Connecting f, f', and f'' graphically (another example)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.011 --> 00:00:02.223
- [Narrator] We have the
graph of three functions here.

00:00:02.223 --> 00:00:04.097
And we're told that one
of them is the function F,

00:00:04.097 --> 00:00:06.596
one is its' first derivative,
and then one of them is the

00:00:06.596 --> 00:00:07.429
second derivative.

00:00:07.429 --> 00:00:09.451
We just don't know which one is which.

00:00:09.451 --> 00:00:11.228
And so, like always, pause
this video and see if you

00:00:11.228 --> 00:00:12.487
can figure it out.

00:00:12.487 --> 00:00:15.052
Alright, now the way I'm
going to tackle it is

00:00:15.052 --> 00:00:17.267
I'm gonna look at each of these graphs and

00:00:17.267 --> 00:00:20.141
try to think, what would
their derivatives look like.

00:00:20.141 --> 00:00:22.622
So for this first one,
we can see our derivative

00:00:22.622 --> 00:00:26.346
right over here, our
slope of our tangent line.

00:00:26.346 --> 00:00:29.126
It would be a little bit
negative and then it gets more

00:00:29.126 --> 00:00:31.680
and more and more negative,

00:00:31.680 --> 00:00:34.885
and as we approach this vertical
asymptote, right over here,

00:00:34.885 --> 00:00:37.730
it looks like it's
approaching negative infinity.

00:00:37.730 --> 00:00:40.675
So, the derivative would
actually, over here,

00:00:40.675 --> 00:00:42.913
it would be a little bit less than zero,

00:00:42.913 --> 00:00:45.379
but then it would get more
and more and more negative

00:00:45.379 --> 00:00:47.654
and then it would approach
negative infinity.

00:00:47.654 --> 00:00:50.073
So, it would have a similar
shape, general shape,

00:00:50.073 --> 00:00:52.207
to the graph itself, at
least to the left of this

00:00:52.207 --> 00:00:53.574
vertical asymptote.

00:00:53.574 --> 00:00:55.895
Now, what about to the right
of the vertical asymptote?

00:00:55.895 --> 00:00:58.973
Right to the right of the
vertical asymptote it looks like

00:00:58.973 --> 00:01:03.322
the slope of the tangent line
is very negative, but then

00:01:03.322 --> 00:01:07.707
it becomes less and
less and less negative,

00:01:07.707 --> 00:01:11.874
and it looks like it is
approaching, it is approaching zero.

00:01:13.083 --> 00:01:16.881
So, on this side the derivative
starts out super negative

00:01:16.881 --> 00:01:19.934
and then it looks like it is
the derivative is going to

00:01:19.934 --> 00:01:23.601
asymptote towards zero,
something like that.

00:01:29.830 --> 00:01:31.411
So, based on what I just sketched,

00:01:31.411 --> 00:01:33.895
it looks like this right
graph is a good candidate

00:01:33.895 --> 00:01:36.952
for the derivative of this left graph.

00:01:36.952 --> 00:01:39.175
You might say, what's
wrong with this blue graph?

00:01:39.175 --> 00:01:42.030
Well this blue graph out here,
notice that it's positive.

00:01:42.030 --> 00:01:44.874
So if this were the
derivative of the left graph,

00:01:44.874 --> 00:01:47.294
then that means the left graph
would need a positive slope

00:01:47.294 --> 00:01:49.321
out here, but it doesn't
have a positive slope.

00:01:49.321 --> 00:01:53.047
It's a slightly negative
slope becoming super negative.

00:01:53.047 --> 00:01:55.402
And so, right here we're slightly negative

00:01:55.402 --> 00:01:57.560
and then we become very negative.

00:01:57.560 --> 00:01:59.310
And so maybe this is,

00:02:01.809 --> 00:02:03.702
let's call this F,

00:02:03.702 --> 00:02:05.869
and maybe this is F prime.

00:02:07.750 --> 00:02:10.417
This is F prime right over here.

00:02:11.810 --> 00:02:14.656
And now, let's look at this middle graph.

00:02:14.656 --> 00:02:16.427
What would its derivative do?

00:02:16.427 --> 00:02:20.242
So over here, our slope
is slightly negative,

00:02:20.242 --> 00:02:24.171
and then it becomes more
and more and more and more

00:02:24.171 --> 00:02:26.077
and more negative.

00:02:26.077 --> 00:02:28.868
And so the derivative
of this might look like,

00:02:28.868 --> 00:02:31.440
it has to be slightly negative,

00:02:31.440 --> 00:02:34.519
but then it gets more and more
and more and more negative

00:02:34.519 --> 00:02:37.028
as we approach that vertical asymptote.

00:02:37.028 --> 00:02:39.875
And then on the right side
of the vertical asymptote,

00:02:39.875 --> 00:02:42.366
our derivative is very positive here,

00:02:42.366 --> 00:02:44.903
and then it gets less and
less and less and less

00:02:44.903 --> 00:02:46.627
and less and less positive.

00:02:46.627 --> 00:02:50.295
And so, we start our derivative
would be very positive

00:02:50.295 --> 00:02:52.262
and then it would get
less and less and less

00:02:52.262 --> 00:02:53.749
and less positive.

00:02:53.749 --> 00:02:55.946
It looks like it might,
the slope might asymptoting

00:02:55.946 --> 00:03:00.920
towards zero, so our graph
might look something like that.

00:03:00.920 --> 00:03:02.438
Well the left graph right here

00:03:02.438 --> 00:03:04.500
looks a lot like what I just sketched out

00:03:04.500 --> 00:03:07.131
as a candidate derivative
for this blue graph,

00:03:07.131 --> 00:03:08.507
for this middle graph.

00:03:08.507 --> 00:03:10.482
And so I would say that this is F,

00:03:10.482 --> 00:03:12.281
then this is the derivative of that,

00:03:12.281 --> 00:03:14.618
which would make it F prime
and then we already established

00:03:14.618 --> 00:03:16.956
that this right graph is the
derivative of the left one,

00:03:16.956 --> 00:03:18.509
so if it's the derivative of F prime,

00:03:18.509 --> 00:03:21.389
it's not F prime itself,
it's the second derivative.

00:03:21.389 --> 00:03:23.287
So I feel pretty good about that.

00:03:23.287 --> 00:03:24.988
And just for good measure,
we could think about

00:03:24.988 --> 00:03:27.303
what the derivative of
this graph would look like.

00:03:27.303 --> 00:03:28.944
Here the slope is slightly negative,

00:03:28.944 --> 00:03:30.470
but then it gets more and more
and more and more and more

00:03:30.470 --> 00:03:34.831
negative, so the derivative
would have a similar shape here.

00:03:34.831 --> 00:03:38.825
And then here, our derivative
would be very positive,

00:03:38.825 --> 00:03:40.992
and it gets less and
less and less and less

00:03:40.992 --> 00:03:42.492
and less positive.

00:03:43.713 --> 00:03:48.084
And so, we start very
positive and then it gets less

00:03:48.084 --> 00:03:51.840
and less and less and
less and less positive.

00:03:51.840 --> 00:03:56.007
And so as a general shape, it
actually does look a lot like

00:03:58.068 --> 00:04:00.137
this first graph.

00:04:00.137 --> 00:04:03.645
But the reason why I'm not
gonna say that this first graph

00:04:03.645 --> 00:04:05.744
is the derivative of the right hand graph,

00:04:05.744 --> 00:04:08.307
is because this right hand graph
was the only good candidate

00:04:08.307 --> 00:04:11.464
that we had for the derivative
of the left hand graph.

00:04:11.464 --> 00:04:14.062
And so I feel pretty good
with what we selected,

00:04:14.062 --> 00:04:16.684
that this middle one is F, the left one

00:04:16.684 --> 00:04:18.906
is the first derivative, and the right one

00:04:18.906 --> 00:04:20.640
is the second derivative.


Derivatives of inverse functions

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.028 --> 00:00:01.574
- [Instructor] So let's
say I have two functions

00:00:01.574 --> 00:00:03.268
that are the inverse of each other.

00:00:03.268 --> 00:00:05.382
So I have f of x,

00:00:05.382 --> 00:00:08.176
and then I also have g of x,

00:00:08.176 --> 00:00:10.729
which is equal to the inverse of f of x.

00:00:10.729 --> 00:00:13.786
And f of x would be the
inverse of g of x as well.

00:00:13.786 --> 00:00:15.643
If the notion of an inverse function

00:00:15.643 --> 00:00:17.237
is completely unfamiliar to you,

00:00:17.237 --> 00:00:21.162
I encourage you to review inverse
functions on Khan Academy.

00:00:21.162 --> 00:00:23.813
Now, one of the properties
of inverse functions

00:00:23.813 --> 00:00:27.063
are that if I were to take g of f of x,

00:00:28.098 --> 00:00:32.111
g of f of x, or I could say
the f inverse of f of x,

00:00:32.111 --> 00:00:35.807
that this is just going to be equal to x.

00:00:35.807 --> 00:00:37.445
And it comes straight out of what

00:00:37.445 --> 00:00:39.042
an inverse of a function is.

00:00:39.042 --> 00:00:41.155
If this is x right over here,

00:00:41.155 --> 00:00:44.322
the function f would map to some value

00:00:45.172 --> 00:00:46.442
f of x.

00:00:46.442 --> 00:00:48.918
So that's f of x right over there.

00:00:48.918 --> 00:00:51.606
And then the function g, or f inverse,

00:00:51.606 --> 00:00:55.316
if you input f of x into
it, it would take you back,

00:00:55.316 --> 00:00:57.352
it would take you back to x.

00:00:57.352 --> 00:00:58.868
So that would be f inverse,

00:00:58.868 --> 00:01:02.173
or we're saying g is the
same thing as f inverse.

00:01:02.173 --> 00:01:05.532
So all of that so far is a
review of inverse functions,

00:01:05.532 --> 00:01:08.180
but now we're going to apply a
little bit of calculus to it,

00:01:08.180 --> 00:01:09.581
using the chain rule.

00:01:09.581 --> 00:01:11.780
And we're gonna get a
pretty interesting result.

00:01:11.780 --> 00:01:13.322
What I want to do is take the derivative

00:01:13.322 --> 00:01:16.321
of both sides of this
equation right over here.

00:01:16.321 --> 00:01:19.096
So let's apply the derivative operator,

00:01:19.096 --> 00:01:21.483
d/dx on the left-hand side,

00:01:21.483 --> 00:01:24.904
d/dx on the right-hand side.

00:01:24.904 --> 00:01:26.653
And what are we going to get?

00:01:26.653 --> 00:01:30.762
Well, on the left-hand side,
we would apply the chain rule.

00:01:30.762 --> 00:01:33.934
So this is going to be the derivative of g

00:01:33.934 --> 00:01:36.518
with respect to f of x.

00:01:36.518 --> 00:01:39.185
So that's going to be g prime of

00:01:40.089 --> 00:01:41.503
f of x,

00:01:41.503 --> 00:01:43.106
g prime of f of x,

00:01:43.106 --> 00:01:46.097
times the derivative of
f of x with respect to x,

00:01:46.097 --> 00:01:47.453
so times

00:01:47.453 --> 00:01:48.536
f prime of x.

00:01:49.419 --> 00:01:51.957
And then that is going
to be equal to what?

00:01:51.957 --> 00:01:54.411
Well, the derivative
with respect to x of x,

00:01:54.411 --> 00:01:56.977
that's just equal to one.

00:01:56.977 --> 00:01:59.278
And this is where we get
our interesting result.

00:01:59.278 --> 00:02:01.026
All we did so far is we used

00:02:01.026 --> 00:02:02.762
something we knew about inverse functions,

00:02:02.762 --> 00:02:03.919
and we'd use the chain rule

00:02:03.919 --> 00:02:06.096
to take the derivative
of the left-hand side.

00:02:06.096 --> 00:02:09.930
But if you divide both
sides by g prime of f of x,

00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:11.592
what are you going to get?

00:02:11.592 --> 00:02:13.020
You're going to get a relationship

00:02:13.020 --> 00:02:14.544
between the derivative of a function

00:02:14.544 --> 00:02:16.460
and the derivative of its inverse.

