Second "Ask Sal anything" session focused on life advice

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Language: en

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- Let's start with Christine.

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I believe Christine, you had your hand

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very patiently raised last time.

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So let's start with you.

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And a reminder we-
- Yeah.

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- We are recording this session

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as I put the last one on LinkedIn.

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So, (chuckles) it's gonna happen again.

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So by participating, you know,

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that that might happen not
you know, just kind of our,

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our release form, implicitly.

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All right, Christine, go ahead.

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- Sounds good, thanks for the great memory

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and of course like everyone here, big fan.

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I've been a user for quite some time.

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My question for you is,

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in times where you're
trying to make a decision

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where the answer isn't super clear,

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it's a really tough choice.

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Whether this is deciding

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what major you wanna have in college?

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When you wanna stay in
a job or leave a job?

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What are values or a piece of advice

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that you turn to in making
these types of decisions?

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- Yeah that's a good,
that's a good question.

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I do feel like you know,
this decision-making

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is one of these things that no one

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really explicitly in any way teaches you

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or gives you even frames of reference.

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I heard a quote recently
which I really liked,

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and I do think this is
part of my life philosophy,

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I'd like to believe.

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Which is,

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"There's oftentimes no right decision

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but you can make the decision right."

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So once you've committed to a decision,

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I do think that it is and,

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my mind does tend to work this way.

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I tend to convince myself

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that I made the best possible decision

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and then I do what I can

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to make the decision right.

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You know, first of all,

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if you're always second
guessing the decision

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by definition, whatever decision you made

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will almost, you're making it wrong

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cause you're always looking at

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what the alternative path could have been.

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So that's my first advice is always

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have an attitude of
making the decision right.

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No matter what you're doing,

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whether it's a job or a major,

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or choosing a partner.

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Just think day in, day out,

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what can I do today to make
this, make things better,

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to make a positive dent in the universe,

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to learn more, to get excited about it.

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When you're at the point
of making a decision,

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I tend to you know, do my best to just

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do a fairly rational
decision tree, if I can.

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Now I will say and I do, I do do that.

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You know, I've often
joked that people know me

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for my math videos and science
videos and other videos,

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but I've also wanted to make like,

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things like a dating video.

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I've met friends who might be with someone

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and I'm like, well, are you
going to marry that person?

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And they're like, well no, probably not.

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And I was like, then why are you?

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Like every day that you delay this,

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you're just making the pain larger

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in some future state.

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And if you do the decision tree,

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it's not a complicated one.

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You're like less pain
now versus ignoring it

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and making more pain in the future.

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So I do recommend taking a lens of that.

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I also think,

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making decisions that are not just

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in your best interest but
making decisions that are,

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that you're truly trying to make it

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an interest of anyone, everyone involved

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in the system, you know.

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I try not to judge people,

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but when I do judge (chuckles) people,

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I judge them on the decisions they make

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that the consequences for them,

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were they looking at the
consequences of the system,

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not just the consequences for themselves?

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I mean going back to the whole,

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the whole dating example,
I've seen people.

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I'd say not to judge but sometimes

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selfishly stay in something that lowers

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the other person's option value over time.

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Which I think is actually
very, very selfish

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that's the times I've most
harshly judged people.

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Although I try not to judge, you know,

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we all have our flaws.

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I do think that intuition,
intuition sometimes,

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we don't take it that seriously

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because it's kind of like, oh,

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you're just going off of gut.

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I do remind folks that your gut actually

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does have a lot of neurons.

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So your gut is kind of a mini brain.

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Your gut actually has more neurons

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than some animals have in their brains

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but on top of that.

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You know, in our actual brains

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not just even our gut brains,

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we have a hundred billion neurons.

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One of the critiques of machine learning

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is that it can come up with insights

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but you can't explain why that neural net

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is coming, is saying that that is a dog

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and that is not a dog.

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I think our human brains are similar

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is that it can, it is a
big neural net and it can.

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What intuition really is,
is it's your neural net

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telling you this is a
dog and that's not a dog

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but you can't exactly explain why.

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Of course I can explain why

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something might be a dog or not.

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But why this is the right major?

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Why this is the right career?

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Why this might be the right partner?

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Sometimes I do think, is a gut thing.

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I've got to say, last time I talked

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about solving hard problems

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and sometimes you just have

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to look at the problem

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and engage with the problem

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and then sleep on it.

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And then the next day all of a sudden,

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you've delegated to your subconscious mind

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and it's been churning on that problem

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while you're sleeping.

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And then when you wake up, I found this,

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sometimes you can solve the
problem, almost magically.

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I found the same thing
with major decisions.

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I don't fret too much about them.

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I will, I will think about them.

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I will do the whole decision tree thing.

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I'll oftentimes meditate
to try to clear my mind

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so I'm not thinking about the decision

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And it's interesting,
sometimes I'm meditating,

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I'm meditating and the
answer just comes to me.

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It's just like, you've gotta do this.

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I was like oh, of course, it's obvious.

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Or you sleep on it for a night or two

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and then you just wake up in the morning

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and was like, of course,
I've got to do this.

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This is the right thing.

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Everything tells me that this,

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the stars are aligned here.

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So there's no perfect
formula for decision-making.

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It's a great question but that's my,

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the best wisdom that I have

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and you know, the more in life

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you can perceive the grass on your side

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of the fence to be greener,

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the more happy you're
going to be as a person.

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And I'm the king of that,
for better for worse,

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almost to a fault but
I'm happy. (chuckles)

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All right, let's see Ahmed?

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Ahmed A.

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- Hello, As-salamu alaykum everyone

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and thank you so much
Sal for hosting this.

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I'm delighted to be here and it's an honor

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to be here with all of
you aspiring learners.

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My question is about being content.

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I've struggled with this contest or,

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I've struggled with this concept a lot.

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I think that people that aim to accomplish

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shouldn't be content because being content

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like, limits them to a certain extent.

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What do you think about this?

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Do you think that being content

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is just being happy where you're at

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or is it being happy along with

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being or aspiring to be
more than where you're at?

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- Another very good,
very deep question that,

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you know, my life journey

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I've had different frames of it.

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I think early,

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early on in my life

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of when I was a lot of y'all's age,

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I was very not content. (chuckles)

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I had that proverbial fire in my belly.

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I was constantly thinking, you know,

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to Christine's last question,

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how do I make the right decision?

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Pick the right major?

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Find the right job?

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I was afraid if I'm
honest, about well what if,

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what if I don't succeed?

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What if I can't be in a a
solid financial position?

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Many of y'all know my family, we didn't,

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I was raised by a single mother.

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We didn't, she worked a
lot of minimum wage jobs,

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cashiers, different places,
eventually scrounged up

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enough, you know, pennies to open up

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a not so impressive convenience store.

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So when I was a lot of
y'all's age I was just like,

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and the good thing is we had a lot

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of family friends who were professionals,

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who were doctors, who were engineers.

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And I saw how much
better your life could be

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even materially but put aside what you do

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in the hours of your work,

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but even materially, you know,

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my friends whose parents were engineers,

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had nice houses in better neighborhoods.

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They had health insurance.

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Their path was easier.

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And so I had a lot when I
was a lot of y'all's age

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of angst, I could only
describe it as angst.

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So like, I can't, I
need to get out of this.

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I need to get some.

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So that was always a bit
of a burning motivation

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and I wasn't content.

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And when you're not
content, it can sometimes,

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I wasn't overly angsty,
I think I was a pretty.

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If people knew me they would say,

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oh, he's a pretty,
happy-go-lucky laid back guy

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but there was a piece of me

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that I would sometimes wake up

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in the middle of the night it's like,

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I can't, I can't,

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I can't mess this up, you know.

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To quote Eminem, "You only
got one shot," you know,

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don't, I forgot what he said in 8 Mile

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but (chuckles) it's always

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there was some of that.

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I think, as I've grown older,

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especially I think in my thirties,

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I'm now 44 going on 45.

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But in my thirties I
started to realize that

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that angstiness and that a little bit

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of a chip on your shoulder, it's not

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maybe as useful as you think it is.

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It can continue to make you, once again,

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you're not enjoying the
ride as much as you should

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and once again, I did enjoy my ride a lot.

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I had a lot of really great memories

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from my journey but I think it's,

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I've started to appreciate more

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that I should appreciate it in the moment

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while it's happening and be present

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In Vedic philosophy,

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there's three aspects to
everything in the universe.

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The one is Sattvic, which
means truthful, you know.

