:40.778 --> 00:02:43.338
to support the US Constitution.

00:02:43.338 --> 00:02:46.606
"Among the numerous
advantages promised by a well

00:02:46.606 --> 00:02:49.921
"constructed union, none
deserves to be more accurately

00:02:49.921 --> 00:02:53.392
"developed than it's tendency
to break and control the

00:02:53.392 --> 00:02:55.546
"violence of factions."

00:02:55.546 --> 00:02:58.187
So a well constructed
union needs to be able to

00:02:58.187 --> 00:03:00.807
control the violence of a faction.

00:03:00.807 --> 00:03:02.367
In fact, this is the in
the title, The Union as a

00:03:02.367 --> 00:03:06.111
Safeguard Against Domestic
Faction and Insurrection.

00:03:06.111 --> 00:03:09.710
"Complaints are everywhere
heard from our most considerate

00:03:09.710 --> 00:03:12.328
"and virtuous citizens
that our governments are

00:03:12.328 --> 00:03:16.252
"too unstable, that the
public good is disregarded in

00:03:16.252 --> 00:03:18.894
"the conflicts of rival parties,

00:03:18.894 --> 00:03:22.307
"and that measures are too
often decided not according

00:03:22.307 --> 00:03:25.535
"to the rules of justice
and the rights of the minor

00:03:25.535 --> 00:03:29.348
"party, but by the superior
force of an interested and

00:03:29.348 --> 00:03:31.265
"overbearing majority."

00:03:32.750 --> 00:03:34.799
So already outlining some of the problems.

00:03:34.799 --> 00:03:37.684
This problem of faction,
this problem of majority rule

00:03:37.684 --> 00:03:41.851
overrunning minorities or
the rights of the minorities.

00:03:43.573 --> 00:03:46.282
"It is in vain to say that
enlightened statesmen will

00:03:46.282 --> 00:03:49.265
"be able to adjust these
clashing interests,"

00:03:49.265 --> 00:03:51.442
the clashing interests of faction,

00:03:51.442 --> 00:03:54.000
"And render them all
subservient to the public good.

00:03:54.000 --> 00:03:58.167
"Enlightened statesmen will
not always be at the helm,

00:03:59.790 --> 00:04:02.942
"it may be concluded
that a pure democracy,

00:04:02.942 --> 00:04:06.535
"by which I mean a society
consisting of a small number

00:04:06.535 --> 00:04:09.786
"of citizens who assemble
and administer the government

00:04:09.786 --> 00:04:13.954
"in person can admit of
no cure for the mischiefs

00:04:13.954 --> 00:04:15.591
"of faction."

00:04:15.591 --> 00:04:17.894
So a pure democracy, which
is about as close as you can

00:04:17.894 --> 00:04:21.286
get to a participatory democracy,
Madison here is claiming

00:04:21.286 --> 00:04:23.921
that it can admit of no cure
for the mischiefs of the

00:04:23.921 --> 00:04:26.061
faction, that it doesn't
really help the situation.

00:04:26.061 --> 00:04:30.411
"A common passion or interest
will, in almost every case,

00:04:30.411 --> 00:04:33.232
"be felt by a majority of the whole,

00:04:33.232 --> 00:04:37.888
"and there is nothing to check
the inducements to sacrifice

00:04:37.888 --> 00:04:41.278
"the weaker party or an
obnoxious individual.

00:04:41.278 --> 00:04:44.691
"Hence it is that such
democracies have ever been

00:04:44.691 --> 00:04:47.733
"spectacles of turbulence and contention;

00:04:47.733 --> 00:04:50.909
"have ever been found incompatible
with personal security

00:04:50.909 --> 00:04:54.281
"or the rights of people; and
have in general been as short

00:04:54.281 --> 00:04:58.734
"in their lives as they have
been violent in their deaths."

00:04:58.734 --> 00:05:02.937
So what does Madison think
of participatory democracies?

00:05:02.937 --> 00:05:05.005
Right, he doesn't think
too highly of them.

00:05:05.005 --> 00:05:06.820
He says, "Look, a majority
is going to take over

00:05:06.820 --> 00:05:09.299
"and they're going to
trample over the rights of

00:05:09.299 --> 00:05:10.721
"everyone else."

00:05:10.721 --> 00:05:14.888
So clearly he thinks that
a participatory democracy,

00:05:16.468 --> 00:05:17.301
not good.

00:05:20.636 --> 00:05:23.765
"A republic, by which I mean
a government in which the

00:05:23.765 --> 00:05:26.853
"scheme of representation takes place,

00:05:26.853 --> 00:05:30.953
"opens a different prospect,
and promises the cure

00:05:30.953 --> 00:05:33.210
"for which we are seeking."

00:05:33.210 --> 00:05:35.764
So in his definition of
republic it's a situation where

00:05:35.764 --> 00:05:39.531
you have the people being
represented by others.

00:05:39.531 --> 00:05:42.921
"The two great points of
difference between a democracy,

00:05:42.921 --> 00:05:46.578
"or pure democracy, and
a republic are first the

00:05:46.578 --> 00:05:50.195
"delegation of the government
in the latter to a small

00:05:50.195 --> 00:05:53.159
"number of citizens elected by the rest."

00:05:53.159 --> 00:05:55.274
So he's saying in a republic
you're delegating the

00:05:55.274 --> 00:05:58.444
government to a small
number of citizens elected

00:05:58.444 --> 00:06:00.150
by the rest.

00:06:00.150 --> 00:06:03.279
"Secondly, the greater number
of citizens and the greater

00:06:03.279 --> 00:06:06.002
"sphere of country over which
the latter," the republic,

00:06:06.002 --> 00:06:07.465
"may be extended."

00:06:07.465 --> 00:06:09.392
So this is interesting because
in Brutus I the argument

00:06:09.392 --> 00:06:12.863
is made that republics
aren't good at ruling over

00:06:12.863 --> 00:06:14.274
large territories.

00:06:14.274 --> 00:06:17.484
Here Madison is claiming
that a republic is better at

00:06:17.484 --> 00:06:20.590
ruling over a greater sphere of country,

00:06:20.590 --> 00:06:23.423
over a greater number of citizens.

00:06:25.571 --> 00:06:27.399
"The effect of the first difference,"

00:06:27.399 --> 00:06:29.489
and so this is a notion of
having those representatives,

00:06:29.489 --> 00:06:31.741
having a representative democracy,

00:06:31.741 --> 00:06:35.584
"Is to refine and
enlarge the public views,

00:06:35.584 --> 00:06:40.172
"by passing them through
the medium of a chosen body

00:06:40.172 --> 00:06:43.769
"of citizens, whose wisdom
may best discern the true

00:06:43.769 --> 00:06:47.124
"interest of their country
and whose patriotism and

00:06:47.124 --> 00:06:50.818
"love of justice will be
least likely to sacrifice it

00:06:50.818 --> 00:06:54.114
"to temporary or partial considerations.

00:06:54.114 --> 00:06:57.347
"Under such a regulation
it may well happen that the

00:06:57.347 --> 00:07:00.923
"public voice, pronounced
by the representatives of

00:07:00.923 --> 00:07:04.923
"the people, will be more
consonant to the public good

00:07:04.923 --> 00:07:08.498
"than if pronounced by
the people themselves."

00:07:08.498 --> 00:07:11.242
So this is really, really
interesting because we already

00:07:11.242 --> 00:07:14.512
saw that Madison's not a fan
of participatory democracy

00:07:14.512 --> 00:07:17.678
and here he's saying, "Look,
if you take the views and

00:07:17.678 --> 00:07:20.671
"pass them through the medium
of a chosen body of citizens

00:07:20.671 --> 00:07:24.278
"that these people might
represent the public good

00:07:24.278 --> 00:07:26.685
"better than the people themselves."

00:07:26.685 --> 00:07:30.852
This is really Madison being
very pro elite democracy.

00:07:34.220 --> 00:07:36.657
Where you have a limited
number of people who are

00:07:36.657 --> 00:07:39.160
really participating and
he's making the argument that

00:07:39.160 --> 00:07:41.453
they might be better at
representing the needs of the

00:07:41.453 --> 00:07:43.363
people than the people themselves.

00:07:43.363 --> 00:07:46.150
"On the other hand, the
effect may be inverted."

00:07:46.150 --> 00:07:48.141
So he is giving some
credence to the other side

00:07:48.141 --> 00:07:49.418
of the argument.

00:07:49.418 --> 00:07:52.080
"Men of factious tempers,
of local prejudices,

00:07:52.080 --> 00:07:56.697
"or of sinister designs may,
by intrigue, by corruption,

00:07:56.697 --> 00:07:59.780
"or by other means first
obtain the suffrages and then

00:07:59.780 --> 00:08:02.780
"betray the interests of the people.

00:08:03.721 --> 00:08:07.645
"The question resulting is
whether small or extensive

00:08:07.645 --> 00:08:11.198
"republics are more favorable
to the election of proper

00:08:11.198 --> 00:08:12.984
"guardians of the public weal;

00:08:12.984 --> 00:08:15.604
"and it is clearly decided
in favor of the latter,"

00:08:15.604 --> 00:08:20.579
so large republics, "by
two obvious considerations.

00:08:20.579 --> 00:08:23.836
"In the first place, however
small the republic may be,

00:08:23.836 --> 00:08:26.622
"the representatives must be
raised to a certain number,

00:08:26.622 --> 00:08:29.912
"in order to guard against
the cabals of a few,

00:08:29.912 --> 00:08:32.690
"and that however large it
may be, they must be limited

00:08:32.690 --> 00:08:35.358
"to a certain number in
order to guard against the

00:08:35.358 --> 00:08:36.862
"confusion of a multitude."

00:08:36.862 --> 00:08:38.323
So this is really interesting, he says,

00:08:38.323 --> 00:08:41.901
"Look, no matter how large
your republic you're going

00:08:41.901 --> 00:08:43.909
"to need a certain number
of representatives.

00:08:43.909 --> 00:08:45.860
"You have too small then
they're just going to be able

00:08:45.860 --> 00:08:47.996
"to control everything,
but if you have too many

00:08:47.996 --> 00:08:50.556
"representatives it's just
going to be confusing."

00:08:50.556 --> 00:08:53.197
"Hence, the number of
representatives in the two cases

00:08:53.197 --> 00:08:56.814
"not being in proportion to
that of the two constituents,"

00:08:56.814 --> 00:08:58.764
you're not gonna keep the
same proportion depending on

00:08:58.764 --> 00:09:01.080
population, "and being
proportionally greater in the

00:09:01.080 --> 00:09:04.494
"small republic, it follow
that, if the proportion of

00:09:04.494 --> 00:09:07.721
"fit characters be not less
in the large than in the

00:09:07.721 --> 00:09:11.642
"small republic, the former
will present a greater option

00:09:11.642 --> 00:09:15.036
"and consequently a greater
probability of a fit choice."

00:09:15.036 --> 00:09:17.416
So what he's really saying
is in a large republic you're

00:09:17.416 --> 00:09:20.723
more likely to find fit and
good representatives than you

00:09:20.723 --> 00:09:22.574
will in a smaller republic.

00:09:22.574 --> 00:09:25.844
Once again, he wants people
who he considers to be

00:09:25.844 --> 00:09:27.185
elite in some way.

00:09:27.185 --> 00:09:29.159
The more educated,
whatever you might consider

00:09:29.159 --> 00:09:30.314
elite to be.

00:09:30.314 --> 00:09:32.098
For the sake of time I'll
leave you there in this part

00:09:32.098 --> 00:09:35.661
one video and in part two
we'll see James Madison

00:09:35.661 --> 00:09:38.523
continue to argue, not
only for a republic,

00:09:38.523 --> 00:09:42.162
but for a large republic
which the US Constitution

00:09:42.162 --> 00:09:43.869
provides for.

00:09:43.869 --> 00:09:47.056
Arguing that you'll have
better people representing

00:09:47.056 --> 00:09:51.034
in government and you will
also have a more pluralist

00:09:51.034 --> 00:09:53.662
society, which we'll see
is very different than the

00:09:53.662 --> 00:09:55.890
view of the anti-Federalists.


Federalist No. 10 (part 2)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.682 --> 00:00:02.429
- [Instructor] In the part
one video, we already saw

00:00:02.429 --> 00:00:05.204
James Madison and Federalist number 10.

