Sal discusses the Breakthrough Junior Challenge

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- Hi, this is Sal Khan
of the Khan Academy,

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and I just wanted to let all of you know

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about a really exciting
challenge that's going on.

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It applies to any student
that is between the ages

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of 13 and 18 years old,
anywhere in the world.

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And so if you're one of them,

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you should definitely listen to this.

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But, if you know anyone
between the ages of 13 and 18,

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this could be life-changing for them,

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so you should also listen
and then tell them about it.

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So, what I'm talking about is the

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Breakthrough Junior Challenge,

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and you can learn more about it at

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BreakthroughJuniorChallenge.org

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But, it's a partnership that we have

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with the Breakthrough Prize.

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The Breakthrough Prize
is, essentially like

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a new Nobel prize for
people making breakthroughs

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in Math, Science, major
contributions to humanity.

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And, as part of this, the
Breakthrough Junior Challenge

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is all about young people
between the ages of 13 and 18

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creating videos that explain
something about the universe

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that we didn't, either we
didn't appreciate before

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or know before, or
something that we did know

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but explaining it in a pretty cool,

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profound, approachable, maybe funny way.

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And, this is a really big deal.

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The winner of this prize is going to get

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a $250,000 scholarship.

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Yes, that is four zeros after the 25.

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$250,000 scholarship, so it'll pretty much

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pay for any college out there.

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The winner of last year's
prize, Ryan Chester,

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he is now able to go to college
on this $250,000 scholarship

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and he got into Harvard,
and I could imagine

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that winning this prize was a
good part of his application.

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But, that's not where it ends.

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There's going to be a
$100,000 lab for your school,

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a $100,000 science lab, and
$50,000 for your teacher.

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So, all in, we're talking
about $400,000 for a video

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that's going to be five minutes or less

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that explains something
in an interesting way.

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And, I really want to point
out, this doesn't have to be

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something with fancy
special effects or graphics,

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you could look at some of
the finalists from last year,

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look at Ryan Chester's videos,

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we really care about how it's
explained, and the content.

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It could be a video, like a
Khan Academy style of video,

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or it could be just a
background and some writing

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with maybe a few visuals, it
could be you at a chalkboard,

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or it could be a little bit more produced,

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it could be some live
action, whatever else.

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But, the key is, is it explains
something in Math or Science

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in a novel way, in an interesting way.

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And, someone out there
listening is going to win this.

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And it's going to be
a life-changing event,

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and more than just the
money and the opportunities

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that are going to open up,

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it's really the chance to help the world.

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Cause the whole reason
why this prize exists,

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is because we think that young people

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can look at the world in a different way,

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in a way that maybe people
who have been in a field

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for a long time, won't see it.

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And, by looking at it in a different way

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and explaining concepts, it'll
open up all of our minds,

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and potentially even
move the field forward.

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And, above and beyond
that, outside of the money,

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outside of helping the world,
which is a really big deal,

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the winners of the prize are going

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to come to Silicon Valley,

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come out here for the
Breakthrough Prize ceremony.

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They're gonna get their
prize on-stage alongside

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leaders in their field,

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it's going to be nationally televised,

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there's all sorts of celebrities
from the Silicon Valley,

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and Hollywood that are going to be there.

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You should look at some of
the videos from previous

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Breakthrough prizes,
it's really a big deal.

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I bought a tuxedo just for this event.

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So, you could imagine, I don't
own a lot of formal wear.

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So, once again, if you're interested

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and you really should be,

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because it's not about production value,

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it's about ideas, creativity, humor,

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and you're between ages 13 and 18,

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the deadline is October 10th.

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So, it's about three weeks

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from when I'm making this video right now,

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go to BreakthroughJuniorChallenge.org,

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I think you'd be surprised,

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this could be life-changing for you.

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And, remember, five
minutes max for the video.


The Seven Years' War part 2

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- [Narrator] So we've been
discussing the Seven Year's War

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in North America.

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Also commonly called the
French and Indian War

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but, as I mentioned in the last video

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I think Seven Year's War is a better name

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for this conflict because

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it was the first global war

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that happened more than 150 years

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before World War I.

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And this global war was

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at its heart,

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about who would be the
dominant empire in the world.

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Would it be England?

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Or would it be France?

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Now in the North American
theater of this war,

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England, France, their
Native American allies

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on both sides were vying for territory

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and particularly territory along the

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Appalachian mountain range

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in upstate New York, Canada.

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This kind of western territory that was

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the border between

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the English settlement and
Indian country to the west.

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In this video, let's
talk about how the war

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actually progressed

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and what it's consequences were

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for North America and later,

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the United States.

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All right, so we've got the English,

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the French, and

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a number of Native American tribes

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all kind of jostling for
position in North America.

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Now what stresses the British out the most

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is

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the presence of the French

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in the Ohio River Valley.

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Both, the British and the French

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have laid claim to this territory.

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And they're both eager to
strengthen their territorial

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claims, by building forts,

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and otherwise having a show
of possession of the area.

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They argue over who had
a presence there first.

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So to establish the English presence

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in the Ohio River Valley

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the English send a young officer

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named George Washington

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to build a fort.

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George Washington is only

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22 years old at the time.

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And he and his men go out

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to

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this area and they run
into some French with their

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Native American allies

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at Fort Duquesne

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which is where the Alaganee,

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Monhongahela, and Ohio
rivers come together.

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Which is today, Pittsburgh.

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So George Washington and his allies

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get the jump on the French.

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But, that doesn't last very long.

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They're overpowered and

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they fall back and establish

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Fort Necessity.

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On account of it was necessary.

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And they managed to hold
out for a little while

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but eventually the French,
the Canadians, and their

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Native America allies

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forced Washington to surrender.

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And he goes back to Virginia.

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So that's 1754.

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And we'll call that Fail number one.

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All right, so then

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a year later

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1755, the British

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try to displace the French from

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Fort Duquesne once again.

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And they send Major
General Edward Braddock

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with

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George Washington, once again,

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now he's 23.

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Back to Fort Duquesne

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and it's a complete disaster.

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This time, the French
and their Indian allies

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get the drop on the English, and with

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a much smaller force, completely

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desinate the English troops.

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And Braddock is killed.

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And George Washington

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has to take command

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of the retreat.

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So that's Fail number two.

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In general, this war
does not go terribly well

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for the British at the beginning,

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except in one area, Acadia, where

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the British manage to

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attain control

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and they kick out the

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French settlers,

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the Acadians, who are transported

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down to the French
settlement of New Orleans.

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In Louisiana.

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Where eventually, their
name becomes garbled

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and they're known as the Cajuns.

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Not the Acadians, but the Cajuns.

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In 1756

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England finally gets around
to actually declaring

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war on France.

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But it's really not for another year

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that the war starts to actually go well

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in 1757.

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And the reason that the
war starts going well

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for the English, finally,

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is that the Prime Minister, William Pitt,

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decides that he is going to

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pour money into this endeavor.

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So he thinks that the
English have just not had

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enough men, materials, money,

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Indian allies, up until this point.

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So he is really going to

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commit the British empire

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to

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exiling the French from this area

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of North America.

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So between 1757 and 1760,

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things really start
looking up for the British.

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They finally capture

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Fort Duquesne.

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And they capture

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the Ohio Valley.

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Nova Scotia.

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Upstate New York.

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And, Quebec.

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So, by 1760

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pretty much all the fighting
is done in North America.

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The English have more or less forced

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the French

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out of the eastern seaboard and Canada.

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And in 1763,

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the English and the French

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sit down to hammer out

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the Treaty of Paris.

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So the Treaty of Paris, in 1763,

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and I apologize, I cannot help the fact

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that there are like a
million treaties of Paris.

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There's also the Treaty
of Paris that ended the

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Revolutionary War.

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There's the Treaty of Paris that ended the

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Spanish American War.

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Paris was the place
where you made treaties

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and they're all called
the Treaty of Paris.

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But this is the one that happened in 1763.

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In general, this was a big victory.

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For the English.

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The English

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not only got

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most of France's possessions

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in the New World.

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They got New France,

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AKA Canada.

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They got

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Spanish Florida.

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Spain was fighting on the side of

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France.

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So they lose that.

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They got a bunch of Sugar Islands.

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In the Caribbean.

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And they pretty much

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got recognized as

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the premiere power in Europe.

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And the premiere imperial power.

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So, the largest and

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most powerful empire

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in the world.

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And let's not forget that
the colonial Americans

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citizens of Massachusetts, and New York,

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Pennsylvania, Virginia,

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they were on the winning side here.

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They fought alongside
the British regulars.

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They repelled the French and
their Native American allies.

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This was actually a pretty
big confidence boost

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for

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young America.

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But there were some other
consequences of this war.

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On the not so good side,

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the Seven Year's War was
not particularly good

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for Native Americans, in general.

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Both those who had
allied with the British.

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And those who had allied with the French.

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They no longer had

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two imperial powers

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vying against each other in North America

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that they could play off of each other.

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Now, Native Americans were only dealing

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with the British.

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Who certainly were not giving them

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a fair seat at the table.

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Not long after the Seven Year's War,

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they will institute what's called

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the Proclamation

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of 1763.

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Which was basically a boundary line

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along the Appalachian mountains

00:09:30.433 --> 00:09:32.610
saying that that was going to be the

00:09:32.610 --> 00:09:34.762
end of white settlement.

00:09:34.762 --> 00:09:36.694
That they would reserve

00:09:36.694 --> 00:09:38.697
all the lands west

00:09:38.697 --> 00:09:41.997
of the Appalachians for Native Americans.

00:09:41.997 --> 00:09:44.476
Well, you can imagine how much the

00:09:44.476 --> 00:09:46.986
American white settlers respected that.

00:09:46.986 --> 00:09:48.957
Which is to say, they completely

00:09:48.957 --> 00:09:51.038
ignored this boundary line.

00:09:51.038 --> 00:09:54.025
So, the Native Americans
will continue to be

00:09:54.025 --> 00:09:55.692
pushed farther west.

00:09:59.786 --> 00:10:01.619
And to develop more of

00:10:02.468 --> 00:10:05.068
what we call a race consciousness.

00:10:05.068 --> 00:10:08.259
The idea that they were all in

00:10:08.259 --> 00:10:10.238
one big group together

00:10:10.238 --> 00:10:12.685
who had to combine forces

00:10:12.685 --> 00:10:14.920
to repel English settlement.

00:10:14.920 --> 00:10:17.004
The other major outcome of the

00:10:17.004 --> 00:10:19.186
Seven Year's War was

00:10:19.186 --> 00:10:20.019
taxation.

00:10:22.855 --> 00:10:25.221
Remember that William Pitt won

00:10:25.221 --> 00:10:26.614
the Seven Year's War

00:10:26.614 --> 00:10:28.898
by pouring money into it.

00:10:28.898 --> 00:10:32.067
At the end of the Seven Year's War

00:10:32.067 --> 00:10:34.400
England is in a lot of debt.

00:10:35.522 --> 00:10:39.758
And, they have just
gone to a lot of trouble

00:10:39.758 --> 00:10:43.258
to protect their North American interests.

