Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Instructor] Where we
left off in the last video,

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we saw Julius Caesar had
conquered Gaul as proconsul.

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And, near the end of
his term as proconsul,

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the senators in Rome were afraid of him.

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He was this popular,
populist, charismatic figure,

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he had just had these
significant military victories

00:00:16.945 --> 00:00:19.471
in Gaul, and they said, all right, Caesar,

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why don't you just leave your
position, leave your army,

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and return to Rome?

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Well Caesar is sitting over here saying,

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well, that doesn't really
make a lot of sense.

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If I were just to return to Rome,

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they already are threatened by me,

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who knows what they're going to do to me?

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So he decides to cross the Rubicon

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and enter Rome.

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And so the Roman senators, they
say, okay, let's get Pompey,

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the famous general, who used to be part of

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Caesar's triumvirate
but had switched sides,

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to engage with Caesar.

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But Pompey says, you know what,

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I'm not so sure if Caesar
is beatable right now,

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he wasn't aware that
Caesar only had one legion,

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maybe there was a trick up
Julius Caesar's sleeves.

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So Pompey takes

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his forces and retreats
across the Adriatic

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to regroup, with the intent of coming back

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and retaking Rome.

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And so you can imagine,
a lot of the senators,

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especially the powerful
senators who were in opposition

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to Julius Caesar, go along with Pompey.

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So Julius Caesar, even
though he's now in control

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of Rome, he knows that
this isn't the end of it,

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that a civil war has begun,
that it's only a matter of time

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before Pompey's forces
and these senators return

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and retake Rome.

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So he decides to take the fight to them.

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He puts his second in
command, Marcus Antonius,

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often known as Mark Antony,
who was one of his generals

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in the Gaelic Wars, he
puts him in charge of,

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he puts him in charge in Italy.

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And then Julius Caesar
leads several of his legions

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off across the Adriatic, and
it's a pretty interesting story

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in its own right.

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They cross during the
winter, which was a bit of a

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surprise attack, because no
one would've expected them

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to cross the winter in the Adriatic,

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and to break the blockade of Pompey,

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'cause Pompey controlled the navy.

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But he's able to engage
Pompey several times,

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and then, finally, in 48 BCE,

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he is able to decisively beat Pompey

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at the Battle of Pharsalus,
which is right over here

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in central Greece.

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So his enemies, his opponents,
Julius Caesar's enemies

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are now defeated, and
Pompey is in retreat.

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He tries to escape to Alexandria.

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And this is where the story
gets even more interesting.

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So this is a little bit of background.

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In 51 BCE, so right about
there on that timeline,

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and right about here on this timeline,

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Ptolemy XII, who was the
pharaoh of Egypt, dies.

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Ptolemy,

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Ptolemy

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XII

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passes away.

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And this is a little bit of background.

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It was called Ptolemaic
Egypt, and even this guy

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was called Ptolemy, because,
you might remember that

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Alexander the Great,
when he conquered Persia

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in the 330s BCE, he also conquered Egypt.

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And then, once Alexander the
Great passed, once he died,

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one of his generals, Ptolemy, Ptolemy I,

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established a Ptolemaic Empire over Egypt,

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established Ptolemaic Egypt.

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And so this is Ptolemaic
Egypt right over here,

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which was significantly less
powerful than the Roman Empire,

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and the historical accounts say
that they essentially bribed

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their way to maintain their
independence up to this point.

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But Ptolemy XII, when he dies in 51 BCE,

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dies in 51

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BCE,

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in his will he wants two
of his children to co-rule

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Ptolemaic Egypt, and they were young.

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One of them, Ptolemy,
creatively named Ptolemy XIII,

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was 10 years old.

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And his daughter, the other
one that he wanted to co-rule,

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Cleopatra, was 18 years
old, and this is a picture

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of Cleopatra, and this
is now the Cleopatra.

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In popular culture, the movie Cleopatra,

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when people talk about
Cleopatra, this is the Cleopatra

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they're talking about.

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But, you can imagine, this
co-rule thing doesn't really

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work out that well, and
civil war has broken out

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in Ptolemaic Egypt, with the
supporters of Ptolemy XIII,

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you can imagine, this is only
a 10-year-old, young kid,

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it's really the adults that
are probably running the show,

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but the supporters of Ptolemy
XIII are the ones that seem

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to have the upper hand

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at the time that Pompey is running away

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to Alexandria, which is the seat of power,

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a city established by Alexander the Great,

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and the seat of power in Ptolemaic Egypt.

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Now, the supporters of Ptolemy XIII,

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they say, okay, we don't wanna mess around

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with Julius Caesar, who
seems to be quite powerful,

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with his legions.

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So why don't we do him a favor.

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When Pompey comes, why don't we kill him?

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And so, in 49,

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or 48 BCE, this is after,

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remember, Pharsalus, Pharsalus
was in August of 48 BCE,

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you have Pompey leaving,
and in 48 BCE, he is killed.

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So Pompey is now killed

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in 48 BCE

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by the supporters of Ptolemy XIII,

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thinking that this is
gonna curry favor with them

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with Julius Caesar.

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Well Julius Caesar really
does not like this.

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He likes to establish his
reputation as a magnanimous ruler,

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someone who likes to forgive his enemies,

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someone who wants to
unify the people of Rome.

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And so he's in pursuit of Pompey.

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When he gets to Alexandria and
realizes that he was killed

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by Ptolemy XIII supporters,

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he decides to take the
other side and join forces

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with Cleopatra.

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And, not only is he able to
support her in a political,

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military sense, he helps
her defeat her enemies

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and become, and come onto the
throne, become the pharaoh

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of Ptolemaic Egypt.

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He also has an affair with Cleopatra.

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And, at the time, this is now 48 BCE,

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48

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BCE,

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where you have, so let's
see, this is 50, 49, 48 BCE,

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which is roughly

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late 48 and early 47 BCE, when
Julius Caesar was actually

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in Alexandria,

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they actually have an affair.

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And this is a Julius Caesar
who is in his early 50s,

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and this is a Cleopatra
who is in her early 20s.

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And through that affair,
they have, by most accounts,

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a child, Caesarion, later on.

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But this affair puts, or I guess
this support for Cleopatra,

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puts Cleopatra on the throne.

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And, even though Julius
Caesar does not take control

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of Ptolemaic Egypt, it makes
Ptolemaic Egypt something of a

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client state, something of a client state

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of the Roman Empire.

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And then Julius Caesar
returns back to Rome.

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He does several other things,
engaging in the east here,

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but, eventually, he gets back to Rome.

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And, over several periods,

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he gets himself declared dictator.

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And dictator today has a
term of someone who kind of

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takes power, maybe
unlawfully, someone who just

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runs the show.

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Under Roman law, under the Roman Republic,

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there was actually a
position called dictator,

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that could be appointed
for these six-month terms,

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especially when they was
in times of emergency,

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that they could do
whatever they needed to do.

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But now he got appointed
dictator multiple terms

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and for more than six months.

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And in 46, he gets elected
dictator for 10 years.

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So now 46 BCE is,

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let's see, this is 45, 46 BCE,

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he gets elected dictator
for a term of 10 years.

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And then in 44 BCE,

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he gets,

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he gets declared dictator for life.

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Now, this whole time, even
though he tried to be someone

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somewhat conciliatory against his enemies,

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his enemies were kind
of brooding and saying,

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what can we do to get back at this?

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And so, on March 15th,

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44 BCE, and this is one of the most

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famous dates in history,

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his opponents in the senate,

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led by Marcus Junius Brutus,

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literally attack Julius Caesar

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in Rome, and this is an artist's
depiction of that attack,

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and they kill him.

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You might have heard of the Ides of March.

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Ides of March, that is
the date March 15th,

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and it's referring, when
people say it today,

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they're referring to that
event that happened on

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March 15th,

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44 BCE,

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where the dictator of Rome,

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and he was really emperor,
even though he wasn't declared

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emperor yet, he had
absolute power over Rome,

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Julius Caesar was killed by his enemies,

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and that those enemies were
led by Marcus Junius Brutus.

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And, as you can imagine,
this then puts Rome

00:09:05.951 --> 00:09:08.587
into another phase, I guess you
could say, of the civil war.

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Or you could say into another civil war.

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Now, before we leave Julius
Caesar, it is worth saying

00:09:16.004 --> 00:09:17.035
some of the things he did.

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He did try to do some of
these populist reforms.

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He's also well known for
establishing the Julian calendar.

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Julian

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calendar.

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The Roman calendar before
the Julian calendar

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got pretty off on an annual basis,

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but the Julian calendar got
a lot closer to our current

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Gregorian calendar that we use today,

00:09:39.412 --> 00:09:41.122
so the days didn't shift as much

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as Earth orbited around the Sun.

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So I'll leave you there,

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and in the next few
videos we'll talk about

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what happened after Julius Caesar,

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the civil war, I really
could say the civil wars,

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that broke out, and how
they really culminated with

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Rome officially going
from being a republic

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to an empire.


Rise of Julius Caesar

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Instructor] We're
going to talk about one of

00:00:01.112 --> 00:00:03.974
the most significant
figures in Western history,

00:00:03.974 --> 00:00:07.064
and that's Gaius Julius Caesar.

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Now, what we'll see is,
his life really marks the

00:00:10.469 --> 00:00:14.636
transition from official Roman
Republic to the Roman Empire.

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And I say official Roman
Republic, because it's important

00:00:18.971 --> 00:00:21.489
to keep in mind, even at
the time of Julius Caesar's

00:00:21.489 --> 00:00:25.783
birth, at the beginning
of the 1st century BCE,

00:00:25.783 --> 00:00:29.641
the Roman Republic already
looked something like an empire.

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You might remember that
during the Punic Wars

00:00:32.730 --> 00:00:35.476
they were able to take
over Carthage's possessions

00:00:35.476 --> 00:00:38.976
in Africa, and in Spain, at the end of the

00:00:40.176 --> 00:00:43.038
3rd Punic War, they were
also, and this wasn't part of

00:00:43.038 --> 00:00:46.146
the Punic War, but they
were separately, in 146 BCE,

00:00:46.146 --> 00:00:49.496
were also able to take over Greece.

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So any state that has conquered
these people that have

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different languages, cultures,
and they don't have the

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same rights as a citizen of
that state, well, this is,

00:01:03.631 --> 00:01:07.222
by most definitions, what
would constitute an empire.

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But, during Julius Caesar's
birth and during his life,

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Rome was still officially
a republic, and that's

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referring more to its form of government;

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you had a very powerful
Senate, you had these

00:01:19.127 --> 00:01:22.056
Consuls who were elected
for these one-year terms,

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and there were all of
these checks and balances.

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As we'll see, his life,
especially the end of his life,

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marks the transition to an
empire, in which there's

00:01:32.156 --> 00:01:36.534
a Roman Emperor who
holds most of the power.

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But let's go into the story, and there's

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going to be a significant
cast of characters

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here that I'm going to go into.

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So by 60 BCE, Julius Caesar
is roughly 40 years old,

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and he's already a significant
figure in the Republic.

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He is born to a patrician
family, he rises up through

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the ranks, he's charismatic
figure, and in 60,

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he forms a triumvirate with
two other powerful figures

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in Rome, so you have...

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This is Julius Caesar, of
course, and he forms this

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triumvirate, which later gets known

00:02:10.880 --> 00:02:13.531
as the First Triumvirate, with Crassus,

00:02:13.531 --> 00:02:16.088
who is the richest man in
Rome at the time and is

00:02:16.088 --> 00:02:19.220
believed to be one of the
richest men in Roman history.

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As you can see, Crassus
is a good bit older than

00:02:21.503 --> 00:02:24.118
Julius Caesar, he's born
more than a decade before

00:02:24.118 --> 00:02:28.294
Julius Caesar, and he
also forms this alliance

00:02:28.294 --> 00:02:30.509
with Pompey, who is
also a little bit older

00:02:30.509 --> 00:02:33.510
than Julius Caesar, and is a significant

00:02:33.510 --> 00:02:37.293
military figure, a general,
in the Roman Republic.

