Confucius and Confucianism

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Language: en

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- [Narrator] Now I'm going to talk about

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one of the greatest
philosophers and teachers

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in human history, and that is Confucius,

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known to the Chinese as Kongzi,
which means Master Kong,

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or Kong Fuzi, which
means Grand Master Kong.

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And once again, my apologies
for my pronunciation.

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The word Confucius is a
Latinization of Kong Fuzi.

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So you can imagine Kong
Fuzicius, Confucius.

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Now what's interesting about Confucius is

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he grew up in a time
when China was getting

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more and more divided.

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In other videos we talked
about the Zhou dynasty,

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which begins at the very end
of the second millennium.

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But in the time of Confucius we're in

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what's known as the end of
the Spring and Autumn period.

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Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BCE.

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And we're ending the
Spring and Autumn period

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and we're getting into the
period of the Warring States.

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So even in the time of Confucius

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there was more and more
tension between states.

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People felt less confident
in the central government,

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and as we'll see, in this
late Spring and Autumn period,

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and especially as we get into
this really violent period

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known as the Warring States period,

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a lot of philosophers started to arise

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and philosophies began to arise

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because people were struggling
with these questions

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of, what is the role of the state?

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What does it mean to be a good person?

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How does humanity fit in
with the cosmic order?

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Now, what's interesting about Confucius is

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by his own account he says
that he doesn't come up

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with anything new.

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It's more of him trying to
resuscitate or rejuvenate

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some of the traditions of the past.

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Most historians would
give him more credit.

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Even though Confucius does
look to the early Zhou dynasty

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for a lot of his
inspiration, and he looked

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to a lot of the traditions
of the ancestors,

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he definitely puts a spin on it

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which makes it a very powerful philosophy

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and arguably religion as we get into

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this Warring States period,
and especially as we get into

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a more unified China under
the Qin and Han dynasties.

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And as we'll see under the
Han dynasty in particular,

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Confucianism becomes
essentially the state religion.

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Now to get a sense of
what Confucius preached,

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and his life, he spent most of his life

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both teaching and preaching.

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A lot of people compare him to Socrates

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even though he predates Socrates.

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And simultaneously he was
also building a career

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as a civil servant, but
his legacy is definitely

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around his preachings,
and most of his life

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was here in the state
of Lu in eastern China.

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So there's three general themes
that you could talk about

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Confucius's teachings.

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I encourage you to go
look at his Analects,

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they're quite interesting, to
get many many more of them.

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But a lot of it is around
respecting traditions

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and respecting elders.

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Here's a quote from the Analects.

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"A young man should
serve his parents at home

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"and be respectful to
elders outside his home.

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"He should be earnest
and truthful, loving all,

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"but becoming intimate with
his innate good-heartedness.

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"After doing this, if
he has energy to spare,

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"he can study literature and the arts."

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And there's a lot of talk
of, if someone is to be

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a good citizen they need
to be a good child first.

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They need to be a good son.

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Now he also talks about,

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what does it mean to be a just ruler?

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"If you control people by punishment,

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"they will avoid crime, but
have no personal sense of shame.

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"If you govern them by means
of virtue and control them

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"with propriety, they will
gain their own sense of shame,

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"and thus correct themselves."

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And as we'll see, morality and ethics

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plays a huge role at a personal level

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and also at a state level to Confucius,

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and we'll talk about other philosophies

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where that might not be
as strong of a sense.

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Now another very big theme to Confucius

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was looking to yourself.

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Through self-improvement
you can be a better citizen,

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a better child, a better ruler.

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"Real knowledge is to know
the extent of one's ignorance.

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"Learning without thought is labor lost;

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"thought without learning is perilous.

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"When you see someone of worth,

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"think of how you may emulate.

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"When you see someone unworthy,
examine your own character."

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I like that one in particular.

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"Do not impose on others what
you yourself do not desire."

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So a very close statement
to the Golden Rule.

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Now as I mentioned,
Confucius and Confucianism

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was not alone in this period
of the Spring and Autumn period

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and especially as you get into
the Warring States period.

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During that time we have what's known as

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the Hundred Schools of Thought, which,

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this time period starts
around the time of Confucius

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and goes until Qin dynasty
ends the Warring States period,

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and in a very strong way unifies China.

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Now we already talked about Confucianism,

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which talks a lot about
ethics, but its goal,

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remember Confucius himself
was a civil servant.

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He was an administrator.

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He thought a lot about,

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what does it mean to be a just ruler?

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So it definitely touches on
the practical to a good bit.

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Now, many people say
it's an ethical system,

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but many would also consider it a religion

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because it does touch on the
metaphysical, the notions

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of heaven, and it borrows
a lot from China's past.

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Now, other samples of the
Hundred Schools of Thought,

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especially ones that have
had a significant role

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on China's history, and even modern China,

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include the Legalists.

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The Legalists have a strong pragmatism.

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They are dismissive of
the Confucian notion

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of strong internal ethics
and that will guide

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people and rulers.

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Legalists are much more about, look,

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we need a strong, orderly central state.

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We need to do whatever it takes,

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and it might be clamping
down on people hard,

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in order to have stability,
in order to have rule.

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And you can imagine the context in which

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this Legalism is coming about.

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This is during the Warring States period,

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this incredibly violent
period where the states

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in China are fragmented,
and so you can imagine

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these people who are very realistic.

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They're like, "Look, we've
had this Confucianism.

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"We have these other philosophies.

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"But we need strong,
super centralized rulers."

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And it ends up being
that Legalist philosophy

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that wins the day as
you have the emergence

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of the Qin dynasty in
221, and the Qin dynasty

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is what modern China is named after

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and it's considered the first dynasty

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to really unify China in a very strong way

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and create its administrative
and bureaucratic systems,

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and it really is based on Legalism

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and it was able to put an end
to this Warring States period

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by putting so much power,
central power, in strong rulers

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who were willing to be quite violent

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in repressing other people in
order to bring that stability.

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And it's notable that
the emergence of the Qin

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is also considered the end

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of the Hundred Schools of Thought,

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'cause the Qin as part of that order

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started persecuting many of
the other forms of philosophy,

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including many of those
that followed Confucius.

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Now other forms of philosophy,
and this is just a sample,

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that have strongly influenced China.

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You have Taoism.

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Taoism is, according to Taoist belief,

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comes from Laozi, and the
historical record of Laozi

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isn't as clear as we have for Confucius,

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but it's believed that he
lived around the same time.

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Some people view him as
more of a legendary figure.

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But Taoism is much more
concerned with the spiritual

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than Confucianism.

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You see quotes, the Tao is really The Way.

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It's all about harmony with the universe.

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"Free from desire, you
realize the mystery.

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"Caught in desire, you see
only the manifestations."

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The Tao Te Ching.

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Now later on, Buddhism.

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It's interesting, Buddha
lives at around the same time,

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once again, his birth and date

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are under a little bit more in contention,

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as Confucius, and he lives in
northeast India, Nepal area,

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and Buddhism really comes about in Indian,

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but it eventually makes
its way into China,

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especially as we get into
the first millennium CE.

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And in modern day China
a lot of the culture

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and the philosophy and the religion

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is a combination in particular

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of Confucianism most strongly,
but also Taoism and Buddhism.

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But there were other philosophies.

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For example Mohism is a
quite interesting one.

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I encourage you to look at it.

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But it's all about this
notion of impartial love.

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It actually has a lot of
similarities, parallels,

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with the teachings of Jesus
as told by the gospels.

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But that notion was viewed
somewhat impractical

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by many of the followers of Confucius

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and especially the
Legalists, and Mohism really

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didn't last much beyond the Qin dynasty.

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But one way to think about
it is, Legalism allowed

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the Qin dynasty to really
end the Warring States period

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and centralize China.

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But then that short-lived
dynasty as a transition

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to the Han, the Han took over
the administrative structure

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and the stability of the
Qin to a large degree,

00:09:36.431 --> 00:09:40.974
but then they made Confucianism
really the state philosophy

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and you could even say the state religion.

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And to appreciate the
importance of Confucianism

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to Chinese culture, I'll leave you

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with this last quote by
the historian Huston Smith.

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"For though Confucius did
not author Chinese culture,"

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as we talked about, even Confucius says,

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"I didn't invent anything,"

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"he was its supreme editor."


Khan Academy Live: SAT Math Class

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- Hello everyone and welcome
to Khan Academy live SAT class.

00:00:05.141 --> 00:00:07.523
My name is Eric Li, I'm an SAT tutor

00:00:07.523 --> 00:00:11.068
and one of the SAT experts
here at Khan Academy.

00:00:11.068 --> 00:00:13.555
I'm so excited to be joining you today

00:00:13.555 --> 00:00:15.334
and over the course of
the next three weeks

00:00:15.334 --> 00:00:19.346
as we practice and prepare for the SAT.

00:00:19.346 --> 00:00:23.073
Before we jump into SAT math,
which is the topic for today,

00:00:23.073 --> 00:00:25.435
I wanna give you a sneak
peek at what's coming ahead

00:00:25.435 --> 00:00:27.378
over the course of the next three weeks.

00:00:27.378 --> 00:00:28.224
Let's take a look.

00:00:28.224 --> 00:00:32.626
So, today, like I said,
we'll be covering SAT math,

00:00:32.626 --> 00:00:35.515
but next Thursday, I'll walk us through

00:00:35.515 --> 00:00:38.388
some SAT reading topics
and the following Thursday,

00:00:38.388 --> 00:00:40.889
we'll cover SAT writing.

00:00:40.889 --> 00:00:43.171
Now each of these classes
is going to take place

00:00:43.171 --> 00:00:46.990
Thursday nights at 7:00 p.m.
Eastern, 4:00 p.m. Pacific,

00:00:46.990 --> 00:00:48.610
and we're covering a
different topic each time

00:00:48.610 --> 00:00:50.554
so make sure to tune in.

00:00:50.554 --> 00:00:52.958
Now if you can't make
any of these classes,

00:00:52.958 --> 00:00:55.996
don't worry because we'll
record all of the classes

00:00:55.996 --> 00:00:58.463
and send them out to everyone afterwards

00:00:58.463 --> 00:01:01.713
so you can review it whenever you want.

00:01:01.713 --> 00:01:03.794
So I'm super excited to
be going through this.

00:01:03.794 --> 00:01:07.961
And for today, we're gonna
focus on math like I mentioned.

00:01:09.291 --> 00:01:10.774
So what's the plan for today?

00:01:10.774 --> 00:01:12.975
Well, the first 25 minutes of today,

00:01:12.975 --> 00:01:14.906
I'm gonna walk through how to avoid

00:01:14.906 --> 00:01:17.401
careless mistakes in the SAT math section.

00:01:17.401 --> 00:01:19.846
Next I'll show you how to approach

00:01:19.846 --> 00:01:22.597
function notation problems,
which are a common concept

00:01:22.597 --> 00:01:25.231
tested in the SAT math section.

00:01:25.231 --> 00:01:28.080
Then in the next 25
minutes, you'll get a chance

00:01:28.080 --> 00:01:32.869
to practice what you've
learned on Khan Academy.

00:01:32.869 --> 00:01:35.542
And while you're practicing,
we'll have Khan Academy

00:01:35.542 --> 00:01:37.622
and College Board staff on standby

00:01:37.622 --> 00:01:39.753
who can chat with you one on one about,

00:01:39.753 --> 00:01:42.602
and answer any question
you have about SAT math,

00:01:42.602 --> 00:01:45.681
reading, writing, or anything SAT related.