00:10:46.188 --> 00:10:48.938
Now, as they are looking for ways

00:10:50.118 --> 00:10:51.794
to make revenue

00:10:51.794 --> 00:10:53.938
to make up the deficit,

00:10:53.938 --> 00:10:56.388
the Seven Year's War has placed on them,

00:10:56.388 --> 00:10:59.232
they look at their
North American colonists

00:10:59.232 --> 00:11:02.149
and say, "You should pay your way."

00:11:04.575 --> 00:11:05.408
And,

00:11:06.311 --> 00:11:09.391
the American colonists, who have been used

00:11:09.391 --> 00:11:13.190
to more than century of called salutary,

00:11:13.190 --> 00:11:14.690
or benign neglect,

00:11:16.897 --> 00:11:19.355
are shocked and outraged

00:11:19.355 --> 00:11:22.504
that the British empire is
now clamping down on them.

00:11:22.504 --> 00:11:25.686
And the colonists reaction
to those new taxes

00:11:25.686 --> 00:11:28.909
will propel the colonies into revolution.


The Seven Years' War part 1

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.717 --> 00:00:03.312
- [Instructor] When we're
talking about major wars

00:00:03.312 --> 00:00:05.262
in colonial North America,

00:00:05.262 --> 00:00:08.873
we tend to think about
the American Revolution,

00:00:08.873 --> 00:00:13.546
not its earlier iteration,
the Seven Years' War,

00:00:13.546 --> 00:00:14.788
and I think that's a shame

00:00:14.788 --> 00:00:18.517
because the Seven Years' War
was incredibly influential

00:00:18.517 --> 00:00:20.879
not only on the American Revolution,

00:00:20.879 --> 00:00:23.741
but on the complexion of the world.

00:00:23.741 --> 00:00:26.126
Thanks to the Seven Years' War,

00:00:26.126 --> 00:00:28.793
Canada became a British country,

00:00:29.637 --> 00:00:31.677
not a French country.

00:00:31.677 --> 00:00:34.677
The Acadians moved down to Louisiana

00:00:35.540 --> 00:00:38.036
and became known as the Cajuns,

00:00:38.036 --> 00:00:41.484
and most importantly,
England became the world's

00:00:41.484 --> 00:00:42.984
preeminent empire.

00:00:45.801 --> 00:00:48.496
So if you've been
following along this far,

00:00:48.496 --> 00:00:51.067
you may have noticed two things.

00:00:51.067 --> 00:00:54.184
One, that the people who named this war

00:00:54.184 --> 00:00:56.478
seem to be very bad at math

00:00:56.478 --> 00:00:58.145
because 1754 to 1763

00:01:00.160 --> 00:01:02.243
is nine years, not seven,

00:01:04.669 --> 00:01:08.762
and that this war seems to have two names,

00:01:08.762 --> 00:01:10.146
both the Seven Years' War

00:01:10.146 --> 00:01:11.916
and the French and Indian War,

00:01:11.916 --> 00:01:14.602
which is a name you
perhaps have heard before.

00:01:14.602 --> 00:01:16.241
Well, lemme tackle those two oddities

00:01:16.241 --> 00:01:17.715
in reverse order.

00:01:17.715 --> 00:01:20.634
So not only does the Seven
Years' War have two names,

00:01:20.634 --> 00:01:23.355
it has a whole number of names.

00:01:23.355 --> 00:01:25.297
It's called the Seven Years' War,

00:01:25.297 --> 00:01:27.164
the French and Indian War,

00:01:27.164 --> 00:01:28.906
the War of the Conquest,

00:01:28.906 --> 00:01:30.770
the Pomeranian War,

00:01:30.770 --> 00:01:32.466
the Third Silesian War,

00:01:32.466 --> 00:01:34.561
the Third Carnatic War.

00:01:34.561 --> 00:01:37.033
This is a war with a whole bunch of names,

00:01:37.033 --> 00:01:39.066
and the reason that it
has a whole bunch of names

00:01:39.066 --> 00:01:42.426
is that it was fought in
a whole bunch of places.

00:01:42.426 --> 00:01:44.232
The Seven Years' War was really

00:01:44.232 --> 00:01:45.982
the first global war,

00:01:47.842 --> 00:01:51.925
and we're talking 150
years before World War One.

00:01:53.213 --> 00:01:55.140
Aspects of the Seven Years' War,

00:01:55.140 --> 00:01:57.410
as you can kinda see from this map,

00:01:57.410 --> 00:02:00.020
were fought in Europe,

00:02:00.020 --> 00:02:03.801
in South America, the coast of Africa,

00:02:03.801 --> 00:02:06.411
in India, the Philippines,

00:02:06.411 --> 00:02:09.078
and of course, in North America.

00:02:10.192 --> 00:02:12.474
The many different names come from

00:02:12.474 --> 00:02:15.490
the many different fronts of this war,

00:02:15.490 --> 00:02:17.304
and I would say that French and Indian War

00:02:17.304 --> 00:02:21.768
is actually the name for
the North American front

00:02:21.768 --> 00:02:24.606
of this war, or theater of this war.

00:02:24.606 --> 00:02:26.510
So there are two reasons why I think

00:02:26.510 --> 00:02:28.878
Seven Years' War is a better name

00:02:28.878 --> 00:02:30.400
than French and Indian War.

00:02:30.400 --> 00:02:33.528
One is that Seven Years'
War gets at the idea

00:02:33.528 --> 00:02:36.837
that it was not just
happening in North America.

00:02:36.837 --> 00:02:38.486
It was happening all over the world,

00:02:38.486 --> 00:02:41.628
so it shows that it was a global war,

00:02:41.628 --> 00:02:44.060
but I also think Seven
Years' War is a better name

00:02:44.060 --> 00:02:45.683
than French and Indian War

00:02:45.683 --> 00:02:47.920
because I think French and Indian War

00:02:47.920 --> 00:02:51.611
is kind of confusing
because you would think

00:02:51.611 --> 00:02:54.944
that it means that the principal parties

00:02:55.796 --> 00:02:58.867
in this war were the English

00:02:58.867 --> 00:03:01.700
versus the French and the Indians,

00:03:04.765 --> 00:03:07.180
when in fact it was the English

00:03:07.180 --> 00:03:10.013
and their Indian allies versus the French

00:03:10.013 --> 00:03:12.085
and their Indian allies.

00:03:12.085 --> 00:03:15.789
Native Americans fought on
both sides of this conflict,

00:03:15.789 --> 00:03:18.352
so rather than the English and Indian

00:03:18.352 --> 00:03:20.989
versus French and Indian War,

00:03:20.989 --> 00:03:23.207
let's go with the
shorter Seven Years' War,

00:03:23.207 --> 00:03:27.811
which brings us back to
our awkward date range.

00:03:27.811 --> 00:03:30.300
So the reason that it's
called the Seven Years' War

00:03:30.300 --> 00:03:34.521
is because the English
didn't actually declare war

00:03:34.521 --> 00:03:36.604
on the French until 1756.

00:03:38.074 --> 00:03:40.942
So even though fighting
started a little bit earlier

00:03:40.942 --> 00:03:42.856
in North America,

00:03:42.856 --> 00:03:46.648
the true range of dates,
at least in legal terms,

00:03:46.648 --> 00:03:48.398
is from 1756 to 1763,

00:03:50.915 --> 00:03:52.691
or seven years.

00:03:52.691 --> 00:03:56.190
It's a complicated name
for a complicated war,

00:03:56.190 --> 00:03:59.105
but really what it came down to

00:03:59.105 --> 00:04:00.938
was England and France

00:04:02.229 --> 00:04:05.334
duking it out over who was going to be

00:04:05.334 --> 00:04:09.293
the supreme imperial power in the world,

00:04:09.293 --> 00:04:11.701
and they were concerned
about who was going to have

00:04:11.701 --> 00:04:13.201
the most territory

00:04:15.969 --> 00:04:17.472
in the world,

00:04:17.472 --> 00:04:20.433
therefore, their concern
over who was going

00:04:20.433 --> 00:04:22.864
to control North America

00:04:22.864 --> 00:04:25.080
and their competing claims here,

00:04:25.080 --> 00:04:27.163
and also access to trade.

00:04:29.257 --> 00:04:32.582
So who was going to be able
to trade with North Americans?

00:04:32.582 --> 00:04:36.159
Who was going to be able
to trade with the lucrative

00:04:36.159 --> 00:04:38.224
Indian subcontinent,

00:04:38.224 --> 00:04:42.155
and who would be the
leading power in Europe?

00:04:42.155 --> 00:04:44.367
So let's dial in a little closer

00:04:44.367 --> 00:04:47.233
on the North American theater of this war,

00:04:47.233 --> 00:04:49.005
which will have the most effect

00:04:49.005 --> 00:04:51.338
on the future United States.

00:04:52.446 --> 00:04:56.684
Alright, so here is map
of territorial claims

00:04:56.684 --> 00:04:58.184
by European powers

00:05:00.004 --> 00:05:03.754
in North America before
the Seven Years' War.

00:05:06.655 --> 00:05:09.221
Now you can see that there are some places

00:05:09.221 --> 00:05:11.113
where they overlap,

00:05:11.113 --> 00:05:14.502
which is really gonna be
the heart of the problem

00:05:14.502 --> 00:05:15.919
in this conflict.

00:05:17.230 --> 00:05:19.730
So England, shown here in red,

00:05:20.696 --> 00:05:22.572
I'm gonna outline it a bit,

00:05:22.572 --> 00:05:26.340
was, as you know from your
early American history,

00:05:26.340 --> 00:05:28.923
here along the eastern seaboard

00:05:32.288 --> 00:05:34.006
of what's today the United States,

00:05:34.006 --> 00:05:35.604
and also up into Canada.

00:05:35.604 --> 00:05:39.354
France claimed this
interior region of Canada

00:05:41.939 --> 00:05:45.522
and today of the
territorial United States,

00:05:46.693 --> 00:05:49.903
and Spain was in the mix here.

00:05:49.903 --> 00:05:53.090
Remember Spain has still
been a fairly influential

00:05:53.090 --> 00:05:55.173
colonial power in Florida

00:05:56.077 --> 00:05:58.327
and in contemporary Mexico,

00:05:59.296 --> 00:06:03.080
and also down here in
Cuba and South America.

00:06:03.080 --> 00:06:06.714
Alright, so we've got
three major European powers

00:06:06.714 --> 00:06:09.464
in the mix here in North America,

00:06:11.155 --> 00:06:12.488
England, France,

00:06:14.781 --> 00:06:15.614
and Spain,

00:06:18.658 --> 00:06:21.070
but what this map doesn't show is

00:06:21.070 --> 00:06:23.450
the American Indian powers,

00:06:23.450 --> 00:06:25.761
who are also in this area.

00:06:25.761 --> 00:06:28.713
So most of this region really west

00:06:28.713 --> 00:06:31.066
of the Appalachian mountains,

00:06:31.066 --> 00:06:33.386
is Indian country,

00:06:33.386 --> 00:06:37.553
and the majority of inhabitants
were Native Americans,

00:06:38.822 --> 00:06:41.879
and they really held the majority of power

00:06:41.879 --> 00:06:43.791
in this region as well.