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Maybe you speak Urdu,
such, you know, truth

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and even in actions there
can be truthful action.

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The second aspect is Rajasic for those

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who are familiar with the, you know,

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languages from the Indian sub-continent.

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You can think of Raja like a king

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and Rajasic is when you're very,

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it's considered a form of energy.

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It's when you're very focused on,

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and Rajasic action is when you're

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very focused on the outcomes,

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and then there's Tamasic.

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Tamasic can kind of like,
you're not really in control.

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It's a little bit chaotic

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and you're doing something
cause you're forced.

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So Sattvic action,

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you're doing something because it's right

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but you accept the outcome,

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whatever the outcome is,

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it is what it is.

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You get new data points and then you make

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a new set of decisions
and do what's right.

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Rajasic action or Rajasic
decision-making is to say,

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you know I'm gonna do
this because if I do this,

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I'm gonna become rich and famous

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and if I don't become rich and famous,

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I'm gonna be really miserable.

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Or I'm gonna do this
because if I don't do this,

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something really bad's going to have.

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We're not going to have enough money.

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We're not gonna have food on the table.

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We're not gonna do all that.

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And then the Tamasic is
like I'm forced to do it.

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I don't really feel like doing it

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but someone's, you know, whatever.

00:10:42.410 --> 00:10:43.800
I think we all agree that Tamasic

00:10:43.800 --> 00:10:45.340
is not a good place to be for most,

00:10:45.340 --> 00:10:46.790
most things in your life.

00:10:46.790 --> 00:10:49.770
Rajasic is where most of
us are most of the time.

00:10:49.770 --> 00:10:53.120
Most of us are saying hey, if I do this

00:10:53.120 --> 00:10:54.250
I'm gonna get a promotion.

00:10:54.250 --> 00:10:55.520
I'm gonna get a better job.

00:10:55.520 --> 00:10:56.513
I'm gonna do this.

00:10:58.070 --> 00:11:01.140
It can be very motivating
and it can give you

00:11:01.140 --> 00:11:05.290
the external appearances of success

00:11:05.290 --> 00:11:07.580
but, it can also make you miserable

00:11:07.580 --> 00:11:10.480
and non-content your entire life

00:11:10.480 --> 00:11:12.960
because no matter what,
there's going to be outcomes

00:11:12.960 --> 00:11:15.370
that when you're in a
Rajasic frame of mind,

00:11:15.370 --> 00:11:16.990
you have trouble accepting.

00:11:16.990 --> 00:11:19.050
I've found that the more that I can move

00:11:19.050 --> 00:11:21.810
to a kind of Sattvic form of action,

00:11:21.810 --> 00:11:23.180
where I just do what is,

00:11:23.180 --> 00:11:24.980
what I think is right at any moment.

00:11:27.002 --> 00:11:28.480
And then whatever the outcome is,

00:11:28.480 --> 00:11:30.930
I can just accept it and
sometimes even enjoy it

00:11:30.930 --> 00:11:32.690
or savor it and learn from it

00:11:32.690 --> 00:11:34.680
and then take the next set of actions.

00:11:34.680 --> 00:11:37.150
I found that in no way does it,

00:11:37.150 --> 00:11:39.600
does it quelch my ability to do things

00:11:39.600 --> 00:11:41.970
or in no way, does it suppress my ability

00:11:41.970 --> 00:11:44.840
to take action or to be ambitious

00:11:44.840 --> 00:11:46.330
or try to do big things

00:11:46.330 --> 00:11:48.490
but it makes me a lot more content

00:11:48.490 --> 00:11:50.260
and a lot, frankly, a lot more pleasant

00:11:50.260 --> 00:11:53.180
to be around (chuckles)
if I'm just accepting,

00:11:53.180 --> 00:11:54.410
if I'm just accepting things.

00:11:54.410 --> 00:11:56.490
And I'll say a lot of times,

00:11:56.490 --> 00:11:58.210
I actually think you'll be more productive

00:11:58.210 --> 00:12:00.570
if you take that Sattvic aspect

00:12:00.570 --> 00:12:03.780
because a lot of times the Rajasic aspect,

00:12:03.780 --> 00:12:06.330
your ego gets involved very, very heavily.

00:12:06.330 --> 00:12:09.270
And so, you know a lot of
times I think we procrastinate

00:12:09.270 --> 00:12:11.590
because our ego doesn't wanna realize

00:12:11.590 --> 00:12:12.960
that it can't do the thing.

00:12:12.960 --> 00:12:15.600
And so it's like, well oh,
maybe let me go get a snack

00:12:15.600 --> 00:12:17.100
because your ego is
like protecting itself.

00:12:17.100 --> 00:12:18.220
Like what if you start to study it

00:12:18.220 --> 00:12:19.230
and you have trouble doing it,

00:12:19.230 --> 00:12:21.250
or what if you start to write that paper

00:12:21.250 --> 00:12:22.760
and you have writer's block.

00:12:22.760 --> 00:12:24.470
When you have a Sattvic point of mind,

00:12:24.470 --> 00:12:25.340
you're like, you know what,

00:12:25.340 --> 00:12:27.630
the right thing to do
right now is just to start.

00:12:27.630 --> 00:12:29.650
The chips will fall where they do

00:12:29.650 --> 00:12:32.674
and so I find myself
procrastinating a lot less

00:12:32.674 --> 00:12:35.310
when I've gotten less
caught up with the outcome

00:12:35.310 --> 00:12:37.450
and I just wanna start,
start taking action

00:12:37.450 --> 00:12:39.000
and then I just accept the outcome

00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:40.340
wherever it is.

00:12:40.340 --> 00:12:42.200
A lot of the stress at work

00:12:42.200 --> 00:12:43.410
has gone down dramatically.

00:12:43.410 --> 00:12:45.030
I used to you know, sometimes I have

00:12:45.030 --> 00:12:46.370
some big decisions to make

00:12:46.370 --> 00:12:48.250
that could affect a lot of people

00:12:48.250 --> 00:12:50.730
and when I take the Rajasic mindset,

00:12:50.730 --> 00:12:52.290
I'm like wow, this is the wrong decision.

00:12:52.290 --> 00:12:55.010
It could affect these 10
people's lives, you know.

00:12:55.010 --> 00:12:56.470
It can really stress you out.

00:12:56.470 --> 00:12:57.930
It's not gonna help you
make a better decision.

00:12:57.930 --> 00:12:59.130
You take a Sattvic point of view,

00:12:59.130 --> 00:13:00.620
let me look at the data.

00:13:00.620 --> 00:13:01.800
Let me meditate on it.

00:13:01.800 --> 00:13:03.600
Let me take the best
possible decision I can

00:13:03.600 --> 00:13:05.620
and look, I just have
to accept the outcome

00:13:05.620 --> 00:13:07.880
and then let me make another
decision based on that.

00:13:07.880 --> 00:13:09.790
But anyway, I gave you
a long-winded answer.

00:13:09.790 --> 00:13:12.863
My apologies but
hopefully that was useful.

00:13:12.863 --> 00:13:14.878
- All right, thank you so much.

00:13:14.878 --> 00:13:16.520
- Great.

00:13:16.520 --> 00:13:17.689
Let's see.

00:13:17.689 --> 00:13:19.040
Sharvari, I don't know if,

00:13:19.040 --> 00:13:21.490
I'm pronouncing your name correctly?

00:13:21.490 --> 00:13:23.394
- Yeah, you are.
- Oh good.

00:13:23.394 --> 00:13:25.150
- First of all. (chuckles)

00:13:25.150 --> 00:13:26.510
Hi from India.

00:13:26.510 --> 00:13:29.890
It's actually 12:45 am.

00:13:29.890 --> 00:13:31.360
- Thank you for staying up. (laughs)

00:13:31.360 --> 00:13:32.470
- Yeah. (chuckles)

00:13:32.470 --> 00:13:35.240
I'm a huge fan and I just wanted to ask

00:13:35.240 --> 00:13:36.900
that, you know we've always.

00:13:36.900 --> 00:13:38.760
I'm a college student currently

00:13:38.760 --> 00:13:41.860
and we've always been having so many like,

00:13:41.860 --> 00:13:44.350
we've been getting so many tips about

00:13:44.350 --> 00:13:47.160
how to do smart work and hard work

00:13:47.160 --> 00:13:49.050
and how there's a difference.

00:13:49.050 --> 00:13:51.820
And I've been using Khan
Academy for a long time

00:13:52.670 --> 00:13:54.700
and I just wanted to know how you

00:13:54.700 --> 00:13:56.770
would differentiate between those two?

