ELI the ICE man

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.685 --> 00:00:01.840
- [Voiceover] Okay, it's
time to introduce you

00:00:01.840 --> 00:00:05.376
to a new friend, ELI the ICE man.

00:00:05.376 --> 00:00:09.651
ELI the ICE man is a friend
of every electrical engineer

00:00:09.651 --> 00:00:12.190
and what we've been taking
about is A/C analysis,

00:00:12.190 --> 00:00:15.225
and in A/C analysis we
limit ourselves to one type

00:00:15.225 --> 00:00:17.892
of signal and that's a sinusoid,

00:00:19.963 --> 00:00:24.019
and the sinusoid we like is called cosine.

00:00:24.019 --> 00:00:26.852
We say cosine of omega t plus phi.

00:00:31.085 --> 00:00:34.500
Omega represents the radiant
frequency of the cosine,

00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:35.911
here it's shown in blue.

00:00:35.911 --> 00:00:38.387
That radiant frequency is omega,

00:00:38.387 --> 00:00:41.749
and phi is the phased
layer, the phased shift.

00:00:41.749 --> 00:00:44.825
And if we look here we see this
isn't really a cosine wave,

00:00:44.825 --> 00:00:48.385
because the peak is a little
before zero, time equals zero,

00:00:48.385 --> 00:00:52.552
so this distance right here
is the lead, the phase leed,

00:00:58.640 --> 00:00:59.890
and that's phi.

00:01:01.566 --> 00:01:04.683
So when phi is a positive
number, this whole cosine wave

00:01:04.683 --> 00:01:06.930
is shifted a little bit to the left.

00:01:06.930 --> 00:01:09.832
That's what we mean by phase shift.

00:01:09.832 --> 00:01:11.503
So in these kind of signals,

00:01:11.503 --> 00:01:14.256
our input into our favorite
components, we're gonna get

00:01:14.256 --> 00:01:17.432
a relationship between the
voltage and the current

00:01:17.432 --> 00:01:21.612
in those components, and it's
related by the impedance.

00:01:21.612 --> 00:01:24.452
We define the idea of
impedance as the ratio

00:01:24.452 --> 00:01:28.535
of voltage to current, we
gave that the symbol z.

00:01:31.042 --> 00:01:32.408
Now in this video, instead of using

00:01:32.408 --> 00:01:35.309
v as my variable for
voltage, I'm gonna use

00:01:35.309 --> 00:01:37.356
a different letter, I'm gonna use e.

00:01:37.356 --> 00:01:41.101
E is short for EMF or electromotive force,

00:01:41.101 --> 00:01:45.281
and it's really commonly
used, almost as often as v,

00:01:45.281 --> 00:01:49.106
for representing voltage,
and I'll show you why

00:01:49.106 --> 00:01:51.606
I wanna use e in a little bit.

00:01:53.957 --> 00:01:57.493
And another way I can
write this just as easily,

00:01:57.493 --> 00:01:59.076
e equals z times i.

00:02:01.855 --> 00:02:04.297
And this looks a lot like
Ohm's law, and what we're gonna

00:02:04.297 --> 00:02:07.017
find out here is we can
apply this in addition to

00:02:07.017 --> 00:02:08.784
applying it to resisters, we can apply it

00:02:08.784 --> 00:02:11.117
to capacitors and inductors.

00:02:13.196 --> 00:02:17.363
So first off we're gonna look
at our friend, the inductor.

00:02:24.400 --> 00:02:27.355
And we're gonna look at the equation

00:02:27.355 --> 00:02:29.772
e equals z i for an inductor.

00:02:33.127 --> 00:02:36.310
I'm going to assign i to be
a sinusoid, so i is gonna be

00:02:36.310 --> 00:02:41.142
equal to some magnitude,
we'll call it i naught,

00:02:41.142 --> 00:02:43.142
cosine omega t plus phi.

00:02:48.653 --> 00:02:50.673
So I'm gonna say my
current is a cosine wave

00:02:50.673 --> 00:02:53.292
of this magnitude with this
phase delay, and that's shown

00:02:53.292 --> 00:02:55.959
in blue here, so this here is i.

00:03:00.728 --> 00:03:03.860
And now let's write e
in terms of this i here,

00:03:03.860 --> 00:03:08.027
so I can write e equals z,
now what is z for an inductor?

00:03:08.972 --> 00:03:13.139
The impedance of an inductor
is j omega l, and what is i?

00:03:16.638 --> 00:03:19.312
i is sitting right here,
and I'm gonna represent i

00:03:19.312 --> 00:03:22.331
like this, I'm gonna
represent i as a phasor,

00:03:22.331 --> 00:03:24.293
or a phasor representation.

00:03:24.293 --> 00:03:28.628
And we said that that
could be represented as i,

00:03:28.628 --> 00:03:32.795
the magnitude of the current
indicated at the angle of phi,

00:03:33.776 --> 00:03:37.243
so these are equivalent
representations of i,

00:03:37.243 --> 00:03:39.194
this is the time domain representation,

00:03:39.194 --> 00:03:41.884
and this is the phasor representation.

00:03:41.884 --> 00:03:44.754
Now what we have out here in
front of i is a scaling factor,

00:03:44.754 --> 00:03:47.546
there's this complex j that
we'll take care of in a second,

00:03:47.546 --> 00:03:49.088
and there's omega l.

00:03:49.088 --> 00:03:53.383
So omega is the frequency and
l is the size of the inductor.

00:03:53.383 --> 00:03:55.902
Now for the purposes of
this video, when I plot out

00:03:55.902 --> 00:04:00.267
the voltage over here in
orange, we're gonna assume that

00:04:00.267 --> 00:04:03.865
this scaling factor omega l
is one, just so that we can

00:04:03.865 --> 00:04:06.148
focus on the timing relationships

00:04:06.148 --> 00:04:09.424
between the current and the voltage.

00:04:09.424 --> 00:04:13.678
When we talked about complex
numbers, multiplying by j,

00:04:13.678 --> 00:04:15.874
multiplying something by j represents

00:04:15.874 --> 00:04:18.374
a rotation of plus 90 degrees.

00:04:19.641 --> 00:04:22.641
And so I can write this as e equals,

00:04:24.312 --> 00:04:27.692
let's put the scaling factor
out there, and we'll have

00:04:27.692 --> 00:04:31.120
i naught, which is the original
magnitude of the current,

00:04:31.120 --> 00:04:34.919
and phi, it's changed here,
phi changes, phi becomes

00:04:34.919 --> 00:04:39.086
phi and this multiplication
by j here corresponds to

00:04:40.048 --> 00:04:42.131
adding 90 degrees to phi.

00:04:46.618 --> 00:04:50.944
So multiplying by j corresponds
to a 90 degree phase shift,

00:04:50.944 --> 00:04:55.111
and if I draw here, this is
now e, and the phase shift,

00:04:57.901 --> 00:05:01.311
we decided this distance right here,

00:05:01.311 --> 00:05:06.234
this distance right here
is phi, and this distance

00:05:06.234 --> 00:05:09.651
right here is a phase leed of 90 degrees.

00:05:16.891 --> 00:05:21.261
And you'll notice I key off
the peaks of these wave forms,

00:05:21.261 --> 00:05:24.339
because that's the easiest
place to see the leed.

00:05:24.339 --> 00:05:29.236
So when I move to the left,
that corresponds to a lead

00:05:29.236 --> 00:05:30.819
of plus 90 degrees.

00:05:33.533 --> 00:05:36.366
So in an inductor, in an inductor,

00:05:43.901 --> 00:05:46.901
we say that e leeds i by 90 degrees.

00:06:03.972 --> 00:06:07.555
Alright, now let's do
it for our capacitor.

00:06:11.082 --> 00:06:15.249
And we'll do the same kind
of thing here for capacitor

00:06:26.518 --> 00:06:29.694
we'll assign the same
current, we'll say i equals

00:06:29.694 --> 00:06:33.861
some current, i naught, times
cosine of omega t plus phi,

00:06:40.209 --> 00:06:42.493
and now let's work out the
voltage across the capacitor.

00:06:42.493 --> 00:06:46.245
So the voltage across the
capacitor, e, is the same thing

00:06:46.245 --> 00:06:50.003
we have here, e equals zi or I can write e

00:06:50.003 --> 00:06:52.026
in the capacitor equals z.

00:06:52.026 --> 00:06:55.118
Now what is impedance of a capacitor?

00:06:55.118 --> 00:06:57.118
It's one over j omega c.

00:07:01.787 --> 00:07:05.954
That's z, and i we represent
the same way as we did before,

00:07:07.382 --> 00:07:09.715
i naught at an angle of phi.

00:07:11.765 --> 00:07:16.362
So now let's carefully
do this multiplication.

00:07:16.362 --> 00:07:20.529
e equals one over j times one
over omega c times i naught

00:07:26.455 --> 00:07:28.038
at an angle of phi.

00:07:30.913 --> 00:07:32.802
So here's this one over j term,

00:07:32.802 --> 00:07:36.135
now I can rewrite one over j as minus j.

00:07:42.847 --> 00:07:44.970
Now we're multiplying
something by minus j,

00:07:44.970 --> 00:07:48.618
and multiplying by minus j
corresponds to a rotation

00:07:48.618 --> 00:07:53.179
of minus 90 degrees, so I
can write e one more time

00:07:53.179 --> 00:07:56.262
like this, e equals one over omega c,

00:07:58.541 --> 00:08:01.350
here's the scale factor,
here's the original

00:08:01.350 --> 00:08:05.183
current magnitude, and
I get the angle of phi,

00:08:06.721 --> 00:08:08.971
this time minus 90 degrees.

00:08:12.700 --> 00:08:17.289
So this minus sign here
corresponds to a lag, a phase lag,

00:08:17.289 --> 00:08:21.663
so here's our original current
here, let me label that,

00:08:21.663 --> 00:08:25.830
here's i, and now we have our
voltage, e looks like this,

00:08:30.750 --> 00:08:34.611
here's e, and what we
see, let me go out here

00:08:34.611 --> 00:08:37.552
and measure it here,
here we have a phase lag,

00:08:37.552 --> 00:08:41.469
where it's pointing to
the right of 90 degrees.

00:08:45.325 --> 00:08:47.242
And that we call a lag.

00:08:49.921 --> 00:08:54.004
We can summarize that, we
can say in a capacitor,

00:09:00.092 --> 00:09:01.425
we say e lags i.

00:09:09.548 --> 00:09:10.952
And an equivalent way to say this

00:09:10.952 --> 00:09:13.535
is we could say that i leeds e.

00:09:18.825 --> 00:09:20.158
I leeds voltage.

00:09:27.155 --> 00:09:31.322
So I can actually put boxes
around these two results,

00:09:33.733 --> 00:09:34.900
here and here.

00:09:40.628 --> 00:09:42.845
Now there's a lot of sign
flipping going on here,

00:09:42.845 --> 00:09:47.012
and there's actually an
easy way to remember this,

00:09:48.184 --> 00:09:50.343
and I wanna introduce you
to someone who can help you

00:09:50.343 --> 00:09:54.260
remember this, and his
name is ELI the ICE man.

00:10:03.108 --> 00:10:04.470
So what can Eli tell us?

00:10:04.470 --> 00:10:08.667
ELI tells us that in an
inductor, an l, voltage,

00:10:08.667 --> 00:10:13.125
leeds current, and over
here in a capacitor,

00:10:13.125 --> 00:10:15.208
c, current leeds voltage.

00:10:18.719 --> 00:10:20.154
That's the message from ELI the ICE man,

00:10:20.154 --> 00:10:23.975
he helps us remember the
order that voltage and current

00:10:23.975 --> 00:10:26.967
change in inductors and capacitors.

00:10:26.967 --> 00:10:28.862
He's gonna be your friend for a long time.


Dependent and independent clauses

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.562 --> 00:00:01.395
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.

00:00:01.395 --> 00:00:02.228
Hello, Rosie.

00:00:02.228 --> 00:00:03.061
- [Voiceover] Hello, David.

00:00:03.061 --> 00:00:04.021
- [Voiceover] We're gonna
talk about dependent

00:00:04.021 --> 00:00:05.498
and independent clauses.

00:00:05.498 --> 00:00:09.251
Full disclosure, this
is a relatively advanced

00:00:09.251 --> 00:00:12.717
part of grammar, but it is
important to understand,

00:00:12.717 --> 00:00:15.614
because mastering dependent
and independent clauses

00:00:15.614 --> 00:00:17.267
and being able to say

00:00:17.267 --> 00:00:21.059
why a clause is dependent or independent

00:00:21.059 --> 00:00:23.449
will help you become a better writer,

00:00:23.449 --> 00:00:26.809
will help you become a stronger writer,

00:00:26.809 --> 00:00:30.260
and give your sentences
vim and vigor and strength.

00:00:30.260 --> 00:00:31.761
So with all that out of the way.

00:00:31.761 --> 00:00:34.224
Let's start with independent clauses,

00:00:34.224 --> 00:00:37.305
because an independent clause
is basically a sentence.

00:00:37.305 --> 00:00:40.817
We established previously
that all a clause is

00:00:40.817 --> 00:00:44.984
is just a collection of phrases
with a subject and a verb.

00:00:46.027 --> 00:00:50.087
So, for example, the sentence,
I ate the pineapple, period,

00:00:50.087 --> 00:00:52.061
is an independent clause.

00:00:52.061 --> 00:00:55.629
So, it's a couple of phrases,
we've got this noun phrase I,

00:00:55.629 --> 00:00:57.757
we've got this verb
phrase ate the pineapple,

00:00:57.757 --> 00:01:01.161
and together that becomes a subject

00:01:01.161 --> 00:01:03.748
and verb or a predicate.

00:01:03.748 --> 00:01:06.341
So, Rosie, what is a dependent clause?

00:01:06.341 --> 00:01:08.839
- [Voiceover] So dependent
clause is different

00:01:08.839 --> 00:01:10.328
from an independent clause in that

00:01:10.328 --> 00:01:14.280
it can't stand on its own as a sentence.

00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:16.816
So it includes a subject and a verb,

00:01:16.816 --> 00:01:19.763
but it can't be its own sentence.