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And this First Triumvirate,
even though it wasn't

00:02:39.525 --> 00:02:43.342
an official, it's an
official government group,

00:02:43.342 --> 00:02:47.570
it allowed them to really
hold the power of the

00:02:47.570 --> 00:02:51.058
Roman Republic, and to really
move and hold the power

00:02:51.058 --> 00:02:53.545
within the Senate, this First Triumvirate.

00:02:53.545 --> 00:02:56.508
And even though Julius
Caesar was a Patrician,

00:02:56.508 --> 00:03:00.074
he was part of the nobility,
they had populist tendencies,

00:03:00.074 --> 00:03:01.987
they wanted to do things for the people.

00:03:01.987 --> 00:03:03.485
You could view them as, in certain ways,

00:03:03.485 --> 00:03:06.433
progressive, they wanted
to do land redistribution,

00:03:06.433 --> 00:03:08.966
versus the conservatives, who wanted to

00:03:08.966 --> 00:03:12.233
hold the power in the aristocracy.

00:03:12.233 --> 00:03:13.943
And so, this First Triumvirate is able

00:03:13.943 --> 00:03:17.225
to use their influence
to put Julius Caesar

00:03:17.225 --> 00:03:19.975
in as Consul for the year 59 BCE.

00:03:23.059 --> 00:03:25.969
And, as I just mentioned at
the beginning of this video,

00:03:25.969 --> 00:03:29.033
there are two Consuls, the
other one was a figure named

00:03:29.033 --> 00:03:33.279
Bibulus, but Julius Caesar is
able to dominate the position,

00:03:33.279 --> 00:03:36.233
and he's a very powerful
Consul, and he tries to put

00:03:36.233 --> 00:03:38.945
all of these populous reforms into place.

00:03:38.945 --> 00:03:41.444
So this is already starting
to cause a lot of tension

00:03:41.444 --> 00:03:45.598
in the Senate between the
populus and the conservatives.

00:03:45.598 --> 00:03:49.104
Now, after he's done his
one-year term, he becomes

00:03:49.104 --> 00:03:52.822
Pro Consul, which you can
view as a military governor,

00:03:52.822 --> 00:03:55.731
and he's given regions that border Gaul,

00:03:55.731 --> 00:03:58.502
so he's given what would be
considered Southern France

00:03:58.502 --> 00:04:01.722
right over here, border
with the Gallic tribes,

00:04:01.722 --> 00:04:05.010
I guess you'd say, near the Italian Alps;

00:04:05.010 --> 00:04:06.499
these are two of the regions, two of the

00:04:06.499 --> 00:04:10.065
three regions, that he's given to govern.

00:04:10.065 --> 00:04:12.733
And he uses his position
as military governor,

00:04:12.733 --> 00:04:16.900
as Pro Consul, to expand
the territories into Gaul,

00:04:19.073 --> 00:04:21.522
to take on these Gallic tribes.

00:04:21.522 --> 00:04:25.298
Now the Gauls, or these Gallic tribes,

00:04:25.298 --> 00:04:28.896
they're super fragmented,
there's many, many of them,

00:04:28.896 --> 00:04:32.493
Plutarch says on the order of
300 of these Gallic tribes.

00:04:32.493 --> 00:04:34.996
They were militarily,
fairly sophisticated,

00:04:34.996 --> 00:04:37.792
they were, many historians
say, comparable to the Romans,

00:04:37.792 --> 00:04:39.778
but it was their
fragmentation that allowed

00:04:39.778 --> 00:04:42.019
Julius Caesar to go after them.

00:04:42.019 --> 00:04:45.763
So over the course of his
governorship, of his position

00:04:45.763 --> 00:04:50.261
as Pro Consul, you also
have the Gallic Wars,

00:04:50.261 --> 00:04:52.547
and that's what I have
depicted here in red,

00:04:52.547 --> 00:04:56.714
from 58 BCE to 52 BCE, and
they end here in Alesia,

00:04:58.292 --> 00:05:03.049
where Julius Caesar's legions
are able to win decisively.

00:05:03.049 --> 00:05:05.118
And that is the end, and he's able

00:05:05.118 --> 00:05:08.784
to take all of this territory for Rome.

00:05:08.784 --> 00:05:12.201
Now, while that was happening, in 53 BCE,

00:05:16.531 --> 00:05:20.698
which is right over here,
in 53, yeah, this is 53 BCE,

00:05:23.567 --> 00:05:26.064
Crassus, who you might
remember, was part of this

00:05:26.064 --> 00:05:30.538
First Triumvirate, he is
off over here in the East

00:05:30.538 --> 00:05:32.985
fighting the Parthians;
you might remember,

00:05:32.985 --> 00:05:37.025
the Parthians, this is now
the Parthian-Persian Empire,

00:05:37.025 --> 00:05:39.817
they're the successors
of the Seleucids or the

00:05:39.817 --> 00:05:42.554
successor of Alexander the
Great, who was the successor

00:05:42.554 --> 00:05:46.473
in Persia of the Achaemenid
Empire, and while

00:05:46.473 --> 00:05:50.712
fighting the Parthians, he
is killed, Crassus is killed

00:05:50.712 --> 00:05:52.590
while fighting the
Parthians, which breaks up

00:05:52.590 --> 00:05:55.795
this First Triumvirate, and
then Pompey switches sides.

00:05:55.795 --> 00:05:58.779
He switches sides over
to the conservative side.

00:05:58.779 --> 00:06:02.126
So now, instead of being one
of Julius Caesar's allies,

00:06:02.126 --> 00:06:05.256
he becomes one of his opponents.

00:06:05.256 --> 00:06:07.246
And so Julius Caesar,
he's victorious, he's able

00:06:07.246 --> 00:06:11.061
to conquer these powerful Gallic tribes.

00:06:11.061 --> 00:06:15.025
Plutarch, according to him,
Julius Caesar's legions

00:06:15.025 --> 00:06:18.514
fought on the order of
three million Gauls,

00:06:18.514 --> 00:06:20.786
I don't know if those
numbers are exaggerations,

00:06:20.786 --> 00:06:22.773
they sound like they might
be a little bit of one,

00:06:22.773 --> 00:06:24.495
of which one million were killed and

00:06:24.495 --> 00:06:27.784
one million were enslaved,
800 cities were destroyed,

00:06:27.784 --> 00:06:31.951
300 tribes were overrun; and
those might be exaggerations,

00:06:33.005 --> 00:06:35.144
they probably were, but
it tells you the scope

00:06:35.144 --> 00:06:39.835
of what Julius Caesar did
when he took over Gaul.

00:06:39.835 --> 00:06:42.882
So, he's already this very
charismatic figure, he was

00:06:42.882 --> 00:06:46.860
Consul, but he's a controversial
figure in the Senate.

00:06:46.860 --> 00:06:49.265
He has these more populist
tendencies, while there's

00:06:49.265 --> 00:06:51.329
a lot of these
conservatives in the Senate.

00:06:51.329 --> 00:06:54.531
The First Triumvirate breaks,
Pompey switched sides,

00:06:54.531 --> 00:06:58.122
he's able to take over
Gaul, and so you can imagine

00:06:58.122 --> 00:07:02.289
as he is now victorious,
the Senators are worried.

00:07:03.475 --> 00:07:06.397
They're like, this guy,
if he comes back to Rome,

00:07:06.397 --> 00:07:09.223
he might have too much
power, and he might have

00:07:09.223 --> 00:07:12.030
too much power to do the
things that we, especially

00:07:12.030 --> 00:07:14.751
the conservatives, don't want him to do.

00:07:14.751 --> 00:07:18.265
This land redistribution, and
all of the things like that.

00:07:18.265 --> 00:07:23.186
And so they tell him, in
50 BCE, so this is 50 BCE,

00:07:23.186 --> 00:07:26.769
let me circle that, in
50 BCE they tell him

00:07:28.056 --> 00:07:30.993
to leave his Pro Consul position,

00:07:30.993 --> 00:07:34.016
disband his army, and return to Rome.

00:07:34.016 --> 00:07:36.041
Now, Julius Caesar's thinking to himself,

00:07:36.041 --> 00:07:38.458
wait, I just did all of this.

00:07:40.083 --> 00:07:43.563
These people are afraid
of me, if I go without my

00:07:43.563 --> 00:07:45.802
title, without my army, who
knows what they're gonna

00:07:45.802 --> 00:07:48.728
do to me when I go back to Rome.

00:07:48.728 --> 00:07:51.728
So he says, I either go back without

00:07:52.971 --> 00:07:55.384
my armies, or I go with my armies.

00:07:55.384 --> 00:07:59.527
And so, he decides to do the
latter, he takes his armies,

00:07:59.527 --> 00:08:02.795
and he crosses the Rubicon River.

00:08:02.795 --> 00:08:06.003
Now, crossing the Rubicon,
I'm gonna write this down,

00:08:06.003 --> 00:08:10.684
Crossing the Rubicon, is now
a phrase that we have in our

00:08:10.684 --> 00:08:15.483
culture that means you've gone
past the point of no return.

00:08:15.483 --> 00:08:18.026
There's a famous quote
ascribed to Julius Caesar

00:08:18.026 --> 00:08:21.465
once he crossed the Rubicon,
as the die has been cast,

00:08:21.465 --> 00:08:23.457
it's the point of no return.

00:08:23.457 --> 00:08:25.743
And this was a really big
deal, because it was illegal

00:08:25.743 --> 00:08:29.585
for a governor general, a
Pro Consul, to take their

00:08:29.585 --> 00:08:32.244
legions outside of
territories they governed,

00:08:32.244 --> 00:08:34.275
and this wasn't just any
region, he was taking it

00:08:34.275 --> 00:08:37.254
into the Italian peninsula,
he was taking it to Rome.

00:08:37.254 --> 00:08:40.228
So this was very, very, very illegal.

00:08:40.228 --> 00:08:42.466
So the Senators weren't happy about this,

00:08:42.466 --> 00:08:45.526
so they said "Hey Pompey,
you have to go face

00:08:45.526 --> 00:08:48.541
"your former ally, Julius Caesar."

00:08:48.541 --> 00:08:51.284
Now Pompey doesn't know
that Julius Caesar only has

00:08:51.284 --> 00:08:54.487
one legion, a legion is
about 4-5000 soldiers.

00:08:54.487 --> 00:08:56.745
He's thinking surely if
Julius Caesar is crossing

00:08:56.745 --> 00:08:58.958
the Rubicon, he must have
a trick up his sleeve,

00:08:58.958 --> 00:09:01.484
he's already had, you
know, conquering Gaul,

00:09:01.484 --> 00:09:04.043
he's established himself
as this significant

00:09:04.043 --> 00:09:06.359
military figure, and so Pompey says,

00:09:06.359 --> 00:09:08.258
you know, Senators, I'm
not gonna keep him from

00:09:08.258 --> 00:09:12.299
going to Rome just yet, I'm
gonna go over to the East

00:09:12.299 --> 00:09:15.946
into Greece where we can
build up our armies and

00:09:15.946 --> 00:09:19.014
make sure we are prepared to retake Rome.

00:09:19.014 --> 00:09:21.022
And so the Senators aren't
too happy about this,

00:09:21.022 --> 00:09:23.014
but a good number of them
says, "Okay, well if you're

00:09:23.014 --> 00:09:25.221
"gonna leave, we're gonna go with you."

00:09:25.221 --> 00:09:27.773
And so, Julius Caesar is actually

00:09:27.773 --> 00:09:30.273
able to, in 49 BCE, take Rome.

00:09:32.485 --> 00:09:34.764
But this isn't the end, and
we will continue it in the

00:09:34.764 --> 00:09:37.412
next video, because you, as I just said,

00:09:37.412 --> 00:09:40.438
the power of Rome has
now moved over to Greece.

00:09:40.438 --> 00:09:42.523
A good number of the powerful Senators,

00:09:42.523 --> 00:09:44.535
you have Pompey and his
armies over in Greece,

00:09:44.535 --> 00:09:47.497
Pompey controls significant
fractions of the navy,

00:09:47.497 --> 00:09:51.664
and so a civil war has now
broken out in the Roman Republic.


Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.473 --> 00:00:05.001
- [Instructor] As we enter
into the 3rd Century BCE,

00:00:05.001 --> 00:00:09.168
we see the Roman Republic
that was founded in 509 BCE

00:00:10.254 --> 00:00:13.350
has now exerted control over most

00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:15.869
of the Italian peninsula.

00:00:15.869 --> 00:00:18.203
But it's not the only
power in the Mediterranean.

00:00:18.203 --> 00:00:21.880
We have the remnants of
Alexander the Great's empire

00:00:21.880 --> 00:00:24.396
and we also have the Carthaginians.

00:00:24.396 --> 00:00:26.741
And you can see here in blue

00:00:26.741 --> 00:00:28.878
that Carthage had an extensive empire

00:00:28.878 --> 00:00:32.930
that controlled most of the
the western Mediterranean.

00:00:32.930 --> 00:00:35.437
You can imagine, it was
only a matter of time

00:00:35.437 --> 00:00:38.145
before they come into
conflict with each other.

00:00:38.145 --> 00:00:40.447
It turns out they are
actually going to have

00:00:40.447 --> 00:00:42.830
three significant wars.

00:00:42.830 --> 00:00:46.137
Some historians view it
as the most significant

00:00:46.137 --> 00:00:48.443
and largest scale wars

00:00:48.443 --> 00:00:51.232
up to that point in history.

00:00:51.232 --> 00:00:53.165
The first of these

00:00:53.165 --> 00:00:54.332
happens in 264

00:00:55.479 --> 00:00:56.946
BCE

00:00:56.946 --> 00:01:00.107
and then it goes on for 23 years

00:01:00.107 --> 00:01:00.940
to 241

00:01:02.023 --> 00:01:03.377
BCE.

00:01:03.377 --> 00:01:05.544
This is known as the First

00:01:08.452 --> 00:01:10.030
Punic War.

00:01:10.030 --> 00:01:12.596
You can see it on the
timeline right over here

00:01:12.596 --> 00:01:14.254
going from 264

00:01:14.254 --> 00:01:15.087
to 241,

00:01:19.057 --> 00:01:20.845
right over there.

00:01:20.845 --> 00:01:23.410
It's a result of a conflict

00:01:23.410 --> 00:01:27.207
that starts between two
city-states in Sicily.

00:01:27.207 --> 00:01:30.745
Sicily is this island right over here.

00:01:30.745 --> 00:01:32.997
You have the city-state of Syracuse

00:01:32.997 --> 00:01:34.580
which is a powerful

00:01:35.563 --> 00:01:38.338
city originally established by the Greeks,

00:01:38.338 --> 00:01:40.637
and it gets into a scuffle with Messana

00:01:40.637 --> 00:01:43.713
which is another
city-state at the northern,

00:01:43.713 --> 00:01:46.360
northeastern tip of Sicily.

00:01:46.360 --> 00:01:50.157
Rome and Carthage, these two
great powers get embroiled

00:01:50.157 --> 00:01:53.733
and it ends up being a conflict
over the island of Sicily

00:01:53.733 --> 00:01:58.562
where Carthage already had a
foothold on the west coast.

00:01:58.562 --> 00:02:01.593
What's interesting going into this war

00:02:01.593 --> 00:02:03.411
is that Carthage had a powerful,

00:02:03.411 --> 00:02:06.538
you could view it as
an empire over the sea.

00:02:06.538 --> 00:02:08.802
It had a very powerful navy.

00:02:08.802 --> 00:02:11.101
While Rome had a very powerful army.

00:02:11.101 --> 00:02:13.748
Not really much of a navy, to speak of.

00:02:13.748 --> 00:02:17.208
But as we'll see as we go
through the First Punic War,

00:02:17.208 --> 00:02:18.916
that will change.

00:02:18.916 --> 00:02:23.094
The first major battle
happens at Agrigentum,

00:02:23.094 --> 00:02:25.216
I'm probably mispronouncing it here,

00:02:25.216 --> 00:02:26.049
on Sicily.

00:02:26.922 --> 00:02:29.488
The Romans are able to win decisively,

00:02:29.488 --> 00:02:31.087
and then the Carthaginians,
you could imagine,

00:02:31.087 --> 00:02:31.920
started to say,

00:02:31.920 --> 00:02:34.605
"Well maybe we should
engage them more into sea."

00:02:34.605 --> 00:02:38.227
That happens in 260 at the
Battle of Lipari Islands

00:02:38.227 --> 00:02:39.853
which are right over here.

00:02:39.853 --> 00:02:42.152
When the Romans get
defeated there, they say,

00:02:42.152 --> 00:02:45.774
"Hey, maybe we need a
little bit more of a navy."

00:02:45.774 --> 00:02:49.520
And so over the course
of these several decades,

00:02:49.520 --> 00:02:50.749
you have

00:02:50.749 --> 00:02:53.089
this continual fighting.

00:02:53.089 --> 00:02:56.072
There are some Carthaginian
or Punic victories

00:02:56.072 --> 00:02:57.288
we've talked about in previous video.

00:02:57.288 --> 00:02:59.808
The word Punic is derived
from what the Romans

00:02:59.808 --> 00:03:02.234
called the Carthaginians which is derived

00:03:02.234 --> 00:03:04.707
from their roots as Phoenicians.

00:03:04.707 --> 00:03:08.724
You have some Punic victories,
but for the most part,

00:03:08.724 --> 00:03:10.849
Rome is successful.

00:03:10.849 --> 00:03:13.333
And so, at the end of the First Punic War,

00:03:13.333 --> 00:03:14.750
a few things happened.

00:03:14.750 --> 00:03:17.785
You have Carthage leaves Sicily.

00:03:17.785 --> 00:03:19.202
Carthage expelled

00:03:21.960 --> 00:03:22.793
from

00:03:24.432 --> 00:03:25.265
Sicily.

00:03:28.196 --> 00:03:30.627
You have war indemnity.

00:03:30.627 --> 00:03:34.215
Rome tells Carthage,
"Hey, you've gotta pay us

00:03:34.215 --> 00:03:35.709
"for all of the damage you created."

00:03:35.709 --> 00:03:37.845
This is difficult for Carthage because

00:03:37.845 --> 00:03:39.587
a war cost Carthage a lot,

00:03:39.587 --> 00:03:42.695
and Carthage, especially, it
didn't have citizen soldiers.

00:03:42.695 --> 00:03:44.945
Its army was made up of ...

00:03:46.108 --> 00:03:49.059
Its navy had citizen, I
guess you say, sailors.

00:03:49.059 --> 00:03:53.059
But it's army was made
up mainly of mercenaries.

00:03:54.797 --> 00:03:56.297
These are soldiers

00:03:57.327 --> 00:03:59.116
who really, if you pay them enough,

00:03:59.116 --> 00:03:59.949
they're gonna fight for you.

00:03:59.949 --> 00:04:01.346
They don't really have allegiances

00:04:01.346 --> 00:04:04.747
based on some type of
ideology or citizenship.

00:04:04.747 --> 00:04:07.522
Carthage, as they went
through this many decades war,

00:04:07.522 --> 00:04:09.693
they went ahead and pay
all these mercenaries.

00:04:09.693 --> 00:04:11.144
They had their own cost.

00:04:11.144 --> 00:04:14.302
And now, Rome is making
them pay indemnity.

00:04:14.302 --> 00:04:15.385
War indemnity

00:04:19.039 --> 00:04:19.872
to Rome.

00:04:20.880 --> 00:04:23.312
The other, I guess you
could say side effect

00:04:23.312 --> 00:04:24.814
of this First Punic War

00:04:24.814 --> 00:04:29.581
is that it was a catalyst
for Rome building its navy.

00:04:29.581 --> 00:04:30.905
Rome

00:04:30.905 --> 00:04:31.738
builds

00:04:33.561 --> 00:04:35.048
navy.

00:04:35.048 --> 00:04:38.670
You can imagine especially the
cost of the First Punic War,

00:04:38.670 --> 00:04:40.899
it becomes very difficult for Carthage.

00:04:40.899 --> 00:04:43.148
It actually de-stabilizes Carthage.

00:04:43.148 --> 00:04:45.540
A lot of the mercenaries,
when they're not paid

00:04:45.540 --> 00:04:48.698
as they see they should
be, they actually rise up.

00:04:48.698 --> 00:04:52.460
From 240 to 238, you have a Mercenary War.

00:04:52.460 --> 00:04:53.841
So 240

00:04:53.841 --> 00:04:54.674
to 238

00:04:55.931 --> 00:04:56.764
BCE,

00:04:59.902 --> 00:05:01.985
you have a Mercenary War.

00:05:03.571 --> 00:05:07.274
Eventually, it's able to be
put down by the Carthaginians

00:05:07.274 --> 00:05:09.628
but the side effect is
it weakens their hold

00:05:09.628 --> 00:05:11.416
on Sardinian Corsica.

00:05:11.416 --> 00:05:14.749
And so, by the end of the Mercenary War,

00:05:17.391 --> 00:05:21.539
the map looks like this right over here.

00:05:21.539 --> 00:05:22.898
You could view this map

00:05:22.898 --> 00:05:27.388
as what the Mediterranean
looked like in 238

00:05:27.388 --> 00:05:28.607
BCE.

00:05:28.607 --> 00:05:29.977
Where you see now the Romans

00:05:29.977 --> 00:05:31.890
not only have control of
the Italian peninsula,

00:05:31.890 --> 00:05:36.415
they've gained control
over Corsica, Sardinia, and

00:05:36.415 --> 00:05:37.248
Sicily.

00:05:39.206 --> 00:05:42.747
Roman power is only going to increase

00:05:42.747 --> 00:05:45.696
but the Carthaginians, this proud empire,

00:05:45.696 --> 00:05:47.375
they're not done here.

00:05:47.375 --> 00:05:48.208
In 218,

00:05:49.262 --> 00:05:51.404
the Carthaginian general Hannibal,

00:05:51.404 --> 00:05:55.230
the famous Hannibal, decides
to attack the Romans.

00:05:55.230 --> 00:05:57.796
He does it in a unconventional way.

00:05:57.796 --> 00:05:59.375
He attacks from the north.

00:05:59.375 --> 00:06:02.788
He takes his army,
which includes elephants

00:06:02.788 --> 00:06:04.402
through the Swiss Alps.

00:06:04.402 --> 00:06:06.283
This is an artist depiction of

00:06:06.283 --> 00:06:09.742
Hannibal's army with its
elephants going through

00:06:09.742 --> 00:06:11.020
the Swiss Alps.

00:06:11.020 --> 00:06:15.029
They're able to wreak havoc
over the Italian peninsula.

00:06:15.029 --> 00:06:17.862
This goes on for roughly 15 years.

00:06:19.688 --> 00:06:20.930
From

00:06:20.930 --> 00:06:21.763
218

00:06:23.357 --> 00:06:24.190
BCE

00:06:25.539 --> 00:06:27.153
'til 201

00:06:27.153 --> 00:06:28.395
BCE,

00:06:28.395 --> 00:06:30.895
you have the Second Punic War.

00:06:36.066 --> 00:06:39.134
Even though Hannibal's
able to wreak havoc for

00:06:39.134 --> 00:06:41.432
over a decade on the Italian peninsula,

00:06:41.432 --> 00:06:44.831
he's never able to fully
take control of Rome.

00:06:44.831 --> 00:06:47.292
There's several explanations there.

00:06:47.292 --> 00:06:49.127
One is that the people that he conquers

00:06:49.127 --> 00:06:50.772
kept rising up against him.

00:06:50.772 --> 00:06:52.781
They weren't just happy to be subjugated

00:06:52.781 --> 00:06:54.839
by the Carthaginians,

00:06:54.839 --> 00:06:57.901
by the Punics, I guess you could say.

00:06:57.901 --> 00:07:00.505
And he never was able to
get as many reinforcements

00:07:00.505 --> 00:07:03.953
as necessary to fully subjugate Rome.

00:07:03.953 --> 00:07:06.054
By the end of the Second Punic War,

00:07:06.054 --> 00:07:09.247
the Romans decide to take
the battle to Carthage.