00:02:16.460 --> 00:02:18.377
So you get f prime of x

00:02:19.539 --> 00:02:21.930
is going to be equal to

00:02:21.930 --> 00:02:24.596
one over all of this business,

00:02:24.596 --> 00:02:25.929
one over g prime

00:02:27.390 --> 00:02:28.553
of

00:02:28.553 --> 00:02:29.930
f of x,

00:02:29.930 --> 00:02:31.936
g prime of f of x.

00:02:31.936 --> 00:02:34.343
And this is really neat
because if you know something

00:02:34.343 --> 00:02:36.249
about the derivative of a function,

00:02:36.249 --> 00:02:38.311
you can then start to figure out things

00:02:38.311 --> 00:02:40.290
about the derivative of its inverse.

00:02:40.290 --> 00:02:42.112
And we can actually see this is true

00:02:42.112 --> 00:02:44.067
with some classic functions.

00:02:44.067 --> 00:02:46.628
So let's say that f of x

00:02:46.628 --> 00:02:47.545
is equal to

00:02:48.735 --> 00:02:50.109
e to the x,

00:02:50.109 --> 00:02:52.025
and so g of x

00:02:52.025 --> 00:02:55.203
would be equal to the inverse of f.

00:02:55.203 --> 00:02:56.286
So f inverse,

00:02:57.200 --> 00:03:00.325
which is, what's the
inverse of e to the x?

00:03:00.325 --> 00:03:01.661
Well, one way to think about it is,

00:03:01.661 --> 00:03:03.864
if you have y is equal to e to the x,

00:03:03.864 --> 00:03:05.792
if you want the inverse,
you can swap the variables

00:03:05.792 --> 00:03:07.299
and then solve for y again.

00:03:07.299 --> 00:03:10.628
So you'd get x is equal to e to the y.

00:03:10.628 --> 00:03:12.371
You take the natural log of both sides,

00:03:12.371 --> 00:03:15.397
you get natural log of x is equal to y.

00:03:15.397 --> 00:03:18.634
So the inverse of e to
the x is natural log of x.

00:03:18.634 --> 00:03:20.889
And once again, that's all
review of inverse functions.

00:03:20.889 --> 00:03:24.407
All right, if that's unfamiliar,
review it on Khan Academy.

00:03:24.407 --> 00:03:27.593
So g of x is going to be equal to

00:03:27.593 --> 00:03:29.892
the natural log of x.

00:03:29.892 --> 00:03:33.737
Now, let's see if this holds
true for these two functions.

00:03:33.737 --> 00:03:36.426
Well, what is f prime of x going to be?

00:03:36.426 --> 00:03:38.956
Well, this one of those
amazing results in calculus.

00:03:38.956 --> 00:03:42.901
One of these neat things
about the number e is that

00:03:42.901 --> 00:03:46.904
the derivative of e to
the x is e to the x.

00:03:46.904 --> 00:03:49.882
And in other videos, we
also saw that the derivative

00:03:49.882 --> 00:03:53.653
of the natural log of x is one over x.

00:03:53.653 --> 00:03:55.317
So let's see if this holds out.

00:03:55.317 --> 00:03:57.820
So we should get a result, f prime of x,

00:03:57.820 --> 00:03:59.441
e to the x

00:03:59.441 --> 00:04:00.941
should be equal to

00:04:01.851 --> 00:04:02.684
one over

00:04:04.398 --> 00:04:05.898
g prime of f of x.

00:04:07.069 --> 00:04:08.866
So g prime of f of x,

00:04:08.866 --> 00:04:10.691
so g prime is one

00:04:10.691 --> 00:04:12.752
over our f of x,

00:04:12.752 --> 00:04:15.039
and f of x is e to the x,

00:04:15.039 --> 00:04:16.939
one over e to the x.

00:04:16.939 --> 00:04:18.780
Is this indeed true?

00:04:18.780 --> 00:04:19.613
Yes, it is.

00:04:19.613 --> 00:04:21.381
One over, one over e to the x

00:04:21.381 --> 00:04:23.964
is just going to be e to the x.

00:04:23.964 --> 00:04:25.863
So it all checks out.

00:04:25.863 --> 00:04:26.882
And you could do the other way

00:04:26.882 --> 00:04:28.753
because these are inverses of each other.

00:04:28.753 --> 00:04:30.719
You could say g prime of x is going

00:04:30.719 --> 00:04:34.155
to be equal to one over f prime of g of x

00:04:34.155 --> 00:04:36.089
because they're inverses of each other.

00:04:36.089 --> 00:04:38.102
And actually, what's
really neat about this,

00:04:38.102 --> 00:04:41.010
is that you could actually use
this to get a sense of what

00:04:41.010 --> 00:04:45.044
the derivative of an inverse
function is even going to be.


Derivative of ln(x)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.509 --> 00:00:02.000
- [Instructor] In this
video, we're going to think

00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:05.600
about what the derivative
with respect to x

00:00:05.600 --> 00:00:07.767
of the natural log of x's.

00:00:08.842 --> 00:00:10.716
And I'm gonna go straight
to the punch line.

00:00:10.716 --> 00:00:13.179
It is equal to one over x.

00:00:13.179 --> 00:00:15.375
In a future video, I'm
actually going to prove this.

00:00:15.375 --> 00:00:16.783
It's a little bit involved.

00:00:16.783 --> 00:00:18.367
But in this one, we're
just going to appreciate

00:00:18.367 --> 00:00:21.092
that this seems like it is actually true.

00:00:21.092 --> 00:00:22.975
So right here is the graph

00:00:22.975 --> 00:00:26.142
of y is equal to the natural log of x.

00:00:27.833 --> 00:00:29.958
And just to feel good about the statement,

00:00:29.958 --> 00:00:32.341
let's try to approximate

00:00:32.341 --> 00:00:35.808
what the slope of the tangent
line is at different points.

00:00:35.808 --> 00:00:38.116
So let's say right over here,

00:00:38.116 --> 00:00:40.075
when x is equal to one,

00:00:40.075 --> 00:00:42.800
what does the slope of the
tangent line look like?

00:00:42.800 --> 00:00:44.200
Well, it looks like here,

00:00:44.200 --> 00:00:46.183
the slope looks like it is equal,

00:00:46.183 --> 00:00:48.692
pretty close to being equal to one,

00:00:48.692 --> 00:00:50.292
which is consistent with the statement.

00:00:50.292 --> 00:00:53.933
If x is equal to one, one
over one is still one,

00:00:53.933 --> 00:00:56.875
and that seems like what
we see right over there.

00:00:56.875 --> 00:00:58.783
What about when x is equal to two?

00:00:58.783 --> 00:01:00.900
Well, this point right over
here is the natural log of two,

00:01:00.900 --> 00:01:04.271
but more interestingly,
what's the slope here?

00:01:04.271 --> 00:01:05.667
Well, it looks like,

00:01:05.667 --> 00:01:08.475
let's see, if I try to
draw a tangent line,

00:01:08.475 --> 00:01:12.608
the slop of the tangent line
looks pretty close to 1/2.

00:01:12.608 --> 00:01:15.200
Well, once again, that is one over x.

00:01:15.200 --> 00:01:16.667
One over two is 1/2.

00:01:16.667 --> 00:01:17.800
Let's keep doing this.

00:01:17.800 --> 00:01:21.817
If I go right over here,
when x is equal to four,

00:01:21.817 --> 00:01:24.949
this point is four comma
natural log of four,

00:01:24.949 --> 00:01:27.425
but the slope of the tangent line here

00:01:27.425 --> 00:01:30.392
looks pretty close to 1/4

00:01:30.392 --> 00:01:33.976
and if you accept this, it is exactly 1/4,

00:01:33.976 --> 00:01:36.292
and you could even go
to values less than one.

00:01:36.292 --> 00:01:38.754
Right over here, when x is equal to 1/2,

00:01:38.754 --> 00:01:42.208
one over 1/2, the slope should be two.

00:01:42.208 --> 00:01:43.449
And it does indeed, let me do this

00:01:43.449 --> 00:01:45.034
in a slightly different color,

00:01:45.034 --> 00:01:49.201
it does indeed look like
the slope is two over there.

00:01:50.200 --> 00:01:53.250
So once again, you take the derivative

00:01:53.250 --> 00:01:57.184
with respect to x of the natural
log of x, it is one over x.

00:01:57.184 --> 00:01:58.200
And hopefully, you get a sense

00:01:58.200 --> 00:01:59.992
that that is actually true here.

00:01:59.992 --> 00:02:02.504
In a future video,
we'll actually prove it.


The West Indies and the Southern colonies

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.291 --> 00:00:02.282
- [Instructor] When we
think of British colonies

00:00:02.282 --> 00:00:04.532
in the Americas before 1776

00:00:05.654 --> 00:00:09.029
we tend to think of the 13 colonies.

00:00:09.029 --> 00:00:13.827
Those colonies that were located
along the eastern seaboard

00:00:13.827 --> 00:00:16.522
of North America and which rebelled

00:00:16.522 --> 00:00:19.125
as a group in the American Revolution.

00:00:19.125 --> 00:00:22.042
But if you were standing in London,

00:00:23.010 --> 00:00:23.843
say 1770,

00:00:25.803 --> 00:00:27.900
and you were thinking about British

00:00:27.900 --> 00:00:29.680
colonies in the New World,

00:00:29.680 --> 00:00:31.771
it's more likely that your thoughts

00:00:31.771 --> 00:00:35.366
would have turned to the Caribbean,

00:00:35.366 --> 00:00:39.533
what they called the West
Indies and the sugar islands

00:00:41.025 --> 00:00:42.942
of Jamaica or Barbados,

00:00:46.994 --> 00:00:50.481
than say the colony of New Jersey.

00:00:50.481 --> 00:00:53.519
Because even though this was quite

00:00:53.519 --> 00:00:56.547
a gigantic swath of territory,

00:00:56.547 --> 00:00:59.591
these tiny little islands in the Caribbean

00:00:59.591 --> 00:01:03.913
were incredibly profitable
for English investors.

00:01:03.913 --> 00:01:07.413
Because sugar was a commodity that fetched

00:01:08.486 --> 00:01:11.886
very high prices in the Colonial Era.

00:01:11.886 --> 00:01:16.336
In this video I want to focus
on the southern colonies

00:01:16.336 --> 00:01:19.915
and the British colonies in the Caribbean,

00:01:19.915 --> 00:01:24.387
which although they were
somewhat separated in land.

00:01:24.387 --> 00:01:25.870
Got them next to each other here,

00:01:25.870 --> 00:01:29.370
but kinda imagine that
this is the tip of Florida.

00:01:29.370 --> 00:01:31.242
So that belongs down here,

00:01:31.242 --> 00:01:34.019
and all these little
islands in the Caribbean

00:01:34.019 --> 00:01:38.389
are far to the south of
mainland North America.

00:01:38.389 --> 00:01:41.008
So what united these colonies,

00:01:41.008 --> 00:01:43.869
even though they were
divided in geography,

00:01:43.869 --> 00:01:47.036
is that they were plantation colonies.

00:01:48.699 --> 00:01:52.321
They were in southern or tropical regions,

00:01:52.321 --> 00:01:56.536
which meant that they
had long growing seasons

00:01:56.536 --> 00:02:00.286
that made them ideal
for planting cash crops.

00:02:01.532 --> 00:02:05.699
That is crops that are
specifically grown to be sold.

00:02:06.642 --> 00:02:09.003
Now we've already talked
a little bit about

00:02:09.003 --> 00:02:12.836
the crops of Virginia,
which would be tobacco,

00:02:14.230 --> 00:02:15.887
but in this video I want to talk

00:02:15.887 --> 00:02:19.138
a little bit more about two other crops.

00:02:19.138 --> 00:02:22.488
Sugar, which was grown in the Caribbean,

00:02:22.488 --> 00:02:26.071
and rice, which was
grown in the Carolinas.

00:02:27.160 --> 00:02:30.618
Growing these cash crops for export

00:02:30.618 --> 00:02:33.590
was the main focus of these colonies,

00:02:33.590 --> 00:02:36.298
and their social structures were organized

00:02:36.298 --> 00:02:39.331
around producing those cash crops.

00:02:39.331 --> 00:02:41.217
So let's talk bout sugar.