00:01:19.763 --> 00:01:23.430
And sometimes it might
look like a sentence,

00:01:24.951 --> 00:01:26.410
it could start with something

00:01:26.410 --> 00:01:30.577
like a subordinating conjunction,
like the word because,

00:01:31.688 --> 00:01:34.403
for example, because it was delicious.

00:01:34.403 --> 00:01:36.774
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:01:36.774 --> 00:01:38.253
And let's be clear here, you know,

00:01:38.253 --> 00:01:42.119
obviously, this is an
utterance that people say.

00:01:42.119 --> 00:01:43.864
You know, if you ask me
why did you eat the pizza,

00:01:43.864 --> 00:01:46.959
I would respond by saying,
because it was delicious.

00:01:46.959 --> 00:01:48.401
Why do we climb the mountain?

00:01:48.401 --> 00:01:51.240
Because it is there, you know.

00:01:51.240 --> 00:01:53.800
I'm not saying that this is not,

00:01:53.800 --> 00:01:55.441
not an utterance that is made

00:01:55.441 --> 00:01:57.941
by native speaking English speakers.

00:01:57.941 --> 00:01:58.989
It is, of course it is.

00:01:58.989 --> 00:02:01.574
But you have to be aware
that it is a dependent clause

00:02:01.574 --> 00:02:03.463
and therefore a sentence fragment.

00:02:03.463 --> 00:02:06.380
And part of natural informal speech

00:02:07.308 --> 00:02:09.846
is that we do use a lot
of sentence fragments.

00:02:09.846 --> 00:02:13.195
And sentence fragments are not as common

00:02:13.195 --> 00:02:14.919
in formal writing.

00:02:14.919 --> 00:02:17.836
You may sometimes use them for effect,

00:02:17.836 --> 00:02:20.262
but I want you to remember
that these videos are

00:02:20.262 --> 00:02:23.360
about standard American English,

00:02:23.360 --> 00:02:27.704
and a kind of formal version
of standard American English.

00:02:27.704 --> 00:02:29.619
And so, we're trying to
teach you to distinguish

00:02:29.619 --> 00:02:33.036
between independent and dependent clauses

00:02:33.881 --> 00:02:36.686
so that you can use them skillfully

00:02:36.686 --> 00:02:40.065
in the full knowledge and
mastery of your choices.

00:02:40.065 --> 00:02:42.255
You gotta learn your scales
before you can improvise.

00:02:42.255 --> 00:02:43.088
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:02:43.088 --> 00:02:43.921
- [Voiceover] Dig?

00:02:43.921 --> 00:02:44.754
- [Voiceover] Dig.

00:02:44.754 --> 00:02:47.996
- [Voiceover] So because it
was delicious, not a sentence.

00:02:47.996 --> 00:02:49.966
This is a dependent
clause, because it begins

00:02:49.966 --> 00:02:54.225
with this subordinating
conjunction because.

00:02:54.225 --> 00:02:58.410
You could also work in
something like although,

00:02:58.410 --> 00:03:02.577
or while, and any of these would
make it a dependent clause.

00:03:03.944 --> 00:03:06.967
Now, if it was just on
its own, it was delicious,

00:03:06.967 --> 00:03:09.367
yeah, of course, that is a sentence.

00:03:09.367 --> 00:03:12.739
The part that makes it dependent is

00:03:12.739 --> 00:03:15.540
this subordinating conjunction.

00:03:15.540 --> 00:03:16.714
You put that onto the front of it

00:03:16.714 --> 00:03:18.823
and all of a sudden it
needs an independent clause

00:03:18.823 --> 00:03:21.047
to lean up against.

00:03:21.047 --> 00:03:23.020
I know this is confusing,
so let's take a look

00:03:23.020 --> 00:03:25.311
at a couple more examples

00:03:25.311 --> 00:03:28.637
of independent and dependent clauses.

00:03:28.637 --> 00:03:32.204
So, the following are
independent clauses, Rosie.

00:03:32.204 --> 00:03:34.546
- [Voiceover] The bear roared.

00:03:34.546 --> 00:03:37.213
Maureen pointed out the monster.

00:03:38.085 --> 00:03:40.627
That's not our pet rabbit.

00:03:40.627 --> 00:03:45.409
- [Voiceover] And let's
do some dependent clauses,

00:03:45.409 --> 00:03:47.517
and then you can see

00:03:47.517 --> 00:03:51.135
that we'll be able to
combine them into sentences.

00:03:51.135 --> 00:03:54.051
- [Voiceover] While the salmon flopped.

00:03:54.051 --> 00:03:56.051
That she saw last night.

00:03:57.069 --> 00:03:58.736
Unless I'm mistaken.

00:04:02.003 --> 00:04:03.562
- [Voiceover] So you can see
that these are all clauses,

00:04:03.562 --> 00:04:05.065
right, we've established that, you know,

00:04:05.065 --> 00:04:07.209
each one has a subject and a verb.

00:04:07.209 --> 00:04:08.972
The bear roared, the salmon flopped.

00:04:08.972 --> 00:04:11.845
But all of these have some kind of,

00:04:11.845 --> 00:04:14.678
everything in orange has something

00:04:17.409 --> 00:04:20.186
that's either a subordinating conjunction

00:04:20.186 --> 00:04:24.473
like while or unless, or a
relative pronoun like that.

00:04:24.473 --> 00:04:25.670
So while the salmon flopped.

00:04:25.670 --> 00:04:26.998
You can see in this context

00:04:26.998 --> 00:04:29.370
the bear roared while the salmon flopped,

00:04:29.370 --> 00:04:32.687
you can kind of understand
why this is called

00:04:32.687 --> 00:04:36.354
the dependent clause,
because by the context

00:04:37.224 --> 00:04:39.620
of this sentence, while
the salmon flopped,

00:04:39.620 --> 00:04:41.687
something else was going on, right.

00:04:41.687 --> 00:04:44.411
This is kind of like
background information.

00:04:44.411 --> 00:04:47.017
And it's in fact not necessary

00:04:47.017 --> 00:04:51.222
for comprehending the first
sentence or the first clause,

00:04:51.222 --> 00:04:55.024
the independent clause, the bear roared.

00:04:55.024 --> 00:04:58.388
And if we did combine
these, you would realize

00:04:58.388 --> 00:05:02.823
that the salmon flopped is
just background information.

00:05:02.823 --> 00:05:03.656
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:05:03.656 --> 00:05:04.489
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:05:04.489 --> 00:05:07.046
But we need to know what else is going on

00:05:07.046 --> 00:05:09.398
for there to be a while.

00:05:09.398 --> 00:05:10.502
- [Voiceover] So the bear roared

00:05:10.502 --> 00:05:14.840
is a perfectly sensical
sentence on its own.

00:05:14.840 --> 00:05:15.673
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:05:15.673 --> 00:05:17.947
- [Voiceover] And while the
salmon flopped is providing us

00:05:17.947 --> 00:05:20.108
with this extra information.

00:05:20.108 --> 00:05:22.993
The bear is roaring
while the salmon flopped.

00:05:22.993 --> 00:05:24.874
But if we were just to see the sentence

00:05:24.874 --> 00:05:27.190
while the salmon flopped on its own,

00:05:27.190 --> 00:05:30.607
like say, we didn't have the bear roared,

00:05:31.681 --> 00:05:33.399
it would make less sense.

00:05:33.399 --> 00:05:36.865
- [Voiceover] Right, because
the presence of this word while

00:05:36.865 --> 00:05:39.443
indicates that something
else is also going on,

00:05:39.443 --> 00:05:41.210
that's what makes it dependent.

00:05:41.210 --> 00:05:44.667
So we need to have the bear roared.

00:05:44.667 --> 00:05:47.168
Likewise, Maureen pointed out the monster,

00:05:47.168 --> 00:05:48.970
that sentence works fine on its own.

00:05:48.970 --> 00:05:52.887
That she saw last night,
sure there's a subject

00:05:54.187 --> 00:05:56.603
and there's a verb, she and saw, right,

00:05:56.603 --> 00:05:59.247
she saw something, she saw that,

00:05:59.247 --> 00:06:02.382
but this relative pronoun needs
to refer back to something,

00:06:02.382 --> 00:06:06.466
and that makes it
dependent on the monster.

00:06:06.466 --> 00:06:08.974
So this last one's a little tricky, right,

00:06:08.974 --> 00:06:10.329
because you might be looking and saying,

00:06:10.329 --> 00:06:12.807
well, unless I'm mistaken,
where's the verb?

00:06:12.807 --> 00:06:14.818
Well, the verb is kind of hiding in here.

00:06:14.818 --> 00:06:17.401
So unless I am mistaken, right.

00:06:19.429 --> 00:06:22.652
So, the presence of this
subordinating conjunction unless

00:06:22.652 --> 00:06:24.751
makes this into a dependent clause.

00:06:24.751 --> 00:06:27.669
So unless means it's kind of hinging

00:06:27.669 --> 00:06:29.711
on some other information.

00:06:29.711 --> 00:06:32.255
So the other information is
that's not our pet rabbit,

00:06:32.255 --> 00:06:33.874
unless I'm mistaken.

00:06:33.874 --> 00:06:35.031
I feel that there should be a comma here,

00:06:35.031 --> 00:06:36.303
so I'm gonna put one in.

00:06:36.303 --> 00:06:39.264
That's not our pet rabbit,
unless I'm mistaken.

00:06:39.264 --> 00:06:41.134
I hope this has cleared some stuff up.

00:06:41.134 --> 00:06:45.088
So an independent clause
is a subject and a verb

00:06:45.088 --> 00:06:47.251
and it can be a sentence.

00:06:47.251 --> 00:06:50.834
A dependent clause is
a subject and a verb,

00:06:51.691 --> 00:06:54.691
but also a subordinating conjunction

00:06:56.482 --> 00:06:58.815
and it cannot be a sentence.

00:07:00.365 --> 00:07:02.632
You can learn anything, David out.

00:07:02.632 --> 00:07:03.737
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.


Exclamations

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.245 --> 00:00:01.434
- [Voiceover] Paige!
- [Voiceover] What?

00:00:01.434 --> 00:00:02.462
- [Voiceover] I think
we left something out

00:00:02.462 --> 00:00:03.535
of the last video.
- [Voiceover] Oh no.

00:00:03.535 --> 00:00:06.191
- [Voiceover] I left exclamations
out of the last video!

00:00:06.191 --> 00:00:07.051
- [Voiceover] That's not good.

00:00:07.051 --> 00:00:08.201
- [Voiceover] Okay, we can fix this.

00:00:08.201 --> 00:00:09.034
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:00:09.034 --> 00:00:09.990
- [Voiceover] We just
need to make a video.

00:00:09.990 --> 00:00:10.883
- [Voiceover] Yes.

00:00:10.883 --> 00:00:13.454
- [Voiceover] Oh, hello grammarians.

00:00:13.454 --> 00:00:14.287
Hello Paige.

00:00:14.287 --> 00:00:15.120
- [Voiceover] Hi David.

00:00:15.120 --> 00:00:16.077
- [Voiceover] So, I want to talk today

00:00:16.077 --> 00:00:17.428
about the exclamation!

00:00:17.428 --> 00:00:18.484
- [Voiceover] Whoa.

00:00:18.484 --> 00:00:21.084
- [Voiceover] An exclamation
is a type of sentence,

00:00:21.084 --> 00:00:24.703
so previously we covered
three other kinds of sentence.

00:00:24.703 --> 00:00:25.536
- [Voiceover] Mm-hmm.

00:00:25.536 --> 00:00:26.513
- [Voiceover] We covered
declarative sentences,

00:00:26.513 --> 00:00:28.575
which are just sort of statements, right.

00:00:28.575 --> 00:00:32.481
We covered interrogative
sentences, which are questions.

00:00:32.481 --> 00:00:35.265
And we covered imperative
sentences, which are orders.

00:00:35.265 --> 00:00:36.098
- [Voiceover] Mm-hmm.

00:00:36.098 --> 00:00:39.448
- [Voiceover] But, but I forgot
to include the exclamation!

00:00:39.448 --> 00:00:42.210
I didn't actually forget, I
just wanted to save space.

00:00:42.210 --> 00:00:43.377
- [Voiceover] Oh okay.

00:00:43.377 --> 00:00:47.086
- [Voiceover] But Paige,
what is an exclamation?

00:00:47.086 --> 00:00:48.966
- [Voiceover] So it's a sentence

00:00:48.966 --> 00:00:51.216
or maybe a word that's like

00:00:52.126 --> 00:00:54.570
an expression of a really strong emotion.

00:00:54.570 --> 00:00:57.643
That's why we were
screaming a lot and stuff.

00:00:57.643 --> 00:00:59.443
Those were all exclamations.

00:00:59.443 --> 00:01:00.712
- [Voiceover] So it
doesn't even necessarily

00:01:00.712 --> 00:01:02.061
have to be a sentence,
you said, so it could

00:01:02.061 --> 00:01:03.321
just be something like, ow!

00:01:03.321 --> 00:01:04.154
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:04.154 --> 00:01:05.105
- [Voiceover] Like an
interjection like that.

00:01:05.105 --> 00:01:06.196
- [Voiceover] Yeah,
that's a great example.

00:01:06.196 --> 00:01:08.680
If you hurt yourself,
you might scream, ow!

00:01:08.680 --> 00:01:09.976
That's an exclamation.

00:01:09.976 --> 00:01:11.680
- [Voiceover] Can an exclamation also be

00:01:11.680 --> 00:01:14.257
an imperative, like if I said, look out!

00:01:14.257 --> 00:01:15.928
- [Voiceover] Yeah, I think
so, right, that's an order.

00:01:15.928 --> 00:01:17.224
- [Voiceover] Yeah.

00:01:17.224 --> 00:01:19.226
- [Voiceover] And it's being,

00:01:19.226 --> 00:01:21.773
it's being exclaimed, it's being yelled.

00:01:21.773 --> 00:01:22.935
So I think that's an exclamation too.

00:01:22.935 --> 00:01:23.768
- [Voiceover] Mm-hmm.