00:13:56.770 --> 00:14:00.690
And if you would have any
particular great tips for us

00:14:00.690 --> 00:14:03.560
as we're making our way through college

00:14:03.560 --> 00:14:07.340
and building a resume and, you know?

00:14:07.340 --> 00:14:08.370
- Yeah well, I think the difference

00:14:08.370 --> 00:14:09.700
between hard work and smart work.

00:14:09.700 --> 00:14:12.110
I do think I was fortunate

00:14:12.110 --> 00:14:13.790
throughout my entire academic career

00:14:13.790 --> 00:14:15.820
that I kind of fell into what would now

00:14:15.820 --> 00:14:18.570
be described as smart
work versus hard work

00:14:18.570 --> 00:14:22.690
because when I was young,
I was the student that

00:14:22.690 --> 00:14:23.890
actually in my early years,

00:14:23.890 --> 00:14:25.860
I wasn't particularly grade motivated.

00:14:25.860 --> 00:14:28.420
I guess I was less Rajasic
than I realized. (chuckles)

00:14:28.420 --> 00:14:31.150
I was actually more motivated by,

00:14:31.150 --> 00:14:32.520
hey, this is interesting,

00:14:32.520 --> 00:14:33.740
let me connect the dots.

00:14:33.740 --> 00:14:35.500
Okay, they're teaching me this formula

00:14:35.500 --> 00:14:37.010
in this class but wait,

00:14:37.010 --> 00:14:38.220
that's kind of the same formula

00:14:38.220 --> 00:14:39.360
that we learned in the other class.

00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:40.850
If we just changed the variables or,

00:14:40.850 --> 00:14:44.250
if you just format the algebra
a little bit differently

00:14:44.250 --> 00:14:47.790
and when you approach
any knowledge that way,

00:14:47.790 --> 00:14:49.860
it naturally is going to connect more.

00:14:49.860 --> 00:14:51.610
It's naturally going to stick more.

00:14:54.960 --> 00:14:57.000
Some of the things I really enjoy

00:14:57.000 --> 00:14:58.530
when I get a cover in Khan Academy

00:14:58.530 --> 00:15:00.710
or when other people are
covering it in Khan Academy,

00:15:00.710 --> 00:15:02.610
try to connect the dots
between different things

00:15:02.610 --> 00:15:05.320
so they don't just feel
like things to memorize.

00:15:05.320 --> 00:15:06.560
One, you're gonna learn it better

00:15:06.560 --> 00:15:08.430
and life is just gonna become,

00:15:08.430 --> 00:15:11.150
it's going to become a
lot more interesting.

00:15:11.150 --> 00:15:13.270
In the US a lot of times they

00:15:13.270 --> 00:15:14.440
teach the Louisiana Purchase.

00:15:14.440 --> 00:15:15.630
Some of y'all might know about this.

00:15:15.630 --> 00:15:17.840
You know, in 1803 Thomas Jefferson

00:15:17.840 --> 00:15:20.330
is able to buy Louisiana from,

00:15:20.330 --> 00:15:22.700
at the time Napoléon controlled France,

00:15:22.700 --> 00:15:23.750
for like $3 million.

00:15:23.750 --> 00:15:26.570
And Louisiana was not just
the State of Louisiana,

00:15:26.570 --> 00:15:28.640
it was like a third of
what we now consider

00:15:28.640 --> 00:15:30.800
to be the United States.

00:15:30.800 --> 00:15:33.750
And the way they teach it
when I first learned that

00:15:33.750 --> 00:15:35.440
I think in fifth or sixth grade,

00:15:35.440 --> 00:15:37.597
it was kind of like they got a good deal.

00:15:37.597 --> 00:15:39.770
Like (chuckles) you know,
that's how it's taught.

00:15:39.770 --> 00:15:41.690
Like just memorize the fact 1803,

00:15:41.690 --> 00:15:44.410
they bought Louisiana
and they got a good deal.

00:15:44.410 --> 00:15:45.860
Later I learned, well the reason

00:15:45.860 --> 00:15:48.450
why they got a good deal is that Napoléon,

00:15:48.450 --> 00:15:50.440
who was trying to take over Europe,

00:15:50.440 --> 00:15:55.140
had his Navy defeated at
Trafalgar by the British.

00:15:55.140 --> 00:15:56.610
And so he really did not have

00:15:56.610 --> 00:15:58.360
much of a Navy to speak of

00:15:58.360 --> 00:15:59.550
and so there's no way that he

00:15:59.550 --> 00:16:00.690
could protect this territory

00:16:00.690 --> 00:16:02.540
that's on the other side of the planet.

00:16:02.540 --> 00:16:05.400
And so in some ways
Napoléon got $3 million

00:16:05.400 --> 00:16:07.720
that probably the Americans
could have just taken it

00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:09.890
and Napoléon could have
done nothing about it

00:16:09.890 --> 00:16:13.650
and at least he got $3 million
(chuckles) more for it.

00:16:13.650 --> 00:16:15.580
So you know, that's just an example of

00:16:15.580 --> 00:16:16.890
it's fun to connect
these and then when you,

00:16:16.890 --> 00:16:18.440
when you connect it you realize,

00:16:18.440 --> 00:16:19.710
wow, that's so interesting, right?

00:16:19.710 --> 00:16:22.110
Like these decisions
that people are making,

00:16:22.110 --> 00:16:26.210
very human decisions, as
opposed to just random,

00:16:26.210 --> 00:16:28.110
random facts in history.

00:16:28.110 --> 00:16:29.560
You know there's things that,

00:16:30.920 --> 00:16:33.520
there's things in history or whatever,

00:16:33.520 --> 00:16:35.990
you know, in math that
will give you goosebumps.

00:16:35.990 --> 00:16:37.930
If you just look at them the right way.

00:16:37.930 --> 00:16:39.580
So I try to remind everyone sometimes,

00:16:39.580 --> 00:16:41.810
you'll hear me say this
in Khan Academy videos.

00:16:41.810 --> 00:16:43.010
You know your biology textbook

00:16:43.010 --> 00:16:44.870
might seem a little bit dry sometimes

00:16:44.870 --> 00:16:47.230
or hard to read, or your stats textbook.

00:16:47.230 --> 00:16:50.000
But that biology textbook,
like every chapter

00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:52.470
is the culmination of probably

00:16:52.470 --> 00:16:54.470
a few hundred people's life work.

00:16:54.470 --> 00:16:57.060
Like you know, those
people would have done.

00:16:57.060 --> 00:16:59.440
You know what Isaac
Newton would have done to

00:17:00.660 --> 00:17:03.050
get his hands on your
calculus physics book

00:17:05.384 --> 00:17:06.929
You know.

00:17:06.929 --> 00:17:10.000
name them, Pasteur or
Curie would have done

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:12.290
to get their hands on
your chemistry textbook,

00:17:12.290 --> 00:17:14.730
or to get their hands
on your biology textbook

00:17:14.730 --> 00:17:16.130
And they really are
explaining the universe.

00:17:16.130 --> 00:17:17.040
Sometimes they're not doing it

00:17:17.040 --> 00:17:20.010
in the most wondrous wonder provoking way

00:17:20.010 --> 00:17:21.540
but they are fascinating things.

00:17:21.540 --> 00:17:23.550
So that's my you know, when you study,

00:17:23.550 --> 00:17:24.383
when you learn things,

00:17:24.383 --> 00:17:26.930
just try to have that air of wonder.

00:17:26.930 --> 00:17:31.610
And when you watch a movie
like Harry Potter or something,

00:17:31.610 --> 00:17:33.710
we all get excited because we're like,

00:17:33.710 --> 00:17:35.190
wow, they're finding out different spells,

00:17:35.190 --> 00:17:36.810
and they're looking at
these ancient ruins,

00:17:36.810 --> 00:17:38.810
and they're figuring out
things about the universe

00:17:38.810 --> 00:17:40.580
and then they're able to do magic.

00:17:40.580 --> 00:17:42.210
And I've used learning as the same thing.

00:17:42.210 --> 00:17:43.810
Yes, the books that you're looking at

00:17:43.810 --> 00:17:46.200
are sometimes not the
most interesting thing

00:17:46.200 --> 00:17:47.680
but if you really engage in it,

00:17:47.680 --> 00:17:50.500
the way that Hermione
Granger would engage with it.

00:17:50.500 --> 00:17:51.430
You're going to see that you're

00:17:51.430 --> 00:17:52.560
gonna be able to do magic.