00:06:43.791 --> 00:06:47.791
So major Native American
groups that are in play

00:06:48.748 --> 00:06:52.248
in this conflict are Iroquois Confederacy,

00:06:53.938 --> 00:06:55.521
and also Cherokees,

00:06:59.615 --> 00:07:00.448
Hurons,

00:07:04.631 --> 00:07:05.631
Algonquians,

00:07:12.461 --> 00:07:13.894
Abenakis,

00:07:13.894 --> 00:07:14.977
and Mi'kmaqs,

00:07:18.238 --> 00:07:20.988
and that's just a small sampling.

00:07:22.365 --> 00:07:25.215
So you can see that there are a number

00:07:25.215 --> 00:07:28.132
of important Native American tribes

00:07:30.340 --> 00:07:34.007
who are specifically
in this area of Canada,

00:07:34.854 --> 00:07:36.772
which is disputed,

00:07:36.772 --> 00:07:38.272
and also moving in

00:07:39.267 --> 00:07:41.850
the greater Appalachian region.

00:07:43.562 --> 00:07:47.067
So what does each of these groups want?

00:07:47.067 --> 00:07:50.484
Well, England definitely wants territory.

00:07:52.184 --> 00:07:55.851
They want to make sure that
they're English settlers

00:07:55.851 --> 00:07:57.507
along the eastern seaboard,

00:07:57.507 --> 00:08:00.251
whom we'll soon be calling Americans,

00:08:00.251 --> 00:08:01.918
have room to expand.

00:08:07.742 --> 00:08:10.261
The French wanna make sure that they still

00:08:10.261 --> 00:08:13.761
have access to trade with Native Americans

00:08:17.984 --> 00:08:20.817
because their main concern is fur,

00:08:23.519 --> 00:08:27.833
which is a very valuable
commodity in Europe,

00:08:27.833 --> 00:08:30.503
and Spain wants to make sure that they

00:08:30.503 --> 00:08:33.336
have access to their sugar islands

00:08:38.711 --> 00:08:41.211
and also their precious metals

00:08:43.661 --> 00:08:44.994
in the Caribbean

00:08:46.719 --> 00:08:48.469
and in South America.

00:08:50.832 --> 00:08:52.451
Now it's worth noting,

00:08:52.451 --> 00:08:54.402
'cause I think this is really
interesting to students

00:08:54.402 --> 00:08:55.923
of American history,

00:08:55.923 --> 00:08:58.173
that all of this territory,

00:08:59.156 --> 00:09:01.368
all of North America,

00:09:01.368 --> 00:09:06.127
was way less valuable
than all of this territory

00:09:06.127 --> 00:09:10.180
because we're not talking
about just value in land.

00:09:10.180 --> 00:09:12.994
We're talking about value in commodities,

00:09:12.994 --> 00:09:16.077
and what the Caribbean had was sugar,

00:09:17.721 --> 00:09:20.638
and sugar is the most valuable crop

00:09:21.552 --> 00:09:22.696
in this time period.

00:09:22.696 --> 00:09:26.507
So a tiny island down here in the Bahamas

00:09:26.507 --> 00:09:29.737
is probably worth more to a European power

00:09:29.737 --> 00:09:33.708
than the entire interior of North America,

00:09:33.708 --> 00:09:36.064
and what do these Native
American groups want?

00:09:36.064 --> 00:09:39.356
Well, some of them want help with revenge

00:09:39.356 --> 00:09:41.092
on each other.

00:09:41.092 --> 00:09:44.070
Many other smaller Native American groups

00:09:44.070 --> 00:09:46.965
have been displaced by the Iroquois,

00:09:46.965 --> 00:09:47.965
who are here

00:09:48.933 --> 00:09:52.516
in upstate New York,
kind of Quebec region.

00:09:54.035 --> 00:09:55.614
So the Iroquois is actually expanding

00:09:55.614 --> 00:09:57.775
and really defending their claim

00:09:57.775 --> 00:10:01.076
as the largest Native American empire,

00:10:01.076 --> 00:10:02.290
but the other thing that they want

00:10:02.290 --> 00:10:05.153
is to make sure that their territory

00:10:05.153 --> 00:10:07.486
is no longer encroached upon

00:10:08.884 --> 00:10:11.730
by English settlers in particular.

00:10:11.730 --> 00:10:14.134
Now one mistake I see early students

00:10:14.134 --> 00:10:17.597
of U.S. history making is thinking that

00:10:17.597 --> 00:10:20.178
all Native Americans kind of shared

00:10:20.178 --> 00:10:23.557
a cultural and political bond, right?

00:10:23.557 --> 00:10:27.767
That they saw themselves
as one larger people

00:10:27.767 --> 00:10:32.678
who had to unite against the
encroachment of Europeans,

00:10:32.678 --> 00:10:35.319
and that was definitely not the case.

00:10:35.319 --> 00:10:38.425
Native Americans had been
living in this territory

00:10:38.425 --> 00:10:40.953
for thousands of years,

00:10:40.953 --> 00:10:43.370
and they had enemies and beef

00:10:45.005 --> 00:10:47.242
with other groups that went back

00:10:47.242 --> 00:10:52.215
way longer than the arrival
of Europeans in North America.

00:10:52.215 --> 00:10:55.465
So when nations like England and France

00:10:57.262 --> 00:11:01.591
arrived with their weapons
and their trade goods,

00:11:01.591 --> 00:11:04.565
the American Indians
didn't look at each other

00:11:04.565 --> 00:11:07.174
and say, "Oh wait, now we're all one race.

00:11:07.174 --> 00:11:09.052
"We need to join together against

00:11:09.052 --> 00:11:11.206
"the encroachment of whites."

00:11:11.206 --> 00:11:14.613
They saw England and France and Spain

00:11:14.613 --> 00:11:17.696
as possible avenues to getting one up

00:11:19.170 --> 00:11:21.225
on their older enemies.

00:11:21.225 --> 00:11:24.282
So when an English trader sold a gun

00:11:24.282 --> 00:11:25.699
to, say, a Huron,

00:11:27.878 --> 00:11:30.268
he was way more likely

00:11:30.268 --> 00:11:31.685
to go after, say,

00:11:32.915 --> 00:11:35.290
the Iroquois with that gun than he was

00:11:35.290 --> 00:11:37.623
to go after a French trader.

00:11:38.769 --> 00:11:40.519
So another reason why

00:11:41.667 --> 00:11:44.750
the Seven Years' War is a better name

00:11:45.928 --> 00:11:47.791
for the French and Indian War

00:11:47.791 --> 00:11:49.983
than French and Indian War is because

00:11:49.983 --> 00:11:53.183
these Native American groups did not ally

00:11:53.183 --> 00:11:55.001
all with France.

00:11:55.001 --> 00:11:57.834
In fact, the Iroquois and Cherokee

00:11:58.924 --> 00:12:01.419
ended up allied with England,

00:12:01.419 --> 00:12:04.810
and most of the other
Native American groups

00:12:04.810 --> 00:12:06.818
ended up allied with France,

00:12:06.818 --> 00:12:08.515
but they were fighting each other

00:12:08.515 --> 00:12:11.458
in addition to fighting England.

00:12:11.458 --> 00:12:15.557
Alright, so the stage
is set for this conflict

00:12:15.557 --> 00:12:18.848
with all of these competing groups

00:12:18.848 --> 00:12:21.015
in this unclear territory,

00:12:22.092 --> 00:12:25.290
and how this turns into a war,

00:12:25.290 --> 00:12:27.795
we'll get to in the next video.


Phototropism

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.455
- [Instructor] You've
probably seen plants,

00:00:01.455 --> 00:00:03.734
either in your house or
if you go for a walk.

00:00:03.734 --> 00:00:06.122
You've seen parts of the
plants twist and turn

00:00:06.122 --> 00:00:07.791
in all sorts of directions.

00:00:07.791 --> 00:00:10.420
And if you observe closely,
you'll see that oftentimes,

00:00:10.420 --> 00:00:12.111
it looks like the plant is twisting

00:00:12.111 --> 00:00:14.737
or turning towards the light.

00:00:14.737 --> 00:00:16.245
And what we're gonna do in this video

00:00:16.245 --> 00:00:19.071
is study that phenomenon
a little bit more.

00:00:19.071 --> 00:00:21.756
So, in general, whenever we're
talking about an organism

00:00:21.756 --> 00:00:24.791
twisting, or turning,
or changing direction

00:00:24.791 --> 00:00:27.957
because of some type of external stimulus,

00:00:27.957 --> 00:00:30.204
we call that tropism,

00:00:30.204 --> 00:00:31.037
tropism.

00:00:32.245 --> 00:00:35.851
And in the case of turning
or switching directions

00:00:35.851 --> 00:00:39.028
because the external stimulus is light,

00:00:39.028 --> 00:00:42.412
we would call that phototropism,

00:00:42.412 --> 00:00:43.495
phototropism.

00:00:44.649 --> 00:00:46.515
And phototropism is the general term

00:00:46.515 --> 00:00:49.870
for any type of organism
turning direction,

00:00:49.870 --> 00:00:54.210
or switching direction, or
moving in a certain direction

00:00:54.210 --> 00:00:55.269
because of light.

00:00:55.269 --> 00:00:57.150
And it could be moving towards the light,

00:00:57.150 --> 00:00:59.825
or it could be moving away from the light.

00:00:59.825 --> 00:01:01.318
Now, most of what we observe,

00:01:01.318 --> 00:01:02.703
if you were to go see a forest,

00:01:02.703 --> 00:01:05.552
you'll see that there
might be a patch in the,

00:01:05.552 --> 00:01:07.492
or there might be an
opening in the canopy,

00:01:07.492 --> 00:01:10.136
where the light is coming.

00:01:10.136 --> 00:01:13.423
And you'll often see trees and plants

00:01:13.423 --> 00:01:17.864
moving towards that light,
growing towards that light.

00:01:17.864 --> 00:01:19.966
So, they are turning towards it.

00:01:19.966 --> 00:01:23.349
This would be called
positive phototropism.

00:01:23.349 --> 00:01:26.137
If for some reason, there
was some type of a plant

00:01:26.137 --> 00:01:27.706
that was moving away from it,

00:01:27.706 --> 00:01:30.020
that would be negative phototropism,

00:01:30.020 --> 00:01:32.877
which is a little bit less,
or it's a lot less usual,

00:01:32.877 --> 00:01:35.500
especially for the stem of a plant,

00:01:35.500 --> 00:01:37.609
but we might talk about
that in future videos.

00:01:37.609 --> 00:01:38.823
But what you would typically see

00:01:38.823 --> 00:01:42.425
is positive phototropism like this.

00:01:42.425 --> 00:01:43.807
And so, the question is,

00:01:43.807 --> 00:01:46.089
is how does a plant do this?

00:01:46.089 --> 00:01:50.394
What causes it to turn in
the direction of the light

00:01:50.394 --> 00:01:53.778
in the case of positive phototropism?

00:01:53.778 --> 00:01:57.945
Well, the key actor here
is a molecule called auxin.

00:01:59.547 --> 00:02:01.289
It's auxin.

00:02:01.289 --> 00:02:03.456
And auxin is phytohormone.