00:01:23.768 --> 00:01:25.391
- [Voiceover] So there's some overlap

00:01:25.391 --> 00:01:29.243
with like imperative and
exclamation sometimes.

00:01:29.243 --> 00:01:31.124
- [Voiceover] Mm-hmm, I
would also say that there's

00:01:31.124 --> 00:01:34.431
probably an overlap with
declarative sentences too.

00:01:34.431 --> 00:01:35.928
- [Voiceover] That's
true, that's very true.

00:01:35.928 --> 00:01:36.979
- [Voiceover] So you could be like, ah,

00:01:36.979 --> 00:01:39.087
that ogre is about to attack the village!

00:01:39.087 --> 00:01:41.062
- [Voiceover] Right,
that is just a statement,

00:01:41.062 --> 00:01:43.514
but you're clearly pretty scared about it.

00:01:43.514 --> 00:01:45.897
So there's an exclamation point.

00:01:45.897 --> 00:01:48.488
- [Voiceover] But I could
also walk that statement back

00:01:48.488 --> 00:01:49.947
also as an exclamation and say,

00:01:49.947 --> 00:01:52.555
I was wrong about the ogre, he's nice!

00:01:52.555 --> 00:01:53.895
- [Voiceover] Oh, he was
just coming to say hi.

00:01:53.895 --> 00:01:54.730
- [Voiceover] He's just coming to say hi.

00:01:54.730 --> 00:01:55.563
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:55.563 --> 00:01:57.287
- [Voiceover] Give you
a big ol' thumbs up.

00:01:57.287 --> 00:01:59.514
So we're expressing something.

00:01:59.514 --> 00:02:01.187
We're expressing strong emotion.

00:02:01.187 --> 00:02:03.527
We could just be very
excited about something.

00:02:03.527 --> 00:02:04.360
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:02:04.360 --> 00:02:06.191
- [Voiceover] Or you can
use exclamation points

00:02:06.191 --> 00:02:07.537
when you're trying to convey

00:02:07.537 --> 00:02:09.609
that someone is speaking at high volume.

00:02:09.609 --> 00:02:10.727
- [Voiceover] Okay, right.

00:02:10.727 --> 00:02:12.884
- [Voiceover] So I
could be yelling across,

00:02:12.884 --> 00:02:16.283
you know, the field, to you, my pal.

00:02:16.283 --> 00:02:17.116
- [Voiceover] Mm-hmm.

00:02:17.116 --> 00:02:19.147
- [Voiceover] To be like,
don't worry about the ogre!

00:02:19.147 --> 00:02:20.512
He's just bringing snacks.

00:02:20.512 --> 00:02:22.221
- [Voiceover] Okay, so
there's not even necessarily

00:02:22.221 --> 00:02:24.670
strong emotion there, you
just want me to hear you.

00:02:24.670 --> 00:02:25.503
- [Voiceover] Mm-hmm.

00:02:25.503 --> 00:02:26.673
- [Voiceover] 'Cause I'm far away.

00:02:26.673 --> 00:02:28.275
- [Voiceover] So Paige, I reckon that's,

00:02:28.275 --> 00:02:29.870
that's what an exclamation is.

00:02:29.870 --> 00:02:30.817
- [Voiceover] I think so.

00:02:30.817 --> 00:02:33.379
- [Voiceover] Expression of
strong emotion or volume,

00:02:33.379 --> 00:02:35.219
so they can be, they're
not always sentences,

00:02:35.219 --> 00:02:36.923
so they can be interjections like, ow!

00:02:36.923 --> 00:02:39.029
Or they can be full
sentences like, look out!

00:02:39.029 --> 00:02:41.068
Or that ogre is about
to attack the village!

00:02:41.068 --> 00:02:42.912
- [Voiceover] Yeah, it
can be a lot of things.

00:02:42.912 --> 00:02:44.280
- [Voiceover] Be a lot of things.

00:02:44.280 --> 00:02:47.589
Just like you can learn
anything, David out.

00:02:47.589 --> 00:02:49.200
- [Voiceover] Paige out.


Dangling modifiers

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.237 --> 00:00:01.810
- [Voiceover] Hello
grammarians, hello Rosie.

00:00:01.810 --> 00:00:02.804
- [Voiceover] Hi Paige.

00:00:02.804 --> 00:00:04.643
- [Voiceover] So in this
video we're gonna talk about

00:00:04.643 --> 00:00:07.138
something called a dangling modifier.

00:00:07.138 --> 00:00:09.928
So, before we get in to
what a dangling modifier is,

00:00:09.928 --> 00:00:13.041
we can sort of talk about
just what a modifier is.

00:00:13.041 --> 00:00:15.634
Rosie, do want to tell
us what the definition

00:00:15.634 --> 00:00:16.933
of a modifier is?

00:00:16.933 --> 00:00:19.769
- [Voiceover] Sure, so,
well one major modifier that

00:00:19.769 --> 00:00:21.302
you think of is an adjective.

00:00:21.302 --> 00:00:25.128
So a lot of times a modifier is describing

00:00:25.128 --> 00:00:27.209
something else in the sentence.

00:00:27.209 --> 00:00:28.042
- [Voiceover] Right, okay.

00:00:28.042 --> 00:00:29.568
So it can be an adjective or

00:00:29.568 --> 00:00:30.788
like a,
- [Voiceover] An adverb

00:00:30.788 --> 00:00:32.249
- [Voiceover] A phrase,
yeah an adverb too.

00:00:32.249 --> 00:00:34.939
So a modifier is always
supposed to come right before

00:00:34.939 --> 00:00:37.504
the word or phrase that it's modifying.

00:00:37.504 --> 00:00:38.945
But when it doesn't do that,

00:00:38.945 --> 00:00:41.737
that's what's called a dangling modifier.

00:00:41.737 --> 00:00:43.676
- [Voiceover] So this
can look something like,

00:00:43.676 --> 00:00:46.236
Flashing lightning and thunder,

00:00:46.236 --> 00:00:50.225
the little bunny struggled
through the storm.

00:00:50.225 --> 00:00:52.280
- [Voiceover] So this sentence
has a dangling modifier,

00:00:52.280 --> 00:00:53.716
and the modifier in question is,

00:00:53.716 --> 00:00:56.651
flashing lightning and thunder.

00:00:56.651 --> 00:01:00.301
So the phrase that this
comes right before is,

00:01:00.301 --> 00:01:01.834
the little bunny.

00:01:01.834 --> 00:01:04.880
And flashing lightning and
thunder is not describing

00:01:04.880 --> 00:01:06.245
the little bunny, right.

00:01:06.245 --> 00:01:08.227
I don't think I've ever seen a bunny

00:01:08.227 --> 00:01:11.066
with like, lightning coming
out of it or anything.

00:01:11.066 --> 00:01:12.424
- [Voiceover] Rosie what
is this modifier actually

00:01:12.424 --> 00:01:14.639
supposed to be modifying?

00:01:14.639 --> 00:01:17.033
- [Voiceover] So, the
modifier is actually supposed

00:01:17.033 --> 00:01:19.385
to be modifying the storm.

00:01:19.385 --> 00:01:22.438
Because we've got lightning
and thunder, flashing,

00:01:22.438 --> 00:01:25.685
all of those things describe the storm.

00:01:25.685 --> 00:01:27.704
- [Voiceover] Right, okay, so,

00:01:27.704 --> 00:01:30.034
we're really not supposed
to have a dangling modifier

00:01:30.034 --> 00:01:32.328
like this so we need to fix this sentence.

00:01:32.328 --> 00:01:34.780
- [Voiceover] Flashing
lightning and thunder, the storm

00:01:34.780 --> 00:01:38.280
raged as the bunny struggled.

00:01:40.520 --> 00:01:41.375
- [Voiceover] So this is all better,

00:01:41.375 --> 00:01:44.117
the modifier, flashing
lightning and thunder,

00:01:44.117 --> 00:01:46.161
comes right before the storm, now.

00:01:46.161 --> 00:01:47.220
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:47.220 --> 00:01:49.377
- [Voiceover] So, this makes more sense.

00:01:49.377 --> 00:01:51.148
We got rid of the dangling modifier,

00:01:51.148 --> 00:01:53.157
it's not you know, hanging out,

00:01:53.157 --> 00:01:55.915
looking like it's
modifying the wrong noun.

00:01:55.915 --> 00:01:57.728
- [Voiceover] So if you're doing editing,

00:01:57.728 --> 00:01:59.743
or you're looking at a sentence,

00:01:59.743 --> 00:02:01.957
when you take a look at a sentence,

00:02:01.957 --> 00:02:04.968
see if you can spot what it is that

00:02:04.968 --> 00:02:07.802
that modifier is supposed
to be describing.

00:02:07.802 --> 00:02:11.870
And then just make sure
that that noun or phrase

00:02:11.870 --> 00:02:15.272
comes right after the modifier.

00:02:15.272 --> 00:02:17.697
[Voiceover] Right, like
in this example we had to

00:02:17.697 --> 00:02:19.443
pretty much completely
rewrite this sentence.

00:02:19.443 --> 00:02:20.902
It still gets across the same idea,

00:02:20.902 --> 00:02:22.954
but we had to put the
nouns in a different order

00:02:22.954 --> 00:02:24.993
so the modifier wasn't dangling any more.

00:02:24.993 --> 00:02:29.156
- [Voiceover] Running around
on his little hamster wheel,

00:02:29.156 --> 00:02:32.501
Albert watched his pet exercise.

00:02:32.501 --> 00:02:33.714
(laughing)

00:02:33.714 --> 00:02:34.547
- [Voiceover] This whole part,

00:02:34.547 --> 00:02:35.427
running around on his
little hamster wheel,

00:02:35.427 --> 00:02:37.210
is the modifier in the sentence,

00:02:37.210 --> 00:02:39.393
but what comes right after it, is Albert,

00:02:39.393 --> 00:02:42.244
which I don't think he's
the one running around

00:02:42.244 --> 00:02:43.852
on a little hamster wheel.

00:02:43.852 --> 00:02:45.318
- [Voiceover] Right so,

00:02:45.318 --> 00:02:46.894
this is something you
want to look out for,

00:02:46.894 --> 00:02:49.879
and maybe rewrite your sentence
so that doesn't happen.

00:02:49.879 --> 00:02:51.373
- [Voiceover] Right
and we have a clue that

00:02:51.373 --> 00:02:55.088
Albert is not the name of
the hamster or the pet,

00:02:55.088 --> 00:02:58.404
because it says Albert
watched his pet exercise.

00:02:58.404 --> 00:03:03.172
So we have a good clue that
Albert is probably a human,

00:03:03.172 --> 00:03:05.869
and he's probably not
running on a hamster wheel.

00:03:05.869 --> 00:03:06.702
(laughing)
- [Voiceover] Right?

00:03:06.702 --> 00:03:07.914
- [Voiceover] So he shouldn't
be coming right after that,

00:03:07.914 --> 00:03:09.007
that modifier.

00:03:09.007 --> 00:03:09.851
- [Voiceover] Yeah, exactly.

00:03:09.851 --> 00:03:11.857
- [Voiceover] Running around
on his little hamster wheel,

00:03:11.857 --> 00:03:14.968
the critter exercised
while Albert watched.

00:03:14.968 --> 00:03:17.160
- [Voiceover] Right, so this
is how we made our change.

00:03:17.160 --> 00:03:19.269
We still have running around
on his little hamster wheel

00:03:19.269 --> 00:03:20.362
at the beginning,

00:03:20.362 --> 00:03:23.433
but then we sort of,
switched around the order of

00:03:23.433 --> 00:03:25.039
Albert and his pet.

00:03:25.039 --> 00:03:28.957
So now we have the critter
following the modifier

00:03:28.957 --> 00:03:32.043
that it's supposed to be modified by.

00:03:32.043 --> 00:03:33.213
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:03:33.213 --> 00:03:35.953
- [Voiceover] Yeah so like,
that is dangling modifiers,

00:03:35.953 --> 00:03:37.478
and how you get rid of them.

00:03:37.478 --> 00:03:40.049
They're words or phrases that describe

00:03:40.049 --> 00:03:41.443
another word or phrase,

00:03:41.443 --> 00:03:44.044
and when they're dangling
they're like in the wrong place,

00:03:44.044 --> 00:03:45.334
they're in front of the wrong noun.

00:03:45.334 --> 00:03:47.321
- [Voiceover] So, when you have a modifier

00:03:47.321 --> 00:03:48.789
at the beginning of your sentence,

00:03:48.789 --> 00:03:52.729
and it's set off with a
comma, like all of these are,

00:03:52.729 --> 00:03:54.330
that's when you have to pay attention,

00:03:54.330 --> 00:03:57.563
and make sure that the noun or phrase

00:03:57.563 --> 00:04:01.361
coming right after the modifier is

00:04:01.361 --> 00:04:04.988
matched up with the modifier,

00:04:04.988 --> 00:04:06.688
so that it's describing the right thing.

00:04:06.688 --> 00:04:08.701
- [Voiceover] Right.
You can get some crazy

00:04:08.701 --> 00:04:10.689
meanings out of your sentences otherwise.

00:04:10.689 --> 00:04:12.428
Like the bunny, with lightning.

00:04:12.428 --> 00:04:14.341
So that's dangling modifiers.

00:04:14.341 --> 00:04:15.632
You can learn anything.

00:04:15.632 --> 00:04:16.465
Paige out.

00:04:16.465 --> 00:04:18.155
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.


Compound-complex sentences

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.738 --> 00:00:01.682
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.

00:00:01.682 --> 00:00:02.515
Hello, Rosie.

00:00:02.515 --> 00:00:03.696
- [Voiceover] Hi, Paige.

00:00:03.696 --> 00:00:04.605
- [Voiceover] So in this
video we're gonna talk

00:00:04.605 --> 00:00:07.443
about compound-complex sentences.

00:00:07.443 --> 00:00:10.565
- [Voiceover] So we just
covered complex sentences

00:00:10.565 --> 00:00:13.817
in the last video which
is where you've got

00:00:13.817 --> 00:00:17.875
a simple sentence or
one independent clause

00:00:17.875 --> 00:00:19.857
and then that's accompanied

00:00:19.857 --> 00:00:22.849
by at least one dependent clause.