00:00:05.204 --> 00:00:08.451
argue strongly that a
republican form of government

00:00:08.451 --> 00:00:11.319
is better for addressing
the issues of having

00:00:11.319 --> 00:00:13.829
an majority faction that might try

00:00:13.829 --> 00:00:16.299
to overrun minority groups.

00:00:16.299 --> 00:00:19.026
In this video, we're
going to continue to see

00:00:19.026 --> 00:00:21.793
that argument that not
only is a republic better,

00:00:21.793 --> 00:00:23.485
but if you're going to have a republic,

00:00:23.485 --> 00:00:25.177
it's better to have a large republic.

00:00:25.177 --> 00:00:28.681
In the next place, as each
representative will be chosen

00:00:28.681 --> 00:00:31.021
by a greater number of
citizens in the large,

00:00:31.021 --> 00:00:33.421
the large republic, than
in the small republic.

00:00:33.421 --> 00:00:36.246
It will be more difficult
for unworthy candidates

00:00:36.246 --> 00:00:40.197
to practice with success the
vicious art by which elections

00:00:40.197 --> 00:00:44.085
are too often carried and
the suffrages of the people

00:00:44.085 --> 00:00:48.348
be more free will be more
likely to center in men

00:00:48.348 --> 00:00:51.064
who possess the most attractive merit.

00:00:51.064 --> 00:00:53.167
Once again, elite democracy,
and the most diffusive

00:00:53.167 --> 00:00:55.142
and established characters.

00:00:55.142 --> 00:00:56.665
Once again, elite democracy.

00:00:56.665 --> 00:00:58.130
So here, he is making the
argument that not only

00:00:58.130 --> 00:01:00.963
in a large republic will
you have a better choice

00:01:00.963 --> 00:01:03.748
of candidates, but because
the candidates have to appeal

00:01:03.748 --> 00:01:07.002
each to a large number of
people, that they are less likely

00:01:07.002 --> 00:01:09.115
to come to power through shady dealings

00:01:09.115 --> 00:01:12.246
and you're mostly likely
to get the best folks.

00:01:12.246 --> 00:01:16.314
It must be confessed that in
this, as in most other cases,

00:01:16.314 --> 00:01:18.921
there is a mean on both
sides of which inconveniences

00:01:18.921 --> 00:01:20.700
will be found to lie.

00:01:20.700 --> 00:01:23.585
So you say hey look, there
is, as in all things,

00:01:23.585 --> 00:01:25.222
there is kind of a moderate middle ground.

00:01:25.222 --> 00:01:27.592
By enlarging too much
the number of electors,

00:01:27.592 --> 00:01:31.233
you render the representatives
to little acquainted

00:01:31.233 --> 00:01:35.302
with all their local circumstances
and lesser interests,

00:01:35.302 --> 00:01:37.969
as by reducing it too
much, you render him unduly

00:01:37.969 --> 00:01:41.579
attached to these and too
little fit to comprehend

00:01:41.579 --> 00:01:44.187
and pursue great and national objects.

00:01:44.187 --> 00:01:48.340
The federal Constitution
forms a happy combination

00:01:48.340 --> 00:01:49.796
in this respect.

00:01:49.796 --> 00:01:52.864
The great and aggregate
interests being referred to

00:01:52.864 --> 00:01:55.367
the national, the local and particular

00:01:55.367 --> 00:01:57.441
to the state legislatures.

00:01:57.441 --> 00:01:59.599
So what he's saying is that
the Constitution offers

00:01:59.599 --> 00:02:02.255
this really nice balance here.

00:02:02.255 --> 00:02:05.247
You can have the people
participating at the national level

00:02:05.247 --> 00:02:09.731
who are interested in the
great and aggregate interests

00:02:09.731 --> 00:02:13.381
and it's okay if those folks
aren't completely attached

00:02:13.381 --> 00:02:15.571
to what is happening at
home, the local interests.

00:02:15.571 --> 00:02:17.867
In fact, he'd probably prefer
that they're not attached

00:02:17.867 --> 00:02:20.093
too much to the local interests,
but the local interests

00:02:20.093 --> 00:02:23.176
could be focused at
the state legislatures,

00:02:23.176 --> 00:02:25.550
which the Constitution provides for.

00:02:25.550 --> 00:02:28.092
The other point of
difference, so once again,

00:02:28.092 --> 00:02:29.383
he is referring to the
difference between a republican

00:02:29.383 --> 00:02:31.684
government and a pure democracy.

00:02:31.684 --> 00:02:33.968
The greater number of
citizens in the extent

00:02:33.968 --> 00:02:36.295
of territory which may be
brought within the compass

00:02:36.295 --> 00:02:39.337
of republican than of
democratic government.

00:02:39.337 --> 00:02:40.964
So it's that point that he believes

00:02:40.964 --> 00:02:43.286
the republican government
can better govern

00:02:43.286 --> 00:02:45.750
a large population than a pure democracy

00:02:45.750 --> 00:02:48.427
and it is this circumstance principally

00:02:48.427 --> 00:02:52.365
which renders the factious
combinations less to be dreaded

00:02:52.365 --> 00:02:54.453
in the former than in the latter.

00:02:54.453 --> 00:02:57.587
So he's saying because a
republican model can govern

00:02:57.587 --> 00:03:01.499
over more people, it
better addresses this issue

00:03:01.499 --> 00:03:03.944
of factious combinations.

00:03:03.944 --> 00:03:07.931
The smaller the society,
the fewer probably will be

00:03:07.931 --> 00:03:10.909
the distinct parties and
interests composing it.

00:03:10.909 --> 00:03:13.994
The fewer the distinct
parties and interests,

00:03:13.994 --> 00:03:17.470
the more frequently will a
majority be found of the same

00:03:17.470 --> 00:03:21.705
party, and the smaller
the number of individuals

00:03:21.705 --> 00:03:24.953
composing a majority and
the smaller the compass

00:03:24.953 --> 00:03:27.627
within which they are
placed, the more easily

00:03:27.627 --> 00:03:32.467
will they concert and execute
their plans of oppression.

00:03:32.467 --> 00:03:36.280
Extend the sphere and you
take in a greater variety

00:03:36.280 --> 00:03:38.576
of parties and interests.

00:03:38.576 --> 00:03:41.428
You make it less probable
that a majority of the whole

00:03:41.428 --> 00:03:43.799
will have a common motive to invade

00:03:43.799 --> 00:03:46.535
the rights of other citizens.

00:03:46.535 --> 00:03:48.860
What Madison is saying here
is if you have too small

00:03:48.860 --> 00:03:51.258
of a society, you're not going
to have enough pluralism,

00:03:51.258 --> 00:03:53.734
you're not going to have
enough points of view,

00:03:53.734 --> 00:03:56.421
that it will be easy because
people will be very aligned

00:03:56.421 --> 00:03:59.851
for a majority to take over and infringe

00:03:59.851 --> 00:04:01.518
on the rights of a minority.

00:04:01.518 --> 00:04:04.030
So he is very pro pluralism here.

00:04:04.030 --> 00:04:08.169
He wants to see a large society
with many different views

00:04:08.169 --> 00:04:11.034
because he says if you
have a large society

00:04:11.034 --> 00:04:14.403
with many different views,
with many different parties,

00:04:14.403 --> 00:04:16.447
so to speak, well then it's less likely

00:04:16.447 --> 00:04:19.554
that one party can just take
over and infringe on the rights

00:04:19.554 --> 00:04:21.412
of other people.

00:04:21.412 --> 00:04:24.452
This is the exact opposite of
what Brutus one argues for.

00:04:24.452 --> 00:04:28.062
Brutus one argues that
pluralism is a bad thing,

00:04:28.062 --> 00:04:30.274
that people are just going to
be bickering the whole time

00:04:30.274 --> 00:04:32.309
and decisions aren't going to be made.

00:04:32.309 --> 00:04:35.246
Brutus one argues that in a
republic, people should be

00:04:35.246 --> 00:04:37.875
of roughly the same
opinion, to have roughly

00:04:37.875 --> 00:04:40.629
the same interests while
here in Federalist number 10,

00:04:40.629 --> 00:04:44.214
Madison is arguing that no,
pluralism is a good thing,

00:04:44.214 --> 00:04:47.635
it is a check on an overbearing faction,

00:04:47.635 --> 00:04:50.000
it is a check on majority rule.

00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:53.723
Hence, it clearly appears
that the same advantage

00:04:53.723 --> 00:04:57.624
which a republic has over
a democracy in controlling

00:04:57.624 --> 00:05:01.291
the effects of faction
is enjoyed by a large

00:05:02.295 --> 00:05:05.632
over a small republic,
is enjoyed by the Union

00:05:05.632 --> 00:05:08.049
over the states composing it.

00:05:09.467 --> 00:05:11.488
So the big picture of Federalist number 10

00:05:11.488 --> 00:05:13.068
is how do you control faction?

00:05:13.068 --> 00:05:15.634
And faction is really
about how do you control

00:05:15.634 --> 00:05:17.344
a majority faction
that's trying to control

00:05:17.344 --> 00:05:20.535
everyone else and trying
to oppress everyone else.

00:05:20.535 --> 00:05:22.126
Madison makes the argument that one,

00:05:22.126 --> 00:05:25.048
through a republican system,
you're more like to do this,

00:05:25.048 --> 00:05:27.373
by having a representative government.

00:05:27.373 --> 00:05:29.312
And then if you have that,
you want to make it larger

00:05:29.312 --> 00:05:32.804
rather than smaller so that
you have a pluralist society,

00:05:32.804 --> 00:05:35.080
so you have many points
of view and you don't have

00:05:35.080 --> 00:05:37.282
one group being able to dominate.

00:05:37.282 --> 00:05:39.574
And in order to have that larger society,

00:05:39.574 --> 00:05:41.936
the Union is more favorable over having

00:05:41.936 --> 00:05:44.686
13 independent, sovereign states.

00:05:46.088 --> 00:05:49.290
In the extent and proper
structure of the Union,

00:05:49.290 --> 00:05:51.983
therefore, we behold a republican remedy

00:05:51.983 --> 00:05:54.908
for the diseases most incident
to republican government

00:05:54.908 --> 00:05:58.335
and according to the degree
of pleasure and pride

00:05:58.335 --> 00:06:01.232
we feel in being republicans
ought to be our zeal

00:06:01.232 --> 00:06:03.533
and cherishing the spirit and supporting

00:06:03.533 --> 00:06:05.571
the character of Federalists.


Interpreting a quadratic in factored form

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.711 --> 00:00:03.113
- [Instructor] We are
told a rocket is launched

00:00:03.113 --> 00:00:04.593
from a platform.

00:00:04.593 --> 00:00:08.770
Its height in meters, x seconds
after the launch is modeled

00:00:08.770 --> 00:00:13.120
by h of x is equal to
negative four times x plus two

00:00:13.120 --> 00:00:15.359
times x minus 18.

00:00:15.359 --> 00:00:18.727
Now, the first thing they
ask us is what is the height

00:00:18.727 --> 00:00:20.510
of the rocket at

00:00:20.510 --> 00:00:22.865
the time of launch?

00:00:22.865 --> 00:00:25.975
Pause the video and see if
you can figure that out.

00:00:25.975 --> 00:00:28.851
Well, what is x at the time of launch?

00:00:28.851 --> 00:00:31.398
Well, x is the number of
seconds after the launch, so at

00:00:31.398 --> 00:00:34.918
the time of launch, x
would be equal to zero.

00:00:34.918 --> 00:00:37.414
The height of the rocket when
x is equal to zero, they're

00:00:37.414 --> 00:00:40.175
essentially saying,
"Well, what is h of zero?"

00:00:40.175 --> 00:00:42.640
To figure out h of zero, we
just have to go back to this

00:00:42.640 --> 00:00:45.899
expression and replace
all the xs with zeros.

00:00:45.899 --> 00:00:49.532
H of zero is going to be equal
to negative four, negative

00:00:49.532 --> 00:00:53.875
four times zero plus two,
which is just going to be two

00:00:53.875 --> 00:00:57.395
times zero minus 18,
which is just going to be

00:00:57.395 --> 00:00:58.395
negative 18.

00:00:59.565 --> 00:01:01.821
Let's see, this is going
to be negative eight times

00:01:01.821 --> 00:01:06.168
negative 18, negative
eight times negative 18,

00:01:06.168 --> 00:01:08.335
which is the same thing as

00:01:08.335 --> 00:01:10.426
negative eight times

00:01:10.426 --> 00:01:11.906
negative nine

00:01:11.906 --> 00:01:13.298
times two.

