Alkane with isopropyl group

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.580 --> 00:00:02.720
- [Instructor] Let's try
to name this molecule

00:00:02.720 --> 00:00:03.553
right over here.

00:00:03.553 --> 00:00:04.450
And so the first thing we wanna do

00:00:04.450 --> 00:00:06.997
is identify the longest chain of carbons.

00:00:06.997 --> 00:00:09.020
So let's see, it could be one, two, three,

00:00:09.020 --> 00:00:11.810
four, five, six, seven, eight.

00:00:11.810 --> 00:00:13.740
Or, let's see, maybe it's one, two, three,

00:00:13.740 --> 00:00:17.240
four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10.

00:00:17.240 --> 00:00:18.760
Yes, indeed, that's the longest chain.

00:00:18.760 --> 00:00:21.534
And if you go one, two,
three, four, five, six, seven,

00:00:21.534 --> 00:00:24.210
or one, two, three,
four, five, six, seven.

00:00:24.210 --> 00:00:25.270
So those aren't the longest.

00:00:25.270 --> 00:00:27.420
So the longest one is this one.

00:00:27.420 --> 00:00:32.420
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven,

00:00:34.850 --> 00:00:39.030
eight, nine, 10, 10 carbons.

00:00:41.180 --> 00:00:42.570
And this is going to be an alkane,

00:00:42.570 --> 00:00:44.620
'cause it's all single bonds.

00:00:44.620 --> 00:00:49.220
And an alkane that's
a chain of 10 carbons,

00:00:49.220 --> 00:00:51.780
we would use a prefix deck for 10.

00:00:51.780 --> 00:00:53.920
So this is a decane.

00:00:53.920 --> 00:00:55.230
Let me write that right over here.

00:00:55.230 --> 00:00:57.610
This is a decane, decane.

00:00:59.330 --> 00:01:01.050
Now, let's think about the groups

00:01:01.050 --> 00:01:03.632
that are attached to this decane.

00:01:03.632 --> 00:01:07.320
So we have this group right over here.

00:01:07.320 --> 00:01:09.400
This has two carbons in it,

00:01:09.400 --> 00:01:11.730
one carbon, two carbons.

00:01:11.730 --> 00:01:14.740
And so because it has two carbons,

00:01:14.740 --> 00:01:16.340
we would use the prefix eth.

00:01:16.340 --> 00:01:18.150
Remember, meth is one carbon.

00:01:18.150 --> 00:01:20.379
Eth is two carbons.

00:01:20.379 --> 00:01:21.940
And since it's a group,

00:01:21.940 --> 00:01:23.460
we're not talking about the backbone,

00:01:23.460 --> 00:01:24.820
this is an ethyl group.

00:01:24.820 --> 00:01:27.420
This is an ethyl group.

00:01:27.420 --> 00:01:29.330
And we have another ethyl
group right over here,

00:01:29.330 --> 00:01:31.020
two carbons attached right over here.

00:01:31.020 --> 00:01:33.900
This is also an ethyl group.

00:01:33.900 --> 00:01:37.100
And now this group right
over here is interesting.

00:01:37.100 --> 00:01:39.190
We can count the carbons in it.

00:01:39.190 --> 00:01:42.940
So it has one, two, three carbons.

00:01:42.940 --> 00:01:45.440
So you could think about,
well, this has three carbons.

00:01:45.440 --> 00:01:48.430
Our prefix for there carbons is prop.

00:01:48.430 --> 00:01:50.688
So you could say it maybe
this is a propyl group.

00:01:50.688 --> 00:01:52.483
This right over here.

00:01:53.670 --> 00:01:54.660
This right over here.

00:01:54.660 --> 00:01:56.620
You could say maybe
this is a propyl group.

00:01:56.620 --> 00:01:59.730
And you wouldn't be completely
off base by saying that.

00:01:59.730 --> 00:02:04.730
But we have to be a little bit
more careful when we name it,

00:02:05.180 --> 00:02:07.210
because a propyl group, you would assume

00:02:07.210 --> 00:02:09.390
that you're attaching to
one end of the propyl group.

00:02:09.390 --> 00:02:11.614
But we're not attaching to
one end of the propyl group.

00:02:11.614 --> 00:02:14.480
We're attaching essentially
to the second carbon,

00:02:14.480 --> 00:02:15.610
to the middle carbon.

00:02:15.610 --> 00:02:17.330
And this is a secondary carbon.

00:02:17.330 --> 00:02:20.580
The reason why it's
called a secondary carbon

00:02:20.580 --> 00:02:24.210
is because it's attached
to two other carbons.

00:02:24.210 --> 00:02:25.730
If it was attached to three other carbons,

00:02:25.730 --> 00:02:27.010
it would be a tertiary carbon.

00:02:27.010 --> 00:02:29.210
If it was attached to only one carbon,

00:02:29.210 --> 00:02:30.671
it would be a primary carbon.

00:02:30.671 --> 00:02:32.230
So you could call this,

00:02:32.230 --> 00:02:33.063
since we're attached

00:02:33.063 --> 00:02:36.370
to the secondary carbon right over here.

00:02:36.370 --> 00:02:38.533
This is sometimes called a sec,

00:02:38.533 --> 00:02:41.500
a sec-propyl group.

00:02:41.500 --> 00:02:42.810
A sec-propyl group.

00:02:42.810 --> 00:02:45.480
And it's also sometimes called iso-propyl,

00:02:45.480 --> 00:02:47.293
an isopropyl group.

00:02:47.293 --> 00:02:49.640
Isopropyl, and you'll
actually see isopropyl

00:02:49.640 --> 00:02:51.240
a little bit more frequently.

00:02:51.240 --> 00:02:54.680
And these would both be
referred to as common names,

00:02:54.680 --> 00:02:56.290
common names for this group.

00:02:56.290 --> 00:02:59.350
Now, if you wanted to
name this systematically,

00:02:59.350 --> 00:03:00.530
then you would do it very similar

00:03:00.530 --> 00:03:03.270
to the way you would
name the entire molecule.

00:03:03.270 --> 00:03:06.020
You would look for the longest chain here.

00:03:06.020 --> 00:03:08.510
And the longest chain in this molecule,

00:03:08.510 --> 00:03:11.830
starting with where you are attached,

00:03:11.830 --> 00:03:13.623
is a chain of two carbons,

00:03:13.623 --> 00:03:15.622
is a chain of two carbons.

00:03:15.622 --> 00:03:17.130
And so you could call,

00:03:17.130 --> 00:03:19.987
so that the backbone
right over here is ethyl,

00:03:19.987 --> 00:03:22.973
is, let me write this right over here,

00:03:24.130 --> 00:03:28.330
is ethyl, it's an ethyl backbone here.

00:03:28.330 --> 00:03:32.440
And then you could view
this carbon as a group

00:03:32.440 --> 00:03:34.620
attached to that ethyl backbone.

00:03:34.620 --> 00:03:36.900
And we would start counting,

00:03:36.900 --> 00:03:39.360
we would start counting
right where we're attached

00:03:39.360 --> 00:03:40.193
to the main chain.

00:03:40.193 --> 00:03:42.360
So this is the one carbon,
this is the two carbon.

00:03:42.360 --> 00:03:45.076
So this right over here, this
is just one carbon group.

00:03:45.076 --> 00:03:48.480
This right over here is an methyl group,

00:03:48.480 --> 00:03:51.570
or a methyl group, this is a methyl group.

00:03:51.570 --> 00:03:53.010
So you have a methyl group attached

00:03:53.010 --> 00:03:54.840
to the one carbon of an ethyl group.

00:03:54.840 --> 00:03:57.790
So the systematic name for this,

00:03:57.790 --> 00:03:59.160
and this is a little bit less typical

00:03:59.160 --> 00:04:01.630
for a group as small as a propyl group.

00:04:01.630 --> 00:04:03.977
But you could call this one methyl,

00:04:03.977 --> 00:04:08.977
one, one methyl, one methyl-ethyl,

00:04:11.810 --> 00:04:15.720
one methyl-ethyl is the
systematic name for this.

00:04:15.720 --> 00:04:17.610
Now, the systematic name,

00:04:17.610 --> 00:04:19.097
you might say, "Hey,
why go through the pain

00:04:19.097 --> 00:04:20.707
"of doing this for something so simple

00:04:20.707 --> 00:04:22.410
"that we could just call isopropyl."

00:04:22.410 --> 00:04:24.288
This is useful if this was a much larger

00:04:24.288 --> 00:04:27.420
or a much more complex
group that was attached

00:04:27.420 --> 00:04:28.840
to this main chain.

00:04:28.840 --> 00:04:29.900
But, more typically,

00:04:29.900 --> 00:04:31.210
and this is why it's
called the common name,

00:04:31.210 --> 00:04:33.280
you will see this thing right over here

00:04:33.280 --> 00:04:34.820
just called isopropyl.

00:04:34.820 --> 00:04:37.640
And sometimes you would
see it called sec-propyl

00:04:37.640 --> 00:04:39.970
or even S-propyl.

00:04:39.970 --> 00:04:42.080
Now that we've named all of the groups,

00:04:42.080 --> 00:04:44.270
let's think about what
carbons they are attached to

00:04:44.270 --> 00:04:46.050
and where we can start counting from.

00:04:46.050 --> 00:04:47.410
And the way that this is done

00:04:47.410 --> 00:04:49.561
is that you would start counting

00:04:49.561 --> 00:04:51.370
from the end of your carbon chain,

00:04:51.370 --> 00:04:54.280
your main, kind of this decane backbone.

00:04:54.280 --> 00:04:55.670
And you would count from the end

00:04:55.670 --> 00:04:58.410
that bumps into the most groups faster.

00:04:58.410 --> 00:05:00.870
So, for example, if you
count from this end,

00:05:00.870 --> 00:05:02.880
this would be the one carbon,

00:05:02.880 --> 00:05:05.880
two carbon, three carbon,
four carbon, five carbon.

00:05:05.880 --> 00:05:09.020
On the five carbon, we
bump into two groups.

00:05:09.020 --> 00:05:10.380
If we started over here,

00:05:10.380 --> 00:05:13.430
this would be the one carbon,
two carbon, three carbon,

00:05:13.430 --> 00:05:15.400
four carbon, five carbon.

00:05:15.400 --> 00:05:17.040
On the five carbon, we
do bump into a group,

00:05:17.040 --> 00:05:17.950
but only one group.

00:05:17.950 --> 00:05:19.450
And we'd have to wait
until the sixth carbon

00:05:19.450 --> 00:05:21.071
to bump into two groups.

00:05:21.071 --> 00:05:23.470
So we get to the two groups faster,

00:05:23.470 --> 00:05:24.774
we would start counting on this end.

00:05:24.774 --> 00:05:27.110
So this is the one carbon, two carbon,

00:05:27.110 --> 00:05:31.371
three carbon, four carbon,
five carbon, six carbon,

00:05:31.371 --> 00:05:36.371
seven carbon, eight, nine and 10 carbon.

00:05:36.630 --> 00:05:40.300
And so when we think about which groups

00:05:40.300 --> 00:05:42.270
are we going to refer to first,

00:05:42.270 --> 00:05:44.850
do we refer to the ethyl groups first

00:05:44.850 --> 00:05:48.290
or do we refer to this
isopropyl group first?

00:05:48.290 --> 00:05:51.380
We just think about what
letter they start with

00:05:51.380 --> 00:05:52.430
in alphabetical order.

00:05:52.430 --> 00:05:55.125
So, for example, these ethyl groups,

00:05:55.125 --> 00:05:57.145
they clearly start with an E.

00:05:57.145 --> 00:06:01.100
They clearly start with an E.

00:06:01.100 --> 00:06:05.132
E comes before in the alphabet
than the I in isopropyl

00:06:05.132 --> 00:06:07.430
before the P in sec-propyl.

00:06:07.430 --> 00:06:10.150
You would normally ignore
the sec or the tert

00:06:10.150 --> 00:06:11.750
when you're thinking
about alphabetical order.

00:06:11.750 --> 00:06:16.750
And E also comes before
the M in methyl-ethyl.

00:06:17.831 --> 00:06:21.560
So we will talk about
the ethyl groups first.

00:06:21.560 --> 00:06:24.480
So, remember, our backbone, 10 carbons,

00:06:24.480 --> 00:06:25.510
all single bonds.

00:06:25.510 --> 00:06:28.340
It's an alkane, since there's
10 of 'em it is decane.

00:06:28.340 --> 00:06:30.460
And so let's talk about the ethyls first.

00:06:30.460 --> 00:06:32.260
And since we had two ethyls

00:06:32.260 --> 00:06:34.320
we can say that this is diethyl.

00:06:34.320 --> 00:06:35.781
So let me write that down.