00:01:45.681 --> 00:01:47.665
You'll want to make sure to
practice during this time though

00:01:47.665 --> 00:01:50.303
because these staff members
are only gonna be on

00:01:50.303 --> 00:01:52.800
until the end of the hour.

00:01:52.800 --> 00:01:54.421
Then in the last 10 minutes of class,

00:01:54.421 --> 00:01:57.362
I'll answer a few
questions, discuss homework

00:01:57.362 --> 00:01:58.860
and the plan for the next class,

00:01:58.860 --> 00:02:01.442
and then you'll get your badge
for completing the class.

00:02:01.442 --> 00:02:02.306
But remember you have to stay

00:02:02.306 --> 00:02:05.225
to the very end of the
class to get that badge.

00:02:05.225 --> 00:02:07.599
So, that's the plan for
the next three weeks

00:02:07.599 --> 00:02:10.123
and what we're going to cover today.

00:02:10.123 --> 00:02:13.282
And I'm so excited to
get started with SAT math

00:02:13.282 --> 00:02:16.819
and to help you practice and
prepare for your upcoming test.

00:02:16.819 --> 00:02:18.207
Let's jump in.

00:02:18.207 --> 00:02:21.005
So why are we talking
about careless mistakes?

00:02:21.005 --> 00:02:24.897
Well, let me know if
any of these questions

00:02:24.897 --> 00:02:25.978
sound familiar to you.

00:02:25.978 --> 00:02:29.365
So, have you ever solved
for the wrong variable

00:02:29.365 --> 00:02:31.351
in an SAT math question?

00:02:31.351 --> 00:02:33.510
Or maybe you missed a question because

00:02:33.510 --> 00:02:36.873
your final answer was in the wrong units.

00:02:36.873 --> 00:02:38.762
Or maybe you were
working through a problem

00:02:38.762 --> 00:02:41.702
and you stopped one step
short of the right answer.

00:02:41.702 --> 00:02:43.248
You were almost there, but not quite.

00:02:43.248 --> 00:02:46.151
Or maybe you went one step too far.

00:02:46.151 --> 00:02:49.281
Or maybe you made a simple
addition or subtraction error.

00:02:49.281 --> 00:02:52.401
Or this one is probably
the most annoying to me,

00:02:52.401 --> 00:02:54.613
maybe you even got the right answer,

00:02:54.613 --> 00:02:55.651
but then you didn't transfer

00:02:55.651 --> 00:02:58.298
the right answer to the answer sheet.

00:02:58.298 --> 00:03:00.729
Well, all of these types of mistakes

00:03:00.729 --> 00:03:04.588
are perfectly common human
mistakes that anyone can make.

00:03:04.588 --> 00:03:06.076
But what I'm gonna show you today

00:03:06.076 --> 00:03:08.638
is a process that's really helped me

00:03:08.638 --> 00:03:11.353
and helped other students
reduce the number

00:03:11.353 --> 00:03:12.796
of careless mistakes they make.

00:03:12.796 --> 00:03:14.538
There are other ways to go about it,

00:03:14.538 --> 00:03:18.645
but this is one process that's
worked really well for me.

00:03:18.645 --> 00:03:20.236
So let's take a look.

00:03:20.236 --> 00:03:22.902
So there are really four steps
that I'd recommend you take

00:03:22.902 --> 00:03:25.631
to cut down on careless mistakes.

00:03:25.631 --> 00:03:28.169
So the first one is just
to read and understand

00:03:28.169 --> 00:03:30.760
the question and any charts
or tables that you have.

00:03:30.760 --> 00:03:33.920
Now this is both the question
and any charts or tables,

00:03:33.920 --> 00:03:37.419
so don't move on until you
really understand everything.

00:03:37.419 --> 00:03:40.523
And one thing you can do
here is underline as you go

00:03:40.523 --> 00:03:43.372
sentence by sentence to
break down the question

00:03:43.372 --> 00:03:46.612
rather than trying to
take it all in at once.

00:03:46.612 --> 00:03:49.259
The next thing I'd recommend
is that you think through

00:03:49.259 --> 00:03:52.029
the steps you need to
take to solve the problem.

00:03:52.029 --> 00:03:54.433
So this includes things like figuring out

00:03:54.433 --> 00:03:57.938
which variable you're
solving for, so X or Y.

00:03:57.938 --> 00:03:59.520
This is thinking about what units

00:03:59.520 --> 00:04:02.299
your final answer needs to be in.

00:04:02.299 --> 00:04:04.434
And any operations that you need to do

00:04:04.434 --> 00:04:06.684
to get to the right answer.

00:04:09.188 --> 00:04:11.332
Once you know what steps
you're going to follow,

00:04:11.332 --> 00:04:13.923
you can then start
actually doing the math.

00:04:13.923 --> 00:04:17.161
I would do this on paper
or in the calculator.

00:04:17.161 --> 00:04:19.794
And I'd really discourage
you from doing the math

00:04:19.794 --> 00:04:21.954
in your head, 'cause
no matter how confident

00:04:21.954 --> 00:04:23.870
you might feel about the problem,

00:04:23.870 --> 00:04:26.110
the moment you're doing mental,

00:04:26.110 --> 00:04:27.935
you start doing more mental calculations,

00:04:27.935 --> 00:04:31.216
you really up your chances
of making a careless mistake.

00:04:31.216 --> 00:04:34.741
Now, the last and final step
that I'd suggest you take is

00:04:34.741 --> 00:04:37.183
to mark down the answer
in your test booklet

00:04:37.183 --> 00:04:38.709
before bubbling it in.

00:04:38.709 --> 00:04:40.959
So say our answer was B 64.

00:04:42.950 --> 00:04:46.433
Then I'd recommend you
circle it or you write it

00:04:46.433 --> 00:04:49.756
and you box it so that when
you're transferring answers

00:04:49.756 --> 00:04:52.646
for this problem to the answer sheet,

00:04:52.646 --> 00:04:56.221
you have no doubt in the
world that your answer is B

00:04:56.221 --> 00:04:58.830
and the right answer makes it over there.

00:04:58.830 --> 00:05:01.923
So, to recap, you're gonna
wanna read and understand

00:05:01.923 --> 00:05:04.580
the question and any charts or tables.

00:05:04.580 --> 00:05:05.876
Think through the steps you need

00:05:05.876 --> 00:05:07.658
to take to solve the problem.

00:05:07.658 --> 00:05:09.872
Do the math on paper
or in your calculator.

00:05:09.872 --> 00:05:11.885
And then mark down the
answer in your test booklet

00:05:11.885 --> 00:05:13.342
before bubbling it in.

00:05:13.342 --> 00:05:17.509
So this is a process that
we're going to now apply

00:05:18.521 --> 00:05:20.652
to real SAT math questions.

00:05:20.652 --> 00:05:23.070
And let's take a look
at what this looks like.

00:05:23.070 --> 00:05:26.444
The first question will
be more straightforward

00:05:26.444 --> 00:05:27.684
and then we'll see how this applies

00:05:27.684 --> 00:05:30.735
to more complex questions as we go.

00:05:30.735 --> 00:05:34.530
So, let's take a look
at this first question.

00:05:34.530 --> 00:05:38.391
So, first step is to read
and understand the problem.

00:05:38.391 --> 00:05:42.779
So during a timed test,
Alexander typed 742 words

00:05:42.779 --> 00:05:46.089
in 14 minutes, okay,
742 words in 14 minutes,

00:05:46.089 --> 00:05:49.017
that's seems worth underlining.

00:05:49.017 --> 00:05:52.242
Assuming Alexander works at
this rate for the next hour,

00:05:52.242 --> 00:05:54.602
which of the following best approximates

00:05:54.602 --> 00:05:58.573
the number of words he
would type in that hour?

00:05:58.573 --> 00:06:01.691
Okay, so I have some information

00:06:01.691 --> 00:06:05.452
and for me it's helpful to write down

00:06:05.452 --> 00:06:08.383
the information I have
since it just helps me

00:06:08.383 --> 00:06:10.232
better understand it.

00:06:10.232 --> 00:06:13.137
We have 742 words in 14 minutes

00:06:13.137 --> 00:06:16.848
and then the question is, how many words

00:06:16.848 --> 00:06:19.062
would Alexander type in one hour,

00:06:19.062 --> 00:06:22.229
so in this case it's 60 minutes, okay.

00:06:23.139 --> 00:06:24.095
So I understand the question

00:06:24.095 --> 00:06:26.352
and the information
that's been given to me.

00:06:26.352 --> 00:06:28.483
And the next thing I wanna do
is think through the process

00:06:28.483 --> 00:06:31.226
I wanna follow to solve this question.

00:06:31.226 --> 00:06:33.506
So I think the first thing I could do

00:06:33.506 --> 00:06:37.173
is figure out how many
words per one minute,

00:06:38.270 --> 00:06:42.352
per one minute, and then
because the question

00:06:42.352 --> 00:06:45.564
is asking me how many words
would he type in one hour,

00:06:45.564 --> 00:06:49.643
the second thing I can
do is multiply by 60.

00:06:49.643 --> 00:06:50.856
So that seems like a good process

00:06:50.856 --> 00:06:53.554
and will get me all the
way to the final answer.

00:06:53.554 --> 00:06:56.069
So now we can actually
start doing the math.

00:06:56.069 --> 00:06:58.282
So to calculate words per one minute,

00:06:58.282 --> 00:07:02.032
I can just do 742 words
divided by 14 minutes

00:07:05.828 --> 00:07:07.367
and I'll pull up my calculator.

00:07:07.367 --> 00:07:09.206
In the real thing, you won't have this

00:07:09.206 --> 00:07:11.502
digital calculator, you'll have your own.

00:07:11.502 --> 00:07:13.752
But just bear with me here.

00:07:15.353 --> 00:07:17.094
Here I have 53 words.

00:07:17.094 --> 00:07:19.677
That's 53 words per one minute.

00:07:21.347 --> 00:07:23.097
Words per one minute.

00:07:26.234 --> 00:07:27.396
But I'm not done yet, right?

00:07:27.396 --> 00:07:31.563
So the second step here is
to multiply by 60 minutes.

00:07:33.079 --> 00:07:35.294
And the interesting
thing you'll notice here

00:07:35.294 --> 00:07:37.630
is once I multiply by 60 minutes,

00:07:37.630 --> 00:07:40.141
I've actually got a minutes
factor in the numerator

00:07:40.141 --> 00:07:43.487
and a minutes in the denominator,

00:07:43.487 --> 00:07:46.196
any unit divided by itself
is just gonna be one,

00:07:46.196 --> 00:07:47.966
so that would go away.

00:07:47.966 --> 00:07:52.133
And then if I do this math of
53 times 60, let's do that.

00:07:53.760 --> 00:07:55.427
Multiply this by 60.

00:07:57.000 --> 00:07:59.750
We get the final answer of 3,180.

00:08:00.888 --> 00:08:04.802
And then last step is to
box that answer or write C

00:08:04.802 --> 00:08:08.969
so that there's no chance
of me missing, misbubbling.

00:08:09.962 --> 00:08:13.647
So one thing, the last thing
I wanna show you here is

00:08:13.647 --> 00:08:16.819
what the process does
in questions like this.

00:08:16.819 --> 00:08:18.872
So because we knew that
we needed to solve first

00:08:18.872 --> 00:08:21.920
for the words per minute
and then multiply by 60,

00:08:21.920 --> 00:08:24.511
it meant that some of these other answers

00:08:24.511 --> 00:08:25.629
were less tempting.