00:01:13.298 --> 00:01:16.872
This is going to be positive 72 times two,

00:01:16.872 --> 00:01:17.955
which is 144,

00:01:19.039 --> 00:01:19.872
so 144

00:01:22.347 --> 00:01:23.180
meters.

00:01:23.180 --> 00:01:24.740
Did I do that right?

00:01:24.740 --> 00:01:25.573
Let's see.

00:01:25.573 --> 00:01:26.406
We're going to have ...

00:01:26.406 --> 00:01:27.321
Yep that sounds right.

00:01:27.321 --> 00:01:28.429
That's right.

00:01:28.429 --> 00:01:31.541
How many seconds after
launch will the rocket

00:01:31.541 --> 00:01:33.545
hit the ground?

00:01:33.545 --> 00:01:37.268
Pause this video again and
see if you can answer that.

00:01:37.268 --> 00:01:40.591
Well, what does it mean for
the rocket to hit the ground?

00:01:40.591 --> 00:01:43.695
That means that the height is
equal to zero, so if you want

00:01:43.695 --> 00:01:45.699
to figure out how many
seconds after launch, how many

00:01:45.699 --> 00:01:48.491
seconds that's x, so we want
to figure out the x when our

00:01:48.491 --> 00:01:49.973
height is equal to zero.

00:01:49.973 --> 00:01:51.578
We can set up an equation.

00:01:51.578 --> 00:01:55.069
Let's make our height h of
x equal to zero, so zero is

00:01:55.069 --> 00:01:58.894
equal to negative four times x plus two

00:01:58.894 --> 00:01:59.862
times

00:01:59.862 --> 00:02:00.749
x

00:02:00.749 --> 00:02:01.582
minus 18.

00:02:02.666 --> 00:02:05.122
Well, if you have the product
of three different things

00:02:05.122 --> 00:02:08.605
being equal to zero, the way
you get this to be equal to

00:02:08.605 --> 00:02:09.438
zero is if

00:02:12.005 --> 00:02:14.715
at least one of these three
things is equal to zero.

00:02:14.715 --> 00:02:18.072
Well, negative four can't be
equal to zero, so we could say

00:02:18.072 --> 00:02:18.905
x plus two

00:02:19.963 --> 00:02:21.359
equals zero.

00:02:21.359 --> 00:02:24.136
I got that from right over here.

00:02:24.136 --> 00:02:26.960
If x plus two were equaling
to zero, then this equation

00:02:26.960 --> 00:02:28.476
would be satisfied.

00:02:28.476 --> 00:02:31.696
That would be the situation
when x is equal to negative

00:02:31.696 --> 00:02:34.326
two, but remember x is the
number of seconds after the

00:02:34.326 --> 00:02:36.685
launch, so a negative
x would mean be going

00:02:36.685 --> 00:02:37.913
before the launch.

00:02:37.913 --> 00:02:39.601
We can rule that one out.

00:02:39.601 --> 00:02:42.797
Then, we could also think
about, "Well, x minus 18 if

00:02:42.797 --> 00:02:45.089
"that's equal to zero,
then this entire expression

00:02:45.089 --> 00:02:46.926
"could be equal to zero."

00:02:46.926 --> 00:02:50.837
X minus 18 equals zero,
you add 18 to both sides.

00:02:50.837 --> 00:02:53.399
You get x is equal to 18,

00:02:53.399 --> 00:02:55.920
so 18 seconds after launch, well

00:02:55.920 --> 00:02:57.639
we're going forward in time.

00:02:57.639 --> 00:02:58.917
18

00:02:58.917 --> 00:03:00.475
seconds after launch,

00:03:00.475 --> 00:03:02.491
we see that our height is zero, we

00:03:02.491 --> 00:03:04.650
have hit the ground.

00:03:04.650 --> 00:03:08.301
Next question, how many seconds
after being launched will

00:03:08.301 --> 00:03:11.759
the rocket reach its maximum height?

00:03:11.759 --> 00:03:15.357
Pause the video again and see
if you can figure that out.

00:03:15.357 --> 00:03:18.716
Well, the key realization here is

00:03:18.716 --> 00:03:20.553
if you have a curve,

00:03:20.553 --> 00:03:22.973
if you have a parabola in
particular and it's going to look

00:03:22.973 --> 00:03:26.499
something like this, if you're
gonna have a parabola that

00:03:26.499 --> 00:03:29.331
looks something like this,
you're going to hit your maximum

00:03:29.331 --> 00:03:33.360
height right over here
between your two zeros

00:03:33.360 --> 00:03:37.131
or between the two times
that your height is zero.

00:03:37.131 --> 00:03:40.576
If you figure out this x
value and this x value, the

00:03:40.576 --> 00:03:43.808
average of the two will give
you your x value the time

00:03:43.808 --> 00:03:46.469
after launch, when you're
at your maximum height.

00:03:46.469 --> 00:03:48.527
Well, we already figured out
what this x-value is and what

00:03:48.527 --> 00:03:49.920
this x-value is.

00:03:49.920 --> 00:03:53.958
We know that h of x is equal
to zero when x is either

00:03:53.958 --> 00:03:54.958
equal to 18,

00:03:56.131 --> 00:03:59.613
so that is x is equal to 18 or

00:03:59.613 --> 00:04:01.814
x is equal to negative two,

00:04:01.814 --> 00:04:04.686
so that is x is equal to negative two.

00:04:04.686 --> 00:04:07.308
To answer this question, we
just have to go halfway between

00:04:07.308 --> 00:04:11.275
negative two and 18, so let's do that.

00:04:11.275 --> 00:04:12.635
Negative two

00:04:12.635 --> 00:04:14.212
plus

00:04:14.212 --> 00:04:15.318
18

00:04:15.318 --> 00:04:16.485
divided by two

00:04:17.450 --> 00:04:18.557
gets us what?

00:04:18.557 --> 00:04:21.959
That's going to be 16 over
two, which is going to be equal

00:04:21.959 --> 00:04:22.899
to eight.

00:04:22.899 --> 00:04:24.247
This is right over here.

00:04:24.247 --> 00:04:28.220
This is x equals eight
seconds the rocket is at

00:04:28.220 --> 00:04:30.358
its maximum height.

00:04:30.358 --> 00:04:33.592
Last question, what is the
maximum height that the rocket

00:04:33.592 --> 00:04:34.656
will reach?

00:04:34.656 --> 00:04:37.771
Once again, pause the video
and try to answer that.

00:04:37.771 --> 00:04:40.139
Well, we already know from
the previous question that we

00:04:40.139 --> 00:04:44.131
reach our maximum height
when x is equal to eight,

00:04:44.131 --> 00:04:46.058
eight seconds after launch.

00:04:46.058 --> 00:04:49.219
To figure out the height
then, we just have to evaluate

00:04:49.219 --> 00:04:50.802
what h of eight is,

00:04:51.739 --> 00:04:52.843
h of eight.

00:04:52.843 --> 00:04:55.785
Remember that's what this
function does, you give me any x

00:04:55.785 --> 00:04:58.940
value, any elapsed time after
launch and it will give me

00:04:58.940 --> 00:05:01.250
the height, so eight seconds
after launch, I know I have

00:05:01.250 --> 00:05:02.365
maximum height.

00:05:02.365 --> 00:05:04.024
To figure out that height,
I just input it into the

00:05:04.024 --> 00:05:07.789
function, so h of eight is
going to be equal to negative

00:05:07.789 --> 00:05:08.695
four

00:05:08.695 --> 00:05:10.005
times

00:05:10.005 --> 00:05:12.388
eight plus two times

00:05:12.388 --> 00:05:13.709
eight minus

00:05:13.709 --> 00:05:15.125
18.

00:05:15.125 --> 00:05:17.466
Eight plus two is 10.

00:05:17.466 --> 00:05:18.890
Eight minus 18

00:05:18.890 --> 00:05:19.790
is negative

00:05:19.790 --> 00:05:20.883
10.

00:05:20.883 --> 00:05:23.862
You have negative four times

00:05:23.862 --> 00:05:28.020
negative 100, so that's
going to be positive 400.

00:05:28.020 --> 00:05:31.663
H is given in meters, so
that's its maximum height,

00:05:31.663 --> 00:05:32.580
400 meters.


Anti-Federalists and Brutus No. 1

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.223 --> 00:00:02.220
- [Instructor] When we first
learn about American history

00:00:02.220 --> 00:00:03.771
it sometimes seems like it might have been

00:00:03.771 --> 00:00:06.030
a very easy or somewhat obvious transition

00:00:06.030 --> 00:00:08.043
from the Articles of Confederation

00:00:08.043 --> 00:00:11.069
to the Constitution but it was not.

00:00:11.069 --> 00:00:12.968
It was a very vigorous debate.

00:00:12.968 --> 00:00:14.736
As we've talked about in previous videos

00:00:14.736 --> 00:00:17.787
the Articles of Confederation
proves to be too weak

00:00:17.787 --> 00:00:19.692
in terms of a central government.

00:00:19.692 --> 00:00:21.465
You have events like Shays' Rebellion

00:00:21.465 --> 00:00:23.020
which really highlights this

00:00:23.020 --> 00:00:26.058
and then as we go into 1787

00:00:26.058 --> 00:00:27.964
you have a Constitutional Convention,

00:00:27.964 --> 00:00:30.543
at first to maybe revise the
Articles of Confederation

00:00:30.543 --> 00:00:33.930
but eventually they draft a
completely new constitution,

00:00:33.930 --> 00:00:36.223
the constitution that we have today

00:00:36.223 --> 00:00:37.802
and after it was drafted,

00:00:37.802 --> 00:00:38.833
after that convention,

00:00:38.833 --> 00:00:41.721
we get into his period of late 1787

00:00:41.721 --> 00:00:45.606
and 1788 where you have
this very vigorous debate

00:00:45.606 --> 00:00:48.752
between those who want to
ratify the constitution

00:00:48.752 --> 00:00:50.199
often known as the Federalists

00:00:50.199 --> 00:00:53.307
led by folks like Alexander Hamilton,

00:00:53.307 --> 00:00:55.236
James Madison, John Jay,

00:00:55.236 --> 00:00:57.264
famous for writing the Federalist Papers

00:00:57.264 --> 00:00:59.382
which they published in this timeframe

00:00:59.382 --> 00:01:01.678
and you also have the anti-Federalists

00:01:01.678 --> 00:01:03.374
or who will eventually be known

00:01:03.374 --> 00:01:06.648
as the anti-Federalists who
are against the ratification

00:01:06.648 --> 00:01:09.662
and the adoption of the constitution

00:01:09.662 --> 00:01:11.675
and their writings
which are also published

00:01:11.675 --> 00:01:12.989
in this same time period

00:01:12.989 --> 00:01:16.572
are known as now the
anti-Federalist Papers

00:01:17.504 --> 00:01:19.026
and what I have here is an excerpt

00:01:19.026 --> 00:01:21.008
from what is perhaps the most famous

00:01:21.008 --> 00:01:23.039
of the anti-Federalist Papers,

00:01:23.039 --> 00:01:24.447
this is from Brutus I,

00:01:24.447 --> 00:01:27.656
published on the 18th of October 1787,

00:01:27.656 --> 00:01:30.306
so right in this time
period right over here,

00:01:30.306 --> 00:01:33.566
right after the Constitutional
Convention had ended

00:01:33.566 --> 00:01:36.149
and the states were deciding
whether to ratify it.

00:01:36.149 --> 00:01:39.179
And Brutus is the pen name of the author.

00:01:39.179 --> 00:01:41.298
It's believed to be either Robert Yates,

00:01:41.298 --> 00:01:44.282
Melancton Smith or John
Williams from New York

00:01:44.282 --> 00:01:46.300
but the reason why they
picked the name Brutus

00:01:46.300 --> 00:01:47.568
is from history.

00:01:47.568 --> 00:01:48.962
Brutus is the Roman senator

00:01:48.962 --> 00:01:52.147
who was involved in
assassinating Julius Caesar

00:01:52.147 --> 00:01:55.250
keeping him from
overthrowing the Republic,

00:01:55.250 --> 00:01:56.971
so in some ways they view themselves

00:01:56.971 --> 00:02:00.941
as people who are protecting
the Republic from tyranny.