00:07:09.247 --> 00:07:10.751
In 202

00:07:10.751 --> 00:07:12.918
BCE at the Battle of Zama,

00:07:14.511 --> 00:07:17.752
the Romans are able to
decisively beat Hannibal.

00:07:17.752 --> 00:07:20.782
Hannibal is called back
to defend the homeland

00:07:20.782 --> 00:07:23.510
and he is defeated here at Zama.

00:07:23.510 --> 00:07:27.353
In 201 BCE, you have the
end of the Second Punic War.

00:07:27.353 --> 00:07:30.799
By that point, at the end
of the Second Punic War,

00:07:30.799 --> 00:07:31.799
you now have

00:07:33.238 --> 00:07:34.488
Rome in control

00:07:35.327 --> 00:07:37.796
of significant chunks
of the Iberian peninsula

00:07:37.796 --> 00:07:40.320
that used to be under control of Carthage.

00:07:40.320 --> 00:07:42.871
And Carthage has really been reduced to a

00:07:42.871 --> 00:07:45.358
client state of Rome.

00:07:45.358 --> 00:07:49.084
This is roughly what the map looks like.

00:07:49.084 --> 00:07:51.303
After this, Rome isn't happy.

00:07:51.303 --> 00:07:53.230
This was a pretty ugly war.

00:07:53.230 --> 00:07:55.703
Hannibal was here wreaking
havoc on the Italian peninsula.

00:07:55.703 --> 00:07:58.861
He was almost successful
at taking over Rome.

00:07:58.861 --> 00:08:03.028
He was an existential threat
to the Roman Republic.

00:08:05.123 --> 00:08:07.664
Carthage essentially becomes
a client state of Rome.

00:08:07.664 --> 00:08:09.028
They have to pay war indemnity.

00:08:09.028 --> 00:08:12.134
They really can't have a
significant army anymore

00:08:12.134 --> 00:08:13.967
or a significant navy.

00:08:14.827 --> 00:08:17.474
Many people in Rome over
the next several decades

00:08:17.474 --> 00:08:18.940
even though Carthage is weakened so much,

00:08:18.940 --> 00:08:20.203
they start arguing,

00:08:20.203 --> 00:08:24.429
"Hey, we should just
completely destroy this city

00:08:24.429 --> 00:08:28.724
"because every time we destroy
them or at least we beat them

00:08:28.724 --> 00:08:29.977
"we get into this peace treaty

00:08:29.977 --> 00:08:31.434
"but then they get powerful again and then

00:08:31.434 --> 00:08:32.621
"we get into a war with them."

00:08:32.621 --> 00:08:35.188
These are very ugly wars.

00:08:35.188 --> 00:08:36.521
Finally, in 149,

00:08:40.303 --> 00:08:41.903
let me write this,

00:08:41.903 --> 00:08:43.370
149

00:08:43.370 --> 00:08:44.203
BCE

00:08:45.298 --> 00:08:49.612
as Carthage is starting to
reassert a little bit of power,

00:08:49.612 --> 00:08:52.612
it's trying to rebuild its military,

00:08:53.501 --> 00:08:55.611
the Romans get scared.

00:08:55.611 --> 00:08:58.038
They say, "You know what,
let's just finish them off

00:08:58.038 --> 00:08:59.617
"once and for all."

00:08:59.617 --> 00:09:00.450
They say, "All right."

00:09:00.450 --> 00:09:04.049
They start to put very onerous
terms on the Carthaginians.

00:09:04.049 --> 00:09:06.951
They say, "Hey, move
your city further inland.

00:09:06.951 --> 00:09:08.786
"We don't want you to ever be a power."

00:09:08.786 --> 00:09:11.224
The Carthaginians of course really can't.

00:09:11.224 --> 00:09:13.186
They say, "Hey, we're just
gonna move our entire city

00:09:13.186 --> 00:09:16.437
"and we're gonna cede to your demands."

00:09:16.437 --> 00:09:21.301
And so the Romans used
that as grounds for attack.

00:09:21.301 --> 00:09:22.837
From 149

00:09:22.837 --> 00:09:23.670
BCE to 146

00:09:25.206 --> 00:09:26.529
BCE,

00:09:26.529 --> 00:09:28.946
you have the Third Punic War.

00:09:31.255 --> 00:09:33.405
Which is really the one where

00:09:33.405 --> 00:09:36.133
Rome goes to destroy Carthage,

00:09:36.133 --> 00:09:40.274
and they are able to
destroy Carthage ending a

00:09:40.274 --> 00:09:41.107
700-year

00:09:42.222 --> 00:09:46.139
city-state, empire,
whatever you wanna call it.

00:09:48.370 --> 00:09:50.857
The city of Carthage is utterly destroyed.

00:09:50.857 --> 00:09:53.104
Its inhabitants are enslaved

00:09:53.104 --> 00:09:55.655
which the Romans like to
do for subjugated people.

00:09:55.655 --> 00:09:58.072
The city was burned in a very

00:09:59.282 --> 00:10:01.771
systematic way for 17

00:10:01.771 --> 00:10:02.604
days.

00:10:02.604 --> 00:10:04.388
The Romans wanted to ensure that Carthage

00:10:04.388 --> 00:10:08.637
could never rise up
again to threaten Rome.

00:10:08.637 --> 00:10:10.727
After the Third Punic War,

00:10:10.727 --> 00:10:14.268
the Romans are now the dominant empire

00:10:14.268 --> 00:10:16.137
in the Mediterranean.

00:10:16.137 --> 00:10:18.158
Not only did they control that,

00:10:18.158 --> 00:10:20.748
what they controlled going
into the Third Punic War,

00:10:20.748 --> 00:10:22.665
but now they controlled

00:10:26.123 --> 00:10:28.724
Carthage's African colonies.

00:10:28.724 --> 00:10:30.641
The same year, 146 BCE,

00:10:32.971 --> 00:10:36.498
the Romans were also able
to take control of Greece.

00:10:36.498 --> 00:10:39.558
As we exit out of the Third Punic War,

00:10:39.558 --> 00:10:41.573
you now have a Rome

00:10:41.573 --> 00:10:44.157
that is extremely powerful

00:10:44.157 --> 00:10:48.352
and this Roman Republic is
starting to resemble this

00:10:48.352 --> 00:10:49.246
empire.

00:10:49.246 --> 00:10:50.650
It's not officially an empire yet.

00:10:50.650 --> 00:10:51.974
It's still officially a republic,

00:10:51.974 --> 00:10:53.675
but it's taking control of other people

00:10:53.675 --> 00:10:55.178
so you could view it as an empire.

00:10:55.178 --> 00:10:59.563
It's starting to take shape
as this major civilization

00:10:59.563 --> 00:11:03.730
that will eventually control
the entire Mediterranean.


Background of the Carthaginians

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.409
- [Instructor] In previous videos

00:00:01.409 --> 00:00:04.576
how Rome became a Republic in 509 BCE,

00:00:05.944 --> 00:00:08.700
but it's worth noting, and
I've done this in other videos,

00:00:08.700 --> 00:00:12.312
that at that point Rome
was not this vast empire.

00:00:12.312 --> 00:00:16.146
It was really just in
control of Rome itself.

00:00:16.146 --> 00:00:20.412
But over the next few hundred
years, it starts to expand.

00:00:20.412 --> 00:00:22.236
Rome is a militaristic society.

00:00:22.236 --> 00:00:25.128
The Roman legions start
to exert it's influence

00:00:25.128 --> 00:00:27.709
over more and more of
the surrounding people

00:00:27.709 --> 00:00:29.722
on the Italian Peninsula.

00:00:29.722 --> 00:00:32.422
We keep going several hundred years

00:00:32.422 --> 00:00:35.755
until we enter into the 3rd century BCE.

00:00:38.253 --> 00:00:41.663
This is a map of what the
Mediterranean, at least,

00:00:41.663 --> 00:00:45.830
looks like roughly as we enter
into that 3rd century BCE.

00:00:46.797 --> 00:00:50.001
You see, even though that Rome
has now exerted it's power

00:00:50.001 --> 00:00:53.241
over most of the Italian
Peninsula right over here,

00:00:53.241 --> 00:00:56.567
it was not the dominant
power in the Mediterranean.

00:00:56.567 --> 00:01:00.071
It was really the upstart,
the new and growing empire.

00:01:00.071 --> 00:01:02.279
There are other significant empires.

00:01:02.279 --> 00:01:06.179
You see here the remnants of
Alexander the Great's empire,

00:01:06.179 --> 00:01:10.311
his successors each now with
their own significant empire,

00:01:10.311 --> 00:01:14.522
and in particular, Ptolemaic
Egypt and Seleucid Persia,

00:01:14.522 --> 00:01:18.710
which had control over
much of the Middle East.

00:01:18.710 --> 00:01:21.505
The other empire that you see here in blue

00:01:21.505 --> 00:01:23.838
was the Carthaginian Empire.

00:01:24.900 --> 00:01:28.900
As we will see in the 3rd
and 2nd centuries BCE,

00:01:30.732 --> 00:01:34.549
Rome and Carthage are going
to come at loggerheads,

00:01:34.549 --> 00:01:37.595
and Rome, eventually,
is going to overthrow

00:01:37.595 --> 00:01:41.762
Carthage as the dominant
empire in the Mediterranean.

00:01:42.863 --> 00:01:44.615
But you can see in this
map right over here,

00:01:44.615 --> 00:01:47.725
entering into the 3rd century BCE,

00:01:47.725 --> 00:01:49.369
Carthage, that you see in blue,

00:01:49.369 --> 00:01:51.612
was a significant empire.

00:01:51.612 --> 00:01:55.319
So the question is, who
were these Carthaginians?

00:01:55.319 --> 00:01:58.212
The answer is is that
they were Phoenicians.

00:01:58.212 --> 00:01:59.736
Another answer is, even the

00:01:59.736 --> 00:02:01.814
Phoenicians did not call
themselves Phoenicians,

00:02:01.814 --> 00:02:03.360
but to understand where
all of this came from,

00:02:03.360 --> 00:02:06.445
we have to go back 5,000 years ago.

00:02:06.445 --> 00:02:09.800
5,000 years before, roughly
5,000 years before now,

00:02:09.800 --> 00:02:13.189
around 3,000 BCE, where you have

00:02:13.189 --> 00:02:16.356
these city-states like Tyre and Sidon.

00:02:17.930 --> 00:02:19.871
I don't know if you can see those well.

00:02:19.871 --> 00:02:20.916
Let me rewrite it.

00:02:20.916 --> 00:02:23.858
That is Tyre, this is Sidon.

00:02:23.858 --> 00:02:28.260
Now, this map is obviously a
map of the 3rd century BCE,

00:02:28.260 --> 00:02:30.949
but if you go back to when
these cities were founded,

00:02:30.949 --> 00:02:35.280
in fact, before they
were, I guess you can say,

00:02:35.280 --> 00:02:36.985
put under the influence of Nebuchadnezzar

00:02:36.985 --> 00:02:38.831
and then accumulated Persia,

00:02:38.831 --> 00:02:41.871
these were independent city-states.

00:02:41.871 --> 00:02:45.456
They're actually existing
cities in modern day Lebanon.

00:02:45.456 --> 00:02:47.016
In this region, then,

00:02:47.016 --> 00:02:49.389
the leading cities were Tyre and Sidon.

00:02:49.389 --> 00:02:50.903
You had a group of people that

00:02:50.903 --> 00:02:54.132
would later be known as the Phoenicians.

00:02:54.132 --> 00:02:58.151
The Phoenicians were
famous for many things.

00:02:58.151 --> 00:03:00.484
They were famous as traders,

00:03:03.445 --> 00:03:06.420
as really ship builders, and traders.

00:03:06.420 --> 00:03:08.459
And they colonized much of,

00:03:08.459 --> 00:03:12.853
or large segments, of the
coastline of the Mediterranean.

00:03:12.853 --> 00:03:17.113
This is going back thousands
and thousands of years.