00:06:35.781 --> 00:06:38.133
So we can write diethyl, diethyl.

00:06:41.650 --> 00:06:43.095
And, of course, we need to specify

00:06:43.095 --> 00:06:46.300
where those two ethyls are.

00:06:46.300 --> 00:06:47.640
One is at the five carbon,

00:06:47.640 --> 00:06:49.750
one is at the sixth carbon.

00:06:49.750 --> 00:06:54.393
So we could call this
five, five, six, diethyl.

00:06:54.393 --> 00:06:56.700
The five refers to this ethyl group.

00:06:56.700 --> 00:06:58.270
Six refers to this ethyl group.

00:06:58.270 --> 00:07:00.840
And now we could talk
about the isopropyl group.

00:07:00.840 --> 00:07:04.697
The isopropyl group is
also on the five carbon.

00:07:04.697 --> 00:07:09.497
So we could say five, six diethyl,

00:07:09.497 --> 00:07:13.736
five, five isopropyl.

00:07:13.736 --> 00:07:18.493
Isopropyl, isopropyl,

00:07:20.190 --> 00:07:21.300
decane.

00:07:21.300 --> 00:07:24.320
Or, if wanted to use sec-propyl

00:07:24.320 --> 00:07:26.870
instead of isopropyl, we
could write sec-propyl here.

00:07:26.870 --> 00:07:28.770
Or if want to do the systematic naming

00:07:28.770 --> 00:07:30.210
we could call this

00:07:30.210 --> 00:07:34.413
five, comma, six, di, diethyl.

00:07:37.310 --> 00:07:40.820
Five, instead of writing isopropyl here

00:07:40.820 --> 00:07:44.460
we could write all of this,
one methyl-ethyl here.

00:07:44.460 --> 00:07:46.522
So actually let me just
copy and paste that.

00:07:46.522 --> 00:07:51.023
Let me just copy this one
methyl-ethyl right over here.

00:07:52.060 --> 00:07:54.480
Copy and paste.

00:07:54.480 --> 00:07:55.530
Let me stick that there.

00:07:55.530 --> 00:07:57.760
One methyl ethyl.

00:07:57.760 --> 00:08:01.461
And, of course, the
main backbone is decane.

00:08:01.461 --> 00:08:06.461
Decane, decane.

00:08:07.060 --> 00:08:08.740
So either one, all of these,

00:08:08.740 --> 00:08:10.140
are reasonable ways to name it.

00:08:10.140 --> 00:08:11.340
This would be the common way

00:08:11.340 --> 00:08:12.690
where we use isopropyl.

00:08:12.690 --> 00:08:14.550
Here, we're doing it more systematically

00:08:14.550 --> 00:08:17.083
by calling it group one methyl-ethyl.


Triple bonds cause linear configurations

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.240
- [Instructor] I wanna
do a quick clarification

00:00:02.240 --> 00:00:03.873
on the video on alcohols.

00:00:03.873 --> 00:00:06.690
In that video, I gave this example

00:00:06.690 --> 00:00:08.820
of this alkanol right over here,

00:00:08.820 --> 00:00:11.910
it has a triple bond between
the five and six carbons.

00:00:11.910 --> 00:00:15.080
And I just wanna clarify that in reality,

00:00:15.080 --> 00:00:17.220
it would not ever be drawn this way.

00:00:17.220 --> 00:00:19.530
That this was an error to
actually draw it this way.

00:00:19.530 --> 00:00:21.720
The way I should have drawn
it is this right over here.

00:00:21.720 --> 00:00:24.150
And you see, the only difference
between these two pictures,

00:00:24.150 --> 00:00:25.860
starting with the one carbon, two carbon,

00:00:25.860 --> 00:00:27.400
three carbon, everything looks the same.

00:00:27.400 --> 00:00:29.320
Four carbon attached
to the hydroxyl group,

00:00:29.320 --> 00:00:30.470
everything looks the same.

00:00:30.470 --> 00:00:32.330
And then we get to the five carbon,

00:00:32.330 --> 00:00:34.160
but instead of bending back up,

00:00:34.160 --> 00:00:36.560
we just keep going
straight to the six carbon,

00:00:36.560 --> 00:00:37.860
that's where we have the triple bond

00:00:37.860 --> 00:00:39.290
between the five and six carbon,

00:00:39.290 --> 00:00:41.710
and then we go straight
again to the seven carbon

00:00:41.710 --> 00:00:44.320
that's attached to the two bromo groups.

00:00:44.320 --> 00:00:45.800
And then we get to the eighth carbon.

00:00:45.800 --> 00:00:48.310
And the whole point why
this right over here,

00:00:48.310 --> 00:00:50.640
that this is the correct way to draw it,

00:00:50.640 --> 00:00:51.820
the correct way to draw it,

00:00:51.820 --> 00:00:53.180
is that triple bonds,

00:00:53.180 --> 00:00:54.270
this triple bond right here,

00:00:54.270 --> 00:00:56.360
it forces a linear configuration.

00:00:56.360 --> 00:00:58.300
So on both sides of that triple bond,

00:00:58.300 --> 00:00:59.270
you would go straight out.

00:00:59.270 --> 00:01:00.176
So whenever you see an,

00:01:00.176 --> 00:01:03.960
actually, whenever you see
any type of an alkyne drawn,

00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:07.010
the triple bonds should
essentially straighten out.

00:01:07.010 --> 00:01:09.753
It should straighten out the molecule.


Naming two isobutyl groups systematically

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.720 --> 00:00:01.820
- [Instructor] In the last video,

00:00:01.820 --> 00:00:05.400
we named this molecule
using the common names

00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:07.460
for this group right over here

00:00:07.460 --> 00:00:10.270
and I thought it would be fun to also use-

00:00:10.270 --> 00:00:12.790
to do the same thing but
use the systematic name.

00:00:12.790 --> 00:00:15.400
So in the last video,
we called this isobutyl

00:00:15.400 --> 00:00:17.290
but if wanted to do it systematically,

00:00:17.290 --> 00:00:18.550
we would look at this group,

00:00:18.550 --> 00:00:20.750
we would start at where it is attached

00:00:20.750 --> 00:00:22.930
to the main backbone, and we would think

00:00:22.930 --> 00:00:26.060
about the longest chain
of carbons from there.

00:00:26.060 --> 00:00:30.810
So if we start there, we can
get one, two, three carbons.

00:00:30.810 --> 00:00:32.560
So if we're dealing with three carbons,

00:00:32.560 --> 00:00:34.620
then this is going to be a propyl group,

00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:38.470
and we would number it one, two, three.

00:00:38.470 --> 00:00:41.620
And we see on the two
carbon of the propyl group,

00:00:41.620 --> 00:00:43.710
the two carbon of the propyl group,

00:00:43.710 --> 00:00:46.670
we have a one carbon
group right over here,

00:00:46.670 --> 00:00:50.310
so this is a methyl group
branching off the two carbon

00:00:50.310 --> 00:00:51.760
of the propyl group.

00:00:51.760 --> 00:00:53.770
So we could call this, we could call

00:00:53.770 --> 00:00:54.930
this thing the systematic name,

00:00:54.930 --> 00:00:56.600
instead of calling it isobutyl,

00:00:56.600 --> 00:00:58.330
we could call it two methyl,

00:00:58.330 --> 00:01:00.290
that's the methyl group right over there.

00:01:00.290 --> 00:01:02.690
So let me write this down, two,

00:01:02.690 --> 00:01:06.710
two methyl propyl,

00:01:06.710 --> 00:01:09.490
two methyl propyl,

00:01:09.490 --> 00:01:13.230
two methyl propyl.

00:01:13.230 --> 00:01:15.250
And so this is the systematic name,

00:01:15.250 --> 00:01:16.590
and of course there is two of them.

00:01:16.590 --> 00:01:18.350
This is a two methyl
propyl right over here

00:01:18.350 --> 00:01:20.650
instead of an isobutyl, we'll
call it two methyl propyl.

00:01:20.650 --> 00:01:23.120
And this is another two methyl propyl.

00:01:23.120 --> 00:01:24.450
So instead of writing,

00:01:24.450 --> 00:01:27.070
instead of writing the
five, seven diisobutyl here,

00:01:27.070 --> 00:01:29.770
we can instead substitute that
with the systematic names.

00:01:29.770 --> 00:01:30.603
So let's do that.

00:01:30.603 --> 00:01:34.006
Let me copy and paste everything
else that comes before it.

00:01:34.006 --> 00:01:36.333
So let me copy,

00:01:37.610 --> 00:01:39.920
copy and paste it.

00:01:39.920 --> 00:01:41.270
Whoops.

00:01:41.270 --> 00:01:43.730
Whoops, I'm in the wrong
layer of my program.

00:01:43.730 --> 00:01:45.420
Let me go one layer down.

00:01:45.420 --> 00:01:47.633
So let me copy and paste it again.

00:01:48.920 --> 00:01:52.520
Copy and paste, there we go.

00:01:52.520 --> 00:01:54.100
So I got that part.

00:01:54.100 --> 00:01:56.830
But now I'm going to write
this part differently.

00:01:56.830 --> 00:01:59.380
So we still have stuff, we still-

00:01:59.380 --> 00:02:02.400
it's still on the five
carbon and the seven carbon

00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:03.680
of our main chain.

00:02:03.680 --> 00:02:07.350
So five comma seven,
and we have two of'em,

00:02:07.350 --> 00:02:09.010
but when we're using systematic naming,

00:02:09.010 --> 00:02:12.852
we won't say di- this
thing, instead we say bis-.

00:02:12.852 --> 00:02:17.390
So five comma seven bis,

00:02:17.390 --> 00:02:20.520
that says, "Hey, we've got
two of what I'm about to say."

00:02:20.520 --> 00:02:22.940
Bis- this thing.

00:02:22.940 --> 00:02:25.900
So let me copy, dude,
that's in a different layer.

00:02:25.900 --> 00:02:29.393
Let me copy and let me paste that.

00:02:30.810 --> 00:02:34.770
Bis- this stuff right over here,

00:02:34.770 --> 00:02:37.063
and then, of course, we have cyclooctane.

00:02:37.950 --> 00:02:39.580
And then, of course, we have

00:02:40.680 --> 00:02:41.923
cyclooctane,

00:02:46.420 --> 00:02:48.350
and we are done.

00:02:48.350 --> 00:02:51.193
We have named it systematically as well.


Naming alkanes with ethyl groups

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.330 --> 00:00:02.230
- [Instructor] I think we're
ready now to tackle some more

00:00:02.230 --> 00:00:04.650
or even more complicated examples.

00:00:04.650 --> 00:00:06.600
So let's draw something crazy here.

00:00:06.600 --> 00:00:10.270
So let's see, let me draw a chain,

00:00:10.270 --> 00:00:15.010
let me draw it like that.

00:00:15.010 --> 00:00:17.480
And so, like we've done
in all of the examples,

00:00:17.480 --> 00:00:18.980
you wanna find the longest chain.

00:00:18.980 --> 00:00:19.813
We could count from here,

00:00:19.813 --> 00:00:23.050
one, two, three, four,
five, six, seven, eight,

00:00:23.050 --> 00:00:26.440
or maybe it's one, two,
three, four, five, six, seven.

00:00:26.440 --> 00:00:29.480
No, or maybe it's one,
two, three, four, five,

00:00:29.480 --> 00:00:32.240
six, seven, eight, nine, 10.

00:00:32.240 --> 00:00:34.890
That is our longest chain.

00:00:34.890 --> 00:00:37.260
Let me make that in green.

00:00:37.260 --> 00:00:39.943
So our longest chain here is in green.

00:00:41.550 --> 00:00:46.440
So this backbone has 10 carbons in it.

00:00:46.440 --> 00:00:48.690
The prefix for 10 is dec,

00:00:48.690 --> 00:00:50.480
it is a alkane,

00:00:50.480 --> 00:00:52.370
since it has all single bonds.

00:00:52.370 --> 00:00:55.320
So we can write decane for the backbone.

00:00:55.320 --> 00:00:57.910
And then it has a group right here,

00:00:57.910 --> 00:01:00.620
it has a group right here.

00:01:00.620 --> 00:01:04.250
And this group consists
of one, two carbons

00:01:04.250 --> 00:01:06.610
attached to the backbone.

00:01:06.610 --> 00:01:09.550
The prefix for to carbons is eth,

00:01:09.550 --> 00:01:11.500
so this is an ethyl group.

00:01:11.500 --> 00:01:13.640
The yl is 'cause it's a group

00:01:13.640 --> 00:01:16.320
attached to the main alkane chain.

00:01:16.320 --> 00:01:18.033
So we call this ethyl decane.