00:02:00.941 --> 00:02:01.984
Now, as I read this,

00:02:01.984 --> 00:02:04.150
keep in mind some of the
ideas that we've looked at

00:02:04.150 --> 00:02:05.258
in other videos,

00:02:05.258 --> 00:02:06.995
the different types of democracy,

00:02:06.995 --> 00:02:08.701
a participatory democracy

00:02:08.701 --> 00:02:12.331
where the citizens are
close to the governance,

00:02:12.331 --> 00:02:13.661
to the decision making.

00:02:13.661 --> 00:02:14.917
You have a pluralist democracy

00:02:14.917 --> 00:02:17.719
where you have a vigorous debate

00:02:17.719 --> 00:02:20.357
between many, many different views.

00:02:20.357 --> 00:02:22.261
And you have an idea of an elite democracy

00:02:22.261 --> 00:02:25.523
where the people are still sovereign

00:02:25.523 --> 00:02:27.952
but they're being represented
by a smaller, limited group

00:02:27.952 --> 00:02:30.075
of I guess you could say elite,

00:02:30.075 --> 00:02:32.249
maybe more wealthy, more educated folks

00:02:32.249 --> 00:02:34.505
who are trying or should be acting

00:02:34.505 --> 00:02:36.593
in the interests of the citizens.

00:02:36.593 --> 00:02:37.885
So, keep those in mind

00:02:37.885 --> 00:02:39.788
and think about what type of democracy

00:02:39.788 --> 00:02:41.214
the author here favors

00:02:41.214 --> 00:02:43.991
and what they might be afraid of.

00:02:43.991 --> 00:02:46.142
And so, Brutus wrote,

00:02:46.142 --> 00:02:48.962
to the Citizens of the State of New York.

00:02:48.962 --> 00:02:51.388
The first question that
presents itself on the subject

00:02:51.388 --> 00:02:53.800
is whether the 13 United States

00:02:53.800 --> 00:02:57.403
should be reduced to one great republic,

00:02:57.403 --> 00:02:59.412
governed by one legislature

00:02:59.412 --> 00:03:02.356
and under the direction of
one executive and judicial

00:03:02.356 --> 00:03:06.289
or whether they should continue
13 confederated republics

00:03:06.289 --> 00:03:09.259
under the direction and control
of a supreme federal head

00:03:09.259 --> 00:03:12.834
for certain defined
national purposes only?

00:03:12.834 --> 00:03:14.142
So, they're starting with this argument

00:03:14.142 --> 00:03:15.342
that his new constitution

00:03:15.342 --> 00:03:19.465
is really creating just
one supreme government

00:03:19.465 --> 00:03:22.596
instead of a confederation
of sovereign republics

00:03:22.596 --> 00:03:26.692
that coordinate for certain,
defined national purposes.

00:03:26.692 --> 00:03:27.591
It goes on to write,

00:03:27.591 --> 00:03:29.444
this government is to possess absolute

00:03:29.444 --> 00:03:32.052
and uncontrollable power,

00:03:32.052 --> 00:03:34.181
legislative, executive and judicial

00:03:34.181 --> 00:03:38.355
with respect to every
object to which it extends.

00:03:38.355 --> 00:03:40.422
The powers of the general legislature,

00:03:40.422 --> 00:03:42.510
so they're talking about
what will eventually be

00:03:42.510 --> 00:03:44.932
the US Congress as proposed
by the constitution

00:03:44.932 --> 00:03:48.182
extend to every case that
is of the least importance,

00:03:48.182 --> 00:03:50.177
there is nothing valuable to human nature,

00:03:50.177 --> 00:03:51.795
nothing dear to freemen,

00:03:51.795 --> 00:03:53.857
but what is within its power.

00:03:53.857 --> 00:03:55.344
It has the authority to make laws

00:03:55.344 --> 00:03:57.053
which will affect the lives, the liberty,

00:03:57.053 --> 00:03:59.637
and property of every
man in the United States,

00:03:59.637 --> 00:04:02.194
nor can the constitution
or laws of any state

00:04:02.194 --> 00:04:05.092
in any way prevent or impede

00:04:05.092 --> 00:04:08.470
the full and complete
execution of every power given.

00:04:08.470 --> 00:04:11.104
So, once again, saying
hey, this is a takeover,

00:04:11.104 --> 00:04:13.596
these 13 states are
really becoming one state

00:04:13.596 --> 00:04:14.839
under the constitution.

00:04:14.839 --> 00:04:17.041
This central government has so much power

00:04:17.041 --> 00:04:18.802
that it kind of makes the states

00:04:18.802 --> 00:04:19.941
a little bit irrelevant

00:04:19.941 --> 00:04:21.413
because they can't do something outside

00:04:21.413 --> 00:04:25.077
of what the central government
thinks they should so,

00:04:25.077 --> 00:04:27.108
so then having established this argument

00:04:27.108 --> 00:04:28.360
and once again, this is just an excerpt,

00:04:28.360 --> 00:04:30.754
I encourage you to read all of Brutus I,

00:04:30.754 --> 00:04:31.806
it's quite fascinating,

00:04:31.806 --> 00:04:35.902
the author then argues
why this is a bad idea

00:04:35.902 --> 00:04:37.077
to have this takeover

00:04:37.077 --> 00:04:39.020
and have 13 sovereign states

00:04:39.020 --> 00:04:41.353
turned into essentially one.

00:04:43.575 --> 00:04:45.703
Let us now proceed to inquire

00:04:45.703 --> 00:04:48.475
as I at first proposed whether it be best

00:04:48.475 --> 00:04:50.758
the 13 United States should be reduced

00:04:50.758 --> 00:04:53.928
to one great republic or not.

00:04:53.928 --> 00:04:57.303
History furnishes no
example of a free republic,

00:04:57.303 --> 00:05:00.349
anything like the extent
of the United States.

00:05:00.349 --> 00:05:03.103
The Grecian republics
were of small extent,

00:05:03.103 --> 00:05:05.457
so also was that of the Romans.

00:05:05.457 --> 00:05:06.920
Both of these, it is true,

00:05:06.920 --> 00:05:09.738
in process of time
extended their conquests

00:05:09.738 --> 00:05:12.174
over large territories of country

00:05:12.174 --> 00:05:14.373
and the consequence was
that their governments

00:05:14.373 --> 00:05:17.050
were changed from that of free governments

00:05:17.050 --> 00:05:19.193
to those of the most tyrannical

00:05:19.193 --> 00:05:21.938
that ever existed in the world.

00:05:21.938 --> 00:05:22.790
So, he's saying hey, look,

00:05:22.790 --> 00:05:24.819
there's really no precedent for this.

00:05:24.819 --> 00:05:27.757
When you just had the
Athenians governing themselves

00:05:27.757 --> 00:05:30.054
in a participatory model, yes,

00:05:30.054 --> 00:05:32.200
a republic seemed to work

00:05:32.200 --> 00:05:33.867
but then, once it started to extend

00:05:33.867 --> 00:05:38.012
its influence over surrounding
cities, surrounding regions,

00:05:38.012 --> 00:05:39.697
it became more tyrannical

00:05:39.697 --> 00:05:41.665
and the Romans even more so.

00:05:41.665 --> 00:05:42.877
The territory of the United States

00:05:42.877 --> 00:05:44.961
is a vast extent.

00:05:44.961 --> 00:05:48.228
It now contains near
three millions of souls

00:05:48.228 --> 00:05:49.298
and is capable of containing

00:05:49.298 --> 00:05:51.932
much more than 10 times that number.

00:05:51.932 --> 00:05:53.916
These might not seem like big numbers now,

00:05:53.916 --> 00:05:56.998
the United States is today
over 100 times bigger

00:05:56.998 --> 00:05:59.266
but this was already quite a bit larger

00:05:59.266 --> 00:06:02.060
than say just ancient Athens.

00:06:02.060 --> 00:06:06.013
Is it practicable for a country,
so large and so numerous

00:06:06.013 --> 00:06:07.371
as they will soon become

00:06:07.371 --> 00:06:10.762
to elect a representation that will speak

00:06:10.762 --> 00:06:13.061
their sentiments without their becoming

00:06:13.061 --> 00:06:15.667
so numerous as to be incapable

00:06:15.667 --> 00:06:17.627
of transacting public business?

00:06:17.627 --> 00:06:19.294
It certainly is not.

00:06:20.523 --> 00:06:21.956
So, this is really interesting.

00:06:21.956 --> 00:06:23.849
So, to the founding fathers,

00:06:23.849 --> 00:06:24.686
the idea of a republic

00:06:24.686 --> 00:06:26.734
was really a representative democracy

00:06:26.734 --> 00:06:28.380
and Brutus here is questioning, look,

00:06:28.380 --> 00:06:31.677
if you're governing over
such a vast territory,

00:06:31.677 --> 00:06:33.386
can you have a representation

00:06:33.386 --> 00:06:37.019
that will truly speak the
sentiments of the people

00:06:37.019 --> 00:06:40.524
and if you do have true
representation of the people,

00:06:40.524 --> 00:06:42.715
well, are you going to have
so many representatives

00:06:42.715 --> 00:06:43.579
and so many interests

00:06:43.579 --> 00:06:46.082
that they're not going
to be able to govern?

00:06:46.082 --> 00:06:50.366
So, he's saying hey,
this is gonna pluralist

00:06:50.366 --> 00:06:53.496
and he does not view
pluralism as a good thing.

00:06:53.496 --> 00:06:54.682
He's saying hey, there's
going to be so many views.

00:06:54.682 --> 00:06:57.053
This is going to be ungovernable.

00:06:57.053 --> 00:06:59.517
In a republic, the manners, sentiments

00:06:59.517 --> 00:07:02.153
and interests of the
people should be similar.

00:07:02.153 --> 00:07:03.564
So, this is worth underlining again

00:07:03.564 --> 00:07:04.854
'cause this is a statement

00:07:04.854 --> 00:07:07.476
directly against the notion of pluralism.

00:07:07.476 --> 00:07:09.813
He says that in order
for a republic to work,

00:07:09.813 --> 00:07:12.866
you have to have people of
similar sentiments and interests,

00:07:12.866 --> 00:07:14.274
not different views.

00:07:14.274 --> 00:07:16.096
If this be not the cases,

00:07:16.096 --> 00:07:19.158
there will be a constant
clashing of opinions

00:07:19.158 --> 00:07:21.078
and the representatives of one part

00:07:21.078 --> 00:07:24.355
will be continually striving
against those of the other.

00:07:24.355 --> 00:07:27.486
So, clearly did not think
much of a pluralist democracy.

00:07:27.486 --> 00:07:29.628
This will retard the
operations of government

00:07:29.628 --> 00:07:31.018
and prevent such conclusions

00:07:31.018 --> 00:07:34.297
as will promote the public good.

00:07:34.297 --> 00:07:37.756
So, he sees pluralism as
a recipe for indecision

00:07:37.756 --> 00:07:40.218
and not being able to pass good laws

00:07:40.218 --> 00:07:42.733
or do things in the public interest.

00:07:42.733 --> 00:07:44.924
He goes on to say,

00:07:44.924 --> 00:07:47.629
in so extensive a republic,

00:07:47.629 --> 00:07:49.701
the great officers of government

00:07:49.701 --> 00:07:54.044
would soon become above
the control of the people

00:07:54.044 --> 00:07:56.369
and abuse their power to the purpose

00:07:56.369 --> 00:07:59.642
of aggrandizing themselves
and oppressing them.

00:07:59.642 --> 00:08:01.467
So, here it looks like like the author

00:08:01.467 --> 00:08:03.287
is afraid of, you could kind of say,

00:08:03.287 --> 00:08:04.500
an elite democracy,

00:08:04.500 --> 00:08:06.376
that it really wouldn't
even be a republic,

00:08:06.376 --> 00:08:08.230
that these people are
going to start acting

00:08:08.230 --> 00:08:09.536
in their own interests.

00:08:09.536 --> 00:08:11.238
If you have to have representatives

00:08:11.238 --> 00:08:13.032
that represent such a large territory,

00:08:13.032 --> 00:08:15.479
they're going to be
detached from the people

00:08:15.479 --> 00:08:16.638
that they're representing

00:08:16.638 --> 00:08:18.034
and then are just going to think

00:08:18.034 --> 00:08:20.347
about their own aggrandization

00:08:20.347 --> 00:08:22.234
and they will actually oppress the people

00:08:22.234 --> 00:08:24.374
that they're supposed to represent.