00:17:52.560 --> 00:17:54.110
You're going to be able
to understand things

00:17:54.110 --> 00:17:55.210
about the universe that frankly,

00:17:55.210 --> 00:17:58.860
would have seemed like
magic even 500 years ago.

00:17:58.860 --> 00:18:01.490
And so when you view yourself
as you're this person.

00:18:01.490 --> 00:18:03.160
You're going on this quest.

00:18:03.160 --> 00:18:05.520
There's things for you to explore.

00:18:05.520 --> 00:18:07.300
Dots to connect.

00:18:07.300 --> 00:18:10.690
It just becomes a much more
exciting, frankly experience

00:18:10.690 --> 00:18:12.960
and then when you're
doing that the whole time.

00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:16.180
Yes I've sometimes found
myself cramming and having to,

00:18:16.180 --> 00:18:18.830
but even then when you're cramming,

00:18:18.830 --> 00:18:21.780
but the knowledge is being
connected with other things,

00:18:21.780 --> 00:18:23.000
you're more likely to learn it.

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:25.403
You're more likely to, retain that.

00:18:27.170 --> 00:18:31.230
My Hermione Granger analogy
reminds me of an answer

00:18:31.230 --> 00:18:34.610
to Christine's question
about decision-making.

00:18:34.610 --> 00:18:37.660
Sometimes I do, and this
might be mildly delusional.

00:18:37.660 --> 00:18:40.290
I say look, you can view yourself

00:18:40.290 --> 00:18:41.740
as just kind of living a mundane life

00:18:41.740 --> 00:18:43.400
or you could view
yourself as a protagonist

00:18:43.400 --> 00:18:44.870
in an epic movie.

00:18:44.870 --> 00:18:47.180
And whenever you're faced
with a hard decision,

00:18:47.180 --> 00:18:49.090
you're like, well what
would the protagonist?

00:18:49.090 --> 00:18:51.010
What would Bilbo Baggins
do, in the Hobbit?

00:18:51.010 --> 00:18:54.350
What would Hermoine or
Harry do, in Harry Potter?

00:18:54.350 --> 00:18:58.860
What would Hari Seldon do
in the Foundation Series?

00:18:58.860 --> 00:19:00.620
And I find that when you do that,

00:19:00.620 --> 00:19:03.090
first of all, life becomes a
little bit more fun to live

00:19:03.090 --> 00:19:05.150
but you'll actually do
the more Sattvic thing.

00:19:05.150 --> 00:19:06.600
You'll do the more like,

00:19:06.600 --> 00:19:08.858
what would the protagonist
to do, in the story?

00:19:08.858 --> 00:19:10.220
What would happen here to make

00:19:10.220 --> 00:19:11.790
this a more interesting story?

00:19:11.790 --> 00:19:13.500
And it also reminds myself the other way

00:19:13.500 --> 00:19:15.703
that no great story is not without,

00:19:16.990 --> 00:19:18.190
some significant stress.

00:19:18.190 --> 00:19:19.760
You wouldn't wanna read any of these books

00:19:19.760 --> 00:19:21.180
or watch any of these movies,

00:19:21.180 --> 00:19:23.330
if they did not have significant stress,

00:19:23.330 --> 00:19:25.780
and moments of tension, and
moments where you're not sure

00:19:25.780 --> 00:19:27.270
how things are going to turn out.

00:19:27.270 --> 00:19:29.170
So when you have those
significant stresses

00:19:29.170 --> 00:19:31.690
or moments of tension
or times that you are

00:19:31.690 --> 00:19:33.330
unsure of yourself, you're like oh, well,

00:19:33.330 --> 00:19:34.963
I got a good movie that I'm living in.

00:19:34.963 --> 00:19:37.292
Like (chuckles) my movie is interesting.

00:19:37.292 --> 00:19:40.910
That's my best advice, stay curious.

00:19:40.910 --> 00:19:42.630
My advice on making decisions also,

00:19:42.630 --> 00:19:44.840
especially if you're thinking
about careers and majors.

00:19:44.840 --> 00:19:48.160
Ask a ton of questions,
people like giving advice,

00:19:48.160 --> 00:19:51.150
as you see, I'm enjoying
giving advice to you right now.

00:19:51.150 --> 00:19:53.810
People, even in, I try to fundraise a lot

00:19:53.810 --> 00:19:55.420
and someone told me this piece of advice,

00:19:55.420 --> 00:19:58.030
which actually turned out really true.

00:19:58.030 --> 00:20:00.890
If you ask for money,
people will give you advice.

00:20:00.890 --> 00:20:05.100
If you ask for advice, people
give you money. (chuckles)

00:20:05.100 --> 00:20:06.720
And it is somewhat true, but the simple,

00:20:06.720 --> 00:20:09.240
but oftentimes the advice
is the most useful thing.

00:20:09.240 --> 00:20:12.050
So don't be afraid to
ask as many questions.

00:20:12.050 --> 00:20:13.560
People who are a little
bit older than you,

00:20:13.560 --> 00:20:16.420
who've gone through this
decision making process.

00:20:16.420 --> 00:20:18.700
You know get em one-on-one
and ask em some,

00:20:18.700 --> 00:20:21.245
pry you know, what stresses you out?

00:20:21.245 --> 00:20:24.010
If they're close to
you and it's not tacky,

00:20:24.010 --> 00:20:25.360
ask em how much money they're making?

00:20:25.360 --> 00:20:26.780
Ask em if they made the right decision?

00:20:26.780 --> 00:20:28.830
Ask em how it's affecting other impacts

00:20:28.830 --> 00:20:30.570
of their life, their life-work balance?

00:20:30.570 --> 00:20:32.570
And I think that's
really going to help you

00:20:32.570 --> 00:20:34.300
make good decisions.

00:20:34.300 --> 00:20:37.660
I was the kid when I was in
college, I would somewhat,

00:20:37.660 --> 00:20:39.650
I've never had a really strict filter.

00:20:39.650 --> 00:20:41.800
I've always said what I've thought

00:20:41.800 --> 00:20:42.710
and when I talked to people,

00:20:42.710 --> 00:20:45.980
I've always been willing to
ask them pretty open questions.

00:20:45.980 --> 00:20:47.770
And I think if they
realize that you're coming

00:20:47.770 --> 00:20:50.080
from a place of vulnerability yourself

00:20:50.080 --> 00:20:51.560
and authenticity yourself?

00:20:51.560 --> 00:20:53.360
People will also be
vulnerable and authentic

00:20:53.360 --> 00:20:55.070
with you and they'll give you a lot

00:20:55.070 --> 00:20:56.970
of really good information and advice.

00:20:58.880 --> 00:21:00.170
- That is such a great outlook.

00:21:00.170 --> 00:21:01.470
Thank you so much.

00:21:01.470 --> 00:21:03.110
- Thank you.

00:21:03.110 --> 00:21:06.240
All right, let's go to,

00:21:06.240 --> 00:21:07.073
Vinay.

00:21:09.274 --> 00:21:11.050
- Hi Sal.
- Hello.

00:21:11.050 --> 00:21:13.960
- I'm in Grade 10 and
first, thank you so, so much

00:21:13.960 --> 00:21:15.790
like for both Khan
Academy and Schoolhouse.

00:21:15.790 --> 00:21:18.640
Like especially for India, I'm from India

00:21:18.640 --> 00:21:21.870
so we have the CBSE Grade 10 Board Exam.

00:21:21.870 --> 00:21:23.800
So thank you so much like Khan Academy

00:21:23.800 --> 00:21:26.300
really helped me a lot,
especially in these exams.

00:21:27.800 --> 00:21:29.420
Like I'll just ask one question.

00:21:29.420 --> 00:21:32.160
If you were 18 right now
or if you were at my age,

00:21:32.160 --> 00:21:33.100
what would you work on and why?

00:21:33.100 --> 00:21:35.010
Like what would you think lies ahead

00:21:35.010 --> 00:21:36.423
in the future for the youth?

00:21:37.830 --> 00:21:39.500
- Well I think it's gonna
be a different answer

00:21:39.500 --> 00:21:40.990
depending on what you're interested in,

00:21:40.990 --> 00:21:44.210
what you like, but I do think.
- The most trending thing

00:21:44.210 --> 00:21:45.500
is that Artificial Intelligence

00:21:45.500 --> 00:21:47.150
and the most trending part,
Artificial Intelligence,

00:21:47.150 --> 00:21:50.780
Computer Engineering and all these things.

