Sal answers questions from attendees at his Schoolhouse.world series

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- I'd love to answer any questions

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y'all have about anything.

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Raise your hands.

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Or probably raising your hand
is the best way to do it.

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Yes, Kai, ask your question.

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- All right, thanks.

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Thanks again, Sal, for taking your time

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and answering questions.

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Super appreciate it.

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My question revolves around a lot of like

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things that my colleagues have brought up,

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which is like dealing with burnout,

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especially with like obviously last year

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with the coronavirus and
even now with Delta variant

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and like some quarantine and
some measures coming back in.

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I think a lot of people, you know,

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they're dealing with multiple
things outside of work,

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but it affects their work
and their state of mind.

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So what are some tips that you have

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like dealing with burnout?

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- Good question and excellent question.

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Maybe the most important question.

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And I think burnout is
one of these things.

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I don't know how many,

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I'm sure everyone here has experienced it

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in some way, shape, or form.

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But it creeps up on you.

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You think you can handle it.

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You think you can handle it.

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You think you can handle it

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until you can't handle it anymore.

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And then it's usually
too late to address it.

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There's a couple of things
that I have done preventatively

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that I have found have been
like life-changing for me.

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I meditate regularly.

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I remember when I was younger.

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I was intrigued by this
idea of meditation.

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It seemed very mystical and very powerful.

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But I remember when I tried
it when I was a teenager.

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I was like, you just sit
quietly for 10 minutes,

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20 minutes, 30 minutes.

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How does that work?

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And in hindsight, I think I
just had an overactive mind

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and I couldn't even imagine what it meant

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to have a still mind.

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Fast forward until about five years ago,

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I'm in my late 30s at this point,

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and I realized that I
was approaching a burnout

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on a lot of levels.

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I'd kind of spread myself too thin.

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I was having to do a
lot of travel for work.

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I never enjoyed planes

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and I'm starting to get
claustrophobic on the planes.

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I was like, okay, something's going.

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And that's when I rediscovered meditation.

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And I think it's one of those things

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and if possible, folks can
mute their microphones.

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I hear some background noise.

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Is that it's a very subtle
but very powerful thing.

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I read a lot of these gurus
who speak about meditation,

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instilling the mind.

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And our minds naturally gravitate

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to the very obvious things.

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The things that really
hit our senses hard,

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but our emotional state
and our mental state

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is a very subtle thing.

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But what I can guarantee
to almost everyone here

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is if you do sit down for
that even five or 10 minutes,

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but I find it really starts to kick in

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at around 30 or 40 minutes.

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And you just have faith that
it's going to be good for you,

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that it will be.

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And there's even going to be those days

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where your mind is wandering
and there's noise outside.

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And you're like, oh, this
isn't a good meditation.

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Even that, I find after 20 or 30 minutes

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makes a big, big difference.

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Also, the perspective that you take to it,

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I think some of us, myself,

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when I first tried to do this, I was like,

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I wanted to be the perfect meditator

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and I wanted perfect conditions
and I'd want silence.

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And I found myself getting
stressed about the meditation.

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I would like yell at my kids,
"Be quiet, I'm meditating!"

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And I realized at some point

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that's completely the
wrong way to approach it.

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The way to approach it
is to accept everything

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and to observe everything
and to just try to be still

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and to be curious and have
a sense of humor about it.

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And then when you do it that way,

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I find it very energetic.

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So that's my biggest life hack.

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Outside of that, just really make sure

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that you have time for
yourself and your family.

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I just talked about meditation.

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For some people, it might be exercise,

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it might be socializing.

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But you can't under invest in that.

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That's something that I've
learned over the years.

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That we have a culture that idolizes work,

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and that has certain
positive aspects of it.

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But we're here to live our lives as well.

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So that's my best advice.

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Stay socially connected, meditate,

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and make sure you have time
and space for yourself.

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It's not going to be.

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Someone told me the saying,

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"If you don't have the time
to meditate for an hour,

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you should meditate for two." (laughs)

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And I also found the other
way that when I meditate,

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it's always a good use of time.

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Like part of my brain says,
oh, I don't have 10 minutes.

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Really, you don't have 10 minutes?

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Then that's a problem, Sal.

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If you don't have 10 minutes,
you need to slow down.

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Let's see, so many questions.

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I know I'm giving these super long.

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I think Selena was next.

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- Hi, Sal.

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Thank you so much for this session.

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I'm a high school junior at this moment,

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and I'm in a situation
where it's very hard for me

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to attend junior year in person.

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And as I live in NYC, there
is no remote option as of now.

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So I'm not really sure how
I should proceed with this.

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And since I'm in a small Ivy school,

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the courses in 11th grade and 12th grade

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are two year courses.

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So if I miss junior year, that
would be really problematic

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because 12th grade curriculum is based on

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what I learned in 11th grade.

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And I feel that even in the scenario

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where my teachers do provide
some guidance from home,

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it would be really difficult
for me to perform well

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or even effectively learn the content

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as I'm having a different experience

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from all my other classmates.

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And I would really, really like to hear

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your insight and advice on this.

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Thank you.

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- Yeah, first of all, thanks

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for asking the questions, Selena.

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It does sound like a tough situation.

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My best advice, as you know, junior year,

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it can be very important
year, especially now

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as you're trying to think about
college and all of the rest.

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I don't fully know all
of what you might have

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or not have access to.

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I do think the good news
is there are avenues

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outside of the traditional that could,

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you could still learn
a lot of the material

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or most of the material
and prove what you know,

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so that colleges and other folks

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can take a serious look at it.

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Many of y'all know that we've been talking

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to universities about Schoolhouse.

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University of Chicago
famously last year said,

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hey, if you can certify your
knowledge on Schoolhouse

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and then even better go on to
become a tutor on Schoolhouse,

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we, Universe of Chicago,
are gonna take that

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very seriously in the
college admissions process.

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And they actually, I don't
know if this is public,

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they had a very high admissions
rate for the 40 or so kids

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who actually use Schoolhouse.world

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as one of the main signals that they use.

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Y'all will hear shortly about MIT,

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is also doing something similar.

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And we're talking, just yesterday,

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I've talked to 30 admissions officers

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at a bunch of universities
saying, hey, look,

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there's an interesting signal here.

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You don't wanna force everyone to do it,

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but here's a mechanism where
at least in the subjects

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that Schoolhouse has, we
can certify your knowledge

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and then you can go on to become tutor.

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I think that can be a very
powerful potential route,

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especially because you can
leverage Schoolhouse.world

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and Khan Academy to learn the material

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and then certify yourself

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and then hopefully even
become a tutor yourself.

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I think that will speak very favorably

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of how you are leveraging your junior year

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above and beyond the things, you know,

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all of your maths subjects that
I imagine you'd be covering.

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Your science subjects,
including, you know,

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we just lost Environmental Science

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and we've always had things
like Econ on Khan Academy.

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Between Khan Academy and Schoolhouse,

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I think you can do a lot.

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I think in your Humanities,

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we wanna explore eventually
doing that in Schoolhouse.world.

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We're not quite there.

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There's some enrichment courses

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where people are starting
to dabble in that.

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But I would recommend, you know,

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take a look at some of the MOOCs.

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I think if you're able to
go into some of those MOOCs

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and do well in them, especially
if you could leverage

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Khan Academy for your STEM
and Schoolhouse for your STEM

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and then use MOOCs for
some of the other courses,

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whether it's the History
course or your English course,

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whatever else.

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And then also use the time to do well

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on standardized tests,
on your SATs, whatever.

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I think you're gonna have
a good junior year then.

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And I gotta believe that when you go

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next year into your senior year,

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if next year you're going
to apply to college,

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those colleges are going to take

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your circumstances very seriously.

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They definitely look at people who had

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hard circumstances to deal with.

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And they say, what did you do
with those hard circumstances?

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And if you're able to surprise them

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with what you're able to do
with those hard circumstances,

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I think you're going to
be fully in the game.

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And I think in some strange way,

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having this time might end
up being a gift in some ways,

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because you're going to explore things

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that you might not have
otherwise had time for.

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That's my best advice,

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not fully knowing all
of your circumstances.

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And I'll add what I had just said.

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Also make sure you don't burn
out, take care of yourself,

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make sure you don't lose that
piece of the puzzle as well.

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- Okay.

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Sal, sorry about this.

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Thank you for all the advice.

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I wanted to ask another
question related to this,

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because my parents are
actually considering

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virtual high school as an option instead,

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because I'm not really
sure if I can end up

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either retaking junior
year or delaying it.

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So I wanted to know if an
online high school diploma

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would end up putting me at a disadvantage

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in college admissions.

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- I'm not an expert here.

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I suspect and I think there's
different online high schools.

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I'm familiar with a few of them.

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There's Stanford Online High School,

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which is very highly reputed.

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And I'm sure there's others like that.

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I don't think you're at
a disadvantage at all

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if you go to some of
these online high schools.

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And on top of that,

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if you're able to do
other interesting things,

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I think you're going to
be very much in the game.

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So yeah, I wouldn't worry
too much about that.

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Thanks, Selena.

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Let's see, I'm gonna go, let's see.

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I think Zoom does it so
that whoever's furthest

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to the right was the next person.

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So Shivam, your question.

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- Hi, Sal.

00:10:08.430 --> 00:10:10.500
It's really a dream come true.

00:10:10.500 --> 00:10:12.550
I am meeting you after so long.

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- You need better dreams.

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- Actually, just a little intro.

00:10:18.360 --> 00:10:21.900
Like I have been using Khan
Academy since like grade six

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and I have over one
million points on Khan.

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- That's an achievement.

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- Yeah.

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Just award, like I have
perfected my maths through you.

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I admire you so much.

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So the thing is I want to ask

00:10:41.710 --> 00:10:45.420
is I belong to a very small town

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where there are not many good facilities.

00:10:51.001 --> 00:10:55.660
So how do you think would I be able to,

00:10:55.660 --> 00:10:58.280
do you think is it okay to dream big?

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Like am I suitable for big universities?

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Like students at the U.S. have like,

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they do summer programs and all like that.

00:11:09.010 --> 00:11:14.010
And I am from India and I don't
have that much facilities.

00:11:16.960 --> 00:11:19.310
But yeah, I am a tutor at Schoolhouse,

00:11:19.310 --> 00:11:22.900
and I really enjoy
that, tutoring students.

00:11:22.900 --> 00:11:27.034
But yeah, the thing is
I sometimes feel that

00:11:27.034 --> 00:11:29.970
am I really disadvantaged
with the students

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who do such kind of programs,

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who have done internships and all kinds,

00:11:36.660 --> 00:11:38.043
all things like that?

00:11:39.260 --> 00:11:41.060
- Yeah, so it's a great question.

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And the way I think about
it and I have, you're right,

00:11:44.120 --> 00:11:45.510
I'm sure you're in a circumstance

00:11:45.510 --> 00:11:47.110
where you don't have all of the resources

00:11:47.110 --> 00:11:49.030
that you would ideally have.

00:11:49.030 --> 00:11:51.540
But one of the dreams of Schoolhouse.world

00:11:51.540 --> 00:11:54.420
is that we can hopefully
reward folks like yourself

00:11:54.420 --> 00:11:57.820
who are tutors and who are
doing really good at it

00:11:57.820 --> 00:12:00.140
to connect them with opportunities

00:12:00.140 --> 00:12:02.090
that might not otherwise have been there.

00:12:02.090 --> 00:12:04.580
So I kind of view myself
as the guidance counselor

00:12:04.580 --> 00:12:06.820
for all of the tutor community here

00:12:06.820 --> 00:12:08.750
and say, like, how can I help

00:12:08.750 --> 00:12:10.250
all of these people get opportunity?