00:08:25.629 --> 00:08:28.046
So while we got 53 words here

00:08:29.154 --> 00:08:30.937
and while it was an answer choice,

00:08:30.937 --> 00:08:33.124
we knew that that wasn't
the right final answer

00:08:33.124 --> 00:08:36.014
because we hadn't taken
the second step here

00:08:36.014 --> 00:08:38.687
of multiplying by 60
minutes to get to the hour.

00:08:38.687 --> 00:08:41.560
Hopefully this shows you
how to apply this process

00:08:41.560 --> 00:08:44.074
with a question that has a few steps in it

00:08:44.074 --> 00:08:46.331
and you're dealing with some units.

00:08:46.331 --> 00:08:50.850
But let's see how this process
stacks up when we apply it to

00:08:50.850 --> 00:08:54.575
a different kind of
question, different scenario.

00:08:54.575 --> 00:08:57.383
So in this next question,
let's give it a read.

00:08:57.383 --> 00:09:00.164
Geometry students
participated in an activity

00:09:00.164 --> 00:09:02.580
to classify the shapes in the room

00:09:02.580 --> 00:09:05.660
by number of sides and color, okay.

00:09:05.660 --> 00:09:07.211
The table above displays the results,

00:09:07.211 --> 00:09:11.463
and then if a triangle
is chosen at random,

00:09:11.463 --> 00:09:14.960
what is the probability that it is blue?

00:09:14.960 --> 00:09:17.808
Okay, so, we're classifying shapes

00:09:17.808 --> 00:09:21.808
and we have, we wanna
understand the probability

00:09:23.010 --> 00:09:25.170
that if a triangle is chosen at random,

00:09:25.170 --> 00:09:27.059
what's the probability that it is blue?

00:09:27.059 --> 00:09:30.046
So before I move on from here,

00:09:30.046 --> 00:09:31.246
just 'cause I understand the question,

00:09:31.246 --> 00:09:33.905
doesn't mean I'm ready to
actually start solving it yet.

00:09:33.905 --> 00:09:36.916
Because in this case,
we have this table here

00:09:36.916 --> 00:09:38.786
that we want to tackle first.

00:09:38.786 --> 00:09:40.339
So let's take a look and make sure

00:09:40.339 --> 00:09:42.513
we understand the table
before we go any further.

00:09:42.513 --> 00:09:45.132
So we've got shapes on the left hand side,

00:09:45.132 --> 00:09:48.056
we've got these colors
here of red and blue.

00:09:48.056 --> 00:09:49.328
And then these total columns.

00:09:49.328 --> 00:09:53.594
So total, this total column
on the right hand side

00:09:53.594 --> 00:09:56.819
seems to be the number of shapes.

00:09:56.819 --> 00:09:59.480
And then this one on the bottom,

00:09:59.480 --> 00:10:03.311
this total column is number
of shapes that are by color,

00:10:03.311 --> 00:10:07.000
and this one is shapes by type, okay?

00:10:07.000 --> 00:10:08.742
Okay, so now I understand the question,

00:10:08.742 --> 00:10:12.144
I understand the table,
and now I can start

00:10:12.144 --> 00:10:14.478
to think about how I would solve this.

00:10:14.478 --> 00:10:16.329
So, let's read that question again.

00:10:16.329 --> 00:10:19.782
If a triangle is chosen at
random from this activity,

00:10:19.782 --> 00:10:21.847
what is the probability that it is blue?

00:10:21.847 --> 00:10:26.014
So that to me says that
I'm gonna be focusing here

00:10:26.883 --> 00:10:29.827
on just the triangles because it says,

00:10:29.827 --> 00:10:31.836
if a triangle is chosen at random,

00:10:31.836 --> 00:10:34.580
so I'm not worrying about
these quadrilaterals

00:10:34.580 --> 00:10:37.397
or the pentagons or the others.

00:10:37.397 --> 00:10:38.529
And then it's asking me,

00:10:38.529 --> 00:10:40.646
what is the probability that it is blue?

00:10:40.646 --> 00:10:44.163
Well, I've got the blue triangles here.

00:10:44.163 --> 00:10:46.107
There are three blue triangles

00:10:46.107 --> 00:10:49.644
and probability is always how many chances

00:10:49.644 --> 00:10:53.286
of getting something out of
the total number of chances.

00:10:53.286 --> 00:10:56.916
That total number of
triangles then is here.

00:10:56.916 --> 00:10:59.387
And you've got three out of four.

00:10:59.387 --> 00:11:02.221
Now what I want to point out here is

00:11:02.221 --> 00:11:04.850
in this problem, understanding
the table was crucial

00:11:04.850 --> 00:11:07.390
because you'll notice if you look at some

00:11:07.390 --> 00:11:11.799
of the other answer choices,
the totals that you have

00:11:11.799 --> 00:11:15.672
in the rest of the table
are also present here

00:11:15.672 --> 00:11:19.322
and if you didn't take your
time to understand the table,

00:11:19.322 --> 00:11:21.740
it might've been tempting to use

00:11:21.740 --> 00:11:24.051
some of these other variables
that you see in the table

00:11:24.051 --> 00:11:28.641
like the 16, the eight
or even this one as well.

00:11:28.641 --> 00:11:30.976
But if you follow an organized process

00:11:30.976 --> 00:11:34.625
then that's how you can cut
down on these kinds of mistakes.

00:11:34.625 --> 00:11:38.429
So, we've done now a question with units

00:11:38.429 --> 00:11:40.211
and a few steps in the process.

00:11:40.211 --> 00:11:42.412
We've done a question now with a chart

00:11:42.412 --> 00:11:44.370
that you've been presented.

00:11:44.370 --> 00:11:46.493
Now let's take a look at what happens

00:11:46.493 --> 00:11:48.303
with a problem that has a few steps in it

00:11:48.303 --> 00:11:51.851
and you don't have a diagram drawn for you

00:11:51.851 --> 00:11:53.836
or a chart presented to you this time.

00:11:53.836 --> 00:11:54.669
Let's take a look.

00:11:54.669 --> 00:11:57.888
So let's give this problem a read.

00:11:57.888 --> 00:12:02.151
Cara is hanging a poster
that is 91 centimeters wide

00:12:02.151 --> 00:12:04.055
in her room, okay?

00:12:04.055 --> 00:12:07.133
The center of the wall is 180 centimeters

00:12:07.133 --> 00:12:09.792
from the right end of the wall, okay?

00:12:09.792 --> 00:12:13.124
If Cara hangs the poster so
that the center of the poster

00:12:13.124 --> 00:12:16.207
is located at the center of the wall,

00:12:17.485 --> 00:12:20.971
how far will the left and
right edges of the poster be

00:12:20.971 --> 00:12:23.926
from the right end of the wall?

00:12:23.926 --> 00:12:26.398
Okay, so a little bit more information

00:12:26.398 --> 00:12:28.043
to work with this time, right?

00:12:28.043 --> 00:12:30.460
But this is where
breaking down the problem

00:12:30.460 --> 00:12:33.851
piece by piece and drawing
a diagram as you go

00:12:33.851 --> 00:12:35.727
can really be helpful.

00:12:35.727 --> 00:12:37.050
So let's take a read.

00:12:37.050 --> 00:12:39.939
Cara is hanging a poster,
it's 91 centimeters,

00:12:39.939 --> 00:12:41.965
so I've got my beautiful poster,

00:12:41.965 --> 00:12:45.298
excuse my inability to
draw straight lines.

00:12:45.298 --> 00:12:47.048
So this is my poster.

00:12:48.100 --> 00:12:50.933
And we've got 91 centimeters here.

00:12:51.800 --> 00:12:56.280
And then I've got a wall that
I'm hanging this inside of.

00:12:56.280 --> 00:13:00.447
So if I draw this wall, and
it says the center of the wall

00:13:01.508 --> 00:13:05.369
is 180 centimeters from
the right end of the wall.

00:13:05.369 --> 00:13:07.451
So then I'm just gonna estimate

00:13:07.451 --> 00:13:09.938
the center's gotta be about there.

00:13:09.938 --> 00:13:13.356
If this is the center, the center is

00:13:13.356 --> 00:13:16.514
180 centimeters from the right.

00:13:16.514 --> 00:13:18.931
So we've got 180 centimeters.

00:13:20.387 --> 00:13:23.884
And then I have this diagram
and now I'm putting the poster

00:13:23.884 --> 00:13:26.072
so that the center of the poster

00:13:26.072 --> 00:13:28.851
is located at the center of the wall.

00:13:28.851 --> 00:13:32.768
So then I'm gonna move
that poster inside here.

00:13:34.247 --> 00:13:37.414
And then this again is 91 centimeters.

00:13:41.205 --> 00:13:43.108
And now what is the question now?

00:13:43.108 --> 00:13:47.441
Now I have this diagram that
can help me solve the problem.

00:13:47.441 --> 00:13:49.936
The question is how far will
the left and right edges

00:13:49.936 --> 00:13:53.384
of the poster be from the
right end of the wall.

00:13:53.384 --> 00:13:56.122
Okay, so I've got this
right end of the wall.

00:13:56.122 --> 00:13:58.322
And I wanna know this distance,

00:13:58.322 --> 00:14:02.251
so the left edge of the poster
to the right end of the wall.

00:14:02.251 --> 00:14:04.216
And then the right edge of the poster

00:14:04.216 --> 00:14:06.756
to the right end of the wall.

00:14:06.756 --> 00:14:09.448
And I can label this one l and then

00:14:09.448 --> 00:14:14.132
I'll just change colors
here, this one I'll label r.

00:14:14.132 --> 00:14:15.578
So now that I have the diagram,

00:14:15.578 --> 00:14:18.873
it really helps to clarify
what I'm dealing with

00:14:18.873 --> 00:14:20.641
and what I'm solving for.

00:14:20.641 --> 00:14:22.869
So let's take these one by one.

00:14:22.869 --> 00:14:24.612
So if want to solve for this distance of l

00:14:24.612 --> 00:14:27.705
from the left edge of the
poster to the right wall.

00:14:27.705 --> 00:14:30.700
It looks like this 180 centimeters here

00:14:30.700 --> 00:14:32.414
is a pretty good starting point.

00:14:32.414 --> 00:14:34.954
So if I, it's at least 180 centimeters

00:14:34.954 --> 00:14:36.872
since I'm all the way to the center

00:14:36.872 --> 00:14:39.450
and then I have this half of the poster

00:14:39.450 --> 00:14:42.988
that is just to the left of the wall.

00:14:42.988 --> 00:14:47.279
And because I know that this
poster is 91 centimeters wide,

00:14:47.279 --> 00:14:49.612
I can add 91 divided by two.

00:14:51.666 --> 00:14:55.233
Then this should get me the value of l.

00:14:55.233 --> 00:14:57.570
If I do open up this calculator,

00:14:57.570 --> 00:15:00.570
I've got 180 plus 91 divided by two.

00:15:04.508 --> 00:15:07.072
And that'll get me 225.5.

00:15:07.072 --> 00:15:08.572
225.5 centimeters.

00:15:11.813 --> 00:15:15.063
And now I want to go to the right edge.

00:15:16.877 --> 00:15:20.008
And I think I can use
this 180 centimeters again

00:15:20.008 --> 00:15:21.817
as a reference point
since I know that poster

00:15:21.817 --> 00:15:23.330
is right in the middle, right?

00:15:23.330 --> 00:15:25.747
So we've got 180 centimeters.

00:15:26.707 --> 00:15:30.470
And then this time,
this half of the poster

00:15:30.470 --> 00:15:32.781
is actually closer to the
right edge of the wall

00:15:32.781 --> 00:15:35.910
than this one, instead
of adding something,

00:15:35.910 --> 00:15:37.694
it looks like we'll have to subtract.