00:21:50.780 --> 00:21:52.880
- If you're interested in that.

00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:54.470
I don't think you can go wrong with it,

00:21:54.470 --> 00:21:55.800
If you're interested in it.

00:21:55.800 --> 00:21:59.430
I will say, you know I've
often joked, like I can meet.

00:21:59.430 --> 00:22:01.710
I was a Computer Science,
Electrical Engineering,

00:22:01.710 --> 00:22:03.080
Math major when I was in college.

00:22:03.080 --> 00:22:04.680
So I was doing the equivalent of

00:22:04.680 --> 00:22:07.090
what you're thinking about going forward

00:22:07.090 --> 00:22:08.727
but that's because I was
really interested in it.

00:22:08.727 --> 00:22:10.300
And when I went to college,

00:22:10.300 --> 00:22:12.200
I thought I wanted to be
a Theoretical Physicist.

00:22:12.200 --> 00:22:14.330
I was fascinated by theoretical physics.

00:22:14.330 --> 00:22:16.950
So like, I wanna explain
the nature of reality

00:22:16.950 --> 00:22:18.360
and that's what physics is after.

00:22:18.360 --> 00:22:20.930
I was, you know I would
read Feynman's books

00:22:20.930 --> 00:22:21.980
and look at his lectures,

00:22:21.980 --> 00:22:23.920
and I was really inspired by that.

00:22:23.920 --> 00:22:25.440
Then I go to college and I'm like,

00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:27.560
even better than studying reality

00:22:27.560 --> 00:22:29.100
is creating your own realities.

00:22:29.100 --> 00:22:31.580
And that's what I found was interesting

00:22:31.580 --> 00:22:34.100
about computing is that software,

00:22:34.100 --> 00:22:36.390
especially if you thought
about virtual reality

00:22:36.390 --> 00:22:38.930
and things like that, you
can actually create realities

00:22:38.930 --> 00:22:40.740
and so that's what drew me to that.

00:22:40.740 --> 00:22:41.940
So if you have a passion for that?

00:22:41.940 --> 00:22:44.160
You have an interest for that, absolutely.

00:22:44.160 --> 00:22:45.960
What I do recommend for everyone here,

00:22:45.960 --> 00:22:48.480
who's roughly 18 or so years old,

00:22:48.480 --> 00:22:50.100
is those subjects that you're learning

00:22:50.100 --> 00:22:51.480
in your end of high school,

00:22:51.480 --> 00:22:54.010
early college, really master them.

00:22:54.010 --> 00:22:56.270
Master them as well as you can master them

00:22:56.270 --> 00:23:00.310
because if you truly
master your high school,

00:23:00.310 --> 00:23:02.930
early college level calculus,

00:23:02.930 --> 00:23:05.970
statistics, biology, chemistry, physics,

00:23:05.970 --> 00:23:07.110
maybe a little bit of econ.

00:23:07.110 --> 00:23:09.920
If you truly master it,
you're going to be unstoppable

00:23:09.920 --> 00:23:12.600
in pretty much any
field that you wanna go.

00:23:12.600 --> 00:23:14.300
Your reading and your
writing of course, as well.

00:23:14.300 --> 00:23:16.530
If you can write well at that level,

00:23:16.530 --> 00:23:17.820
you're going to be unstoppable

00:23:17.820 --> 00:23:19.430
pretty much in any field you can go in.

00:23:19.430 --> 00:23:21.640
I'll add communications
because I think a lot

00:23:21.640 --> 00:23:23.620
of the schoolhouse.world tutors,

00:23:23.620 --> 00:23:25.340
they're building a muscle of communication

00:23:25.340 --> 00:23:26.730
which is gonna be invaluable.

00:23:26.730 --> 00:23:28.410
No one has grades on communication.

00:23:28.410 --> 00:23:30.800
There's no standardized
test scores on communication

00:23:30.800 --> 00:23:33.450
but the reason why schools
like MIT and UChicago

00:23:33.450 --> 00:23:35.800
are interested in
schoolhouse.world tutors.

00:23:35.800 --> 00:23:37.350
Is one, it shows they know the material

00:23:37.350 --> 00:23:38.410
but it also shows that they know

00:23:38.410 --> 00:23:41.980
how to communicate fairly,
fairly complex things.

00:23:41.980 --> 00:23:43.210
So that's my best advice

00:23:43.210 --> 00:23:44.760
and you'd be surprised even today,

00:23:44.760 --> 00:23:46.920
I meet a friend who has a PhD in Biology.

00:23:46.920 --> 00:23:48.200
They're working at a biotech farm

00:23:48.200 --> 00:23:50.140
and they start explaining their research

00:23:50.140 --> 00:23:52.250
and I can go surprisingly far with them.

00:23:52.250 --> 00:23:53.940
I'm like, oh you're talking
about the Krebs cycle.

00:23:53.940 --> 00:23:55.670
Oh, that's affecting ATP production

00:23:55.670 --> 00:23:57.530
and they're like, how do you know this?

00:23:57.530 --> 00:23:59.900
And I'm like, it's senior level biology

00:23:59.900 --> 00:24:02.290
or freshmen biology in college.

00:24:02.290 --> 00:24:05.410
And everyone learns,
everyone takes those classes

00:24:05.410 --> 00:24:09.010
but most people cram, take the
test and then forget it all.

00:24:09.010 --> 00:24:10.770
But I will tell you that those classes,

00:24:10.770 --> 00:24:13.330
if you really master it,
you're going to be unstoppable

00:24:13.330 --> 00:24:14.790
and then of course you can layer it on.

00:24:14.790 --> 00:24:16.610
If you go into computer science

00:24:16.610 --> 00:24:19.510
or artificial intelligence
or whatever else.

00:24:19.510 --> 00:24:21.080
You know if I were to think about

00:24:21.080 --> 00:24:22.750
what industries are really interesting?

00:24:22.750 --> 00:24:26.210
Obviously artificial intelligence
is really interesting.

00:24:26.210 --> 00:24:27.250
I think biotech is going

00:24:27.250 --> 00:24:28.620
to be really interesting with Christopher.

00:24:28.620 --> 00:24:30.220
I think you're going to
start seeing the intersection

00:24:30.220 --> 00:24:33.120
of the two, where genetic engineering?

00:24:33.120 --> 00:24:34.880
There's gonna be a lot of
ethical questions around it

00:24:34.880 --> 00:24:36.450
but there's gonna be a lot of interesting,

00:24:36.450 --> 00:24:37.780
positive things that can happen

00:24:37.780 --> 00:24:39.920
for humanity there as well.

00:24:39.920 --> 00:24:42.000
But even if you're not interested
in either of those two,

00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:44.130
if you can speak well,
if you can write well,

00:24:44.130 --> 00:24:46.650
if you have a solid dose
of analytical skills,

00:24:46.650 --> 00:24:50.280
you will, you will be very relevant.

00:24:50.280 --> 00:24:52.330
And if you take, and generally be,

00:24:52.330 --> 00:24:56.320
if you're positive and you're authentic

00:24:56.320 --> 00:24:57.460
and you're trying to do right

00:24:57.460 --> 00:24:58.910
by the people around you?

00:24:58.910 --> 00:25:00.890
And you surround yourself
with good people,

00:25:00.890 --> 00:25:02.883
you're going to do just fine.

00:25:04.580 --> 00:25:05.413
- Thank you so much Sal.

00:25:05.413 --> 00:25:07.760
Hope to meet you in person on one day.

00:25:07.760 --> 00:25:09.260
- Yeah, one day maybe.
- Yes.

00:25:09.260 --> 00:25:12.463
It's disappointing, but yeah. (chuckles)

00:25:15.100 --> 00:25:16.000
All right, let's see.

00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:18.550
Okay we have, I could go
a little bit longer today.

00:25:20.190 --> 00:25:21.913
I will, let's see Matthew.

00:25:24.010 --> 00:25:24.843
- Thanks Sal.

00:25:26.035 --> 00:25:27.800
This is Matt, I'm no longer a student.

00:25:27.800 --> 00:25:30.380
Well, I am a continuous
student and I love to learn

00:25:30.380 --> 00:25:34.480
but I actually came to ask
about schoolhouse.world.

00:25:34.480 --> 00:25:37.560
I was wondering what you
need to reach more people

00:25:37.560 --> 00:25:40.550
and what your like, pain
points and blockers are

00:25:40.550 --> 00:25:42.973
for growing the business?