00:12:10.250 --> 00:12:12.940
Because if you really think about it,

00:12:12.940 --> 00:12:14.810
for college or for jobs,

00:12:14.810 --> 00:12:16.880
there are these huge complex processes

00:12:16.880 --> 00:12:17.770
that you have to usually,

00:12:17.770 --> 00:12:19.580
all these hoops you have to jump through.

00:12:19.580 --> 00:12:20.960
But if you boil down to it,

00:12:20.960 --> 00:12:22.930
and I've talked to other
people who hire people

00:12:22.930 --> 00:12:25.350
as like, you show me someone who can,

00:12:25.350 --> 00:12:26.760
who's a highly rated tutor

00:12:26.760 --> 00:12:28.440
on Schoolhouse.world in Statistics.

00:12:28.440 --> 00:12:31.230
I'm just picking Statistics,
could be other subjects.

00:12:31.230 --> 00:12:32.840
Why wouldn't you hire that person?

00:12:32.840 --> 00:12:34.990
That person clearly has analytical skills.

00:12:34.990 --> 00:12:36.510
That person clearly can communicate.

00:12:36.510 --> 00:12:38.183
That person clearly has empathy.

00:12:40.590 --> 00:12:41.423
Here's a little secret.

00:12:41.423 --> 00:12:44.940
In most jobs in the world,
if you have those things,

00:12:44.940 --> 00:12:46.500
you're going to do very, very well.

00:12:46.500 --> 00:12:48.000
Everything else you can learn.

00:12:49.120 --> 00:12:52.193
And so my hope is that I can,

00:12:53.070 --> 00:12:54.700
we collectively, not just myself,

00:12:54.700 --> 00:12:57.200
can figure out ways to
connect you to opportunity.

00:12:58.920 --> 00:13:00.800
What grade are you in right now?

00:13:00.800 --> 00:13:02.431
What class are you in?

00:13:02.431 --> 00:13:03.410
- 12th grade.

00:13:03.410 --> 00:13:04.820
- You're in 12th?

00:13:04.820 --> 00:13:05.653
- Yeah.

00:13:05.653 --> 00:13:06.520
- Okay.
- Applying.

00:13:07.460 --> 00:13:10.007
Looking to apply for U.S. colleges.

00:13:10.870 --> 00:13:14.250
- Yeah, well, I think I just listed a few,

00:13:14.250 --> 00:13:15.560
and obviously, none of these colleges

00:13:15.560 --> 00:13:17.773
are "easy to get into," so to speak.

00:13:19.333 --> 00:13:21.460
But expect to hear a few more.

00:13:21.460 --> 00:13:23.350
And I think even the
colleges that aren't part

00:13:23.350 --> 00:13:26.130
of our initial consortium, so to speak,

00:13:26.130 --> 00:13:29.850
I think if you are a very active,

00:13:29.850 --> 00:13:32.123
highly reputed tutor on Schoolhouse.world,

00:13:33.771 --> 00:13:36.460
through the tutor community,
we wanna be able to help you.

00:13:36.460 --> 00:13:39.080
Like, even if there's a college

00:13:39.080 --> 00:13:41.570
that doesn't know about Schoolhouse.world,

00:13:41.570 --> 00:13:43.460
if we can leverage what we know,

00:13:43.460 --> 00:13:45.700
our notoriety to let them know, hey,

00:13:45.700 --> 00:13:48.840
this is not a joke to become
a highly reputed tutor.

00:13:48.840 --> 00:13:50.290
I would take this very seriously.

00:13:50.290 --> 00:13:52.050
So then I think you would have,

00:13:52.050 --> 00:13:53.300
I think you would have a fighting chance.

00:13:53.300 --> 00:13:55.820
And I will say, even if it does,

00:13:55.820 --> 00:13:57.240
if it does work out, awesome.

00:13:57.240 --> 00:13:58.700
If it doesn't work out,

00:13:58.700 --> 00:14:01.460
I think you're gonna have
multiple shots at gold.

00:14:01.460 --> 00:14:04.740
So wherever you go to
college, there's always,

00:14:04.740 --> 00:14:07.770
you can transfer or even
post-college graduate school

00:14:07.770 --> 00:14:10.110
or your job, I hope over the
next three or four years,

00:14:10.110 --> 00:14:12.680
Schoolhouse.world, being a
highly reputed tutor on it

00:14:12.680 --> 00:14:14.420
becomes a major thing that a lot of people

00:14:14.420 --> 00:14:16.300
are going to index on.

00:14:16.300 --> 00:14:19.703
So that's my best advice.

00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:22.140
- Okay, thank you.

00:14:22.140 --> 00:14:23.260
Thanks a lot.

00:14:23.260 --> 00:14:24.093
- No, thank you.

00:14:24.093 --> 00:14:24.973
Thank you for being a tutor.

00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:27.833
Let's see.

00:14:27.833 --> 00:14:29.040
I'm not sure if this
is showing up in order.

00:14:29.040 --> 00:14:31.480
I'm gonna go somewhat random-

00:14:31.480 --> 00:14:35.280
- Hey, Sal, just a followup
on Shivam's question.

00:14:35.280 --> 00:14:36.920
I have a four sisters in Afghanistan

00:14:36.920 --> 00:14:38.930
who is there right now,
and then a lot of girls,

00:14:38.930 --> 00:14:40.940
the situation being really dire.

00:14:40.940 --> 00:14:43.750
I, myself, am working in
Facebook here, project's here.

00:14:43.750 --> 00:14:46.920
So I've been really fortunate
to have your Khan Academy,

00:14:46.920 --> 00:14:50.190
learning things from you
and then also your platform.

00:14:50.190 --> 00:14:53.670
I was wondering how can
we expand that further

00:14:53.670 --> 00:14:55.670
and then give the chance for the,

00:14:55.670 --> 00:14:58.120
like a fighting chance for
the girls in Afghanistan

00:14:58.120 --> 00:15:00.960
or other like countries where there's war,

00:15:00.960 --> 00:15:02.610
or they don't have
facilities like in India

00:15:02.610 --> 00:15:03.960
or elsewhere too.

00:15:03.960 --> 00:15:04.930
How can they do that?

00:15:04.930 --> 00:15:08.340
And how can they take
advantage of the situation,

00:15:08.340 --> 00:15:09.710
especially when the schools,

00:15:09.710 --> 00:15:11.610
when the system do not
allow you to go to schools

00:15:11.610 --> 00:15:13.380
and that past sixth grade,

00:15:13.380 --> 00:15:15.400
you cannot even attend if you're a woman.

00:15:15.400 --> 00:15:18.220
So how can we use your platform
and then have those girls

00:15:18.220 --> 00:15:19.490
like a fighting chance?

00:15:19.490 --> 00:15:20.860
If you could maybe kindly answer to that.

00:15:20.860 --> 00:15:22.890
- Yeah, wonderful question.

00:15:22.890 --> 00:15:24.070
So, yeah, it's a big,

00:15:24.070 --> 00:15:26.440
especially given what's going on now.

00:15:26.440 --> 00:15:28.600
Some of y'all, I've
told this story before.

00:15:28.600 --> 00:15:30.350
The case in point is very clear.

00:15:30.350 --> 00:15:32.070
There's actually a young
girl named Sultana.

00:15:32.070 --> 00:15:34.650
You could do a Google search for her.

00:15:34.650 --> 00:15:36.607
Nicholas Kristof wrote an op-ed about her:

00:15:36.607 --> 00:15:38.350
"Meet Sultana, the Taliban's Worst Fear."

00:15:38.350 --> 00:15:40.820
He wrote this three or four years ago.

00:15:40.820 --> 00:15:42.410
But it's exactly what you described

00:15:42.410 --> 00:15:45.090
even before the current
circumstances in Afghanistan,

00:15:45.090 --> 00:15:46.530
where when she entered sixth grade,

00:15:46.530 --> 00:15:47.680
she wasn't allowed to go to school.

00:15:47.680 --> 00:15:48.960
Her brothers were.

00:15:48.960 --> 00:15:52.300
And then she luckily did
have an internet connection

00:15:52.300 --> 00:15:56.040
and she was able to essentially
self-teach herself English.

00:15:56.040 --> 00:15:57.600
She found out about Khan Academy.

00:15:57.600 --> 00:15:59.160
That became her lifeline.

00:15:59.160 --> 00:16:00.330
By the time she gets into high school,

00:16:00.330 --> 00:16:02.740
she decides that she wants
to be a physics researcher,

00:16:02.740 --> 00:16:04.003
a theoretical physicist.

00:16:04.840 --> 00:16:08.480
She lies to her parents to go
to Pakistan to take the SAT.

00:16:08.480 --> 00:16:10.150
She does unusually well.

00:16:10.150 --> 00:16:15.150
Anyway, long story short,
Sultana was eventually able

00:16:15.170 --> 00:16:19.040
to make it to the U.S. and is now doing

00:16:19.040 --> 00:16:21.370
quantum computing research
at Tufts University.

00:16:21.370 --> 00:16:23.390
And what I always remind folks is

00:16:23.390 --> 00:16:26.260
for every Sultana we know
about who's able to do it,

00:16:26.260 --> 00:16:28.990
how many more tens or hundreds

00:16:28.990 --> 00:16:30.660
of thousands or millions might there be?

00:16:30.660 --> 00:16:33.560
And what she had to do
to get there, none of us,

00:16:33.560 --> 00:16:35.150
I don't think I would
have been able to do that

00:16:35.150 --> 00:16:36.970
if I was given the same set of obstacles.

00:16:36.970 --> 00:16:41.683
So she had unusual determination,
unusual resilience.

00:16:42.770 --> 00:16:47.730
My hope is that Khan
Academy, Schoolhouse.world

00:16:47.730 --> 00:16:48.990
can be that lifeline.

00:16:48.990 --> 00:16:51.290
Now, it is predicated on internet access.

00:16:51.290 --> 00:16:53.740
My understanding of what's
going on in the ground

00:16:53.740 --> 00:16:56.320
in places like Afghanistan is that,

00:16:56.320 --> 00:16:59.190
fingers crossed, they haven't
shut down internet access.

00:16:59.190 --> 00:17:02.780
So if that's what we can depend on

00:17:02.780 --> 00:17:04.253
that we can provide layers on top of that

00:17:04.253 --> 00:17:06.570
that can at least give someone a lifeline.

00:17:06.570 --> 00:17:09.240
And I could imagine,
Sultana went on her journey

00:17:09.240 --> 00:17:12.220
before Schoolhouse.world existed.

00:17:12.220 --> 00:17:14.090
But if Schoolhouse.world existed,

00:17:14.090 --> 00:17:17.030
she is someone who I
very easily could imagine

00:17:17.030 --> 00:17:19.440
would have been very
active in this community.

00:17:19.440 --> 00:17:21.400
She would have certified her knowledge.

00:17:21.400 --> 00:17:22.820
She would have used
the community to learn,

00:17:22.820 --> 00:17:24.410
frankly, not just to
learn the subject matter,

00:17:24.410 --> 00:17:27.450
but frankly, to learn the
language, to learn English.

00:17:27.450 --> 00:17:30.470
And then she would have
gone on to become a tutor.

00:17:30.470 --> 00:17:33.320
And just like Shivam's question,

00:17:33.320 --> 00:17:34.770
I think she could have then used that

00:17:34.770 --> 00:17:37.290
as a signal to people to say, look,

00:17:37.290 --> 00:17:38.580
this is someone interesting

00:17:38.580 --> 00:17:41.170
that we need to make
sure has opportunities.

00:17:41.170 --> 00:17:43.440
So that's my best answer.