00:15:37.694 --> 00:15:41.287
And again since I know that
this is 91 centimeters total,

00:15:41.287 --> 00:15:44.037
I can subtract 91 divided by two.

00:15:46.119 --> 00:15:49.118
And then pull up that calculator again.

00:15:49.118 --> 00:15:53.285
180 minus 91 divided by two
gets me 134.5 centimeters.

00:16:02.281 --> 00:16:04.464
So then I want to look
at my answer choices now

00:16:04.464 --> 00:16:07.464
and I've got the left edge at 225.5.

00:16:08.787 --> 00:16:11.701
Okay, well that's one's
out and that one's out.

00:16:11.701 --> 00:16:15.034
And then the right edge should be 134.5,

00:16:15.916 --> 00:16:18.583
then my final answer again is C.

00:16:19.832 --> 00:16:23.206
So in this problem, it was very important

00:16:23.206 --> 00:16:27.190
to work through the
information given to you

00:16:27.190 --> 00:16:30.158
step by step and to draw a diagram

00:16:30.158 --> 00:16:32.428
to help you work through
it piece by piece.

00:16:32.428 --> 00:16:35.428
Because if you had done the simpler,

00:16:36.288 --> 00:16:39.095
tried to skip through and do it mentally,

00:16:39.095 --> 00:16:43.038
you might've done 180 minus 91 or plus 91

00:16:43.038 --> 00:16:46.006
and you would've missed
some of the nuances

00:16:46.006 --> 00:16:48.098
in this problem, but once
you draw the diagram,

00:16:48.098 --> 00:16:51.581
it becomes a lot easier to work through.

00:16:51.581 --> 00:16:54.831
So we've now done a handful of problems

00:16:55.809 --> 00:16:57.941
to show you how you can use this process

00:16:57.941 --> 00:17:01.152
to really reduce your chances
of making careless mistakes.

00:17:01.152 --> 00:17:03.207
And now I wanna move us on to

00:17:03.207 --> 00:17:05.367
tackling function notation problems.

00:17:05.367 --> 00:17:08.867
So let's keep going and let's take a look.

00:17:10.079 --> 00:17:12.360
So, function notation.

00:17:12.360 --> 00:17:16.527
Before I actually start
doing practice problems here,

00:17:18.111 --> 00:17:20.445
I just want to walk you through

00:17:20.445 --> 00:17:22.793
a quick review of function notations.

00:17:22.793 --> 00:17:24.695
So what is a function first?

00:17:24.695 --> 00:17:26.945
Well a function, a function

00:17:29.368 --> 00:17:32.121
is a mathematical expression that takes in

00:17:32.121 --> 00:17:33.704
one or more inputs,

00:17:37.295 --> 00:17:41.462
inputs, and generates only
one output, one output.

00:17:43.568 --> 00:17:46.510
And that's really key though,
having one or more inputs,

00:17:46.510 --> 00:17:50.061
but all of those only ever
generating one unique output

00:17:50.061 --> 00:17:52.936
is what really sets a function apart.

00:17:52.936 --> 00:17:56.067
Now a few ways you might
see functions notated

00:17:56.067 --> 00:18:00.234
in the SAT is something
like f of x or maybe h of x

00:18:04.687 --> 00:18:06.792
or you might see a
composition of functions

00:18:06.792 --> 00:18:09.042
where you have f of h of x,

00:18:11.489 --> 00:18:15.406
and this is also equivalent
to this f o h of x,

00:18:18.335 --> 00:18:21.900
these two expressions are the same thing

00:18:21.900 --> 00:18:24.327
just a different kind of notation.

00:18:24.327 --> 00:18:28.494
Now, let's say for example,
f of x equals x plus one.

00:18:30.363 --> 00:18:32.267
Another way you might see function show up

00:18:32.267 --> 00:18:34.887
is in a table format, so, in this case,

00:18:34.887 --> 00:18:39.325
you have this nice table
here of x and f of x.

00:18:39.325 --> 00:18:43.492
And for given values of x,
given this definition of f of x,

00:18:45.441 --> 00:18:49.103
you'd have certain values of f of x.

00:18:49.103 --> 00:18:50.882
So this is one way you might see it.

00:18:50.882 --> 00:18:53.745
And then the last way you might see

00:18:53.745 --> 00:18:56.312
a function show up is graphically.

00:18:56.312 --> 00:19:00.982
So here we have a graph where
there's x and there's f of x.

00:19:00.982 --> 00:19:04.399
And for example, there's one, two, three.

00:19:06.019 --> 00:19:08.602
And you've got one, two, three.

00:19:10.811 --> 00:19:14.023
For certain values of x, you might have

00:19:14.023 --> 00:19:17.273
corresponding values of f of x or y.

00:19:18.640 --> 00:19:20.939
With a chart like this
you can really trace

00:19:20.939 --> 00:19:24.260
on the x-axis and then go up and see what

00:19:24.260 --> 00:19:27.967
the corresponding y
value or f of x value is

00:19:27.967 --> 00:19:30.090
at that value of x.

00:19:30.090 --> 00:19:33.237
So these are really,
this really covers a lot

00:19:33.237 --> 00:19:36.038
of the different ways
that function notation

00:19:36.038 --> 00:19:37.738
can show up in the SAT.

00:19:37.738 --> 00:19:40.619
But you haven't seen a
practice problem yet,

00:19:40.619 --> 00:19:45.072
let's now apply what we've
seen here to see it in action.

00:19:45.072 --> 00:19:46.854
So let's take a look here.

00:19:46.854 --> 00:19:49.484
Just 'cause we're no
longer focusing exclusively

00:19:49.484 --> 00:19:52.382
on careless mistakes,
doesn't mean we're changing

00:19:52.382 --> 00:19:55.663
our process though, so
same process as before.

00:19:55.663 --> 00:19:57.606
Consider the table shown above.

00:19:57.606 --> 00:20:00.971
What is the value of f of f of four?

00:20:00.971 --> 00:20:03.277
Okay, so I've got that as the question.

00:20:03.277 --> 00:20:07.031
And then I have a table here,
so for a given values of x,

00:20:07.031 --> 00:20:10.500
then I have corresponding
values of f of x.

00:20:10.500 --> 00:20:12.583
We've got f of f of four.

00:20:13.579 --> 00:20:17.602
So when you have a function
notation question like this,

00:20:17.602 --> 00:20:19.584
the key thing to remember
is that you want to work

00:20:19.584 --> 00:20:21.251
from the inside out.

00:20:23.137 --> 00:20:24.216
Now what do I mean by that?

00:20:24.216 --> 00:20:26.160
I mean that the first
thing you wanna solve for

00:20:26.160 --> 00:20:29.712
is this f of four and
then you can worry about

00:20:29.712 --> 00:20:32.962
the f of f of, I may just rewrite that.

00:20:34.587 --> 00:20:37.170
Then you can worry about the f,

00:20:40.274 --> 00:20:41.524
f of f of four.

00:20:43.884 --> 00:20:46.021
If I solve first for f of four,

00:20:46.021 --> 00:20:48.329
it's really asking me,
what is the value of f of x

00:20:48.329 --> 00:20:50.690
when x is four here?

00:20:50.690 --> 00:20:53.488
So if I've got, use the
table, I've got four

00:20:53.488 --> 00:20:57.578
and the corresponding
value of f of x is zero.

00:20:57.578 --> 00:21:01.951
So then this zero I can
substitute into here

00:21:01.951 --> 00:21:06.879
and then this expression
simplifies to just f of zero.

00:21:06.879 --> 00:21:08.537
Then I can return to the table.

00:21:08.537 --> 00:21:12.704
And for that value, when
x is zero, f of x is two.

00:21:14.777 --> 00:21:18.110
So I've got two, I box the right answer.

00:21:19.244 --> 00:21:21.243
Realizing now all of the answers

00:21:21.243 --> 00:21:24.235
to the sample problems seem to be C.

00:21:24.235 --> 00:21:25.502
(laughing)

00:21:25.502 --> 00:21:27.083
Promise that was not on purpose.

00:21:27.083 --> 00:21:30.175
But let's keep going and
see what this looks like

00:21:30.175 --> 00:21:32.187
when the table's a bit more complicated

00:21:32.187 --> 00:21:37.101
or there are a few more pieces
of information to work with.

00:21:37.101 --> 00:21:39.949
Okay, consider the table shown at left.

00:21:39.949 --> 00:21:43.243
What is the value of g
of f of negative one?

00:21:43.243 --> 00:21:46.170
Okay, so for me I prefer to see this as

00:21:46.170 --> 00:21:48.898
g of f of negative one,

00:21:48.898 --> 00:21:52.300
that's just easier for me to understand.

00:21:52.300 --> 00:21:54.834
It's always okay to rewrite a problem

00:21:54.834 --> 00:21:56.790
so that it's a, or rephrase it,

00:21:56.790 --> 00:21:58.991
so that it's easier for you to understand.

00:21:58.991 --> 00:22:00.962
So again this is similar to the last one

00:22:00.962 --> 00:22:03.879
and I want to work from inside out.

00:22:05.430 --> 00:22:07.754
But, let me make sure I
understand the table first.

00:22:07.754 --> 00:22:11.357
So this time I've got
given values of x here.

00:22:11.357 --> 00:22:13.664
And then I've got f of x.

00:22:13.664 --> 00:22:17.133
And then I've got g of x up here, okay.

00:22:17.133 --> 00:22:21.133
So I want to solve then
inside and then outside.

00:22:25.952 --> 00:22:29.665
f of negative one then, so
for, let's go to the table,

00:22:29.665 --> 00:22:33.243
when x is negative one,
what is the value of f of x?

00:22:33.243 --> 00:22:35.335
So it looks like we're right there.

00:22:35.335 --> 00:22:36.956
We've got two.

00:22:36.956 --> 00:22:41.814
And then we can plug this in
similar to the last problem

00:22:41.814 --> 00:22:44.705
and simplify this to say g of two.

00:22:44.705 --> 00:22:46.544
And in this case we return to the table.

00:22:46.544 --> 00:22:48.297
We're looking at two.

00:22:48.297 --> 00:22:51.767
And then this time I'm looking at g of x,

00:22:51.767 --> 00:22:54.934
so then I'm looking over here at four.

00:22:56.694 --> 00:23:00.313
So this is another example
of function notation

00:23:00.313 --> 00:23:04.481
just with a different
way of expressing it.

00:23:04.481 --> 00:23:08.616
And now we'll do one final
function notation problem,

00:23:08.616 --> 00:23:10.533
this time with a graph.

00:23:11.531 --> 00:23:13.975
So let's keep moving.

00:23:13.975 --> 00:23:18.211
So what is the approximate
value of g of f of five?

00:23:18.211 --> 00:23:21.548
So, that one makes sense to me.

00:23:21.548 --> 00:23:23.209
And then on this left hand side,

00:23:23.209 --> 00:23:25.449
I have the graphs of the function of f

00:23:25.449 --> 00:23:27.622
and function g shown below.

00:23:27.622 --> 00:23:31.789
So here's f, here's g, and then
for certain values of x here

00:23:35.239 --> 00:23:38.072
the y values of f and g are shown.

00:23:39.610 --> 00:23:41.962
And okay, so I think I understand that.

00:23:41.962 --> 00:23:44.689
Now again, I want to solve inside out.

00:23:44.689 --> 00:23:48.522
So f of five and then
I've got g of f of five.

00:23:50.483 --> 00:23:52.762
And what we can do here is,

00:23:52.762 --> 00:23:56.677
we'll now have to reference
the chart here, so.