00:03:17.113 --> 00:03:19.739
Carthage was one of those colonies.

00:03:19.739 --> 00:03:21.829
It was established in the 9th century,

00:03:21.829 --> 00:03:23.856
this is what modern
day historians believe,

00:03:23.856 --> 00:03:26.606
sometime between 846 and 813 BCE.

00:03:28.345 --> 00:03:32.316
It was a Phoenician
colony, it was set up as,

00:03:32.316 --> 00:03:36.624
really, a trading post for
the Tyrians, right over here.

00:03:36.624 --> 00:03:39.995
The reason why they're called Phoenicians,

00:03:39.995 --> 00:03:41.496
they didn't call themselves Phoenicians,

00:03:41.496 --> 00:03:44.186
these Phoenician people,
they were called that

00:03:44.186 --> 00:03:46.919
by the Greeks and later the Romans,

00:03:46.919 --> 00:03:51.577
because they were famous for
trading their purple dye.

00:03:51.577 --> 00:03:54.158
They had their purple dye,

00:03:54.158 --> 00:03:57.792
which was derived from mollusk mucous

00:03:57.792 --> 00:04:01.125
that they were able to get from the sea,

00:04:02.113 --> 00:04:05.878
as great sea traders and ship builders.

00:04:05.878 --> 00:04:10.045
They had this purple dye, and
the term for this purple dye,

00:04:11.353 --> 00:04:15.520
it was related to the word
phoinikes, or pho-ni-cian,

00:04:16.825 --> 00:04:19.587
and I know I'm not pronouncing it well.

00:04:19.587 --> 00:04:22.580
The Greeks and the Romans
of the time called them

00:04:22.580 --> 00:04:26.278
the Phoenician people
for their purple dye.

00:04:26.278 --> 00:04:31.018
Now, Carthage, as we will see
in probably the next video,

00:04:31.018 --> 00:04:33.826
Carthage has a series of wars with Rome,

00:04:33.826 --> 00:04:36.563
which are called the Punic Wars.

00:04:36.563 --> 00:04:40.764
I've always wondered, where
does that term Punic come from?

00:04:40.764 --> 00:04:42.550
Why isn't it called the Carthaginian Wars,

00:04:42.550 --> 00:04:45.685
or the Roman-Carthaginian Wars?

00:04:45.685 --> 00:04:48.109
And that's because the Carthaginians

00:04:48.109 --> 00:04:52.054
were referred to their origins
as coming from Phoenicia.

00:04:52.054 --> 00:04:55.137
The Latin term for that was poenicus,

00:04:56.629 --> 00:05:01.604
once again, related to the
Greek word for that purple dye.

00:05:01.604 --> 00:05:05.771
So poenicus became punic,
so the idea of Phoenician,

00:05:09.740 --> 00:05:12.438
these are all related words to each other.

00:05:12.438 --> 00:05:15.284
When we're talking about the Punic Wars,

00:05:15.284 --> 00:05:16.520
these are the Romans,

00:05:16.520 --> 00:05:18.464
or this is the modern day English.

00:05:18.464 --> 00:05:20.672
The Romans would have said poenicus.

00:05:20.672 --> 00:05:23.706
These wars were referring
to the wars with Carthage,

00:05:23.706 --> 00:05:26.370
who were descendant from the Phoenicians.

00:05:26.370 --> 00:05:27.916
Now, just as a side note,

00:05:27.916 --> 00:05:29.966
another thing that you
might be wondering about is,

00:05:29.966 --> 00:05:33.769
hey, this word, Phoenician,
it looks familiar.

00:05:33.769 --> 00:05:36.617
It looks like phonetic,
like the phonetic alphabet.

00:05:36.617 --> 00:05:40.542
That was the other famous
contribution of the Phoenicians,

00:05:40.542 --> 00:05:43.059
is that our alphabet,
the idea of our alphabet,

00:05:43.059 --> 00:05:47.226
was derived from the Phoenetic
alphabet of the Phoenicians.

00:05:48.532 --> 00:05:50.559
The Phoenicians did
many, many, many things.

00:05:50.559 --> 00:05:53.370
They settled much, they were
one of the real naval powers

00:05:53.370 --> 00:05:54.628
of the Mediterranean going back

00:05:54.628 --> 00:05:56.550
thousands, and thousands of years.

00:05:56.550 --> 00:06:00.495
By the time we get to the
Middle Roman Republic,

00:06:00.495 --> 00:06:04.840
we're in the 3rd century
BCE, we're in the 200s BCE,

00:06:04.840 --> 00:06:07.925
the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon,

00:06:07.925 --> 00:06:10.360
they're now part of the Seleucid Empire.

00:06:10.360 --> 00:06:11.670
The Seleucid Empire was one of

00:06:11.670 --> 00:06:14.484
the successor empires
of Alexander the Great,

00:06:14.484 --> 00:06:17.449
but their offspring,
so to speak, Carthage,

00:06:17.449 --> 00:06:20.955
is now a dominant power
in the Mediterranean.

00:06:20.955 --> 00:06:23.394
With Rome starting to exert it's might,

00:06:23.394 --> 00:06:25.142
although it has very powerful armies,

00:06:25.142 --> 00:06:28.110
it does not, at this point,
have a very powerful navy.

00:06:28.110 --> 00:06:31.527
But as we will see, as we get to 264 BCE,

00:06:32.366 --> 00:06:35.260
these two great powers
in the Mediterranean

00:06:35.260 --> 00:06:38.927
start to come into a
little bit of conflict.


Roman social and political structures

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.175 --> 00:00:01.008
- [Instructor] Talk a little bit about

00:00:01.008 --> 00:00:03.834
the social and political
structures of ancient Rome.

00:00:03.834 --> 00:00:06.079
It's important to keep
in mind that ancient Rome

00:00:06.079 --> 00:00:08.636
wasn't just this static
thing that never changed.

00:00:08.636 --> 00:00:11.047
It existed for over 1,000 years,

00:00:11.047 --> 00:00:14.019
from its period from its
founding as a kingdom,

00:00:14.019 --> 00:00:17.263
if you believe the founding myth,

00:00:17.263 --> 00:00:19.763
founded by Romulus in 753 BCE.

00:00:20.601 --> 00:00:23.256
Most historians don't
accept that founding myth.

00:00:23.256 --> 00:00:26.947
But then it became they
overthrew their last king

00:00:26.947 --> 00:00:29.447
in 509 BCE, Tarquin the Proud,

00:00:30.659 --> 00:00:32.765
and then they established
the Roman republic,

00:00:32.765 --> 00:00:35.048
which was eventually then turned into

00:00:35.048 --> 00:00:38.381
an empire by Julius Caesar and Augustus.

00:00:39.339 --> 00:00:41.947
And so, whenever you have
something this long lasting,

00:00:41.947 --> 00:00:43.188
you could imagine the social and

00:00:43.188 --> 00:00:46.142
the political structures
evolved over time.

00:00:46.142 --> 00:00:50.425
But let's begin with the
period when it was a kingdom,

00:00:50.425 --> 00:00:52.460
because even then there were some things

00:00:52.460 --> 00:00:54.785
that were noteworthy and some social

00:00:54.785 --> 00:00:56.314
and political structures that continued

00:00:56.314 --> 00:01:00.821
into the republic period and
even when it was an empire.

00:01:00.821 --> 00:01:02.388
So one interesting thing is that

00:01:02.388 --> 00:01:04.428
when we typically think of kings,

00:01:04.428 --> 00:01:08.077
we think of it as being
dynastic, that if I am king,

00:01:08.077 --> 00:01:10.712
then my oldest son, or
maybe in certain cultures,

00:01:10.712 --> 00:01:13.500
my oldest daughter might
become king or queen.

00:01:13.500 --> 00:01:15.492
But turns out, that many of the,

00:01:15.492 --> 00:01:18.549
especially the early kings
of the Roman kingdom,

00:01:18.549 --> 00:01:20.601
were actually elected.

00:01:20.601 --> 00:01:24.210
They had a lot of power, all
the power resided in them,

00:01:24.210 --> 00:01:26.938
they were the executive, the legislative,

00:01:26.938 --> 00:01:29.871
they were the judicial, they
even had religious power.

00:01:29.871 --> 00:01:33.130
But it's interesting to think
of the idea of elected kings.

00:01:33.130 --> 00:01:34.812
Now all of them weren't elected.

00:01:34.812 --> 00:01:38.363
Several of them were dynastic
but it is an interesting idea.

00:01:38.363 --> 00:01:40.593
Now another idea that emerged during

00:01:40.593 --> 00:01:44.685
the Roman kingdom is
this idea of citizenship.

00:01:44.685 --> 00:01:46.270
Now it's important to realize today,

00:01:46.270 --> 00:01:47.623
in a lot of countries, we think of

00:01:47.623 --> 00:01:50.822
oh, everyone who's a formal
resident of that country,

00:01:50.822 --> 00:01:52.904
you can view them as a citizen,

00:01:52.904 --> 00:01:55.200
or most of the people, you
could think of citizens,

00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:57.020
especially maybe people born in a country.

00:01:57.020 --> 00:01:59.060
But that was not the case in Rome.

00:01:59.060 --> 00:02:01.298
And when we go into this Roman kingdom,

00:02:01.298 --> 00:02:03.111
I'll remind, and I do this in many videos,

00:02:03.111 --> 00:02:06.171
we're not thinking about
this sprawling Roman empire

00:02:06.171 --> 00:02:08.516
that we'll see several
hundred years later.

00:02:08.516 --> 00:02:11.971
At that time, Rome was really
just in control of Rome

00:02:11.971 --> 00:02:14.527
and over time, especially
during the republic period,

00:02:14.527 --> 00:02:18.527
it starts to expand and
eventually have hegemony

00:02:19.420 --> 00:02:22.753
or dominant power over the Mediterranean

00:02:23.954 --> 00:02:25.754
or parts of the Middle East, I should say,

00:02:25.754 --> 00:02:27.671
and in southern Europe.

00:02:29.137 --> 00:02:30.935
But let's go back to this kingdom period.

00:02:30.935 --> 00:02:33.910
And what I'm about to
draw actually stays true

00:02:33.910 --> 00:02:35.905
through most of Roman civilization.

00:02:35.905 --> 00:02:37.183
If this white circle are the people

00:02:37.183 --> 00:02:41.990
who lived under Roman rule,
only a subset were citizens.

00:02:41.990 --> 00:02:43.159
So this were the citizens.

00:02:43.159 --> 00:02:47.326
These were male landowners,
citizens right over here.

00:02:48.221 --> 00:02:51.292
And within the citizens,
they were further divided

00:02:51.292 --> 00:02:52.875
between patricians,

00:02:54.777 --> 00:02:57.127
and you can think of them as the nobility,

00:02:57.127 --> 00:02:59.682
these were people and
they became patrician

00:02:59.682 --> 00:03:01.401
based on what family they were born into.

00:03:01.401 --> 00:03:02.730
And it's based on this idea and the word

00:03:02.730 --> 00:03:05.347
literally comes from this
idea that you are descended

00:03:05.347 --> 00:03:08.568
from the founding fathers of Rome.

00:03:08.568 --> 00:03:11.892
And then all the other
citizens were the plebians.

00:03:11.892 --> 00:03:15.475
So all of the other
ones were the plebians,

00:03:17.241 --> 00:03:18.683
right over here.

00:03:18.683 --> 00:03:21.910
And, as we'll see, over the patricians

00:03:21.910 --> 00:03:24.375
held most of the power
and most of the wealth

00:03:24.375 --> 00:03:25.952
for a significant amount of time.

00:03:25.952 --> 00:03:27.457
But as we go through the republic period,

00:03:27.457 --> 00:03:30.444
the plebians start to gain
more and more and more power

00:03:30.444 --> 00:03:32.771
and many plebians also
start to accrue wealth

00:03:32.771 --> 00:03:35.821
and some patrician
families do end up poor.

00:03:35.821 --> 00:03:37.735
But, for the most part, the patricians,

00:03:37.735 --> 00:03:38.833
they're the nobility,

00:03:38.833 --> 00:03:41.868
they're associated with the
aristocracy, but the plebians,

00:03:41.868 --> 00:03:44.661
some of them become wealthy
and powerful as well.