00:17:43.440 --> 00:17:47.410
I wish there were things that we could do

00:17:47.410 --> 00:17:48.430
more on the ground.

00:17:48.430 --> 00:17:50.670
And I don't know, I don't know.

00:17:50.670 --> 00:17:54.453
But our collective avenue here is,

00:17:55.350 --> 00:17:57.040
the Khan Academy can make more resources,

00:17:57.040 --> 00:17:58.230
but I think Schoolhouse.world can actually

00:17:58.230 --> 00:18:02.020
be a very, very powerful
resource for these young girls.

00:18:02.020 --> 00:18:04.650
If they just have an internet connection,

00:18:04.650 --> 00:18:06.440
they can become part of this community.

00:18:06.440 --> 00:18:08.510
And I'm hoping, my dream
for Schoolhouse.world

00:18:08.510 --> 00:18:10.710
is between it and Khan
Academy can almost turn

00:18:10.710 --> 00:18:14.040
into a safety net education
system for the world.

00:18:14.040 --> 00:18:17.730
So that if you are going to
school with resources, awesome.

00:18:17.730 --> 00:18:20.860
You use Khan Academy to
personalize and get even better

00:18:20.860 --> 00:18:22.890
and use Schoolhouse for
supplemental tutoring

00:18:22.890 --> 00:18:24.320
so you don't fall through the cracks.

00:18:24.320 --> 00:18:25.440
But if you don't have a great school,

00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:26.990
or if you have no school at all,

00:18:26.990 --> 00:18:29.850
Khan Academy, Schoolhouse.world,
the certification,

00:18:29.850 --> 00:18:33.390
the tutoring, you can get
to where you wanna go.

00:18:33.390 --> 00:18:37.960
So that's my best answer for an actual

00:18:37.960 --> 00:18:39.323
very unfortunate circumstances

00:18:39.323 --> 00:18:41.090
the world is in right now.

00:18:41.090 --> 00:18:42.370
- Thank you, Sal, for the answer.

00:18:42.370 --> 00:18:44.820
And could they also use your Khan Lab

00:18:44.820 --> 00:18:46.940
High School program to get admitted

00:18:46.940 --> 00:18:49.310
and especially if the
schools have shut been down?

00:18:49.310 --> 00:18:50.970
- Yeah, so good question.

00:18:50.970 --> 00:18:52.980
So Khan Lab High School,
some of y'all might know,

00:18:52.980 --> 00:18:56.520
I started a school Khan
Lab School seven years ago.

00:18:56.520 --> 00:18:57.580
It's now K through 12.

00:18:57.580 --> 00:18:59.590
There's a high school,
Khan Lab High School.

00:18:59.590 --> 00:19:00.490
I'm always sensitive.

00:19:00.490 --> 00:19:01.730
Everything has my name on it now,

00:19:01.730 --> 00:19:05.050
but people assure me it's
good for branding (laughs).

00:19:05.050 --> 00:19:05.970
I used to make fun of people

00:19:05.970 --> 00:19:08.443
who named things after
themselves, but it shows you.

00:19:11.060 --> 00:19:14.240
We are exploring doing
a virtual component.

00:19:14.240 --> 00:19:16.660
The original spirit of the
vision of Khan Lab High School

00:19:16.660 --> 00:19:18.570
is can we create a model

00:19:18.570 --> 00:19:20.490
that then can be replicated everywhere?

00:19:20.490 --> 00:19:23.590
Whether we replicated or
other people copy, awesome.

00:19:23.590 --> 00:19:25.570
We are now realizing
there might be interest

00:19:25.570 --> 00:19:27.840
in creating a virtual component

00:19:27.840 --> 00:19:31.300
that leans on Khan Academy
and Schoolhouse.world,

00:19:31.300 --> 00:19:33.833
but could also give people credit.

00:19:35.500 --> 00:19:39.210
What I will say, going back
to Shivam's original question,

00:19:39.210 --> 00:19:40.830
well, cause even Khan Lab school,

00:19:40.830 --> 00:19:42.330
even for the students who
are going there in person,

00:19:42.330 --> 00:19:43.870
it's a very non-traditional school.

00:19:43.870 --> 00:19:44.770
It's mastery-based.

00:19:44.770 --> 00:19:47.260
Kids have the opportunity
incentive to improve their grades.

00:19:47.260 --> 00:19:48.180
We don't use letter grades.

00:19:48.180 --> 00:19:49.890
We use a slightly
different form of grading,

00:19:49.890 --> 00:19:50.960
but it's unusual.

00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:53.670
So there's always the
question of these parents.

00:19:53.670 --> 00:19:56.020
It's like, are these kids
even gonna get into college?

00:19:56.020 --> 00:20:01.020
And what we have found
is in the U.S., at least,

00:20:01.890 --> 00:20:03.840
the private schools are very flexible

00:20:03.840 --> 00:20:06.740
and are very open to looking
at alternative things,

00:20:06.740 --> 00:20:08.120
especially if they can make sense of them.

00:20:08.120 --> 00:20:09.740
So that's where I think
the Schoolhouse.world

00:20:09.740 --> 00:20:12.010
certification tutoring
could have a lot of value,

00:20:12.010 --> 00:20:14.490
and we're seeing more and
more of the public schools

00:20:14.490 --> 00:20:17.850
are also opening their aperture to it.

00:20:17.850 --> 00:20:18.773
But you're right.

00:20:19.660 --> 00:20:21.740
If Khan Lab High School or other partners,

00:20:21.740 --> 00:20:23.420
we're talking to some
colleges that also might give

00:20:23.420 --> 00:20:25.770
college credit for
certain types of mastery

00:20:25.770 --> 00:20:27.880
on Khan Academy or Schoolhouse.world.

00:20:27.880 --> 00:20:29.130
That also could be interesting.

00:20:29.130 --> 00:20:31.693
So we wanna continue to explore that.

00:20:33.470 --> 00:20:36.770
So let's see, next question, Renee.

00:20:36.770 --> 00:20:39.700
I'm not sure if I'm going
in order, but I'll try to.

00:20:39.700 --> 00:20:42.340
- Yeah, thank you, Sal.

00:20:42.340 --> 00:20:44.290
And hi, everyone.

00:20:44.290 --> 00:20:45.850
First, I just wanna thank you.

00:20:45.850 --> 00:20:48.230
I used your Khan Academy many years ago,

00:20:48.230 --> 00:20:49.870
and I was able to got into,

00:20:49.870 --> 00:20:52.120
get into a really good university

00:20:52.120 --> 00:20:55.280
and then get into my
PhD degree program here.

00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:57.590
So I really just wanna thank you.

00:20:57.590 --> 00:21:01.050
And then, so my question
here is how do you deal

00:21:01.050 --> 00:21:03.003
with information overload?

00:21:04.350 --> 00:21:05.330
How do you learn something?

00:21:05.330 --> 00:21:07.260
Because every time you
search for something,

00:21:07.260 --> 00:21:08.790
there are thousands of thousand stuff.

00:21:08.790 --> 00:21:13.353
So how are you doing your
learning in this world?

00:21:14.224 --> 00:21:16.220
- It's a great question.

00:21:16.220 --> 00:21:19.363
I was once, I was giving a
talk in Spain two years ago.

00:21:21.022 --> 00:21:23.250
It was the most poetic
introduction I had ever gotten.

00:21:23.250 --> 00:21:26.470
But part of the
introduction was this notion

00:21:26.470 --> 00:21:29.030
that the irony is when there's a flood,

00:21:29.030 --> 00:21:31.710
that's when actually people
oftentimes die of dehydration

00:21:31.710 --> 00:21:33.830
or experience dehydration
when there's a flood.

00:21:33.830 --> 00:21:36.160
And the introducer, he
made the analogy is that

00:21:36.160 --> 00:21:38.320
the same thing is happening
in information today.

00:21:38.320 --> 00:21:42.060
There's a flood of
information, but we are still,

00:21:42.060 --> 00:21:46.253
but a lot of it we can't
trust or it messes with us.

00:21:47.560 --> 00:21:48.773
Even the news itself.

00:21:49.960 --> 00:21:51.550
I know there's a huge issue globally,

00:21:51.550 --> 00:21:53.790
but especially in the U.S.
about news being polarized.

00:21:53.790 --> 00:21:55.490
And we're all in our own bubble.

00:21:55.490 --> 00:21:58.990
But even if you assume
the news is not biased,

00:21:58.990 --> 00:22:01.060
although everything has
some kind of a bias,

00:22:01.060 --> 00:22:02.340
even if you assume it's not biased,

00:22:02.340 --> 00:22:04.910
the news by its very
nature is taking a world

00:22:04.910 --> 00:22:06.120
of seven or eight billion people

00:22:06.120 --> 00:22:07.960
and telling you the seven worst things

00:22:07.960 --> 00:22:09.545
that happened that day.

00:22:09.545 --> 00:22:13.263
Like our brains aren't
good at processing that.

00:22:14.580 --> 00:22:16.360
I wish they could tell us that,

00:22:16.360 --> 00:22:17.930
because the same day that those seven

00:22:17.930 --> 00:22:19.240
horrible things are happening,

00:22:19.240 --> 00:22:21.380
there's probably 700,000 beautiful things

00:22:21.380 --> 00:22:24.260
that happened that weren't "newsworthy."

00:22:24.260 --> 00:22:27.550
And so it messes with your head
and messes with your brain.

00:22:27.550 --> 00:22:30.640
So what I would say is
protect yourself from it.

00:22:30.640 --> 00:22:35.360
I think future health
professionals are going to realize

00:22:35.360 --> 00:22:37.260
that exposing yourself
to this type of thing

00:22:37.260 --> 00:22:39.020
can become really harmful.

00:22:39.020 --> 00:22:41.060
That doesn't mean put
your head in the sand.

00:22:41.060 --> 00:22:43.960
I read the news, but I really
do try to be conscientious

00:22:43.960 --> 00:22:45.910
of like, look, I can go to a website

00:22:45.910 --> 00:22:47.120
and I can read a few headlines.

00:22:47.120 --> 00:22:48.790
I got the essence of the news.

00:22:48.790 --> 00:22:51.700
If I were to go on these 24-hour channels

00:22:51.700 --> 00:22:53.790
or in social media,
I'm gonna start getting

00:22:53.790 --> 00:22:55.880
all of these other things that
are all designed, frankly,

00:22:55.880 --> 00:22:59.140
to get me worked up and I
don't wanna be worked up.

00:22:59.140 --> 00:23:01.320
So I'm gonna go do my work.

00:23:01.320 --> 00:23:05.050
But one foot in front of the
other, live my life, meditate.

00:23:05.050 --> 00:23:08.180
Sometimes when I am experiencing
the information overload,

00:23:08.180 --> 00:23:10.905
and it might not be from social media

00:23:10.905 --> 00:23:13.070
or from the news.

00:23:13.070 --> 00:23:14.640
It might be from work.

00:23:14.640 --> 00:23:16.650
I'm constantly getting emails in.

00:23:16.650 --> 00:23:18.680
I'm constantly, people are slacking me.

00:23:18.680 --> 00:23:19.960
People are this.

00:23:19.960 --> 00:23:21.320
There's 9, 10 decisions

00:23:21.320 --> 00:23:23.910
that are coming to my desk every day.

00:23:23.910 --> 00:23:26.040
And I can feel and I've become
more sensitive to saying,

00:23:26.040 --> 00:23:27.640
hey, Sal, you're feeling kinda off.

00:23:27.640 --> 00:23:30.740
You're not present right now.

00:23:30.740 --> 00:23:32.200
Then I just try to stop what I'm doing

00:23:32.200 --> 00:23:33.670
and even do a 10 minute meditation.