00:23:56.677 --> 00:24:00.174
When x is five, to solve for f of five,

00:24:00.174 --> 00:24:01.902
what is the value of f?

00:24:01.902 --> 00:24:05.953
So what I can do is trace up through here.

00:24:05.953 --> 00:24:10.120
And it looks like I'm
intersecting f here at nine.

00:24:11.225 --> 00:24:15.951
Then the value of f when x
is five is going to be nine.

00:24:15.951 --> 00:24:19.351
And I can substitute that into here.

00:24:19.351 --> 00:24:21.601
And this becomes g of nine.

00:24:23.146 --> 00:24:26.021
And then I can look at the table here.

00:24:26.021 --> 00:24:30.043
So when x is nine, I'm
here, I can trace up

00:24:30.043 --> 00:24:32.596
and this time I'm looking at x.

00:24:32.596 --> 00:24:37.170
And it looks like I'm
intersecting here at seven.

00:24:37.170 --> 00:24:39.794
So then this value is seven.

00:24:39.794 --> 00:24:41.544
I mark down seven.

00:24:41.544 --> 00:24:44.027
And you're good to go.

00:24:44.027 --> 00:24:46.694
So now you've seen a few ways to

00:24:49.794 --> 00:24:52.978
reduce the chances of making
careless mistakes on the SAT,

00:24:52.978 --> 00:24:54.667
you've seen a few
different flavors of that

00:24:54.667 --> 00:24:56.001
with a few different problems.

00:24:56.001 --> 00:24:57.958
And you've also seen a
few different examples

00:24:57.958 --> 00:25:00.243
of function notation problems.

00:25:00.243 --> 00:25:04.273
So now, it's probably
easier to follow along

00:25:04.273 --> 00:25:06.092
as I was working through it,

00:25:06.092 --> 00:25:08.618
but to see if you've understood it,

00:25:08.618 --> 00:25:11.696
it's now your turn to
practice what you've learned.

00:25:11.696 --> 00:25:14.437
So head to khanacademy.org/sat,

00:25:14.437 --> 00:25:16.380
the link is also in the event description.

00:25:16.380 --> 00:25:18.066
And head over there and join me

00:25:18.066 --> 00:25:21.875
as I head over there and to
practice what you've learned.

00:25:21.875 --> 00:25:26.386
Now for the next 30, for the
next about 25, 30 minutes,

00:25:26.386 --> 00:25:28.330
Khan Academy and College Board experts

00:25:28.330 --> 00:25:31.718
are available on standby to
chat with you one on one.

00:25:31.718 --> 00:25:33.959
And there will just be a
little box in the bottom right

00:25:33.959 --> 00:25:37.347
of Khan Academy where you
can click ask us a question,

00:25:37.347 --> 00:25:40.247
and send us any SAT
related question you have.

00:25:40.247 --> 00:25:43.758
Then at 6:50 Eastern, 4:50 Pacific,

00:25:43.758 --> 00:25:45.485
come back here, join me here,

00:25:45.485 --> 00:25:47.958
I'll wrap up, answer any
questions you might have.

00:25:47.958 --> 00:25:50.766
And then I'll share a
badge, I'll share the badge

00:25:50.766 --> 00:25:53.926
that you earned by completing this class.

00:25:53.926 --> 00:25:57.383
So head on over, I'll head over there too.

00:25:57.383 --> 00:25:58.287
And then I'll see you in just a bit.


Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.092 --> 00:00:02.163
- [Instructor] We're
now going to talk about

00:00:02.163 --> 00:00:04.279
the Maurya Empire, which is not just one

00:00:04.279 --> 00:00:06.547
of the greatest empires in Indian history,

00:00:06.547 --> 00:00:09.381
and really the first truly great empire.

00:00:09.381 --> 00:00:13.033
It's also one of the great
empires of world history.

00:00:13.033 --> 00:00:14.641
And just for a little bit of context,

00:00:14.641 --> 00:00:17.340
we can see where it
fits in in the large arc

00:00:17.340 --> 00:00:20.629
of ancient Indian
history, and in particular

00:00:20.629 --> 00:00:24.224
we see here the life of
Buddha, and the actual dates

00:00:24.224 --> 00:00:27.065
of Buddha's life are under some debate.

00:00:27.065 --> 00:00:30.744
But we can see that his,
his life and his teachings

00:00:30.744 --> 00:00:34.911
were roughly 150 to 200 years
before the establishment

00:00:36.377 --> 00:00:39.293
of the Maurya Empire which lasts

00:00:39.293 --> 00:00:42.332
for another 150 or so years.

00:00:42.332 --> 00:00:44.112
And this is important to keep in mind,

00:00:44.112 --> 00:00:47.462
because as we'll see, Buddhism
has a strong influence

00:00:47.462 --> 00:00:51.153
on the Maurya Empire, and
maybe just as important,

00:00:51.153 --> 00:00:54.400
the Maurya Empire has
a very large influence

00:00:54.400 --> 00:00:58.400
on spreading Buddhism in
a very significant way.

00:00:59.322 --> 00:01:03.210
So let's zoom in on what
the Indian subcontinent

00:01:03.210 --> 00:01:07.377
looked like near the end
of the fourth century BCE.

00:01:09.460 --> 00:01:12.608
So, in most of north
India you have control

00:01:12.608 --> 00:01:17.374
by the Nanda Empire, which
had its capital at the city

00:01:17.374 --> 00:01:21.159
Pataliputra, which was in
the region, or the kingdom,

00:01:21.159 --> 00:01:24.173
of Magada, which is this
ancient region that has been

00:01:24.173 --> 00:01:27.985
the seat of power in
north India for some time.

00:01:27.985 --> 00:01:30.569
You also have other
kingdoms, like Kalinga.

00:01:30.569 --> 00:01:34.354
You have several kingdoms
in south India, as well.

00:01:34.354 --> 00:01:38.032
There are counts of a kingdom
potentially quite powerful

00:01:38.032 --> 00:01:40.615
in Bengal named the Gangaridai.

00:01:42.277 --> 00:01:45.943
You also might remember in our
videos on Alexander the Great

00:01:45.943 --> 00:01:50.246
that it was around this time,
around 326, that Alexander

00:01:50.246 --> 00:01:53.999
came and conquered much
of modern day Afghanistan,

00:01:53.999 --> 00:01:56.805
Pakistan, and was at the borders

00:01:56.805 --> 00:02:00.023
of the Nanda Empire in India.

00:02:00.023 --> 00:02:03.073
And you might also remember
that that was about the time

00:02:03.073 --> 00:02:06.862
that Alexander the Great and
his soldiers decided to stop.

00:02:06.862 --> 00:02:10.071
They were tired, some accounts
are that they were fearful

00:02:10.071 --> 00:02:12.410
of trying to conquer another empire,

00:02:12.410 --> 00:02:14.527
especially that far from home.

00:02:14.527 --> 00:02:17.523
So it was also around the
time that Alexander the Great

00:02:17.523 --> 00:02:20.456
decided to turn back, and
leave the region under

00:02:20.456 --> 00:02:24.623
the control of some of his
governors and generals.

00:02:26.222 --> 00:02:30.389
And it was in that context
that the Maurya Empire emerges.

00:02:31.359 --> 00:02:35.011
And the actual events of how it emerges

00:02:35.011 --> 00:02:38.083
are still shrouded in
history a little bit.

00:02:38.083 --> 00:02:41.911
But what eventually happens
is a conqueror by the name

00:02:41.911 --> 00:02:46.078
of Chandragupta Maurya is able
to conquer the Nanda Empire,

00:02:48.243 --> 00:02:50.707
and then not just the Nanda Empire,

00:02:50.707 --> 00:02:53.251
but as Alexander the Great retreats,

00:02:53.251 --> 00:02:56.740
he is able to conquer some
of the territory former,

00:02:56.740 --> 00:03:00.100
formerly conquered by Alexander the Great.

00:03:00.100 --> 00:03:04.639
And so this here is a statue
of what Chandragupta Maurya

00:03:04.639 --> 00:03:08.806
may have looked like, and you
can see by within a decade

00:03:10.507 --> 00:03:14.292
of establishing the empire,
it had conquered most

00:03:14.292 --> 00:03:18.048
of the Nanda Empire, and had
even reclaimed a significant

00:03:18.048 --> 00:03:22.704
amount of land from the
Greeks from what would

00:03:22.704 --> 00:03:25.943
eventually become the Seleucid Empire.

00:03:25.943 --> 00:03:29.480
Remember, Seleucus was one
of Alexander's generals,

00:03:29.480 --> 00:03:33.281
who essentially sets
up a dynasty in Persia,

00:03:33.281 --> 00:03:37.630
the Middle East, after
the death of Alexander.

00:03:37.630 --> 00:03:42.224
And Chandragupta Maurya
actually fights several battles

00:03:42.224 --> 00:03:45.483
with Seleucus, and is victorious,

00:03:45.483 --> 00:03:49.650
and he actually marries
one of Seleucus' daughters.

00:03:51.108 --> 00:03:54.575
But this is what essentially
establishes the Maurya,

00:03:54.575 --> 00:03:58.246
sometimes referred to or
as, the Mauryan Empire.

00:03:58.246 --> 00:04:02.413
Now Chandragupta Maurya
in 297, or roughly in 297,

00:04:05.733 --> 00:04:09.516
he, he decides to become
a more devout Jain,

00:04:09.516 --> 00:04:12.140
and in other videos
we'll talk about Mahavira

00:04:12.140 --> 00:04:14.438
and the Jain religion.

00:04:14.438 --> 00:04:16.493
But he essentially becomes an ascetic

00:04:16.493 --> 00:04:19.007
and leaves the kingdom, or the empire,

00:04:19.007 --> 00:04:22.618
in the hands of his son Bindusara.

00:04:22.618 --> 00:04:25.909
Now, Bindusara is able
to conquer more of India,

00:04:25.909 --> 00:04:30.779
in particular he starts growing
the empire into the south.

00:04:30.779 --> 00:04:34.946
But Bindusara is not able to
conquer the kingdom of Kalinga.

00:04:36.799 --> 00:04:40.216
Bindusara dies in around 273, or 272 BCE,

00:04:43.590 --> 00:04:48.372
and then a civil war erupts
for who should take charge,

00:04:48.372 --> 00:04:50.470
and the civil war is essentially

00:04:50.470 --> 00:04:52.970
amongst the sons of Bindusara.

00:04:53.844 --> 00:04:58.011
But the son who is victorious
ends up being Ashoka.

00:05:01.330 --> 00:05:05.139
Now Ashoka is one of, if
not, the most significant

00:05:05.139 --> 00:05:08.889
historical character in
the history of India.

00:05:10.651 --> 00:05:14.818
So, Ashoka is able to take
power roughly around 270 BCE,

00:05:18.587 --> 00:05:22.126
after as legend has it, a
fairly bloody civil war.

00:05:22.126 --> 00:05:25.128
Early in his life he is
viewed as a potentially

00:05:25.128 --> 00:05:27.987
cruel figure, killing many
of his brothers in order

00:05:27.987 --> 00:05:31.737
to come to power, and
he is set on conquering

00:05:33.057 --> 00:05:34.974
the kingdom of Kalinga.

00:05:36.404 --> 00:05:39.904
So, in 262, 261, he has a significant war,

00:05:41.599 --> 00:05:45.086
and he is able to successfully
conquer the kingdom

00:05:45.086 --> 00:05:49.003
of Kalinga, which is this
area right over here.