00:03:44.661 --> 00:03:45.708
Now you're probably saying what about

00:03:45.708 --> 00:03:47.321
all of these other people?

00:03:47.321 --> 00:03:49.960
Well, you could imagine
non-landholding males,

00:03:49.960 --> 00:03:53.579
you could imagine women,
you could imagine slaves.

00:03:53.579 --> 00:03:56.620
And even though we aggrandize Rome

00:03:56.620 --> 00:04:01.232
and there were many very
interesting things about Rome,

00:04:01.232 --> 00:04:03.982
one of the legacies that
Rome had, which maybe

00:04:03.982 --> 00:04:08.149
as the historians reflect a
little bit more negatively on,

00:04:09.163 --> 00:04:12.604
is that Roman society was
built on the idea of slaves.

00:04:12.604 --> 00:04:17.339
And most of the slaves were
people that they subjugated

00:04:17.339 --> 00:04:19.138
people that they conquered in other lands.

00:04:19.138 --> 00:04:21.381
They might have been people who at least

00:04:21.381 --> 00:04:24.148
the authorities thought they
committed a crime of some kind.

00:04:24.148 --> 00:04:27.092
But the society was built on slavery.

00:04:27.092 --> 00:04:29.761
So you had a large
segment of the population

00:04:29.761 --> 00:04:33.626
that had no rights, that
were considered slaves.

00:04:33.626 --> 00:04:36.387
Later on, they start to
gain some very, very basic,

00:04:36.387 --> 00:04:39.490
rudimentary rights, but you
can imagine, as a slave,

00:04:39.490 --> 00:04:41.990
close to no rights whatsoever.

00:04:43.019 --> 00:04:45.534
Now, other institutions that developed

00:04:45.534 --> 00:04:47.480
during the time of the Roman kingdom were

00:04:47.480 --> 00:04:49.462
an institution that developed at the time

00:04:49.462 --> 00:04:53.629
of the Roman kingdom was the
Senate, was the Roman Senate.

00:04:55.479 --> 00:04:58.889
And under the king, the
king had most of the power,

00:04:58.889 --> 00:05:01.724
but once the Roman
republic gets established,

00:05:01.724 --> 00:05:05.646
it's actually the Senate where
most of the power resides.

00:05:05.646 --> 00:05:08.469
Now, this right over here, is a depiction,

00:05:08.469 --> 00:05:10.954
that came much later, of the Roman Senate.

00:05:10.954 --> 00:05:12.160
And it's important to realize that

00:05:12.160 --> 00:05:14.283
the Senate was not the only institution

00:05:14.283 --> 00:05:18.083
or the only position
within the Roman republic.

00:05:18.083 --> 00:05:19.916
The consuls were there

00:05:21.262 --> 00:05:24.463
and you could view the
consuls as the executives,

00:05:24.463 --> 00:05:27.315
or if you think of a system
like the United States,

00:05:27.315 --> 00:05:30.654
the executive power
resides in the President,

00:05:30.654 --> 00:05:32.944
so it's analogous to the President.

00:05:32.944 --> 00:05:34.473
They are running the government.

00:05:34.473 --> 00:05:38.163
They are also commander
in chief of the military.

00:05:38.163 --> 00:05:40.444
Now, consuls, even
though it was considered

00:05:40.444 --> 00:05:43.737
a very high title, their
power was very limited.

00:05:43.737 --> 00:05:46.306
There was two of them at any given time,

00:05:46.306 --> 00:05:48.284
so I just drew the two consuls.

00:05:48.284 --> 00:05:51.250
They could veto each
other at any given time

00:05:51.250 --> 00:05:54.073
to keep any one consul
from getting too powerful

00:05:54.073 --> 00:05:56.719
and they only had a one year term.

00:05:56.719 --> 00:05:59.029
And during that one year,
they would alternate

00:05:59.029 --> 00:06:02.558
on a monthly basis on who
was the more senior consul.

00:06:02.558 --> 00:06:05.168
So you could imagine the consuls

00:06:05.168 --> 00:06:07.583
were limited in many, many, many ways.

00:06:07.583 --> 00:06:09.195
And even though the Senate officially

00:06:09.195 --> 00:06:10.994
was supposed to advise the consuls,

00:06:10.994 --> 00:06:13.547
in practice, what the Senate told

00:06:13.547 --> 00:06:17.581
the consuls to do, the
consuls actually did.

00:06:17.581 --> 00:06:20.256
So another question is,
well, who gets to be a consul

00:06:20.256 --> 00:06:22.340
and who gets to be a Senate?

00:06:22.340 --> 00:06:23.709
Well, in the early days, the Senate

00:06:23.709 --> 00:06:27.717
was mainly or it was
patrician, and over time,

00:06:27.717 --> 00:06:29.899
as plebians start to
exert more and more power,

00:06:29.899 --> 00:06:32.394
especially as we go into
the mid and later republic,

00:06:32.394 --> 00:06:34.000
Roman republic, you start to have

00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:36.217
more wealthy plebians in the Senate.

00:06:36.217 --> 00:06:39.880
But in general, the Senate is
composed of the aristocracy.

00:06:39.880 --> 00:06:44.047
So wealthy and influential
men of Rome are in the Senate.

00:06:46.028 --> 00:06:48.661
How are they selected for the Senate?

00:06:48.661 --> 00:06:50.707
Well, in the early days,
it was actually the consuls

00:06:50.707 --> 00:06:52.189
who selected the Senators.

00:06:52.189 --> 00:06:54.381
Later on, or shortly thereafter,

00:06:54.381 --> 00:06:56.929
and for most of the
republic period of Rome,

00:06:56.929 --> 00:06:59.846
it was a position called the censor

00:07:01.518 --> 00:07:05.685
that decided who got to
actually serve in the Senate.

00:07:07.694 --> 00:07:08.894
Now another question you might say

00:07:08.894 --> 00:07:11.203
is well, who's deciding
who gets to be a consul,

00:07:11.203 --> 00:07:12.189
who gets to be a censor,

00:07:12.189 --> 00:07:14.730
and there's many other of
these executive positions

00:07:14.730 --> 00:07:16.884
that are generally called magistrates,

00:07:16.884 --> 00:07:19.559
and that came from one
of the assemblies of

00:07:19.559 --> 00:07:23.726
the Roman republic, in particular,
the Centuriate assembly.

00:07:26.460 --> 00:07:28.127
Centuriate assembly,

00:07:30.149 --> 00:07:33.754
which elected consuls,
the senior executives,

00:07:33.754 --> 00:07:35.020
the senior magistrates,

00:07:35.020 --> 00:07:38.453
is one way that you could think
about it, they elected them.

00:07:38.453 --> 00:07:41.332
And who was in the Centuriate assembly

00:07:41.332 --> 00:07:43.630
and why did they call it
the Centuriate assembly?

00:07:43.630 --> 00:07:47.149
Well, it started off as citizen soldiers

00:07:47.149 --> 00:07:51.278
being grouped into groups of
100 and on a particular issue,

00:07:51.278 --> 00:07:54.182
including who should be elected consul,

00:07:54.182 --> 00:07:55.555
this group of 100 would vote,

00:07:55.555 --> 00:07:58.430
whatever the majority would
be, then their representative

00:07:58.430 --> 00:08:00.314
to the assembly would vote that way.

00:08:00.314 --> 00:08:01.874
So they wouldn't just
select a representative

00:08:01.874 --> 00:08:04.516
and that representative
could do anything they want.

00:08:04.516 --> 00:08:07.217
They would tell that
representative how to vote,

00:08:07.217 --> 00:08:09.096
but that's why it was called
a Centuriate assembly,

00:08:09.096 --> 00:08:11.398
because you had these groups of 100.

00:08:11.398 --> 00:08:14.469
And a lot of their power was
in electing these consuls

00:08:14.469 --> 00:08:16.523
and these other senior magistrates.

00:08:16.523 --> 00:08:18.599
But that wasn't the only assembly.

00:08:18.599 --> 00:08:21.923
You also had the tribunal assembly.

00:08:21.923 --> 00:08:25.451
This is breaking up the Roman population,

00:08:25.451 --> 00:08:27.951
the Roman citizenry, by tribe.

00:08:29.721 --> 00:08:33.721
And this had both plebians
and patricians in it.

00:08:35.446 --> 00:08:37.413
So this is the tribunal assembly.

00:08:37.413 --> 00:08:41.580
You also have the Plebian
Council, this was only plebians.

00:08:43.522 --> 00:08:47.120
You also have the Plebian Council.

00:08:47.120 --> 00:08:50.939
And even though, all of these,
and they evolved over time.

00:08:50.939 --> 00:08:53.396
Over time, the plebians started
to get more and more power,

00:08:53.396 --> 00:08:56.829
the general idea, especially
during the Roman republic,

00:08:56.829 --> 00:08:59.493
is that the Senate is
where the important debates

00:08:59.493 --> 00:09:02.568
on foreign policy happened,
the important debates

00:09:02.568 --> 00:09:05.912
on what Rome should become as a society,

00:09:05.912 --> 00:09:09.495
as a republic, and
eventually as an empire.


Photoperiodism

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.855
- [Instructor] So one
question that biologists

00:00:01.855 --> 00:00:04.013
have long asked is how do plants know

00:00:04.013 --> 00:00:07.365
what to do at different times of the year?

00:00:07.365 --> 00:00:10.037
And one mechanism by which they know,

00:00:10.037 --> 00:00:12.441
kind of, you could say,
what time of year it is,

00:00:12.441 --> 00:00:15.604
is through photoperiodism,
photo for light,

00:00:15.604 --> 00:00:17.925
and then period you could think of length,

00:00:17.925 --> 00:00:19.939
the length of the light,
or another way of thinking

00:00:19.939 --> 00:00:23.387
about it, based on the day length.

00:00:23.387 --> 00:00:26.804
And an often cited
example of photoperiodism

00:00:26.804 --> 00:00:30.517
is that many plants
figure out when to flower

00:00:30.517 --> 00:00:33.144
based on the length of the day.

00:00:33.144 --> 00:00:36.588
Certain plants flower
when the days are long,

00:00:36.588 --> 00:00:40.038
those are naturally
called long day plants,

00:00:40.038 --> 00:00:43.194
and there are certain
flowers, actually flower

00:00:43.194 --> 00:00:45.295
when the day is short, and those

00:00:45.295 --> 00:00:49.261
are logically called short day plants.

00:00:49.261 --> 00:00:52.061
So the day length seems
to have something to do,

00:00:52.061 --> 00:00:56.205
somehow regulates when the
plants actually flower,

00:00:56.205 --> 00:00:58.596
but how does the plant actually do that?

00:00:58.596 --> 00:01:01.910
How does it respond to
the length of the day?

00:01:01.910 --> 00:01:04.183
Well, different experiments
have been performed,

00:01:04.183 --> 00:01:06.550
and for example, short day plants,

00:01:06.550 --> 00:01:09.634
let me scroll down here
to look at an experiment

00:01:09.634 --> 00:01:13.701
dealing with short day
plants, so it turns out

00:01:13.701 --> 00:01:16.179
that short day plants,
when you look at this,

00:01:16.179 --> 00:01:17.850
actually let's just look at the data

00:01:17.850 --> 00:01:19.900
before I explain what's going on here.

00:01:19.900 --> 00:01:22.332
So this is just the hours of the day,

00:01:22.332 --> 00:01:25.027
this is midnight, and then
we get back to midnight,

00:01:25.027 --> 00:01:28.217
I guess that's one way to think about it,

00:01:28.217 --> 00:01:31.548
and we can see here that
this is a short day plant

00:01:31.548 --> 00:01:34.371
because when the day is short,
when it's only eight hours

00:01:34.371 --> 00:01:37.407
and the night is long, this plant flowers.

00:01:37.407 --> 00:01:40.110
So this one flowers, and when
it's the other way around,

00:01:40.110 --> 00:01:43.020
when the day is long
and the night is short,

00:01:43.020 --> 00:01:47.187
well, it doesn't flower, and
so this is a short day plant.