00:02:04.335 --> 00:02:05.835
So, this is phyto,

00:02:07.149 --> 00:02:08.232
phytohormone.

00:02:09.238 --> 00:02:10.697
And

00:02:10.697 --> 00:02:14.058
it's a fancy word for, this
is just a molecule involved

00:02:14.058 --> 00:02:17.117
in the actual plant growth.

00:02:17.117 --> 00:02:20.960
And so, what happens, let me
zoom in here on this plant,

00:02:20.960 --> 00:02:23.234
let me zoom here on this plant.

00:02:23.234 --> 00:02:26.055
And to be clear, we know how auxin acts.

00:02:26.055 --> 00:02:29.262
But all of the mechanisms by
which the distribution of auxin

00:02:29.262 --> 00:02:32.226
changes or how it gets
activated or deactivated

00:02:32.226 --> 00:02:34.713
isn't completely understood.

00:02:34.713 --> 00:02:37.553
And this is still an
area of active research.

00:02:37.553 --> 00:02:40.158
But, what we know happens,

00:02:40.158 --> 00:02:42.241
so let's say the light is coming from

00:02:42.241 --> 00:02:44.315
that direction over here,

00:02:44.315 --> 00:02:47.910
is for various reasons,
or for some reasons,

00:02:47.910 --> 00:02:52.042
you have an increase
concentration of active auxin

00:02:52.042 --> 00:02:54.810
on the side of the plant
away from the light.

00:02:54.810 --> 00:02:56.789
So, you're going to have more auxin,

00:02:56.789 --> 00:02:58.855
in this case since the light
is coming from the left,

00:02:58.855 --> 00:03:01.770
you're gonna have more auxin on the right

00:03:01.770 --> 00:03:04.779
than you are going to have on the left.

00:03:04.779 --> 00:03:07.780
And what the auxin on the
right is causing to do,

00:03:07.780 --> 00:03:09.782
it causes the cells

00:03:09.782 --> 00:03:14.196
on the right side of this
stem right here to elongate.

00:03:14.196 --> 00:03:15.814
So, if we were to zoom in,

00:03:15.814 --> 00:03:18.399
so let me zoom in over here,

00:03:18.399 --> 00:03:21.683
yeah, so let me take
that part of the plant.

00:03:21.683 --> 00:03:22.844
And

00:03:22.844 --> 00:03:24.594
if I were to zoom in,

00:03:26.409 --> 00:03:28.829
if I were to zoom in, and if the cells,

00:03:28.829 --> 00:03:30.456
I'm just gonna have a
two-dimensional view here.

00:03:30.456 --> 00:03:33.258
Let's say on this side,
these are the cells.

00:03:33.258 --> 00:03:37.613
And on this side, these
are the other cells.

00:03:37.613 --> 00:03:41.415
Now, if we have more auxin,
more of this phytohormone

00:03:41.415 --> 00:03:43.870
on the right-hand side, right over here,

00:03:43.870 --> 00:03:45.212
than we have on the left,

00:03:45.212 --> 00:03:48.660
what we know happens is
it causes the cell walls,

00:03:48.660 --> 00:03:51.505
where there's more auxin, to
break down a little bit more.

00:03:51.505 --> 00:03:55.864
And so, it allows those
cells to stretch or elongate.

00:03:55.864 --> 00:03:57.435
And so, what's going to happen,

00:03:57.435 --> 00:03:59.348
let me see if I can draw this,

00:03:59.348 --> 00:04:03.550
is the cells on the right-hand
side are going to stretch,

00:04:03.550 --> 00:04:06.752
are going to stretch, or elongate,

00:04:06.752 --> 00:04:09.182
because of the auxin,

00:04:09.182 --> 00:04:11.928
because they have more auxin in them

00:04:11.928 --> 00:04:15.018
than the cells on the left-hand side.

00:04:15.018 --> 00:04:17.415
And since these have
a higher concentration

00:04:17.415 --> 00:04:20.174
of active auxin, they stretch.

00:04:20.174 --> 00:04:22.103
And if the right-hand side gets longer

00:04:22.103 --> 00:04:24.464
than the left-hand side,
what's going to happen?

00:04:24.464 --> 00:04:28.499
Well, the plant is going
to bend to the left.

00:04:28.499 --> 00:04:31.832
So, the plant is going to bend like that

00:04:32.676 --> 00:04:34.453
because now the right-hand side

00:04:34.453 --> 00:04:37.006
is longer than the left-hand side.

00:04:37.006 --> 00:04:39.555
So, this is what we know about auxin.

00:04:39.555 --> 00:04:41.288
It's a phytohormone

00:04:41.288 --> 00:04:43.906
that whenever it is in
higher concentrations

00:04:43.906 --> 00:04:48.215
and it's active, the cells
there are going to elongate,

00:04:48.215 --> 00:04:50.340
which will cause this bending.

00:04:50.340 --> 00:04:52.774
Now, the things that are
still being studied is

00:04:52.774 --> 00:04:57.179
well, what caused there to be
a higher auxin concentration

00:04:57.179 --> 00:04:59.978
on the right-hand side, and
all of the exact mechanisms

00:04:59.978 --> 00:05:03.069
by which the auxin is actually acting.

00:05:03.069 --> 00:05:05.305
We know things like it creates
a more acidic environment,

00:05:05.305 --> 00:05:07.077
which helps break down the cell walls.

00:05:07.077 --> 00:05:08.273
But how does it, you,

00:05:08.273 --> 00:05:11.804
how do you have a higher
concentration here on the right?

00:05:11.804 --> 00:05:15.818
Well, in many plants studied,
it's actually the blue light

00:05:15.818 --> 00:05:17.596
that causes the sensitivity.

00:05:17.596 --> 00:05:18.671
So, I drew this as yellow,

00:05:18.671 --> 00:05:20.976
but really I should
draw this as blue light

00:05:20.976 --> 00:05:22.580
that causes the sensitivity.

00:05:22.580 --> 00:05:23.854
Although, it's not always blue light.

00:05:23.854 --> 00:05:24.691
It could be red light.

00:05:24.691 --> 00:05:26.788
It could be other frequencies of light.

00:05:26.788 --> 00:05:28.313
And the various theories,

00:05:28.313 --> 00:05:30.373
and it might be some combination of it,

00:05:30.373 --> 00:05:34.540
is when you have the light
on one side of the plant,

00:05:35.537 --> 00:05:37.293
that it causes, one possibility is

00:05:37.293 --> 00:05:39.600
maybe it causes the auxin to migrate

00:05:39.600 --> 00:05:40.942
from the side with the light

00:05:40.942 --> 00:05:43.116
to the side that has less light.

00:05:43.116 --> 00:05:47.348
Another possibility is if
the auxin is migrating down

00:05:47.348 --> 00:05:49.189
from the top of the stem,

00:05:49.189 --> 00:05:51.351
that it might cause more to migrate

00:05:51.351 --> 00:05:56.019
where there is less light
than when there is more light.

00:05:56.019 --> 00:05:58.893
There is other possibilities,
that somehow the light

00:05:58.893 --> 00:06:01.281
deactivates the auxin on the left,

00:06:01.281 --> 00:06:04.803
or maybe allows less auxin to be produced

00:06:04.803 --> 00:06:07.287
than what would happen on the right.

00:06:07.287 --> 00:06:09.080
So, these are all possibilities.

00:06:09.080 --> 00:06:11.020
And this is what's
interesting about science

00:06:11.020 --> 00:06:13.893
is that there's always
more for us to understand.

00:06:13.893 --> 00:06:15.133
But what we do know

00:06:15.133 --> 00:06:17.346
is that this type of
positive phototropism,

00:06:17.346 --> 00:06:19.116
which you will often in the forest

00:06:19.116 --> 00:06:21.019
or you'll even see it on a house plant,

00:06:21.019 --> 00:06:22.038
if you put it next to a window,

00:06:22.038 --> 00:06:23.079
it'll bend towards the window,

00:06:23.079 --> 00:06:25.186
or it'll often bend towards the window.

00:06:25.186 --> 00:06:29.209
It's caused, the key actor here is auxin

00:06:29.209 --> 00:06:30.755
and the distribution of auxin

00:06:30.755 --> 00:06:32.583
changing in response to the light,

00:06:32.583 --> 00:06:35.626
and that the auxin distribution increases

00:06:35.626 --> 00:06:37.867
on the side away from the light

00:06:37.867 --> 00:06:40.641
when you have positive phototropism.

00:06:40.641 --> 00:06:41.555
Now, this picture here

00:06:41.555 --> 00:06:43.240
looks like this might be phototropism,

00:06:43.240 --> 00:06:44.822
but this is actual a mutant plant

00:06:44.822 --> 00:06:47.628
that actually is lacking auxin.

00:06:47.628 --> 00:06:50.745
So, it's growing in all
sorts of random directions,

00:06:50.745 --> 00:06:53.869
but it's just interesting to look at.


Jacksonian Democracy part 4

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.186 --> 00:00:01.410
- [Professor] So we've been talking about

00:00:01.410 --> 00:00:02.807
Jacksonian democracy,

00:00:02.807 --> 00:00:05.556
and when we last left off,

00:00:05.556 --> 00:00:08.995
Andrew Jackson had
defeated John Quincy Adams

00:00:08.995 --> 00:00:10.995
in the election of 1828,

00:00:12.234 --> 00:00:14.234
largely by claiming that

00:00:15.612 --> 00:00:18.437
Quincy Adams had won the previous election

00:00:18.437 --> 00:00:20.755
through a corrupt bargain.

00:00:20.755 --> 00:00:25.249
So Jackson played upon the
sympathies of the public

00:00:25.249 --> 00:00:28.096
by claiming that he was the common man

00:00:28.096 --> 00:00:30.972
or the representation of the common man.

00:00:30.972 --> 00:00:34.478
He took advantage of the growing number

00:00:34.478 --> 00:00:36.210
of white male voters

00:00:36.210 --> 00:00:38.751
who could participate in elections.

00:00:38.751 --> 00:00:43.087
And particularly the growing
numbers of frontier settlers,

00:00:43.087 --> 00:00:46.465
who not only wanted to vote
for the first president

00:00:46.465 --> 00:00:48.398
to be born in the west,

00:00:48.398 --> 00:00:51.399
also supported Jackson because

00:00:51.399 --> 00:00:55.371
he was known for his
anti-Native American sentiment

00:00:55.371 --> 00:00:58.641
and his promise to remove Native Americans

00:00:58.641 --> 00:01:00.940
from lands that whites wanted to settle

00:01:00.940 --> 00:01:02.094
east of the Mississippi.

00:01:02.094 --> 00:01:04.056
So in the first video in this series,

00:01:04.056 --> 00:01:08.576
I mentioned that most
scholars point to this moment

00:01:08.576 --> 00:01:11.815
of Jackson's election in 1828

00:01:11.815 --> 00:01:14.752
as the beginning of modern democracy.

00:01:14.752 --> 00:01:16.949
So let's investigate some of those claims

00:01:16.949 --> 00:01:18.206
a little bit further.

00:01:18.206 --> 00:01:22.314
So what was it about Jackson's
election and presidency

00:01:22.314 --> 00:01:26.017
that began the modern
American political system?