00:23:33.670 --> 00:23:35.853
Just sit quietly or go for a walk.

00:23:36.910 --> 00:23:38.870
I find is a great way to reset.

00:23:38.870 --> 00:23:41.130
And then on top of that, make
sure you're getting exercise,

00:23:41.130 --> 00:23:42.130
make sure you're eating well,

00:23:42.130 --> 00:23:44.010
drinking a lot of water and sleeping well.

00:23:44.010 --> 00:23:45.410
I do this stuff religiously.

00:23:47.391 --> 00:23:50.940
So that's my best advice
for the information overload

00:23:50.940 --> 00:23:53.790
or when you're feeling
angsty about the world,

00:23:53.790 --> 00:23:56.621
just find a place of
stillness, a place of quiet,

00:23:56.621 --> 00:23:59.820
and try to be careful on how
much that stuff sucks you in.

00:23:59.820 --> 00:24:01.400
And I've been sucked in.

00:24:01.400 --> 00:24:02.950
Some of the news that's
going on in the world,

00:24:02.950 --> 00:24:03.820
like, oh, we should watch it.

00:24:03.820 --> 00:24:06.470
I watch it, and it's like
you can't turn it off.

00:24:06.470 --> 00:24:08.060
And like an hour goes
later and you're like,

00:24:08.060 --> 00:24:09.810
I don't feel better right now.

00:24:09.810 --> 00:24:11.580
And I learned the important news

00:24:11.580 --> 00:24:12.980
within the first two minutes.

00:24:12.980 --> 00:24:14.740
The rest of the 58
minutes just made me feel

00:24:14.740 --> 00:24:16.460
kinda not so good.

00:24:16.460 --> 00:24:18.313
Let me go do something else.

00:24:19.640 --> 00:24:21.790
In terms of the question
of how do I learn,

00:24:24.330 --> 00:24:26.620
I'm constantly just asking questions.

00:24:26.620 --> 00:24:28.220
So I'm actually about
to make a middle school

00:24:28.220 --> 00:24:29.980
science video on the atmosphere.

00:24:29.980 --> 00:24:33.400
And some people on my team
sent me some standards

00:24:33.400 --> 00:24:35.380
that we need to cover
and they're pretty basic,

00:24:35.380 --> 00:24:37.130
but I'm like, okay, what
makes us interesting?

00:24:37.130 --> 00:24:38.153
And I'm like, okay,

00:24:39.310 --> 00:24:41.640
let me make sure that I can help explain

00:24:41.640 --> 00:24:43.220
where does officially,

00:24:43.220 --> 00:24:44.720
where does the atmosphere
end and space start?

00:24:44.720 --> 00:24:46.530
Now we know it's not
like there's some line

00:24:46.530 --> 00:24:47.370
where it actually does end.

00:24:47.370 --> 00:24:48.620
It's a gradation.

00:24:48.620 --> 00:24:50.900
But people have the Karman
line and they've defined it

00:24:50.900 --> 00:24:52.950
as roughly 60 something miles.

00:24:52.950 --> 00:24:57.010
And, okay, what are the
the lowest satellites?

00:24:57.010 --> 00:24:58.833
Okay, it's about a hundred miles.

00:25:00.140 --> 00:25:02.210
And I just keep asking these
questions of like, okay,

00:25:02.210 --> 00:25:03.840
if something's in low earth orbit,

00:25:03.840 --> 00:25:05.510
because it's still going
to have some atmosphere,

00:25:05.510 --> 00:25:07.730
still going to run into a few nitrogen

00:25:07.730 --> 00:25:10.020
and oxygen molecules every now and then,

00:25:10.020 --> 00:25:12.920
it's gonna slowly slow down
and slowly come back to earth.

00:25:13.958 --> 00:25:14.791
How long do they last?

00:25:14.791 --> 00:25:18.340
So for me, it's just
asking these fun questions

00:25:19.410 --> 00:25:20.350
over and over again,

00:25:20.350 --> 00:25:23.070
and having that sense
of curiosity about it.

00:25:23.070 --> 00:25:24.290
And then once I'm really jazzed

00:25:24.290 --> 00:25:25.340
about whatever I'm about to do,

00:25:25.340 --> 00:25:27.160
then I just press record and go.

00:25:27.160 --> 00:25:28.750
But that's something pretty simple.

00:25:28.750 --> 00:25:30.180
If something is more esoteric,

00:25:30.180 --> 00:25:31.410
I'd like to talk to people about it.

00:25:31.410 --> 00:25:32.543
I'll call up friends.

00:25:33.530 --> 00:25:36.620
Another thing I like to
do when something is dense

00:25:36.620 --> 00:25:39.030
or I'm trying to conceptually get it,

00:25:39.030 --> 00:25:42.700
read it one day and say, okay,
my brain will process it.

00:25:42.700 --> 00:25:45.600
I kind of delegate it
to my brain and my mind.

00:25:45.600 --> 00:25:46.570
And I'm like, by tomorrow,

00:25:46.570 --> 00:25:48.240
my mind will have insights about it.

00:25:48.240 --> 00:25:50.070
Don't worry about it, conscious Sal.

00:25:50.070 --> 00:25:51.940
Subconscious Sal has it covered.

00:25:51.940 --> 00:25:54.500
And it's amazing that
it works, but it does.

00:25:54.500 --> 00:25:56.500
I remember in college,

00:25:56.500 --> 00:25:58.210
when I would take the
theoretical math classes,

00:25:58.210 --> 00:26:01.600
sometimes you look at the
problem sets and you're like,

00:26:01.600 --> 00:26:03.100
I can't make sense of any of this.

00:26:03.100 --> 00:26:03.933
But you do it.

00:26:03.933 --> 00:26:05.940
You at least try every problem.

00:26:05.940 --> 00:26:07.850
You close the book, go to sleep.

00:26:07.850 --> 00:26:10.500
In the morning, I can do like 80% of them.

00:26:10.500 --> 00:26:12.060
I've done the same thing on tests,

00:26:12.060 --> 00:26:14.080
where I'm taking this
test, these really deep,

00:26:14.080 --> 00:26:18.260
theoretical math classes and
you see four or five questions.

00:26:18.260 --> 00:26:19.950
And you're like, I don't know.

00:26:19.950 --> 00:26:20.783
Let me just think about it.

00:26:20.783 --> 00:26:22.340
But then I kinda get
into a meditative place.

00:26:22.340 --> 00:26:23.870
And in about 20 minutes, I'm like, oh,

00:26:23.870 --> 00:26:25.890
my subconscious is starting
to give me the answers.

00:26:25.890 --> 00:26:28.640
I'm like, it's amazing what
the subconscious can do.

00:26:28.640 --> 00:26:30.300
So anyway, that's other advice.

00:26:30.300 --> 00:26:31.210
We're almost out of time.

00:26:31.210 --> 00:26:32.340
Let me see, I'm sorry I couldn't get,

00:26:32.340 --> 00:26:36.250
I'm giving you these long-winded answers.

00:26:36.250 --> 00:26:37.130
Let's see.

00:26:37.130 --> 00:26:38.243
Maybe Salil.

00:26:39.260 --> 00:26:41.743
No, Salik, Salik, Salik K.

00:26:44.950 --> 00:26:47.200
- Hello, Sal, it's great to meet you.

00:26:47.200 --> 00:26:51.430
I am 12 years old and
currently being homeschooled.

00:26:51.430 --> 00:26:54.857
And I'm also ahead of my class.

00:26:54.857 --> 00:26:57.670
I (indistinct) starting school.

00:26:57.670 --> 00:27:01.740
So I've been using the Khan
Academy platform since one year,

00:27:01.740 --> 00:27:05.775
and I have about 1.5
million energy points on it.

00:27:05.775 --> 00:27:07.192
- Another Shivam.

00:27:09.230 --> 00:27:10.773
Go ahead, sorry I interrupted you.

00:27:10.773 --> 00:27:13.350
- I'm sorry, it's all good.

00:27:13.350 --> 00:27:15.990
And I finished grade eight, grade five.

00:27:15.990 --> 00:27:18.000
Grade five and grade six

00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:20.730
and finished grade seven and grade eight

00:27:20.730 --> 00:27:22.550
and also finished all the JavaScript

00:27:22.550 --> 00:27:26.617
on the Khan Academy platform
and now learning RCM

00:27:28.720 --> 00:27:32.110
and looking forward to learning
all the other programming

00:27:32.110 --> 00:27:34.210
languages available on
the Khan Academy platform.

00:27:34.210 --> 00:27:38.040
So actually, I know it's a good,

00:27:38.040 --> 00:27:40.350
very, very good future
ahead in programming.

00:27:40.350 --> 00:27:45.350
So can you advise me
and advise me in this?

00:27:47.039 --> 00:27:47.872
- Yeah.

00:27:50.440 --> 00:27:55.440
- Since I'm from Pakistan
and it's past midnight here,

00:27:55.570 --> 00:27:57.883
I'll take advantage and ask two questions,

00:27:58.900 --> 00:27:59.733
if you don't mind.

00:27:59.733 --> 00:28:02.883
So my second question is I
have a great taste in gaming.

00:28:04.851 --> 00:28:07.113
Can I build a future out of it?

00:28:08.400 --> 00:28:10.620
- Yeah, well, first of all, Salik,

00:28:10.620 --> 00:28:13.400
I have no doubt.

00:28:13.400 --> 00:28:14.700
I mean, don't get over-confident,

00:28:14.700 --> 00:28:17.500
but I have no doubt that
you're gonna do very well.

00:28:17.500 --> 00:28:19.860
And I'll make my plug
'cause I have you now

00:28:19.860 --> 00:28:22.060
before anyone else is
asking for donations.

00:28:22.060 --> 00:28:23.830
When you become a billionaire,

00:28:23.830 --> 00:28:25.470
a founder of a gaming company,

00:28:25.470 --> 00:28:28.780
remember how much of that
was due to Khan Academy.

00:28:28.780 --> 00:28:31.171
And, you know, 10% maybe?

00:28:31.171 --> 00:28:33.463
I'm kidding (laughs).

00:28:35.868 --> 00:28:37.259
- I will thank you my whole life.

00:28:37.259 --> 00:28:38.320
(laughs)

00:28:38.320 --> 00:28:40.710
- Look, I'm only half joking.

00:28:40.710 --> 00:28:43.520
But to your point, yeah.

00:28:43.520 --> 00:28:46.990
Look, if you love coding and
you're the exact same age

00:28:46.990 --> 00:28:50.690
as my oldest son, you'll
probably get along.

00:28:50.690 --> 00:28:53.563
He's also really into
coding and all of the rest.

00:28:54.720 --> 00:28:55.780
Keep doing it.

00:28:55.780 --> 00:28:58.250
And I would say keep building things.

00:28:58.250 --> 00:29:00.500
Keep progressing academically.

00:29:00.500 --> 00:29:03.470
And I have no doubt that, and
your question about gaming,

00:29:03.470 --> 00:29:05.140
yeah, I only think
that's only gonna become

00:29:05.140 --> 00:29:06.920
a bigger and bigger industry,

00:29:06.920 --> 00:29:09.400
both in the gaming industry in particular.

00:29:09.400 --> 00:29:10.780
And look, you look at companies

00:29:10.780 --> 00:29:12.323
like Minecraft and Roblox.

00:29:12.323 --> 00:29:13.620
I mean, these are massive things.

00:29:13.620 --> 00:29:15.910
And in the next 10 or 15
years, there's gonna be things

00:29:15.910 --> 00:29:18.720
that are a whole order of
magnitude, even bigger.