00:08:24.374 --> 00:08:27.247
These are some of the
reasons by which it appears

00:08:27.247 --> 00:08:30.390
that a free republic cannot long subsist

00:08:30.390 --> 00:08:33.848
over a country of the great
extent of these states.

00:08:33.848 --> 00:08:35.273
If then this new constitution

00:08:35.273 --> 00:08:38.508
is calculated to consolidate
the 13 states into one,

00:08:38.508 --> 00:08:42.472
as it evidently is, it
ought not to be adopted.

00:08:42.472 --> 00:08:43.909
So, Brutus is making this argument

00:08:43.909 --> 00:08:45.695
that look, you can't have a republic

00:08:45.695 --> 00:08:47.261
over such a vast territory,

00:08:47.261 --> 00:08:50.121
arguably the states are a
little bit more attractable

00:08:50.121 --> 00:08:51.357
although even at this point

00:08:51.357 --> 00:08:53.716
some of the large states are quite large

00:08:53.716 --> 00:08:54.950
but they would have a better chance

00:08:54.950 --> 00:08:57.816
of being a free republic than merging

00:08:57.816 --> 00:08:59.120
all of the 13 states

00:08:59.120 --> 00:09:02.368
into what would effectively
be one republic.


Introduction to Democracy and its broad variations

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.384 --> 00:00:01.645
- [Instructor] What we're
going to do in this video

00:00:01.645 --> 00:00:06.111
is dig a little bit deeper
into the notion of democracy.

00:00:06.111 --> 00:00:08.145
And the reason why this
is going to be valuable

00:00:08.145 --> 00:00:10.682
is it's going to inform the decisions

00:00:10.682 --> 00:00:12.846
that the Founding Fathers had to make

00:00:12.846 --> 00:00:15.944
when they thought about whether
to ratify the Constitution.

00:00:15.944 --> 00:00:18.325
It'll also inform our thoughts

00:00:18.325 --> 00:00:21.664
on government as it is
today in the United States.

00:00:21.664 --> 00:00:24.090
What flavor of democracy does it take on,

00:00:24.090 --> 00:00:27.075
especially at different
layers of government?

00:00:27.075 --> 00:00:28.715
So just as a review, and this is something

00:00:28.715 --> 00:00:30.648
that we have talked about in other videos,

00:00:30.648 --> 00:00:34.464
democracy comes from Greek
from rule by the people.

00:00:34.464 --> 00:00:38.710
Demo from demos, which
is referring to people,

00:00:38.710 --> 00:00:42.877
and cracy coming from kratia,
which is referring to rule.

00:00:43.841 --> 00:00:45.937
So, rule by the people.

00:00:45.937 --> 00:00:49.578
Now broadly speaking, we can
think of three general flavors

00:00:49.578 --> 00:00:53.745
of democracy, the first we can
consider to be participatory.

00:00:55.277 --> 00:00:57.277
Participatory democracy.

00:00:59.437 --> 00:01:03.020
The second we can call
pluralist democracy,

00:01:05.203 --> 00:01:07.270
and I'll define these in a second.

00:01:07.270 --> 00:01:11.278
And then the third, let's
call that elite democracy.

00:01:11.278 --> 00:01:13.378
Elite democracy.

00:01:13.378 --> 00:01:17.070
Now, what do you think
participatory democracy means,

00:01:17.070 --> 00:01:19.194
based on the word participatory?

00:01:19.194 --> 00:01:22.027
Yes, as you might have guessed it implies

00:01:22.027 --> 00:01:25.194
broad participation of the population.

00:01:26.195 --> 00:01:27.997
Broad participation.

00:01:27.997 --> 00:01:30.843
What are examples of a
participatory democracy?

00:01:30.843 --> 00:01:35.283
Well, imagine a small town
that has maybe a few hundred

00:01:35.283 --> 00:01:38.522
or a few thousand people
and if there's an issue

00:01:38.522 --> 00:01:41.516
of whether to build a stop
light at an intersection

00:01:41.516 --> 00:01:43.817
or a change in some of the zoning laws,

00:01:43.817 --> 00:01:46.582
you can imagine a large
chunk of the town showing up

00:01:46.582 --> 00:01:49.475
to weigh in on that decision.

00:01:49.475 --> 00:01:51.294
Now, what are some of the benefits

00:01:51.294 --> 00:01:53.124
of a participatory democracy

00:01:53.124 --> 00:01:55.287
and what are some of the negatives?

00:01:55.287 --> 00:01:58.578
Well, the benefits are, and
I'll do those as pluses,

00:01:58.578 --> 00:02:01.936
a benefit is, well, it
kind of seems closest

00:02:01.936 --> 00:02:04.936
to the original spirit of a democracy.

00:02:04.936 --> 00:02:08.037
It's coming out of ancient
Greece, ancient Athens,

00:02:08.037 --> 00:02:11.104
the birthplace of democracy
where you did have residents

00:02:11.104 --> 00:02:13.696
go together and debate the major issues.

00:02:13.696 --> 00:02:15.054
Although even in ancient Athens

00:02:15.054 --> 00:02:17.321
you have to take participation
with a grain of salt

00:02:17.321 --> 00:02:19.279
because it wasn't everyone
who was participating.

00:02:19.279 --> 00:02:21.744
It was, for the most part, wealthy men

00:02:21.744 --> 00:02:25.744
who had the time to actually
sit and debate these issues.

00:02:25.744 --> 00:02:29.283
But, if we want to give a
participatory democracy its credit

00:02:29.283 --> 00:02:31.590
say in a small town, is that
you really are representing

00:02:31.590 --> 00:02:33.489
the views of the people.

00:02:33.489 --> 00:02:35.906
Representing the people well.

00:02:40.153 --> 00:02:43.088
The people are directly involved.

00:02:43.088 --> 00:02:46.433
Now, what are maybe some of the negatives?

00:02:46.433 --> 00:02:49.984
Well, it can get logistically difficult.

00:02:49.984 --> 00:02:52.702
We talked about a small town,

00:02:52.702 --> 00:02:55.019
but what if the town
gets a little bit bigger?

00:02:55.019 --> 00:02:56.375
Or what we're dealing with a state?

00:02:56.375 --> 00:02:57.940
Or we're dealing with a country

00:02:57.940 --> 00:03:00.370
where we're talking
about tens of thousands

00:03:00.370 --> 00:03:02.445
or hundreds of thousands or millions

00:03:02.445 --> 00:03:04.369
or tens of millions of people?

00:03:04.369 --> 00:03:06.008
How do you get all of those people

00:03:06.008 --> 00:03:08.898
to weigh in on an issue,
even logistically?

00:03:08.898 --> 00:03:10.426
How do they get informed about it,

00:03:10.426 --> 00:03:13.571
and are they even prepared
to weigh in on those issues?

00:03:13.571 --> 00:03:15.344
Sure, if you're in a
town you can think about

00:03:15.344 --> 00:03:17.149
whether an intersection should be there

00:03:17.149 --> 00:03:18.888
or whether they should
put a stop light there,

00:03:18.888 --> 00:03:21.749
but if we're talking
about matters of national

00:03:21.749 --> 00:03:24.359
or international importance influencing

00:03:24.359 --> 00:03:25.884
hundreds of millions of people,

00:03:25.884 --> 00:03:27.983
can you depend on people to be informed

00:03:27.983 --> 00:03:31.053
about the intricacies
of the banking system

00:03:31.053 --> 00:03:33.886
or the military or foreign policy?

00:03:34.933 --> 00:03:38.247
And so this is really a
question of, does this scale?

00:03:38.247 --> 00:03:41.677
And there really aren't any
good examples in history

00:03:41.677 --> 00:03:46.132
of direct democracy
scaling in significant ways

00:03:46.132 --> 00:03:48.695
beyond fairly small groups of people.

00:03:48.695 --> 00:03:50.826
In the United States the biggest scale

00:03:50.826 --> 00:03:53.590
where you might see
this are in things like

00:03:53.590 --> 00:03:56.989
ballot measures at the
city or the state level

00:03:56.989 --> 00:03:58.718
where people are directly voting

00:03:58.718 --> 00:04:01.262
on certain measures or certain laws.

00:04:01.262 --> 00:04:03.746
But even there, it's a limited scope

00:04:03.746 --> 00:04:06.678
for what the people will
actually weigh in on.

00:04:06.678 --> 00:04:08.678
Now, the next category that we talk about

00:04:08.678 --> 00:04:10.761
is a pluralist democracy.

00:04:11.636 --> 00:04:13.426
Pluralism is referring to the idea

00:04:13.426 --> 00:04:15.537
of many different parties.

00:04:15.537 --> 00:04:18.563
Same root as the word
plural, you have many things.

00:04:18.563 --> 00:04:21.977
So you have many different parties

00:04:21.977 --> 00:04:23.886
and many different competing interests

00:04:23.886 --> 00:04:28.053
that are going to have a
vigorous debate with each other

00:04:28.927 --> 00:04:31.602
on deciding what are the best ideas.

00:04:31.602 --> 00:04:34.798
And what are examples of
pluralist democracies?

00:04:34.798 --> 00:04:36.682
If you think about the United States,

00:04:36.682 --> 00:04:38.703
there are many different interest groups.

00:04:38.703 --> 00:04:40.554
You can think about all of
the different lobbyists,

00:04:40.554 --> 00:04:42.532
all of the different groups that represent

00:04:42.532 --> 00:04:44.732
different types of
people trying to convince

00:04:44.732 --> 00:04:47.257
members of Congress, either
at the national level,

00:04:47.257 --> 00:04:50.692
or even at the state level
that their interest is right.

00:04:50.692 --> 00:04:54.489
Even within Congress, even
though you have two major parties

00:04:54.489 --> 00:04:55.918
you can have different factions

00:04:55.918 --> 00:04:58.521
that are really trying to argue it out.

00:04:58.521 --> 00:05:02.346
Now, what are the benefits
of a pluralist democracy?

00:05:02.346 --> 00:05:04.236
Well, you can imagine that because

00:05:04.236 --> 00:05:08.508
there is this vigorous debate,
maybe the good ideas surface.

00:05:08.508 --> 00:05:10.091
Good ideas surface.

00:05:13.749 --> 00:05:17.246
You don't have domination
by just one party.

00:05:17.246 --> 00:05:21.413
No one group or a small
group of people domination.

00:05:28.374 --> 00:05:30.463
But then, on the other side of it,

00:05:30.463 --> 00:05:33.663
maybe they're some negatives,
what might those be?

00:05:33.663 --> 00:05:36.782
Well, maybe all of this
debate and argument

00:05:36.782 --> 00:05:41.075
is very inefficient, maybe
it's slow decision making.

00:05:41.075 --> 00:05:44.992
Slow decisions, or at an
extreme, no decisions.

00:05:46.568 --> 00:05:48.248
Some things like gridlock

00:05:48.248 --> 00:05:50.129
because people can't agree to things,

00:05:50.129 --> 00:05:51.637
that in order for anything to get done,

00:05:51.637 --> 00:05:54.045
you have to make too many people happy

00:05:54.045 --> 00:05:55.565
and they all have their interests.

00:05:55.565 --> 00:05:57.222
Maybe the opposite of good ideas surface.

00:05:57.222 --> 00:05:59.738
Maybe good ideas die
because it's very hard

00:05:59.738 --> 00:06:02.219
to make everyone happy.

00:06:02.219 --> 00:06:04.365
Now, the last category
that we're gonna talk about

00:06:04.365 --> 00:06:07.713
is the idea of an elite democracy,

00:06:07.713 --> 00:06:11.131
and this is where you have
more limited participation.

00:06:11.131 --> 00:06:13.268
So in some ways it's almost the opposite

00:06:13.268 --> 00:06:15.315
of a participatory democracy.

00:06:15.315 --> 00:06:18.815
So this is limited, limited participation.

00:06:20.678 --> 00:06:22.517
And even though I gave ancient Athens

00:06:22.517 --> 00:06:24.878
as an example of a
participatory democracy,

00:06:24.878 --> 00:06:29.205
it really was more of an elite
democracy where the people

00:06:29.205 --> 00:06:31.383
had the time and the
influence and the money,

00:06:31.383 --> 00:06:33.474
those were the ones who
were really weighing in

00:06:33.474 --> 00:06:36.169
on the issues of ancient Athens.

00:06:36.169 --> 00:06:38.811
And if you were to go
to the Roman republic,

00:06:38.811 --> 00:06:43.539
the Roman senators, these
were, once again, elite men.