00:01:26.017 --> 00:01:29.238
Well, for one thing
Jackson was the very first

00:01:29.238 --> 00:01:31.003
democratic president,

00:01:31.003 --> 00:01:35.757
as in the first president
to be a modern-day democrat.

00:01:35.757 --> 00:01:38.311
And this is the same democratic party

00:01:38.311 --> 00:01:40.279
that we still have today.

00:01:40.279 --> 00:01:42.905
And Jackson really
mobilized this sentiment

00:01:42.905 --> 00:01:46.288
of the party of the common man.

00:01:46.288 --> 00:01:48.455
And in his idea that meant

00:01:51.051 --> 00:01:52.801
the common white man,

00:01:55.253 --> 00:01:57.343
that he was not one of these

00:01:57.343 --> 00:02:00.208
eastern elites, banking elites,

00:02:00.208 --> 00:02:04.663
who made their fortunes by
nickel-and-diming other people.

00:02:04.663 --> 00:02:07.330
He was a backwoods frontiersman,

00:02:09.013 --> 00:02:09.930
a war hero,

00:02:11.010 --> 00:02:15.183
someone who had pulled
himself up by his bootstrap.

00:02:15.183 --> 00:02:19.350
So he was, I guess, one of
the earliest self-made men.

00:02:22.218 --> 00:02:26.614
And it was clear from the
get-go that the age of Jackson

00:02:26.614 --> 00:02:29.302
was going to be a completely different

00:02:29.302 --> 00:02:32.804
kind of political culture
than had existed previously

00:02:32.804 --> 00:02:35.790
because at his inauguration

00:02:35.790 --> 00:02:38.873
he had a giant inaugural celebration,

00:02:40.921 --> 00:02:44.741
he opened up the White House to anybody.

00:02:44.741 --> 00:02:48.587
The rabble came in and
they trashed the place,

00:02:48.587 --> 00:02:52.754
and the older aristocratic
class of Washington politicians

00:02:53.602 --> 00:02:55.619
thought that this was more or less

00:02:55.619 --> 00:02:59.007
the end of the republic as they knew it.

00:02:59.007 --> 00:03:01.852
This was going to be the era of mob rule.

00:03:01.852 --> 00:03:04.778
But, you know, the wheels
didn't come off democracy.

00:03:04.778 --> 00:03:08.476
And one thing that Jackson really did was

00:03:08.476 --> 00:03:10.726
he rewarded his supporters.

00:03:12.480 --> 00:03:16.778
He rewarded the people
who had voted Democrat,

00:03:16.778 --> 00:03:20.772
who saw themselves as part
of the Democratic Party

00:03:20.772 --> 00:03:23.681
with government positions.

00:03:23.681 --> 00:03:27.094
And this is called the spoils system,

00:03:27.094 --> 00:03:31.094
along the lines of to the
victor, go the spoils.

00:03:33.109 --> 00:03:36.026
So to reward the democratic machine

00:03:37.086 --> 00:03:38.928
that had put him in office,

00:03:38.928 --> 00:03:41.748
he kicked out earlier office-holders

00:03:41.748 --> 00:03:45.567
and rewarded the Democrats with offices.

00:03:45.567 --> 00:03:48.949
That was very common in this time period

00:03:48.949 --> 00:03:50.945
for people to be,

00:03:50.945 --> 00:03:54.185
who are known as office seekers,

00:03:54.185 --> 00:03:57.268
to kinda hang out in Washington, D.C.

00:03:59.008 --> 00:04:01.854
trying to get the president to appoint you

00:04:01.854 --> 00:04:05.017
postmaster of some random place

00:04:05.017 --> 00:04:07.175
so that you could draw
a government salary.

00:04:07.175 --> 00:04:11.001
Now, earlier presidents would
have thought something like

00:04:11.001 --> 00:04:15.167
rewarding an office seeker quite vulgar.

00:04:15.167 --> 00:04:17.237
John Quincy Adams, for example,

00:04:17.237 --> 00:04:21.589
refused to replace anyone who
was actually doing a good job

00:04:21.589 --> 00:04:23.174
in their government post

00:04:23.174 --> 00:04:25.519
with someone who was
one of his supporters.

00:04:25.519 --> 00:04:27.163
So you can debate whether or not

00:04:27.163 --> 00:04:29.075
this is actually a good thing,

00:04:29.075 --> 00:04:31.028
to kick out people who
are good at their job

00:04:31.028 --> 00:04:33.032
in favor of people who have supported you

00:04:33.032 --> 00:04:34.241
during the campaign.

00:04:34.241 --> 00:04:38.985
But what it does is it
keeps people in the party.

00:04:38.985 --> 00:04:42.902
So it makes sure that
even if the party loses,

00:04:46.781 --> 00:04:49.883
they know that they
have put in their labor

00:04:49.883 --> 00:04:51.994
for the Democratic Party

00:04:51.994 --> 00:04:55.181
and later for the Whig
and Republican Party.

00:04:55.181 --> 00:04:58.424
And so they're going to keep working

00:04:58.424 --> 00:05:01.805
to put their candidate in office

00:05:01.805 --> 00:05:04.722
so that they can reap some rewards.

00:05:07.161 --> 00:05:09.527
So this is one way in which

00:05:09.527 --> 00:05:12.944
Jackson kind of solidifies party politics

00:05:14.627 --> 00:05:18.779
so that you stop just
being a Jackson partisan,

00:05:18.779 --> 00:05:19.968
a Jefferson partisan,

00:05:19.968 --> 00:05:22.247
someone who follows a political candidate.

00:05:22.247 --> 00:05:25.029
And remember that earlier
political candidates kind of

00:05:25.029 --> 00:05:28.272
stood as men of virtue, right?

00:05:28.272 --> 00:05:33.244
Now, the virtue is shifting
from the men themselves

00:05:33.244 --> 00:05:36.500
to the party that they represent.

00:05:36.500 --> 00:05:40.000
And this party system was cemented by 1832

00:05:42.081 --> 00:05:44.480
when Jackson was reelected,

00:05:44.480 --> 00:05:48.666
when they held a national
nominating convention,

00:05:48.666 --> 00:05:51.879
it sounds very familiar to us today,

00:05:51.879 --> 00:05:55.129
and put out an official party platform.

00:05:57.509 --> 00:06:00.534
So what else did Jackson do
that was really influential?

00:06:00.534 --> 00:06:04.103
Ironically, for someone
billing himself as a

00:06:04.103 --> 00:06:05.505
man of the people,

00:06:05.505 --> 00:06:08.653
Jackson worked really
hard to expand the power

00:06:08.653 --> 00:06:10.653
of the Executive Branch.

00:06:13.382 --> 00:06:15.632
So he wanted the presidency

00:06:16.516 --> 00:06:19.849
to be as powerful, if not more powerful,

00:06:20.984 --> 00:06:22.903
than the Judicial Branch

00:06:22.903 --> 00:06:26.181
or the Legislative Branch
of the United States,

00:06:26.181 --> 00:06:29.793
more powerful than the
Supreme Court or Congress.

00:06:29.793 --> 00:06:31.904
And there were two major instances

00:06:31.904 --> 00:06:35.571
where he shows his interest in becoming

00:06:35.571 --> 00:06:38.487
the most powerful part of
the American government.

00:06:38.487 --> 00:06:42.100
One of these was and what's
known as the Bank War

00:06:42.100 --> 00:06:44.183
when Jackson attempted to

00:06:45.355 --> 00:06:47.415
kill the bank of the United States,

00:06:47.415 --> 00:06:48.682
and he succeeded,

00:06:48.682 --> 00:06:52.046
because he thought that the
national bank was corrupt,

00:06:52.046 --> 00:06:54.471
that it benefited the elite,

00:06:54.471 --> 00:06:57.575
that it deserved more oversight
from the federal government,

00:06:57.575 --> 00:06:58.960
some of which was true.

00:06:58.960 --> 00:07:02.119
And when congress tried to
recharter the national bank,

00:07:02.119 --> 00:07:03.952
he vetoed the charter.

00:07:06.357 --> 00:07:09.930
Basically saying that
he felt that his vote

00:07:09.930 --> 00:07:12.152
was more important than
the vote of Congress.

00:07:12.152 --> 00:07:17.006
And for this, a group of
people who started to coalesce

00:07:17.006 --> 00:07:19.282
around their hatred for Jackson

00:07:19.282 --> 00:07:21.835
started calling him King Andrew the First

00:07:21.835 --> 00:07:26.457
because Jackson used the power
of the veto all the time,

00:07:26.457 --> 00:07:28.762
because he was trying to, in some ways,

00:07:28.762 --> 00:07:31.516
reduce the power of
the federal government,

00:07:31.516 --> 00:07:34.400
which was one of the key
tenants of the Democratic Party,

00:07:34.400 --> 00:07:37.844
but at the same time kind
of increase his own power

00:07:37.844 --> 00:07:40.512
because he used his veto in many cases

00:07:40.512 --> 00:07:42.353
to further his own agenda.

00:07:42.353 --> 00:07:43.527
And as much as the national bank

00:07:43.527 --> 00:07:45.346
was not a great institution,

00:07:45.346 --> 00:07:48.873
it did help to keep the
United States' economy

00:07:48.873 --> 00:07:50.927
more or less humming along.

00:07:50.927 --> 00:07:52.603
And once Jackson killed it,

00:07:52.603 --> 00:07:55.944
there was a major
economic depression called

00:07:55.944 --> 00:07:57.444
the Panic of 1837,

00:07:59.915 --> 00:08:03.369
which we can lay pretty much
squarely at Jackson's feet.

00:08:03.369 --> 00:08:05.424
We can see this political
cartoon here has him

00:08:05.424 --> 00:08:07.413
trampling on the constitution

00:08:07.413 --> 00:08:09.643
as he pushes his own agenda forward.

00:08:09.643 --> 00:08:12.340
And it's through their
hatred of Jackson that

00:08:12.340 --> 00:08:15.300
a new group comes
together, the Whig Party,

00:08:15.300 --> 00:08:18.532
which will provide the second half

00:08:18.532 --> 00:08:22.129
of the two-party system
that comes to the fore

00:08:22.129 --> 00:08:23.796
in this time period.

00:08:24.888 --> 00:08:27.528
So this is Andrew Jackson arguing that

00:08:27.528 --> 00:08:29.999
the president has more
power than Congress.

00:08:29.999 --> 00:08:32.040
There's the second
example of Andrew Jackson

00:08:32.040 --> 00:08:33.485
trying to argue that he had

00:08:33.485 --> 00:08:35.602
more power than the Supreme Court,

00:08:35.602 --> 00:08:38.935
which comes comes in the Trail of Tears.

00:08:40.564 --> 00:08:43.535
So Andrew Jackson
represented the interests

00:08:43.535 --> 00:08:45.745
of white settlers

00:08:45.745 --> 00:08:48.578
who really saw Native Americans as

00:08:49.433 --> 00:08:51.604
no more than an obstacle

00:08:51.604 --> 00:08:54.445
to their continuous push westward,

00:08:54.445 --> 00:08:56.778
the availability of land,

00:08:56.778 --> 00:08:59.111
which they saw really as the

00:09:00.049 --> 00:09:02.714
cornerstone of American prosperity.