00:02:41.217 --> 00:02:44.040
Now we hardly think about consuming sugar

00:02:44.040 --> 00:02:45.957
in our tea or coffee today,

00:02:45.957 --> 00:02:49.658
but in the Colonial Era it
was an incredible luxury

00:02:49.658 --> 00:02:52.647
and it commanded very high prices.

00:02:52.647 --> 00:02:54.915
One of the reasons for this is because

00:02:54.915 --> 00:02:58.582
sugar was extremely
labor intensive to make.

00:03:00.584 --> 00:03:04.648
The sugarcane plant is
actually indigenous to Asia,

00:03:04.648 --> 00:03:07.348
but Europeans brought it to the New World

00:03:07.348 --> 00:03:10.521
with the hopes of turning
it into a cash crop.

00:03:10.521 --> 00:03:14.717
They planted it in the
tropical areas of the Caribbean

00:03:14.717 --> 00:03:18.050
and then they imported enslaved Africans

00:03:19.956 --> 00:03:23.673
to work on their sugar plantations.

00:03:23.673 --> 00:03:26.514
Now you can see a little
bit in these two prints

00:03:26.514 --> 00:03:29.889
of what sugar processing was like.

00:03:29.889 --> 00:03:32.820
You would have to grow the cane stalks,

00:03:32.820 --> 00:03:35.084
press the juice from them,

00:03:35.084 --> 00:03:38.816
boil the juice until it created crystals.

00:03:38.816 --> 00:03:41.722
Sugar processing happened 24/7,

00:03:41.722 --> 00:03:45.066
and unlike tobacco you
really had to be very wealthy

00:03:45.066 --> 00:03:47.079
to grow sugar because it required

00:03:47.079 --> 00:03:49.884
a huge capital investment upfront.

00:03:49.884 --> 00:03:53.603
You had to buy a lot of land
and grow a lot of sugarcane

00:03:53.603 --> 00:03:57.037
and get a lot of machinery if you hoped

00:03:57.037 --> 00:03:59.475
to produce enough to make a profit.

00:03:59.475 --> 00:04:04.213
So a handful of very
wealthy plantation owners,

00:04:04.213 --> 00:04:08.380
who mostly stayed in England
because the tropical diseases

00:04:09.800 --> 00:04:13.561
of the Caribbean were too
likely to kill them off.

00:04:13.561 --> 00:04:17.597
These sugar barons had
unimaginable wealth.

00:04:17.597 --> 00:04:20.239
The tobacco planters of Virginia

00:04:20.239 --> 00:04:22.108
were nothing compared to them.

00:04:22.108 --> 00:04:25.333
And they were ruthless
about turning a profit.

00:04:25.333 --> 00:04:28.886
In fact they thought that
it would be more profitable

00:04:28.886 --> 00:04:32.658
in the event of the
deaths of enslaved people

00:04:32.658 --> 00:04:35.741
from overwork or disease or some kind

00:04:36.861 --> 00:04:39.612
of accident in sugar processing,

00:04:39.612 --> 00:04:42.279
to just replace enslaved workers

00:04:44.714 --> 00:04:48.297
rather than make their
work less dangerous.

00:04:49.258 --> 00:04:53.725
Growing sugar was so profitable
that the Caribbean islands,

00:04:53.725 --> 00:04:57.892
which were so small, couldn't
even spare room to grow food.

00:04:58.836 --> 00:05:01.580
They imported all their
food from elsewhere

00:05:01.580 --> 00:05:05.885
so that every square inch of
arable land in the Caribbean

00:05:05.885 --> 00:05:08.050
could be used to grow sugar.

00:05:08.050 --> 00:05:12.217
Now with so many enslaved people
coming into the Caribbean,

00:05:14.431 --> 00:05:18.598
by the mid 1600s, enslaved
Africans in the Caribbean

00:05:20.433 --> 00:05:22.850
far outnumbered white people.

00:05:24.060 --> 00:05:27.310
And consequently the white slave owners

00:05:28.570 --> 00:05:32.487
became increasingly
fearful of slave uprisings.

00:05:34.432 --> 00:05:36.464
So plantation owners who were,

00:05:36.464 --> 00:05:39.451
of course, in control of
the colonial government

00:05:39.451 --> 00:05:42.701
began to crack down on enslaved people,

00:05:43.675 --> 00:05:47.758
codifying the racial status
of enslaved Africans.

00:05:49.032 --> 00:05:52.115
In 1661, Barbados passed a slave code

00:05:54.432 --> 00:05:56.599
that was incredibly harsh.

00:05:57.941 --> 00:06:00.909
I won't go into all of it
here but the gist of it

00:06:00.909 --> 00:06:04.196
was that the lives of
enslaved Africans were

00:06:04.196 --> 00:06:06.994
to be very closely monitored.

00:06:06.994 --> 00:06:09.994
They would require passes to travel.

00:06:11.617 --> 00:06:13.700
They had no legal rights.

00:06:14.920 --> 00:06:19.087
And if a slave owner maimed
or killed an enslaved person

00:06:20.514 --> 00:06:23.097
there would be no repercussions

00:06:24.604 --> 00:06:26.854
for that violence or death.

00:06:28.589 --> 00:06:32.339
We will see aspects of
the Barbados Slave Act

00:06:33.271 --> 00:06:37.438
in the statutes passed in the
southern mainland colonies,

00:06:38.527 --> 00:06:41.920
and later southern states
in the United states.

00:06:41.920 --> 00:06:45.158
And although we tend to
think of plantation slavery

00:06:45.158 --> 00:06:48.887
generally looking like
the slavery we would see

00:06:48.887 --> 00:06:52.050
later in Georgia or South Carolina,

00:06:52.050 --> 00:06:53.851
large cotton plantations,

00:06:53.851 --> 00:06:57.434
for the vast majority
of enslaved Africans,

00:06:58.333 --> 00:07:00.845
their experience would have been much more

00:07:00.845 --> 00:07:02.825
like what we saw in the Caribbean.

00:07:02.825 --> 00:07:06.325
In fact, 90 percent of all enslaved people

00:07:08.507 --> 00:07:11.633
were sent to the Caribbean
or South America.

00:07:11.633 --> 00:07:15.766
Only a little over 300,000 would be sent

00:07:15.766 --> 00:07:17.905
to mainland North America.

00:07:17.905 --> 00:07:21.989
So if you're looking for
the most typical experience

00:07:21.989 --> 00:07:23.792
of slavery from the point of view

00:07:23.792 --> 00:07:25.798
of the people who lived it,

00:07:25.798 --> 00:07:29.430
life on the sugar plantation
was a much more likely

00:07:29.430 --> 00:07:33.369
prospect than life on a cotton plantation.

00:07:33.369 --> 00:07:36.672
In fact it was English
planters in the Caribbean

00:07:36.672 --> 00:07:40.329
who decided that they might strike north

00:07:40.329 --> 00:07:42.877
to create a new plantation colony,

00:07:42.877 --> 00:07:47.637
which they called Carolina
after the English King Charles.

00:07:47.637 --> 00:07:51.804
Now Carolina was founded
as one big colony in 1670,

00:07:55.025 --> 00:07:58.942
but by 1712 it was
separated into two colonies,

00:08:00.081 --> 00:08:02.914
North Carolina and South Carolina.

00:08:05.856 --> 00:08:10.023
And the wealthy plantation
owners who founded Charles Town,

00:08:11.354 --> 00:08:13.238
also named after King Charles,

00:08:13.238 --> 00:08:17.852
brought most of the aspects
of plantation slavery

00:08:17.852 --> 00:08:20.710
they had picked up in
the Caribbean with them.

00:08:20.710 --> 00:08:24.622
The Pass System, the lack of legal rights,

00:08:24.622 --> 00:08:27.360
the lack of repercussions for whites.

00:08:27.360 --> 00:08:28.787
One main difference, however,

00:08:28.787 --> 00:08:32.287
was that in the Carolinas rice cultivation

00:08:33.581 --> 00:08:36.032
took the place of sugar cultivation

00:08:36.032 --> 00:08:37.865
as the main cash crop.

00:08:38.813 --> 00:08:42.980
Plantation owners quickly
discovered that many West Africans

00:08:45.146 --> 00:08:49.313
had worked on their own rice
farms before enslavement.

00:08:50.662 --> 00:08:54.829
And so they particularly wished
to purchase West Africans

00:08:56.372 --> 00:08:58.701
to work on rice plantations.

00:08:58.701 --> 00:09:01.676
This is an image here
of a rice plantation.

00:09:01.676 --> 00:09:03.091
Obviously, this a photograph,

00:09:03.091 --> 00:09:06.894
so it would be from a
couple hundred years after

00:09:06.894 --> 00:09:08.434
the settlement of the Carolinas,

00:09:08.434 --> 00:09:11.934
but I think it gives you a sense of what

00:09:11.934 --> 00:09:14.424
rice cultivation looked like.

00:09:14.424 --> 00:09:17.173
I want to finish by just
briefly talking about

00:09:17.173 --> 00:09:19.575
the colonies of Maryland and Georgia,

00:09:19.575 --> 00:09:22.109
which were also plantation colonies.

00:09:22.109 --> 00:09:24.383
But I've grouped them together because

00:09:24.383 --> 00:09:27.675
they were both founded
for altruistic reasons.

00:09:27.675 --> 00:09:30.441
They were proprietary colonies originally

00:09:30.441 --> 00:09:32.379
like Pennsylvania, for example,

00:09:32.379 --> 00:09:35.903
meaning that they were the
possessions of one person

00:09:35.903 --> 00:09:38.573
rather than a company or the crown.

00:09:38.573 --> 00:09:43.342
Maryland was founded in
1632 by an English catholic

00:09:43.342 --> 00:09:46.259
named Lord Baltimore who wanted

00:09:46.259 --> 00:09:50.217
to create a haven of religious freedom

00:09:50.217 --> 00:09:52.684
for Catholics in North America.

00:09:52.684 --> 00:09:56.851
In 1649, Maryland passed
the law concerning religion,

00:09:58.303 --> 00:10:01.518
also known as the Maryland
Act of Toleration,

00:10:01.518 --> 00:10:05.248
which extended religious
toleration to everyone

00:10:05.248 --> 00:10:07.753
who believed in Jesus.

00:10:07.753 --> 00:10:10.207
So all Protestants, all Catholics,

00:10:10.207 --> 00:10:12.818
but on the flip side
it prescribed death for

00:10:12.818 --> 00:10:16.753
anyone who did not believe in
Jesus like Jews or Atheists.

00:10:16.753 --> 00:10:20.336
Georgia was founded a
century later in 1732

00:10:21.487 --> 00:10:25.280
by an English humanitarian
named James Oglethorpe.

00:10:25.280 --> 00:10:29.693
And Oglethorpe was
trying to reform prisons.

00:10:29.693 --> 00:10:32.302
In England people who
couldn't pay their debts

00:10:32.302 --> 00:10:34.880
were thrown into debtors' prison,

00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:38.078
which was kind of silly because
when they were in prison

00:10:38.078 --> 00:10:40.873
they didn't have the
opportunity to try to make money

00:10:40.873 --> 00:10:42.439
to pay back their debts.

00:10:42.439 --> 00:10:45.153
So Oglethorpe founded
the colony of Georgia

00:10:45.153 --> 00:10:48.629
with the idea that people
who were suffering from debt

00:10:48.629 --> 00:10:51.302
could go to this new
colony and work it off.

00:10:51.302 --> 00:10:54.352
And for that reason he
also outlawed slavery

00:10:54.352 --> 00:10:57.852
in the early years of Georgia's existence,

00:10:58.704 --> 00:11:02.704
but by about 1750 the
pressure to include slaves

00:11:03.998 --> 00:11:06.663
in the Georgia economy
so that it could keep up

00:11:06.663 --> 00:11:10.297
with South Carolina, for
example, grew too great.

00:11:10.297 --> 00:11:13.077
And so slavery was permitted.

00:11:13.077 --> 00:11:16.801
So although the colonies
of the West Indies

00:11:16.801 --> 00:11:19.452
and the southern part of North America

00:11:19.452 --> 00:11:20.992
were in different places

00:11:20.992 --> 00:11:24.272
and sometimes founded
for different reasons,

00:11:24.272 --> 00:11:26.437
they were all united by the fact

00:11:26.437 --> 00:11:28.770
that they relied on slavery,

00:11:29.663 --> 00:11:32.686
and in many cases had a much larger

00:11:32.686 --> 00:11:36.066
enslaved African population
than white population.