00:25:44.800 --> 00:25:46.173
- Yeah, I think.

00:25:47.010 --> 00:25:51.630
You know, schoolhouse.world is

00:25:51.630 --> 00:25:53.113
as you know, the way that we,

00:25:54.210 --> 00:25:55.720
the dream here, the vision here is

00:25:55.720 --> 00:25:58.100
that we eventually are
able to make a world

00:25:58.100 --> 00:25:59.330
where millions of people are able

00:25:59.330 --> 00:26:03.110
to get free tutoring for everyone.

00:26:03.110 --> 00:26:05.920
And the, I don't know it
keeps spotlighting my video.

00:26:05.920 --> 00:26:09.000
I actually like seeing
everybody else but anyway.

00:26:09.000 --> 00:26:12.650
The goal here is to give free tutoring,

00:26:12.650 --> 00:26:13.810
make it for everyone.

00:26:13.810 --> 00:26:15.610
Right now, we're at a reasonable scale.

00:26:15.610 --> 00:26:18.590
We have several thousand
people using schoolhouse.world.

00:26:18.590 --> 00:26:21.570
We have many hundreds of amazing tutors.

00:26:21.570 --> 00:26:24.230
I know many of y'all are some of them

00:26:24.230 --> 00:26:25.560
and I thank you for that.

00:26:25.560 --> 00:26:27.460
But our hope at the schoolhouse.world team

00:26:27.460 --> 00:26:28.870
is to just continue to scale it

00:26:28.870 --> 00:26:30.390
because I think once we get to a scale,

00:26:30.390 --> 00:26:32.160
that's maybe 10 times bigger

00:26:32.160 --> 00:26:34.840
than where schoolhouse.world is right now.

00:26:34.840 --> 00:26:36.900
Then I think the flywheel is there.

00:26:36.900 --> 00:26:38.190
Then I think schoolhouse.world

00:26:38.190 --> 00:26:40.040
will only grow and grow and grow.

00:26:40.040 --> 00:26:42.560
And as y'all might appreciate,
the more tutors there are,

00:26:42.560 --> 00:26:45.160
if we have 500 tutors now, if
we can get to 5,000 tutors.

00:26:45.160 --> 00:26:47.050
If we have 500 sessions a week now,

00:26:47.050 --> 00:26:49.250
if we go to 5,000 sessions a week.

00:26:49.250 --> 00:26:51.030
Then pretty much anyone who shows up

00:26:51.030 --> 00:26:52.480
there's probably going to be a session

00:26:52.480 --> 00:26:54.690
on what they care about within minutes

00:26:54.690 --> 00:26:56.570
or there might be a series, a group,

00:26:56.570 --> 00:26:58.580
that they could join for multiple weeks

00:26:58.580 --> 00:27:00.900
that's available very soon

00:27:00.900 --> 00:27:03.110
and so then you have high liquidity.

00:27:03.110 --> 00:27:04.670
I'm also hoping that,

00:27:04.670 --> 00:27:06.220
and I've talked about this last time,

00:27:06.220 --> 00:27:08.010
that your ability to become a tutor

00:27:08.010 --> 00:27:09.820
and be a highly reputed tutor

00:27:09.820 --> 00:27:11.900
actually is gonna, one, it'll feel good.

00:27:11.900 --> 00:27:13.330
I think many of y'all enjoy doing that

00:27:13.330 --> 00:27:14.210
but above and beyond that,

00:27:14.210 --> 00:27:16.210
it has some cache in the broader world

00:27:16.210 --> 00:27:17.720
that it can connect you with opportunity.

00:27:17.720 --> 00:27:18.930
It can get you into colleges.

00:27:18.930 --> 00:27:20.700
It can get you a job.

00:27:20.700 --> 00:27:22.150
It can get you a scholarship.

00:27:22.150 --> 00:27:24.320
I've talked to a major scholarship group

00:27:24.320 --> 00:27:26.720
just day before yesterday
about exactly this.

00:27:26.720 --> 00:27:28.340
About, and they are interested.

00:27:28.340 --> 00:27:29.680
They are very interested if you

00:27:29.680 --> 00:27:31.940
are a schoolhouse.world tutor,

00:27:31.940 --> 00:27:33.230
wow, these are exactly the types

00:27:33.230 --> 00:27:35.220
of young people that we
wanna give the scholarship to

00:27:35.220 --> 00:27:36.740
and it's a significant scholarship

00:27:36.740 --> 00:27:39.110
worth hundreds of thousands of dollars.

00:27:39.110 --> 00:27:42.120
And I showed them and not
to set people's expectations

00:27:42.120 --> 00:27:43.100
too high, I showed them some of

00:27:43.100 --> 00:27:45.310
our highly ranked tutors who
are high school students.

00:27:45.310 --> 00:27:47.440
And they said, wow, this is amazing.

00:27:47.440 --> 00:27:48.770
These are exactly the type of people

00:27:48.770 --> 00:27:50.623
that we wanna, we wanna work with.

00:27:53.034 --> 00:27:56.410
You know my hope is, if we
go five years in the future,

00:27:56.410 --> 00:27:58.860
we have millions of people on schoolhouse.

00:27:58.860 --> 00:28:00.040
The quality is high.

00:28:00.040 --> 00:28:01.900
The amazing people who are giving tutors,

00:28:01.900 --> 00:28:03.190
many of whom who might've started

00:28:03.190 --> 00:28:04.980
as a student trying to get tutoring,

00:28:04.980 --> 00:28:06.830
are able to get opportunities

00:28:06.830 --> 00:28:08.820
because they clearly
know the subject matter.

00:28:08.820 --> 00:28:11.890
They can, they're trying
to do good for others.

00:28:11.890 --> 00:28:13.500
And they're clearly articulate

00:28:13.500 --> 00:28:16.230
and can explain things quite well.

00:28:16.230 --> 00:28:18.630
So unfortunately, I
have people calling me.

00:28:18.630 --> 00:28:22.230
I realized I did have
12:30 Pacific time booked

00:28:22.230 --> 00:28:24.280
but I have really enjoyed this.

00:28:24.280 --> 00:28:26.140
Sorry for the long-winded answers.

00:28:26.140 --> 00:28:28.710
I hope they can be
vaguely useful for y'all

00:28:28.710 --> 00:28:32.570
and I see that I'm leaving
about 30 hands raised.

00:28:32.570 --> 00:28:34.200
My apologies for that.

00:28:34.200 --> 00:28:37.010
What I will do, is see if we
can schedule more of these

00:28:37.010 --> 00:28:38.620
cause I enjoyed these as well.

00:28:38.620 --> 00:28:40.860
So don't fret if this is,

00:28:40.860 --> 00:28:41.810
if you're enjoying this,

00:28:41.810 --> 00:28:44.200
we will get a chance to do this again.

00:28:44.200 --> 00:28:45.650
So I will see you all then.

00:28:45.650 --> 00:28:47.070
Talk to y'all later, thanks for joining.

00:28:47.070 --> 00:28:49.350
And thanks for being part of
the schoolhouse community.

00:28:49.350 --> 00:28:50.373
- Thanks Sal.
- Have a nice day.

00:28:50.373 --> 00:28:51.398
- Thanks Sal.
- Thank you so much Sal.

00:28:51.398 --> 00:28:52.715
- Thank you.
- Thanks Sal.

00:28:52.715 --> 00:28:53.832
- Thank you so much.
- Yeah.

00:28:53.832 --> 00:28:54.911
- Thanks Sal.
- Thank you Sal.

00:28:54.911 --> 00:28:55.744
- All right.
- Thank you.

00:28:55.744 --> 00:28:56.744
- Bye.
- Bye.

00:28:59.677 --> 00:29:01.234
- Bye.
- Bye Sal.

00:29:01.234 --> 00:29:03.317
- Thanks.
- Thank you Sal.


Buffer capacity

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.400 --> 00:00:03.300
- [Instructor] Buffer capacity
refers to the amount of acid

00:00:03.300 --> 00:00:06.620
or base a buffer can neutralize
before the pH changes

00:00:06.620 --> 00:00:08.210
by a large amount.

00:00:08.210 --> 00:00:09.890
An increased buffer capacity

00:00:09.890 --> 00:00:12.750
means an increased amount
of acid or base neutralized

00:00:12.750 --> 00:00:15.560
before the pH changes dramatically.

00:00:15.560 --> 00:00:17.020
Let's compare two buffers;

00:00:17.020 --> 00:00:20.210
buffer solution one and
buffer solution two,

00:00:20.210 --> 00:00:23.580
and see which one has the
higher buffer capacity.