00:06:43.539 --> 00:06:45.636
So what would you think are benefits

00:06:45.636 --> 00:06:47.469
of an elite democracy?

00:06:48.690 --> 00:06:52.482
Well, one might be that
these elites, so to speak,

00:06:52.482 --> 00:06:56.839
maybe they are more educated
than the general public

00:06:56.839 --> 00:07:01.635
and so that allows them to
make more informed decisions,

00:07:01.635 --> 00:07:03.949
especially on things
that are quite complex

00:07:03.949 --> 00:07:06.728
that would be hard for
everyone to weigh in on.

00:07:06.728 --> 00:07:09.256
If you're going to change
a new accounting standard,

00:07:09.256 --> 00:07:11.534
or think about how do you regulate

00:07:11.534 --> 00:07:13.397
the telecommunications industry

00:07:13.397 --> 00:07:16.678
or some very sophisticated
trade negotiation

00:07:16.678 --> 00:07:20.729
or foreign policy negotiation,
that education might help.

00:07:20.729 --> 00:07:23.479
And maybe it's also more decisive

00:07:24.471 --> 00:07:28.025
than either one of the
pluralist or the participatory.

00:07:28.025 --> 00:07:30.276
The participatory they
might be able to appeal

00:07:30.276 --> 00:07:33.688
to maybe baser instincts, just,
you know, people's passions

00:07:33.688 --> 00:07:36.476
while the pluralists, since
you have all of these groups

00:07:36.476 --> 00:07:38.734
competing even if something makes sense

00:07:38.734 --> 00:07:40.793
they might not be able
to make that decision,

00:07:40.793 --> 00:07:43.106
but if you have a smaller,
more limited group,

00:07:43.106 --> 00:07:46.210
limited participation, maybe
they can make these decisions

00:07:46.210 --> 00:07:49.454
a little bit clearer, but
what are the negatives here?

00:07:49.454 --> 00:07:52.486
Well, the clearest negative is, well,

00:07:52.486 --> 00:07:55.488
maybe this goes against the
whole idea of a democracy.

00:07:55.488 --> 00:07:57.890
If it's all about the elites,
maybe they do a good job

00:07:57.890 --> 00:08:00.975
at truly representing the
interests of the people,

00:08:00.975 --> 00:08:03.317
but maybe they are good at representing

00:08:03.317 --> 00:08:04.969
the interests of the elite.

00:08:04.969 --> 00:08:08.219
So do they really represent the people?

00:08:11.535 --> 00:08:15.285
Is this a democracy where
the people are sovereign,

00:08:15.285 --> 00:08:18.063
where the people rule, or
is this an oligarchy where

00:08:18.063 --> 00:08:22.230
only a few people rule and they
rule in their own interests?

00:08:23.204 --> 00:08:25.085
And so after watching this video,

00:08:25.085 --> 00:08:27.058
look at the world around you.

00:08:27.058 --> 00:08:28.648
Think about, in the United States,

00:08:28.648 --> 00:08:31.073
or whatever country you're watching from,

00:08:31.073 --> 00:08:33.761
what elements of a participatory
democracy do you see?

00:08:33.761 --> 00:08:35.946
What elements of a pluralist democracy,

00:08:35.946 --> 00:08:39.376
and what elements of an
elite democracy do you see?

00:08:39.376 --> 00:08:41.499
And as we'll see in other videos,

00:08:41.499 --> 00:08:45.838
these dimensions of democracy
were vigorously debated

00:08:45.838 --> 00:08:48.206
by the Founding Fathers
when they thought about

00:08:48.206 --> 00:08:50.889
whether to ratify the Constitution.

00:08:50.889 --> 00:08:52.922
We'll see this debate when we look at

00:08:52.922 --> 00:08:54.823
the Anti-Federalist Papers, especially

00:08:54.823 --> 00:08:57.780
we'll look closely at Brutus number one.

00:08:57.780 --> 00:09:00.990
We'll see this debate when we
look at the Federalist Papers,

00:09:00.990 --> 00:09:04.528
especially Federalist number
10, written by James Madison

00:09:04.528 --> 00:09:07.138
and I'll let you decide,
when we look at that,

00:09:07.138 --> 00:09:10.419
who was right and what
flavors of democracy

00:09:10.419 --> 00:09:14.558
are most dominant in the United
States at different levels.


The Articles of Confederation and Shays' Rebellion

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.636 --> 00:00:02.621
- [Instructor] As we talked
about in other videos,

00:00:02.621 --> 00:00:05.283
shortly after the
Declaration of Independence

00:00:05.283 --> 00:00:09.131
in July of 1776, the representatives from

00:00:09.131 --> 00:00:12.042
what were colonies but
now self-declared states

00:00:12.042 --> 00:00:14.609
had to think about how
to organize themselves.

00:00:14.609 --> 00:00:17.754
And so they start drafting
the Articles of Confederation,

00:00:17.754 --> 00:00:20.171
which go into effect in 1781.

00:00:21.037 --> 00:00:24.005
Now as we'll see,
Articles of Confederation

00:00:24.005 --> 00:00:28.076
do not provide for any type
of real central government.

00:00:28.076 --> 00:00:31.148
It really was a mutual defense union

00:00:31.148 --> 00:00:33.079
with a little bit of free trade,

00:00:33.079 --> 00:00:35.480
as well see in the text here.

00:00:35.480 --> 00:00:37.989
This is some of the beginning passages

00:00:37.989 --> 00:00:40.007
of the Articles of Confederation,

00:00:40.007 --> 00:00:41.926
and I encourage you to
read the whole thing,

00:00:41.926 --> 00:00:43.324
it's actually quite interesting.

00:00:43.324 --> 00:00:45.536
But you immediately see it
has a very different tone

00:00:45.536 --> 00:00:47.955
than the one that we see
in the US Constitution.

00:00:47.955 --> 00:00:49.991
The Constitution starts
with "we the people,"

00:00:49.991 --> 00:00:51.932
while the Articles of
Confederation starts with

00:00:51.932 --> 00:00:55.779
"to all to whom these
Presents shall come,"

00:00:55.779 --> 00:00:57.811
so it's almost, you know,

00:00:57.811 --> 00:00:59.770
kind of an awkward business letter.

00:00:59.770 --> 00:01:01.494
"We the undersigned
Delegates of the States

00:01:01.494 --> 00:01:04.672
"affixed to our Names send greeting.

00:01:04.672 --> 00:01:07.491
"Articles of Confederation
and perpetual Union

00:01:07.491 --> 00:01:10.670
"between the states of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay,

00:01:10.670 --> 00:01:13.538
"Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,

00:01:13.538 --> 00:01:16.013
"Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania,

00:01:16.013 --> 00:01:18.323
"Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina,

00:01:18.323 --> 00:01:19.830
"South Carolina and Georgia.

00:01:19.830 --> 00:01:23.483
"The Stile of this Confederacy shall be

00:01:23.483 --> 00:01:26.233
"'The United States of America.'"

00:01:27.582 --> 00:01:29.251
This part is interesting.

00:01:29.251 --> 00:01:31.915
"Each state retains its sovereignty,"

00:01:31.915 --> 00:01:33.520
so it rules over itself,

00:01:33.520 --> 00:01:36.847
it's not giving up its sovereignty
to some type of a union.

00:01:36.847 --> 00:01:40.529
So it "retains its
sovereignty, its freedom,

00:01:40.529 --> 00:01:44.067
"and independence, and every
power, jurisdiction, and right,

00:01:44.067 --> 00:01:46.073
"which is not by this Confederation

00:01:46.073 --> 00:01:48.490
"expressly delegated to the United States,

00:01:48.490 --> 00:01:50.408
"in Congress assembled."

00:01:50.408 --> 00:01:51.963
So they're really viewing themselves

00:01:51.963 --> 00:01:54.636
as independent countries
that are next to each other

00:01:54.636 --> 00:01:58.856
that for the sake of fighting
the Revolutionary War,

00:01:58.856 --> 00:02:01.701
agree to things like mutual
defense and free trade,

00:02:01.701 --> 00:02:03.837
but they are really separate countries.

00:02:03.837 --> 00:02:07.542
"The said States hereby severally
enter into a firm league

00:02:07.542 --> 00:02:10.344
"of friendship with each other,
for their common defense,"

00:02:10.344 --> 00:02:12.451
so this is that mutual defense idea,

00:02:12.451 --> 00:02:14.888
"the security of their liberties,

00:02:14.888 --> 00:02:16.893
"and their mutual and general welfare,

00:02:16.893 --> 00:02:19.341
"binding themselves to assist each other

00:02:19.341 --> 00:02:23.471
"against all force offered
to, or attacks made upon them,

00:02:23.471 --> 00:02:26.886
"or any of them, on account of
religion, sovereignty, trade,

00:02:26.886 --> 00:02:29.794
"or any other pretense whatever."

00:02:29.794 --> 00:02:32.690
And then it says, "the better
to secure and perpetuate

00:02:32.690 --> 00:02:35.126
"mutual friendship and
intercourse among the people

00:02:35.126 --> 00:02:36.847
"of the different States in this Union,

00:02:36.847 --> 00:02:39.251
"the free inhabitants of
each of these States...

00:02:39.251 --> 00:02:41.805
"shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities

00:02:41.805 --> 00:02:43.942
"of free citizens in the several States;

00:02:43.942 --> 00:02:47.773
"and the people of each State
shall free ingress and regess

00:02:47.773 --> 00:02:50.848
"to and from any other State,
and shall enjoy therein

00:02:50.848 --> 00:02:53.877
"all the privileges of
trade and commerce."

00:02:53.877 --> 00:02:56.310
So people could travel back
and forth between these states,

00:02:56.310 --> 00:02:59.177
there would be free trade,
but these would be viewed

00:02:59.177 --> 00:03:01.182
as different countries.

00:03:01.182 --> 00:03:02.992
One interesting thing that you don't hear

00:03:02.992 --> 00:03:05.236
people talk a lot about, there
is even a little passage here

00:03:05.236 --> 00:03:09.333
that allows Canada to
join this confederation.

00:03:09.333 --> 00:03:12.031
"Canada, acceding to this confederation,

00:03:12.031 --> 00:03:14.751
"and adjoining in the
measures of the United States,

00:03:14.751 --> 00:03:18.212
"shall be admitted into, and
entitled to all the advanatages

00:03:18.212 --> 00:03:20.956
"of this Union; but no other
colony shall be admitted

00:03:20.956 --> 00:03:22.797
"into the same, unless such admission

00:03:22.797 --> 00:03:24.433
"be agreed to by nine States."

00:03:24.433 --> 00:03:26.631
So they're saying hey, if Canada agrees,

00:03:26.631 --> 00:03:30.400
they are pre-agreeing to allow
Canada to join this union,

00:03:30.400 --> 00:03:32.853
which Canada obviously does not join.

00:03:32.853 --> 00:03:36.056
But it's interesting to think
that they thought about this.

00:03:36.056 --> 00:03:38.301
Now what are the weaknesses here?

00:03:38.301 --> 00:03:41.021
Well the most obvious one,
I don't have the entire

00:03:41.021 --> 00:03:42.751
Articles of Confederation here,

00:03:42.751 --> 00:03:46.748
but how does this United States
of America wield its power?

00:03:46.748 --> 00:03:48.349
Where does its money come from?

00:03:48.349 --> 00:03:51.752
It turns out that if it
needs to generate revenue

00:03:51.752 --> 00:03:53.357
in order to take some action,

00:03:53.357 --> 00:03:56.151
it can't tax the citizens of the states,

00:03:56.151 --> 00:03:58.316
the states can only do that themselves.

00:03:58.316 --> 00:04:00.554
Instead it has to apply to the states

00:04:00.554 --> 00:04:04.223
in order to contribute to
the United States of America.

00:04:04.223 --> 00:04:06.806
If you want to take some
type of unified action,

00:04:06.806 --> 00:04:09.315
well you would have to have delegates

00:04:09.315 --> 00:04:11.513
from the various states, and meet together

00:04:11.513 --> 00:04:12.907
and decide what to do.

00:04:12.907 --> 00:04:14.762
You wouldn't have any strong leader

00:04:14.762 --> 00:04:17.121
being able to take decisive action.

00:04:17.121 --> 00:04:19.219
And so there really wasn't a notion

00:04:19.219 --> 00:04:20.818
of a central government here.