00:29:18.720 --> 00:29:22.650
So I think there's unlimited
work to be done there.

00:29:22.650 --> 00:29:24.940
And also, I think every other industry

00:29:24.940 --> 00:29:27.410
is thinking about how do they automate

00:29:27.410 --> 00:29:28.550
and leverage technology more,

00:29:28.550 --> 00:29:30.100
and then how do they gamify more?

00:29:30.100 --> 00:29:31.640
Something we think a
lot about Khan Academy

00:29:31.640 --> 00:29:33.420
is how do we make better game mechanics

00:29:33.420 --> 00:29:36.820
so that we can addict
the Saliks of the world

00:29:36.820 --> 00:29:39.160
into learning and all of this.

00:29:39.160 --> 00:29:43.130
So, yeah, you're gonna keep
doing what you're doing.

00:29:43.130 --> 00:29:45.610
Remembering my answers to the
other one, don't burn out.

00:29:45.610 --> 00:29:47.910
Don't put too much pressure on yourself.

00:29:47.910 --> 00:29:50.397
Make sure you, you know, if you can,

00:29:50.397 --> 00:29:53.410
when my children were first born,

00:29:53.410 --> 00:29:55.680
I was a little bit of
a tiger dad thinking,

00:29:55.680 --> 00:29:58.870
oh, if they can master
their subject matter,

00:29:58.870 --> 00:30:00.400
if they can build some
of these hard skills,

00:30:00.400 --> 00:30:01.233
they're gonna be fine.

00:30:01.233 --> 00:30:03.010
And there is some truth to that.

00:30:03.010 --> 00:30:04.605
Obviously, every parent
wants their children

00:30:04.605 --> 00:30:08.400
to be able to support
themselves, support their family,

00:30:08.400 --> 00:30:09.970
have a healthy, productive life.

00:30:09.970 --> 00:30:13.020
But as I've grown, I realized,
yes, that's important.

00:30:13.020 --> 00:30:15.220
But the most important thing is having

00:30:15.220 --> 00:30:17.190
kind of a mental, emotional resilience.

00:30:17.190 --> 00:30:20.150
And that's where my first advice to Kai

00:30:20.150 --> 00:30:24.120
around the meditation and
making time for yourself

00:30:24.120 --> 00:30:26.440
and having a good social network.

00:30:26.440 --> 00:30:28.010
Incredibly, incredibly important.

00:30:28.010 --> 00:30:31.060
If you have the combination
of those two things,

00:30:31.060 --> 00:30:32.500
you really are gonna be unstoppable

00:30:32.500 --> 00:30:34.610
because everyone's journey is gonna have

00:30:34.610 --> 00:30:37.130
some high points and you're gonna get,

00:30:37.130 --> 00:30:40.290
I have more low points
than y'all might imagine.

00:30:40.290 --> 00:30:42.740
And I've definitely had them over my life.

00:30:42.740 --> 00:30:45.290
But it's that ability to
kind of detach yourself

00:30:45.290 --> 00:30:47.070
from your ego sometimes,

00:30:47.070 --> 00:30:49.440
to not get too worked
up about some things,

00:30:49.440 --> 00:30:52.543
have some tools at your
disposal to meditate,

00:30:53.400 --> 00:30:57.430
to exercise, to whatever it is.

00:30:57.430 --> 00:30:59.770
For some folks, it might be religion.

00:30:59.770 --> 00:31:02.400
But it takes you into
that meditative place.

00:31:02.400 --> 00:31:03.970
I think that'll make you
incredibly resilient.

00:31:03.970 --> 00:31:05.840
So if you've got the skills
and you've got the resilience,

00:31:05.840 --> 00:31:07.410
you're gonna be unstoppable.

00:31:07.410 --> 00:31:09.960
So that's my best advice there.

00:31:09.960 --> 00:31:10.870
Maybe time for one more.

00:31:10.870 --> 00:31:13.170
I know we're over, but
I'm having a good time.

00:31:14.150 --> 00:31:14.983
Daisy.

00:31:14.983 --> 00:31:16.850
I'm somewhat randomly picking.

00:31:17.880 --> 00:31:19.380
- Hi, Sal.

00:31:19.380 --> 00:31:21.960
So first, I just wanna say thank you

00:31:21.960 --> 00:31:23.880
for all that you have done to enrich

00:31:23.880 --> 00:31:27.870
the educational experiences
of learners on Khan Academy

00:31:27.870 --> 00:31:28.840
and now Schoolhouse.

00:31:28.840 --> 00:31:32.290
So I, myself, I'm a tutor at Schoolhouse

00:31:32.290 --> 00:31:36.000
and I'm sort of constantly
looking for ways

00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:41.000
that I can more effectively
like present or teach concepts.

00:31:41.790 --> 00:31:43.470
And so I'm sort of just wondering,

00:31:43.470 --> 00:31:45.930
do you have any tutoring
strategies or tips

00:31:45.930 --> 00:31:48.990
that you like to use and
has there perhaps been

00:31:48.990 --> 00:31:52.050
someone like a teacher
who's teaching style

00:31:52.050 --> 00:31:54.900
you really admire and who
has been an inspiration

00:31:54.900 --> 00:31:56.420
to you as an educator?

00:31:56.420 --> 00:31:57.253
Thanks.

00:31:57.253 --> 00:31:58.173
- Oh, a good question.

00:31:59.720 --> 00:32:01.110
Not that I have fully figured it out.

00:32:01.110 --> 00:32:03.420
I think there's two modes that I get into.

00:32:03.420 --> 00:32:06.590
One is the explaining mode.

00:32:06.590 --> 00:32:08.020
And that's the one that many of you all

00:32:08.020 --> 00:32:09.970
might be familiar with on Khan Academy.

00:32:09.970 --> 00:32:11.670
And when I'm in explaining mode,

00:32:11.670 --> 00:32:14.810
that's where I try not to script it.

00:32:14.810 --> 00:32:16.410
I try not to over plan it.

00:32:16.410 --> 00:32:17.980
I do try to make sure that I am excited

00:32:17.980 --> 00:32:19.360
about what I'm about to do,

00:32:19.360 --> 00:32:20.650
because I always tell anyone teaching,

00:32:20.650 --> 00:32:21.900
if you're not excited about it,

00:32:21.900 --> 00:32:22.980
there's no way that your students

00:32:22.980 --> 00:32:24.470
are gonna be excited about it.

00:32:24.470 --> 00:32:26.770
I also try to not be stressed about it

00:32:26.770 --> 00:32:28.640
because stress, humans are very good

00:32:28.640 --> 00:32:30.270
at sensing stress in other people.

00:32:30.270 --> 00:32:31.280
And for most learners,

00:32:31.280 --> 00:32:33.430
it's already a slightly
stressful experience

00:32:33.430 --> 00:32:34.720
or maybe a very stressful experience.

00:32:34.720 --> 00:32:36.400
And then if the teacher is stressed,

00:32:36.400 --> 00:32:38.490
that's only gonna make the
student even more stressed.

00:32:38.490 --> 00:32:39.383
So I like to,

00:32:40.230 --> 00:32:42.350
even though you don't see my
faces on Khan Academy videos,

00:32:42.350 --> 00:32:44.930
I actually do force myself to
smile no matter what happen.

00:32:44.930 --> 00:32:47.020
My car might've gotten
towed, whatever else,

00:32:47.020 --> 00:32:49.150
but I'll force myself to smile.

00:32:49.150 --> 00:32:50.670
Before making the video,

00:32:50.670 --> 00:32:52.560
I force myself to just kind of relax.

00:32:52.560 --> 00:32:54.100
If I'm not relaxed, I
will take a little bit

00:32:54.100 --> 00:32:55.460
of a one minute, two minute breather,

00:32:55.460 --> 00:32:58.340
just get into a good place,
'cause it's gonna show up.

00:32:58.340 --> 00:33:00.620
And then really trying
to focus on the intuition

00:33:00.620 --> 00:33:03.490
and the ahas and let your
personality shine as much as,

00:33:03.490 --> 00:33:04.720
whatever your personality is.

00:33:04.720 --> 00:33:07.780
I think when you show that
authenticity, you really connect.

00:33:07.780 --> 00:33:11.090
And then when I imagine
who I'm speaking to,

00:33:11.090 --> 00:33:13.560
I really just try to speak
to almost like a younger,

00:33:13.560 --> 00:33:15.800
not even a younger,
just a version of myself

00:33:15.800 --> 00:33:18.020
that just has not learned
this material yet.

00:33:18.020 --> 00:33:21.070
But I try to respect that,
okay, they are also curious.

00:33:21.070 --> 00:33:23.390
They also wanna connect the dots.

00:33:23.390 --> 00:33:24.760
I don't try to talk down to them

00:33:24.760 --> 00:33:26.280
or I don't try to talk above them.

00:33:26.280 --> 00:33:27.113
So that's that.

00:33:27.113 --> 00:33:29.440
Now the other mode is the
Schoolhouse.world mode.

00:33:29.440 --> 00:33:33.100
When you're actually with people
like we are now, tutoring,

00:33:33.100 --> 00:33:35.360
that's where I just keep
trying to remind myself,

00:33:35.360 --> 00:33:38.020
the more that I can be a question asker,

00:33:38.020 --> 00:33:40.670
and it can be directed
questions, the better.

00:33:40.670 --> 00:33:43.750
And I've had trouble sometimes
with awkward silence.

00:33:43.750 --> 00:33:45.880
Like even at dinner parties,
I'm always the guy that like,

00:33:45.880 --> 00:33:47.630
when there's like three
seconds of awkward silence,

00:33:47.630 --> 00:33:49.800
I'm trying to fill it in somehow (laughs).

00:33:49.800 --> 00:33:52.220
Like who saw the game last night?

00:33:52.220 --> 00:33:53.719
One of my things that I need to work on

00:33:53.719 --> 00:33:56.550
is being more comfortable
with that awkward silence.

00:33:56.550 --> 00:33:58.960
And also, when you're tutoring folks,

00:33:58.960 --> 00:34:00.600
you ask a question.

00:34:00.600 --> 00:34:02.410
People might not have
an answer immediately,

00:34:02.410 --> 00:34:04.170
but make sure they have
some space to do it,

00:34:04.170 --> 00:34:06.640
or give them context,
like the message board,

00:34:06.640 --> 00:34:08.260
where it's like, hey
everyone, put what you think.

00:34:08.260 --> 00:34:09.630
That might feel a little bit safer

00:34:09.630 --> 00:34:11.300
if someone's a little
bit more introverted.

00:34:11.300 --> 00:34:12.970
I think try to pull
people out of the screen

00:34:12.970 --> 00:34:14.220
as much as possible.

00:34:14.220 --> 00:34:15.880
In Schoolhouse.world, make them feel safe.

00:34:15.880 --> 00:34:17.220
But say, hey, you know.

00:34:17.220 --> 00:34:18.450
Call on them a little bit.

00:34:18.450 --> 00:34:19.420
What do you think?

00:34:19.420 --> 00:34:20.970
How would you approach this problem?

00:34:20.970 --> 00:34:23.780
But I think the more that
you can make them do the work

00:34:23.780 --> 00:34:26.240
and you're pulling it out of them,

00:34:26.240 --> 00:34:27.870
I think that's going to be
a really good experience.

00:34:27.870 --> 00:34:31.113
And you just bring this
joy and energy to it.

00:34:32.240 --> 00:34:34.303
I think it's gonna be quite wonderful.

00:34:35.220 --> 00:34:36.483
- Thank you so much.

00:34:38.333 --> 00:34:39.710
- All right, all right.

00:34:39.710 --> 00:34:40.725
This is super, okay,

00:34:40.725 --> 00:34:42.150
I'll do two more quick questions.