00:00:23.580 --> 00:00:25.700
Buffer solution one has a concentration

00:00:25.700 --> 00:00:28.710
of acidic acid of 0.250 molar

00:00:28.710 --> 00:00:33.710
and a concentration of acetate
anion also 0.250 molar.

00:00:33.910 --> 00:00:36.910
Buffer solution two also
consists of acidic acid

00:00:36.910 --> 00:00:38.420
and the acetate anion.

00:00:38.420 --> 00:00:39.500
However, in this case,

00:00:39.500 --> 00:00:43.830
both concentrations are 0.0250 molar.

00:00:43.830 --> 00:00:46.677
So buffer solution one
has a higher concentration

00:00:46.677 --> 00:00:50.170
of both acidic acid and the acetate anion.

00:00:50.170 --> 00:00:53.110
Let's calculate the initial
pH of both buffer solutions

00:00:53.110 --> 00:00:55.500
using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

00:00:55.500 --> 00:00:57.190
In the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,

00:00:57.190 --> 00:01:01.360
the pH of the solution is equal
to the pka of the weak acid,

00:01:01.360 --> 00:01:04.830
which for both buffers is a acidic acid

00:01:04.830 --> 00:01:08.510
plus the log of the concentration
of the conjugate base

00:01:08.510 --> 00:01:11.970
divided by the concentration
of the weak acid.

00:01:11.970 --> 00:01:15.080
In this case, the conjugate
base is the acetate anion,

00:01:15.080 --> 00:01:17.290
so the concentration of the acetate anion

00:01:17.290 --> 00:01:20.130
divided by the concentration
of acidic acid.

00:01:20.130 --> 00:01:21.640
For buffer solution number one,

00:01:21.640 --> 00:01:24.030
the concentration of the acetate anion

00:01:24.030 --> 00:01:27.270
is equal to the
concentration of acidic acid.

00:01:27.270 --> 00:01:29.660
Therefore, the ratio
of their concentrations

00:01:29.660 --> 00:01:31.320
is equal to one.

00:01:31.320 --> 00:01:33.850
And it's the same idea for
buffer solution number two,

00:01:33.850 --> 00:01:36.020
the concentration of the acetate anion

00:01:36.020 --> 00:01:38.680
is equal to the
concentration of acidic acid.

00:01:38.680 --> 00:01:40.958
Therefore, the ratio
of their concentrations

00:01:40.958 --> 00:01:44.210
is also equal to one for buffer two.

00:01:44.210 --> 00:01:47.790
Since the ratio of the
concentrations is equal to one,

00:01:47.790 --> 00:01:52.010
the log of one is equal to zero,

00:01:52.010 --> 00:01:56.640
and the pka value of acidic
acid at 25 degrees Celsius

00:01:58.001 --> 00:01:59.990
is equal to 4.74.

00:01:59.990 --> 00:02:04.240
So the pH of both buffer
solutions is equal to 4.74

00:02:04.240 --> 00:02:08.490
plus zero, or just 4.74.

00:02:08.490 --> 00:02:10.700
So we're starting with
two buffer solutions,

00:02:10.700 --> 00:02:14.900
each at a pH of 4.74, and
to those buffer solutions,

00:02:14.900 --> 00:02:19.900
we're gonna add 0.0200
moles of hydroxide anions.

00:02:20.930 --> 00:02:23.050
And by calculating the pH change

00:02:23.050 --> 00:02:25.350
after adding the hydroxide anions,

00:02:25.350 --> 00:02:26.250
we'll be able to see

00:02:26.250 --> 00:02:29.340
which buffer has the
higher buffer capacity.

00:02:29.340 --> 00:02:32.100
The added hydroxide
anions will be neutralized

00:02:32.100 --> 00:02:35.270
by the weak acid that's
present in the buffer system.

00:02:35.270 --> 00:02:37.110
So that's acidic acid.

00:02:37.110 --> 00:02:41.080
So acidic acid is going to
react with the hydroxide anions.

00:02:41.080 --> 00:02:42.500
And to make the math easier,

00:02:42.500 --> 00:02:44.310
we're gonna assume that the total volume

00:02:44.310 --> 00:02:47.030
of the buffer solutions
is equal to one that liter

00:02:47.030 --> 00:02:50.620
both before and after
the addition of the base.

00:02:50.620 --> 00:02:53.340
So if the total volume of
the solution is one liter

00:02:53.340 --> 00:02:55.230
and the concentration of acidic acid

00:02:55.230 --> 00:02:58.670
is equal to 0.250 molar in buffer one,

00:02:58.670 --> 00:03:03.640
that means there's 0.250 moles
of acidic acid in the buffer.

00:03:03.640 --> 00:03:06.870
So 0.250 moles of a acidic acid will react

00:03:06.870 --> 00:03:10.800
with the 0.0200 moles of hydroxide anions

00:03:10.800 --> 00:03:13.083
that we're adding to buffer solution one.

00:03:13.960 --> 00:03:16.661
Let's calculate the pH
of buffer solution one

00:03:16.661 --> 00:03:20.300
after the addition of
the hydroxide anions.

00:03:20.300 --> 00:03:23.250
The hydroxide anions
react with a acidic acid

00:03:23.250 --> 00:03:26.630
to form water and the acetate anion.

00:03:26.630 --> 00:03:28.890
In buffer solution one, the initial moles

00:03:28.890 --> 00:03:33.890
of both acidic acid and the
acetate anion are both 0.250.

00:03:34.080 --> 00:03:36.180
And to that buffer solution we're adding

00:03:36.180 --> 00:03:40.450
0.0200 moles of hydroxide anions.

00:03:40.450 --> 00:03:43.490
To help us find the final
moles of acidic acid

00:03:43.490 --> 00:03:46.470
and the acetate anion, we're
gonna use an ICF table,

00:03:46.470 --> 00:03:48.660
where I is the initial amount of moles,

00:03:48.660 --> 00:03:52.960
C is the change in moles and F
as the final amount of moles.

00:03:52.960 --> 00:03:55.070
For this reaction, hydroxide anions

00:03:55.070 --> 00:03:56.812
are the limiting reactant.

00:03:56.812 --> 00:03:58.110
So we're gonna use up

00:03:58.110 --> 00:04:01.940
all of the 0.0200 moles
of hydroxide anions,

00:04:01.940 --> 00:04:03.630
and we're left with nothing.

00:04:03.630 --> 00:04:08.630
Since the mole ratio of
hydroxide anions to acidic acid

00:04:08.730 --> 00:04:11.360
is a one-to-one mole ratio,

00:04:11.360 --> 00:04:16.230
we're also gonna use up 0.0200 moles

00:04:16.230 --> 00:04:17.800
of acidic acid,

00:04:17.800 --> 00:04:22.270
which leaves us with 0.230
moles of acidic acid.

00:04:22.270 --> 00:04:25.340
And for the acetate anion,
there's also a coefficient of one

00:04:25.340 --> 00:04:26.870
in the balanced equation.

00:04:26.870 --> 00:04:30.780
So for losing 0.0200
moles for the reactants,

00:04:30.780 --> 00:04:35.780
we're gaining 0.0200 moles
for the acetate anion,

00:04:36.090 --> 00:04:38.530
which gives us a final amount of moles

00:04:38.530 --> 00:04:42.440
of the acetate anion of 0.270.

00:04:42.440 --> 00:04:43.860
Now that we have our final moles,

00:04:43.860 --> 00:04:46.760
we're ready to calculate the
pH of the buffer solution.

00:04:46.760 --> 00:04:49.280
So the pH is equal to the pka value,

00:04:49.280 --> 00:04:52.020
which for a acidic acid is 4.74,

00:04:52.020 --> 00:04:56.100
plus the log of the ratio
of the concentrations.

00:04:56.100 --> 00:04:58.000
And we could put in the concentrations,

00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:00.050
but since concentration or molarity

00:05:00.050 --> 00:05:02.280
is equal to moles divided by liters,

00:05:02.280 --> 00:05:04.750
a ratio of the concentrations

00:05:04.750 --> 00:05:07.540
would just have the volume
cancel out because it's the same

00:05:07.540 --> 00:05:11.100
for both our conjugate
base and our weak acid.

00:05:11.100 --> 00:05:13.730
So a ratio of the moles is the same thing

00:05:13.730 --> 00:05:15.620
as a ratio of the concentrations

00:05:15.620 --> 00:05:17.960
in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

00:05:17.960 --> 00:05:21.290
And we can get our moles
directly from our ICF table.