00:00:22.849 --> 00:00:26.943
So, the compound-complex sentence
is a little bit different.

00:00:26.943 --> 00:00:29.035
In this one you have a compound sentence

00:00:29.035 --> 00:00:32.535
which is more than one independent clause,

00:00:33.634 --> 00:00:36.884
and also at least one dependent clause.

00:00:38.064 --> 00:00:41.167
- [Voiceover] Okay, so
it's like there's compound

00:00:41.167 --> 00:00:42.425
and there's complex

00:00:42.425 --> 00:00:44.143
and this is a combination of both of them.

00:00:44.143 --> 00:00:45.332
- [Voiceover] That's right.

00:00:45.332 --> 00:00:48.560
- [Voiceover] Right, okay,
so, compound-complex takes

00:00:48.560 --> 00:00:51.565
the more than one independent clause

00:00:51.565 --> 00:00:55.968
from a compound sentence
and the dependent clause

00:00:55.968 --> 00:00:59.301
or more than one from a complex sentence

00:01:00.848 --> 00:01:04.479
and puts them together
so you have at least

00:01:04.479 --> 00:01:08.646
two independent clauses and
at least one dependent clause.

00:01:10.455 --> 00:01:11.999
I say at least 'cause you
could have more than one

00:01:11.999 --> 00:01:14.999
or more than two of either of those.

00:01:16.128 --> 00:01:18.795
But, it has to be at least that.

00:01:20.117 --> 00:01:21.811
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:21.811 --> 00:01:23.265
- [Voiceover] So, Rosie, just to make sure

00:01:23.265 --> 00:01:25.605
this all makes sense,
can we get an example

00:01:25.605 --> 00:01:27.524
of a compound-complex sentence?

00:01:27.524 --> 00:01:29.408
- [Voiceover] After the storm passed,

00:01:29.408 --> 00:01:32.589
I went outside and I picked flowers.

00:01:32.589 --> 00:01:33.644
- [Voiceover] That's lovely.

00:01:33.644 --> 00:01:35.447
- [Voiceover] Isn't that nice?

00:01:35.447 --> 00:01:40.112
- [Voiceover] Okay, so I went
outside and I picked flowers

00:01:40.112 --> 00:01:42.560
are both independent clauses.

00:01:42.560 --> 00:01:44.808
Ignoring after the storm passed,

00:01:44.808 --> 00:01:47.767
if we just had I went
outside and I picked flowers,

00:01:47.767 --> 00:01:51.279
that's a compound sentence,
that's two independent clauses.

00:01:51.279 --> 00:01:54.359
So then we add after the storm passed

00:01:54.359 --> 00:01:56.475
which is a dependent clause

00:01:56.475 --> 00:01:58.544
and that makes it compound-complex.

00:01:58.544 --> 00:02:02.199
We have at least two independent clauses

00:02:02.199 --> 00:02:05.762
and at least one dependent clause.

00:02:05.762 --> 00:02:09.244
So in this case exactly
two and exactly one.

00:02:09.244 --> 00:02:13.166
Rosie, can you tell me
about your friend Alberto

00:02:13.166 --> 00:02:15.575
in a compound-complex sentence, please.

00:02:15.575 --> 00:02:16.475
- [Voiceover] Sure.

00:02:16.475 --> 00:02:19.766
My friend Alberto, well, you'll see.

00:02:19.766 --> 00:02:22.566
Though he has a crippling walnut allergy,

00:02:22.566 --> 00:02:25.883
Alberto bravely walked
through the walnut grove,

00:02:25.883 --> 00:02:28.378
but he made sure to wear long sleeves.

00:02:28.378 --> 00:02:29.542
- [Voiceover] That's a good call.

00:02:29.542 --> 00:02:30.574
- [Voiceover] Yeah, he's smart.

00:02:30.574 --> 00:02:32.364
- [Voiceover] Yeah, smart kid.

00:02:32.364 --> 00:02:34.462
So, again, if we just say,

00:02:34.462 --> 00:02:36.712
Alberto bravely walked
through the walnut grove,

00:02:36.712 --> 00:02:38.347
but he made sure to make long sleeves,

00:02:38.347 --> 00:02:40.319
that's a compound sentence.

00:02:40.319 --> 00:02:42.890
There's two independent clauses,

00:02:42.890 --> 00:02:46.388
Alberto bravely walked through
the walnut grove is one,

00:02:46.388 --> 00:02:47.906
and then the second one is

00:02:47.906 --> 00:02:50.512
but he made sure to wear long sleeves.

00:02:50.512 --> 00:02:54.251
But then, again, we add a
dependent clause at the beginning,

00:02:54.251 --> 00:02:57.283
though he has a crippling walnut allergy.

00:02:57.283 --> 00:02:59.640
That is what makes it compound-complex,

00:02:59.640 --> 00:03:03.078
it has elements of compound,
the two independent clauses

00:03:03.078 --> 00:03:06.801
and it has an element of
complex, the dependent clause,

00:03:06.801 --> 00:03:11.352
but Rosie, these are
both the minimum number.

00:03:11.352 --> 00:03:14.412
These sentences both have
the minimum number of each

00:03:14.412 --> 00:03:16.286
independent and dependent clauses.

00:03:16.286 --> 00:03:21.035
So, can we see something maybe
that has like more clauses?

00:03:21.035 --> 00:03:22.330
- [Voiceover] Yeah, sure.

00:03:22.330 --> 00:03:26.497
Well, let's take a look at
this first sentence we have,

00:03:27.501 --> 00:03:31.374
I think we can add a
dependent clause to that.

00:03:31.374 --> 00:03:32.207
Let's give it a try.

00:03:32.207 --> 00:03:36.354
After the storm passed, I went
outside and I picked flowers

00:03:36.354 --> 00:03:37.649
because they were beautiful.

00:03:37.649 --> 00:03:39.580
- [Voiceover] Okay, I see.

00:03:39.580 --> 00:03:43.094
Right, so this is a case
where we see we can have

00:03:43.094 --> 00:03:47.839
more than one dependent
clause if we want to, right.

00:03:47.839 --> 00:03:51.041
I know I keep saying this,
but two independent clauses

00:03:51.041 --> 00:03:53.173
and one dependent clause are the minimum

00:03:53.173 --> 00:03:54.673
for a compound-complex sentence.

00:03:54.673 --> 00:03:56.783
It can have more, and it still qualifies

00:03:56.783 --> 00:03:59.274
as compound-complex.

00:03:59.274 --> 00:04:01.850
So that's compound-complex sentences.

00:04:01.850 --> 00:04:03.719
They are like compound in that

00:04:03.719 --> 00:04:05.582
they have more than
one independent clause,

00:04:05.582 --> 00:04:07.060
and they're like complex in that

00:04:07.060 --> 00:04:10.528
they also have dependent clauses.

00:04:10.528 --> 00:04:12.168
You can learn anything, Paige out.

00:04:12.168 --> 00:04:13.001
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.


Complex sentences

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.675 --> 00:00:01.784
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.

00:00:01.784 --> 00:00:02.642
Hello, Rosie.

00:00:02.642 --> 00:00:03.750
- [Voiceover] Hi, Paige.

00:00:03.750 --> 00:00:07.408
So in this video we're gonna
talk about complex sentences.

00:00:07.408 --> 00:00:09.362
We've talked in another video

00:00:09.362 --> 00:00:11.943
about simple and compound sentences,

00:00:11.943 --> 00:00:14.794
so, that is like one independent clause

00:00:14.794 --> 00:00:17.618
or two independent clauses.

00:00:17.618 --> 00:00:18.899
And with a complex sentence,

00:00:18.899 --> 00:00:22.237
we're gonna introduce something
called a dependent clause.

00:00:22.237 --> 00:00:25.211
So a sentence needs at
least one independent clause

00:00:25.211 --> 00:00:27.806
to function as a sentence.

00:00:27.806 --> 00:00:32.270
But with complex, we're gonna
add this dependent clause.

00:00:32.270 --> 00:00:35.928
So, Rosie, what's an example
of a complex sentence?

00:00:35.928 --> 00:00:38.456
- [Voiceover] When we
buy his birthday cake,

00:00:38.456 --> 00:00:42.076
we have to make sure
it's lemon. (chuckles)

00:00:42.076 --> 00:00:42.909
- [Voiceover] So this sentence,

00:00:42.909 --> 00:00:44.190
when we buy his birthday cake,

00:00:44.190 --> 00:00:45.915
we have to make sure it's lemon,

00:00:45.915 --> 00:00:47.994
is made up of two clauses,

00:00:47.994 --> 00:00:50.458
and I've written them in
different colors here.

00:00:50.458 --> 00:00:51.291
So,

00:00:52.800 --> 00:00:54.324
the second one, the pink one,

00:00:54.324 --> 00:00:56.169
can stand on its own as a sentence.

00:00:56.169 --> 00:00:59.104
We could just say, we have
to make sure it's lemon.

00:00:59.104 --> 00:01:01.963
- [Voiceover] It functions
as an independent clause,

00:01:01.963 --> 00:01:03.555
as its own sentence.

00:01:03.555 --> 00:01:05.428
We have some information
that might be missing

00:01:05.428 --> 00:01:07.429
from this sentence, because
we don't necessarily know

00:01:07.429 --> 00:01:12.027
what it's is, but we do
have all the components

00:01:12.027 --> 00:01:13.631
of an independent clause here.

00:01:13.631 --> 00:01:17.798
We've got a subject, we,
and a verb, have, have to,

00:01:20.105 --> 00:01:22.864
and well we have multiple verbs. (laughs)

00:01:22.864 --> 00:01:24.481
- [Voiceover] (laughs) Yeah, got a lot of

00:01:24.481 --> 00:01:26.420
have to make sure.

00:01:26.420 --> 00:01:28.620
- [Voiceover] So the sentence is relying

00:01:28.620 --> 00:01:30.643
on some information that's not provided,

00:01:30.643 --> 00:01:34.310
but it does still stand
as its own sentence.

00:01:35.199 --> 00:01:36.693
- [Voiceover] Right, like we
can have a sentence before it

00:01:36.693 --> 00:01:39.397
that's like, we're gonna
go buy a birthday cake,

00:01:39.397 --> 00:01:41.573
we have to make sure it's lemon, right,

00:01:41.573 --> 00:01:43.651
those can be two separate sentences.

00:01:43.651 --> 00:01:46.964
In this case we have this other clause,

00:01:46.964 --> 00:01:49.073
this what's called a dependent clause.

00:01:49.073 --> 00:01:51.867
We can't just say when
we buy his birthday cake

00:01:51.867 --> 00:01:56.034
as a sentence, that doesn't
really stand on its own,

00:01:57.499 --> 00:01:59.477
it doesn't convey the information

00:01:59.477 --> 00:02:02.144
that a sentence needs to convey.

00:02:03.194 --> 00:02:06.736
So we could have an independent
clause or a sentence

00:02:06.736 --> 00:02:09.544
that's just we buy his birthday cake.

00:02:09.544 --> 00:02:12.344
It's kind of a weird construction,

00:02:12.344 --> 00:02:14.104
I don't know that I would say that,

00:02:14.104 --> 00:02:17.374
you could maybe say, we are
buying his birthday cake.

00:02:17.374 --> 00:02:20.947
But we buy his birthday cake
still works as a sentence.

00:02:20.947 --> 00:02:24.667
It has a subject we and a verb buy,

00:02:24.667 --> 00:02:28.090
and it expresses a complete idea,

00:02:28.090 --> 00:02:30.467
it's an action that's happening

00:02:30.467 --> 00:02:32.371
and it tells you who's doing it.

00:02:32.371 --> 00:02:36.170
But we add this thing called
a subordinating conjunction,

00:02:36.170 --> 00:02:38.113
that's this word when, here,

00:02:38.113 --> 00:02:41.581
and that makes this
into a dependent clause,

00:02:41.581 --> 00:02:44.311
it can't be a sentence by itself,

00:02:44.311 --> 00:02:47.066
so it depends on the latter clause,

00:02:47.066 --> 00:02:51.469
we have to make sure it's
lemon, to be part of a sentence.

00:02:51.469 --> 00:02:53.545
Okay, so, Rosie, what's another example

00:02:53.545 --> 00:02:55.378
of a complex sentence.

00:02:56.237 --> 00:02:58.635
- [Voiceover] Although
our tent was zipped up,

00:02:58.635 --> 00:03:02.802
the sound of hyenas in the
distance still frightened us.

00:03:04.910 --> 00:03:06.540
- [Voiceover] So again,
this sentence starts

00:03:06.540 --> 00:03:10.057
with a dependent clause,
although our tent was zipped up.

00:03:10.057 --> 00:03:13.640
This would be independent if
it said our tent was zipped up,

00:03:13.640 --> 00:03:17.697
but again, we have this
subordinating conjunction, although,

00:03:17.697 --> 00:03:18.821
at the beginning.

00:03:18.821 --> 00:03:20.116
And there's kind of a whole bunch

00:03:20.116 --> 00:03:22.047
of different subordinating conjunctions.

00:03:22.047 --> 00:03:25.112
They're sort of just something
that you need to remember,

00:03:25.112 --> 00:03:28.198
but essentially their job is

00:03:28.198 --> 00:03:31.348
to connect clauses and sentences,

00:03:31.348 --> 00:03:34.766
but also make things
into dependent clauses.

00:03:34.766 --> 00:03:36.354
- [Voiceover] One other
thing, we were showing you

00:03:36.354 --> 00:03:39.304
two sentences where the
dependent clause is coming

00:03:39.304 --> 00:03:43.372
before the independent clause,
but that's not necessarily

00:03:43.372 --> 00:03:44.474
always gonna be the case.

00:03:44.474 --> 00:03:47.833
Like for example, we could've said,

00:03:47.833 --> 00:03:50.893
the sound of hyenas in
the distance frightened us

00:03:50.893 --> 00:03:53.782
even though our tent was zipped up.