00:05:50.268 --> 00:05:53.510
Now, that ends up, according
to historical records

00:05:53.510 --> 00:05:55.584
and really Ashoka's own accounts,

00:05:55.584 --> 00:05:58.064
ends up becoming a
significant turning point

00:05:58.064 --> 00:06:01.428
in the life of Asoka, and
potentially in the life of India

00:06:01.428 --> 00:06:05.595
or the world, because here
are his direct accounts

00:06:06.501 --> 00:06:10.418
of his feelings about
what happened in Kalinga.

00:06:11.366 --> 00:06:14.522
And we get this account from what

00:06:14.522 --> 00:06:16.772
are known as Ashoka edicts.

00:06:17.829 --> 00:06:21.412
As the Maurya Empire
expanded under Ashoka,

00:06:22.395 --> 00:06:24.447
it had peace and prosperity.

00:06:24.447 --> 00:06:26.850
He put his edicts throughout the empire

00:06:26.850 --> 00:06:30.005
on what are often known as Ashoka pillars,

00:06:30.005 --> 00:06:33.566
where he wrote what his beliefs
and the things that he did.

00:06:33.566 --> 00:06:35.286
He would also write them on rocks

00:06:35.286 --> 00:06:37.170
and stone throughout the empire.

00:06:37.170 --> 00:06:40.250
But this is the one where he
talks about the conquering

00:06:40.250 --> 00:06:43.446
of Kalinga, and it's pretty interesting.

00:06:43.446 --> 00:06:46.939
Beloved of the Gods King
Piyadasi, and he refers to himself

00:06:46.939 --> 00:06:49.693
as beloved of the Gods King Piyadasi,

00:06:49.693 --> 00:06:54.157
conquered the Kalingas eight
years after his coronation.

00:06:54.157 --> 00:06:56.889
And so you see he was
coronated roughly in 270.

00:06:56.889 --> 00:06:59.665
He conquers roughly in 262.

00:06:59.665 --> 00:07:03.248
150,000 were deported,
100,000 were killed,

00:07:05.025 --> 00:07:07.847
and many more died from other causes.

00:07:07.847 --> 00:07:10.337
After the Kalingas had been conquered,

00:07:10.337 --> 00:07:12.286
beloved of the Gods came to feel,

00:07:12.286 --> 00:07:14.469
he's talking about himself,
beloved of the Gods

00:07:14.469 --> 00:07:18.237
came to feel a strong
inclination towards the Dhamma.

00:07:18.237 --> 00:07:21.848
So Dhamma is the same word
that we use today, dharma.

00:07:21.848 --> 00:07:25.423
And dharma you could ref,
you can, you can view it

00:07:25.423 --> 00:07:27.643
as the cosmic order of things.

00:07:27.643 --> 00:07:31.382
It also, to a Buddhist, refers
to the teachings of Buddha,

00:07:31.382 --> 00:07:33.446
or the Buddhist religion.

00:07:33.446 --> 00:07:37.132
So, beloved of the Gods came
to feel a strong inclination

00:07:37.132 --> 00:07:40.232
towards the Dhamma, a love for the Dhamma,

00:07:40.232 --> 00:07:42.574
and for the instruction in Dhamma.

00:07:42.574 --> 00:07:45.564
Now beloved of the Gods feels deep remorse

00:07:45.564 --> 00:07:47.941
for having conquered the Kalingas.

00:07:47.941 --> 00:07:49.779
So this is really interesting.

00:07:49.779 --> 00:07:51.590
You don't have a lot of conquerors,

00:07:51.590 --> 00:07:53.117
especially in ancient history,

00:07:53.117 --> 00:07:55.491
after killing several hundred thousand,

00:07:55.491 --> 00:07:57.307
or maybe being responsible for the death

00:07:57.307 --> 00:07:58.674
of several hundred thousand,

00:07:58.674 --> 00:08:01.981
for feeling remorse about
it, and writing about it.

00:08:01.981 --> 00:08:04.382
And so not only is this
profound to be coming

00:08:04.382 --> 00:08:07.249
from a conqueror, but
also reminds us how bloody

00:08:07.249 --> 00:08:10.203
some of these ancient wars were.

00:08:10.203 --> 00:08:12.034
But this is a turning point for him.

00:08:12.034 --> 00:08:15.369
He turns to Buddhism, and
he really then becomes

00:08:15.369 --> 00:08:18.005
anti violence, not just towards humans,

00:08:18.005 --> 00:08:20.470
but even towards animals.

00:08:20.470 --> 00:08:23.026
He becomes a devoted Buddhist,

00:08:23.026 --> 00:08:26.742
and sponsors Buddhist temples
throughout his empire.

00:08:26.742 --> 00:08:30.285
He sends Buddhist missionaries
throughout the world,

00:08:30.285 --> 00:08:32.956
and is viewed as one of the main people

00:08:32.956 --> 00:08:35.656
responsible for the spread of Buddhism

00:08:35.656 --> 00:08:39.093
from Europe all the way to the far east.

00:08:39.093 --> 00:08:42.301
We already talked about
his edicts of Ashoka.

00:08:42.301 --> 00:08:44.797
He started doing a bunch
of public works projects,

00:08:44.797 --> 00:08:47.610
digging of wells, hospitals,
and public gardens,

00:08:47.610 --> 00:08:49.814
education including for women.

00:08:49.814 --> 00:08:53.055
During his reign you
have the maximum extent

00:08:53.055 --> 00:08:56.245
of any empire that ever ruled over India.

00:08:56.245 --> 00:08:58.369
50% larger than modern,

00:08:58.369 --> 00:09:01.452
than the modern day country of India.

00:09:02.463 --> 00:09:04.548
There were roughly 50 million people

00:09:04.548 --> 00:09:07.881
under the Mauryan Empire under his rule.

00:09:08.984 --> 00:09:11.345
Now, eventually after his death,

00:09:11.345 --> 00:09:14.726
the empire goes under
weaker and weaker rulers,

00:09:14.726 --> 00:09:18.559
and by about 184, 185
BCE, it falls to another

00:09:19.875 --> 00:09:23.737
less significant dynasty in
the whole scope of history.

00:09:23.737 --> 00:09:27.365
But just to appreciate
what a big deal Ashoka is

00:09:27.365 --> 00:09:31.532
in the scope of history,
here is a quote by H.G. Wells

00:09:34.763 --> 00:09:37.531
from his Outline of History.

00:09:37.531 --> 00:09:40.355
"Ashoka worked for the real needs of men.

00:09:40.355 --> 00:09:43.157
Amidst the tens of thousands
of names of monarchs

00:09:43.157 --> 00:09:45.234
that crowd the columns of history,

00:09:45.234 --> 00:09:48.047
the name of Asoka, or Ashoka, shines,

00:09:48.047 --> 00:09:51.003
and shines almost alone, a star.

00:09:51.003 --> 00:09:55.461
From the Volga to Japan
his name is still honored."

00:09:55.461 --> 00:09:58.570
A lot because of his spread of Buddhism.

00:09:58.570 --> 00:10:01.456
"More living men cherish his memory today

00:10:01.456 --> 00:10:03.338
than have ever heard the name

00:10:03.338 --> 00:10:06.579
of Constantine or Charlemagne."

00:10:06.579 --> 00:10:09.361
And just to appreciate
the impact of Ashoka,

00:10:09.361 --> 00:10:12.220
even on modern day India,
and this right over here

00:10:12.220 --> 00:10:16.004
is called the Ashoka
chakra, and if you look

00:10:16.004 --> 00:10:18.779
at the flag of India,
the Ashoka chakra sits

00:10:18.779 --> 00:10:22.058
at the center of it, and
this is actually part of the,

00:10:22.058 --> 00:10:25.817
the modern day emblem of
the republic of India,

00:10:25.817 --> 00:10:29.586
because after his turn to
becoming a more benevolent ruler,

00:10:29.586 --> 00:10:33.423
he's considered as the model,
ideal ruler in Indian history,

00:10:33.423 --> 00:10:36.840
and by many historians in all of history.


Sunni and Shia Islam part 2

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.350
- [Instructor] Where we
left off in the last video

00:00:02.350 --> 00:00:06.923
we were in the year 656,
and the third caliph,

00:00:06.923 --> 00:00:09.590
Uthman or Usman is assassinated,

00:00:10.775 --> 00:00:13.829
and Ali is chosen to be caliph.

00:00:13.829 --> 00:00:16.510
And remember, Shias believe
that Ali should have

00:00:16.510 --> 00:00:19.391
been caliph immediately
after the death of Mohammed,

00:00:19.391 --> 00:00:22.026
and they cite the events of Ghadir Khumm

00:00:22.026 --> 00:00:25.311
as evidence that that is
what Mohammed intended.

00:00:25.311 --> 00:00:27.811
But Ali becomes caliph in 656,

00:00:29.091 --> 00:00:32.749
but this sparks what is
called the First Fitna,

00:00:32.749 --> 00:00:36.053
or the first Muslim civil war.

00:00:36.053 --> 00:00:40.832
Because Uthman has a fellow
member of the Umayyad clan,

00:00:40.832 --> 00:00:42.902
the Umayyad clan, they're also Quraysh,

00:00:42.902 --> 00:00:47.356
just like Mohammed's clan,
the Hashem are also Quraysh,

00:00:47.356 --> 00:00:50.740
and Uthman's family member, Muawiya

00:00:50.740 --> 00:00:54.762
was has-been governor of
Damascus since the time

00:00:54.762 --> 00:00:58.929
of the caliph Umar, and
when Uthman is assassinated,

00:00:59.830 --> 00:01:03.756
Muawiya is not happy, and
when Ali comes to power,

00:01:03.756 --> 00:01:07.234
he thinks that Ali is
not making a solid effort

00:01:07.234 --> 00:01:09.901
to put the assassins to justice.

00:01:10.805 --> 00:01:14.055
And he refuses to pledge his allegiance

00:01:15.670 --> 00:01:19.809
to Ali as the caliph, now
the other context here

00:01:19.809 --> 00:01:23.954
is that Muawiya has
already built a significant

00:01:23.954 --> 00:01:26.589
military force, and that force is becoming

00:01:26.589 --> 00:01:29.309
stronger and stronger and stronger,

00:01:29.309 --> 00:01:32.297
and so this leads to a lot of tension.

00:01:32.297 --> 00:01:36.391
Muawiya wants Ali to bring
the assassins of Uthman

00:01:36.391 --> 00:01:41.227
to justice, and Ali wants
Muawiya to pledge allegiance

00:01:41.227 --> 00:01:43.488
to him, who is now caliph.

00:01:43.488 --> 00:01:46.553
Now just for a little bit extra context,

00:01:46.553 --> 00:01:51.028
Ali also decides to move
the capital of the caliphate

00:01:51.028 --> 00:01:54.111
to Kufa, which is in modern day Iraq.

00:01:56.252 --> 00:01:59.429
Now things are getting increasingly tense

00:01:59.429 --> 00:02:02.028
and this is where we have Aisha entering

00:02:02.028 --> 00:02:04.836
into the picture, and we talk about Aisha

00:02:04.836 --> 00:02:08.481
in the previous video, she
is one of Mohammed's wives,

00:02:08.481 --> 00:02:11.677
married at a very young
age, and she is considered

00:02:11.677 --> 00:02:14.510
a very strong figure in early Islam.

00:02:14.510 --> 00:02:18.727
So she leads a delegation, really an army,

00:02:18.727 --> 00:02:21.477
in order to convince Ali to bring

00:02:22.433 --> 00:02:26.108
the assassins of Uthman to justice.