00:01:20.050 --> 00:01:22.750
But we have to specify where
the ethyl group is attached

00:01:22.750 --> 00:01:24.940
and we wanna give it as
low of a number as possible

00:01:24.940 --> 00:01:28.230
so we start counting on
the side closest to it.

00:01:28.230 --> 00:01:33.050
So it's one, two, three, four, five.

00:01:33.050 --> 00:01:36.320
So this is 5-ethyl decane.

00:01:36.320 --> 00:01:39.300
Now let's complicate
this a little bit more.

00:01:39.300 --> 00:01:41.703
So let me just copy and paste this.

00:01:42.920 --> 00:01:44.010
Copy

00:01:44.010 --> 00:01:46.510
and then paste.

00:01:46.510 --> 00:01:48.310
So I have pasted it there.

00:01:48.310 --> 00:01:50.880
And let me complicate this
molecule a little bit more.

00:01:50.880 --> 00:01:53.060
Let me add another ethyl group to it.

00:01:53.060 --> 00:01:55.540
Let me add another ethyl group to it.

00:01:55.540 --> 00:01:56.870
So let's say it is,

00:01:56.870 --> 00:02:00.270
we have another ethyl group over there.

00:02:00.270 --> 00:02:01.720
Now, what is this going to be?

00:02:01.720 --> 00:02:03.070
Well, the longest chain

00:02:03.070 --> 00:02:05.190
is still going to be that thing in green,

00:02:05.190 --> 00:02:07.353
so it's still going to be a decane.

00:02:08.540 --> 00:02:10.070
It's still going to be a decane.

00:02:10.070 --> 00:02:11.550
But now we have two ethyl groups,

00:02:11.550 --> 00:02:12.840
one on the five carbon,

00:02:12.840 --> 00:02:14.570
one, two, three, four, five,

00:02:14.570 --> 00:02:17.140
and then one on the six carbon.

00:02:17.140 --> 00:02:19.010
And then one on the six carbon.

00:02:19.010 --> 00:02:20.290
So what we write here is,

00:02:20.290 --> 00:02:24.170
you might be tempted to write
5-ethyl, 6-ethyl decane,

00:02:24.170 --> 00:02:25.410
which really wouldn't be wrong,

00:02:25.410 --> 00:02:26.243
but it would just be maybe

00:02:26.243 --> 00:02:28.280
more letters than you wanna write.

00:02:28.280 --> 00:02:29.630
Instead, you write,

00:02:29.630 --> 00:02:30.490
instead you write,

00:02:30.490 --> 00:02:33.713
five comma six, diethyl,

00:02:35.503 --> 00:02:36.336
diethyl

00:02:39.357 --> 00:02:40.607
diethyl decane.

00:02:41.450 --> 00:02:43.920
The five, six tells us the two carbons

00:02:43.920 --> 00:02:46.890
on the main backbone that the
ethyl groups are attached to

00:02:46.890 --> 00:02:49.870
and the di says that we have two ethanes,

00:02:49.870 --> 00:02:52.030
two ethyl groups, I should
say, not ethane groups.

00:02:52.030 --> 00:02:54.160
Two ethyl groups, one over here,

00:02:54.160 --> 00:02:56.570
and one right over here.


Types of price discrimination

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.370 --> 00:00:02.470
- [Instructor] We have
already introduced ourselves

00:00:02.470 --> 00:00:07.470
to the idea of price
discrimination in other videos,

00:00:07.840 --> 00:00:10.160
and in this video, we're
gonna try to classify

00:00:10.160 --> 00:00:13.360
the different ways that
a firm might engage

00:00:13.360 --> 00:00:15.140
in price discrimination.

00:00:15.140 --> 00:00:17.750
So first of all, just as
a review of what it is,

00:00:17.750 --> 00:00:21.100
this is when a firm
charges different prices

00:00:21.100 --> 00:00:23.870
to different consumers in order to capture

00:00:23.870 --> 00:00:25.820
as much of the consumer
surplus as possible.

00:00:25.820 --> 00:00:27.500
In other videos, we visualize that

00:00:27.500 --> 00:00:29.130
by showing the consumer surplus

00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:31.014
and showing how a firm might visually

00:00:31.014 --> 00:00:33.850
try to eat into that consumer surplus.

00:00:33.850 --> 00:00:36.170
But let's talk about the different types.

00:00:36.170 --> 00:00:38.750
So the first type of price discrimination

00:00:38.750 --> 00:00:41.330
is known as first degree.

00:00:41.330 --> 00:00:44.790
First degree price discrimination,

00:00:44.790 --> 00:00:48.250
often known as perfect
price discrimination,

00:00:48.250 --> 00:00:50.240
and this is really the most theoretical

00:00:50.240 --> 00:00:52.320
of all the ones we're gonna talk about.

00:00:52.320 --> 00:00:55.840
In first degree, or perfect
price discrimination,

00:00:55.840 --> 00:00:58.150
the firm is able to essentially capture

00:00:58.150 --> 00:01:02.150
the entire consumer surplus
by charging each individual

00:01:02.150 --> 00:01:04.830
exactly what they are willing to pay.

00:01:04.830 --> 00:01:07.510
Now, in order to pull this off,

00:01:07.510 --> 00:01:10.480
you would have to
magically be able to know

00:01:10.480 --> 00:01:11.840
what someone is willing to pay.

00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:14.240
When they show up, you say
oh, I'm gonna charge you $5

00:01:14.240 --> 00:01:15.100
'cause you can read their mind

00:01:15.100 --> 00:01:16.547
that they're willing to pay exactly $5,

00:01:16.547 --> 00:01:17.874
and the next person to walk in,

00:01:17.874 --> 00:01:19.270
you say I'm gonna charge you $4

00:01:19.270 --> 00:01:22.170
'cause you know that's exactly
what they're willing to pay.

00:01:22.170 --> 00:01:24.860
Now in the real world, we
can't get to that level

00:01:24.860 --> 00:01:27.870
of precision, but firms
can try to get there.

00:01:27.870 --> 00:01:31.270
Now, a general principle that's
true, that needs to be true

00:01:31.270 --> 00:01:33.780
to do first degree price discrimination,

00:01:33.780 --> 00:01:35.940
or really any type of
price discrimination,

00:01:35.940 --> 00:01:39.170
is the different users
shouldn't be able to know

00:01:39.170 --> 00:01:41.370
what the other person is getting it for

00:01:41.370 --> 00:01:43.220
and they shouldn't be able
to trade between them.

00:01:43.220 --> 00:01:45.860
So there's one principle
when we're talking about

00:01:45.860 --> 00:01:49.950
price discrimination where
there is no arbitrage.

00:01:49.950 --> 00:01:51.481
Arbitrage.

00:01:51.481 --> 00:01:54.830
Arbitrage is just a fancy word for

00:01:54.830 --> 00:01:59.830
if I know something is, I
can buy it for $5 over here

00:02:00.320 --> 00:02:03.400
and if I can sell it for $7 over here,

00:02:03.400 --> 00:02:04.670
well then it would be very natural

00:02:04.670 --> 00:02:08.580
for someone to buy it for
five and sell for seven.

00:02:08.580 --> 00:02:10.700
And so if someone, if there were a firm

00:02:10.700 --> 00:02:13.420
that were out there doing first
degree price discrimination,

00:02:13.420 --> 00:02:16.240
but if people knew about it,

00:02:16.240 --> 00:02:18.280
well then, they could
say hey, you over there,

00:02:18.280 --> 00:02:19.530
you're willing to pay five

00:02:19.530 --> 00:02:21.300
and that's what the firm is charging you,

00:02:21.300 --> 00:02:23.380
but I know a place,
'cause the firm's willing

00:02:23.380 --> 00:02:24.430
to sell it to me for three,

00:02:24.430 --> 00:02:27.110
so I'll buy it for three
and sell it to you for five.

00:02:27.110 --> 00:02:29.840
So in order for price
discrimination in general to happen,

00:02:29.840 --> 00:02:31.080
especially something like perfect

00:02:31.080 --> 00:02:32.620
or first degree price discrimination,

00:02:32.620 --> 00:02:35.960
you need to have no arbitrage.

00:02:35.960 --> 00:02:38.160
Now the next type of price discrimination

00:02:38.160 --> 00:02:42.870
is known as, and this is
no surprise, second degree.

00:02:42.870 --> 00:02:45.980
Second degree price discrimination,

00:02:45.980 --> 00:02:48.840
and this is a situation where a firm

00:02:48.840 --> 00:02:51.290
is going to charge different
folks different prices

00:02:51.290 --> 00:02:54.720
based on quantity that
they are going to buy.

00:02:54.720 --> 00:02:55.750
And you might have seen this,

00:02:55.750 --> 00:02:59.020
where you might have
things like bulk discounts.

00:02:59.020 --> 00:03:01.420
Bulk discounts.

00:03:01.420 --> 00:03:05.360
And so it's a way of
differentiating to some degree.

00:03:05.360 --> 00:03:06.690
It's unlikely that that the firm

00:03:06.690 --> 00:03:09.300
is able to capture the
entire consumer surplus,

00:03:09.300 --> 00:03:11.590
but you could say hey, the big contractor

00:03:11.590 --> 00:03:13.420
that needs to buy a lot of wood,

00:03:13.420 --> 00:03:15.540
they might have a lower
willingness to pay,

00:03:15.540 --> 00:03:18.200
so let's give them a lower
price based on volume,

00:03:18.200 --> 00:03:19.980
while the hobbyist, who just need to buy

00:03:19.980 --> 00:03:22.500
a little bit of wood, we can
charge them a higher price

00:03:22.500 --> 00:03:24.610
based on their lower volume.

00:03:24.610 --> 00:03:27.830
So here, you're talking
about price versus quantity.

00:03:27.830 --> 00:03:30.970
And then you could go to,
and once again, no surprise,

00:03:30.970 --> 00:03:34.000
third degree price discrimination.

00:03:34.000 --> 00:03:36.290
And third degree price discrimination,

00:03:36.290 --> 00:03:39.280
this is when you are
looking at characteristics

00:03:39.280 --> 00:03:41.040
of the consumer.

00:03:41.040 --> 00:03:45.830
So consumer, or I should say maybe buyer.

00:03:45.830 --> 00:03:49.820
So this is based on buyer characteristics.

00:03:49.820 --> 00:03:52.290
Characteristics.

00:03:52.290 --> 00:03:53.460
So the classic example

00:03:53.460 --> 00:03:56.000
of third degree price discrimination is

00:03:56.000 --> 00:04:00.220
when you go to a museum, they
might have a different price

00:04:00.220 --> 00:04:04.940
for seniors or for young
children versus for adults.

00:04:04.940 --> 00:04:06.850
And the reason why they do that

00:04:06.850 --> 00:04:08.660
is they might say, hey, seniors might have

00:04:08.660 --> 00:04:09.735
a lower willingness to pay,

00:04:09.735 --> 00:04:11.840
but we want them to come anyway.

00:04:11.840 --> 00:04:13.520
They might do it for
other reasons as well,

00:04:13.520 --> 00:04:16.320
just for good social
values, whatever else,

00:04:16.320 --> 00:04:18.770
but it could also be,
it is, by definition,

00:04:18.770 --> 00:04:20.610
a form of price discrimination.

00:04:20.610 --> 00:04:22.890
You're giving a different
price to different people

00:04:22.890 --> 00:04:26.201
based on who they are.

00:04:26.201 --> 00:04:28.560
Now in the real world,
what firms try to do

00:04:28.560 --> 00:04:30.800
is some combination of various types

00:04:30.800 --> 00:04:31.730
of price discrimination

00:04:31.730 --> 00:04:34.810
and they could also vary the
actual products a little bit

00:04:34.810 --> 00:04:36.810
so that they aren't perfectly identical.


Monopsony employers and minimum wages

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.280 --> 00:00:02.200
- [Instructor] In this
video, we're going to review

00:00:02.200 --> 00:00:05.220
what we've already learned
about monopsony employers,

00:00:05.220 --> 00:00:08.560
that we've covered in a previous video,

00:00:08.560 --> 00:00:10.210
but then we're going to add a twist

00:00:10.210 --> 00:00:13.410
of adding a minimum wage
and see what happens.

00:00:13.410 --> 00:00:14.360
And it's actually interesting.

00:00:14.360 --> 00:00:16.860
It's actually somewhat counterintuitive.

00:00:16.860 --> 00:00:18.270
So just as a bit of a review,

00:00:18.270 --> 00:00:21.120
when we're talking about
a monopsony generally,

00:00:21.120 --> 00:00:25.400
we're talking about one buyer and many,

00:00:25.400 --> 00:00:26.930
many sellers.

00:00:26.930 --> 00:00:30.060
So when we're talking
about a monopsony employer,

00:00:30.060 --> 00:00:34.090
that one buyer is the one
employer that might be,

00:00:34.090 --> 00:00:36.780
say, in a small town, and
they're the big industry there.