00:11:36.066 --> 00:11:39.255
And they focused for their economies

00:11:39.255 --> 00:11:41.422
on plantation agriculture.

00:11:43.265 --> 00:11:45.102
Now you'll notice that in this video

00:11:45.102 --> 00:11:47.169
I haven't spent much time talking about

00:11:47.169 --> 00:11:50.371
the experiences of
enslaved African people,

00:11:50.371 --> 00:11:51.966
and that's because I want to devote

00:11:51.966 --> 00:11:53.330
another video to that.

00:11:53.330 --> 00:11:56.680
So check out our video
on Atlantic slavery.


Politics and indigenous relations in the New England colonies

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.417 --> 00:00:02.244
- [Instructor] In the last
video, we began discussing

00:00:02.244 --> 00:00:04.926
some of the similarities and differences

00:00:04.926 --> 00:00:09.072
between the English colonists
who landed at New England

00:00:09.072 --> 00:00:11.570
versus those who landed in Virginia.

00:00:11.570 --> 00:00:15.324
Thanks to different reasons
for migrating to the New World

00:00:15.324 --> 00:00:18.886
and a much colder, rockier environment,

00:00:18.886 --> 00:00:22.632
New England society was based
around mostly small farming

00:00:22.632 --> 00:00:25.592
and led by the Puritan church.

00:00:25.592 --> 00:00:29.675
Another consequence of
the unique environment

00:00:29.675 --> 00:00:32.330
and society of New England was that

00:00:32.330 --> 00:00:36.350
it was unusually democratic for that era.

00:00:36.350 --> 00:00:39.980
Now, when the pilgrims first
came over on the Mayflower,

00:00:39.980 --> 00:00:43.469
they agreed in what was
called the Mayflower Compact

00:00:43.469 --> 00:00:45.353
to kind of work together

00:00:45.353 --> 00:00:48.302
and hold each other in mutual esteem.

00:00:48.302 --> 00:00:51.025
And some people say that
this is one of the first

00:00:51.025 --> 00:00:55.897
founding documents showing
democracy in the New World.

00:00:55.897 --> 00:00:58.517
New Englanders, like Virginians,

00:00:58.517 --> 00:01:01.459
were very far from the mother country

00:01:01.459 --> 00:01:03.936
and they had to fend for themselves.

00:01:03.936 --> 00:01:06.216
So, English colonists learned

00:01:06.216 --> 00:01:09.271
to make decisions by themselves,

00:01:09.271 --> 00:01:13.257
'cause asking for help
from across the ocean

00:01:13.257 --> 00:01:16.715
wasn't very easy and
took a really long time.

00:01:16.715 --> 00:01:19.609
So, because England was so far away

00:01:19.609 --> 00:01:22.184
and really not paying much attention

00:01:22.184 --> 00:01:24.294
to the American colonies at all,

00:01:24.294 --> 00:01:27.006
there was a tradition of self-government

00:01:27.006 --> 00:01:29.006
among English colonists.

00:01:30.352 --> 00:01:33.835
But what was different about
democracy in New England

00:01:33.835 --> 00:01:35.816
than democracy in Virginia

00:01:35.816 --> 00:01:39.820
was that most people in New
England were middle class.

00:01:39.820 --> 00:01:42.195
They were small farmers.

00:01:42.195 --> 00:01:46.690
Most people were about
the same social station

00:01:46.690 --> 00:01:48.920
and that meant that they were used

00:01:48.920 --> 00:01:52.042
to having about the same
amount of political power.

00:01:52.042 --> 00:01:56.773
So, in New England, most
towns had town meetings

00:01:56.773 --> 00:01:59.067
where the men of the town would gather

00:01:59.067 --> 00:02:01.133
to solve local problems.

00:02:01.133 --> 00:02:04.907
Now, this was, of course,
a very limited democracy

00:02:04.907 --> 00:02:07.898
where only white men have a say,

00:02:07.898 --> 00:02:10.315
but for the era of the 1600s,

00:02:11.341 --> 00:02:14.114
it was very democratic indeed.

00:02:14.114 --> 00:02:16.183
For all the ways that New England

00:02:16.183 --> 00:02:18.064
and Virginia were very different,

00:02:18.064 --> 00:02:20.953
there was one way in which
they were virtually identical

00:02:20.953 --> 00:02:23.642
and that was their treatment
of Native Americans.

00:02:23.642 --> 00:02:26.918
Just as early compromise and cooperation

00:02:26.918 --> 00:02:30.398
with the Powhatan tribe
turned into the English

00:02:30.398 --> 00:02:33.322
attempting to eradicate Native Americans

00:02:33.322 --> 00:02:34.778
from the eastern seaboard,

00:02:34.778 --> 00:02:38.283
New Englanders originally cooperated

00:02:38.283 --> 00:02:42.283
with local Algonquian
tribes like the Wampanoags

00:02:44.176 --> 00:02:46.176
or Narragansett Indians.

00:02:47.702 --> 00:02:52.183
But as English demands for
more land and more food

00:02:52.183 --> 00:02:56.350
began to disrupt Native ways
of life, relationships soured

00:02:57.233 --> 00:03:00.904
and cultural misunderstandings
between the two groups

00:03:00.904 --> 00:03:02.732
soon led to outright war.

00:03:02.732 --> 00:03:06.758
When English settlers made
treaties with Native Americans

00:03:06.758 --> 00:03:09.827
asking for land, Native
Americans thought that they

00:03:09.827 --> 00:03:13.592
were asking for the rights
to hunt on that land,

00:03:13.592 --> 00:03:16.766
not the rights to fence in that land

00:03:16.766 --> 00:03:19.763
and not allow Native Americans on it.

00:03:19.763 --> 00:03:23.930
So, because English ideas
of property did not align

00:03:25.247 --> 00:03:27.786
with Native ideas of property,

00:03:27.786 --> 00:03:30.781
soon, when Native Americans went to hunt

00:03:30.781 --> 00:03:32.585
on their traditional lands,

00:03:32.585 --> 00:03:36.449
they found the English
prosecuting them as intruders.

00:03:36.449 --> 00:03:40.731
And because Algonquians
practiced Three Sisters farming

00:03:40.731 --> 00:03:44.820
where corn, beans, and
squash were grown together,

00:03:44.820 --> 00:03:47.675
English people, who
separated all their crops,

00:03:47.675 --> 00:03:50.429
didn't recognize that those fields

00:03:50.429 --> 00:03:52.575
were actually Native agriculture

00:03:52.575 --> 00:03:56.490
and allowed their cattle and
pigs to roam through them,

00:03:56.490 --> 00:03:58.406
destroying Native crops.

00:03:58.406 --> 00:04:01.782
With so much pressure
on their source of food,

00:04:01.782 --> 00:04:05.136
Native people began to
lash out at English people

00:04:05.136 --> 00:04:07.493
who thought of themselves as the victims

00:04:07.493 --> 00:04:10.232
of senseless Indian attacks.

00:04:10.232 --> 00:04:12.899
By 1675, many tribes in the area

00:04:13.961 --> 00:04:17.132
decided to work together
to oust the English

00:04:17.132 --> 00:04:19.531
led by a man named Metacom.

00:04:19.531 --> 00:04:22.796
In fact, I think Metacom
was only one of the leaders,

00:04:22.796 --> 00:04:25.437
but the English called him King Phillip

00:04:25.437 --> 00:04:28.504
and believed that he was
the instigator of this war.

00:04:28.504 --> 00:04:32.348
So, in 1675, Metacom and other groups

00:04:32.348 --> 00:04:34.617
began to attack English villages.

00:04:34.617 --> 00:04:38.029
But in 1676, the English recruited

00:04:38.029 --> 00:04:41.500
Indian allies of their
own and turned the tide,

00:04:41.500 --> 00:04:43.750
so that by the end of 1676,

00:04:44.859 --> 00:04:48.260
about 3,000 Native Americans had died

00:04:48.260 --> 00:04:50.177
to about 1,000 English.

00:04:51.381 --> 00:04:53.911
And those that were remaining,

00:04:53.911 --> 00:04:57.994
the English either executed
or sold into slavery.

00:04:59.327 --> 00:05:02.278
So, in this way, they
were not very different

00:05:02.278 --> 00:05:05.861
from the English people
of Virginia at all.

00:05:07.229 --> 00:05:11.723
Metacom's war, like the
Anglo-Powhatan Wars in Virginia,

00:05:11.723 --> 00:05:15.454
really marked the end of
Native American resistance

00:05:15.454 --> 00:05:18.705
to English colonization on the east coast.

00:05:18.705 --> 00:05:21.205
Survivors fled further inland or north

00:05:21.205 --> 00:05:23.545
and joined other tribes that continued

00:05:23.545 --> 00:05:28.241
to resist the English
for many decades to come.

00:05:28.241 --> 00:05:30.866
I wanna finish by just briefly summarizing

00:05:30.866 --> 00:05:33.656
some of the similarities and differences

00:05:33.656 --> 00:05:35.942
between English settlement in New England

00:05:35.942 --> 00:05:38.567
and English settlement
in the Chesapeake Bay

00:05:38.567 --> 00:05:41.398
that we've been talking about
throughout these videos.

00:05:41.398 --> 00:05:44.139
Here, I've just made a quick chart

00:05:44.139 --> 00:05:47.395
comparing some of the aspects
that we've talked about,

00:05:47.395 --> 00:05:52.039
and, as I see it, there
are three real differences

00:05:52.039 --> 00:05:54.237
between New England and the Chesapeake,

00:05:54.237 --> 00:05:56.955
and two real similarities.

00:05:56.955 --> 00:05:59.806
Now, one thing that was
really different between them

00:05:59.806 --> 00:06:01.887
was just their environment.

00:06:01.887 --> 00:06:04.728
New England was far
north of the Chesapeake,

00:06:04.728 --> 00:06:07.285
so it was much colder and rockier,

00:06:07.285 --> 00:06:10.683
which didn't permit the
settlers of New England

00:06:10.683 --> 00:06:14.486
to conduct plantation
agriculture at a large scale

00:06:14.486 --> 00:06:16.163
like we did in the Chesapeake.

00:06:16.163 --> 00:06:20.023
So, instead, they had small
family farms, they fished.

00:06:20.023 --> 00:06:21.956
Compared to the Chesapeake Bay

00:06:21.956 --> 00:06:25.425
where although it was very hot and marshy,

00:06:25.425 --> 00:06:28.067
not a healthy environment at all,

00:06:28.067 --> 00:06:31.117
it was, with its very
long growing seasons,

00:06:31.117 --> 00:06:34.303
a great place for plantation agriculture,

00:06:34.303 --> 00:06:36.483
particularly growing tobacco.

00:06:36.483 --> 00:06:39.226
Another major difference
between the two regions

00:06:39.226 --> 00:06:43.270
was who came to each of
these places and why.

00:06:43.270 --> 00:06:47.319
In New England, settlers
came for religious freedom

00:06:47.319 --> 00:06:48.512
for the most part.

00:06:48.512 --> 00:06:52.051
Puritans attempting to
escape persecution in England

00:06:52.051 --> 00:06:55.663
hoped that they could set up
their Puritan city on a hill

00:06:55.663 --> 00:06:57.064
in Massachusetts Bay.

00:06:57.064 --> 00:07:00.002
So, consequently, they
were middle class families

00:07:00.002 --> 00:07:02.228
who came as a family unit.

00:07:02.228 --> 00:07:05.299
They had a lot more women in New England

00:07:05.299 --> 00:07:06.831
than they did in the Chesapeake,

00:07:06.831 --> 00:07:09.398
which meant that their
natural rate of growth

00:07:09.398 --> 00:07:11.233
was going to be higher,

00:07:11.233 --> 00:07:13.369
because they could have more families

00:07:13.369 --> 00:07:15.517
and more families could
have more children.