00:01:51.271 --> 00:01:53.972
And so an interesting question is,

00:01:53.972 --> 00:01:56.969
is it the length of the
day that is dictating

00:01:56.969 --> 00:01:58.798
whether the plant is flowering,

00:01:58.798 --> 00:02:00.833
or is it the length of the night

00:02:00.833 --> 00:02:03.480
that is dictating whether
the plant is flowering?

00:02:03.480 --> 00:02:07.311
And it turns out that for
many short day plants,

00:02:07.311 --> 00:02:10.607
often, actually most of the
ones that have been studied,

00:02:10.607 --> 00:02:13.800
that if you have one of these short days

00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:16.505
but you interrupt the
night with just a little

00:02:16.505 --> 00:02:19.604
brief moment of sunlight,
just a few minutes of sunlight

00:02:19.604 --> 00:02:22.585
right over here, the
plant will not flower.

00:02:22.585 --> 00:02:25.503
And so one conclusion that
you can take from this

00:02:25.503 --> 00:02:28.589
is it's actually not so
much the length of the day

00:02:28.589 --> 00:02:30.479
because if it was just
the length of the day

00:02:30.479 --> 00:02:32.625
it would make sense that
it would still flower here.

00:02:32.625 --> 00:02:35.435
But it's actually the length
of an uninterrupted night.

00:02:35.435 --> 00:02:38.156
How long does the night
last without interruption

00:02:38.156 --> 00:02:40.323
from some type of a light?

00:02:41.446 --> 00:02:44.783
And so this tells us that
these short day plants,

00:02:44.783 --> 00:02:48.816
it's actually more dependent
on the night length.

00:02:48.816 --> 00:02:52.798
Night length, so you could
think of a short day plant

00:02:52.798 --> 00:02:55.864
as a long night plant, but as we know,

00:02:55.864 --> 00:02:59.078
and over here we can see that
when you interrupt the day,

00:02:59.078 --> 00:03:00.715
that doesn't make the difference,

00:03:00.715 --> 00:03:03.594
the plant doesn't all of
a sudden start flowering

00:03:03.594 --> 00:03:05.730
when it says, oh, I got
a little bit of darkness

00:03:05.730 --> 00:03:08.407
in my day, my day has
been broken up somewhere.

00:03:08.407 --> 00:03:10.762
So this type of result,
when these experiments

00:03:10.762 --> 00:03:12.945
have been performed, make us think, okay,

00:03:12.945 --> 00:03:15.109
at least for many short
day plants it seems

00:03:15.109 --> 00:03:18.144
like night length is
what actually matters.

00:03:18.144 --> 00:03:20.565
Now, for other types of plants,

00:03:20.565 --> 00:03:22.724
and in everything I talk
about, this isn't absolute,

00:03:22.724 --> 00:03:26.051
it's not that all short
day plants operate one way

00:03:26.051 --> 00:03:29.483
or all long day plants
operate another way,

00:03:29.483 --> 00:03:31.604
but this is to give you
a sense of the various

00:03:31.604 --> 00:03:35.070
mechanisms we find in the world around us.

00:03:35.070 --> 00:03:38.260
So for example, many long
day plants actually do

00:03:38.260 --> 00:03:42.006
operate on the day, actually,
let me write this down.

00:03:42.006 --> 00:03:46.012
So long day plants, you can
think of them in two groups,

00:03:46.012 --> 00:03:49.291
there are the ones that are
dependent on night length,

00:03:49.291 --> 00:03:52.104
so night length, and so,

00:03:52.104 --> 00:03:54.698
a long day plant that's
dependent on night length,

00:03:54.698 --> 00:03:57.624
you could call it a short night plant.

00:03:57.624 --> 00:04:00.487
Short night, and these are called,

00:04:00.487 --> 00:04:03.070
these are called dark dominant.

00:04:04.629 --> 00:04:05.796
Dark dominant.

00:04:08.034 --> 00:04:10.194
But you have other long day plants,

00:04:10.194 --> 00:04:12.836
plants that might flower
when the days are longer,

00:04:12.836 --> 00:04:15.375
say as we are entering the summer,

00:04:15.375 --> 00:04:18.918
that actually are dependent on day length.

00:04:18.918 --> 00:04:21.576
And sometimes it's not
just the photoperiod,

00:04:21.576 --> 00:04:23.997
it's not just the day
length that is dictating

00:04:23.997 --> 00:04:26.429
some type of biological process,

00:04:26.429 --> 00:04:30.277
it's day length plus
some other type of thing.

00:04:30.277 --> 00:04:33.940
So, plus other things
that might factor into it.

00:04:33.940 --> 00:04:36.574
And this type of thing
where you have day length,

00:04:36.574 --> 00:04:38.855
or when you have some external cue,

00:04:38.855 --> 00:04:40.803
plus maybe some other cues,

00:04:40.803 --> 00:04:43.123
maybe some of these are
internal biological cues,

00:04:43.123 --> 00:04:45.503
this is called an external
coincidence model,

00:04:45.503 --> 00:04:48.405
because the external factors
coinciding with maybe

00:04:48.405 --> 00:04:50.809
something that is happening internal.

00:04:50.809 --> 00:04:53.559
And an example of that is a plant

00:04:55.510 --> 00:04:58.260
where it produces mRNA every day,

00:05:00.054 --> 00:05:03.155
every day as the day starts to end,

00:05:03.155 --> 00:05:07.968
it starts to produce mRNA, and
this mRNA codes for protein,

00:05:07.968 --> 00:05:10.468
this is the Arabidopsis plant,

00:05:11.734 --> 00:05:13.676
I can never pronounce things well,

00:05:13.676 --> 00:05:17.099
but in the Arabidopsis
plant it produces every day,

00:05:17.099 --> 00:05:19.287
this is just part of its circadian cycle.

00:05:19.287 --> 00:05:21.473
Circadian cycle is just this daily cycle,

00:05:21.473 --> 00:05:23.694
you can see that it
produces, it starts producing

00:05:23.694 --> 00:05:27.151
a lot of this CONSTANS gene mRNA

00:05:27.151 --> 00:05:31.522
and this CONSTANS mRNA
produces the CONSTANS protein,

00:05:31.522 --> 00:05:34.768
I'lljust call that CO for short,

00:05:34.768 --> 00:05:37.471
and the CONSTANS protein,
once it gets to a high

00:05:37.471 --> 00:05:42.204
enough threshold, the plant
is going to start flowering.

00:05:42.204 --> 00:05:44.329
And I'm oversimplifying the mechanism,

00:05:44.329 --> 00:05:46.650
as all biological mechanisms
we see, when you dig down,

00:05:46.650 --> 00:05:48.864
it's a lot more detailed than this,

00:05:48.864 --> 00:05:50.811
but this gives you the general sense.

00:05:50.811 --> 00:05:52.267
But what happened, you might say, okay,

00:05:52.267 --> 00:05:54.891
well if this is happening every day,

00:05:54.891 --> 00:05:58.165
if during the daytime I guess you can say,

00:05:58.165 --> 00:06:00.925
the mRNA levels are low,
but then as we get further

00:06:00.925 --> 00:06:03.864
and further into the day,
the mRNA levels go up

00:06:03.864 --> 00:06:07.614
and we start producing
this CONSTANS protein,

00:06:08.547 --> 00:06:12.503
if you start producing a bunch
of this CONSTANS protein,

00:06:12.503 --> 00:06:15.730
why doesn't this thing flower every day?

00:06:15.730 --> 00:06:19.119
And the answer is when
this CONSTANS protein

00:06:19.119 --> 00:06:22.798
gets higher and higher
but there isn't light,

00:06:22.798 --> 00:06:25.473
it just naturally gets degraded.

00:06:25.473 --> 00:06:28.076
It just naturally gets degraded.

00:06:28.076 --> 00:06:32.246
So in the situation that
I'm drawing right over here,

00:06:32.246 --> 00:06:36.425
if this is a shorter day,
well, this plant won't flower.

00:06:36.425 --> 00:06:40.592
But if we have a longer day,
if we have a longer day,

00:06:42.033 --> 00:06:45.462
let me make the day a
little bit longer now,

00:06:45.462 --> 00:06:49.755
so if we have a longer day, so
if this day were to continue,

00:06:49.755 --> 00:06:54.434
well, that triggers proteins
that actually protect

00:06:54.434 --> 00:06:59.321
these CONSTANS protein and
keeps them from being degraded.

00:06:59.321 --> 00:07:02.271
And so in this longer day situation,

00:07:02.271 --> 00:07:05.767
so in this longer day situation,

00:07:05.767 --> 00:07:08.593
make it clear that the day
has gotten longer here,

00:07:08.593 --> 00:07:10.824
these things won't be
degraded, you can think of it

00:07:10.824 --> 00:07:12.886
as the light is triggering
things that are protecting

00:07:12.886 --> 00:07:15.725
these proteins, and so in
this longer day scenario,

00:07:15.725 --> 00:07:19.892
these things, this Arabidopsis
plant will actually flower.

00:07:22.938 --> 00:07:26.235
So the whole point of this
video is to appreciate

00:07:26.235 --> 00:07:30.565
that photoperiod can
affect whether a plant

00:07:30.565 --> 00:07:32.506
does something like flowering or not,

00:07:32.506 --> 00:07:34.906
and flowering isn't the
only biological process

00:07:34.906 --> 00:07:37.135
that might be dictated by day length,

00:07:37.135 --> 00:07:40.013
and day length isn't the
only way of cueing to a plant

00:07:40.013 --> 00:07:42.989
what time of year it is or
whether it should regulate.

00:07:42.989 --> 00:07:44.799
And sometimes it's a
combination of things,

00:07:44.799 --> 00:07:48.654
sometimes it's a circadian
rhythm combined with day length,

00:07:48.654 --> 00:07:50.935
and we've also seen sometimes
it's not the day length

00:07:50.935 --> 00:07:54.867
but it actually might be the
night length that matters most.


Interval of convergence for derivative and integral

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.738
- [Instructor] Times in our
dealings with powers series.

00:00:02.738 --> 00:00:04.416
We might wanna take the derivative,

00:00:04.416 --> 00:00:06.209
or we might want to integrate them.

00:00:06.209 --> 00:00:09.183
And in general, we can
do this term by term.

00:00:09.183 --> 00:00:10.468
What do I mean by that?

00:00:10.468 --> 00:00:13.180
Well, that means that the derivative of f,

00:00:13.180 --> 00:00:16.203
f prime of x, is just
gonna be the derivative

00:00:16.203 --> 00:00:17.778
of each of these terms.

00:00:17.778 --> 00:00:21.615
So that's gonna be the sum
from n equals one to infinity.

00:00:21.615 --> 00:00:24.000
And let's see, the
derivative of x to the n

00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:26.683
is n times x to the n minus one.

00:00:26.683 --> 00:00:29.785
So I could write this as n
times x to the n minus one

00:00:29.785 --> 00:00:32.128
all of that over n.

00:00:32.128 --> 00:00:34.093
And these ns will cancel out,

00:00:34.093 --> 00:00:36.427
so this is just going to be,

00:00:36.427 --> 00:00:40.081
this is just going to
be x to the n minus one.

00:00:40.081 --> 00:00:43.230
So this is taking the
derivative with respect to x.

00:00:43.230 --> 00:00:45.170
Similarly, we could integrate,

00:00:45.170 --> 00:00:49.045
we could integrate and we could evaluate,

00:00:49.045 --> 00:00:52.962
we could evaluate the
integral of f of x dx,

00:00:54.184 --> 00:00:57.785
and this is going to be
equal to some constant plus,

00:00:57.785 --> 00:01:00.618
if we integrate this term by term.

00:01:01.812 --> 00:01:03.580
And so this is going
to be equal to the sum

00:01:03.580 --> 00:01:05.949
from n equals one to infinity.

00:01:05.949 --> 00:01:07.660
And let's see, we increment the exponent,

00:01:07.660 --> 00:01:10.833
so x to the n plus one,
and then we divide by that.