00:04:20.818 --> 00:04:24.918
There wasn't even a notion
of one country, one nation.

00:04:24.918 --> 00:04:29.463
It really was about
different sovereign states.

00:04:29.463 --> 00:04:32.252
And all of this, as we'll
see, will come to a head

00:04:32.252 --> 00:04:33.669
in the mid-1780s.

00:04:35.286 --> 00:04:38.951
The United States has a
significant amount of debt

00:04:38.951 --> 00:04:41.563
exiting the American Revolutionary War.

00:04:41.563 --> 00:04:44.352
Debt to countries like France.

00:04:44.352 --> 00:04:46.479
You also have debt on
the individual level.

00:04:46.479 --> 00:04:51.166
Merchants owe money to
European merchants and traders

00:04:51.166 --> 00:04:54.106
and lenders, and these
lenders weren't interested

00:04:54.106 --> 00:04:57.020
in paper currency from
these newly created states.

00:04:57.020 --> 00:04:59.543
They wanted hard
currency, they wanted gold

00:04:59.543 --> 00:05:00.756
and they want silver.

00:05:00.756 --> 00:05:02.898
And so many of the merchants
in the United States

00:05:02.898 --> 00:05:05.988
in turn put pressure on the
people they lend money to,

00:05:05.988 --> 00:05:09.192
especially poor farmers, many
of whom had been veterans

00:05:09.192 --> 00:05:10.517
in the Revolutionary War,

00:05:10.517 --> 00:05:13.260
to pay their debts in hard currency.

00:05:13.260 --> 00:05:15.277
And so you can imagine these poor farmers

00:05:15.277 --> 00:05:17.255
who were kind of the
bottom of this food chain

00:05:17.255 --> 00:05:19.422
were in a pretty tough bind.

00:05:19.422 --> 00:05:21.487
They had fought in the Revolutionary War,

00:05:21.487 --> 00:05:23.194
they had risked their lives,

00:05:23.194 --> 00:05:24.991
many of them had been injured,

00:05:24.991 --> 00:05:28.138
but they actually did not
get paid for their service,

00:05:28.138 --> 00:05:29.561
to a large degree.

00:05:29.561 --> 00:05:32.767
And then now, they were not
able to even survive as farmers,

00:05:32.767 --> 00:05:36.110
because not only were they
not able to borrow new funds,

00:05:36.110 --> 00:05:37.879
but some of their existing funds

00:05:37.879 --> 00:05:40.401
they had to pay back in hard currency,

00:05:40.401 --> 00:05:43.724
which wasn't available
in the United States.

00:05:43.724 --> 00:05:47.080
And so all of this tension
eventually comes to a head

00:05:47.080 --> 00:05:49.445
in western Massachusetts.

00:05:49.445 --> 00:05:52.472
This right here is a
picture of Daniel Shays,

00:05:52.472 --> 00:05:55.515
who was one of these poor
farmers in western Massachusetts

00:05:55.515 --> 00:05:59.140
who was also a veteran of the
American Revolutionary War

00:05:59.140 --> 00:06:01.307
who was not paid for his service.

00:06:01.307 --> 00:06:04.501
And so he eventually
becomes one of the leaders

00:06:04.501 --> 00:06:08.669
of these rebellious former
veterans, poor farmers,

00:06:08.669 --> 00:06:10.720
and they start taking the courthouses

00:06:10.720 --> 00:06:13.809
of western Massachusetts,
making them inoperable.

00:06:13.809 --> 00:06:16.052
These were the courthouses
where people had to report to

00:06:16.052 --> 00:06:19.407
in order to talk about how
they would repay their debt.

00:06:19.407 --> 00:06:23.668
Well you can imagine this
worried many of the merchants

00:06:23.668 --> 00:06:25.700
who these people owed their debt to.

00:06:25.700 --> 00:06:28.004
It also worried many of
the founding fathers,

00:06:28.004 --> 00:06:30.112
because it took some time

00:06:30.112 --> 00:06:33.081
for the government of Massachusetts

00:06:33.081 --> 00:06:34.917
to be able to react to this,

00:06:34.917 --> 00:06:36.715
and while that was happening,

00:06:36.715 --> 00:06:40.042
through mid-1786 into
the beginning of 1787,

00:06:40.042 --> 00:06:43.963
this rebellion got stronger
and stronger and stronger.

00:06:43.963 --> 00:06:46.796
Eventually, on January 25th, 1787,

00:06:48.031 --> 00:06:50.169
we see things coming to a head

00:06:50.169 --> 00:06:53.435
where Daniel Shays is leading his rebels

00:06:53.435 --> 00:06:56.107
to take the armory in
Springfield, Massachusetts,

00:06:56.107 --> 00:06:57.665
which is in western Massachusetts,

00:06:57.665 --> 00:06:59.849
but stopped by militia.

00:06:59.849 --> 00:07:03.469
This is a militia that's paid
for by merchants in the area,

00:07:03.469 --> 00:07:05.745
who probably want their debt paid,

00:07:05.745 --> 00:07:07.746
or just wanted functioning courthouses,

00:07:07.746 --> 00:07:10.286
or did not want all of
these rioting farmers

00:07:10.286 --> 00:07:11.643
and former veterans.

00:07:11.643 --> 00:07:14.516
And so this rebellion is put down,

00:07:14.516 --> 00:07:16.813
but it shows the weakness inherent

00:07:16.813 --> 00:07:18.910
in the Articles of Confederation.

00:07:18.910 --> 00:07:22.299
This rebellion starts having
the potential to spread

00:07:22.299 --> 00:07:24.631
well beyond Massachusetts.

00:07:24.631 --> 00:07:26.916
But there was not a coordinated action.

00:07:26.916 --> 00:07:29.257
In fact, it took many
months to even be able

00:07:29.257 --> 00:07:31.817
to field a militia against the rebellion.

00:07:31.817 --> 00:07:33.902
It also highlighted the weakness

00:07:33.902 --> 00:07:36.760
of not having one central government

00:07:36.760 --> 00:07:38.673
that could take decisive action.

00:07:38.673 --> 00:07:40.503
Also one central government

00:07:40.503 --> 00:07:43.098
that could generate its own revenue

00:07:43.098 --> 00:07:45.693
through taxing the citizens
of all of the states

00:07:45.693 --> 00:07:49.367
and using that for things like a military,

00:07:49.367 --> 00:07:53.076
or being able to negotiate
debts with foreign countries.

00:07:53.076 --> 00:07:56.384
And so Shays' Rebellion is
cited by many historians

00:07:56.384 --> 00:07:59.429
as one of the main catalysts,
after it was put down,

00:07:59.429 --> 00:08:03.062
for having the Constitutional
Convention in mid-1787

00:08:03.062 --> 00:08:06.736
to rethink the Articles of Confederation.

00:08:06.736 --> 00:08:08.516
Now as we talked about in other videos,

00:08:08.516 --> 00:08:10.779
many people went to
this convention thinking

00:08:10.779 --> 00:08:12.985
we're not just gonna edit the
Articles of Confederation,

00:08:12.985 --> 00:08:15.913
we need to create a
stronger central government.

00:08:15.913 --> 00:08:17.363
We need a federalist system where yes,

00:08:17.363 --> 00:08:19.177
the states can have rights,

00:08:19.177 --> 00:08:20.901
but we also need a central government.

00:08:20.901 --> 00:08:22.651
We need a strong leader

00:08:22.651 --> 00:08:24.568
at the head of that central government.

00:08:24.568 --> 00:08:28.326
And so they do draft what
is now the Constitution

00:08:28.326 --> 00:08:30.775
at this convention, and
after the convention,

00:08:30.775 --> 00:08:33.894
they sell this new constitution,

00:08:33.894 --> 00:08:35.995
because remember, it has to
be ratified by the states

00:08:35.995 --> 00:08:37.742
through the Federalist Papers,

00:08:37.742 --> 00:08:39.643
which we also talk about in other videos,

00:08:39.643 --> 00:08:41.290
Hamilton organized it,

00:08:41.290 --> 00:08:43.115
but James Madison and John Jay

00:08:43.115 --> 00:08:44.836
also significant contributors,

00:08:44.836 --> 00:08:47.289
and eventually, the
Articles of Confederation

00:08:47.289 --> 00:08:50.672
does get replaced, the
Constitution is ratified,

00:08:50.672 --> 00:08:54.339
and it becomes effective
on March 4th, 1789.


Democratic ideals of US government

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.752 --> 00:00:01.874
- [Instructor] What we're
gonna do in this video

00:00:01.874 --> 00:00:04.142
is discuss some of the foundational ideas

00:00:04.142 --> 00:00:06.511
for the United States of America.

00:00:06.511 --> 00:00:08.960
And we could start at the
most foundational of ideas

00:00:08.960 --> 00:00:12.293
and that's the notion of natural rights.

00:00:14.033 --> 00:00:17.120
John Locke, one of the
significant Enlightenment thinkers

00:00:17.120 --> 00:00:20.037
describes rights like life, liberty

00:00:21.505 --> 00:00:24.065
and you might expect me to
say pursuit of happiness,

00:00:24.065 --> 00:00:25.074
which is what we see in

00:00:25.074 --> 00:00:26.224
the Declaration of Independence,

00:00:26.224 --> 00:00:30.657
but John Locke refers to
life, liberty and property.

00:00:30.657 --> 00:00:33.777
But even though his version
is a little bit different

00:00:33.777 --> 00:00:35.698
than what ends up in the
Declaration of Independence,

00:00:35.698 --> 00:00:38.019
most historians believe
that Thomas Jefferson

00:00:38.019 --> 00:00:41.294
was heavily influenced
by John Locke's idea

00:00:41.294 --> 00:00:43.843
of natural rights when Jefferson wrote

00:00:43.843 --> 00:00:46.227
the Declaration of Independence.

00:00:46.227 --> 00:00:48.209
And the idea here is that these are rights

00:00:48.209 --> 00:00:50.501
that people should be born with,

00:00:50.501 --> 00:00:52.087
that should never be taken away from them.

00:00:52.087 --> 00:00:54.993
And in the video on social contract,

00:00:54.993 --> 00:00:56.944
we talk about the idea of why

00:00:56.944 --> 00:00:58.686
someone would form a government.

00:00:58.686 --> 00:01:01.008
They would form a government,
they would give some rights

00:01:01.008 --> 00:01:04.572
to a government in order to
protect these basic rights,

00:01:04.572 --> 00:01:06.627
things like life, liberty, property,

00:01:06.627 --> 00:01:08.050
the pursuit of happiness.

00:01:08.050 --> 00:01:09.887
And so you might have some other rights

00:01:09.887 --> 00:01:13.009
that one would say in a state
of nature people might have,

00:01:13.009 --> 00:01:16.342
the right to do physical harm on others,

00:01:18.097 --> 00:01:20.514
the right to imprison others,

00:01:22.800 --> 00:01:24.800
the right to tax others.

00:01:26.071 --> 00:01:27.845
But in a social contract,

00:01:27.845 --> 00:01:30.736
we decide, hey, instead of everyone

00:01:30.736 --> 00:01:32.757
trying to figure out things on their own,

00:01:32.757 --> 00:01:36.007
let's give these rights to a government

00:01:37.301 --> 00:01:41.134
and in exchange, the
government should protect

00:01:44.702 --> 00:01:46.443
all of these rights for the individuals.

00:01:46.443 --> 00:01:47.465
And, once again,

00:01:47.465 --> 00:01:49.390
this is review from the
social contract video.

00:01:49.390 --> 00:01:52.684
This is a notion of a social contract.

00:01:52.684 --> 00:01:56.184
Now the next question is, all right,

00:01:56.184 --> 00:01:58.074
so if we are willing to engage

00:01:58.074 --> 00:02:00.289
in the social contract with a government,

00:02:00.289 --> 00:02:03.579
what type of a government should it be?

00:02:03.579 --> 00:02:05.293
And throughout most of human history,

00:02:05.293 --> 00:02:08.700
governments have been
things like monarchies,

00:02:08.700 --> 00:02:10.313
where you have a single individual,

00:02:10.313 --> 00:02:12.320
maybe a king or queen, an emperor

00:02:12.320 --> 00:02:14.851
some type of a conqueror,
who is the sovereign,

00:02:14.851 --> 00:02:16.934
who rules over the state.