00:00:36.780 --> 00:00:38.330
And they're the only person

00:00:38.330 --> 00:00:39.910
that a lot of folks could work for.

00:00:39.910 --> 00:00:41.320
And then the many sellers,

00:00:41.320 --> 00:00:42.760
well, those are all of the workers,

00:00:42.760 --> 00:00:45.260
the people who are selling their labor.

00:00:45.260 --> 00:00:50.000
And we've already talked
about the rational quantity

00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:53.640
of labor that that monopsony
employer would hire.

00:00:53.640 --> 00:00:55.500
So you have your wage,

00:00:55.500 --> 00:00:58.150
and on that axis, that's in dollars.

00:00:58.150 --> 00:01:02.300
You have your quantity of labor

00:01:02.300 --> 00:01:04.060
on the horizontal axis.

00:01:04.060 --> 00:01:05.690
We could think about our downward-sloping

00:01:05.690 --> 00:01:08.610
marginal revenue product of labor.

00:01:08.610 --> 00:01:10.540
Every incremental unit of labor,

00:01:10.540 --> 00:01:14.880
you might get a little bit
lower and lower marginal revenue

00:01:16.298 --> 00:01:18.150
from that input.

00:01:18.150 --> 00:01:21.550
So this is our marginal
revenue product, MRP.

00:01:21.550 --> 00:01:23.670
We could call it marginal
revenue product of labor

00:01:23.670 --> 00:01:25.650
'cause you could also have
marginal revenue product

00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:28.840
of capital or of land,
other factors of production.

00:01:28.840 --> 00:01:31.000
But we're talking about employment here.

00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:34.380
And then we could think about
the marginal factor cost.

00:01:34.380 --> 00:01:36.260
Now, this is a significant difference

00:01:36.260 --> 00:01:38.050
between a monopsony employer

00:01:38.050 --> 00:01:41.430
and an employer in a perfectly
competitive labor market.

00:01:41.430 --> 00:01:42.530
If we were dealing with a perfectly

00:01:42.530 --> 00:01:44.020
competitive labor market,

00:01:44.020 --> 00:01:47.370
then the employer would just
have to pay the market wage.

00:01:47.370 --> 00:01:49.180
And so the marginal factor cost,

00:01:49.180 --> 00:01:50.330
the amount that they would have to pay

00:01:50.330 --> 00:01:53.980
for an incremental unit of
labor, will just be a constant,

00:01:53.980 --> 00:01:56.560
whatever the market wage of labor is.

00:01:56.560 --> 00:01:58.840
So that would be the marginal factor cost.

00:01:58.840 --> 00:02:00.020
And it would be rational,

00:02:00.020 --> 00:02:02.410
if this was not a monopsony employer,

00:02:02.410 --> 00:02:04.130
to just keep hiring more and more,

00:02:04.130 --> 00:02:05.740
as long as the marginal revenue product

00:02:05.740 --> 00:02:06.960
is higher than the marginal,

00:02:06.960 --> 00:02:09.170
this flat marginal factor cost curve,

00:02:09.170 --> 00:02:11.150
which is set by the market wage rate.

00:02:11.150 --> 00:02:13.810
So it would produce or it
would hire, I should say,

00:02:13.810 --> 00:02:15.620
this quantity of labor.

00:02:15.620 --> 00:02:17.470
But for a monopsony employer,

00:02:17.470 --> 00:02:20.840
you could view them as, in
a lot of ways, they are the,

00:02:20.840 --> 00:02:23.200
the labor market is,

00:02:23.200 --> 00:02:25.800
they are the only buyer
in the labor market.

00:02:25.800 --> 00:02:29.260
And so we could think about
a supply curve of labor

00:02:29.260 --> 00:02:32.910
just for their market or
just for their industry

00:02:32.910 --> 00:02:34.680
or just for them really.

00:02:34.680 --> 00:02:37.650
And so it could look something like this.

00:02:37.650 --> 00:02:39.940
So this is the supply of labor,

00:02:39.940 --> 00:02:41.810
supply,

00:02:41.810 --> 00:02:45.670
supply of labor.

00:02:45.670 --> 00:02:48.300
And we've talked about that this is not

00:02:48.300 --> 00:02:51.750
the marginal factor cost curve
for the monopsony employer.

00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:54.220
Because even though that
first person might be willing

00:02:54.220 --> 00:02:56.670
to work for this wage and then
the very next unit of labor

00:02:56.670 --> 00:02:59.010
might be willing to work
for a slightly higher wage,

00:02:59.010 --> 00:03:00.730
if you have to give that
slightly higher wage

00:03:00.730 --> 00:03:02.840
to the second person, we
assume that whatever wage

00:03:02.840 --> 00:03:05.400
they give to one person they
have to give to everyone.

00:03:05.400 --> 00:03:07.310
In this video, we're going to review

00:03:07.310 --> 00:03:11.500
what we know about a monopsony employer,

00:03:11.500 --> 00:03:13.360
and then we're going to add a twist

00:03:13.360 --> 00:03:15.710
that deals with minimum
wages, which are going to be,

00:03:15.710 --> 00:03:17.920
it's going to be a little
bit counterintuitive.

00:03:17.920 --> 00:03:21.090
So just as a review, a
monopsony in general is

00:03:21.090 --> 00:03:24.540
when you have one buyer and many sellers.

00:03:24.540 --> 00:03:27.720
And a monopsony employer is the situation

00:03:27.720 --> 00:03:30.640
where that one buyer,
they're the buyer of labor,

00:03:30.640 --> 00:03:32.120
of that factor of production.

00:03:32.120 --> 00:03:33.870
And so you have one employer.

00:03:33.870 --> 00:03:36.180
And then the many sellers,
these are the sellers of labor,

00:03:36.180 --> 00:03:37.850
the people who are
providing their own labor.

00:03:37.850 --> 00:03:40.110
So these are all of the workers.

00:03:40.110 --> 00:03:42.500
And we've already studied
this in previous videos,

00:03:42.500 --> 00:03:45.260
but I will review it right now.

00:03:45.260 --> 00:03:47.900
We can draw our classic axes

00:03:47.900 --> 00:03:50.440
where you have your wage rate here

00:03:50.440 --> 00:03:52.790
in dollars on the vertical axis.

00:03:52.790 --> 00:03:56.450
You have your quantity of labor

00:03:56.450 --> 00:03:58.500
right there in the horizontal axis.

00:03:58.500 --> 00:04:01.940
We can think about our
marginal revenue product

00:04:01.940 --> 00:04:03.520
of labor curve.

00:04:03.520 --> 00:04:06.200
So every incremental unit of labor,

00:04:06.200 --> 00:04:11.200
the firm gets a little
bit less benefit in,

00:04:11.490 --> 00:04:16.140
measured by revenue, so less
and less and less revenue.

00:04:16.140 --> 00:04:18.830
And so this is marginal revenue product.

00:04:18.830 --> 00:04:20.410
This is marginal revenue product of labor

00:04:20.410 --> 00:04:22.160
'cause we're talking about labor markets.

00:04:22.160 --> 00:04:23.640
If this was another factor of production,

00:04:23.640 --> 00:04:26.020
it would be marginal
revenue product of capital

00:04:26.020 --> 00:04:27.810
or of land or whatever else.

00:04:27.810 --> 00:04:30.310
And then we could think about
the marginal factor cost.

00:04:30.310 --> 00:04:33.130
If this were not a monopsony employer,

00:04:33.130 --> 00:04:34.930
well, then the marginal
factor cost would just be

00:04:34.930 --> 00:04:37.880
the market wage rate, so it
would look something like that.

00:04:38.860 --> 00:04:42.210
And we've already seen this,
if this was an employer

00:04:42.210 --> 00:04:43.960
in a perfectly competitive labor market.

00:04:43.960 --> 00:04:45.660
But this is not an employer

00:04:45.660 --> 00:04:47.010
in a perfectly competitive labor market.

00:04:47.010 --> 00:04:50.440
They're the only employer
in this small town.

00:04:50.440 --> 00:04:52.480
They're the big industry,
and so they're going

00:04:52.480 --> 00:04:56.200
to have their own unique
labor supply curve.

00:04:56.200 --> 00:04:58.670
So it might look something like this,

00:04:58.670 --> 00:04:59.763
labor,

00:05:00.610 --> 00:05:02.690
I'll just write supply of labor,

00:05:02.690 --> 00:05:05.620
supply of labor.

00:05:05.620 --> 00:05:07.090
And you might be tempted,

00:05:07.090 --> 00:05:09.330
and we thought about this in
previous video, to say, hey,

00:05:09.330 --> 00:05:14.000
this is going to be the marginal
factor cost curve of labor.

00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:15.020
'Cause you say, well, you know,

00:05:15.020 --> 00:05:17.450
that first person is willing
to work for that much,

00:05:17.450 --> 00:05:20.210
the second person is willing
to work for that much,

00:05:20.210 --> 00:05:21.690
or the second unit of labor.

00:05:21.690 --> 00:05:24.200
But remember, we said or
we're making the assumption

00:05:24.200 --> 00:05:26.350
that even a monopsony
employer, if it pays,

00:05:26.350 --> 00:05:27.670
if it has to raise the wage

00:05:27.670 --> 00:05:29.300
to get that second unit of labor,

00:05:29.300 --> 00:05:32.020
it has to raise the wage for everyone.

00:05:32.020 --> 00:05:35.160
So when it goes further and
further up the supply curve,

00:05:35.160 --> 00:05:37.140
as it hires more and more and more,

00:05:37.140 --> 00:05:39.080
it's not just paying
the incremental amount

00:05:39.080 --> 00:05:42.070
to that incremental person,
it has to pay it to everyone.

00:05:42.070 --> 00:05:46.150
So its marginal factor cost is
going to go up twice as fast.

00:05:46.150 --> 00:05:48.210
So the marginal factor cost curve

00:05:48.210 --> 00:05:50.570
is going to look something like this.

00:05:50.570 --> 00:05:53.090
So it's going to look like this,

00:05:53.090 --> 00:05:56.050
our marginal factor cost curve.

00:05:56.050 --> 00:05:56.883
And this is, of course,

00:05:56.883 --> 00:05:58.970
when we're dealing with
a monopsony employer.

00:05:58.970 --> 00:06:01.210
And so what is the
rational quantity of labor

00:06:01.210 --> 00:06:03.180
for this firm to hire?

00:06:03.180 --> 00:06:06.290
Well, it's going to keep hiring as long as

00:06:06.290 --> 00:06:09.670
on the margin, every incremental
unit of labor it brings on,

00:06:09.670 --> 00:06:12.550
it gets more revenue than
it has to incur in cost.

00:06:12.550 --> 00:06:15.210
So as long as the marginal
revenue product is higher

00:06:15.210 --> 00:06:17.710
than the marginal factor
cost, it keeps hiring

00:06:17.710 --> 00:06:19.970
all the way until this
point when they're equal.

00:06:19.970 --> 00:06:21.840
So it would hire,

00:06:21.840 --> 00:06:24.570
it would hire this quantity of labor.

00:06:24.570 --> 00:06:27.100
And what is the wage it would have to pay?

00:06:27.100 --> 00:06:29.420
Sometimes we just instinctively
go back to this dot.

00:06:29.420 --> 00:06:31.480
We just want to go horizontally
'cause we're thinking about

00:06:31.480 --> 00:06:34.050
thinking about equilibrium
prices and quantities.

00:06:34.050 --> 00:06:36.160
But remember, this, at this quantity,

00:06:36.160 --> 00:06:37.860
this is not the wage up here,

00:06:37.860 --> 00:06:40.350
the wage is defined by the supply curve.

00:06:40.350 --> 00:06:44.390
And so this is the wage
that the firm would pay.

00:06:44.390 --> 00:06:46.920
Now I'm going to add a twist.

00:06:46.920 --> 00:06:50.390
What do you think would happen
if this town said, all right,

00:06:50.390 --> 00:06:52.880
well, this employer has
too much power here,

00:06:52.880 --> 00:06:55.650
and we think they should pay higher wages.

00:06:55.650 --> 00:06:59.630
What do you think would happen
if the town increased the,

00:06:59.630 --> 00:07:04.630
or enacted a minimum wage
that is higher than W sub one?

00:07:04.690 --> 00:07:06.880
And actually, let's assume a situation

00:07:06.880 --> 00:07:09.150
where the town enacts a minimum wage

00:07:09.150 --> 00:07:12.630
that's right here at W sub two.

00:07:12.630 --> 00:07:14.860
What does the marginal factor cost curve

00:07:14.860 --> 00:07:17.800
now look like for this monopsony employer?