00:07:15.517 --> 00:07:17.595
In the Chesapeake, by contrast,

00:07:17.595 --> 00:07:20.339
most settlers were single men

00:07:20.339 --> 00:07:22.797
who were coming to seek their fortune,

00:07:22.797 --> 00:07:26.239
either white men, often
as indentured servants,

00:07:26.239 --> 00:07:29.183
or enslaved Africans who were forced

00:07:29.183 --> 00:07:31.431
to migrate to the Chesapeake Bay

00:07:31.431 --> 00:07:34.184
to labor in tobacco plantations.

00:07:34.184 --> 00:07:36.073
So, there were fewer women

00:07:36.073 --> 00:07:38.583
and the kind of rate of population growth

00:07:38.583 --> 00:07:42.499
really only depended on more
and more people immigrating

00:07:42.499 --> 00:07:46.363
as the unhealthy environment
led to quite a bit of death

00:07:46.363 --> 00:07:48.093
from tropical disease.

00:07:48.093 --> 00:07:49.877
The last major difference I see

00:07:49.877 --> 00:07:53.579
is in the labor systems
of each of these regions

00:07:53.579 --> 00:07:56.868
and the kinds of class
systems that they generated.

00:07:56.868 --> 00:08:01.663
In the Chesapeake Bay, as
a group of early planters

00:08:01.663 --> 00:08:04.765
became more and more prosperous

00:08:04.765 --> 00:08:08.394
and brought in more and
more enslaved laborers,

00:08:08.394 --> 00:08:11.543
there was a great disparity of wealth,

00:08:11.543 --> 00:08:15.710
as the poorest were at the
bottom of the social hierarchy,

00:08:17.617 --> 00:08:21.534
including enslaved people,
indentured servants,

00:08:24.848 --> 00:08:29.015
a few small farmers who were
independent and had made it,

00:08:30.062 --> 00:08:33.979
and then, at the very
top, the tobacco planters

00:08:35.344 --> 00:08:38.537
who held most of the
wealth, but made up, really,

00:08:38.537 --> 00:08:41.829
quite a small percentage
of the population.

00:08:41.829 --> 00:08:43.820
In comparison, people in New England

00:08:43.820 --> 00:08:46.570
had a general equality of wealth,

00:08:47.532 --> 00:08:51.180
meaning that most people
were small farmers

00:08:51.180 --> 00:08:52.800
getting by comfortably.

00:08:52.800 --> 00:08:55.503
There weren't many people who were

00:08:55.503 --> 00:08:58.806
at a distant top of the social hierarchy

00:08:58.806 --> 00:09:02.342
and not that many people who
were stuck at the very bottom.

00:09:02.342 --> 00:09:05.568
Most people in New
England were middle class,

00:09:05.568 --> 00:09:07.837
but there were some similarities

00:09:07.837 --> 00:09:10.026
between New England and the Chesapeake.

00:09:10.026 --> 00:09:12.238
In both of these regions,

00:09:12.238 --> 00:09:16.754
local government was unusually
democratic for the era.

00:09:16.754 --> 00:09:20.185
In New England, the citizens of a town

00:09:20.185 --> 00:09:25.007
would meet in town meetings
to discuss local issues

00:09:25.007 --> 00:09:29.445
and pretty much all white men
had a say in those meetings.

00:09:29.445 --> 00:09:31.971
In the Chesapeake, there
were also local assemblies

00:09:31.971 --> 00:09:34.737
like the House of Burgesses in Virginia.

00:09:34.737 --> 00:09:38.368
And although most of these
democratic institutions

00:09:38.368 --> 00:09:40.690
were dominated by elites,

00:09:40.690 --> 00:09:43.485
these elected assemblies
were still considerably

00:09:43.485 --> 00:09:46.238
more democratic than
the monarchy of England.

00:09:46.238 --> 00:09:48.702
And the last way that New
England and the Chesapeake

00:09:48.702 --> 00:09:50.376
were quite similar to each other

00:09:50.376 --> 00:09:54.221
were in their attitudes
toward Native Americans.

00:09:54.221 --> 00:09:56.594
In both New England and the Chesapeake,

00:09:56.594 --> 00:09:59.625
the English carried on wars of extinction

00:09:59.625 --> 00:10:02.108
against local Native American tribes,

00:10:02.108 --> 00:10:05.944
whether it was the
Wampanoags in Metacom's war,

00:10:05.944 --> 00:10:09.947
or the Powhatans in the
Anglo-Powhatan Wars.

00:10:09.947 --> 00:10:13.303
English colonists simply
could not imagine a world

00:10:13.303 --> 00:10:16.931
in which they coexisted
peacefully with Native Americans

00:10:16.931 --> 00:10:21.151
or in any way incorporated
them into their societies.

00:10:21.151 --> 00:10:24.677
Now, I started this video
series with a question

00:10:24.677 --> 00:10:26.861
about who was the real

00:10:26.861 --> 00:10:29.803
spiritual ancestor of the United States.

00:10:29.803 --> 00:10:33.680
Was it the New England
colonies with their pilgrims

00:10:33.680 --> 00:10:35.732
and search for religious freedom,

00:10:35.732 --> 00:10:38.367
or was it the Chesapeake colonies

00:10:38.367 --> 00:10:41.653
with their search to find fortune?

00:10:41.653 --> 00:10:44.986
Well, perhaps the evidence
that we've taken a look at here

00:10:44.986 --> 00:10:47.303
has persuaded you one way or another,

00:10:47.303 --> 00:10:51.389
but myself, I think, that
comparing the two of them,

00:10:51.389 --> 00:10:53.772
we can see that, in many ways,

00:10:53.772 --> 00:10:57.231
English colonization was directly impacted

00:10:57.231 --> 00:11:00.726
by the environment and by the individuals

00:11:00.726 --> 00:11:03.227
who came to each of these settlements.

00:11:03.227 --> 00:11:08.061
But there are some larger
trends about English settlement.

00:11:08.061 --> 00:11:10.269
In both the cases of
the New England colonies

00:11:10.269 --> 00:11:12.089
and the Chesapeake colonies,

00:11:12.089 --> 00:11:14.487
English people who came to the New World

00:11:14.487 --> 00:11:17.795
had unusually democratic
forms of government.

00:11:17.795 --> 00:11:21.405
They were independent, used
to taking care of themselves,

00:11:21.405 --> 00:11:25.012
but they were also united
with their approach

00:11:25.012 --> 00:11:26.697
to Native Americans.

00:11:26.697 --> 00:11:29.661
Unlike the Spanish, who incorporated

00:11:29.661 --> 00:11:33.302
Native Americans into society,
even if at the lowest rungs,

00:11:33.302 --> 00:11:34.922
and the French or the Dutch,

00:11:34.922 --> 00:11:38.680
who cooperated very much
with Native Americans,

00:11:38.680 --> 00:11:42.602
English people saw Native
Americans as an obstacle

00:11:42.602 --> 00:11:44.907
and one that needed to be removed.


Society and religion in the New England colonies

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.011 --> 00:00:01.664
- [Instructor] Depending
on where you grow up

00:00:01.664 --> 00:00:05.238
in the United States, you
might hear a different story

00:00:05.238 --> 00:00:08.500
about the founding of this country.

00:00:08.500 --> 00:00:10.252
Now, I grew up in Pennsylvania

00:00:10.252 --> 00:00:12.460
and the story that I heard was about

00:00:12.460 --> 00:00:14.961
the Pilgrims landing at Plymouth Rock.

00:00:14.961 --> 00:00:18.593
They were a group of
deeply religious people,

00:00:18.593 --> 00:00:20.780
who had been persecuted in England

00:00:20.780 --> 00:00:23.062
and were looking for a new world,

00:00:23.062 --> 00:00:25.663
where they could practice
their religion freely,

00:00:25.663 --> 00:00:29.468
but many of my friends grew up in Virginia

00:00:29.468 --> 00:00:30.768
and the story they heard

00:00:30.768 --> 00:00:33.324
was about the founding of Jamestown,

00:00:33.324 --> 00:00:36.242
where a group of men from England,

00:00:36.242 --> 00:00:40.875
who were adventurers
looking for gold and glory,

00:00:40.875 --> 00:00:44.333
landed in the New World,
hoping to make a profit.

00:00:44.333 --> 00:00:47.267
And I think both of these
stories tells us a little bit

00:00:47.267 --> 00:00:51.196
about the founding mythology
of the United States.

00:00:51.196 --> 00:00:53.950
Were the original settlers here

00:00:53.950 --> 00:00:56.419
looking for religious freedom

00:00:56.419 --> 00:00:59.522
or were they here looking
to make a quick buck?

00:00:59.522 --> 00:01:01.705
Well, in this video I'd
like to take some time

00:01:01.705 --> 00:01:04.603
to explore the New England colonies,

00:01:04.603 --> 00:01:08.099
the story of the people
who landed at Plymouth Rock

00:01:08.099 --> 00:01:11.286
and then later, at Boston,
to begin the colony

00:01:11.286 --> 00:01:15.576
of Massachusetts Bay and
we'll see as we go along,

00:01:15.576 --> 00:01:19.347
just how different the settlers
in Massachusetts Bay were

00:01:19.347 --> 00:01:22.648
from those at Jamestown
and also some of the ways

00:01:22.648 --> 00:01:24.787
in which they were quite similar.

00:01:24.787 --> 00:01:27.334
Now, there's no question
about who got here first.

00:01:27.334 --> 00:01:31.167
As you can see, Jamestown
was founded in 1607,

00:01:32.022 --> 00:01:36.200
but it wasn't too much later
that the Pilgrims landed

00:01:36.200 --> 00:01:39.502
at Plymouth Rock in 1620,
and then they were followed

00:01:39.502 --> 00:01:42.438
by a much larger group of Puritans,

00:01:42.438 --> 00:01:46.605
who landed at Boston and founded
Massachusetts Bay in 1630.

00:01:47.718 --> 00:01:49.805
So let's talk about Puritans.

00:01:49.805 --> 00:01:52.222
So who or what was a Puritan?

00:01:53.504 --> 00:01:55.322
This is an image of Cotton Mather,

00:01:55.322 --> 00:01:58.578
he was a prominent Puritan minister,

00:01:58.578 --> 00:02:00.713
fact the Mather family
will go on to be one

00:02:00.713 --> 00:02:04.733
of the great theological
families of Massachusetts.

00:02:04.733 --> 00:02:08.900
Puritans started in England
and their main concern

00:02:09.863 --> 00:02:12.705
was that they believed
the Church of England,

00:02:12.705 --> 00:02:16.872
the Anglican Church, was too
much like the Catholic Church

00:02:19.314 --> 00:02:21.616
and this is a fairly legitimate criticism,

00:02:21.616 --> 00:02:24.050
because in many ways, the Anglican Church

00:02:24.050 --> 00:02:27.149
was very similar to the Catholic Church,

00:02:27.149 --> 00:02:31.429
except that instead of
being headed by the Pope,

00:02:31.429 --> 00:02:34.973
the Church of England was led by the king.

00:02:34.973 --> 00:02:38.306
So Puritans hoped that they could purify

00:02:39.323 --> 00:02:42.967
the Church of England from
its many Catholic influences.

00:02:42.967 --> 00:02:45.601
So that's where Puritan
comes from, purify,

00:02:45.601 --> 00:02:48.160
and by this, they meant that
there were too many rituals,

00:02:48.160 --> 00:02:50.295
too much pomp and circumstance,

00:02:50.295 --> 00:02:52.876
and not enough focus on the Bible itself.

00:02:52.876 --> 00:02:55.251
So they kind of wanted to strip away

00:02:55.251 --> 00:02:59.251
a lot of the fanciness
of the Church of England.

00:03:00.965 --> 00:03:04.781
In the 1620s, the Puritans began to face

00:03:04.781 --> 00:03:07.396
more persecution in England.

00:03:07.396 --> 00:03:11.214
Now, why did the English government care

00:03:11.214 --> 00:03:13.665
about a group of religious folks

00:03:13.665 --> 00:03:16.833
who were not big fans of
the Church of England?