00:02:26.108 --> 00:02:30.191
The meet in Basra, once
again in modern day Iraq,

00:02:31.854 --> 00:02:35.650
and while they're talking
about, or negotiating

00:02:35.650 --> 00:02:39.483
what Ali needs to do,
some of Ali's followers,

00:02:41.066 --> 00:02:45.139
as the narrative goes, were
a little bit more extreme

00:02:45.139 --> 00:02:47.750
and really didn't want a peace brokered

00:02:47.750 --> 00:02:51.417
between Muawiya and
Ali, and so they attack,

00:02:53.148 --> 00:02:56.317
and that's what leads to what is known

00:02:56.317 --> 00:03:00.295
as the Battle of the Camel,
which is depicted here,

00:03:00.295 --> 00:03:02.462
named after Aisha's camel,

00:03:03.740 --> 00:03:06.418
and it becomes a very bloody battle.

00:03:06.418 --> 00:03:09.227
Aisha is really one of the
leaders in this battle.

00:03:09.227 --> 00:03:11.990
Once again, you can imagine,
a very very strong figure

00:03:11.990 --> 00:03:15.850
in early Islam, but Ali's
forces are victorious,

00:03:15.850 --> 00:03:19.738
and they send Aisha back
home and then she goes

00:03:19.738 --> 00:03:22.923
into something of a political retirement,

00:03:22.923 --> 00:03:25.868
and it is somewhat inconclusive.

00:03:25.868 --> 00:03:29.526
But then that leads
later on to what is known

00:03:29.526 --> 00:03:33.693
as the Battle of Siffin, the
Battle of the Camel was in 656,

00:03:34.532 --> 00:03:37.115
the Battle of Siffin is in 657,

00:03:38.767 --> 00:03:42.170
and in this situation, you once again have

00:03:42.170 --> 00:03:46.337
a delegation, or really
an army on the side of Ali

00:03:47.384 --> 00:03:51.551
meeting an army directly
now with Muawiya at Siffin.

00:03:53.172 --> 00:03:56.556
And once again, they are not fighting

00:03:56.556 --> 00:04:00.647
for roughly 100 days, they
want to negotiate something,

00:04:00.647 --> 00:04:04.706
but some of the more
ardent followers of Ali

00:04:04.706 --> 00:04:08.435
don't want any form of peace with Muawiya,

00:04:08.435 --> 00:04:11.644
so they attack Muawiya's army and you have

00:04:11.644 --> 00:04:14.290
a very bloody battle that ensues.

00:04:14.290 --> 00:04:18.070
Now both sides don't want
all of this bloodshed

00:04:18.070 --> 00:04:20.951
in this burgeoning Muslim community,

00:04:20.951 --> 00:04:25.118
so they decide to let it
be decided to arbitration.

00:04:27.267 --> 00:04:30.715
Now the arbitration,
according to the accounts

00:04:30.715 --> 00:04:34.840
that I've looked at, say that
they decided that neither

00:04:34.840 --> 00:04:37.264
Ali or Muawiya should be caliph

00:04:37.264 --> 00:04:41.935
and that it should be an election
from the Muslim community.

00:04:41.935 --> 00:04:45.776
Now Ali refuses this, and
what's interesting about this

00:04:45.776 --> 00:04:48.882
is the accounts I've seen is
that those same zealous folks

00:04:48.882 --> 00:04:52.470
who you could say instigated
the Battle of Siffin

00:04:52.470 --> 00:04:56.097
and the Battle of the Camel
during this Muslim civil war,

00:04:56.097 --> 00:05:00.180
they're no longer trusting
Ali that he can protect them,

00:05:00.180 --> 00:05:02.311
that he is the strong leader they need,

00:05:02.311 --> 00:05:05.581
and so they are the ones that then decide

00:05:05.581 --> 00:05:09.890
to assassinate, and are
successful in assassinating Ali.

00:05:09.890 --> 00:05:14.057
So after the assassination
of Ali, his son, Hassan,

00:05:15.041 --> 00:05:18.209
comes to power, officially as the caliph

00:05:18.209 --> 00:05:22.188
based in Kufa, but remember,
you have this very powerful

00:05:22.188 --> 00:05:25.997
leader in Muawiya with a
very significant military,

00:05:25.997 --> 00:05:28.914
leading or in control of the Levant

00:05:30.256 --> 00:05:33.012
and the governor of Syria.

00:05:33.012 --> 00:05:35.679
And so they enter into a treaty,

00:05:37.553 --> 00:05:40.237
clearly Hassan sees the
writing on the wall,

00:05:40.237 --> 00:05:42.506
he can't really fight Muawiya

00:05:42.506 --> 00:05:44.920
by force, he really
doesn't have strong control

00:05:44.920 --> 00:05:48.241
really much further than
this region around Kufa,

00:05:48.241 --> 00:05:51.192
so he gets into a treaty with Muawiya

00:05:51.192 --> 00:05:56.166
where he gives control of
the caliphate to Muawiya,

00:05:56.166 --> 00:06:00.148
and according to that treaty,
as long as Muawiya allows

00:06:00.148 --> 00:06:03.504
the next caliph after
his death to be based

00:06:03.504 --> 00:06:07.387
on some form of an election,
let the Islamic world

00:06:07.387 --> 00:06:10.054
choose the successor afterwards.

00:06:11.344 --> 00:06:13.882
But then later Hassan,
he goes into something

00:06:13.882 --> 00:06:16.446
of a retirement, he dies in his mid 40s,

00:06:16.446 --> 00:06:18.978
and some accounts say
that he was assassinated,

00:06:18.978 --> 00:06:22.087
poisoned by his wife,
maybe due to the Umayyads

00:06:22.087 --> 00:06:26.254
who didn't want him around,
and then in 680, Muawiya dies.

00:06:27.494 --> 00:06:31.855
Now according to the treaty
between Muawiya and Hassan,

00:06:31.855 --> 00:06:34.806
it should have been some
form of an election there,

00:06:34.806 --> 00:06:38.032
but Muawiya says, or before his death,

00:06:38.032 --> 00:06:41.272
he makes Yazid the successor.

00:06:41.272 --> 00:06:44.772
And so Hussein, who is another son of Ali,

00:06:46.206 --> 00:06:50.034
Hassan's younger brother, and
by this point Hassan is dead,

00:06:50.034 --> 00:06:52.826
he says hey, this is a
breach of the treaty,

00:06:52.826 --> 00:06:56.912
and does not pledge his
allegiance to Yazid.

00:06:56.912 --> 00:06:59.233
But there is a group in Kufa who say hey,

00:06:59.233 --> 00:07:02.960
we will support you, and
so Hussein goes to Kufa

00:07:02.960 --> 00:07:06.377
but on the way there, and
he is with his family,

00:07:06.377 --> 00:07:09.723
when Yazid catches wind of this,

00:07:09.723 --> 00:07:13.634
he sends an army to stop
them, and Yazid's interest

00:07:13.634 --> 00:07:17.801
is essentially to eliminate
Hussein and his family

00:07:19.020 --> 00:07:22.419
so that you don't have any
other legitimate claimants

00:07:22.419 --> 00:07:24.906
to the caliphate, especially
because, remember,

00:07:24.906 --> 00:07:28.489
Hussein is a living
descendant of Mohammed.

00:07:30.156 --> 00:07:35.148
And so you then have this
event where Yazid's forces

00:07:35.148 --> 00:07:38.398
intercept Hussein's caravan in Karbala,

00:07:39.602 --> 00:07:43.319
and this is known in the Shia tradition

00:07:43.319 --> 00:07:47.152
as the Tragedy of Karbala,
because at Karbala,

00:07:49.195 --> 00:07:53.092
you have Hussein's family gets massacred.

00:07:53.092 --> 00:07:56.074
There is an account that
his six month old son

00:07:56.074 --> 00:07:59.371
is beheaded and killed along with Hussein,

00:07:59.371 --> 00:08:04.193
and so this becomes he defining
event of the Shia tradition,

00:08:04.193 --> 00:08:08.028
the tragedy of Karbala, we've
already taught their belief

00:08:08.028 --> 00:08:11.287
that Ali should have been the
caliph from the beginning,

00:08:11.287 --> 00:08:13.204
but now you have Yazid,

00:08:15.529 --> 00:08:19.659
proported caliph, who
murders, who kills off,

00:08:19.659 --> 00:08:21.950
according to Shia tradition,

00:08:21.950 --> 00:08:24.138
a significant member of Mohammed's family

00:08:24.138 --> 00:08:26.805
and does this in bloody, bloody fashion.

00:08:26.805 --> 00:08:29.848
And so even to this
day, a significant part

00:08:29.848 --> 00:08:33.583
of the Shia tradition
is mourning what happens

00:08:33.583 --> 00:08:37.306
at the Battle of Karbala,
and this is not a part

00:08:37.306 --> 00:08:40.150
of the Sunni tradition, the
Sunni tradition views this

00:08:40.150 --> 00:08:43.030
as a tragedy, as an unfortunate event,

00:08:43.030 --> 00:08:45.610
but they do not view this
as a significant part

00:08:45.610 --> 00:08:49.777
of their theology, and also
as part of Shia tradition

00:08:50.868 --> 00:08:55.402
and theology, Battle of Karbala
is the determining event,

00:08:55.402 --> 00:09:00.349
the thing that Shias mourn
in their religious faith,

00:09:00.349 --> 00:09:04.436
and they also believe that the
leadership of the community

00:09:04.436 --> 00:09:08.603
should be by imams who are
descendant of Mohammed,

00:09:09.884 --> 00:09:12.884
which is not believed by the Sunnis.


Sunni and Shia Islam part 1

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.324 --> 00:00:01.534
- [Instructor] We're
now going to talk about

00:00:01.534 --> 00:00:04.254
the main division that emerges in Islam

00:00:04.254 --> 00:00:07.245
shortly after the death of Muhammad.

00:00:07.245 --> 00:00:11.622
And that division is
between Sunnis and Shias.

00:00:11.622 --> 00:00:14.225
And this division even exists today

00:00:14.225 --> 00:00:17.386
where roughly 90% of the world's 1.5

00:00:17.386 --> 00:00:20.563
or 1.6 billion Muslims are Sunni,

00:00:20.563 --> 00:00:23.420
and roughly 10% are Shia.

00:00:23.420 --> 00:00:26.695
And that 10% is concentrated mainly

00:00:26.695 --> 00:00:30.638
in places like Iran,
Iraq, but they are spread

00:00:30.638 --> 00:00:34.324
throughout the Muslim world
or the world in general.

00:00:34.324 --> 00:00:38.440
Now, the word Sunni comes
from the word Sunnah

00:00:38.440 --> 00:00:42.279
which is referring to
examples of Muhammad.

00:00:42.279 --> 00:00:46.170
The word Shia comes from shi'atu 'Ali

00:00:46.170 --> 00:00:50.234
which means followers
of Ali or party of Ali,

00:00:50.234 --> 00:00:53.429
and we'll talk more about
Ali in a little bit.

00:00:53.429 --> 00:00:55.247
But, the general division is over

00:00:55.247 --> 00:00:58.601
who should succeed
Muhammad after his death

00:00:58.601 --> 00:01:01.246
as the leader of the Muslim community.

00:01:01.246 --> 00:01:04.902
Shias believe it should be
members of Muhammad's family

00:01:04.902 --> 00:01:07.626
and especially descendants of Muhammad,

00:01:07.626 --> 00:01:10.682
while the Sunnis believe
that it doesn't necessarily

00:01:10.682 --> 00:01:12.556
have to be that.