00:07:17.800 --> 00:07:20.510
And now what would be
the rational quantity

00:07:20.510 --> 00:07:22.230
of labor to employ?

00:07:22.230 --> 00:07:24.080
Pause this video, and think about it.

00:07:25.010 --> 00:07:28.680
Well, in a world where the
government sets a minimum wage,

00:07:28.680 --> 00:07:31.110
well, then it starts to
feel, at least graphically,

00:07:31.110 --> 00:07:33.270
a lot more like a
competitive labor market.

00:07:33.270 --> 00:07:34.980
Although, this isn't due to market forces,

00:07:34.980 --> 00:07:37.690
this is due to just some
type of government law.

00:07:37.690 --> 00:07:40.610
But then the monopsony
employer will no longer

00:07:40.610 --> 00:07:44.710
have its own supply of
labor curve like this,

00:07:44.710 --> 00:07:47.060
and it would no longer
have this upward-sloping

00:07:47.060 --> 00:07:48.520
marginal factor cost curve.

00:07:48.520 --> 00:07:50.930
I'll call this marginal
factor cost curve one.

00:07:50.930 --> 00:07:53.940
Now the government has defined the wage.

00:07:53.940 --> 00:07:56.090
So no matter how many people they hire,

00:07:56.090 --> 00:07:57.750
they're going to pay that same wage.

00:07:57.750 --> 00:08:00.150
So the marginal factor
cost is now going to be

00:08:00.150 --> 00:08:05.150
a horizontal line at that
wage that the government set,

00:08:05.260 --> 00:08:08.140
so the marginal factor cost sub two,

00:08:08.140 --> 00:08:10.200
and this is due to a

00:08:11.733 --> 00:08:12.816
minimum wage.

00:08:14.600 --> 00:08:18.040
Now, what is the rational
quantity to hire?

00:08:18.040 --> 00:08:20.280
Well, like always, it's rational

00:08:20.280 --> 00:08:22.360
to keep hiring as long as you're on,

00:08:22.360 --> 00:08:24.330
at every incremental unit of labor,

00:08:24.330 --> 00:08:26.040
your marginal revenue product is higher

00:08:26.040 --> 00:08:27.900
than your marginal factor cost.

00:08:27.900 --> 00:08:30.760
So they keep hiring all
the way until this point,

00:08:30.760 --> 00:08:33.780
and so this is the rational
quantity for them to hire.

00:08:33.780 --> 00:08:35.050
Let's call that Q sub two.

00:08:35.050 --> 00:08:36.290
And we already know the wage,

00:08:36.290 --> 00:08:38.980
that's the minimum wage
that the government has set.

00:08:38.980 --> 00:08:41.880
Now, something very
counterintuitive has happened.

00:08:41.880 --> 00:08:43.360
Now, all of a sudden, it's rational

00:08:43.360 --> 00:08:46.580
for the firm to hire more people.

00:08:46.580 --> 00:08:48.400
And the reason why I say
it's counterintuitive,

00:08:48.400 --> 00:08:50.480
if I'm just running
some type of a business

00:08:50.480 --> 00:08:53.000
and all of a sudden I
have to pay higher wages,

00:08:53.000 --> 00:08:55.130
well, I might say, well,
gee, I can't afford

00:08:55.130 --> 00:08:57.110
to pay as many people, so I'm not going,

00:08:57.110 --> 00:08:59.920
I actually might have
to reduce my employment.

00:08:59.920 --> 00:09:01.240
And that might be the case

00:09:02.742 --> 00:09:04.990
if we're dealing with other
types of labor markets,

00:09:04.990 --> 00:09:07.100
if I'm not a monopsony employer.

00:09:07.100 --> 00:09:08.560
But at least theoretically,

00:09:08.560 --> 00:09:10.450
based on all the assumptions we've made,

00:09:10.450 --> 00:09:12.830
and we can debate on
how transferable this is

00:09:12.830 --> 00:09:14.080
to the real world,

00:09:14.080 --> 00:09:17.110
if you have a monopsony
employer, what this did is,

00:09:17.110 --> 00:09:21.670
is this actually caused
the employer to hire more.

00:09:21.670 --> 00:09:23.880
And you might say why is that?

00:09:23.880 --> 00:09:27.120
Well, now the employer
is paying the same wage

00:09:27.120 --> 00:09:28.810
regardless of how many people they hire.

00:09:28.810 --> 00:09:30.870
Before, every incremental
person they hired,

00:09:30.870 --> 00:09:32.380
every incremental unit of labor,

00:09:32.380 --> 00:09:34.460
it raised the wage for everyone.

00:09:34.460 --> 00:09:37.340
And so in some ways or in a very real way,

00:09:37.340 --> 00:09:40.580
this made it rational for
the firm to hire more.

00:09:40.580 --> 00:09:41.840
Now, that doesn't mean that the firm

00:09:41.840 --> 00:09:43.720
is better off in this situation.

00:09:43.720 --> 00:09:46.003
It's just splitting the,

00:09:47.730 --> 00:09:50.760
it's just splitting that
marginal revenue product

00:09:50.760 --> 00:09:54.940
differently between the
firm and the employers.

00:09:54.940 --> 00:09:56.540
In the old situation,

00:09:56.540 --> 00:10:01.540
the firm was able to capture
everything above the wage line

00:10:01.540 --> 00:10:03.990
and below the marginal
revenue product line.

00:10:03.990 --> 00:10:07.290
So the firm was able
to capture all of that.

00:10:07.290 --> 00:10:08.810
While, in this new world,

00:10:08.810 --> 00:10:13.470
the firm is capturing
everything above the wage line

00:10:13.470 --> 00:10:15.600
and below the marginal
revenue product line.

00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:18.740
So it is a different area.

00:10:18.740 --> 00:10:20.940
But the other thing to keep in mind is

00:10:20.940 --> 00:10:23.420
I picked a very particular wage

00:10:23.420 --> 00:10:26.740
that would cause this horizontal
marginal factor cost curve

00:10:26.740 --> 00:10:29.340
to intersect the marginal
revenue product curve

00:10:29.340 --> 00:10:32.020
right where the marginal
revenue product curve

00:10:32.020 --> 00:10:34.470
intersects the supply of labor curve.

00:10:34.470 --> 00:10:36.010
I could've picked another wage.

00:10:36.010 --> 00:10:38.810
So the government could have
overshot, and it could've said,

00:10:38.810 --> 00:10:40.340
hey, we're gonna raise the minimum wage

00:10:40.340 --> 00:10:42.440
up here to W sub three.

00:10:42.440 --> 00:10:43.870
And then what would happen?

00:10:43.870 --> 00:10:48.310
Well, then your marginal factor
cost curve would be up here,

00:10:48.310 --> 00:10:50.470
marginal factor cost sub three,

00:10:50.470 --> 00:10:54.630
and the rational quantity to
hire would actually go down,

00:10:54.630 --> 00:10:56.450
which is a little bit more intuitive

00:10:56.450 --> 00:10:59.120
for what would happen when
you enact a minimum wage.

00:10:59.120 --> 00:11:00.250
But at least theoretically,

00:11:00.250 --> 00:11:02.380
when you're dealing with
a monopsony employer,

00:11:02.380 --> 00:11:05.830
there could be a situation
where forcing the wages up

00:11:05.830 --> 00:11:08.340
could cause the employer to hire more,

00:11:08.340 --> 00:11:09.640
which is counterintuitive.


Naming a cycloalkane

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.840 --> 00:00:01.820
- [Instructor] Let's see if we can name

00:00:01.820 --> 00:00:03.270
this guy right over here.

00:00:03.270 --> 00:00:04.600
And so like always,

00:00:04.600 --> 00:00:06.930
we always wanna look for
the longest carbon chain

00:00:06.930 --> 00:00:08.560
or the longest carbon cycle,

00:00:08.560 --> 00:00:10.940
and I think it's pretty
obvious from this picture

00:00:10.940 --> 00:00:14.210
that we have a very long carbon cycle here

00:00:14.210 --> 00:00:15.490
that we can start,

00:00:15.490 --> 00:00:16.530
or we can just look at this.

00:00:16.530 --> 00:00:21.250
We have one, two, three, four,

00:00:21.250 --> 00:00:25.960
five, six, seven, eight carbons

00:00:25.960 --> 00:00:27.690
in a cycle right over here,

00:00:27.690 --> 00:00:29.930
and so we can call this backbone,

00:00:29.930 --> 00:00:32.320
which is the backbone of our
molecule right over here,

00:00:32.320 --> 00:00:34.210
this is cyclooctane.

00:00:34.210 --> 00:00:38.200
Cyclooctane.

00:00:38.200 --> 00:00:40.410
It's an octane in a cycle.

00:00:40.410 --> 00:00:44.040
It's an alkane because
it's all single bonds

00:00:44.040 --> 00:00:44.873
right over here,

00:00:44.873 --> 00:00:46.450
so that is cyclooctane.

00:00:46.450 --> 00:00:47.940
Now let's think about the different groups

00:00:47.940 --> 00:00:51.710
that are attached to this
backbone right over here.

00:00:51.710 --> 00:00:54.420
So first we can look at
this one right over here,

00:00:54.420 --> 00:00:55.640
and we can ask ourselves,

00:00:55.640 --> 00:00:57.330
well, how many carbons are there?

00:00:57.330 --> 00:00:58.390
How many carbons?

00:00:58.390 --> 00:01:01.250
Well, there's one, two, three,

00:01:01.250 --> 00:01:04.480
four carbons that are
attached to the backbone.

00:01:04.480 --> 00:01:05.850
So our prefix for when we're dealing

00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:08.440
with four carbons is but-,

00:01:08.440 --> 00:01:10.610
and it is in a cycle,

00:01:10.610 --> 00:01:13.819
so this is a cyclobutyl group.

00:01:13.819 --> 00:01:14.736
Cyclobutyl.

00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:21.700
And we also have another
cyclobutyl right over here.

00:01:21.700 --> 00:01:23.523
So this is another cyclobutyl.

00:01:24.895 --> 00:01:27.960
Cyclobutyl.

00:01:27.960 --> 00:01:29.590
Bu-, I'm misspelling it,

00:01:29.590 --> 00:01:32.640
cyclobutyl group.

00:01:32.640 --> 00:01:35.510
Now let's think about

00:01:35.510 --> 00:01:36.700
this one right over here.

00:01:36.700 --> 00:01:38.240
How many carbons are there?

00:01:38.240 --> 00:01:42.030
We have one, two, three carbons.

00:01:42.030 --> 00:01:43.420
So our prefix when we're dealing

00:01:43.420 --> 00:01:45.850
with three carbons is prop-,

00:01:45.850 --> 00:01:47.720
and they're in a cycle, as well,

00:01:47.720 --> 00:01:49.853
so this is a cyclopropyl group.

00:01:50.739 --> 00:01:53.590
Cyclopropyl.

00:01:53.590 --> 00:01:55.880
This is a cyclopropyl group.

00:01:55.880 --> 00:01:58.360
And now we can jump
over to these two groups

00:01:58.360 --> 00:01:59.193
right over here.

00:01:59.193 --> 00:02:00.940
We see that these are
clearly the same groups.

00:02:00.940 --> 00:02:04.470
Let's count the number
of carbons they have.

00:02:04.470 --> 00:02:08.880
We have one, two, three, four carbons.

00:02:08.880 --> 00:02:11.210
So if we're dealing with four carbons,

00:02:11.210 --> 00:02:13.700
we would think about the prefix but-,

00:02:13.700 --> 00:02:14.820
but this isn't in a cycle

00:02:14.820 --> 00:02:15.880
and it's not in just a straight chain.

00:02:15.880 --> 00:02:17.340
It has this Y shape.

00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:20.110
And so the common name when
we end up with this Y shape,

00:02:20.110 --> 00:02:22.170
when we're attached
down here and then that,

00:02:22.170 --> 00:02:23.003
we're attached to one carbon here

00:02:23.003 --> 00:02:26.660
and that's attached to kind of this

00:02:26.660 --> 00:02:27.493
carbon right over here

00:02:27.493 --> 00:02:29.350
that's then attached to these other two,

00:02:29.350 --> 00:02:31.790
this is a isobutyl group,

00:02:31.790 --> 00:02:34.555
which we've seen multiple times before.

00:02:34.555 --> 00:02:38.430
Isobutyl group.

00:02:38.430 --> 00:02:41.560
And of course this one is
an isobutyl group, as well.

00:02:41.560 --> 00:02:46.500
So these are both isobutyl groups.

00:02:46.500 --> 00:02:48.290
Now the next thing we need to think about

00:02:48.290 --> 00:02:50.030
is how we can number it.

00:02:50.030 --> 00:02:52.320
We wanna go back to our main carbon chain,

00:02:52.320 --> 00:02:53.720
which in this case is a cycle,

00:02:53.720 --> 00:02:55.880
and think about how we wanna number.