00:05:21.290 --> 00:05:26.260
So the moles of the acetate
anion are equal to 0.270,

00:05:26.260 --> 00:05:31.260
and the moles of a acidic
acid is equal to 0.230.

00:05:31.410 --> 00:05:33.010
And when we solve for the pH,

00:05:33.010 --> 00:05:37.573
we find the pH of the
solution is equal to 4.81.

00:05:38.880 --> 00:05:42.210
So buffer one started at a pH of 4.74,

00:05:42.210 --> 00:05:44.819
and after the addition
of the hydroxide anions,

00:05:44.819 --> 00:05:48.210
the pH rose a little bit to 4.81,

00:05:48.210 --> 00:05:51.840
however, that's a relatively
small change in the pH.

00:05:51.840 --> 00:05:53.800
So buffer one did a pretty good job

00:05:53.800 --> 00:05:57.410
of resisting a large change in pH.

00:05:57.410 --> 00:05:59.740
Next, let's calculate the pH of buffer two

00:05:59.740 --> 00:06:03.040
after the addition of
the hydroxide anions.

00:06:03.040 --> 00:06:06.030
So the initial moles of a
acidic acid in buffer two

00:06:06.030 --> 00:06:08.970
is equal to 0.0250 moles,

00:06:08.970 --> 00:06:12.100
which is the same number of
moles as the acetate anion,

00:06:12.100 --> 00:06:14.400
so 0.0250,

00:06:14.400 --> 00:06:16.920
and the hydroxide anions that we add

00:06:16.920 --> 00:06:20.490
is equal to 0.0200 moles.

00:06:20.490 --> 00:06:23.470
Once again, hydroxide anions
are the limiting reactant,

00:06:23.470 --> 00:06:26.200
so all of the hydroxide anions are used up

00:06:26.200 --> 00:06:28.340
and we're left with zero moles.

00:06:28.340 --> 00:06:32.040
Since the mole ratio of
hydroxide anions to acidic acid

00:06:32.040 --> 00:06:36.830
is one to one, we use up the
same amount of acidic acid,

00:06:36.830 --> 00:06:38.880
0.0200 moles,

00:06:38.880 --> 00:06:42.750
and we're left with 0.0050
moles of a acidic acid

00:06:42.750 --> 00:06:44.700
after the neutralization.

00:06:44.700 --> 00:06:46.660
And since there's a one as a coefficient

00:06:46.660 --> 00:06:48.700
in front of the acetate anion,

00:06:48.700 --> 00:06:52.700
the acetate anion is
going to gain 0.0200 moles

00:06:52.700 --> 00:06:57.110
for a final moles of 0.0450.

00:06:57.110 --> 00:06:59.260
Next, we can calculate
the pH of the solution

00:06:59.260 --> 00:07:01.370
using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

00:07:01.370 --> 00:07:06.290
So the pH is equal to the pka
value of acidic acid of 4.74,

00:07:06.290 --> 00:07:10.450
plus the log of the concentration
of the conjugate base

00:07:10.450 --> 00:07:13.600
divided by the concentration
of the weak acid.

00:07:13.600 --> 00:07:15.690
And since we can
substitute moles for that,

00:07:15.690 --> 00:07:18.620
we can grab those from
our ICF table and plug in

00:07:18.620 --> 00:07:23.620
the moles of acetate anion
and the moles of acidic acid,

00:07:23.620 --> 00:07:25.800
and then solve for the pH.

00:07:25.800 --> 00:07:27.150
When we solve for the pH,

00:07:27.150 --> 00:07:31.933
we find that the pH of buffer
solution two is equal to 5.69.

00:07:34.360 --> 00:07:38.050
So buffer solution two
started at pH of 4.74,

00:07:38.050 --> 00:07:40.650
and after the addition
of the hydroxide anions,

00:07:40.650 --> 00:07:43.730
the pH rose to 5.69.

00:07:43.730 --> 00:07:46.010
That's a relatively large increase

00:07:46.010 --> 00:07:48.300
in the pH of the solution.

00:07:48.300 --> 00:07:50.260
So going back to buffer solution one,

00:07:50.260 --> 00:07:52.157
the initial pH was 4.74,

00:07:52.157 --> 00:07:56.680
and the pH rose to 4.81 upon
the addition of the base.

00:07:56.680 --> 00:07:59.347
For buffer solution
two, we started at 4.74

00:07:59.347 --> 00:08:02.750
and the pH rose to 5.69.

00:08:02.750 --> 00:08:06.370
Therefore buffer solution
one had a higher capacity

00:08:06.370 --> 00:08:08.900
to neutralize the added base.

00:08:08.900 --> 00:08:11.410
And so we say that buffer solution one

00:08:11.410 --> 00:08:14.760
has the higher buffer capacity.

00:08:14.760 --> 00:08:16.700
And since buffer solution two

00:08:16.700 --> 00:08:18.710
had the more dramatic change in pH

00:08:18.710 --> 00:08:21.250
upon the addition of
the same amount of base,

00:08:21.250 --> 00:08:24.800
buffer two has a decreased
capacity to neutralize the base

00:08:24.800 --> 00:08:26.360
compared to buffer one.

00:08:26.360 --> 00:08:30.420
So we say that buffer two has
a decreased buffer capacity.

00:08:30.420 --> 00:08:32.970
Remember that the only difference
between these two buffers

00:08:32.970 --> 00:08:35.282
was that buffer one had
a higher concentration

00:08:35.282 --> 00:08:38.770
of acidic acid and the acetate anion.

00:08:38.770 --> 00:08:41.570
Therefore the higher the
concentration of the weak acid

00:08:41.570 --> 00:08:45.003
and the conjugate base, the
higher the buffer capacity.

00:08:46.000 --> 00:08:48.050
We just looked at two buffer solutions

00:08:48.050 --> 00:08:50.150
in which the concentrations of weak acid

00:08:50.150 --> 00:08:52.090
and conjugate base were equal.

00:08:52.090 --> 00:08:54.900
However, a buffer solution
doesn't have to start

00:08:54.900 --> 00:08:57.440
with equal concentrations of the weak acid

00:08:57.440 --> 00:08:59.620
and its conjugate base.

00:08:59.620 --> 00:09:02.240
For example, when the
concentration of weak acid

00:09:02.240 --> 00:09:05.240
is greater than the
concentration of conjugate base,

00:09:05.240 --> 00:09:07.330
the buffer has a higher capacity

00:09:07.330 --> 00:09:10.220
for added base than added acid.

00:09:10.220 --> 00:09:12.330
And when the concentration
of conjugate base

00:09:12.330 --> 00:09:15.090
is greater than the
concentration of weak acid,

00:09:15.090 --> 00:09:18.300
the buffer has a higher
capacity for added acid

00:09:18.300 --> 00:09:20.300
than added base.

00:09:20.300 --> 00:09:22.180
As an example, let's think about blood,

00:09:22.180 --> 00:09:23.343
which has a pH of 7.4.

00:09:24.670 --> 00:09:28.260
The major buffer system used
to control the pH of blood

00:09:28.260 --> 00:09:32.420
is the carbonic acid
bicarbonate buffer system.

00:09:32.420 --> 00:09:35.010
In blood, the concentration of bicarbonate

00:09:35.010 --> 00:09:38.890
is greater than the
concentration of carbonic acid.

00:09:38.890 --> 00:09:41.580
And since bicarbonate
is the conjugate base

00:09:41.580 --> 00:09:45.930
to carbonic acid, the
concentration of the conjugate base

00:09:45.930 --> 00:09:49.370
is greater than the
concentration of the weak acid.

00:09:49.370 --> 00:09:52.810
And therefore the buffer
system has a higher capacity

00:09:52.810 --> 00:09:56.040
for added acid than added base.

00:09:56.040 --> 00:09:57.530
The reason why the buffer system

00:09:57.530 --> 00:10:00.540
needs to have a higher
capacity for added acid

00:10:00.540 --> 00:10:02.770
is because the products of metabolism

00:10:02.770 --> 00:10:05.570
that enter the bloodstream
are mostly acidic

00:10:05.570 --> 00:10:08.220
and therefore the bicarbonate anion

00:10:08.220 --> 00:10:11.940
can react with those acidic
products and neutralize them.

00:10:11.940 --> 00:10:15.580
Therefore, the buffer system
is able to resist large changes

00:10:15.580 --> 00:10:17.053
to the pH of blood.