00:03:16.833 --> 00:03:19.800
Well the answer is, that
there was no separation

00:03:19.800 --> 00:03:22.967
of church and state and so as the king

00:03:23.913 --> 00:03:28.806
was the head of the church,
if you're casting doubt

00:03:28.806 --> 00:03:32.970
on the church, you are then
casting doubt on the king

00:03:32.970 --> 00:03:35.950
and so the Puritans
did not make themselves

00:03:35.950 --> 00:03:39.280
very popular in England and sensing

00:03:39.280 --> 00:03:41.206
that they might be in trouble,

00:03:41.206 --> 00:03:45.622
many Puritans began to
emigrate to the new world.

00:03:45.622 --> 00:03:48.344
They'd seen lots of tracts about Virginia

00:03:48.344 --> 00:03:50.935
and how one could make a new life there

00:03:50.935 --> 00:03:52.680
and they thought that perhaps,

00:03:52.680 --> 00:03:56.232
if they went to Virginia and
they were originally aiming

00:03:56.232 --> 00:03:58.297
to go to Virginia, they ended up landing

00:03:58.297 --> 00:04:01.477
a bit north of there, that
they could set an example

00:04:01.477 --> 00:04:05.644
of what a righteous church
and a righteous society

00:04:07.602 --> 00:04:10.856
would look like, because
they believed that the church

00:04:10.856 --> 00:04:14.725
and the society of England
were becoming much too corrupt,

00:04:14.725 --> 00:04:18.892
much too divorced from the
principles of the Bible.

00:04:21.402 --> 00:04:24.152
So in 1620, one group of Puritans

00:04:25.678 --> 00:04:29.528
set out for the new world
and landed at Plymouth Rock

00:04:29.528 --> 00:04:31.232
and we call them the Pilgrims,

00:04:31.232 --> 00:04:34.565
and then in 1630, a second group set out

00:04:36.182 --> 00:04:39.290
and they were just Puritans more broadly.

00:04:39.290 --> 00:04:42.040
And over the course of the 1630s,

00:04:42.040 --> 00:04:45.707
about 14,000 Puritans
emigrated from England

00:04:46.981 --> 00:04:49.981
to New England, Massachusetts Bay,

00:04:49.981 --> 00:04:53.064
in what's called the great migration.

00:04:55.695 --> 00:04:58.269
So what was the difference
between these two groups,

00:04:58.269 --> 00:05:00.412
The Pilgrims and the Puritans?

00:05:00.412 --> 00:05:02.981
Well, the Pilgrims who arrived in 1620,

00:05:02.981 --> 00:05:06.398
they were separatists and what that means

00:05:08.660 --> 00:05:11.875
is that they thought that
the Church of England

00:05:11.875 --> 00:05:14.986
was so corrupt that
there was just no chance

00:05:14.986 --> 00:05:16.813
that they were going
to be able to save it.

00:05:16.813 --> 00:05:19.925
So they wanted to separate
from that church altogether

00:05:19.925 --> 00:05:23.289
and live a completely
separate life at Plymouth.

00:05:23.289 --> 00:05:26.878
They had a pretty small settlement,

00:05:26.878 --> 00:05:30.864
about a hundred people
crossed over on the Mayflower,

00:05:30.864 --> 00:05:33.261
the ship that brought
them to the New World,

00:05:33.261 --> 00:05:36.306
but the group that came over in 1630,

00:05:36.306 --> 00:05:39.724
the Puritans, they did
not want to separate

00:05:39.724 --> 00:05:42.538
from the Church of England altogether.

00:05:42.538 --> 00:05:45.040
They wanted to purify it and they hoped

00:05:45.040 --> 00:05:49.241
that by setting an example
of a righteous society,

00:05:49.241 --> 00:05:52.371
they would actually convince
people back in England

00:05:52.371 --> 00:05:55.142
to adopt their ways, invite them back,

00:05:55.142 --> 00:05:59.018
and that all of England could
become like New England.

00:05:59.018 --> 00:06:01.470
This man here is John Winthrop

00:06:01.470 --> 00:06:05.637
and he was a lawyer who became
a leader of the Puritans,

00:06:07.826 --> 00:06:10.732
he was elected governor pretty
much for his entire life

00:06:10.732 --> 00:06:13.384
and he wrote that he
wanted Massachusetts Bay

00:06:13.384 --> 00:06:15.801
to be like a city upon a hill

00:06:17.731 --> 00:06:20.001
and be a kind of a beacon of light,

00:06:20.001 --> 00:06:24.168
showing the world what a
good society could be like.

00:06:25.703 --> 00:06:28.214
Now, obviously the New England Puritans

00:06:28.214 --> 00:06:30.901
did not get their way,
they were not invited back

00:06:30.901 --> 00:06:34.735
to England to become the
model of English society,

00:06:34.735 --> 00:06:38.058
but they did become the model of society

00:06:38.058 --> 00:06:41.163
in Massachusetts Bay and
New England, more generally,

00:06:41.163 --> 00:06:43.441
and I think a strong influence

00:06:43.441 --> 00:06:45.918
on American culture, writ large.

00:06:45.918 --> 00:06:47.636
So how did life in New England

00:06:47.636 --> 00:06:49.589
compare to life in Virginia?

00:06:49.589 --> 00:06:53.672
Well, a lot depended on
the different environment

00:06:55.112 --> 00:06:58.000
of the colony and the reasons

00:06:58.000 --> 00:07:00.833
that migrants came to New England.

00:07:02.253 --> 00:07:05.574
Because the environment of New England

00:07:05.574 --> 00:07:08.324
was colder, the land was rockier,

00:07:10.994 --> 00:07:13.802
it was both a healthier place to live,

00:07:13.802 --> 00:07:17.885
because tropical diseases
couldn't flourish there

00:07:19.452 --> 00:07:22.723
the way that they could in
the marshy areas of Virginia

00:07:22.723 --> 00:07:25.980
and it was also the unsuitable place

00:07:25.980 --> 00:07:29.073
for large-scale plantation agriculture.

00:07:29.073 --> 00:07:33.100
So they couldn't grow the kinds of crops

00:07:33.100 --> 00:07:34.882
that Virginia grew, like tobacco

00:07:34.882 --> 00:07:37.585
or even sugar in the West Indies.

00:07:37.585 --> 00:07:39.403
So that meant that in New England,

00:07:39.403 --> 00:07:43.236
most of the industry was
either family farming

00:07:44.568 --> 00:07:47.401
and fishing and also some trading,

00:07:48.463 --> 00:07:50.837
since they were on the coast.

00:07:50.837 --> 00:07:54.632
And because most Puritans
came over to help build

00:07:54.632 --> 00:07:58.715
this city upon a hill,
they came in family units,

00:07:59.708 --> 00:08:02.433
not as single men, like in Virginia,

00:08:02.433 --> 00:08:06.600
so there was a much more
even ratio of men to women.

00:08:09.487 --> 00:08:13.592
The families that came over
tended to be well-off enough

00:08:13.592 --> 00:08:17.240
to pay their own passage
across the Atlantic,

00:08:17.240 --> 00:08:20.556
tended to be kind of
middle-class, artisan types

00:08:20.556 --> 00:08:24.530
and so New England didn't
have the kind of influx

00:08:24.530 --> 00:08:27.974
of indentured servants that Virginia had,

00:08:27.974 --> 00:08:32.099
nor did it have an influx
of enslaved Africans

00:08:32.099 --> 00:08:36.150
as laborers, because most New Englanders

00:08:36.150 --> 00:08:39.567
were farmers and they were small farmers,

00:08:41.317 --> 00:08:44.984
so they relied on their
own family as labor.

00:08:46.195 --> 00:08:49.976
So a major consequence
of these motivations

00:08:49.976 --> 00:08:53.338
for emigrating and this environment,

00:08:53.338 --> 00:08:57.506
was that New England society
was relatively egalitarian.

00:08:57.506 --> 00:09:01.173
There were very few
very wealthy landowners,

00:09:02.129 --> 00:09:03.813
like there were in Virginia,

00:09:03.813 --> 00:09:06.535
and very few people who were
completely at the bottom,

00:09:06.535 --> 00:09:09.316
like servants and enslaved people.

00:09:09.316 --> 00:09:12.895
People who lived in Virginia
had a life expectancy

00:09:12.895 --> 00:09:16.982
of up to 70 years, which
was one of the highest

00:09:16.982 --> 00:09:19.998
life expectancies in
the world at this time

00:09:19.998 --> 00:09:22.400
and because reading the Bible so important

00:09:22.400 --> 00:09:25.144
to the Puritans, New England also had one

00:09:25.144 --> 00:09:28.769
of the highest rates of literacy
in the world at this time,

00:09:28.769 --> 00:09:30.650
but for all of these positives,

00:09:30.650 --> 00:09:33.734
there were plenty of reasons
why living in New England

00:09:33.734 --> 00:09:35.611
wasn't so much fun.

00:09:35.611 --> 00:09:37.967
Most of them related to the strictness

00:09:37.967 --> 00:09:40.709
of the Congregational Church.

00:09:40.709 --> 00:09:43.042
Puritans canceled Christmas,

00:09:43.960 --> 00:09:47.185
that they thought was too
much of a pagan ritual

00:09:47.185 --> 00:09:50.992
and though you would think
that their own experience

00:09:50.992 --> 00:09:53.544
of religious intolerance in England

00:09:53.544 --> 00:09:55.637
would have led them to be more tolerant

00:09:55.637 --> 00:09:58.235
to dissidents, that was not the case.

00:09:58.235 --> 00:10:02.097
Anyone who disagreed
with a Puritan theology

00:10:02.097 --> 00:10:04.410
or leadership, was given the option

00:10:04.410 --> 00:10:07.950
to go somewhere else or be executed.

00:10:07.950 --> 00:10:12.111
For example, Roger
Williams, who questioned

00:10:12.111 --> 00:10:16.396
the Puritans' actions
toward Native Americans

00:10:16.396 --> 00:10:20.485
was expelled from
Massachusetts Bay in 1636

00:10:20.485 --> 00:10:24.113
and he went on to found
the colony of Rhode Island,

00:10:24.113 --> 00:10:28.280
where religious dissenters
could find a place of refuge

00:10:29.157 --> 00:10:31.977
from Massachusetts Bay, just as the people

00:10:31.977 --> 00:10:35.398
of Massachusetts Bay had
found refuge from England.

00:10:35.398 --> 00:10:37.876
One of these was a woman
named Anne Hutchinson,

00:10:37.876 --> 00:10:41.876
who in 1637, was expelled
from Massachusetts Bay

00:10:43.437 --> 00:10:47.419
for daring to be a woman
who preached the Bible.

00:10:47.419 --> 00:10:50.521
So in this video, I've
explored some of the background

00:10:50.521 --> 00:10:53.785
to Puritans and Pilgrims and aspects

00:10:53.785 --> 00:10:56.739
of New England society and religion.

00:10:56.739 --> 00:11:00.312
In the next video, we'll
continue our exploration

00:11:00.312 --> 00:11:03.479
of New England's life through its politics

00:11:03.479 --> 00:11:06.293
and policies toward Native Americans.


The Middle colonies

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.354 --> 00:00:02.627
- [Instructor] Over
the course of the 1600s

00:00:02.627 --> 00:00:05.242
the English continued to settle along

00:00:05.242 --> 00:00:08.420
the eastern seaboard of North America.

00:00:08.420 --> 00:00:11.877
Now we've already talked about
the settlements at Virginia

00:00:11.877 --> 00:00:14.350
and those of Massachusetts

00:00:14.350 --> 00:00:17.145
and a little bit about the
settlement of New York,

00:00:17.145 --> 00:00:19.391
which was first founded by the Dutch

00:00:19.391 --> 00:00:21.917
as New Amsterdam in 1624.

00:00:21.917 --> 00:00:23.647
In this video I want to talk a little bit

00:00:23.647 --> 00:00:25.957
more about the Middle Colonies.

00:00:25.957 --> 00:00:28.404
These colonies that were here kind of on

00:00:28.404 --> 00:00:30.770
the center of the eastern seaboard,

00:00:30.770 --> 00:00:34.116
south of Massachusetts and north of

00:00:34.116 --> 00:00:36.421
the Southern Colonies of Virginia,

00:00:36.421 --> 00:00:38.588
particularly Pennsylvania,

00:00:40.150 --> 00:00:40.983
New York,

00:00:42.084 --> 00:00:43.001
New Jersey,

00:00:44.199 --> 00:00:48.649
and this little, tiny purple
colony right here, Delaware.