00:02:55.880 --> 00:02:58.448
And the convention is to start numbering

00:02:58.448 --> 00:03:02.820
at the thing that is first
in alphabetical order.

00:03:02.820 --> 00:03:04.350
And when we're considering
alphabetical order,

00:03:04.350 --> 00:03:06.380
we think even the C in cyclo

00:03:06.380 --> 00:03:08.080
and we think of the I in isobutyl.

00:03:08.080 --> 00:03:09.730
If this was tert- or sec-,

00:03:09.730 --> 00:03:11.470
you wouldn't think about the T or the S

00:03:11.470 --> 00:03:13.580
in secbutyl or tertbutyl,

00:03:13.580 --> 00:03:14.550
but for isobutyl,

00:03:14.550 --> 00:03:15.610
you do consider the I.

00:03:15.610 --> 00:03:17.898
For the cyclos, you consider the C.

00:03:17.898 --> 00:03:19.224
And so when you look at it that way,

00:03:19.224 --> 00:03:22.560
all of the Cs come before the Is,

00:03:22.560 --> 00:03:23.910
and then amongst the Cs,

00:03:23.910 --> 00:03:25.410
these all have cyclos,

00:03:25.410 --> 00:03:30.020
but the cyclobutyl comes before
cyclopropyl or cyclooctane.

00:03:30.020 --> 00:03:32.440
B comes before P or O.

00:03:32.440 --> 00:03:36.170
So the thing that is first
alphabetically are both of these,

00:03:36.170 --> 00:03:38.250
both of these cyclobutyls.

00:03:38.250 --> 00:03:39.780
So we can start numbering

00:03:41.100 --> 00:03:45.780
at where either of them attach
to the main carbon backbone.

00:03:45.780 --> 00:03:48.080
But we have to,

00:03:48.080 --> 00:03:49.560
or those are,

00:03:49.560 --> 00:03:51.880
I guess we should say
those are both options,

00:03:51.880 --> 00:03:53.580
but we wanna number from the one

00:03:53.580 --> 00:03:56.600
that is gonna give us the
total lowest numbering.

00:03:56.600 --> 00:03:58.570
So let's think about that a little bit.

00:03:58.570 --> 00:04:00.500
So we could say, let's number from here.

00:04:00.500 --> 00:04:02.130
Let's make this the one carbon.

00:04:02.130 --> 00:04:04.660
And so that we hit something
else as soon as possible,

00:04:04.660 --> 00:04:06.800
'cause remember we're trying
to minimize the numbers here,

00:04:06.800 --> 00:04:08.610
we might wanna go clockwise,

00:04:08.610 --> 00:04:10.783
so we hit a two right over here,

00:04:10.783 --> 00:04:15.783
three, four, five, six, seven.

00:04:15.840 --> 00:04:17.560
So in this situation,

00:04:17.560 --> 00:04:19.120
where do we hit interesting things?

00:04:19.120 --> 00:04:22.300
We hit interesting things
at the one, at the two,

00:04:22.300 --> 00:04:24.740
or where do we have groups
attached to the chain?

00:04:24.740 --> 00:04:28.050
One, two, four,

00:04:28.050 --> 00:04:31.120
six and seven.

00:04:31.120 --> 00:04:32.160
So that's one option.

00:04:32.160 --> 00:04:33.100
We'll have things at groups

00:04:33.100 --> 00:04:34.390
attached at one, two, four, six,

00:04:34.390 --> 00:04:35.840
and seven if we start right over there

00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:38.150
and if we were to go clockwise.

00:04:38.150 --> 00:04:39.820
Our other option,

00:04:39.820 --> 00:04:41.800
one, two, four, six, seven.

00:04:41.800 --> 00:04:43.380
Our other option is to start,

00:04:43.380 --> 00:04:44.980
and let me erase those.

00:04:44.980 --> 00:04:49.760
Our other option is to start
at this other cyclobutyl,

00:04:49.760 --> 00:04:52.470
this other cyclobutyl
group here on the left.

00:04:52.470 --> 00:04:56.570
Let me erase these so I don't
mess up the diagram too much.

00:04:56.570 --> 00:04:58.720
The other option is to start here,

00:04:58.720 --> 00:05:00.083
make this the one,

00:05:01.590 --> 00:05:02.590
number this as one,

00:05:02.590 --> 00:05:03.930
and then we would also go clockwise

00:05:03.930 --> 00:05:06.240
to hit the cyclopropyl as soon as quick,

00:05:06.240 --> 00:05:08.380
to hit something else as soon as possible.

00:05:08.380 --> 00:05:13.380
So two, three, four, five, six, seven.

00:05:14.380 --> 00:05:16.530
So now where are we
hitting interesting things?

00:05:16.530 --> 00:05:20.190
We have groups at the one
carbon, the two carbon,

00:05:20.190 --> 00:05:24.080
the four carbon, the five carbon,

00:05:24.080 --> 00:05:25.683
and the seven carbon.

00:05:27.620 --> 00:05:30.920
So actually, this second
numbering is preferable.

00:05:30.920 --> 00:05:32.860
Both of them have something
at the one, the two,

00:05:32.860 --> 00:05:33.990
the four, and the seven,

00:05:33.990 --> 00:05:36.030
but the second one has something at a five

00:05:36.030 --> 00:05:37.950
while the first one
had something at a six.

00:05:37.950 --> 00:05:39.870
So we would actually want to do

00:05:39.870 --> 00:05:41.420
this numbering right over here,

00:05:41.420 --> 00:05:44.600
and this is the numbering
that we now have on our,

00:05:44.600 --> 00:05:47.660
that we have now listed right over here.

00:05:47.660 --> 00:05:52.660
Let's now write what the name
of this molecule actually is.

00:05:52.930 --> 00:05:53.840
So once again,

00:05:53.840 --> 00:05:56.150
we start first in alphabetical order.

00:05:56.150 --> 00:05:59.880
So we're gonna start with
the cyclobutyl groups,

00:05:59.880 --> 00:06:01.550
and we have two of them,

00:06:01.550 --> 00:06:02.920
one at the one carbon

00:06:02.920 --> 00:06:04.570
and one at the four carbon.

00:06:04.570 --> 00:06:07.340
So we could say one comma four,

00:06:07.340 --> 00:06:09.350
and since there are two cyclobutyl groups,

00:06:09.350 --> 00:06:11.047
we would say dicyclobutyl.

00:06:15.470 --> 00:06:18.490
1,4-Dicyclobutyl.

00:06:18.490 --> 00:06:23.180
And then what comes next
in alphabetical order

00:06:23.180 --> 00:06:24.950
is the cyclopropyl.

00:06:24.950 --> 00:06:26.660
That comes before isobutyl.

00:06:26.660 --> 00:06:28.310
C comes before I.

00:06:28.310 --> 00:06:30.300
That's at the two carbon.

00:06:30.300 --> 00:06:33.663
So then we can say 2-cyclopropyl.

00:06:40.960 --> 00:06:44.740
And now we can get to the two isobutyls,

00:06:44.740 --> 00:06:48.380
so there's an isobutyl at the five carbon

00:06:48.380 --> 00:06:50.510
and at the seven carbon.

00:06:50.510 --> 00:06:55.270
So we can say five, seven,

00:06:55.270 --> 00:06:56.103
and since there's two of them,

00:06:56.103 --> 00:06:57.540
we'd say diisobutyl.

00:06:59.340 --> 00:07:01.280
5,7-diisobutyl.

00:07:04.030 --> 00:07:09.030
So diisobutyl.

00:07:09.720 --> 00:07:11.990
And then we just give
the name of the backbone.

00:07:11.990 --> 00:07:13.510
We've tackled, we've done the butyls,

00:07:13.510 --> 00:07:15.500
the dicyclobutyls right there,

00:07:15.500 --> 00:07:17.260
the cyclopropyl,

00:07:17.260 --> 00:07:18.520
the two isobutyls,

00:07:18.520 --> 00:07:20.633
and now we just write cyclooctane.

00:07:22.316 --> 00:07:27.316
Cyclooctane.

00:07:28.090 --> 00:07:29.120
And we are done.

00:07:29.120 --> 00:07:31.750
We have successfully named the molecule.

00:07:31.750 --> 00:07:33.096
And this was kind of fun.

00:07:33.096 --> 00:07:35.250
It's like a secret code or something.

00:07:35.250 --> 00:07:38.900
Now you wouldn't expect naming
organic molecules to be,

00:07:38.900 --> 00:07:42.163
I think, quite so satisfying, but it is.


Rival and excludable goods

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.680 --> 00:00:01.920
- [Instructor] In this video,
we're going to do a bit

00:00:01.920 --> 00:00:04.890
of a deep dive in classifying
different types of goods.

00:00:04.890 --> 00:00:07.100
And before we even get
into the thick of things,

00:00:07.100 --> 00:00:09.320
I'm gonna make some definitions.

00:00:09.320 --> 00:00:14.160
So the first definition
is that of a rival good.

00:00:14.160 --> 00:00:16.400
Now, a rival good, one
way to think about it is,

00:00:16.400 --> 00:00:17.920
if one person uses it,

00:00:17.920 --> 00:00:21.230
it impairs the possibility
of another person using it

00:00:21.230 --> 00:00:23.980
or it impairs the ability
of another person using it.

00:00:23.980 --> 00:00:25.730
So one person,

00:00:25.730 --> 00:00:29.230
one person or party using it,

00:00:29.230 --> 00:00:31.950
using it

00:00:31.950 --> 00:00:36.300
impairs or oftentimes
prevents another party,

00:00:36.300 --> 00:00:38.900
another person

00:00:39.790 --> 00:00:43.160
from using it or getting the benefit,

00:00:43.160 --> 00:00:45.530
using it.

00:00:45.530 --> 00:00:47.320
And we're going to talk
a lot about some goods

00:00:47.320 --> 00:00:50.840
that are rival goods
versus non-rival goods.

00:00:50.840 --> 00:00:55.200
Now, another related idea
is that of excludability.

00:00:55.200 --> 00:00:57.610
And as we'll see, sometimes
these things go together,

00:00:57.610 --> 00:00:59.280
but sometimes they aren't.

00:00:59.280 --> 00:01:01.183
So excludable,

00:01:02.175 --> 00:01:06.520
excludable means that you could
stop someone from using it,

00:01:06.520 --> 00:01:10.650
can stop someone,

00:01:10.650 --> 00:01:14.010
someone from using it,

00:01:14.010 --> 00:01:15.620
you can exclude them,

00:01:15.620 --> 00:01:17.620
using it.

00:01:17.620 --> 00:01:20.650
So what I'm gonna do is I'm
gonna set up a bit of a matrix

00:01:20.650 --> 00:01:22.070
where, on one axis, I'm gonna think about

00:01:22.070 --> 00:01:23.860
whether something is a rival good or not,

00:01:23.860 --> 00:01:25.560
and then, on another axis,
I'm going to think about

00:01:25.560 --> 00:01:26.950
whether it's excludable or not.

00:01:26.950 --> 00:01:30.053
So let me just do a big
two-by-two matrix here.

00:01:31.300 --> 00:01:32.293
So,

00:01:33.350 --> 00:01:35.783
that it looks big enough for me.

00:01:37.150 --> 00:01:38.540
Then I said I would do two by two.

00:01:38.540 --> 00:01:41.030
That looks like about halfway.

00:01:41.030 --> 00:01:42.100
I always underestimate.

00:01:42.100 --> 00:01:44.140
Okay, that looks about halfway,

00:01:44.140 --> 00:01:47.280
and now we'll do it here as well.

00:01:47.280 --> 00:01:49.340
And so on this axis, I'm gonna think about

00:01:49.340 --> 00:01:52.120
whether something is a rival good or not.

00:01:52.120 --> 00:01:55.680
So rival good,

00:01:55.680 --> 00:01:56.880
question mark.

00:01:56.880 --> 00:01:59.510
This row is it is a rival good.

00:01:59.510 --> 00:02:03.010
This row is it is not a rival good.

00:02:03.010 --> 00:02:05.130
And then for the columns,
I'm going to think about

00:02:05.130 --> 00:02:08.610
whether something is an excludable good,

00:02:08.610 --> 00:02:10.233
so excludable.

00:02:12.220 --> 00:02:14.230
Excludable, question mark.

00:02:14.230 --> 00:02:17.260
Yes and no.

00:02:17.260 --> 00:02:20.010
So let's start in this
first top-left cell.

00:02:20.010 --> 00:02:22.590
So what are examples of things

00:02:22.590 --> 00:02:24.930
that are both excludable

00:02:24.930 --> 00:02:26.410
and rival goods?