00:03:53.782 --> 00:03:57.446
- [Voiceover] Right, that would
still be a complex sentence,

00:03:57.446 --> 00:04:00.222
it would be an independent
clause and a dependent clause,

00:04:00.222 --> 00:04:01.535
but just in a different order,

00:04:01.535 --> 00:04:06.497
they don't have to be in this
order that we've done twice.

00:04:06.497 --> 00:04:08.583
Okay, so Rosie, what if
I do something like this?

00:04:08.583 --> 00:04:10.754
Like, when we buy his birthday cake,

00:04:10.754 --> 00:04:14.114
we have to make sure it's lemon,
because it's his favorite.

00:04:14.114 --> 00:04:15.555
I think because it's his favorite

00:04:15.555 --> 00:04:17.590
is a dependent clause, right?

00:04:17.590 --> 00:04:18.423
- [Voiceover] That's right.

00:04:18.423 --> 00:04:21.130
And this sentence still completely works

00:04:21.130 --> 00:04:24.667
as a complex sentence,
because you still just have

00:04:24.667 --> 00:04:26.139
this one independent clause,

00:04:26.139 --> 00:04:27.603
we have to make sure it's lemon,

00:04:27.603 --> 00:04:29.829
but the thing about a complex sentence is

00:04:29.829 --> 00:04:34.303
is you can add more than one
dependent clause if you want

00:04:34.303 --> 00:04:37.022
and it's still considered
a complex sentence.

00:04:37.022 --> 00:04:38.102
- [Voiceover] Okay, so it has to have

00:04:38.102 --> 00:04:40.223
just one independent clause.

00:04:40.223 --> 00:04:41.056
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:04:41.056 --> 00:04:41.897
- [Voiceover] But I guess,

00:04:41.897 --> 00:04:44.026
as many dependent clauses as you want?

00:04:44.026 --> 00:04:45.194
- [Voiceover] Yeah, you can go crazy.

00:04:45.194 --> 00:04:46.802
- [Voiceover] Okay, cool.

00:04:46.802 --> 00:04:49.060
So I think that's complex sentences.

00:04:49.060 --> 00:04:52.921
It's an independent clause that
can be a sentence by itself

00:04:52.921 --> 00:04:55.318
and one or more dependent clauses

00:04:55.318 --> 00:04:57.429
which can't be sentences by themself

00:04:57.429 --> 00:04:59.495
all put together in one big sentence.

00:04:59.495 --> 00:05:00.853
Does that sound right, Rosie?

00:05:00.853 --> 00:05:02.194
- [Voiceover] Sounds good to me, Paige.

00:05:02.194 --> 00:05:03.163
- [Voiceover] Cool.

00:05:03.163 --> 00:05:04.858
You can learn anything, Paige out.

00:05:04.858 --> 00:05:05.965
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.


Parallel structure

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.778 --> 00:00:01.710
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.

00:00:01.710 --> 00:00:02.543
Hello, Rosie.

00:00:02.543 --> 00:00:03.897
Hello, Paige.

00:00:03.897 --> 00:00:04.730
- [Voiceover] Hi, David.

00:00:04.730 --> 00:00:05.791
- [Voiceover] Hi, David.

00:00:05.791 --> 00:00:07.069
- [Voiceover] Today, all three of us

00:00:07.069 --> 00:00:09.543
are gonna be talking
about parallel structure.

00:00:09.543 --> 00:00:12.123
And I've always had trouble
spelling the word parallel,

00:00:12.123 --> 00:00:13.211
but Rosie pointed out something

00:00:13.211 --> 00:00:14.899
just before we started recording

00:00:14.899 --> 00:00:16.845
that is blowing my mind.

00:00:16.845 --> 00:00:18.651
Rosie, how do you spell parallel?

00:00:18.651 --> 00:00:20.402
- [Voiceover] Well, it's
fun because the two ls

00:00:20.402 --> 00:00:22.296
that are together in the word are together

00:00:22.296 --> 00:00:23.524
in the middle of the word.

00:00:23.524 --> 00:00:25.358
- [Voiceover] Look at
that, they're parallel!

00:00:25.358 --> 00:00:26.307
That's all.

00:00:26.307 --> 00:00:27.140
- [Voiceover] It's fun.

00:00:27.140 --> 00:00:29.863
- [Voiceover] That's just, that's amazing.

00:00:29.863 --> 00:00:33.586
Parallel structure is less
a consideration of grammar,

00:00:33.586 --> 00:00:36.586
it's really more about style, right.

00:00:38.808 --> 00:00:41.448
Parallel structure basically
means that when you're making

00:00:41.448 --> 00:00:43.679
some kind of list in a sentence,

00:00:43.679 --> 00:00:45.341
if you're using a series of verbs

00:00:45.341 --> 00:00:48.874
or if you're using a series
of nouns, any series of words,

00:00:48.874 --> 00:00:53.234
they should all roughly
line up with one another.

00:00:53.234 --> 00:00:56.302
So let's say I was an outdoorsman

00:00:56.302 --> 00:00:59.727
and I said, "I love fishing,
skiing and rock climbing."

00:00:59.727 --> 00:01:02.642
Now each one of these is a gerund, right,

00:01:02.642 --> 00:01:06.418
it the ing form of a verb
we're using as a noun.

00:01:06.418 --> 00:01:10.167
And this sentence exhibits
parallel structure,

00:01:10.167 --> 00:01:12.763
but, you know, sometimes
you'll see a sentence

00:01:12.763 --> 00:01:15.089
that'll mess that up, right?

00:01:15.089 --> 00:01:18.314
So let's say you were editing
someone's personal statement,

00:01:18.314 --> 00:01:20.286
an athlete's personal
statement and they said,

00:01:20.286 --> 00:01:24.556
"I love fishing, skiing,
and to climb rocks."

00:01:24.556 --> 00:01:27.117
Now, there's nothing
grammatically incorrect

00:01:27.117 --> 00:01:29.357
about this sentence, it makes sense,

00:01:29.357 --> 00:01:31.949
it is legal in the way
that it is composed,

00:01:31.949 --> 00:01:36.234
but stylistically, it
just doesn't harmonize.

00:01:36.234 --> 00:01:39.317
So this is not parallel, but this is.

00:01:40.990 --> 00:01:42.753
- [Voiceover] Some other
things to look out for

00:01:42.753 --> 00:01:45.013
to make sure you're
making a sentence parallel

00:01:45.013 --> 00:01:49.180
is if everything is active
voice or passive voice,

00:01:51.054 --> 00:01:54.804
infinitive verbs versus
other forms of verbs,

00:01:55.878 --> 00:01:58.045
like to eat versus eating,

00:01:59.713 --> 00:02:03.880
and a string of individual
modifiers like adjectives

00:02:06.166 --> 00:02:07.999
versus larger phrases.

00:02:10.194 --> 00:02:13.611
- [Voiceover] Let's put that into action.

00:02:14.617 --> 00:02:18.258
Okay, so active versus passive voice.

00:02:18.258 --> 00:02:20.307
- [Voiceover] So an example
if we're not gonna have

00:02:20.307 --> 00:02:22.074
parallel structure would be something like

00:02:22.074 --> 00:02:26.355
the cake was baked, frosted,
and I put sprinkles on it.

00:02:26.355 --> 00:02:28.309
- [Voiceover] So what we're saying here is

00:02:28.309 --> 00:02:30.774
that here is a passive thing
that happened to the cake,

00:02:30.774 --> 00:02:32.032
the cake was baked.

00:02:32.032 --> 00:02:33.696
Here's another passive thing
that happens to the cake,

00:02:33.696 --> 00:02:36.207
the cake was frosted by someone else.

00:02:36.207 --> 00:02:38.349
And then that someone else
comes in and Paige says,

00:02:38.349 --> 00:02:39.574
"I put sprinkles on it."

00:02:39.574 --> 00:02:44.333
But, if we're going to assume
that sprinkled is now a verb

00:02:44.333 --> 00:02:47.776
that means to be covered
in sugary cake decorations,

00:02:47.776 --> 00:02:51.943
we would say the cake was
baked, frosted, and sprinkled,

00:02:52.994 --> 00:02:54.941
or decorated with sprinkles,

00:02:54.941 --> 00:02:56.944
but I kind of like sprinkled.

00:02:56.944 --> 00:02:59.595
So that's active versus passive.

00:02:59.595 --> 00:03:02.574
We've already covered infinitive
versus other verb forms,

00:03:02.574 --> 00:03:04.907
so that's, you know, skiing,

00:03:06.586 --> 00:03:09.419
well, that's to ski versus skiing,

00:03:10.355 --> 00:03:12.527
so this is what we call
an infinitive form,

00:03:12.527 --> 00:03:15.433
and this is another form
that's called a gerund.

00:03:15.433 --> 00:03:19.175
So make sure to keep those
separate in your lists.

00:03:19.175 --> 00:03:22.853
And then lists of individual
terms versus longer phrases.

00:03:22.853 --> 00:03:24.965
So if you are describing something

00:03:24.965 --> 00:03:27.552
with a string of adjectives,

00:03:27.552 --> 00:03:31.886
be careful when you follow
it up with a longer phrase.

00:03:31.886 --> 00:03:35.195
- [Voiceover] For
example, sharks are large,

00:03:35.195 --> 00:03:36.862
damp, and dangerous.

00:03:38.621 --> 00:03:41.221
Those are all just short,
individual modifiers,

00:03:41.221 --> 00:03:44.304
as opposed to sharks are large, damp,

00:03:46.442 --> 00:03:49.122
and not to be trifled with.

00:03:49.122 --> 00:03:50.800
- [Voiceover] And look,
again, we're not saying

00:03:50.800 --> 00:03:52.543
this is not a grammatical sentence.

00:03:52.543 --> 00:03:53.438
It is.

00:03:53.438 --> 00:03:57.085
And sometimes you may want
to break parallel structure

00:03:57.085 --> 00:04:00.605
in order to have some
sort of particular effect.

00:04:00.605 --> 00:04:04.654
If you are trying to draw
attention to this last element,

00:04:04.654 --> 00:04:07.917
then, yeah, you might want
to break parallel structure,

00:04:07.917 --> 00:04:10.568
but we want to make you aware

00:04:10.568 --> 00:04:14.897
that there is just a sort
of general tendency towards

00:04:14.897 --> 00:04:17.814
making your sentences
harmonious in this way.

00:04:17.814 --> 00:04:22.157
Baked, frosted and sprinkled,
large, damp, and dangerous,

00:04:22.157 --> 00:04:25.133
you know, and then when
you want to have access

00:04:25.133 --> 00:04:27.800
to that ability, to really draw attention

00:04:27.800 --> 00:04:30.114
to that last element, then you can say,

00:04:30.114 --> 00:04:31.305
"Oh, you know what?

00:04:31.305 --> 00:04:34.051
"I'm gonna make this perpendicular."

00:04:34.051 --> 00:04:35.458
(girls chuckle)

00:04:35.458 --> 00:04:37.115
Now, is perpendicularity,

00:04:37.115 --> 00:04:38.729
is that a thing that I
just made up right now?

00:04:38.729 --> 00:04:39.900
Yes.

00:04:39.900 --> 00:04:41.332
Are we going with it?

00:04:41.332 --> 00:04:42.165
Maybe.

00:04:42.165 --> 00:04:43.668
(girls chuckle)

00:04:43.668 --> 00:04:44.577
- [Voiceover] Yeah, I like it.

00:04:44.577 --> 00:04:45.410
- [Voiceover] Yeah.

00:04:45.410 --> 00:04:46.243
- [Voiceover] It's not parallel.

00:04:46.243 --> 00:04:47.076
- [Voiceover] It's not parallel.

00:04:47.076 --> 00:04:47.909
- [Voiceover] It's not parallel.

00:04:47.909 --> 00:04:48.742
- [Voiceover] Well, I suppose

00:04:48.742 --> 00:04:50.754
that just about covers parallel structure.

00:04:50.754 --> 00:04:53.504
So, for one last time with Paige,

00:04:55.727 --> 00:04:58.516
you can learn anything, David out.

00:04:58.516 --> 00:04:59.501
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.

00:04:59.501 --> 00:05:00.334
- [Voiceover] Paige out.

00:05:00.334 --> 00:05:01.167
- [Voiceover] You've
been a wonderful intern,

00:05:01.167 --> 00:05:02.000
Paige, we'll miss you.

00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:02.833
- [Voiceover] We'll miss you.

00:05:02.833 --> 00:05:04.177
- [Voiceover] Thank
you, I'll miss you, too.


Recognizing fragments

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.235 --> 00:00:01.698
- [Voiceover] Hello
grammarians, David here

00:00:01.698 --> 00:00:04.708
along with my cousin Beth who
also happens to be a teacher.

00:00:04.708 --> 00:00:05.999
Say hello to the people Beth.

00:00:05.999 --> 00:00:06.954
- [Voiceover] Hi people.

00:00:06.954 --> 00:00:08.487
- [Voiceover] So today we
are going to talk about

00:00:08.487 --> 00:00:10.841
sentence fragments, and
Beth you cover these

00:00:10.841 --> 00:00:12.623
in classes that you teach.

00:00:12.623 --> 00:00:15.122
Could you tell me please,
what is a sentence fragment?

00:00:15.122 --> 00:00:16.080
- [Voiceover] Great.

00:00:16.080 --> 00:00:20.935
A sentence fragment is when
a student writes a sentence

00:00:20.935 --> 00:00:22.487
and they think it's a sentence,

00:00:22.487 --> 00:00:25.893
but it's one that tells
maybe what happens,

00:00:25.893 --> 00:00:28.981
but doesn't include who,
or it might include who

00:00:28.981 --> 00:00:31.484
but doesn't tell what happens.

00:00:31.484 --> 00:00:32.591
- [Voiceover] So sentence fragments

00:00:32.591 --> 00:00:34.949
don't tell the whole story.

00:00:34.949 --> 00:00:36.999
The way I would put it, is that a fragment

00:00:36.999 --> 00:00:40.312
is a piece of a sentence
that cannot stand on its own,

00:00:40.312 --> 00:00:44.354
but nevertheless, incorrectly
ends with a period.