00:34:42.150 --> 00:34:45.860
I'll do two questions and I will go to,

00:34:45.860 --> 00:34:50.860
let's go to Jose and Sarah.

00:34:53.300 --> 00:34:54.810
Apologies to everyone else.

00:34:54.810 --> 00:34:55.643
Apologies to everyone.

00:34:55.643 --> 00:34:56.603
Jose and then Sarah.

00:34:57.830 --> 00:34:59.090
- Hi, Sal.

00:34:59.090 --> 00:35:00.420
My name's Jose, obviously.

00:35:00.420 --> 00:35:01.902
I'm 13.

00:35:01.902 --> 00:35:05.330
I'm a sophomore and an
international student.

00:35:05.330 --> 00:35:07.800
So first, I just really appreciate you

00:35:07.800 --> 00:35:12.800
taking the time to help us by
giving us this opportunity.

00:35:14.150 --> 00:35:19.037
Now, my question is for
students who want to advance

00:35:21.400 --> 00:35:23.810
more than what their
school might be offering,

00:35:23.810 --> 00:35:26.900
what the school teaches,
the school curriculum.

00:35:26.900 --> 00:35:30.113
And for me, specifically,
math and science.

00:35:32.190 --> 00:35:35.380
For students who have
already taken the time to,

00:35:35.380 --> 00:35:37.300
apart from doing the school assignments

00:35:37.300 --> 00:35:39.963
and preparing for standardized
tests and all of that,

00:35:42.210 --> 00:35:46.240
also taking the opportunity to participate

00:35:46.240 --> 00:35:50.180
in extracurricular, say, online activities

00:35:50.180 --> 00:35:53.150
such as Khan Academy, such as Schoolhouse,

00:35:53.150 --> 00:35:55.210
for me, it's Khan Academy and AoPS

00:35:56.900 --> 00:36:00.800
in order to advance their
knowledge for math and science,

00:36:00.800 --> 00:36:02.810
how they might be able to communicate

00:36:02.810 --> 00:36:07.810
to schools as well as other institutions,

00:36:07.850 --> 00:36:11.120
the knowledge that they've
gathered on their own

00:36:11.120 --> 00:36:14.470
using non-accredited institutions.

00:36:14.470 --> 00:36:16.180
And you've talked a little bit about this

00:36:16.180 --> 00:36:18.630
in some of your interviews
about how ideally,

00:36:18.630 --> 00:36:20.670
educational institutions
could be independent

00:36:20.670 --> 00:36:22.900
from accreditation, because that allows

00:36:22.900 --> 00:36:24.840
mastery learning to take place

00:36:24.840 --> 00:36:28.613
instead of just that grade mindset.

00:36:29.750 --> 00:36:30.890
I have to get a hundred percent.

00:36:30.890 --> 00:36:32.420
I have to get an A, right?

00:36:32.420 --> 00:36:36.810
Just to actually take the
time to learn those concepts.

00:36:36.810 --> 00:36:39.420
How do you communicate that to teachers?

00:36:39.420 --> 00:36:41.150
- Yeah, yeah, you know, the good thing...

00:36:41.150 --> 00:36:42.460
So there's two things.

00:36:42.460 --> 00:36:47.460
One is I think if any of
y'all, there are ways to do it

00:36:47.740 --> 00:36:50.760
even without any kind of
extra systemic support.

00:36:50.760 --> 00:36:51.900
I remember when I was in high school,

00:36:51.900 --> 00:36:54.100
I was going through a similar,

00:36:54.100 --> 00:36:56.220
I was taking courses.

00:36:56.220 --> 00:36:57.470
I was born and raised in New Orleans.

00:36:57.470 --> 00:36:59.210
So I was taking courses at
the University of New Orleans

00:36:59.210 --> 00:37:00.980
while I was in high
school, which back then

00:37:00.980 --> 00:37:03.150
was actually fairly
non-standard thing to do.

00:37:03.150 --> 00:37:04.660
And so actually, at first,

00:37:04.660 --> 00:37:06.830
I remember them not even
letting me take the courses

00:37:06.830 --> 00:37:09.060
'cause I wanted to take them
when I was roughly your age.

00:37:09.060 --> 00:37:10.350
And they're like, we don't do that.

00:37:10.350 --> 00:37:12.530
And I remember I kept going
to them and saying like,

00:37:12.530 --> 00:37:14.270
what do I need to do to
let you take the course?

00:37:14.270 --> 00:37:16.640
And you'd be surprised, if
you're persistent enough,

00:37:16.640 --> 00:37:18.127
people will eventually let you.

00:37:18.127 --> 00:37:20.320
And then I remember I
wanted to take more courses

00:37:20.320 --> 00:37:22.740
and then they wouldn't let me
'cause there's some policy.

00:37:22.740 --> 00:37:26.370
And then I said, well, see how I do.

00:37:26.370 --> 00:37:28.560
So I think you can always keep pushing,

00:37:28.560 --> 00:37:30.430
keep pushing the envelope there.

00:37:30.430 --> 00:37:33.010
Never doubt the power of that.

00:37:33.010 --> 00:37:34.440
The good thing is some of these ideas

00:37:34.440 --> 00:37:35.740
are a lot more mainstream now.

00:37:35.740 --> 00:37:38.330
And just the very fact that
you're thinking about this

00:37:38.330 --> 00:37:40.960
at age 13 is a, sorry,

00:37:40.960 --> 00:37:43.640
my kids are screaming in the other room.

00:37:43.640 --> 00:37:46.973
But just the fact that you're
thinking about this at age 13,

00:37:49.850 --> 00:37:51.770
I wouldn't worry, first of all.

00:37:51.770 --> 00:37:54.300
But we're working on it for you, too.

00:37:54.300 --> 00:37:57.170
So if you go on or maybe you already,

00:37:57.170 --> 00:37:58.970
if you tutor on Schoolhouse.world

00:37:58.970 --> 00:38:01.410
and build a strong reputation,

00:38:01.410 --> 00:38:06.410
as I said, already two
very strong universities

00:38:06.820 --> 00:38:09.340
are interested in looking
at Schoolhouse.world tutors.

00:38:09.340 --> 00:38:10.763
UChicago and MIT.

00:38:12.090 --> 00:38:14.290
And I talked to 30 others yesterday.

00:38:14.290 --> 00:38:16.070
By the time you are
actually going to college,

00:38:16.070 --> 00:38:17.240
I suspect we're gonna have 50

00:38:17.240 --> 00:38:19.770
or a hundred of them that will
take a serious look at it.

00:38:19.770 --> 00:38:22.320
I'm also working with some scholarships.

00:38:22.320 --> 00:38:25.570
I talked to a very prestigious
scholarship yesterday.

00:38:25.570 --> 00:38:27.860
Don't be surprised if in
the next two, three months,

00:38:27.860 --> 00:38:30.240
Schoolhouse.world, becoming
a highly reputed tutor

00:38:30.240 --> 00:38:31.310
on Schoolhouse.world

00:38:32.290 --> 00:38:33.780
puts you kind of at the front of the line

00:38:33.780 --> 00:38:36.010
for some of these really,
really good scholarships.

00:38:36.010 --> 00:38:37.890
I'm also gonna be talking to employers.

00:38:37.890 --> 00:38:39.170
Some of the employers
that I think many of you

00:38:39.170 --> 00:38:40.410
all would love to work at,

00:38:40.410 --> 00:38:43.480
where, hey, if someone is a great tutor,

00:38:43.480 --> 00:38:45.790
highly reputed tutor on Schoolhouse.world,

00:38:45.790 --> 00:38:48.500
why wouldn't you give them an internship?

00:38:48.500 --> 00:38:53.070
And going back to my example,
someone can tutor Algebra,

00:38:53.070 --> 00:38:55.130
Calculus, Statistics, Biology.

00:38:55.130 --> 00:38:56.400
Whatever it might be, by that point,

00:38:56.400 --> 00:38:58.610
we should hopefully have
tutoring in other subjects,

00:38:58.610 --> 00:39:02.430
in English and in History
and whatever else by then.

00:39:02.430 --> 00:39:04.980
Why not hire those folks?

00:39:04.980 --> 00:39:06.520
So the good thing is you're 13.

00:39:06.520 --> 00:39:09.610
So by that point, I will have
done more of the homework

00:39:09.610 --> 00:39:11.280
and you'll have more opportunities

00:39:11.280 --> 00:39:12.210
than you'll know what to deal with.

00:39:12.210 --> 00:39:14.050
But don't be complacent, keep working.

00:39:14.050 --> 00:39:15.150
And meditate (laughs).

00:39:16.080 --> 00:39:16.913
- Thank you.

00:39:18.160 --> 00:39:19.260
- Sarah, take us home.

00:39:23.850 --> 00:39:24.683
- Hi, Sal.

00:39:25.870 --> 00:39:28.460
You have been my role model ever since.

00:39:28.460 --> 00:39:31.120
I used your platform even
before there was even,

00:39:31.120 --> 00:39:32.990
just your YouTube videos even.

00:39:32.990 --> 00:39:35.330
And now I'm a PhD student.

00:39:35.330 --> 00:39:38.220
And I've shared those Sal Khan videos

00:39:38.220 --> 00:39:41.090
to almost everyone that
I've met across my journey.

00:39:41.090 --> 00:39:42.927
So I'm in awe of your work.

00:39:42.927 --> 00:39:45.240
And I actually started tutoring on my own

00:39:45.240 --> 00:39:46.620
because I'm motivated by you.

00:39:46.620 --> 00:39:48.240
And then I saw Schoolhouse.world.

00:39:48.240 --> 00:39:51.823
I started a similar
initiative in my university.

00:39:53.326 --> 00:39:54.159
Again, inspired by you.

00:39:54.159 --> 00:39:56.340
And I was like, oh, he
has something similar.

00:39:56.340 --> 00:39:59.110
So I just wanted to say thank
you for all that you do.

00:39:59.110 --> 00:40:03.810
And it really brings a lot
of joy to everyone learning.

00:40:03.810 --> 00:40:05.630
One of the things that I
want to talk to you about

00:40:05.630 --> 00:40:09.233
was the motto is you can
learn anything anywhere.

00:40:10.320 --> 00:40:11.970
You hit on this previously as well.

00:40:11.970 --> 00:40:14.200
The issue is what about these areas

00:40:14.200 --> 00:40:15.780
where there isn't internet access?

00:40:15.780 --> 00:40:16.860
That even in the United States,

00:40:16.860 --> 00:40:18.240
we have these low income areas.

00:40:18.240 --> 00:40:20.670
Now, have you ever considered partnering

00:40:20.670 --> 00:40:22.160
with these internet providers?

00:40:22.160 --> 00:40:23.120
Maybe creating,

00:40:23.120 --> 00:40:27.360
I know Comcast has the
internet essentials program.

00:40:27.360 --> 00:40:30.010
And other companies that also have

00:40:30.010 --> 00:40:34.000
these internet access
programs and might benefit,

00:40:34.000 --> 00:40:38.330
I mean, how do you plan on
overcoming this obstacle?

00:40:38.330 --> 00:40:39.450
- Yeah, great question.

00:40:39.450 --> 00:40:42.010
And something that we constantly discuss

00:40:42.010 --> 00:40:43.560
at Khan Academy over the years.

00:40:47.223 --> 00:40:49.810
If there is a silver
lining of the pandemic

00:40:49.810 --> 00:40:51.730
is it's put a bigger
spotlight on this issue

00:40:51.730 --> 00:40:53.040
than I've ever seen.