00:09:02.714 --> 00:09:07.009
And I can't do justice to the
entire Trail of Tears here.

00:09:07.009 --> 00:09:08.688
We have an article about that

00:09:08.688 --> 00:09:10.457
and there'll be more
to come in the future.

00:09:10.457 --> 00:09:14.457
But suffice it to say
that the American Indians,

00:09:15.639 --> 00:09:19.397
who were living in Georgia particularly

00:09:19.397 --> 00:09:23.314
and who were known as
the Five Civilized Tribes

00:09:24.299 --> 00:09:29.107
because they had adopted many
of the ways of the Europeans

00:09:29.107 --> 00:09:32.338
including Christianity
and in some cases slavery,

00:09:32.338 --> 00:09:34.575
the Supreme Court ruled

00:09:34.575 --> 00:09:38.742
that they were entitled to be
treated as a sovereign nation.

00:09:42.809 --> 00:09:47.330
So when Georgia is trying
to remove Native Americans

00:09:47.330 --> 00:09:49.663
from their lands in Georgia,

00:09:50.525 --> 00:09:53.502
the chief justice of the Supreme Court,

00:09:53.502 --> 00:09:54.669
John Marshall,

00:09:55.579 --> 00:09:57.329
rules in their favor.

00:09:59.629 --> 00:10:02.962
And Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying,

00:10:03.949 --> 00:10:06.470
"John Marshall has made his decision.

00:10:06.470 --> 00:10:08.041
"Now let him enforce it."

00:10:08.041 --> 00:10:11.458
So even though the Supreme Court defended

00:10:14.528 --> 00:10:18.516
the status of the Native
Americans living in Georgia

00:10:18.516 --> 00:10:21.009
east of the Mississippi in general,

00:10:21.009 --> 00:10:23.071
Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia

00:10:23.071 --> 00:10:27.154
went ahead with forcing
the Five Civilized Tribes

00:10:28.169 --> 00:10:30.676
to move westward to Oklahoma

00:10:30.676 --> 00:10:34.009
during which at least 3,000 people died.

00:10:34.999 --> 00:10:38.405
So Andrew Jackson serves a second term

00:10:38.405 --> 00:10:41.738
and finishes out his presidency in 1836.

00:10:42.705 --> 00:10:44.946
He considered running for a third term,

00:10:44.946 --> 00:10:46.262
decided against it.

00:10:46.262 --> 00:10:50.055
Instead, his crony Martin Van Buren,

00:10:50.055 --> 00:10:52.763
who's basically Andrew Jackson Jr.,

00:10:52.763 --> 00:10:54.920
serves as president for one term.

00:10:54.920 --> 00:10:57.480
But due to the Panic of 1837,

00:10:57.480 --> 00:11:00.932
Martin Van Buren, like
poor Herbert Hoover later,

00:11:00.932 --> 00:11:03.955
is forced to deal with
an economic depression.

00:11:03.955 --> 00:11:06.687
And you know that people are never happy

00:11:06.687 --> 00:11:08.531
with the incumbent president

00:11:08.531 --> 00:11:10.295
when there's an economic decline.

00:11:10.295 --> 00:11:12.545
So in the election of 1840,

00:11:14.282 --> 00:11:15.115
the Whigs,

00:11:16.321 --> 00:11:18.835
the opposition party to Andrew Jackson,

00:11:18.835 --> 00:11:22.668
run William Henry Harrison
as their candidate.

00:11:23.653 --> 00:11:25.846
And he is mostly famous for

00:11:25.846 --> 00:11:29.873
being a fellow who died in
office after only 40 days.

00:11:29.873 --> 00:11:31.317
But what's interesting

00:11:31.317 --> 00:11:33.918
about William Henry Harrison's campaign

00:11:33.918 --> 00:11:37.972
is that the Whigs have
learned their lesson

00:11:37.972 --> 00:11:42.561
about the political climate
of the Jacksonian age.

00:11:42.561 --> 00:11:46.015
They marketed William Henry Harrison

00:11:46.015 --> 00:11:49.174
as having been born in a log cabin,

00:11:49.174 --> 00:11:50.091
a war hero,

00:11:50.971 --> 00:11:52.822
he was a man of the people,

00:11:52.822 --> 00:11:54.732
just a common guy who had

00:11:54.732 --> 00:11:57.178
pulled himself up by his bootstraps.

00:11:57.178 --> 00:11:58.390
Now, none of this was true.

00:11:58.390 --> 00:12:00.423
William Henry Harrison was from Virginia,

00:12:00.423 --> 00:12:03.159
he was from a very wealthy family,

00:12:03.159 --> 00:12:05.118
he had been college educated.

00:12:05.118 --> 00:12:06.920
He was no more rough and tumble than

00:12:06.920 --> 00:12:08.768
John Quincy Adams had been.

00:12:08.768 --> 00:12:11.322
But the Whigs had
learned a valuable lesson

00:12:11.322 --> 00:12:14.477
about what American
political culture was like

00:12:14.477 --> 00:12:17.518
in the age of mass democracy.

00:12:17.518 --> 00:12:19.979
And from this point forward,

00:12:19.979 --> 00:12:23.262
it's clear that Americans
don't like their politicians

00:12:23.262 --> 00:12:24.705
too highfalutin

00:12:24.705 --> 00:12:28.692
and woe betide any candidate
who wasn't born in a log cabin,

00:12:28.692 --> 00:12:31.811
the modern American
political system had begun.


Jacksonian Democracy part 3

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.458 --> 00:00:01.894
- [Instructor] All
right, in the last video,

00:00:01.894 --> 00:00:04.977
we talked about the election of 1824,

00:00:05.844 --> 00:00:08.781
which turned into a grudge match

00:00:08.781 --> 00:00:11.753
between John Quincy
Adams and Andrew Jackson

00:00:11.753 --> 00:00:14.488
in which Andrew Jackson
won the popular vote

00:00:14.488 --> 00:00:17.044
but John Quincy Adams
won the electoral vote

00:00:17.044 --> 00:00:19.060
and the tiebreaker turned out to be

00:00:19.060 --> 00:00:21.457
Speaker of the House Henry Clay,

00:00:21.457 --> 00:00:23.773
who helped give the election to Adams

00:00:23.773 --> 00:00:27.899
but then was shortly named
Secretary of State by Adams,

00:00:27.899 --> 00:00:30.936
leading Andrew Jackson and his partisans

00:00:30.936 --> 00:00:35.322
to claim that a corrupt
bargain had taken place.

00:00:35.322 --> 00:00:38.527
And this really shows how the nature

00:00:38.527 --> 00:00:41.513
of American politics had changed

00:00:41.513 --> 00:00:45.151
because this sort of you scratch my back,

00:00:45.151 --> 00:00:49.463
I'll scratch yours was common
practice in American politics

00:00:49.463 --> 00:00:52.596
between a few elite men who were generally

00:00:52.596 --> 00:00:54.650
in charge of the political process.

00:00:54.650 --> 00:00:56.863
But Andrew Jackson and his supporters

00:00:56.863 --> 00:00:58.625
say that this is undemocratic.

00:00:58.625 --> 00:01:01.943
This is the kind of elitist hokum

00:01:01.943 --> 00:01:06.904
that we do not need in our
nation of free white men.

00:01:06.904 --> 00:01:10.654
So, four years later in
the election of 1828,

00:01:11.534 --> 00:01:15.701
it is a Jackson/John Quincy Adams rematch

00:01:16.815 --> 00:01:18.732
and the gloves are off.

00:01:20.480 --> 00:01:22.657
So, in the first video in this series,

00:01:22.657 --> 00:01:24.827
I mentioned that during this time period,

00:01:24.827 --> 00:01:28.274
a lot of the aspects that we consider

00:01:28.274 --> 00:01:31.583
part of American politics
first came to the fore.

00:01:31.583 --> 00:01:33.561
And one of the things that you'll see

00:01:33.561 --> 00:01:37.024
in the election of 1828,
really for the first time,

00:01:37.024 --> 00:01:39.524
is down and dirty mudslinging,

00:01:40.777 --> 00:01:44.944
or making angry attacks
ad hominem, or at the man,

00:01:47.159 --> 00:01:50.927
rather than at his principles,
attacks on your opponent.

00:01:50.927 --> 00:01:53.724
So, Andrew Jackson probably already had

00:01:53.724 --> 00:01:55.286
all the ammunition he needed

00:01:55.286 --> 00:01:58.741
with the corrupt bargain of 1824.

00:01:58.741 --> 00:02:00.746
John Quincy Adams kinda considered himself

00:02:00.746 --> 00:02:02.415
above this kind of mudslinging.

00:02:02.415 --> 00:02:04.385
But his supporters did not,

00:02:04.385 --> 00:02:06.126
and they came out with some real gems.

00:02:06.126 --> 00:02:10.102
Not only did they put out
handbills with coffins,

00:02:10.102 --> 00:02:13.357
this is known as the Coffin
Handbill to this day,

00:02:13.357 --> 00:02:17.451
detailing how many men had
been killed by Andrew Jackson,

00:02:17.451 --> 00:02:20.221
either through execution or duels,

00:02:20.221 --> 00:02:24.011
they also accused his
mother of being a prostitute

00:02:24.011 --> 00:02:26.682
and his wife of being a bigamist.

00:02:26.682 --> 00:02:28.933
In fact, Andrew Jackson's wife died

00:02:28.933 --> 00:02:31.085
shortly before his inauguration

00:02:31.085 --> 00:02:33.688
and he believed to his dying day

00:02:33.688 --> 00:02:36.559
that it was the terrible
slanders about her

00:02:36.559 --> 00:02:38.814
that had led to her untimely death.

00:02:38.814 --> 00:02:42.560
Another first for the election of 1828

00:02:42.560 --> 00:02:45.556
is Andrew Jackson as the first candidate

00:02:45.556 --> 00:02:47.574
for the Democratic Party.

00:02:47.574 --> 00:02:50.451
This is a new party united around Jackson.

00:02:50.451 --> 00:02:52.961
In the previous election,
all of the candidates

00:02:52.961 --> 00:02:55.076
had been Republicans
in one form or another,

00:02:55.076 --> 00:02:56.927
but now the Republican
Party is going to start

00:02:56.927 --> 00:03:00.443
to fade away and the Democratic
Party will come to the fore.

00:03:00.443 --> 00:03:02.095
And this is the same Democratic Party

00:03:02.095 --> 00:03:04.802
that is still in existence
in the United States today.

00:03:04.802 --> 00:03:07.508
Of course, its goals
and ideas have changed

00:03:07.508 --> 00:03:09.605
a great deal since the 1820s.

00:03:09.605 --> 00:03:13.283
And with his Democratic Party
and even with the supporters

00:03:13.283 --> 00:03:16.220
of John Quincy Adams,
what Jackson taps into

00:03:16.220 --> 00:03:19.303
is this kind of mass party democracy.

00:03:20.552 --> 00:03:22.802
He has great party machines

00:03:23.743 --> 00:03:26.595
working for him in Eastern cities.