00:02:17.776 --> 00:02:20.696
But you could have, you
could instead of having one,

00:02:20.696 --> 00:02:24.707
you could have a small group,
which would be an oligarchy,

00:02:24.707 --> 00:02:28.144
or you could go to the other extreme,

00:02:28.144 --> 00:02:30.977
where the people are sovereign.

00:02:30.977 --> 00:02:32.307
And the word for that,

00:02:32.307 --> 00:02:34.979
and this is a key idea
for the United States,

00:02:34.979 --> 00:02:37.646
is popular, popular sovereignty,

00:02:39.057 --> 00:02:41.480
the people are sovereign.

00:02:41.480 --> 00:02:45.153
The government is
accountable to the people.

00:02:45.153 --> 00:02:49.236
Sometimes this could be
referred to as democracy.

00:02:51.334 --> 00:02:53.630
Now the Founding Fathers
of the United States

00:02:53.630 --> 00:02:57.928
were a little bit
suspicious of pure democracy

00:02:57.928 --> 00:03:00.215
or direct popular sovereignty.

00:03:00.215 --> 00:03:02.652
They were afraid that if
you start having factions

00:03:02.652 --> 00:03:04.859
and a majority faction
were to come to power,

00:03:04.859 --> 00:03:08.191
if you have a straight
democracy, then they might use

00:03:08.191 --> 00:03:11.465
that power to strip some
of the natural rights

00:03:11.465 --> 00:03:13.288
of say their political enemies

00:03:13.288 --> 00:03:16.109
or people that they just don't agree with.

00:03:16.109 --> 00:03:18.987
And so you have this other
idea of limited government.

00:03:18.987 --> 00:03:20.570
Limited government.

00:03:23.467 --> 00:03:26.523
And some of the key things
that limit the government,

00:03:26.523 --> 00:03:28.613
you could just say
generally the rule of law,

00:03:28.613 --> 00:03:31.354
things like the Constitution, including

00:03:31.354 --> 00:03:33.191
how the government is structured,

00:03:33.191 --> 00:03:34.644
the checks and balances in it.

00:03:34.644 --> 00:03:39.238
The Bill of Rights, clearly
is a check on government.

00:03:39.238 --> 00:03:41.420
And you don't just have limited government

00:03:41.420 --> 00:03:42.562
when you have a democracy,

00:03:42.562 --> 00:03:44.488
you could have a limited
government even in a monarchy.

00:03:44.488 --> 00:03:45.940
The United Kingdom is officially

00:03:45.940 --> 00:03:47.306
a constitutional monarchy,

00:03:47.306 --> 00:03:49.737
where you have a monarch who's sovereign,

00:03:49.737 --> 00:03:53.509
has very limited powers
because of things like

00:03:53.509 --> 00:03:55.365
the rule of law.

00:03:55.365 --> 00:03:56.946
Now the last idea,

00:03:56.946 --> 00:03:58.534
that we're gonna talk about in this video,

00:03:58.534 --> 00:04:02.701
is the notion of a republic,
or the idea of republicanism.

00:04:04.199 --> 00:04:08.008
Because the Founding
Fathers didn't actually like

00:04:08.008 --> 00:04:09.925
calling the United States a democracy.

00:04:09.925 --> 00:04:13.015
Instead, they favored
calling it a republic.

00:04:13.015 --> 00:04:16.242
And the word republic
can mean different things

00:04:16.242 --> 00:04:17.682
to different people today,

00:04:17.682 --> 00:04:19.351
depending on what context you use.

00:04:19.351 --> 00:04:21.931
To some folks, today, it
means any form of government

00:04:21.931 --> 00:04:23.786
that's not a monarchy.

00:04:23.786 --> 00:04:27.398
To other folks it means,
okay, you have a democracy,

00:04:27.398 --> 00:04:28.953
you have popular sovereignty,

00:04:28.953 --> 00:04:30.742
but you have limited government.

00:04:30.742 --> 00:04:33.769
You still have rights
that protect minorities,

00:04:33.769 --> 00:04:36.824
rights that make sure that
even if people are not

00:04:36.824 --> 00:04:39.543
in the majority, they are protected.

00:04:39.543 --> 00:04:41.157
To the Founding Fathers,

00:04:41.157 --> 00:04:44.438
they had a version of
this notion of republic.

00:04:44.438 --> 00:04:46.881
They did view a republic as something

00:04:46.881 --> 00:04:50.279
that would prevent the
passions of an unfettered

00:04:50.279 --> 00:04:51.787
pure democracy.

00:04:51.787 --> 00:04:54.182
But they thought it came mainly by having

00:04:54.182 --> 00:04:57.237
a representative democracy,

00:04:57.237 --> 00:04:59.500
that if you had a smaller group
of elected representatives,

00:04:59.500 --> 00:05:02.494
as opposed to everyone getting
involved in every issue,

00:05:02.494 --> 00:05:05.335
that they could calm the
passions of the crowds,

00:05:05.335 --> 00:05:06.688
so to speak.

00:05:06.688 --> 00:05:08.263
They also thought it was
logistically more practical.

00:05:08.263 --> 00:05:10.445
Sure, ancient Athens could
have something closer

00:05:10.445 --> 00:05:13.304
to a pure democracy, but that
was just a small city state.

00:05:13.304 --> 00:05:16.230
Well, here, even the 13
colonies were significantly

00:05:16.230 --> 00:05:19.387
more vast, and obviously the United States

00:05:19.387 --> 00:05:22.036
would become even more vast than that.

00:05:22.036 --> 00:05:24.242
And to appreciate this notion of republic,

00:05:24.242 --> 00:05:27.992
right over here is a
quote from James Madison

00:05:29.847 --> 00:05:32.968
in The Federalist Papers, Number 10.

00:05:32.968 --> 00:05:35.051
And just for some context on the what

00:05:35.051 --> 00:05:36.281
The Federalist Papers even were,

00:05:36.281 --> 00:05:37.779
as we mentioned,

00:05:37.779 --> 00:05:39.880
shortly after the
Declaration of Independence,

00:05:39.880 --> 00:05:42.885
the Founding Fathers start drafting the

00:05:42.885 --> 00:05:43.897
Articles of Confederation.

00:05:43.897 --> 00:05:46.696
They go into effect in 1781.

00:05:46.696 --> 00:05:50.165
But this is really a loose
confederation of states

00:05:50.165 --> 00:05:52.442
that each, individually,
think of themselves

00:05:52.442 --> 00:05:53.859
as sovereign states.

00:05:53.859 --> 00:05:55.884
And it's really a pact that they'll engage

00:05:55.884 --> 00:05:59.209
in war together, diplomacy
together, free trade.

00:05:59.209 --> 00:06:01.799
But you have Shays's Rebellion,

00:06:01.799 --> 00:06:03.494
and it's very clear, and
we'll talk about this

00:06:03.494 --> 00:06:05.465
in other videos, that the
Articles of Confederation

00:06:05.465 --> 00:06:07.720
are not powerful enough.

00:06:07.720 --> 00:06:09.403
And so you have a
constitutional convention

00:06:09.403 --> 00:06:13.130
in mid 1787, in which James
Madison is a central figure.

00:06:13.130 --> 00:06:14.628
Some people discuss him

00:06:14.628 --> 00:06:17.321
as the Father of the US Constitution.

00:06:17.321 --> 00:06:19.957
They draft what is today the Constitution,

00:06:19.957 --> 00:06:22.279
but then they have to
sell it to the states

00:06:22.279 --> 00:06:24.041
in order for it to be ratified.

00:06:24.041 --> 00:06:26.491
Alexander Hamilton has the idea of,

00:06:26.491 --> 00:06:29.268
"Hey, why don't we publish
a series of papers?'

00:06:29.268 --> 00:06:31.636
And they eventually publish 85 papers,

00:06:31.636 --> 00:06:34.025
which will collectively be
known as The Federalist Papers.

00:06:34.025 --> 00:06:36.185
And Hamilton writes most of them,

00:06:36.185 --> 00:06:39.643
but he also recruits James
Madison and John Jay.

00:06:39.643 --> 00:06:41.748
And Federalist Papers, Number 10,

00:06:41.748 --> 00:06:43.338
which is perhaps the most famous,

00:06:43.338 --> 00:06:46.655
is James Madison's discussion
of how do you avoid

00:06:46.655 --> 00:06:49.070
factions taking over the government

00:06:49.070 --> 00:06:52.430
and doing things that are not
in the interest of the people.

00:06:52.430 --> 00:06:54.299
And I encourage you to read

00:06:54.299 --> 00:06:56.527
all of Federalist Papers, Number 10.

00:06:56.527 --> 00:06:58.058
But I have a very small quote here.

00:06:58.058 --> 00:07:00.856
And this is James Madisons' notion

00:07:00.856 --> 00:07:02.054
of what a republic was,

00:07:02.054 --> 00:07:04.516
and he thought the United
States should be republic.

00:07:04.516 --> 00:07:06.536
"The two great points of difference

00:07:06.536 --> 00:07:09.529
"between a democracy and a republic are:

00:07:09.529 --> 00:07:13.696
"First, the delegation of
government in the latter,"

00:07:14.535 --> 00:07:15.880
so he's talking about a republic,

00:07:15.880 --> 00:07:19.527
"to a small number of
citizens elected by the rest."

00:07:19.527 --> 00:07:22.198
So he's really talking about
representative democracy.

00:07:22.198 --> 00:07:24.856
But he thought this was a key
component of being a republic.

00:07:24.856 --> 00:07:28.718
"Secondly, the greater number of citizens

00:07:28.718 --> 00:07:30.476
"and greater sphere of country

00:07:30.476 --> 00:07:33.191
"over which the latter may be extended."

00:07:33.191 --> 00:07:35.189
That only through a
representative government

00:07:35.189 --> 00:07:37.267
could you actually
govern over 13 colonies,

00:07:37.267 --> 00:07:39.357
or even beyond 13 colonies.

00:07:39.357 --> 00:07:41.857
And that's why, today,
obviously you might've had

00:07:41.857 --> 00:07:43.119
something closer to a pure democracy

00:07:43.119 --> 00:07:46.224
in ancient Athens, which was a city state.

00:07:46.224 --> 00:07:48.256
But, today, almost any democracy

00:07:48.256 --> 00:07:51.391
is some form of representative democracy,

00:07:51.391 --> 00:07:55.582
which James Madison would
consider to be a republic.

00:07:55.582 --> 00:07:58.192
But if you wanted to classify
the United States today,

00:07:58.192 --> 00:08:02.275
a fair term might be it
is a democratic republic.

00:08:02.275 --> 00:08:04.334
You definitely have popular sovereignty,

00:08:04.334 --> 00:08:06.112
the people are considered sovereign,

00:08:06.112 --> 00:08:07.517
but they don't rule directly,

00:08:07.517 --> 00:08:10.570
they rule through representatives,

00:08:10.570 --> 00:08:15.179
which by Madison's definition
would make it a republic.

00:08:15.179 --> 00:08:17.311
So now that you're armed with
some of these basic ideas,

00:08:17.311 --> 00:08:19.887
I encourage you to engage even more

00:08:19.887 --> 00:08:22.400
with some of the founding
documents for the United States.

00:08:22.400 --> 00:08:24.781
And on top of the
Declaration of Independence

00:08:24.781 --> 00:08:27.231
and the US Constitution,
I encourage you to read

00:08:27.231 --> 00:08:29.247
as many of the Federalist
Papers as possible,

00:08:29.247 --> 00:08:32.223
because it's really an
explanation of the ideas

00:08:32.223 --> 00:08:34.159
behind the US Constitution.

00:08:34.159 --> 00:08:37.517
And you should start with
Federalist Papers, Number 10.

00:08:37.517 --> 00:08:40.834
As you'll see, James
Madison is quite insightful.

00:08:40.834 --> 00:08:43.031
He predicts how factions might form,

00:08:43.031 --> 00:08:45.526
how parties might form,
and not always do things

00:08:45.526 --> 00:08:46.956
in the interest of its people.

00:08:46.956 --> 00:08:49.472
But I'll leave you decide
whether he was right,

00:08:49.472 --> 00:08:52.546
whether forming a republic helps

00:08:52.546 --> 00:08:54.223
this notion of factionalism.

00:08:54.223 --> 00:08:56.543
And look at the world that we are in today

00:08:56.543 --> 00:08:59.026
and think about whether
James Madison would be happy,

00:08:59.026 --> 00:09:01.468
or maybe he would be
a little bit uncertain

00:09:01.468 --> 00:09:02.902
about how things turned out.