00:01:10.833 --> 00:01:15.165
So times n plus one times
this n right over here.

00:01:15.165 --> 00:01:18.425
So this is a common
technique that you will see

00:01:18.425 --> 00:01:20.179
when dealing with power series.

00:01:20.179 --> 00:01:22.296
And we're gonna go a little
bit more into the details,

00:01:22.296 --> 00:01:25.038
because you can only do this for x values

00:01:25.038 --> 00:01:29.122
within the interval of
convergence for the power series.

00:01:29.122 --> 00:01:31.958
And as we will see, the
interval of convergence

00:01:31.958 --> 00:01:36.148
for these different series
is slightly different.

00:01:36.148 --> 00:01:37.872
The intervals are very similar,

00:01:37.872 --> 00:01:40.866
but what happens at the
endpoint is different.

00:01:40.866 --> 00:01:43.192
So I encourage you, pause this video,

00:01:43.192 --> 00:01:45.886
and see if you can figure out
the interval of convergence

00:01:45.886 --> 00:01:48.066
for each of these series.

00:01:48.066 --> 00:01:50.614
This is the integral
of our original series,

00:01:50.614 --> 00:01:53.750
and this is the derivative
of our original series.

00:01:53.750 --> 00:01:55.732
So let's start with our original series.

00:01:55.732 --> 00:01:58.734
Let's figure out the
interval of convergence.

00:01:58.734 --> 00:02:01.378
So we could do that using the ratio test.

00:02:01.378 --> 00:02:04.573
So the ratio test, we
would want to do the limit,

00:02:04.573 --> 00:02:08.740
the limit as n approaches
infinity of a sub n plus one,

00:02:10.295 --> 00:02:14.761
so that's gonna be x to the
n plus one over n plus one,

00:02:14.761 --> 00:02:19.248
divided by a sub n, so
that's x to the n over n.

00:02:19.248 --> 00:02:21.217
So we want to take the
absolute value of that.

00:02:21.217 --> 00:02:25.384
That's gonna be the limit
as n approaches infinity.

00:02:26.279 --> 00:02:29.147
Let's see, this is, if
you divide this and this

00:02:29.147 --> 00:02:31.922
by x to the n, that's gonna be a one,

00:02:31.922 --> 00:02:34.487
and this is just going to be an x,

00:02:34.487 --> 00:02:36.650
and then this n is going to end up top.

00:02:36.650 --> 00:02:40.150
So this is going to be xn over n plus one.

00:02:41.672 --> 00:02:46.527
And this is equal to the limit
as n approaches infinity of,

00:02:46.527 --> 00:02:49.374
let's see, if we divide the
numerator and denominators here

00:02:49.374 --> 00:02:50.374
by one over,

00:02:51.929 --> 00:02:54.492
if we divide by both the numerator
and the denominator by n,

00:02:54.492 --> 00:02:58.325
we're gonna get x over
one plus one over n.

00:02:59.533 --> 00:03:01.745
And what is this going to be?

00:03:01.745 --> 00:03:04.008
Well, this term's gonna go to zero,

00:03:04.008 --> 00:03:08.035
so this is just gonna be equal
to the absolute value of x.

00:03:08.035 --> 00:03:11.553
And the ratio test tells us
that this series is convergent

00:03:11.553 --> 00:03:15.138
if this right over here is less than one,

00:03:15.138 --> 00:03:18.075
it's divergent if this
is greater than one,

00:03:18.075 --> 00:03:20.702
and it's inconclusive if this equals one.

00:03:20.702 --> 00:03:22.682
So we know, let's write that down.

00:03:22.682 --> 00:03:25.849
We know we are convergent, convergent,

00:03:27.313 --> 00:03:28.480
convergent for

00:03:29.781 --> 00:03:34.201
the absolute value of x less
than one when this thing,

00:03:34.201 --> 00:03:36.254
when it is less than one.

00:03:36.254 --> 00:03:39.216
We know that we are divergent

00:03:39.216 --> 00:03:42.706
when this thing is greater than one,

00:03:42.706 --> 00:03:45.096
when the absolute value
of x is greater than one.

00:03:45.096 --> 00:03:48.621
But what about when the absolute
value of x is equal to one?

00:03:48.621 --> 00:03:50.163
That's where the ratio test breaks down

00:03:50.163 --> 00:03:52.320
and we have to test that separately.

00:03:52.320 --> 00:03:55.148
So let's look at the scenario where

00:03:55.148 --> 00:03:56.648
x is equal to one.

00:03:57.650 --> 00:04:01.567
When x equals to one,
this series is the sum

00:04:02.655 --> 00:04:06.763
from n equals one to infinity
of one to the n over n.

00:04:06.763 --> 00:04:08.796
Well, that's just gonna be one over n.

00:04:08.796 --> 00:04:12.050
This is the harmonic
series or the p-series

00:04:12.050 --> 00:04:13.684
where our p is one.

00:04:13.684 --> 00:04:17.290
And we've seen in multiple
videos that this diverges.

00:04:17.290 --> 00:04:19.632
So when x equals one, we diverge.

00:04:19.632 --> 00:04:21.888
What about when x equals negative one.

00:04:21.888 --> 00:04:25.795
When x equals negative one,
this thing becomes the sum

00:04:25.795 --> 00:04:28.878
from n equals one to infinity

00:04:28.878 --> 00:04:32.161
of negative one to the n over n.

00:04:32.161 --> 00:04:35.883
And this is often known as the
alternating harmonic series.

00:04:35.883 --> 00:04:38.404
And this one by the
alternating series test,

00:04:38.404 --> 00:04:39.766
this one actually converges.

00:04:39.766 --> 00:04:42.430
And we've seen that in multiple videos.

00:04:42.430 --> 00:04:45.224
So it turns out the
interval of convergence

00:04:45.224 --> 00:04:47.244
for our original thing right over here,

00:04:47.244 --> 00:04:49.350
our interval of convergence,

00:04:49.350 --> 00:04:51.350
interval of convergence,

00:04:55.078 --> 00:04:56.425
convergence here,

00:04:56.425 --> 00:04:58.342
is we can, x can be,

00:04:59.886 --> 00:05:02.083
so it could be, x can be

00:05:02.083 --> 00:05:03.949
greater than or equal to negative one,

00:05:03.949 --> 00:05:06.311
or I could say negative one
is less than or equal to x,

00:05:06.311 --> 00:05:09.864
because if x is negative
one, we still converge,

00:05:09.864 --> 00:05:12.844
but then x has to be less than one,

00:05:12.844 --> 00:05:14.796
because right at one we diverge,

00:05:14.796 --> 00:05:17.029
so we can't say less than or equal to.

00:05:17.029 --> 00:05:18.676
So this is the interval of convergence

00:05:18.676 --> 00:05:20.066
for our original function.

00:05:20.066 --> 00:05:22.182
What about the interval of
convergence for this one

00:05:22.182 --> 00:05:24.708
right over here when
we take the derivative?

00:05:24.708 --> 00:05:27.287
Well, when we take the derivative,

00:05:27.287 --> 00:05:31.454
this is, this is the same
thing as x to the zero

00:05:34.586 --> 00:05:36.503
plus x to the first,

00:05:37.421 --> 00:05:39.382
plus x to the second,

00:05:39.382 --> 00:05:41.179
and we go on and on and on.

00:05:41.179 --> 00:05:42.381
Now you might recognize this,

00:05:42.381 --> 00:05:46.340
this is a geometric series
with common ratio of x.

00:05:46.340 --> 00:05:47.173
Geometric

00:05:49.297 --> 00:05:50.130
series,

00:05:51.660 --> 00:05:54.147
series, where our common ratio,

00:05:54.147 --> 00:05:57.232
often noted by r, is equal to x.

00:05:57.232 --> 00:05:59.556
And we know that a
geometric series converges

00:05:59.556 --> 00:06:02.761
only in the situation where the,

00:06:02.761 --> 00:06:04.933
where our common ratio,
where the absolute value

00:06:04.933 --> 00:06:06.849
of our common ratio,

00:06:06.849 --> 00:06:08.849
so converges, converges,

00:06:10.896 --> 00:06:13.294
only in the situation
where the absolute value

00:06:13.294 --> 00:06:16.212
of our common ratio is less than one.

00:06:16.212 --> 00:06:18.390
So in this situation, when
we took the derivative

00:06:18.390 --> 00:06:21.150
for f prime of x, our
interval of convergence

00:06:21.150 --> 00:06:22.768
is almost the same.

00:06:22.768 --> 00:06:25.685
So here our interval of convergence

00:06:28.623 --> 00:06:32.092
is going to be x has to be between

00:06:32.092 --> 00:06:34.161
negative one and one,

00:06:34.161 --> 00:06:36.112
but it can't be equal to negative one.

00:06:36.112 --> 00:06:38.795
At negative one we would actually diverge,

00:06:38.795 --> 00:06:40.385
and at one we would diverge.

00:06:40.385 --> 00:06:42.742
So notice, these are almost the same.

00:06:42.742 --> 00:06:46.869
If we view these as
series centered at zero,

00:06:46.869 --> 00:06:50.191
the radius of convergence is the same.

00:06:50.191 --> 00:06:54.116
We can go one above, one
below, one above, one below.

00:06:54.116 --> 00:06:55.578
And that's in general truths.

00:06:55.578 --> 00:06:57.061
We take derivatives as integrals.

00:06:57.061 --> 00:06:58.894
But the endpoints of our interval

00:06:58.894 --> 00:07:00.758
of convergence can be different.

00:07:00.758 --> 00:07:02.693
And to continue to see this,

00:07:02.693 --> 00:07:05.808
I encourage you to use the ratio test

00:07:05.808 --> 00:07:08.391
to figure out one, what is the,

00:07:10.401 --> 00:07:13.969
well, use the ratio test plus
using the boundary conditions,

00:07:13.969 --> 00:07:18.126
figure out what the
interval of convergence is

00:07:18.126 --> 00:07:20.477
for the antiderivative,
for the integral here.

00:07:20.477 --> 00:07:21.778
And what you will see is

00:07:21.778 --> 00:07:23.994
the radius of convergence is the same.

00:07:23.994 --> 00:07:26.877
We can go one above
zero and one below zero.

00:07:26.877 --> 00:07:27.969
We have to be in that interval.

00:07:27.969 --> 00:07:30.521
But as you will see, this one converges

00:07:30.521 --> 00:07:34.857
for x equals negative one or x equals one.

00:07:34.857 --> 00:07:36.402
I'll just cut to the chase here.

00:07:36.402 --> 00:07:40.427
So, interval of, let me
write that in yellow.

00:07:40.427 --> 00:07:44.594
The interval of convergence
for this top one converges,

00:07:46.348 --> 00:07:49.934
converges for negative one is less than x,

00:07:49.934 --> 00:07:52.172
is less than or equal to one.

00:07:52.172 --> 00:07:54.628
So notice, they all have the
same radius of convergence,

00:07:54.628 --> 00:07:58.757
but the interval of convergence,
it differs at the endpoint.

00:07:58.757 --> 00:08:01.207
And if you wanna prove
this one for yourself,

00:08:01.207 --> 00:08:03.399
I encourage you to use
a very similar technique

00:08:03.399 --> 00:08:05.266
that we use for our original function.

00:08:05.266 --> 00:08:09.421
Use the ratio test, you're
gonna come to this conclusion

00:08:09.421 --> 00:08:11.565
right over here, and then test the cases

00:08:11.565 --> 00:08:15.346
when x is equal to one and
x is equal to negative one.

00:08:15.346 --> 00:08:17.549
And you will see when x
is equal to negative one,

00:08:17.549 --> 00:08:20.431
you have an alternating p-series,
so that's gonna converge.

00:08:20.431 --> 00:08:23.151
And then when x equals one,
you're gonna have a p-series

00:08:23.151 --> 00:08:26.820
where the denominator has
a degree larger than one,

00:08:26.820 --> 00:08:28.597
or something similar to a p-series.

00:08:28.597 --> 00:08:30.973
And you can establish
that it will also converge

00:08:30.973 --> 00:08:33.056
in that scenario as well.