00:02:26.410 --> 00:02:29.550
Pause this video, and see
if you can think of any.

00:02:29.550 --> 00:02:33.320
Well, actually many of the
things that we imagine buying

00:02:33.320 --> 00:02:36.710
or using fall into this top-left category,

00:02:36.710 --> 00:02:39.170
things like a,

00:02:39.170 --> 00:02:41.300
so, let's say bananas.

00:02:41.300 --> 00:02:44.720
Bananas are for sure excludable.

00:02:44.720 --> 00:02:47.790
I could prevent someone
from taking my banana.

00:02:47.790 --> 00:02:50.350
You have to pay in order
to have access to a banana.

00:02:50.350 --> 00:02:52.390
And it for sure is a rival good.

00:02:52.390 --> 00:02:55.360
If I have a banana, especially
if I eat that banana,

00:02:55.360 --> 00:02:57.350
well, that's definitely
going to impair your ability

00:02:57.350 --> 00:02:59.150
to eat that banana.

00:02:59.150 --> 00:03:01.563
Another example is clothing.

00:03:02.530 --> 00:03:04.010
It's definitely a rival good.

00:03:04.010 --> 00:03:06.060
If I'm wearing this shirt,
it's going to be very difficult

00:03:06.060 --> 00:03:07.840
for you to wear that shirt as well.

00:03:07.840 --> 00:03:10.320
And like bananas, you can force someone

00:03:10.320 --> 00:03:11.940
to pay money for that clothing.

00:03:11.940 --> 00:03:13.320
They're not just going
to get as much clothing

00:03:13.320 --> 00:03:15.110
as they want for free.

00:03:15.110 --> 00:03:16.543
You could think of housing.

00:03:18.410 --> 00:03:20.630
You can exclude someone from your house

00:03:20.630 --> 00:03:21.930
or from an arbitrary house.

00:03:21.930 --> 00:03:23.770
They have to pay for it or pay the rent.

00:03:23.770 --> 00:03:25.070
And it's a rival good.

00:03:25.070 --> 00:03:27.050
If one person or one
family is using a house,

00:03:27.050 --> 00:03:28.440
it definitely impairs the ability

00:03:28.440 --> 00:03:30.160
for another family to use the house.

00:03:30.160 --> 00:03:31.320
And we could keep thinking of more

00:03:31.320 --> 00:03:33.210
and more ideas in this top left.

00:03:33.210 --> 00:03:38.210
In general, goods in this top
left are called private goods,

00:03:38.220 --> 00:03:39.970
private,

00:03:39.970 --> 00:03:41.953
private goods.

00:03:42.960 --> 00:03:47.960
Now, let's imagine going to
things that are excludable

00:03:48.120 --> 00:03:51.580
but maybe not as rivalrous.

00:03:51.580 --> 00:03:54.460
And there's really a
large spectrum of things.

00:03:54.460 --> 00:03:56.410
And as we'll see in the
future and you could imagine,

00:03:56.410 --> 00:03:57.900
some things are kind of blurring the line

00:03:57.900 --> 00:04:00.370
or depends at what
context you're using it.

00:04:00.370 --> 00:04:03.800
But one example of
something that is excludable

00:04:03.800 --> 00:04:06.680
but is not necessarily a rival good,

00:04:06.680 --> 00:04:08.290
that one person using it doesn't prevent

00:04:08.290 --> 00:04:10.780
the other person from using it in theory,

00:04:10.780 --> 00:04:13.380
something like satellite television,

00:04:13.380 --> 00:04:14.623
satellite,

00:04:15.800 --> 00:04:18.030
satellite TV.

00:04:18.030 --> 00:04:19.230
Why is that excludable?

00:04:19.230 --> 00:04:20.930
Well, you can force someone to pay

00:04:20.930 --> 00:04:22.900
to access satellite television.

00:04:22.900 --> 00:04:25.930
Only if you have access
to some type of a device

00:04:25.930 --> 00:04:28.520
or some code, you might be
able to watch the signal.

00:04:28.520 --> 00:04:31.440
But the reason why it's
not a rival good is

00:04:31.440 --> 00:04:33.670
you have the satellites in space,

00:04:33.670 --> 00:04:36.930
here's my little satellite,
and it's beaming,

00:04:36.930 --> 00:04:39.900
it's beaming the signal down to Earth.

00:04:39.900 --> 00:04:42.710
And in theory, if I'm
receiving the signal here

00:04:42.710 --> 00:04:44.190
and I'm watching satellite television,

00:04:44.190 --> 00:04:46.480
it doesn't impair someone else ability

00:04:46.480 --> 00:04:49.070
to get to watch that satellite signal.

00:04:49.070 --> 00:04:52.240
But we have artificially made it scarce

00:04:52.240 --> 00:04:54.470
by perhaps making people pay for that,

00:04:54.470 --> 00:04:56.300
even though everyone else,
everyone could use it

00:04:56.300 --> 00:04:59.200
without impairing the ability
for anyone else to use it.

00:04:59.200 --> 00:05:01.680
And so that's why this category of goods

00:05:01.680 --> 00:05:05.270
is often called artificially scarce good,

00:05:05.270 --> 00:05:08.513
artificially scarce.

00:05:09.760 --> 00:05:11.780
The scarcity is artificially happening

00:05:11.780 --> 00:05:13.930
because you're making it excludable,

00:05:13.930 --> 00:05:15.700
but it doesn't necessarily have to.

00:05:15.700 --> 00:05:18.863
Another example could be
something like a private park.

00:05:19.720 --> 00:05:23.400
If I go buy a bunch of land
and I landscape it nicely,

00:05:23.400 --> 00:05:26.270
I might say that you have to spend $1,000

00:05:26.270 --> 00:05:27.600
to get entry to that park.

00:05:27.600 --> 00:05:30.610
Well, that is very, that's very exclusive,

00:05:30.610 --> 00:05:33.550
and I'm clearly excluding
people from that park.

00:05:33.550 --> 00:05:34.430
But in theory,

00:05:34.430 --> 00:05:37.260
if I go and enjoy that park
and if it's large enough,

00:05:37.260 --> 00:05:39.270
well, it doesn't necessarily
impair the ability

00:05:39.270 --> 00:05:41.390
for someone else to
enjoy the park as well.

00:05:41.390 --> 00:05:43.430
Now, if all of a sudden thousands

00:05:43.430 --> 00:05:45.940
or millions of people
tried to enjoy the park,

00:05:45.940 --> 00:05:49.370
then it might become a
little bit more rivalrous.

00:05:49.370 --> 00:05:50.570
Now let's go on the other side,

00:05:50.570 --> 00:05:53.940
things that are not so excludable.

00:05:53.940 --> 00:05:56.250
Well, if we think about
things that are rival goods

00:05:56.250 --> 00:06:01.250
but not excludable, the classic
example here is fish stocks,

00:06:01.990 --> 00:06:03.780
fish stocks.

00:06:03.780 --> 00:06:05.530
When we're talking about fish
stocks, we're talking about,

00:06:05.530 --> 00:06:08.400
let's imagine some body of water here,

00:06:08.400 --> 00:06:11.603
and there are fish in this body of water.

00:06:12.490 --> 00:06:15.250
And let's say that everyone could,

00:06:15.250 --> 00:06:17.100
you can't exclude people from it,

00:06:17.100 --> 00:06:20.580
so anyone can go and stick
their fishing rod into this,

00:06:20.580 --> 00:06:24.400
into this pond or into
this lake and get fish.

00:06:24.400 --> 00:06:27.080
But the problem is, is
that if I get a fish,

00:06:27.080 --> 00:06:29.400
that's going to make it hard
for someone else to get fish.

00:06:29.400 --> 00:06:30.750
And you can imagine an extreme,

00:06:30.750 --> 00:06:32.990
if enough people are grabbing the fish,

00:06:32.990 --> 00:06:36.730
it is impairing the ability
for other folks to get fish.

00:06:36.730 --> 00:06:39.880
And so this type of resource

00:06:39.880 --> 00:06:41.650
or I should say this type of good

00:06:41.650 --> 00:06:44.240
is known as a common resource,

00:06:44.240 --> 00:06:46.000
common,

00:06:46.000 --> 00:06:47.653
common resource.

00:06:48.590 --> 00:06:52.370
And it's prone to what is known
as tragedy of the commons,

00:06:52.370 --> 00:06:55.630
and we have a whole video
on tragedy of the commons.

00:06:55.630 --> 00:06:56.820
But the tragedy of commons,

00:06:56.820 --> 00:06:59.430
which happens for common
resources is when every

00:06:59.430 --> 00:07:02.020
individual person acts in
their own best interest,

00:07:02.020 --> 00:07:03.080
they might say, hey, I'm just gonna get

00:07:03.080 --> 00:07:05.020
as much fish as I need
to support my family,

00:07:05.020 --> 00:07:07.460
I could even make a business
out of it, I can sell it.

00:07:07.460 --> 00:07:09.870
At the end of the day, you
might do something that's not

00:07:09.870 --> 00:07:12.190
in the common interest,
and it's actually not even

00:07:12.190 --> 00:07:14.240
in your own personal interest long term.

00:07:14.240 --> 00:07:16.650
Because if enough people
fish in the short term

00:07:16.650 --> 00:07:19.370
and get that benefit, you
might deplete all the fish,

00:07:19.370 --> 00:07:20.720
and they're not able to reproduce.

00:07:20.720 --> 00:07:22.370
And then at some point,
there are no fish left.

00:07:22.370 --> 00:07:24.150
So in the medium to long run,

00:07:24.150 --> 00:07:26.680
you have hurt everyone,
including yourself.

00:07:26.680 --> 00:07:28.960
So that would be the
tragedy of the commons,

00:07:28.960 --> 00:07:31.060
which is typical for a lot of things

00:07:31.060 --> 00:07:32.560
that are common resources.

00:07:32.560 --> 00:07:33.820
Another thing that you could view

00:07:33.820 --> 00:07:37.750
as a common resource is timber

00:07:37.750 --> 00:07:41.240
or wood that's on land
that anyone could access.

00:07:41.240 --> 00:07:44.570
In a lot of cases, clean, clean water,

00:07:44.570 --> 00:07:48.820
fresh water I should say,
not salt water, fresh water.

00:07:48.820 --> 00:07:52.470
Now, on some level, if there's
a lot of folks doing it,

00:07:52.470 --> 00:07:54.850
it's definitely going to be rivalrous.

00:07:54.850 --> 00:07:56.790
But if there's only one or two people

00:07:56.790 --> 00:08:00.650
and your source of fresh water is huge,

00:08:00.650 --> 00:08:02.460
well, then it might feel
a little less rivalrous.

00:08:02.460 --> 00:08:03.730
So once again, we can debate,

00:08:03.730 --> 00:08:06.530
it might be under different circumstances.

00:08:06.530 --> 00:08:10.360
Now, last but not least, let's
think about what are examples

00:08:10.360 --> 00:08:14.490
of things that are neither
rivalrous nor excludable?

00:08:14.490 --> 00:08:18.880
And that whole category
is referred to as public,

00:08:18.880 --> 00:08:21.070
public goods.

00:08:21.070 --> 00:08:23.820
Pause this video, and see
if you can think of any.

00:08:23.820 --> 00:08:25.300
Well, one thing that is often

00:08:25.300 --> 00:08:29.640
considered a public good is air.

00:08:29.640 --> 00:08:31.890
Now, you could debate,
at some extreme level,

00:08:31.890 --> 00:08:34.010
if the air is really used up or something,

00:08:34.010 --> 00:08:36.260
you might start to feel
like it's rivalrous.

00:08:36.260 --> 00:08:40.630
But for most cases, when
one person is breathing air,

00:08:40.630 --> 00:08:42.100
it's not impairing the ability

00:08:42.100 --> 00:08:44.090
for someone else to use the air.

00:08:44.090 --> 00:08:47.740
And it's very hard to exclude
someone from breathing.

00:08:47.740 --> 00:08:49.280
People just need to take a breath.

00:08:49.280 --> 00:08:52.230
So it sits out here in public goods.

00:08:52.230 --> 00:08:55.690
You can imagine something
like national defense,

00:08:55.690 --> 00:08:58.053
national defense.

00:08:59.190 --> 00:09:01.340
If you are benefiting
from national defense

00:09:01.340 --> 00:09:03.830
because of aircraft
carriers and missile systems

00:09:03.830 --> 00:09:07.120
and planes and the military
that the nation has,

00:09:07.120 --> 00:09:09.000
does that exclude me, your neighbor,

00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:10.960
from also benefiting from it?

00:09:10.960 --> 00:09:12.910
No, and in fact, it would be
very difficult to exclude.

00:09:12.910 --> 00:09:14.140
You would have to kick
me out of the country

00:09:14.140 --> 00:09:16.840
for me to not benefit
from the national defense.