00:00:44.354 --> 00:00:48.377
So the whole story, for
instance, would be a fragment.

00:00:48.377 --> 00:00:49.882
This is a fragment.

00:00:49.882 --> 00:00:53.152
It could be a sentence but
it's missing something.

00:00:53.152 --> 00:00:57.141
Beth, what is it missing, what
is the whole story missing?

00:00:57.141 --> 00:00:58.468
- [Voiceover] Well we've got a subject

00:00:58.468 --> 00:01:00.261
but we don't have what we
would call a predicate,

00:01:00.261 --> 00:01:03.094
in other words, so we're giving a subject,

00:01:03.094 --> 00:01:05.178
but we're not telling what
happens to that subject.

00:01:05.178 --> 00:01:07.201
- [Voiceover] All right, so,

00:01:07.201 --> 00:01:10.118
the whole story began 10 years ago.

00:01:13.023 --> 00:01:15.755
And now we've got our subject
here, the whole story,

00:01:15.755 --> 00:01:18.884
and now we've given it a predicate.

00:01:18.884 --> 00:01:22.301
Similarly, if we just had this predicate,

00:01:23.191 --> 00:01:26.482
and we just said it began ten years ago,

00:01:26.482 --> 00:01:29.508
oh, that's not enough
to be a sentence either,

00:01:29.508 --> 00:01:31.425
that's also a fragment.

00:01:32.549 --> 00:01:35.805
Because now we've got a
predicate but no subject.

00:01:35.805 --> 00:01:38.322
- [Voiceover] Right, we're telling about

00:01:38.322 --> 00:01:40.315
something but we don't know what.

00:01:40.315 --> 00:01:42.307
- [Voiceover] So in
order to be a sentence,

00:01:42.307 --> 00:01:45.862
you need to have both a
subject and a predicate.

00:01:45.862 --> 00:01:48.523
So you need to have a thing, like a noun,

00:01:48.523 --> 00:01:51.938
or a pronoun, and then you
have to have something happen

00:01:51.938 --> 00:01:56.130
to that noun or pronoun,
or something performed

00:01:56.130 --> 00:01:58.854
by that noun our pronoun.

00:01:58.854 --> 00:02:03.021
Right so, like the pancakes,
period, is not a sentence.

00:02:05.628 --> 00:02:08.628
But the pancakes were delicious, is.

00:02:11.369 --> 00:02:13.085
- [Voiceover] So you've
got a part that names,

00:02:13.085 --> 00:02:15.920
that's your subject, and
then you've got the part

00:02:15.920 --> 00:02:20.417
that finishes the thought,
that's your predicate.

00:02:20.417 --> 00:02:23.203
- [Voiceover] Let's
look at another example.

00:02:23.203 --> 00:02:26.472
All right, what about
because of the snowstorm?

00:02:26.472 --> 00:02:27.887
Is that a sentence, Beth?

00:02:27.887 --> 00:02:28.720
- [Voiceover] Nope.

00:02:28.720 --> 00:02:30.102
- [Voiceover] Why not?

00:02:30.102 --> 00:02:31.716
- [Voiceover] Well you
don't tell what happened

00:02:31.716 --> 00:02:33.176
because of that snowstorm.

00:02:33.176 --> 00:02:36.665
- [Voiceover] So this is
what we call, not even a,

00:02:36.665 --> 00:02:38.715
I mean it's not even a
dependent clause, right?

00:02:38.715 --> 00:02:42.435
It, this thing doesn't
have, doesn't really have

00:02:42.435 --> 00:02:44.102
a subject or a verb.

00:02:45.137 --> 00:02:47.899
It's really just a prepositional phrase.

00:02:47.899 --> 00:02:50.316
So because of the snowstorm
something could happen,

00:02:50.316 --> 00:02:53.801
but we don't know what that is, so,

00:02:53.801 --> 00:02:56.462
because of the snowstorm,
we stayed home from school.

00:02:56.462 --> 00:02:58.140
So we've got this sentence here,

00:02:58.140 --> 00:02:59.784
this independent clause, right.

00:02:59.784 --> 00:03:01.521
We stayed home from school.

00:03:01.521 --> 00:03:04.274
And that's a subject and a predicate.

00:03:04.274 --> 00:03:06.885
And if it were just stayed
home from school, period,

00:03:06.885 --> 00:03:07.982
that wouldn't be a sentence.

00:03:07.982 --> 00:03:09.913
And if it were just we, period,

00:03:09.913 --> 00:03:11.863
that also wouldn't be a sentence.

00:03:11.863 --> 00:03:14.748
And if it were just because
of the snowstorm, period,

00:03:14.748 --> 00:03:16.455
that wouldn't be a sentence.

00:03:16.455 --> 00:03:19.453
It doesn't have enough
support to stand on its own.

00:03:19.453 --> 00:03:21.798
But all together, because
of the snowstorm, comma,

00:03:21.798 --> 00:03:24.582
we stayed home from school, period.

00:03:24.582 --> 00:03:26.165
That is a sentence.

00:03:27.121 --> 00:03:29.612
So in order to make sure that
you're building sentences

00:03:29.612 --> 00:03:31.673
you have to make sure that what you've got

00:03:31.673 --> 00:03:33.623
is a subject and a predicate.

00:03:33.623 --> 00:03:36.610
You gotta have a subject and
a verb, put 'em together,

00:03:36.610 --> 00:03:39.039
slap on a period, you've got a sentence.

00:03:39.039 --> 00:03:40.917
- [Voiceover] You've got some
good sentences there David.

00:03:40.917 --> 00:03:42.116
- [Voiceover] You can learn anything.

00:03:42.116 --> 00:03:43.019
David out.

00:03:43.019 --> 00:03:45.269
- [Voiceover] And Beth out.


Pronoun-antecedent agreement

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.235 --> 00:00:03.216
- [Voiceover] Hello Grammarians,
hello visiting cousin Beth.

00:00:03.216 --> 00:00:04.506
- [Voiceover] Hello cousin David.

00:00:04.506 --> 00:00:05.983
- [Voiceover] So today
we're gonna be talking about

00:00:05.983 --> 00:00:09.189
pronoun-antecedent agreement.

00:00:09.189 --> 00:00:10.327
- [Voiceover] And what is that?

00:00:10.327 --> 00:00:13.131
- [Voiceover] An antecedent
is a thing that goes before.

00:00:13.131 --> 00:00:17.750
So ante, mean before, and
cedent, is like a going-ee thing.

00:00:17.750 --> 00:00:20.095
What I mean by that is that
if we're talking about,

00:00:20.095 --> 00:00:23.571
if we setup something in a sentence.

00:00:23.571 --> 00:00:26.845
So okay, we've got a sentence
like Jillian rode her bike

00:00:26.845 --> 00:00:28.417
to the grocery store.

00:00:28.417 --> 00:00:31.633
Fine, straight up
sentence, pretty ordinary.

00:00:31.633 --> 00:00:35.044
If we wanna refer to Jillian
again, but we want to use

00:00:35.044 --> 00:00:38.291
a pronoun, well, we
refer to Jillian as she.

00:00:38.291 --> 00:00:40.608
That's a women's name, so she.

00:00:40.608 --> 00:00:44.583
She bought some garlic and
a spoon, like you normally

00:00:44.583 --> 00:00:46.350
would when you go to the grocery store.

00:00:46.350 --> 00:00:49.476
When we talk about this pronoun she,

00:00:49.476 --> 00:00:53.643
in relation to this word,
this proper noun Jillian,

00:00:54.823 --> 00:00:58.710
Jillian is the antecedent,
is the thing that goes before

00:00:58.710 --> 00:01:02.169
the pronoun she, so that
whenever you use a pronoun,

00:01:02.169 --> 00:01:04.592
you are referring back to something else,

00:01:04.592 --> 00:01:07.257
the thing that went
before, the antecedent,

00:01:07.257 --> 00:01:09.954
the thing that has come previously.

00:01:09.954 --> 00:01:14.358
So you want to make sure
that these things match up.

00:01:14.358 --> 00:01:18.398
So for example, we know
from living in this culture,

00:01:18.398 --> 00:01:21.659
that Jillian is a women's
name, so it would probably be

00:01:21.659 --> 00:01:24.409
incorrect to refer to her has he.

00:01:26.579 --> 00:01:29.016
Jillian rode her bike
to the grocery store,

00:01:29.016 --> 00:01:30.558
he bought some garlic and a spoon.

00:01:30.558 --> 00:01:33.490
This sounds like we're
talking about someone else.

00:01:33.490 --> 00:01:37.002
So even within this initial sentence too,

00:01:37.002 --> 00:01:40.585
Jillian rode her bike
to the grocery store.

00:01:42.247 --> 00:01:45.747
We're referring back to Jillian using this

00:01:46.589 --> 00:01:50.006
possessive pronoun to define the bicycle.

00:01:50.862 --> 00:01:53.124
- [Voiceover] Because
it's a longer sentence.

00:01:53.124 --> 00:01:54.921
- [Voiceover] We're
using it to demonstrate

00:01:54.921 --> 00:01:56.964
the relationship between
Jillian and the bicycle.

00:01:56.964 --> 00:01:58.728
- [Voiceover] Gotcha.

00:01:58.728 --> 00:02:00.863
- [Voiceover] You also wanna
to make sure that pronouns

00:02:00.863 --> 00:02:04.186
and their antecedent agree in number,

00:02:04.186 --> 00:02:07.739
so if you said, what's a fun animal?

00:02:07.739 --> 00:02:08.572
- [Voiceover] Monkeys.

00:02:08.572 --> 00:02:10.633
- [Voiceover] Monkeys.

00:02:10.633 --> 00:02:15.084
So the monkeys threw snowballs,
but they had crummy aim.

00:02:15.084 --> 00:02:19.167
So we're using they to
refer back to the monkeys,

00:02:20.202 --> 00:02:23.369
so this thing is a plural noun, right?

00:02:24.542 --> 00:02:26.726
We're referring to multiple
monkeys, so it would be

00:02:26.726 --> 00:02:30.017
incorrect to say the
monkeys threw snowballs,

00:02:30.017 --> 00:02:33.352
but it had crummy aim,
because this makes it seem

00:02:33.352 --> 00:02:37.253
like we're talking about
one monkey, when in fact,

00:02:37.253 --> 00:02:41.764
we're talking about an army
of snowball chucking monkeys.

00:02:41.764 --> 00:02:45.931
We got our little monkey, maybe
a calobus or diana monkey.

00:02:47.584 --> 00:02:50.419
Got a little tuft, it's
throwing a snowball.

00:02:50.419 --> 00:02:52.630
And if that's an Old World
monkey, it probably doesn't

00:02:52.630 --> 00:02:54.463
have a fancy tail, this
one has a little tail.

00:02:54.463 --> 00:02:57.066
Let's say we have a whole bunch of them,

00:02:57.066 --> 00:03:00.020
we want to make sure that
we are operating under

00:03:00.020 --> 00:03:02.579
the standards of agreement.

00:03:02.579 --> 00:03:04.685
Beth, any questions?

00:03:04.685 --> 00:03:06.967
- [Voiceover] So you
can't have it anymore,

00:03:06.967 --> 00:03:08.525
because now you've got four monkeys.

00:03:08.525 --> 00:03:11.116
- [Voiceover] Right,
let me get rid of that.

00:03:11.116 --> 00:03:12.879
What should it be instead Beth?

00:03:12.879 --> 00:03:15.518
- [Voiceover] They,
because they is plural,

00:03:15.518 --> 00:03:18.326
and we don't know if
they're he's or she's.

00:03:18.326 --> 00:03:19.561
- [Voiceover] And even if we didn't,

00:03:19.561 --> 00:03:23.781
they kind of eliminates any
kind of gender distinction.

00:03:23.781 --> 00:03:25.700
- [Voiceover] Oh right.

00:03:25.700 --> 00:03:27.512
- [Voiceover] So the
monkeys threw snowballs,

00:03:27.512 --> 00:03:29.889
but they had crummy aim.

00:03:29.889 --> 00:03:31.938
Although these monkeys seem
to be doing pretty good

00:03:31.938 --> 00:03:33.546
at hitting each others in the heads,

00:03:33.546 --> 00:03:36.213
the tails, with their snowballs.

00:03:38.464 --> 00:03:41.316
So that's pronoun-antecedent agreement.

00:03:41.316 --> 00:03:44.487
So remember to make sure to line things up

00:03:44.487 --> 00:03:46.529
when relevant by gender.

00:03:46.529 --> 00:03:50.210
Jillian wrote her bike, she
bought some garlic and a spoon.

00:03:50.210 --> 00:03:52.855
And by number, so the
monkeys threw snowballs,

00:03:52.855 --> 00:03:55.636
but they had crummy aim.

00:03:55.636 --> 00:03:57.958
There's more than one
monkey, so you'd wanna use

00:03:57.958 --> 00:04:00.625
the plural third person pronoun.

00:04:01.754 --> 00:04:03.409
You can learn anything.

00:04:03.409 --> 00:04:04.845
David out.

00:04:04.845 --> 00:04:06.035
- [Voiceover] And Beth out.


Relative clauses

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:01.360 --> 00:00:02.962
- [David] Hello,
grammarians, hello, Rosie.

00:00:02.962 --> 00:00:03.961
- [Rosie] Hi, David.

00:00:03.961 --> 00:00:04.951
- [David] So today we're gonna talk

00:00:04.951 --> 00:00:07.821
about a special kind of
dependent clause, which again,

00:00:07.821 --> 00:00:09.999
is a kind of clause
that can't be a sentence

00:00:09.999 --> 00:00:13.193
on its own called a relative clause.

00:00:13.193 --> 00:00:15.606
So a relative clause is a dependent clause

00:00:15.606 --> 00:00:18.763
that starts with a relative pronoun

00:00:18.763 --> 00:00:21.494
So okay, so a relative pronoun is a word

00:00:21.494 --> 00:00:25.077
like who or that or
which or whose or where

00:00:29.653 --> 00:00:32.650
that like any pronoun, substitutes in

00:00:32.650 --> 00:00:35.676
for another part of the sentence.