00:00:48.649 --> 00:00:50.652
Now what's unique about
the Middle Colonies

00:00:50.652 --> 00:00:53.952
compared to the northern
or southern colonies

00:00:53.952 --> 00:00:56.414
is not just that they were kind of in

00:00:56.414 --> 00:00:57.997
a central location,

00:00:57.997 --> 00:01:01.747
but also that they were
proprietary colonies,

00:01:03.556 --> 00:01:06.279
which means that they were the property

00:01:06.279 --> 00:01:08.029
of individual owners.

00:01:09.939 --> 00:01:12.011
So unlike Jamestown, for example,

00:01:12.011 --> 00:01:15.364
which was founded by a
company, the Virginia Company,

00:01:15.364 --> 00:01:18.716
the colony of Pennsylvania
was founded by one man,

00:01:18.716 --> 00:01:19.799
William Penn,

00:01:22.025 --> 00:01:25.194
who was granted his land
by the king of England

00:01:25.194 --> 00:01:27.429
in exchange for a debt that the king

00:01:27.429 --> 00:01:28.891
had owed his father.

00:01:28.891 --> 00:01:32.384
So in the early years of
these proprietary colonies,

00:01:32.384 --> 00:01:35.143
they were kind of the playgrounds

00:01:35.143 --> 00:01:37.653
of the people who owned them.

00:01:37.653 --> 00:01:40.398
They could set their own
rules for the most part.

00:01:40.398 --> 00:01:42.896
And that freedom resulted in colonies

00:01:42.896 --> 00:01:45.646
that were more ethnically diverse

00:01:47.492 --> 00:01:49.909
and more religiously tolerant

00:01:51.369 --> 00:01:54.056
than their neighbors
to the north or south.

00:01:54.056 --> 00:01:56.069
So let's look at the
colony of Pennsylvania

00:01:56.069 --> 00:01:57.125
as an example.

00:01:57.125 --> 00:02:00.329
So Pennsylvania was
founded by William Penn,

00:02:00.329 --> 00:02:03.846
and Penn was a English aristocrat

00:02:03.846 --> 00:02:06.328
from a very good family who'd converted

00:02:06.328 --> 00:02:08.245
to the Quaker religion.

00:02:10.882 --> 00:02:13.134
Although the real name for Quakers was

00:02:13.134 --> 00:02:15.884
the Religious Society of Friends,

00:02:19.857 --> 00:02:21.976
they got the nickname Quaker because

00:02:21.976 --> 00:02:25.842
they seemed to quake when they
were in religious ecstasy.

00:02:25.842 --> 00:02:28.391
Like the Puritans, Quakers faced religious

00:02:28.391 --> 00:02:31.580
persecution in England
because they did not

00:02:31.580 --> 00:02:33.208
follow the Church of England,

00:02:33.208 --> 00:02:36.918
which was a form of
rebellion against the king

00:02:36.918 --> 00:02:38.790
who was the head of the Church of England.

00:02:38.790 --> 00:02:41.907
But in addition to the
Quakers' strange ideas

00:02:41.907 --> 00:02:45.216
about religion, they also
had some strange ideas

00:02:45.216 --> 00:02:48.628
for the time period about social status.

00:02:48.628 --> 00:02:51.005
Quakers believed that all people had

00:02:51.005 --> 00:02:53.477
the light of God in
them and therefore were

00:02:53.477 --> 00:02:56.323
more or less equal in stature.

00:02:56.323 --> 00:02:59.174
So for example, women
could preach in church,

00:02:59.174 --> 00:03:01.839
as you see in this image right here.

00:03:01.839 --> 00:03:05.634
So when William Penn
converted to the Quaker faith,

00:03:05.634 --> 00:03:08.226
Penn had a really rough time of it.

00:03:08.226 --> 00:03:11.922
So he came upon an idea that perhaps he

00:03:11.922 --> 00:03:15.161
could make a haven for Quakers

00:03:15.161 --> 00:03:17.764
and for religious dissenters more broadly

00:03:17.764 --> 00:03:19.050
in the New World.

00:03:19.050 --> 00:03:21.140
So he negotiated with the king

00:03:21.140 --> 00:03:22.804
who owed his father a debt,

00:03:22.804 --> 00:03:25.000
and in exchange for this debt,

00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:28.667
the king granted Penn
land in North America,

00:03:29.934 --> 00:03:32.559
which was named Pennsylvania,

00:03:32.559 --> 00:03:35.368
sylvania being Latin for forest.

00:03:35.368 --> 00:03:38.906
So kind of Penn's forest, Penn's woods.

00:03:38.906 --> 00:03:42.388
And Penn decided to extend
his religious tolerance

00:03:42.388 --> 00:03:46.221
not just to Quakers, but
really to all people.

00:03:47.057 --> 00:03:50.825
All Protestants, no matter what their

00:03:50.825 --> 00:03:54.144
particular sect, could have citizenship,

00:03:54.144 --> 00:03:56.092
run for office, vote,

00:03:56.092 --> 00:03:58.838
and Catholics and even Jews

00:03:58.838 --> 00:04:01.424
were welcome in Pennsylvania,

00:04:01.424 --> 00:04:02.956
although they did not have the right

00:04:02.956 --> 00:04:04.873
to vote or hold office.

00:04:06.666 --> 00:04:10.547
This was incredibly
radical for the time period

00:04:10.547 --> 00:04:13.439
when it was common for nations to have

00:04:13.439 --> 00:04:15.931
a state religion and to persecute those

00:04:15.931 --> 00:04:18.195
who didn't follow that religion.

00:04:18.195 --> 00:04:21.466
Penn advertised for his new colony

00:04:21.466 --> 00:04:25.282
and particularly hoped
that industrious people,

00:04:25.282 --> 00:04:27.998
people with skills like carpentry

00:04:27.998 --> 00:04:30.550
or blacksmithing, would
come to Pennsylvania

00:04:30.550 --> 00:04:32.723
and make it a prosperous colony.

00:04:32.723 --> 00:04:33.563
And they did.

00:04:33.563 --> 00:04:35.677
The ease of getting citizenship,

00:04:35.677 --> 00:04:37.298
the religious tolerance,

00:04:37.298 --> 00:04:40.883
and the plentiful and
cheap land of Pennsylvania

00:04:40.883 --> 00:04:43.140
drew many settlers to the colony

00:04:43.140 --> 00:04:46.389
such that its principal
city, Philadelphia,

00:04:46.389 --> 00:04:49.472
was the largest city in North America

00:04:50.578 --> 00:04:52.101
before the Revolution,

00:04:52.101 --> 00:04:55.088
with about 40,000 inhabitants.

00:04:55.088 --> 00:04:57.768
Because Quakers were pacifists,

00:04:57.768 --> 00:05:01.906
that is they did not
believe in violence or war,

00:05:01.906 --> 00:05:04.684
they even lived peacefully
with Native Americans

00:05:04.684 --> 00:05:07.416
in the early years of
Pennsylvania settlement.

00:05:07.416 --> 00:05:10.236
But as more immigrants of different faiths

00:05:10.236 --> 00:05:13.727
came to Pennsylvania
and began pushing west,

00:05:13.727 --> 00:05:16.931
that short era of peaceful
co-habitation ended.

00:05:16.931 --> 00:05:19.752
Likewise, because Quakers believed in

00:05:19.752 --> 00:05:23.028
the innate equality of all human beings,

00:05:23.028 --> 00:05:25.528
they were not fond of slavery.

00:05:27.397 --> 00:05:30.001
The environment in the Middle Colonies

00:05:30.001 --> 00:05:33.755
was not so cold as it was in the north,

00:05:33.755 --> 00:05:36.631
not so hot as it was in the south,

00:05:36.631 --> 00:05:38.631
it was kind of middling.

00:05:39.478 --> 00:05:43.884
And so it was a very
good place for farming,

00:05:43.884 --> 00:05:46.967
particularly cereal crops like wheat.

00:05:48.071 --> 00:05:50.407
You can see this print here

00:05:50.407 --> 00:05:53.793
shows wheat growing in this field.

00:05:53.793 --> 00:05:56.293
And just as the name suggests,

00:05:57.285 --> 00:05:59.930
Pennsylvania had a lot of wood,

00:05:59.930 --> 00:06:03.683
so it was also a good place for timber.

00:06:03.683 --> 00:06:06.367
And the excellent ports at Philadelphia

00:06:06.367 --> 00:06:09.238
and New York City made it an excellent

00:06:09.238 --> 00:06:10.571
place for trade.

00:06:11.963 --> 00:06:14.270
Because it was such a
good place to grow food,

00:06:14.270 --> 00:06:15.828
the Middle Colonies got the nickname

00:06:15.828 --> 00:06:17.974
the Breadbasket Colonies.

00:06:17.974 --> 00:06:21.327
And the patterns of land
ownership reflect this.

00:06:21.327 --> 00:06:23.408
Since the soil was good,

00:06:23.408 --> 00:06:26.638
your average farmer owned more land

00:06:26.638 --> 00:06:29.494
than a New England farmer,

00:06:29.494 --> 00:06:32.494
but not as much as a Virginia farmer

00:06:33.865 --> 00:06:37.401
who would've had many
acres to grow tobacco.

00:06:37.401 --> 00:06:39.482
So much like the environment,

00:06:39.482 --> 00:06:42.524
the farms in the Middle Colonies were

00:06:42.524 --> 00:06:43.941
middling in size.

00:06:48.093 --> 00:06:50.784
In fact, if I had to
put the Middle Colonies

00:06:50.784 --> 00:06:52.618
on a spectrum,

00:06:52.618 --> 00:06:55.303
in many places I'd put
them right in the middle

00:06:55.303 --> 00:06:57.593
when it came to an economy

00:06:57.593 --> 00:06:59.709
that was more agrarian.

00:06:59.709 --> 00:07:02.519
The Middle Colonies had
a little bit of both,

00:07:02.519 --> 00:07:05.456
unlike the Chesapeake
and southern economies

00:07:05.456 --> 00:07:07.873
which were strongly agrarian.

00:07:09.876 --> 00:07:13.328
And unlike the New England colonies

00:07:13.328 --> 00:07:16.140
who began manufacturing quite early.

00:07:16.140 --> 00:07:18.767
Likewise, when it comes
to the distribution

00:07:18.767 --> 00:07:20.699
of wealth in the Middle Colonies,

00:07:20.699 --> 00:07:23.940
once again I'd put the Middle Colonies

00:07:23.940 --> 00:07:25.621
right here in the center.

00:07:25.621 --> 00:07:29.097
There were plenty of middling farmers,

00:07:29.097 --> 00:07:30.986
many indentured servants,

00:07:30.986 --> 00:07:34.844
and a handful of people
who became quite wealthy,

00:07:34.844 --> 00:07:37.906
unlike the Chesapeake where there were

00:07:37.906 --> 00:07:42.024
a handful of extremely wealthy landowners

00:07:42.024 --> 00:07:45.014
while most people lived at the bottom

00:07:45.014 --> 00:07:46.329
of the social scale,

00:07:46.329 --> 00:07:48.968
and unlike New England where small farming

00:07:48.968 --> 00:07:52.187
led to a fairly even middle class.

00:07:52.187 --> 00:07:55.199
So the Middle Colonies had a mixed economy

00:07:55.199 --> 00:07:57.199
of industry and farming,

00:07:59.338 --> 00:08:02.818
and a fairly balanced class structure

00:08:02.818 --> 00:08:05.901
with people at many different levels,

00:08:07.079 --> 00:08:10.162
putting them smack dab in the middle.

00:08:11.099 --> 00:08:12.983
But for all of the ways
that the Middle Colonies

00:08:12.983 --> 00:08:15.682
were middling, there were also a few ways

00:08:15.682 --> 00:08:17.867
that they were quite extraordinary.

00:08:17.867 --> 00:08:19.548
Well, we've already mentioned that

00:08:19.548 --> 00:08:23.327
the Middle Colonies had a
level of religious freedom

00:08:23.327 --> 00:08:26.171
that was virtually unmatched anywhere

00:08:26.171 --> 00:08:27.323
else in the world.