00:40:53.040 --> 00:40:56.920
And we know for the first
time, governments and industry

00:40:56.920 --> 00:40:58.370
and philanthropists around the world

00:40:58.370 --> 00:41:00.810
are more serious about it
than they've ever been.

00:41:00.810 --> 00:41:03.140
In the U.S., this latest
infrastructure around

00:41:03.140 --> 00:41:04.810
has 60 something billion dollars

00:41:04.810 --> 00:41:07.950
to close the digital divide,
which should go a long way.

00:41:07.950 --> 00:41:09.480
Now, that's just the U.S.

00:41:09.480 --> 00:41:11.570
What about the rest of the world?

00:41:11.570 --> 00:41:12.820
The simple answer is yes.

00:41:14.090 --> 00:41:15.830
We are relatively small organization.

00:41:15.830 --> 00:41:16.730
We're not gonna be the people

00:41:16.730 --> 00:41:18.280
who could put fiber in the ground.

00:41:18.280 --> 00:41:19.470
We have lobbyists in D.C.

00:41:19.470 --> 00:41:20.303
We can't do that kind of,

00:41:20.303 --> 00:41:22.030
we're not even allowed to lobby in D.C.

00:41:22.030 --> 00:41:23.300
as a not-for-profit.

00:41:23.300 --> 00:41:25.240
But we're not gonna be the
organization that does that,

00:41:25.240 --> 00:41:27.730
puts fiber in the ground or
put satellites in the air.

00:41:27.730 --> 00:41:29.797
But I think the existence of Khan Academy

00:41:29.797 --> 00:41:31.390
and Schoolhouse.world,

00:41:31.390 --> 00:41:35.160
I think only highlights the
importance of giving access.

00:41:35.160 --> 00:41:36.850
And access isn't just about academics.

00:41:36.850 --> 00:41:38.960
It's even just about economic empowerment

00:41:38.960 --> 00:41:41.540
and even social wellbeing to some degree,

00:41:41.540 --> 00:41:43.933
as long as you can stay off
of the really bad stuff.

00:41:45.909 --> 00:41:46.990
So we try to do what we can.

00:41:46.990 --> 00:41:49.680
Actually, Comcast has been
one of our longtime partners.

00:41:49.680 --> 00:41:51.470
I had a conversation with the SpaceX folks

00:41:51.470 --> 00:41:52.783
working on Starlink.

00:41:53.870 --> 00:41:56.240
If that works out, that's great.

00:41:56.240 --> 00:41:58.920
That we can get more internet
to more of the world.

00:41:58.920 --> 00:42:01.210
So yes, that's something that is,

00:42:01.210 --> 00:42:03.120
definitely something we think about.

00:42:03.120 --> 00:42:05.670
We have been signatories to
things with Common Sense Media

00:42:05.670 --> 00:42:07.590
to try to close the digital divide.

00:42:07.590 --> 00:42:08.760
And now there's talk
about the homework gap,

00:42:08.760 --> 00:42:10.840
which is really the
digital divide at home.

00:42:10.840 --> 00:42:12.670
But yes, we try to do whatever we can.

00:42:12.670 --> 00:42:14.060
Now, the good news is,

00:42:14.060 --> 00:42:16.330
it isn't happening fast
enough for any of us.

00:42:16.330 --> 00:42:18.370
All of us would love that five years ago,

00:42:18.370 --> 00:42:19.430
there should have been no digital divide.

00:42:19.430 --> 00:42:21.610
10 years ago, there still is one.

00:42:21.610 --> 00:42:23.620
But if you look at it historically,

00:42:23.620 --> 00:42:26.970
compared to almost any
other technology ramp up,

00:42:26.970 --> 00:42:30.890
the refrigerator,
television, it's quite fast.

00:42:30.890 --> 00:42:34.020
So I do try to think about let's build

00:42:34.020 --> 00:42:35.840
for where the world is going.

00:42:35.840 --> 00:42:39.400
So I believe in 10 years,
the type of internet access

00:42:39.400 --> 00:42:43.530
and the types of devices
that are currently fancy

00:42:43.530 --> 00:42:46.430
I think are gonna be fairly
mainstream in 10 years.

00:42:46.430 --> 00:42:48.630
And then if Khan Academy
and Schoolhouse.world

00:42:48.630 --> 00:42:49.780
can sit on top of those,

00:42:49.780 --> 00:42:52.560
then probably not
everyone's going to access.

00:42:52.560 --> 00:42:54.320
In fact, probably the biggest barrier

00:42:54.320 --> 00:42:55.410
for access won't be that.

00:42:55.410 --> 00:42:56.550
It will be like governments.

00:42:56.550 --> 00:42:58.140
It'll be like the Taliban.

00:42:58.140 --> 00:42:59.250
It'll be government, you know.

00:42:59.250 --> 00:43:02.890
It'll be stuff like that -
war - that disrupts people.

00:43:02.890 --> 00:43:05.500
But economically, it should
be hopefully feasible.

00:43:05.500 --> 00:43:09.340
So fingers crossed, but we just
gotta keep pushing on that.

00:43:09.340 --> 00:43:10.510
- One of the things I was thinking about

00:43:10.510 --> 00:43:11.800
maybe creating like these hubs.

00:43:11.800 --> 00:43:13.040
Like there's a lot of schools.

00:43:13.040 --> 00:43:14.140
Well, early in the pandemic,

00:43:14.140 --> 00:43:15.830
there's libraries closed
or schools closed.

00:43:15.830 --> 00:43:17.540
Maybe creating these hubs
and these, I don't know.

00:43:17.540 --> 00:43:18.810
Again, that branding of Khan,

00:43:18.810 --> 00:43:22.560
like these Khan hubs that
provide internet access

00:43:22.560 --> 00:43:24.280
in these low income areas,

00:43:24.280 --> 00:43:25.750
which obviously will have, you know,

00:43:25.750 --> 00:43:28.212
Khan Academy and Schoolhouse.world

00:43:28.212 --> 00:43:29.550
in the computers or whatever,

00:43:29.550 --> 00:43:33.320
but some kind of access to
these low income areas exactly.

00:43:33.320 --> 00:43:34.270
- You're 100% right.

00:43:34.270 --> 00:43:36.990
We've had ideas, and
I've talked to people.

00:43:36.990 --> 00:43:39.070
This actually is what libraries
of the future should be.

00:43:39.070 --> 00:43:39.920
- Yes.
- I mean,

00:43:40.780 --> 00:43:42.730
physical books have,
you know, that's good,

00:43:42.730 --> 00:43:44.870
but people need a hub.

00:43:44.870 --> 00:43:45.703
There's that.

00:43:45.703 --> 00:43:47.830
I've had conversations
with major retailers.

00:43:47.830 --> 00:43:49.040
I was just like, why don't you take

00:43:49.040 --> 00:43:50.670
that back right corner of your store

00:43:50.670 --> 00:43:52.240
that no one goes to right now,

00:43:52.240 --> 00:43:54.010
turn it into a learning lab.

00:43:54.010 --> 00:43:55.210
- Yes.
- And by the way,

00:43:55.210 --> 00:43:57.210
parents will come, drop
their kids off there

00:43:57.210 --> 00:43:58.630
for half an hour while they can learn

00:43:58.630 --> 00:44:00.520
from Khan Academy and Schoolhouse.world,

00:44:00.520 --> 00:44:02.060
and the parents are gonna buy something.

00:44:02.060 --> 00:44:03.850
They're gonna do their shopping.

00:44:03.850 --> 00:44:06.170
And you're giving them childcare, too.

00:44:06.170 --> 00:44:07.420
And then they pick up their kids

00:44:07.420 --> 00:44:08.280
and their kids would have learned.

00:44:08.280 --> 00:44:10.970
So yeah, open to all ideas.

00:44:10.970 --> 00:44:14.550
Museums, libraries, even big box retail.

00:44:14.550 --> 00:44:17.070
And then in really rural places

00:44:17.070 --> 00:44:18.100
or developing parts of the world,

00:44:18.100 --> 00:44:19.770
you could manage a shipping container

00:44:19.770 --> 00:44:22.073
with a internet connection to Starlink,

00:44:23.320 --> 00:44:25.590
put a couple of low-cost devices in there,

00:44:25.590 --> 00:44:27.640
hire someone from the village
who can just make sure

00:44:27.640 --> 00:44:30.660
that nothing shady happens and go.

00:44:30.660 --> 00:44:32.235
You have a school in a box, so to speak.

00:44:32.235 --> 00:44:33.068
- Yes.

00:44:33.970 --> 00:44:35.060
- Let's work on it.
- I was thinking

00:44:35.060 --> 00:44:37.040
like some kind of like to-go school.

00:44:37.040 --> 00:44:37.970
Yeah, exactly.

00:44:37.970 --> 00:44:38.830
- That's right.

00:44:38.830 --> 00:44:41.623
So yeah, I mean, it goes
back to what I said earlier.

00:44:42.530 --> 00:44:43.363
There's two scenarios.

00:44:43.363 --> 00:44:45.070
You have a school, which hopefully you do.

00:44:45.070 --> 00:44:46.840
And then hopefully Khan
Academy and Schoolhouse.world

00:44:46.840 --> 00:44:49.230
can make it even more
personalized, even better.

00:44:49.230 --> 00:44:53.700
But we also wanna be the
world's education safety net,

00:44:53.700 --> 00:44:55.630
so that no one has nothing.

00:44:55.630 --> 00:44:58.290
And actually, the safety
net's pretty darn good.

00:44:58.290 --> 00:44:59.930
So yeah, let's figure it out.

00:44:59.930 --> 00:45:00.980
It's not gonna be solved tomorrow,

00:45:00.980 --> 00:45:04.240
but it's an admirable
goal to keep pushing on.

00:45:04.240 --> 00:45:05.160
So I will stop.
- I think you have some

00:45:05.160 --> 00:45:06.330
great minds who'll figure it out.

00:45:06.330 --> 00:45:07.320
- Yes, yes.

00:45:07.320 --> 00:45:08.870
And congratulations.

00:45:08.870 --> 00:45:13.410
Just as I told Salik
to be a donor one day,

00:45:13.410 --> 00:45:15.240
either, depending if you
go to industry or academia,

00:45:15.240 --> 00:45:17.800
be a donor one day or when
you get the Nobel prize.

00:45:17.800 --> 00:45:19.360
I just want a small mention.

00:45:19.360 --> 00:45:21.690
- Yeah (laughs).
- If not for Khan Academy,

00:45:21.690 --> 00:45:23.528
we might not have cured this disease.

00:45:23.528 --> 00:45:24.590
- Oh, don't you worry, Sal.

00:45:24.590 --> 00:45:25.640
I'm donating to you already.

00:45:25.640 --> 00:45:27.786
Don't you worry.
- Oh, very good.

00:45:27.786 --> 00:45:29.513
- With my amazing stipend.

00:45:30.890 --> 00:45:33.880
- I feel somewhat guilty from that.

00:45:33.880 --> 00:45:35.720
But later on, when you're
making the big money,

00:45:35.720 --> 00:45:37.490
then you should.

00:45:37.490 --> 00:45:38.370
But, well, thanks everyone.

00:45:38.370 --> 00:45:39.840
The good thing is this is a series.

00:45:39.840 --> 00:45:41.630
We're gonna be doing this again next week.

00:45:41.630 --> 00:45:44.510
So everyone, I'm trying
to kind of remember

00:45:44.510 --> 00:45:48.490
the names and the faces of
people who I did not get to.

00:45:48.490 --> 00:45:52.700
And everyone else on - Zeeshan, Vinay,

00:45:52.700 --> 00:45:55.920
Christine, Jose A.,

00:45:55.920 --> 00:46:00.920
Evelyn, Maive, Athena, and Connall.