00:00:35.676 --> 00:00:40.048
So for example, Harry
Potter is also known as.

00:00:40.048 --> 00:00:42.371
- [Rosie] The boy who lived.

00:00:42.371 --> 00:00:44.389
- [David] The boy who lived.

00:00:44.389 --> 00:00:45.525
- [Rosie] Is that Dumbledore?

00:00:45.525 --> 00:00:47.352
- [David] Yeah, that's my Dumbledore.

00:00:47.352 --> 00:00:48.685
- [Rosie] I like it.

00:00:48.685 --> 00:00:49.518
- [David] Thank you.

00:00:49.518 --> 00:00:53.270
You can see in this little
snippet who is subbing in

00:00:53.270 --> 00:00:56.353
for the boy, right, so it is behaving

00:00:57.221 --> 00:00:59.704
like a pronoun, but a relative pronoun,

00:00:59.704 --> 00:01:03.212
and so we've got this
thing here, who lived.

00:01:03.212 --> 00:01:06.142
The boy lived, on its
own, could be a sentence,

00:01:06.142 --> 00:01:08.142
but who lived cannot be.

00:01:09.629 --> 00:01:13.242
- [Rosie] Well who lived
is describing the boy.

00:01:13.242 --> 00:01:15.820
- [David] So right now,
all of this together is

00:01:15.820 --> 00:01:18.442
just a noun phrase, but who lived within

00:01:18.442 --> 00:01:21.741
this noun phrase is a relative clause.

00:01:21.741 --> 00:01:24.495
So, we need to find a
store that sells the new

00:01:24.495 --> 00:01:27.058
Willamette cold brew coffee ice cream.

00:01:27.058 --> 00:01:28.056
- [Rosie] I've heard it's really good.

00:01:28.056 --> 00:01:32.025
- [David] So all of this
together is a sentence.

00:01:32.025 --> 00:01:33.441
This is definitely a sentence

00:01:33.441 --> 00:01:36.018
We need to find a store that
sells the new Willamette

00:01:36.018 --> 00:01:37.653
cold brew coffee ice cream.

00:01:37.653 --> 00:01:39.393
Like, indisputably, that is a sentence.

00:01:39.393 --> 00:01:40.955
We have our subject, we.

00:01:40.955 --> 00:01:44.538
We have our verb, need,
and then the object

00:01:46.690 --> 00:01:49.128
of need is to find a store
that sells the new Willamette

00:01:49.128 --> 00:01:50.717
cold brew coffee ice cream.

00:01:50.717 --> 00:01:53.114
But, we're focusing on
this yellow part here,

00:01:53.114 --> 00:01:56.364
so that is substituting in for a store,

00:01:59.206 --> 00:02:02.736
that's what that relative
pronoun is representing.

00:02:02.736 --> 00:02:04.996
And then we have that sells the new,

00:02:04.996 --> 00:02:08.402
so we've got store that sells, right?

00:02:08.402 --> 00:02:10.397
So that is our subject here.

00:02:10.397 --> 00:02:12.140
Sells is the verb

00:02:12.140 --> 00:02:15.068
The new Willamette cold
brew coffee ice cream

00:02:15.068 --> 00:02:19.297
is the object of sells, and
everything in yellow here,

00:02:19.297 --> 00:02:22.993
all this yellow text,
is our relative clause.

00:02:22.993 --> 00:02:25.128
It cannot stand on its own as a sentence.

00:02:25.128 --> 00:02:29.166
You could not just have that
sells the new Willamette

00:02:29.166 --> 00:02:31.056
cold brew coffee ice cream.

00:02:31.056 --> 00:02:33.971
On its own, that doesn't work
because the very presence

00:02:33.971 --> 00:02:38.138
of this relative pronoun
requires more stuff to go on.

00:02:40.513 --> 00:02:43.193
Well, let's make things a
little more complicated.

00:02:43.193 --> 00:02:45.280
The woman who always wore a red hat came

00:02:45.280 --> 00:02:48.184
into the cafe every Sunday.

00:02:48.184 --> 00:02:50.784
So this sentence contains
a relative clause

00:02:50.784 --> 00:02:52.341
right there in the middle of it,

00:02:52.341 --> 00:02:54.941
who always wore a red hat.

00:02:54.941 --> 00:02:57.584
All right, so we've
got who substituting in

00:02:57.584 --> 00:03:00.187
for the woman and that's the subject

00:03:00.187 --> 00:03:03.622
of the verb phrase wore
a red hat, but again,

00:03:03.622 --> 00:03:06.065
this could not be a sentence on its own.

00:03:06.065 --> 00:03:08.043
Now the challenge here
is when you see sentences

00:03:08.043 --> 00:03:09.980
like this in the wild,
then you see sentences

00:03:09.980 --> 00:03:12.642
like these in the exercises,
they're not gonna be

00:03:12.642 --> 00:03:14.783
differentiated for your convenience

00:03:14.783 --> 00:03:16.413
with two different colors, so
you have to be very careful

00:03:16.413 --> 00:03:20.580
to figure out where this
dependent clause begins and ends.

00:03:23.369 --> 00:03:26.426
So you can parse, so you can
make sense of this sentence,

00:03:26.426 --> 00:03:28.315
in order to make it work.

00:03:28.315 --> 00:03:31.175
So really what is this
sentence actually saying,

00:03:31.175 --> 00:03:33.020
just on a base level?

00:03:33.020 --> 00:03:36.173
- [Rosie] The woman came into the cafe.

00:03:36.173 --> 00:03:40.811
- [David] Right, and so everything
else, this every Sunday,

00:03:40.811 --> 00:03:45.721
or who always wore a red
had, that is kinda extra,

00:03:45.721 --> 00:03:50.137
and so it's your job as a
writer, reader and editor

00:03:50.137 --> 00:03:52.099
of text, as someone who is working

00:03:52.099 --> 00:03:56.404
with the English
language, to puzzle it out

00:03:56.404 --> 00:04:00.552
and separate the sentence
into its components.

00:04:00.552 --> 00:04:03.721
- [Rosie] Right, this is a
who always wore a red hat

00:04:03.721 --> 00:04:04.713
is a description of the woman.

00:04:04.713 --> 00:04:05.546
- [David] Right.

00:04:05.546 --> 00:04:10.225
- [Rosie] Then we move on
to the verb, the action

00:04:10.225 --> 00:04:12.525
of the sentence, what is she
doing, she came into the cafe,

00:04:12.525 --> 00:04:15.302
so that's not part of
that relative clause.

00:04:15.302 --> 00:04:19.550
The relative clause is just,
in this case, providing

00:04:19.550 --> 00:04:21.287
some description of the woman.

00:04:21.287 --> 00:04:24.640
- [David] Right, so use
your best sense because yes,

00:04:24.640 --> 00:04:27.497
it is possible that the
red hat could be the thing

00:04:27.497 --> 00:04:29.135
that comes into the cafe every Sunday,

00:04:29.135 --> 00:04:31.137
but it's more likely
that that hat is attached

00:04:31.137 --> 00:04:33.199
to the woman that was referenced earlier.

00:04:33.199 --> 00:04:34.442
- [Rosie] Right.

00:04:34.442 --> 00:04:36.343
- [David] So, that is a relative clause.

00:04:36.343 --> 00:04:38.130
You can learn anything.

00:04:38.130 --> 00:04:39.169
David out.

00:04:39.169 --> 00:04:40.919
- [Rosie] Rosie out.


Run-ons and comma splices

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.192 --> 00:00:01.823
preciou- [Voiceover] Hello
grammarians, hello Rosie!

00:00:01.823 --> 00:00:02.670
- [Voiceover] Hi David!

00:00:02.670 --> 00:00:03.503
- [Voiceover] How are you?

00:00:03.503 --> 00:00:04.336
- [Voiceover] Good, how are you?

00:00:04.336 --> 00:00:05.938
- [Voiceover] Good, today
we are going to talk about

00:00:05.938 --> 00:00:08.105
run-ons and comma splices.

00:00:09.629 --> 00:00:12.351
So a run-on sentence is what happens

00:00:12.351 --> 00:00:14.690
when two independent
clauses are put together

00:00:14.690 --> 00:00:17.041
in one sentence without any punctuation

00:00:17.041 --> 00:00:21.632
or coordinating conjunctions
like and, but, or.

00:00:21.632 --> 00:00:25.799
So Rosie what is a good
example of a run-on sentence?

00:00:26.750 --> 00:00:29.440
- [Voiceover] We bought
nails we bought a hammer.

00:00:29.440 --> 00:00:32.593
- [Voiceover] Yeah, so we
can see that this sentence

00:00:32.593 --> 00:00:36.343
contains two individual,
independent clauses.

00:00:37.940 --> 00:00:40.573
So we've got number one, we bought nails,

00:00:40.573 --> 00:00:42.255
number two, we bought a hammer.

00:00:42.255 --> 00:00:43.579
Now there are a couple of different ways

00:00:43.579 --> 00:00:45.253
we could make this a legal sentence,

00:00:45.253 --> 00:00:48.041
but right now as it stands
this is a run-on, right?

00:00:48.041 --> 00:00:49.426
- [Voiceover] So there
are a couple of ways

00:00:49.426 --> 00:00:50.982
we could fix this sentence.

00:00:50.982 --> 00:00:53.680
One way would be just to
add a semicolon in there.

00:00:53.680 --> 00:00:56.780
So you've got two independent clauses.

00:00:56.780 --> 00:00:58.641
- [Voiceover] We bought nails, semicolon,

00:00:58.641 --> 00:00:59.855
we bought a hammer.

00:00:59.855 --> 00:01:01.115
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:01.115 --> 00:01:03.333
Another way you could
do that would be to just

00:01:03.333 --> 00:01:06.453
add a comma and then the conjunction and,

00:01:06.453 --> 00:01:09.159
so you're connecting those two clauses.

00:01:09.159 --> 00:01:11.386
- [Voiceover] So this is a
run-on sentence without this and,

00:01:11.386 --> 00:01:13.905
and this comma, and it's called that

00:01:13.905 --> 00:01:16.847
because it's sort of like
a runaway train, you know,

00:01:16.847 --> 00:01:21.014
it doesn't have enough stoppage
in it is how I would put it.

00:01:22.031 --> 00:01:23.620
So that's what a run-on sentence is,

00:01:23.620 --> 00:01:26.110
and now I wanna talk about comma splicing.

00:01:26.110 --> 00:01:29.637
And the word splice,
not a super-common term

00:01:29.637 --> 00:01:33.440
if you are neither a
sailor or a film editor.

00:01:33.440 --> 00:01:36.715
But splicing is a word
that originally meant

00:01:36.715 --> 00:01:39.169
to take two ropes, untangle them,

00:01:39.169 --> 00:01:40.900
and weave them back together.

00:01:40.900 --> 00:01:44.329
It's a sailor's term
related to rope lines.

00:01:44.329 --> 00:01:47.246
In our case for grammar, a splice,

00:01:47.246 --> 00:01:50.439
a comma splice is an inappropriate joining

00:01:50.439 --> 00:01:54.106
of two independent
clauses by using a comma.

00:02:02.014 --> 00:02:05.687
So Rosie, this is Li'l
Tony, Crime Fighting Pony.

00:02:05.687 --> 00:02:06.719
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:02:06.719 --> 00:02:08.807
- [Voiceover] So for
example, in this sentence,

00:02:08.807 --> 00:02:11.570
I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets,

00:02:11.570 --> 00:02:14.552
it's my favorite movie in
the Li'l Tony franchise,

00:02:14.552 --> 00:02:16.600
a very fine series of non-existent films.

00:02:16.600 --> 00:02:20.379
The problem with this
sentence is that right now

00:02:20.379 --> 00:02:22.776
it's got this comma in the middle of it,

00:02:22.776 --> 00:02:26.238
and this comma inappropriately joins

00:02:26.238 --> 00:02:28.878
these two independent clauses.

00:02:28.878 --> 00:02:32.128
Oh, and this whole time I forgot to say

00:02:34.380 --> 00:02:38.410
two independent clauses
inappropriately joined by a comma.

00:02:38.410 --> 00:02:40.426
So okay, so we've got
independent clause number one,

00:02:40.426 --> 00:02:43.245
remember this thing could
stand on its own as a sentence,

00:02:43.245 --> 00:02:44.895
I love the name of this movie.

00:02:44.895 --> 00:02:47.276
I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets.

00:02:47.276 --> 00:02:48.852
That could be its own sentence on its own,

00:02:48.852 --> 00:02:50.835
end it with a period, period.

00:02:50.835 --> 00:02:53.525
It's my favorite movie in the
Li'l Tony franchise, period.

00:02:53.525 --> 00:02:56.613
But we have these two
independent clauses, right?

00:02:56.613 --> 00:02:59.780
We cannot join them with just a comma.

00:03:00.643 --> 00:03:03.154
We could say I love Li'l Tony
2: Pony Up 2 the Streets,

00:03:03.154 --> 00:03:06.778
comma, and it's my favorite
movie in the Li'l Tony franchise

00:03:06.778 --> 00:03:10.061
or as we did in the previous example,

00:03:10.061 --> 00:03:12.507
we could also throw in a semicolon,

00:03:12.507 --> 00:03:13.856
which is I think what I would rather do.

00:03:13.856 --> 00:03:16.115
I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets;

00:03:16.115 --> 00:03:18.585
semicolon, it's my favorite movie

00:03:18.585 --> 00:03:19.861
in the Li'l Tony franchise.

00:03:19.861 --> 00:03:21.990
And Rosie, you will notice
that I have underlined

00:03:21.990 --> 00:03:23.501
these titles.

00:03:23.501 --> 00:03:24.533
- [Voiceover] Oh yes.

00:03:24.533 --> 00:03:26.037
- [Voiceover] Because these are the names

00:03:26.037 --> 00:03:28.491
of published works, even
though we made them up.

00:03:28.491 --> 00:03:30.083
- [Voiceover] Right, exactly.

00:03:30.083 --> 00:03:31.404
- [Voiceover] But okay,
but for real I would love

00:03:31.404 --> 00:03:34.667
to see like a Li'l Tony,
Crime Fighting Pony series.