00:03:26.595 --> 00:03:29.975
He also really takes
advantage particularly

00:03:29.975 --> 00:03:31.798
of people on the frontier,

00:03:31.798 --> 00:03:35.965
so white people who are
looking to expand westward

00:03:38.758 --> 00:03:42.089
to kind of make it, as we
would say, rugged individuals,

00:03:42.089 --> 00:03:45.494
people pulling themselves
up by their bootstraps

00:03:45.494 --> 00:03:47.677
and they saw that in Andrew Jackson

00:03:47.677 --> 00:03:50.993
because he had been born fairly penniless.

00:03:50.993 --> 00:03:54.828
And then, by the time he was
elected president in 1828,

00:03:54.828 --> 00:03:57.032
he had become part of the frontier elite.

00:03:57.032 --> 00:03:59.050
He was now a slave holder;

00:03:59.050 --> 00:04:00.839
he was one of the guys who had made it.

00:04:00.839 --> 00:04:02.760
But those on the frontier looked to him

00:04:02.760 --> 00:04:05.749
and saw the example of
what they wanted to be.

00:04:05.749 --> 00:04:10.417
Jackson also had the
advantage of being a war hero

00:04:10.417 --> 00:04:13.840
from the Battle of New
Orleans in the War of 1812.

00:04:13.840 --> 00:04:15.753
And throughout the 19th century,

00:04:15.753 --> 00:04:17.954
those with valorous military service

00:04:17.954 --> 00:04:20.733
will do well in national elections.

00:04:20.733 --> 00:04:23.904
And another thing that Andrew
Jackson does quite well

00:04:23.904 --> 00:04:28.071
is harnesses anti-Indian,
anti-Native American sentiment.

00:04:30.113 --> 00:04:34.280
John Quincy Adams had attempted
to bargain in good faith,

00:04:35.266 --> 00:04:39.791
to try to hold up the
side of the United States

00:04:39.791 --> 00:04:43.898
with Native American nations
living in what was then

00:04:43.898 --> 00:04:46.793
the territorial borders
of the United States.

00:04:46.793 --> 00:04:48.268
He'd bargained with them

00:04:48.268 --> 00:04:51.529
as if they were sovereign
nations unto themselves.

00:04:51.529 --> 00:04:55.534
Andrew Jackson understood
that white settlers

00:04:55.534 --> 00:04:58.477
desperately wanted Indian lands

00:04:58.477 --> 00:05:01.362
and he played to those white settlers,

00:05:01.362 --> 00:05:04.042
assuring him that he would do his utmost

00:05:04.042 --> 00:05:07.402
to remove Native Americans
from those lands,

00:05:07.402 --> 00:05:10.648
a promise that he will make
good on during his presidency.

00:05:10.648 --> 00:05:13.731
So, Jackson wins the election of 1828

00:05:14.772 --> 00:05:19.266
and immediately it's
obvious that the democracy

00:05:19.266 --> 00:05:21.560
under Jackson is quite different

00:05:21.560 --> 00:05:24.814
from the American system
under previous presidents.

00:05:24.814 --> 00:05:28.981
At his inauguration, he
turns to the crowd and bows,

00:05:29.978 --> 00:05:31.972
signaling that he thinks of himself

00:05:31.972 --> 00:05:35.056
as being beneath the
people that he's serving.

00:05:35.056 --> 00:05:37.497
He also opens up the White House

00:05:37.497 --> 00:05:40.446
during what's called the Inaugural Brawl,

00:05:40.446 --> 00:05:43.350
and it's believed that many
people went into the White House

00:05:43.350 --> 00:05:46.313
and they wrecked the china and
they destroyed the furniture

00:05:46.313 --> 00:05:48.270
and they wouldn't leave
until people told them

00:05:48.270 --> 00:05:50.453
there was alcohol outside on the lawn.

00:05:50.453 --> 00:05:53.698
And to an earlier generation
who had been raised

00:05:53.698 --> 00:05:56.940
with this early American aristocracy

00:05:56.940 --> 00:06:01.107
of the Adamses and the Washingtons,
this looks like anarchy.

00:06:01.962 --> 00:06:02.972
They thought this was the beginning

00:06:02.972 --> 00:06:05.265
of the French Revolution
in the United States.

00:06:05.265 --> 00:06:07.929
It was not, but it was the beginning

00:06:07.929 --> 00:06:12.206
of massive party politics,
political campaigns,

00:06:12.206 --> 00:06:16.228
and the beginning of a new
politics in the United States

00:06:16.228 --> 00:06:18.514
that appealed to the common man.

00:06:18.514 --> 00:06:20.571
And we'll talk more about
that in the next video.


Jacksonian Democracy part 2

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.517 --> 00:00:01.672
- [Instructor] So we've been talking about

00:00:01.672 --> 00:00:04.478
the emergence of Jacksonian democracy

00:00:04.478 --> 00:00:08.457
in the first half of the 19th
century in the United States

00:00:08.457 --> 00:00:11.120
and we've been talking about
how in this time period,

00:00:11.120 --> 00:00:15.287
the vote was slowly extended
to all white male citizens

00:00:16.594 --> 00:00:19.011
so that by the end of
this period there were

00:00:19.011 --> 00:00:21.875
no more property requirements
in the United States

00:00:21.875 --> 00:00:24.138
and any white male citizen could vote.

00:00:24.138 --> 00:00:26.815
Now those property
requirements had allowed

00:00:26.815 --> 00:00:30.273
free people of color and
women to vote in some states

00:00:30.273 --> 00:00:34.719
and when voting became associated
with white male citizens,

00:00:34.719 --> 00:00:38.364
those little loopholes
ended up getting closed,

00:00:38.364 --> 00:00:40.674
but this expansion of voting rights

00:00:40.674 --> 00:00:43.461
to all white male
citizens really represents

00:00:43.461 --> 00:00:46.688
a shift in how the average American

00:00:46.688 --> 00:00:50.387
thought about who deserved to have a voice

00:00:50.387 --> 00:00:52.770
in the political process
of the United States.

00:00:52.770 --> 00:00:55.167
They stopped placing so much value

00:00:55.167 --> 00:01:00.107
on this sort of aristocratic
republican citizenship

00:01:00.107 --> 00:01:02.914
of the early days of the United States

00:01:02.914 --> 00:01:04.907
where someone like George Washington

00:01:04.907 --> 00:01:06.776
would never run for office.

00:01:06.776 --> 00:01:08.692
He would stand for office.

00:01:08.692 --> 00:01:11.222
You wouldn't promote yourself,
that would be vulgar.

00:01:11.222 --> 00:01:12.884
Instead, you would have men

00:01:12.884 --> 00:01:15.701
of well-known character promote you.

00:01:15.701 --> 00:01:19.719
But by the 1820s, very few
Americans believed in the idea

00:01:19.719 --> 00:01:22.690
that there could be such a
thing as too much democracy

00:01:22.690 --> 00:01:25.100
that you would have to avoid the mob rule.

00:01:25.100 --> 00:01:27.129
Instead, they wanted the mob rule.

00:01:27.129 --> 00:01:31.329
They wanted a great expansion
of democracy and that was

00:01:31.329 --> 00:01:34.046
to them the real character
of the United States.

00:01:34.046 --> 00:01:37.857
Now I should also mention that
this expansion of democracy

00:01:37.857 --> 00:01:42.566
was part of a larger international
expansion of democracy.

00:01:42.566 --> 00:01:47.097
Similar laws that eliminated
property restrictions

00:01:47.097 --> 00:01:49.341
on voting were also being passed

00:01:49.341 --> 00:01:52.138
in England and France at this time period.

00:01:52.138 --> 00:01:54.948
So there's kind of an international wave

00:01:54.948 --> 00:01:56.650
to broaden the franchise,

00:01:56.650 --> 00:02:00.609
but the extension of voting
in Europe is nothing like

00:02:00.609 --> 00:02:02.826
the extension of voting
in the United States.

00:02:02.826 --> 00:02:05.502
There are nearly twice
as many eligible voters

00:02:05.502 --> 00:02:09.527
in the United States in the
1830s as there are in Britain

00:02:09.527 --> 00:02:11.944
with a population that's half the size.

00:02:11.944 --> 00:02:15.415
So while European nations
are taking small steps

00:02:15.415 --> 00:02:17.231
toward expanding the franchise,

00:02:17.231 --> 00:02:20.576
the United States is taking
huge steps in this time period.

00:02:20.576 --> 00:02:24.601
So the first election where
we start to see the influence

00:02:24.601 --> 00:02:28.768
of this new wave of voters
is in the election of 1824

00:02:30.629 --> 00:02:33.106
and let me give us a little bit more space

00:02:33.106 --> 00:02:34.561
to talk about this.

00:02:34.561 --> 00:02:37.906
So the election of 1824 was a contest

00:02:37.906 --> 00:02:40.073
between John Quincy Adams,

00:02:42.192 --> 00:02:45.109
son of American founder John Adams,

00:02:47.385 --> 00:02:51.552
Andrew Jackson, famous war
hero from the War of 1812,

00:02:53.360 --> 00:02:55.436
the victor of the Battle of New Orleans,

00:02:55.436 --> 00:02:56.686
and Henry Clay,

00:02:58.721 --> 00:03:01.344
who will become known
as the great compromiser

00:03:01.344 --> 00:03:04.382
for having pretty much spent
his entire political career

00:03:04.382 --> 00:03:05.744
either running for president

00:03:05.744 --> 00:03:08.013
or putting together
some kind of compromise.

00:03:08.013 --> 00:03:12.166
Now, John Quincy Adams I
think kind of epitomized

00:03:12.166 --> 00:03:15.918
the older school of American democracy.

00:03:15.918 --> 00:03:19.923
He was reticent to
campaign on his own behalf.

00:03:19.923 --> 00:03:23.328
He was very interested in academics

00:03:23.328 --> 00:03:25.530
and internal improvements.

00:03:25.530 --> 00:03:27.653
He didn't really see himself as being

00:03:27.653 --> 00:03:30.750
part of a particular political party.

00:03:30.750 --> 00:03:32.940
In fact, all three of these men

00:03:32.940 --> 00:03:35.570
were actually running as republicans

00:03:35.570 --> 00:03:38.448
'cause in the era of good feelings

00:03:38.448 --> 00:03:40.677
there's only the Republican Party.

00:03:40.677 --> 00:03:44.796
So you can see how confusing
this might as been as a voter

00:03:44.796 --> 00:03:47.713
to have three different
candidates from the same party

00:03:47.713 --> 00:03:49.536
and they're supposed to be
different than each other.

00:03:49.536 --> 00:03:53.703
So in this election, Andrew
Jackson wins the popular vote

00:03:55.590 --> 00:03:59.896
and John Quincy Adams
wins the electoral vote

00:03:59.896 --> 00:04:02.232
and Henry Clay wins neither.

00:04:02.232 --> 00:04:04.835
Now in a situation like
this, who got to be president

00:04:04.835 --> 00:04:07.486
was decided by the House
of Representatives.

00:04:07.486 --> 00:04:09.702
Well guess who was speaker of the house.

00:04:09.702 --> 00:04:10.619
Henry Clay.