00:46:01.110 --> 00:46:01.943
We didn't get to you.

00:46:01.943 --> 00:46:03.460
And obviously, everyone
else can ask questions, too.

00:46:03.460 --> 00:46:04.610
So I look forward to hopefully getting

00:46:04.610 --> 00:46:06.800
to all of your questions next week.

00:46:06.800 --> 00:46:07.900
See you then, this was a lot of fun.

00:46:07.900 --> 00:46:09.319
Thanks everyone.
- See you next week, Sal.

00:46:09.319 --> 00:46:10.258
Thanks.

00:46:10.258 --> 00:46:11.840
- Thanks, Sal.
- Thanks so much, Sal.

00:46:11.840 --> 00:46:12.938
- Thank you.
- Thank you.

00:46:12.938 --> 00:46:14.855
- Thank you, thank you.

00:46:33.718 --> 00:46:35.301
- Are you still on?

00:46:36.960 --> 00:46:38.560
- Yeah, what's up?

00:46:38.560 --> 00:46:39.680
- Were you the one that joined in

00:46:39.680 --> 00:46:41.592
and let people in or is it Sal?

00:46:41.592 --> 00:46:42.609
- It was me.

00:46:42.609 --> 00:46:43.442
- Okay.

00:46:44.367 --> 00:46:47.313
You're gonna do this again
or should we make a note?

00:46:48.670 --> 00:46:51.190
- Sal, next time, is it
possible to, I guess,

00:46:51.190 --> 00:46:52.920
give someone co-host?

00:46:52.920 --> 00:46:54.323
To let people in?

00:46:55.300 --> 00:46:56.380
- Oh yeah, I'll do that.

00:46:56.380 --> 00:46:57.500
Just tell me how to do it.

00:46:57.500 --> 00:47:00.400
- Yeah, 'cause I got
like 10 chat requesting,

00:47:00.400 --> 00:47:02.177
like they're waiting for
people to join the meeting

00:47:02.177 --> 00:47:03.877
and I don't have the admin access.

00:47:05.300 --> 00:47:06.680
But it's okay, we got it now.

00:47:06.680 --> 00:47:07.513
- Let's do that.

00:47:11.910 --> 00:47:14.310
- I just don't wanna leave, that's all.

00:47:14.310 --> 00:47:16.050
- Oh yeah, you're still
part of the recording.

00:47:16.050 --> 00:47:18.450
- I'm reading all of the messages before-

00:47:18.450 --> 00:47:19.283
- Oh yeah, that's a ton.

00:47:19.283 --> 00:47:21.450
I think you can download
them too somewhere.

00:47:22.540 --> 00:47:24.474
- Actually, if one of
y'all can download them.

00:47:24.474 --> 00:47:26.190
- Yeah.

00:47:26.190 --> 00:47:27.023
- I think there's save chat.
- The three dots

00:47:27.023 --> 00:47:27.856
at the bottom.

00:47:27.856 --> 00:47:28.689
Yeah, save chat.

00:47:28.689 --> 00:47:30.223
Save it as a txt file.

00:47:34.230 --> 00:47:35.120
- All right, thanks everyone.

00:47:35.120 --> 00:47:36.480
See you all.

00:47:36.480 --> 00:47:37.313
- Bye.

00:47:37.313 --> 00:47:38.483
- Bye, everyone.


Buffer range

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.470 --> 00:00:02.730
- [Instructor] Buffers consists
of a significant amount

00:00:02.730 --> 00:00:06.170
of a weak acid, which
we will represent as HA

00:00:06.170 --> 00:00:08.670
and the conjugate base to the weak acid,

00:00:08.670 --> 00:00:11.120
which we will represent as A-.

00:00:11.120 --> 00:00:14.640
Buffer solutions resist
large changes in pH.

00:00:14.640 --> 00:00:16.720
However, buffers are only effective

00:00:16.720 --> 00:00:19.420
over a certain range of pH values.

00:00:19.420 --> 00:00:22.410
We are going to use the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

00:00:22.410 --> 00:00:26.750
to find the effective
pH range of a buffer.

00:00:26.750 --> 00:00:28.700
Looking at the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,

00:00:28.700 --> 00:00:30.280
the pH of the buffer solution

00:00:30.280 --> 00:00:33.300
is equal to the pKa of the weak acid,

00:00:33.300 --> 00:00:34.900
which would be HA,

00:00:34.900 --> 00:00:37.920
plus the log of the concentration
of the conjugate base

00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:41.120
divided by the concentration
of the weak acid.

00:00:41.120 --> 00:00:43.720
And it's this ratio of the concentration

00:00:43.720 --> 00:00:48.390
of the conjugate base to the
concentration of the weak acid

00:00:48.390 --> 00:00:52.650
that determines if a
buffer is effective or not.

00:00:52.650 --> 00:00:56.000
Buffer solutions are most
effective at resisting a change

00:00:56.000 --> 00:00:58.100
in pH in either direction

00:00:58.100 --> 00:01:00.250
when the concentration of the weak acid

00:01:00.250 --> 00:01:04.090
is equal to the concentration
of the conjugate base.

00:01:04.090 --> 00:01:06.660
And when the concentrations
are equal to each other,

00:01:06.660 --> 00:01:09.310
the ratio is equal to one,

00:01:09.310 --> 00:01:14.123
and the log of one is equal to zero.

00:01:15.200 --> 00:01:17.930
Therefore, when the concentrations
are equal to each other,

00:01:17.930 --> 00:01:22.390
the pH of the buffer
solution is equal to the pKa

00:01:22.390 --> 00:01:24.990
of the weak acid plus zero.

00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:28.870
So we could just say that
the pH is equal to the pKa

00:01:28.870 --> 00:01:30.690
when the concentration of the weak acid

00:01:30.690 --> 00:01:34.140
is equal to the concentration
of the conjugate base.

00:01:34.140 --> 00:01:37.450
So we usually try to choose
a buffer with a weak acid

00:01:37.450 --> 00:01:41.670
that has a pKa value
close to the desired pH

00:01:41.670 --> 00:01:43.500
of the solution.

00:01:43.500 --> 00:01:47.090
So buffers are effective at
resisting large changes in pH

00:01:47.090 --> 00:01:49.480
when the pH is approximately equal

00:01:49.480 --> 00:01:51.820
to the pKa of the weak acid.

00:01:51.820 --> 00:01:55.570
However, if the concentration
of one component of a buffer

00:01:55.570 --> 00:01:58.790
is more than 10 times the concentration

00:01:58.790 --> 00:02:00.870
of the other component in a buffer,

00:02:00.870 --> 00:02:05.690
buffers are not effective at
resisting large changes to pH.

00:02:05.690 --> 00:02:08.660
Therefore, to find the effective pH range,

00:02:08.660 --> 00:02:11.280
we're gonna use the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

00:02:11.280 --> 00:02:12.800
to calculate the pH

00:02:12.800 --> 00:02:15.580
when the concentration
of the conjugate base

00:02:15.580 --> 00:02:18.890
is 10 times the concentration
of the weak acid,

00:02:18.890 --> 00:02:21.230
and also to calculate the pH

00:02:21.230 --> 00:02:22.940
when the concentration of the weak acid

00:02:22.940 --> 00:02:26.810
is 10 times the concentration
of the conjugate base.

00:02:26.810 --> 00:02:28.420
Doing these two calculations

00:02:28.420 --> 00:02:30.350
gives us the upper and lower limits

00:02:30.350 --> 00:02:33.340
of the effective pH range.

00:02:33.340 --> 00:02:36.030
So let's calculate the
pH of the buffer solution

00:02:36.030 --> 00:02:38.570
when the concentration
of the conjugate base

00:02:38.570 --> 00:02:42.420
is 10 times the concentration
of the weak acid.

00:02:42.420 --> 00:02:44.540
Looking at the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,

00:02:44.540 --> 00:02:47.040
if the concentration of the conjugate base

00:02:47.040 --> 00:02:50.200
is 10 times the concentration
of the weak acid,

00:02:50.200 --> 00:02:53.510
the ratio is equal to 10 over one,

00:02:53.510 --> 00:02:56.520
and the log of 10 is equal to one.

00:02:56.520 --> 00:02:59.080
Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution

00:02:59.080 --> 00:03:04.080
is equal to the pKa value
of the weak acid plus one.

00:03:04.770 --> 00:03:08.160
This value for the pH
represents the upper limit

00:03:08.160 --> 00:03:10.710
of the effective pH range.

00:03:10.710 --> 00:03:13.420
Next, let's calculate the
pH of the buffer solution

00:03:13.420 --> 00:03:15.400
when the concentration of weak acid

00:03:15.400 --> 00:03:19.180
is 10 times the concentration
of the conjugate base.

00:03:19.180 --> 00:03:21.450
Looking at the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,

00:03:21.450 --> 00:03:23.100
if the concentration of HA

00:03:23.100 --> 00:03:27.130
is 10 times the concentration of A-,

00:03:27.130 --> 00:03:30.060
the ratio is equal to one over 10,

00:03:30.060 --> 00:03:34.350
and the log of one over 10
is equal to negative one.

00:03:34.350 --> 00:03:36.960
Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution

00:03:36.960 --> 00:03:41.900
is equal to the pKa value
of the weak acid minus one.

00:03:41.900 --> 00:03:45.130
This value for the pH
represents the lower limit

00:03:45.130 --> 00:03:47.440
of the effective pH range.

00:03:47.440 --> 00:03:49.770
By the calculations that we've just done,

00:03:49.770 --> 00:03:53.460
we've seen that the effective
pH range of a buffer

00:03:53.460 --> 00:03:58.080
is plus or minus one of the
pKa value of the weak acid.

00:03:58.080 --> 00:04:01.640
Let's use these concepts
of an effective pH range

00:04:01.640 --> 00:04:04.080
to choose a buffer solution.

00:04:04.080 --> 00:04:06.350
Let's say we want to buffer a solution

00:04:06.350 --> 00:04:11.020
at a pH of 9.00 at 25 degrees Celsius.

00:04:11.020 --> 00:04:12.950
And suppose that we have two choices,

00:04:12.950 --> 00:04:16.730
we could either choose an
acetic acid-acetate buffer

00:04:16.730 --> 00:04:20.200
or we could choose an
ammonium-ammonia buffer.

00:04:20.200 --> 00:04:22.620
Because the effective pH range of a buffer

00:04:22.620 --> 00:04:26.610
is plus or minus one the
pKa value of the weak acid,

00:04:26.610 --> 00:04:27.810
we don't wanna choose

00:04:27.810 --> 00:04:30.830
the acetic acid-acetate buffer solution.

00:04:30.830 --> 00:04:32.640
Because at 25 degrees Celsius,

00:04:32.640 --> 00:04:37.140
the pKa value for acetic
acid is equal to 4.74.

00:04:37.140 --> 00:04:39.950
Therefore, this buffer
would only be effective

00:04:39.950 --> 00:04:44.450
at a range of plus or minus one from 4.74,

00:04:44.450 --> 00:04:49.070
so about 3.74 to approximately 5.74.

00:04:49.070 --> 00:04:53.750
The ammonium cation has
a pKa value equal to 9.25

00:04:53.750 --> 00:04:56.200
at 25 degrees Celsius.

00:04:56.200 --> 00:04:58.720
Therefore, the ammonium-ammonia buffer

00:04:58.720 --> 00:05:02.880
is effective plus or minus
one of this pKa value,

00:05:02.880 --> 00:05:07.880
so approximately 8.25 to 10.25.

00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:11.930
Since our pH of nine
falls within that range,

00:05:11.930 --> 00:05:15.353
we would choose the
ammonium-ammonia buffer.