00:01:12.556 --> 00:01:14.853
But, as we'll see, this division becomes

00:01:14.853 --> 00:01:17.708
stronger and stronger and stronger

00:01:17.708 --> 00:01:20.935
as there's more and more bloodshed

00:01:20.935 --> 00:01:23.744
between the two parties.

00:01:23.744 --> 00:01:27.043
Because so much of this revolves around

00:01:27.043 --> 00:01:31.219
the family of Muhammad,
let's just review that first

00:01:31.219 --> 00:01:33.705
and then we'll talk about the division

00:01:33.705 --> 00:01:37.772
over who should succeed
Muhammad as caliph or successor

00:01:37.772 --> 00:01:40.309
to lead the Muslim community.

00:01:40.309 --> 00:01:43.507
So, you see Muhammad
right over here born 570.

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We have his birth on our timeline as well.

00:01:46.300 --> 00:01:48.228
And just to read this timeline,

00:01:48.228 --> 00:01:50.561
it goes from light blue to dark blue

00:01:50.561 --> 00:01:53.134
when Muhammad, according
to Islamic tradition,

00:01:53.134 --> 00:01:55.985
starts to have the revelations from God.

00:01:55.985 --> 00:01:58.604
And the Muslim calendar starts at 622,

00:01:58.604 --> 00:02:01.037
the time of the Hijrah
where the Muslim community,

00:02:01.037 --> 00:02:04.172
in order to escape
persecution from the Quraysh,

00:02:04.172 --> 00:02:06.589
migrate from Mecca to Medina.

00:02:07.965 --> 00:02:09.986
Now, we've talked about
several of these figures

00:02:09.986 --> 00:02:11.707
in other videos.

00:02:11.707 --> 00:02:14.701
Right over here, you have
Muhammad's dad, Adbullah,

00:02:14.701 --> 00:02:17.935
who dies several months
before Muhammad is born.

00:02:17.935 --> 00:02:21.593
You have Aminah here who
is Muhammad's mother,

00:02:21.593 --> 00:02:25.329
and she dies when
Muhammad is six years old.

00:02:25.329 --> 00:02:28.188
Then, you have Abdul-Muttalib
who is the head

00:02:28.188 --> 00:02:30.899
of Muhammad's, you could say, household

00:02:30.899 --> 00:02:34.125
and he takes custody
after the death of Aminah.

00:02:34.125 --> 00:02:37.331
And he takes custody until
Muhammad is eight years old

00:02:37.331 --> 00:02:39.621
when Abdul-Muttalib dies,

00:02:39.621 --> 00:02:44.073
and then Muhammad's uncle,
Abu Talib, takes custody.

00:02:44.073 --> 00:02:48.566
It's under Abu Talib that
Muhammad learns his trade

00:02:48.566 --> 00:02:51.066
as a merchant and as a trader.

00:02:52.012 --> 00:02:54.752
Now, later on, we talk about Khadijah

00:02:54.752 --> 00:02:57.419
who is a wealthy widow in Mecca,

00:02:58.442 --> 00:03:01.951
and she employs Muhammad and
according to Islamic tradition,

00:03:01.951 --> 00:03:04.757
is impressed by him and proposes to him,

00:03:04.757 --> 00:03:07.135
and she's 15 years older than Muhammad.

00:03:07.135 --> 00:03:10.232
This is her third marriage,
and Muhammad marries her.

00:03:10.232 --> 00:03:12.061
She's a significant figure in Islam,

00:03:12.061 --> 00:03:15.189
not because she is Muhammad's first wife,

00:03:15.189 --> 00:03:19.121
but also because she is the first Muslim.

00:03:19.121 --> 00:03:21.177
Now, as you can see,
Muhammad and Khadijah,

00:03:21.177 --> 00:03:22.305
they have several children,

00:03:22.305 --> 00:03:24.979
and I list one of them here, Fatimah,

00:03:24.979 --> 00:03:29.146
because Fatimah ends up
marrying Abu Talib's son, Ali.

00:03:30.034 --> 00:03:32.452
And Ali is the Ali that
we're talking about

00:03:32.452 --> 00:03:36.619
where the word Shia, shi'atu
'Ali comes from, party of Ali.

00:03:37.741 --> 00:03:41.634
Because Ali is considered
the second Muslim.

00:03:41.634 --> 00:03:44.821
He is one of the early
followers of Muhammad.

00:03:44.821 --> 00:03:47.021
As you can see, he is Muhammad's cousin.

00:03:47.021 --> 00:03:49.499
He grows up in the same
household with Muhammad

00:03:49.499 --> 00:03:52.926
with Abu Talib, and he is
also Muhammad's son-in-law.

00:03:52.926 --> 00:03:56.336
He marries Fatimah and
they have several children,

00:03:56.336 --> 00:03:58.439
two of which are Hassan and Hussein

00:03:58.439 --> 00:04:00.736
who figure very prominently
in the narrative

00:04:00.736 --> 00:04:04.146
I'm going to talk about in
this video and the next.

00:04:04.146 --> 00:04:06.068
Now, the other figures that you see here,

00:04:06.068 --> 00:04:10.089
you have Abu Bakr who
was a close companion

00:04:10.089 --> 00:04:14.259
of Muhammad, also one
of the early Muslims.

00:04:14.259 --> 00:04:17.018
And you can see he was a little
bit younger than Muhammad.

00:04:17.018 --> 00:04:20.384
And they are connected through Aisha.

00:04:20.384 --> 00:04:24.422
Muhammad marries Aisha
after the death of Khadijah,

00:04:24.422 --> 00:04:27.974
and Aisha is a significant
figure in early Islam.

00:04:27.974 --> 00:04:30.367
She's considered to have
a very strong personality.

00:04:30.367 --> 00:04:33.135
Many of the Hadith are narrated by her.

00:04:33.135 --> 00:04:36.165
The Hadith are the Muslim
traditions and accounts

00:04:36.165 --> 00:04:39.110
of Muhammad's life, and
it's a significant part

00:04:39.110 --> 00:04:42.294
of the religion outside of the Quran.

00:04:42.294 --> 00:04:46.045
And she is married to Muhammad
at a very, very young age,

00:04:46.045 --> 00:04:49.459
and there's some debate about
how young she actually was.

00:04:49.459 --> 00:04:52.214
But, as we'll see, she
also figures prominently

00:04:52.214 --> 00:04:54.742
in this narrative and in
this schism that develops

00:04:54.742 --> 00:04:56.944
between the Sunni and the Shia.

00:04:56.944 --> 00:05:01.252
And the Sunni and the
Shia view her differently.

00:05:01.252 --> 00:05:03.919
So, let's go back to the timeline here.

00:05:03.919 --> 00:05:07.586
So, as Muhammad's life
nears its end in 632,

00:05:08.549 --> 00:05:10.139
in previous videos, we talk about

00:05:10.139 --> 00:05:12.479
his final pilgrimage to Mecca.

00:05:12.479 --> 00:05:14.774
And then, on his way back to Medina,

00:05:14.774 --> 00:05:18.433
at a place like Ghadir
Khumm, he gives a sermon,

00:05:18.433 --> 00:05:23.103
a sermon that is especially
very important to the Shia.

00:05:23.103 --> 00:05:24.835
According to that short sermon.

00:05:24.835 --> 00:05:27.594
And Ghadir Khumm, Ghadir
literally means pond

00:05:27.594 --> 00:05:32.180
or small stream, so it's the
sermon at the pond Khumm.

00:05:32.180 --> 00:05:35.506
There's one quotation that Shia consider

00:05:35.506 --> 00:05:39.063
to be very, very important
where Muhammad says

00:05:39.063 --> 00:05:41.964
"Of whomsoever I had been Mawla."

00:05:41.964 --> 00:05:44.357
Ali here is to be his Mawla.

00:05:44.357 --> 00:05:48.007
And the word Mawla means
protector or leader,

00:05:48.007 --> 00:05:52.917
or it could mean guardian or
people that you are close to.

00:05:52.917 --> 00:05:55.440
And the Shia view this as clear evidence

00:05:55.440 --> 00:05:59.357
that Muhammad intended
Ali to be his successor.

00:06:01.339 --> 00:06:03.496
Many members of the Sunni tradition

00:06:03.496 --> 00:06:06.016
take a slightly different interpretation

00:06:06.016 --> 00:06:08.407
where they say Mawla
doesn't necessarily have

00:06:08.407 --> 00:06:10.474
to mean protector or leader.

00:06:10.474 --> 00:06:13.177
It could mean companion or friend

00:06:13.177 --> 00:06:14.676
or member that is close to,

00:06:14.676 --> 00:06:18.424
and so they don't view this
as strongly of evidence.

00:06:18.424 --> 00:06:21.741
But, in the Shia tradition,
the event at Ghadir Khumm

00:06:21.741 --> 00:06:26.573
is actually a significant
event and it is even a holiday.

00:06:26.573 --> 00:06:28.997
So, that's the evidence that Shia point to

00:06:28.997 --> 00:06:32.425
as why Ali should be the successor.

00:06:32.425 --> 00:06:36.592
But, then Muhammad dies, and
according to the tradition,

00:06:38.216 --> 00:06:41.728
while his funeral was being
planned by his family,

00:06:41.728 --> 00:06:43.271
the close companions were meeting

00:06:43.271 --> 00:06:46.874
and discussing who
should succeed Muhammad.

00:06:46.874 --> 00:06:48.696
And the close companions decide

00:06:48.696 --> 00:06:51.305
that is should be Abu Bakr.

00:06:51.305 --> 00:06:54.160
So, Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph,

00:06:54.160 --> 00:06:56.594
and he rules for two years.

00:06:56.594 --> 00:07:01.235
He's succeeded by Umar,
sometimes pronounced as Omar,

00:07:01.235 --> 00:07:05.064
who then is assassinated
who is succeeded by Uthman,

00:07:05.064 --> 00:07:09.090
sometimes pronounced as Osman
who is then assassinated.

00:07:09.090 --> 00:07:11.112
And then, Ali takes power.

00:07:11.112 --> 00:07:15.501
According to Sunni tradition,
these first four caliphs

00:07:15.501 --> 00:07:18.122
are considered the Rashidun caliphs

00:07:18.122 --> 00:07:19.672
or the rightly guided.

00:07:19.672 --> 00:07:23.039
And under their rule, you
have the significant spread

00:07:23.039 --> 00:07:25.520
of what becomes this Islamic empire

00:07:25.520 --> 00:07:27.625
that we talk about in other videos.

00:07:27.625 --> 00:07:30.282
In Shia tradition, they consider

00:07:30.282 --> 00:07:33.138
these first three caliphs as usurpers.

00:07:33.138 --> 00:07:35.627
They believe that Ali
should have been caliph

00:07:35.627 --> 00:07:38.665
from the beginning right in 632

00:07:38.665 --> 00:07:40.577
at the time of Muhammad's death.

00:07:40.577 --> 00:07:44.414
And once again, they cite
the events at Ghadir Khumm

00:07:44.414 --> 00:07:47.978
which was observed according to the Hadith

00:07:47.978 --> 00:07:49.938
by thousands of people

00:07:49.938 --> 00:07:52.417
and there's many, many accounts of this.

00:07:52.417 --> 00:07:55.138
Now, Ali is in power, but as we will see

00:07:55.138 --> 00:07:58.557
in the next video, this
starts the first civil war,

00:07:58.557 --> 00:08:00.749
the first Muslim civil war, often referred

00:08:00.749 --> 00:08:03.792
to as the First Fitna, between Ali

00:08:03.792 --> 00:08:07.709
and the Umayyad's who
are the family of Uthman,

00:08:09.198 --> 00:08:11.864
and we will cover that in the next video.