00:04:11.772 --> 00:04:14.168
So he's out of the running himself,

00:04:14.168 --> 00:04:18.641
but he is in a position
to make quite an impact

00:04:18.641 --> 00:04:21.284
on who wins the presidency.

00:04:21.284 --> 00:04:22.800
Well John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay

00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:24.175
didn't have a whole lot of common,

00:04:24.175 --> 00:04:26.104
but they sure both hated Andrew Jackson.

00:04:26.104 --> 00:04:30.336
So Clay and Adams meet and
Henry Clay says, "Yeah John Q.,

00:04:30.336 --> 00:04:33.127
"I'll see if I can get the
House to vote for you,"

00:04:33.127 --> 00:04:34.522
and that's what happens.

00:04:34.522 --> 00:04:38.439
So the House elects John
Quincy Adams president

00:04:39.742 --> 00:04:42.246
and then just a couple days later,

00:04:42.246 --> 00:04:46.098
John Quincy Adams says that Henry Clay

00:04:46.098 --> 00:04:49.265
will get to be his Secretary of State,

00:04:50.277 --> 00:04:54.175
which was quite a plum
of a political position

00:04:54.175 --> 00:04:58.888
and Andrew Jackson and his
supporters go ballistic.

00:04:58.888 --> 00:05:02.221
They say that this was a corrupt bargain

00:05:03.194 --> 00:05:04.777
behind closed doors

00:05:05.798 --> 00:05:09.465
in which John Quincy
Adams bribed Henry Clay

00:05:10.571 --> 00:05:12.120
to give him the presidency

00:05:12.120 --> 00:05:15.030
in exchange for this political position.

00:05:15.030 --> 00:05:16.960
Now, there's no evidence that

00:05:16.960 --> 00:05:20.017
this actual corrupt
bargain really happened,

00:05:20.017 --> 00:05:23.221
but even if it did, it was totally in line

00:05:23.221 --> 00:05:26.446
with the earlier playbook
of American democracy,

00:05:26.446 --> 00:05:30.398
a you scratch my back, I'll
scratch yours kind of situation

00:05:30.398 --> 00:05:33.836
where the better sort of men,
the higher men of character

00:05:33.836 --> 00:05:37.741
made a deal between themselves
of who would lead this nation

00:05:37.741 --> 00:05:41.326
and the outrage over
this possible collusion

00:05:41.326 --> 00:05:44.978
between Adams and Clay
really signaled that

00:05:44.978 --> 00:05:48.536
the old days of a couple
of people making decisions

00:05:48.536 --> 00:05:50.679
about American politics were over,

00:05:50.679 --> 00:05:53.149
that this kind of deal between statesmen

00:05:53.149 --> 00:05:56.073
was now seen as undemocratic or crooked

00:05:56.073 --> 00:05:59.437
or something that was
done behind closed doors

00:05:59.437 --> 00:06:02.301
and that was against
the American character

00:06:02.301 --> 00:06:04.757
and Andrew Jackson is really going to

00:06:04.757 --> 00:06:08.035
ride his wave of popular discontent

00:06:08.035 --> 00:06:10.178
over someone winning the popular vote,

00:06:10.178 --> 00:06:12.388
but losing the electoral vote

00:06:12.388 --> 00:06:15.038
due to in his mind a corrupt bargain

00:06:15.038 --> 00:06:19.097
right into the presidency
in the election of 1828

00:06:19.097 --> 00:06:20.757
and we'll get to that in the next video.


Jacksonian Democracy part 1

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:01.144 --> 00:00:02.284
- [Instructor] When we talk about the big

00:00:02.284 --> 00:00:03.582
social movements of the early

00:00:03.582 --> 00:00:06.105
19th century in the United States,

00:00:06.105 --> 00:00:08.432
you can't deny that the emergence

00:00:08.432 --> 00:00:11.094
of Jacksonian democracy is one of the most

00:00:11.094 --> 00:00:15.489
influential aspects of
early 19th century culture,

00:00:15.489 --> 00:00:17.208
so what was Jacksonian democracy

00:00:17.208 --> 00:00:19.601
and why do we care so much about it?

00:00:19.601 --> 00:00:21.426
Well, I wanna make the
argument to you that

00:00:21.426 --> 00:00:24.843
Jacksonian democracy was really the birth

00:00:25.803 --> 00:00:28.886
of modern American political culture.

00:00:33.508 --> 00:00:36.675
By that, I mean that during this time,

00:00:39.214 --> 00:00:43.410
lots of practices emerged
that are still with us today.

00:00:43.410 --> 00:00:46.243
For example, the two party system.

00:00:48.750 --> 00:00:50.250
The spoils system.

00:00:53.240 --> 00:00:57.768
Even some aspects of
American political character

00:00:57.768 --> 00:01:01.765
that are still with us today
emerged in this time period

00:01:01.765 --> 00:01:04.780
and by that, I mean the kinds of traits

00:01:04.780 --> 00:01:07.446
that we like to see in our politicians

00:01:07.446 --> 00:01:09.251
to consider them electable.

00:01:09.251 --> 00:01:11.305
So in this series on Jacksonian democracy,

00:01:11.305 --> 00:01:14.019
I'm gonna take you on a journey from

00:01:14.019 --> 00:01:17.102
the earlier American political culture,

00:01:17.102 --> 00:01:19.889
some of the major changes that

00:01:19.889 --> 00:01:23.136
came about in the Jacksonian period,

00:01:23.136 --> 00:01:24.681
and then just discuss some of the ways

00:01:24.681 --> 00:01:27.789
that this still influences us today.

00:01:27.789 --> 00:01:29.688
All right, so if Jacksonian democracy

00:01:29.688 --> 00:01:33.390
was a new thing, what came before it?

00:01:33.390 --> 00:01:37.799
Well, in the very early era
of American political life

00:01:37.799 --> 00:01:41.966
and I'm talking here from
approximately 1790 to about 1820,

00:01:44.748 --> 00:01:48.081
American politics was very aristocratic.

00:01:49.583 --> 00:01:52.166
There were a couple of families

00:01:53.168 --> 00:01:56.517
that tended to dominate politics.

00:01:56.517 --> 00:01:58.978
The Adams family, for example.

00:01:58.978 --> 00:02:01.666
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,

00:02:01.666 --> 00:02:04.702
and these men were kind
of considered to be,

00:02:04.702 --> 00:02:08.168
maybe a higher character of man.

00:02:08.168 --> 00:02:12.335
They were the quintessential
citizens of a republic

00:02:15.663 --> 00:02:18.163
and along with that came a certain amount

00:02:18.163 --> 00:02:21.233
of wealth and status and education.

00:02:21.233 --> 00:02:25.076
In between George Washington
and Andrew Jackson,

00:02:25.076 --> 00:02:28.216
every single person
who served as president

00:02:28.216 --> 00:02:29.966
had a college degree.

00:02:31.904 --> 00:02:34.764
Many of them were Virginians

00:02:34.764 --> 00:02:38.358
and particularly Virginian planters.

00:02:38.358 --> 00:02:39.674
You see a lot of Virginians

00:02:39.674 --> 00:02:42.166
and a lot of people from Massachusetts

00:02:42.166 --> 00:02:45.231
in the first couple of
years of the republic.

00:02:45.231 --> 00:02:48.337
Many of them kind of shared a concern

00:02:48.337 --> 00:02:52.504
that there could be too much
democracy, shall we say,

00:02:54.672 --> 00:02:58.839
that even though the United
States was a democracy,

00:03:01.122 --> 00:03:04.478
many of the founders of the United States

00:03:04.478 --> 00:03:08.372
worried about the tyranny of the majority,

00:03:08.372 --> 00:03:11.039
the tyranny of the mob,

00:03:11.039 --> 00:03:13.649
that they had set up this
democratic experiment

00:03:13.649 --> 00:03:15.588
where many people could vote,

00:03:15.588 --> 00:03:20.271
but they were afraid of having
just too many people voting

00:03:20.271 --> 00:03:23.085
'cause they looked down on lower classes

00:03:23.085 --> 00:03:25.337
of society in that time period.

00:03:25.337 --> 00:03:29.504
They worried that if you didn't
have a stake in the country,

00:03:31.043 --> 00:03:34.043
usually shown by property ownership,

00:03:35.491 --> 00:03:39.324
either in terms of land
or in terms of wealth,

00:03:40.313 --> 00:03:44.314
then you wouldn't have
the proper investment

00:03:44.314 --> 00:03:47.213
in the fate of the nation in order to

00:03:47.213 --> 00:03:50.160
make a rational decision about what

00:03:50.160 --> 00:03:52.264
sort of policies should be enacted.

00:03:52.264 --> 00:03:54.211
So in the early years
of the United States,

00:03:54.211 --> 00:03:56.461
many states had voting laws

00:03:58.158 --> 00:04:00.575
that restricted the franchise

00:04:03.511 --> 00:04:05.428
to just propertied men.

00:04:06.341 --> 00:04:11.130
So really, a quite small
proportion of the overall populous

00:04:11.130 --> 00:04:12.942
of the United States could vote.

00:04:12.942 --> 00:04:15.265
Interestingly, this actually meant that

00:04:15.265 --> 00:04:18.821
in some northern states,
both free people of color,

00:04:18.821 --> 00:04:19.988
free black men

00:04:22.521 --> 00:04:24.188
and women could vote

00:04:26.612 --> 00:04:30.183
because they met the requirements
for property ownership,

00:04:30.183 --> 00:04:32.683
but in the early 1800s, 1810s,

00:04:34.279 --> 00:04:38.446
these ideals of democracy
began to catch on more and more

00:04:40.163 --> 00:04:42.080
among the common people

00:04:42.914 --> 00:04:47.081
and as new states joined The
Union, like Ohio and Illinois,

00:04:48.409 --> 00:04:50.788
they came in with state constitutions,

00:04:50.788 --> 00:04:54.705
saying that all white
male citizens could vote,

00:04:56.715 --> 00:04:59.645
regardless of whether or not

00:04:59.645 --> 00:05:02.895
they owned property or they paid taxes.

00:05:04.358 --> 00:05:08.191
So in this time period,
white male citizenship

00:05:09.061 --> 00:05:11.585
became associated with voting

00:05:11.585 --> 00:05:15.107
and some of the other
states began to rewrite

00:05:15.107 --> 00:05:18.605
their state constitutions
to grant the vote

00:05:18.605 --> 00:05:22.645
to all white males and it
probably won't surprise you

00:05:22.645 --> 00:05:24.816
that when they rewrote those laws,

00:05:24.816 --> 00:05:29.085
they managed to take
out the little loophole

00:05:29.085 --> 00:05:31.523
for free people of color and women

00:05:31.523 --> 00:05:33.318
with certain amounts of property.

00:05:33.318 --> 00:05:37.557
So by the end of this
period, in the 1850s,

00:05:37.557 --> 00:05:40.195
all property requirements for
voting had been eliminated

00:05:40.195 --> 00:05:43.598
and any white male above the age of 21

00:05:43.598 --> 00:05:45.548
in the United States had the right to vote

00:05:45.548 --> 00:05:46.605
and we'll get to what that meant

00:05:46.605 --> 00:05:49.062
for American politics in the next video.