00:09:16.840 --> 00:09:19.600
So in general, we would consider
it to be non-excludable.

00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:21.920
And then is it a rival good?

00:09:21.920 --> 00:09:25.040
Well, if you are feeling safe
because of national defense,

00:09:25.040 --> 00:09:26.770
that doesn't impair my ability

00:09:26.770 --> 00:09:29.130
to feel safe from national defense.

00:09:29.130 --> 00:09:30.860
So it's also a non-rival good,

00:09:30.860 --> 00:09:33.090
at least in most general circumstances.

00:09:33.090 --> 00:09:36.340
So I would consider that
a public good as well.

00:09:36.340 --> 00:09:38.020
Now, when we talk about public goods,

00:09:38.020 --> 00:09:41.080
there's the notion of
the free rider problem,

00:09:41.080 --> 00:09:42.950
free rider,

00:09:42.950 --> 00:09:47.050
and that's because you can't
exclude folks from using it.

00:09:47.050 --> 00:09:50.530
It's usually not in the
incentive of any entrepreneur

00:09:50.530 --> 00:09:53.400
to try to make these public goods happen.

00:09:53.400 --> 00:09:57.220
And so this is typically
the domain of government.

00:09:57.220 --> 00:09:59.420
And in general, when thinking
about this whole column

00:09:59.420 --> 00:10:02.150
of things that are
non-excludable, this is a domain

00:10:02.150 --> 00:10:04.410
where the government
tries to get involved.

00:10:04.410 --> 00:10:06.620
So we don't have the
tragedy of the commons

00:10:06.620 --> 00:10:09.370
with fish stocks or timber or fresh water,

00:10:09.370 --> 00:10:11.020
they might put some regulation in

00:10:11.020 --> 00:10:12.370
or some permitting process.


Introduction to the semicolon

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.511 --> 00:00:01.510
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.

00:00:01.510 --> 00:00:03.052
In this video, I'm gonna tell you about

00:00:03.052 --> 00:00:05.170
a piece of punctuation
called the semicolon,

00:00:05.170 --> 00:00:07.157
which basically looks like a comma

00:00:07.157 --> 00:00:09.747
with a period on top of it.

00:00:09.747 --> 00:00:12.045
The semicolon has a few uses, but,

00:00:12.045 --> 00:00:14.362
the basic sort of standard use

00:00:14.362 --> 00:00:17.394
is to link two closely related ideas,

00:00:17.394 --> 00:00:21.142
that can stand on their own
as individual sentences.

00:00:21.142 --> 00:00:22.876
So that might sound a little weird,

00:00:22.876 --> 00:00:24.835
you think there's two
individual sentences,

00:00:24.835 --> 00:00:27.364
so they just have a
period in between them,

00:00:27.364 --> 00:00:29.174
why do they need to be linked?

00:00:29.174 --> 00:00:30.597
Well, let's look at an example,

00:00:30.597 --> 00:00:31.939
and I'll show you what I mean.

00:00:31.939 --> 00:00:33.384
I'm a big fan of roller coasters,

00:00:33.384 --> 00:00:35.334
but if I weren't I could
say something like,

00:00:35.334 --> 00:00:37.574
I don't wanna ride the Mega Sky Coaster;

00:00:37.574 --> 00:00:40.933
I'm afraid of heights, and
that ride sounds terrifying.

00:00:40.933 --> 00:00:42.758
Now you notice, we have a semicolon here

00:00:42.758 --> 00:00:45.243
in between these parts,
but let's take a step back,

00:00:45.243 --> 00:00:47.565
and just put a period here for a second.

00:00:47.565 --> 00:00:50.218
So now we have, I don't wanna
ride the Mega Sky Coaster.

00:00:50.218 --> 00:00:51.266
Period.

00:00:51.266 --> 00:00:53.700
I'm afraid of heights, and
that ride sounds terrifying.

00:00:53.700 --> 00:00:55.171
Exclamation point.

00:00:55.171 --> 00:00:57.298
These can work on their
own, as different sentences.

00:00:57.298 --> 00:01:00.339
But they're so closely tied together.

00:01:00.339 --> 00:01:02.940
You know, I say I don't want
to ride the Mega Sky Coaster,

00:01:02.940 --> 00:01:04.820
it's sort of telling us the back story

00:01:04.820 --> 00:01:06.494
as to why I don't wanna ride it.

00:01:06.494 --> 00:01:08.427
So we can use a semicolon in this instance

00:01:08.427 --> 00:01:11.350
to sort of tie the two
sentences together into one.

00:01:11.350 --> 00:01:14.407
Now we can't go around tying
every sentence to each other,

00:01:14.407 --> 00:01:16.733
we can't have everything just connected

00:01:16.733 --> 00:01:18.311
with a whole bunch of semicolons,

00:01:18.311 --> 00:01:20.143
it works in this case
because these clauses

00:01:20.143 --> 00:01:22.429
are sharing such similar information.

00:01:22.429 --> 00:01:24.310
In this sentence, the two clauses

00:01:24.310 --> 00:01:27.534
that are directly connected
are both independent clauses.

00:01:27.534 --> 00:01:29.935
This makes sense, because
the semicolons job

00:01:29.935 --> 00:01:31.648
is to connect things that can

00:01:31.648 --> 00:01:33.169
stand on their own as sentences,

00:01:33.169 --> 00:01:35.309
but, a sentence isn't always

00:01:35.309 --> 00:01:38.029
just an independent clause by itself.

00:01:38.029 --> 00:01:41.137
One example of this would
be, I wanna get a pet turtle,

00:01:41.137 --> 00:01:45.482
semicolon, however, I think it
might scare my baby brother.

00:01:45.482 --> 00:01:48.638
This is an independent
clause, and so is this,

00:01:48.638 --> 00:01:50.684
but the however in between the two of them

00:01:50.684 --> 00:01:52.776
can make things a little bit confusing.

00:01:52.776 --> 00:01:54.743
That's why it's important
to note that you can

00:01:54.743 --> 00:01:57.509
have a semicolon, followed
by an introductory adverb,

00:01:57.509 --> 00:01:59.238
or a transitional phrase.

00:01:59.238 --> 00:02:01.479
It doesn't just have to
be independent clause,

00:02:01.479 --> 00:02:03.806
semicolon, independent clause, period.

00:02:03.806 --> 00:02:06.685
You can have other clauses and
phrases and words in there.

00:02:06.685 --> 00:02:08.817
As long as the things that
you're linking together

00:02:08.817 --> 00:02:11.209
can stand on their own
as individual sentences.

00:02:11.209 --> 00:02:13.553
There's another place
we can use semicolons,

00:02:13.553 --> 00:02:15.789
which is in a complex list.

00:02:15.789 --> 00:02:17.879
In this case, it's called a super comma,

00:02:17.879 --> 00:02:20.241
but we're gonna get to
that in another video.

00:02:20.241 --> 00:02:22.356
So for now, this is
how you use a semicolon

00:02:22.356 --> 00:02:24.035
to link parts of a sentence.

00:02:24.035 --> 00:02:26.585
If the words to the left
and the words to the right

00:02:26.585 --> 00:02:29.208
of the semicolon can stand
as individual sentences

00:02:29.208 --> 00:02:31.370
with a period in between them,

00:02:31.370 --> 00:02:33.893
you can put a semicolon there instead.

00:02:33.893 --> 00:02:36.726
You can learn anything, Paige out.


Semicolons and complex lists

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.491 --> 00:00:01.507
- [Voiceover] Hello grammarians.

00:00:01.507 --> 00:00:04.189
So if you've ever written
a list of items or actions

00:00:04.189 --> 00:00:06.720
you know that we use commas
to separate the elements

00:00:06.720 --> 00:00:07.805
of that list.

00:00:07.805 --> 00:00:11.250
Sometimes, though, our
lists get a bit complicated

00:00:11.250 --> 00:00:13.553
and we have something
called a complex list.

00:00:13.553 --> 00:00:15.354
And when that's the
case instead of commas,

00:00:15.354 --> 00:00:17.415
we use semicolons.

00:00:17.415 --> 00:00:19.174
Let's look at an example.

00:00:19.174 --> 00:00:21.775
I've lived in quite a few
places across the country,

00:00:21.775 --> 00:00:24.200
so if I want to list a
few of them I can say

00:00:24.200 --> 00:00:27.083
"I've lived in New York, New York;

00:00:27.083 --> 00:00:29.433
"San Francisco, California;

00:00:29.433 --> 00:00:31.608
"and Knoxville, Tennessee."

00:00:31.608 --> 00:00:32.990
The items in this list are

00:00:32.990 --> 00:00:34.453
New York, New York;

00:00:34.453 --> 00:00:35.394
San Francisco, California;

00:00:35.394 --> 00:00:36.993
and Knoxville, Tennessee.

00:00:36.993 --> 00:00:39.785
You can see that they're
separated with these semicolons.

00:00:39.785 --> 00:00:42.893
What makes this list complex
is the fact that all of the

00:00:42.893 --> 00:00:45.627
items in it have commas in them.

00:00:45.627 --> 00:00:48.066
Cities and states need to
be separated with commas,

00:00:48.066 --> 00:00:50.725
so if our list had commas
in it as well, that would

00:00:50.725 --> 00:00:52.229
get kind of confusing.

00:00:52.229 --> 00:00:53.622
It would end up looking like

00:00:53.622 --> 00:00:55.306
"New York comma New York comma

00:00:55.306 --> 00:00:57.214
"San Francisco comma California comma

00:00:57.214 --> 00:00:59.208
"and Knoxville comma Tennessee."

00:00:59.208 --> 00:01:02.297
This has a pretty high chance
of being misunderstood.

00:01:02.297 --> 00:01:04.551
It could look like I'm
saying I lived in New York,

00:01:04.551 --> 00:01:07.801
a place called New York, San Francisco,

00:01:08.900 --> 00:01:10.417
just California in general,

00:01:10.417 --> 00:01:12.069
and Knoxville, Tennessee.

00:01:12.069 --> 00:01:14.885
That's just a lot of
commas and a lot of chances

00:01:14.885 --> 00:01:16.612
for misinterpretation.

00:01:16.612 --> 00:01:18.730
So this is not what we want.

00:01:18.730 --> 00:01:21.293
Another sort of complex
list is when we have a list

00:01:21.293 --> 00:01:23.337
inside of another list.

00:01:23.337 --> 00:01:26.872
This looks something like
"I need to buy a textbook,

00:01:26.872 --> 00:01:29.899
"a workbook, and a dictionary for Spanish;

00:01:29.899 --> 00:01:33.982
"a calculator for math;
and a map for geography."

00:01:35.080 --> 00:01:36.665
Because we have semicolons
here separating elements

00:01:36.665 --> 00:01:39.348
of the list instead of
commas, we can tell that

00:01:39.348 --> 00:01:42.092
the textbook, the workbook,
and the dictionary are

00:01:42.092 --> 00:01:44.226
all for Spanish class.

00:01:44.226 --> 00:01:47.030
To get the same information
across without using semicolons

00:01:47.030 --> 00:01:50.087
we'd have to say something
like "I need to buy a textbook

00:01:50.087 --> 00:01:53.369
"for Spanish comma a
workbook for Spanish comma

00:01:53.369 --> 00:01:57.180
"a dictionary for Spanish
comma a calculator for math

00:01:57.180 --> 00:02:00.155
"comma and a map for geography."

00:02:00.155 --> 00:02:02.074
That sentence is way
longer than it needs to be.

00:02:02.074 --> 00:02:04.442
We can condense it down to
this much shorter sentence here

00:02:04.442 --> 00:02:07.693
by using semicolons in the place
of the regular list commas.

00:02:07.693 --> 00:02:10.773
Because the semicolon is playing
a special role in the case

00:02:10.773 --> 00:02:13.971
of the complex list,
sometimes it's referred to as

00:02:13.971 --> 00:02:15.879
a super-comma.

00:02:15.879 --> 00:02:18.136
It's essentially acting
as a comma, but removing

00:02:18.136 --> 00:02:20.328
some of the confusion
that might occur if we had

00:02:20.328 --> 00:02:22.861
so many commas in one sentence.

00:02:22.861 --> 00:02:25.021
That's semicolons in complex lists.

00:02:25.021 --> 00:02:27.482
When we have a list
inside of another list,

00:02:27.482 --> 00:02:30.623
or elements in a list that
already have commas in them,

00:02:30.623 --> 00:02:33.415
we use semicolons to
separate all the elements

00:02:33.415 --> 00:02:35.914
to make sure the sentence is extra clear.

00:02:35.914 --> 00:02:37.267
You can learn anything.

00:02:37.267 --> 00:02:38.100
Paige out.