00:03:34.667 --> 00:03:35.500
- [Voiceover] Totally.

00:03:35.500 --> 00:03:36.706
- [Voiceover] So to review,

00:03:36.706 --> 00:03:38.754
when you're looking at a run-on,

00:03:38.754 --> 00:03:41.606
you're looking at two independent
clauses that are together

00:03:41.606 --> 00:03:43.971
in one sentence, that are
joined inappropriately

00:03:43.971 --> 00:03:46.758
without punctuation or conjunctions.

00:03:46.758 --> 00:03:49.196
So, we bought nails we bought a hammer.

00:03:49.196 --> 00:03:51.341
There's not really a place to know

00:03:51.341 --> 00:03:55.174
where the division between
clauses is in that,

00:03:56.712 --> 00:04:00.036
and so the thing to do is
either to add some kind of,

00:04:00.036 --> 00:04:03.766
is to add a comma and a conjunction,

00:04:03.766 --> 00:04:07.244
or to combine them using a semicolon.

00:04:07.244 --> 00:04:09.478
The same deal with a comma splice,

00:04:09.478 --> 00:04:12.274
it's just that a comma splice is a run-on

00:04:12.274 --> 00:04:14.598
that hasn't been fixed all the way.

00:04:14.598 --> 00:04:16.459
- [Voiceover] Right,
the comma's being used

00:04:16.459 --> 00:04:20.660
but we need some bigger
punctuation in place of the comma,

00:04:20.660 --> 00:04:22.683
something like a semicolon,

00:04:22.683 --> 00:04:26.315
in order to make a
distinction between those two

00:04:26.315 --> 00:04:27.941
independent clauses.

00:04:27.941 --> 00:04:29.655
- [Voiceover] So that is
how you identify and fix

00:04:29.655 --> 00:04:31.800
run-ons and comma splices.

00:04:31.800 --> 00:04:33.434
You can learn anything, David out.

00:04:33.434 --> 00:04:35.434
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.


Phrases and clauses

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.405 --> 00:00:01.370
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.

00:00:01.370 --> 00:00:02.203
Hello Rosie.

00:00:02.203 --> 00:00:03.036
- [Voiceover] Hello, David.

00:00:03.036 --> 00:00:05.705
- [Voiceover] So, okay, you
know the Schoolhouse Rock song

00:00:05.705 --> 00:00:07.071
Conjunction Junction?

00:00:07.071 --> 00:00:07.904
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:00:07.904 --> 00:00:08.737
- [Voiceover] Classic.

00:00:08.737 --> 00:00:09.570
- [Voiceover] Classic.

00:00:09.570 --> 00:00:11.592
- [Voiceover] So in that song, you know,

00:00:11.592 --> 00:00:14.015
the chorus asks, like,

00:00:14.015 --> 00:00:15.947
♫ Conjunction junction,
what's your function ♫

00:00:15.947 --> 00:00:17.959
And then the engineer
played by Jack Sheldon goes,

00:00:17.959 --> 00:00:20.809
♫ Hooking up words and
phrases and clauses ♫

00:00:20.809 --> 00:00:23.300
And so that's what we're
gonna be talking about today

00:00:23.300 --> 00:00:25.844
is the difference between
a phrase and a clause,

00:00:25.844 --> 00:00:28.093
because both of them are
groups of words, right?

00:00:28.093 --> 00:00:29.841
Phrases and clauses are
both groups of words

00:00:29.841 --> 00:00:32.667
but they each do different things.

00:00:32.667 --> 00:00:34.476
So let's break that down.

00:00:34.476 --> 00:00:39.038
So, Rosie, if you'd
please, what is a phrase?

00:00:39.038 --> 00:00:41.580
- [Voiceover] So phrase
is a group of words

00:00:41.580 --> 00:00:44.062
and it acts like a single part of speech,

00:00:44.062 --> 00:00:47.979
but it's not, it will
never be a full sentence,

00:00:49.148 --> 00:00:53.315
because phrases don't have
both a subject and a verb.

00:00:54.678 --> 00:00:57.693
- [Voiceover] Right, so a
phrase can never be a sentence.

00:00:57.693 --> 00:00:58.526
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:00:58.526 --> 00:01:01.932
- [Voiceover] What are
some examples of phrases?

00:01:01.932 --> 00:01:03.756
- [Voiceover] My best friend.

00:01:03.756 --> 00:01:05.168
- [Voiceover] So this is a group of words

00:01:05.168 --> 00:01:07.127
that ultimately behaves like a noun?

00:01:07.127 --> 00:01:07.960
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:07.960 --> 00:01:09.469
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:01:09.469 --> 00:01:11.260
- [Voiceover] Then there's
an adjective phrase,

00:01:11.260 --> 00:01:13.020
with the blue shirt.

00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:15.115
- [Voiceover] So this is
a prepositional phrase

00:01:15.115 --> 00:01:17.688
that, as you said, is
behaving like an adjective.

00:01:17.688 --> 00:01:18.521
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:01:18.521 --> 00:01:19.354
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:01:19.354 --> 00:01:21.849
- [Voiceover] And then for 20 days,

00:01:21.849 --> 00:01:23.451
which behaves like an adverb.

00:01:23.451 --> 00:01:24.801
- [Voiceover] So this is a noun phrase,

00:01:24.801 --> 00:01:27.974
an adjective phrase and
an adverbial phrase.

00:01:27.974 --> 00:01:30.188
So none of these things can be sentences,

00:01:30.188 --> 00:01:33.705
but they all, like you said,
act like parts of speech.

00:01:33.705 --> 00:01:36.945
Okay, meanwhile a clause
is a group of words

00:01:36.945 --> 00:01:38.455
that can be a sentence?

00:01:38.455 --> 00:01:40.021
- [Voiceover] It's not always a sentence,

00:01:40.021 --> 00:01:44.188
but the big difference
between phrases and clauses is

00:01:45.211 --> 00:01:49.478
that clauses do have both
a subject and a verb.

00:01:49.478 --> 00:01:51.197
- [Voiceover] So it's
not, it can't be a phrase

00:01:51.197 --> 00:01:53.444
because a phrase is
just one part of speech,

00:01:53.444 --> 00:01:56.518
but a clause always has a
noun or pronoun component

00:01:56.518 --> 00:01:58.118
and a verb component.

00:01:58.118 --> 00:01:58.951
- [Voiceover] That's right.

00:01:58.951 --> 00:02:00.484
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:02:00.484 --> 00:02:04.586
- [Voiceover] So, a clause
could be a dependent clause

00:02:04.586 --> 00:02:06.986
which can't stand on its own.

00:02:06.986 --> 00:02:11.038
For example, the wizard who cast a spell.

00:02:11.038 --> 00:02:14.198
Right, that can't be its own sentence,

00:02:14.198 --> 00:02:16.531
but it's got a lot going on.

00:02:17.403 --> 00:02:18.950
- [Voiceover] So that's not a sentence,

00:02:18.950 --> 00:02:21.259
but it can also be independent.

00:02:21.259 --> 00:02:23.647
- [Voiceover] Right, so, if we said,

00:02:23.647 --> 00:02:27.647
"The wizard cast a spell,"
that's also a clause,

00:02:29.140 --> 00:02:32.416
and it's also its own sentence.

00:02:32.416 --> 00:02:34.552
- [Voiceover] So let's
test a couple of things

00:02:34.552 --> 00:02:37.802
and see if they are phrases or clauses.

00:02:38.745 --> 00:02:39.578
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:02:39.578 --> 00:02:41.981
- [Voiceover] The falcon
soared majestically.

00:02:41.981 --> 00:02:44.739
So this is a group of words.

00:02:44.739 --> 00:02:48.906
And we've got the falcon
here, that's a noun phrase,

00:02:50.571 --> 00:02:54.472
that's behaving like a part of speech.

00:02:54.472 --> 00:02:58.070
So I know that this
definitely has a phrase in it,

00:02:58.070 --> 00:03:00.321
but is it just a phrase on its own?

00:03:00.321 --> 00:03:03.052
I guess I would have to say
no, because it's got this verb,

00:03:03.052 --> 00:03:06.309
soared, and this adverb, majectically.

00:03:06.309 --> 00:03:08.215
So, the falcon soared majestically,

00:03:08.215 --> 00:03:10.194
I would have to say this is a clause.

00:03:10.194 --> 00:03:11.158
Would I be right?

00:03:11.158 --> 00:03:12.037
- [Voiceover] You would be right.

00:03:12.037 --> 00:03:13.787
- [Voiceover] Hooray!

00:03:15.240 --> 00:03:16.230
- [Voiceover] That's not only a clause,

00:03:16.230 --> 00:03:18.646
but it's an independent clause.

00:03:18.646 --> 00:03:21.651
- [Voiceover] So it can
be its own sentence.

00:03:21.651 --> 00:03:23.929
With a period right.

00:03:23.929 --> 00:03:25.821
So let's get a little bit of
a George Harrison in here.

00:03:25.821 --> 00:03:28.125
While my guitar gently weeps.

00:03:28.125 --> 00:03:31.081
So we've got a subject in here, my guitar,

00:03:31.081 --> 00:03:32.858
and a verb, weeps.

00:03:32.858 --> 00:03:34.427
So we know it's a clause,

00:03:34.427 --> 00:03:37.301
but it begins with this word while,

00:03:37.301 --> 00:03:39.570
which is, I think, a
subordinating conjunction.

00:03:39.570 --> 00:03:40.403
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:03:40.403 --> 00:03:42.030
- [Voiceover] So this would be
actually a dependent clause,

00:03:42.030 --> 00:03:44.048
but it is a clause, so
this thing could not be

00:03:44.048 --> 00:03:46.558
a sentence on it's own.

00:03:46.558 --> 00:03:48.850
- [Voiceover] That's right.

00:03:48.850 --> 00:03:50.087
- [Voiceover] Now Rosie, what about

00:03:50.087 --> 00:03:52.303
the best ham sandwich in Oklahoma?

00:03:52.303 --> 00:03:54.720
Is that a phrase or a clause?

00:03:55.738 --> 00:03:56.976
- [Voiceover] That is a phrase.

00:03:56.976 --> 00:03:59.113
- [Voiceover] Okay, why is that?

00:03:59.113 --> 00:04:01.275
- [Voiceover] We don't have a verb.

00:04:01.275 --> 00:04:03.108
This is all a subject,

00:04:05.293 --> 00:04:08.647
and we've got the best,
so we've kind of got

00:04:08.647 --> 00:04:11.761
this superlative thrown in there.

00:04:11.761 --> 00:04:14.593
- [Voiceover] But it's all
modifying ham sandwich.

00:04:14.593 --> 00:04:15.426
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:04:15.426 --> 00:04:16.758
- [Voiceover] It's actually
all modifying sandwich,

00:04:16.758 --> 00:04:19.130
'cause it's the best ham sandwich.

00:04:19.130 --> 00:04:20.844
And then we've got this
other prepositional phrase

00:04:20.844 --> 00:04:22.964
that also modifies sandwich.

00:04:22.964 --> 00:04:23.797
- [Voiceover] Right.

00:04:23.797 --> 00:04:26.217
- [Voiceover] So that's a phrase.

00:04:26.217 --> 00:04:29.139
How about under the ocean blue?

00:04:29.139 --> 00:04:30.328
- [Voiceover] That is a phrase.

00:04:30.328 --> 00:04:32.583
- [Voiceover] Okay.

00:04:32.583 --> 00:04:34.472
What makes you say that?

00:04:34.472 --> 00:04:38.472
- [Voiceover] Well, again,
we don't have a verb,

00:04:39.984 --> 00:04:42.817
so we've got a subject, the ocean,

00:04:43.802 --> 00:04:45.992
and we have under, that's a preposition,

00:04:45.992 --> 00:04:49.991
so we have kind of a
direction and a subject,

00:04:49.991 --> 00:04:51.441
we have a direction and a place,

00:04:51.441 --> 00:04:53.944
but we don't have an action.

00:04:53.944 --> 00:04:54.995
- [Voiceover] And that would make it

00:04:54.995 --> 00:04:57.190
a phrase and not a clause.

00:04:57.190 --> 00:04:59.329
So, phrases are groups of words

00:04:59.329 --> 00:05:00.895
that act like parts of speech,

00:05:00.895 --> 00:05:03.310
so this one, for example,

00:05:03.310 --> 00:05:07.221
is an adjectival or adverbial phrase.

00:05:07.221 --> 00:05:10.916
We don't know because, we
don't know what it's modifying.

00:05:10.916 --> 00:05:12.963
And this one is a noun phrase,

00:05:12.963 --> 00:05:14.971
the best ham sandwich in Oklahoma.

00:05:14.971 --> 00:05:16.874
It's behaving like a noun.

00:05:16.874 --> 00:05:19.624
And clauses are groups of phrases

00:05:20.596 --> 00:05:22.530
that have a subject and a verb.

00:05:22.530 --> 00:05:25.910
So, while my guitar gently weeps.

00:05:25.910 --> 00:05:27.339
There's a guitar, what is it doing?

00:05:27.339 --> 00:05:30.467
It's weeping, so we know it's a clause.

00:05:30.467 --> 00:05:31.566
We'll go into what the difference

00:05:31.566 --> 00:05:34.391
between a dependent and an
independent clause is next time,

00:05:34.391 --> 00:05:36.893
but just know for now,
this is a clause over here

00:05:36.893 --> 00:05:40.843
and this clause over here, the
falcon soared majestically,

00:05:40.843 --> 00:05:42.924
is also a clause by dint of the fact

00:05:42.924 --> 00:05:45.302
that it has both a subject, the falcon,

00:05:45.302 --> 00:05:48.657
and a verb, soared majestically.

00:05:48.657 --> 00:05:49.490
- [Voiceover] All right.

00:05:49.490 --> 00:05:50.408
- [Voiceover] Cool.

00:05:50.408 --> 00:05:53.162
That is phrases and clauses.

00:05:53.162 --> 00:05:55.258
You can learn anything, David out.

00:05:55.258 --> 00:05:56.190
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.