00:08:27.323 --> 00:08:30.050
For example, Pennsylvania
extended citizenship

00:08:30.050 --> 00:08:31.550
to all Protestants

00:08:35.290 --> 00:08:37.869
and tolerated Catholics and Jews.

00:08:37.869 --> 00:08:41.915
In comparison, the Chesapeake
and Southern Colonies

00:08:41.915 --> 00:08:46.010
required citizens to belong
to the Anglican faith,

00:08:46.010 --> 00:08:47.819
the Church of England,

00:08:47.819 --> 00:08:50.817
and religious tolerance
for the Catholic Church

00:08:50.817 --> 00:08:55.580
in Maryland and New Englanders
were extremely strict.

00:08:55.580 --> 00:08:58.984
For example, in Massachusetts Bay,

00:08:58.984 --> 00:09:01.472
anyone who was not Puritan

00:09:01.472 --> 00:09:03.608
was expelled or executed.

00:09:03.608 --> 00:09:05.695
Although there is of course the exception

00:09:05.695 --> 00:09:09.607
of Rhode Island, where
religious dissenters

00:09:09.607 --> 00:09:11.216
could find safe haven.

00:09:11.216 --> 00:09:13.291
The other extraordinary aspect of these

00:09:13.291 --> 00:09:16.015
middle colonies was just the sheer amount

00:09:16.015 --> 00:09:18.515
of ethnic diversity there was.

00:09:20.122 --> 00:09:22.303
By the time of the American Revolution,

00:09:22.303 --> 00:09:23.553
less than half,

00:09:24.498 --> 00:09:27.331
only about 49% of inhabitants

00:09:28.347 --> 00:09:29.991
were from England

00:09:29.991 --> 00:09:32.656
or had an English background.

00:09:32.656 --> 00:09:35.656
The rest were German, French, Dutch,

00:09:37.011 --> 00:09:38.094
Scotch-Irish.

00:09:40.762 --> 00:09:42.711
And just a few Africans as there was

00:09:42.711 --> 00:09:45.266
relatively little slavery.

00:09:45.266 --> 00:09:47.970
In comparison, New England was perhaps

00:09:47.970 --> 00:09:50.803
the least diverse of the colonies.

00:09:51.770 --> 00:09:53.853
Most people were English,

00:09:55.635 --> 00:09:59.302
with a handful of
remaining Native Americans

00:10:01.566 --> 00:10:02.649
and Africans.

00:10:03.992 --> 00:10:06.824
And the Chesapeake and Southern Colonies

00:10:06.824 --> 00:10:09.574
were largely African and English,

00:10:11.736 --> 00:10:14.986
with again just a few Native Americans.

00:10:16.786 --> 00:10:18.833
The people of the Middle Colonies spoke

00:10:18.833 --> 00:10:22.268
many languages, practiced many faiths,

00:10:22.268 --> 00:10:26.696
and had a strong possibility
of upward mobility

00:10:26.696 --> 00:10:29.073
economically since farms and businesses

00:10:29.073 --> 00:10:30.752
prospered and the Middle Colonies

00:10:30.752 --> 00:10:32.600
grew rapidly in population.


French and Dutch colonization

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.269 --> 00:00:02.882
- [Narrator] Although the
Spanish were the first

00:00:02.882 --> 00:00:05.677
European colonists in the New World,

00:00:05.677 --> 00:00:09.258
they didn't remain alone in
the Americas for very long.

00:00:09.258 --> 00:00:13.425
Just three years after Hernan
Cortes captured Tenochtitlan,

00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:19.100
the French government
sent its first explorer

00:00:19.100 --> 00:00:21.933
to poke around North America

00:00:21.933 --> 00:00:25.353
and look for what many European explorers

00:00:25.353 --> 00:00:27.228
had searched for from the beginning,

00:00:27.228 --> 00:00:29.061
a passage to the East.

00:00:30.139 --> 00:00:32.399
Now, although the explorers never found

00:00:32.399 --> 00:00:35.471
this Northwest passage
because it didn't exist,

00:00:35.471 --> 00:00:37.542
they, like the Spanish, quickly learned

00:00:37.542 --> 00:00:40.542
that there were quite a
lot of riches to be had

00:00:40.542 --> 00:00:42.334
in the Americas themselves.

00:00:42.334 --> 00:00:45.338
In this video, I'd like to
take some time to talk about

00:00:45.338 --> 00:00:49.395
two of the lesser known European
colonies in the New World,

00:00:49.395 --> 00:00:51.562
New France up here in pink

00:00:54.659 --> 00:00:58.826
and New Netherland, this
little orange dot right here.

00:01:01.608 --> 00:01:05.775
Now, you can see that compared
to the extent of New Spain,

00:01:08.858 --> 00:01:12.204
here in the Caribbean and Mexico

00:01:12.204 --> 00:01:14.563
and expanding in South America,

00:01:14.563 --> 00:01:18.320
these colonial exploits
were pretty small indeed,

00:01:18.320 --> 00:01:21.677
but I think it's important to
learn a little bit about them

00:01:21.677 --> 00:01:24.544
because they help us see the ways

00:01:24.544 --> 00:01:28.461
in which the different
goals of colonial powers

00:01:30.735 --> 00:01:34.902
led to very different types
of settlement in the New World

00:01:36.499 --> 00:01:39.067
and very different relationships

00:01:39.067 --> 00:01:42.317
between Europeans and Native Americans.

00:01:47.418 --> 00:01:50.357
Now, though it's a little
bit hard to see on this map,

00:01:50.357 --> 00:01:54.524
these two colonies focused
their efforts around two rivers,

00:01:55.598 --> 00:01:57.598
the Saint Lawrence River

00:01:59.378 --> 00:02:00.876
and the Hudson River

00:02:00.876 --> 00:02:04.793
which runs along this
little orange strip here.

00:02:08.191 --> 00:02:09.298
And along these rivers,

00:02:09.298 --> 00:02:12.715
you can still see the
cities that were founded

00:02:12.715 --> 00:02:16.882
by these colonial ventures
like Quebec City up in Canada,

00:02:18.777 --> 00:02:23.622
later Montreal and down here
of course the most famous

00:02:23.622 --> 00:02:26.122
which started as New Amsterdam

00:02:26.992 --> 00:02:29.664
and later became the city of New York.

00:02:29.664 --> 00:02:33.414
Right about here is
the Island of Manhattan

00:02:33.414 --> 00:02:35.331
on which New York City,

00:02:37.082 --> 00:02:39.999
formerly New Amsterdam, is located.

00:02:40.891 --> 00:02:43.028
Now, looking at this
map, you might wonder,

00:02:43.028 --> 00:02:47.195
why was it that Spain have
these giant swabs of territory

00:02:48.100 --> 00:02:50.191
really from coast to coast

00:02:50.191 --> 00:02:52.672
where New France and New Netherland

00:02:52.672 --> 00:02:56.083
really only followed along these rivers,

00:02:56.083 --> 00:02:57.380
at least to start with?

00:02:57.380 --> 00:03:00.854
And the answer really lies
in this idea of goals.

00:03:00.854 --> 00:03:04.348
And New France and New
Netherland sat on the rivers,

00:03:04.348 --> 00:03:07.037
rivers being the highways of the world

00:03:07.037 --> 00:03:09.289
really up until the
invention of the railroad,

00:03:09.289 --> 00:03:13.661
because they were primarily
interested in trade.

00:03:13.661 --> 00:03:15.763
So let's talk a little
bit more about that.

00:03:15.763 --> 00:03:19.869
French and Dutch explorers
were particularly interested

00:03:19.869 --> 00:03:24.036
in gaining valuable furs to
trade from Native Americans

00:03:24.964 --> 00:03:27.836
living in the Northern
part of North America

00:03:27.836 --> 00:03:29.591
that they could then sell in Europe.

00:03:29.591 --> 00:03:32.787
Long before European colonization began,

00:03:32.787 --> 00:03:36.280
beavers had been hunted pretty
much to extinction in Europe

00:03:36.280 --> 00:03:39.795
while beaver pelts
themselves were usually used

00:03:39.795 --> 00:03:42.292
to create fancy hats.

00:03:42.292 --> 00:03:44.088
This is a hat from a slightly later era,

00:03:44.088 --> 00:03:45.804
but you can get the sense here

00:03:45.804 --> 00:03:49.887
that Europeans met on
something of an equal basis

00:03:50.970 --> 00:03:53.971
with Native Americans in the
process of the fur trade,

00:03:53.971 --> 00:03:57.402
so Europeans wanted beaver pelts

00:03:57.402 --> 00:04:01.569
and also the pelts of other
animals and often fish,

00:04:03.907 --> 00:04:07.262
another thing that was in great supply

00:04:07.262 --> 00:04:10.397
in this Northern region which is today

00:04:10.397 --> 00:04:13.172
the Northeast United States and Canada.

00:04:13.172 --> 00:04:17.700
So how did this focus on
trade affect the relationships

00:04:17.700 --> 00:04:21.876
between Europeans and Native
Americans in the area?

00:04:21.876 --> 00:04:25.486
Well, primarily they made
relationships between them

00:04:25.486 --> 00:04:28.779
considerably friendlier
and more cooperative

00:04:28.779 --> 00:04:31.296
than the relationships between the Spanish

00:04:31.296 --> 00:04:33.123
and Native Americans for example.

00:04:33.123 --> 00:04:35.037
Now, Europeans quickly discovered

00:04:35.037 --> 00:04:39.686
that it made a lot more sense
to instead of sending hundreds

00:04:39.686 --> 00:04:42.763
upon hundreds of Frenchmen to Canada

00:04:42.763 --> 00:04:44.554
to hunt beavers themselves,

00:04:44.554 --> 00:04:47.107
they could instead pay Native Americans

00:04:47.107 --> 00:04:48.690
to hunt the beavers for them.

00:04:48.690 --> 00:04:52.370
And consequently, there
were considerably fewer

00:04:52.370 --> 00:04:56.537
French and Dutch settlers in
New Netherland and New France

00:04:58.263 --> 00:05:01.414
than there were in New Spain.

00:05:01.414 --> 00:05:04.076
And because there were fewer of them,

00:05:04.076 --> 00:05:06.263
they generally ended up doing things

00:05:06.263 --> 00:05:09.346
more on the terms of Native Americans

00:05:10.731 --> 00:05:14.814
so whereas the Spanish
might have used their guns

00:05:16.821 --> 00:05:20.444
and their war dogs to
force Native Americans

00:05:20.444 --> 00:05:21.711
to labor for them,

00:05:21.711 --> 00:05:25.516
the French and the Dutch
were more likely to observe

00:05:25.516 --> 00:05:29.086
trading rituals like giving gifts

00:05:29.086 --> 00:05:32.924
and also fostering trade relationships

00:05:32.924 --> 00:05:34.423
through intermarriage.

00:05:34.423 --> 00:05:37.275
French traders learned
the Algonquian language

00:05:37.275 --> 00:05:40.496
and married native women
and had children with them

00:05:40.496 --> 00:05:43.134
so that they could be
considered part of the family.

00:05:43.134 --> 00:05:46.850
They even allied with
Native American Tribes

00:05:46.850 --> 00:05:50.811
against their own enemies
and went to war with them

00:05:50.811 --> 00:05:53.057
as in the case in 1609

00:05:53.057 --> 00:05:55.897
when French explorer Samuel de Champlain

00:05:55.897 --> 00:06:00.266
helped Algonquians in their
war against the Iroquois.

00:06:00.266 --> 00:06:01.833
And like New France,

00:06:01.833 --> 00:06:06.000
New Netherland situated as it
was in this very good harbor,

00:06:06.905 --> 00:06:11.061
the Island of Manhattan, was
likewise very focused on trade.

00:06:11.061 --> 00:06:15.228
In fact, New Amsterdam was a
little bit of a company town

00:06:16.803 --> 00:06:20.303
controlled by the Dutch West India Company

00:06:22.694 --> 00:06:25.376
which sought to make the
most of all of the goodies

00:06:25.376 --> 00:06:27.464
that could be brought from North America

00:06:27.464 --> 00:06:29.049
and then shipped to Europe.

00:06:29.049 --> 00:06:32.907
In fact, you can get a sense
of what the major concerns

00:06:32.907 --> 00:06:36.563
of the Europeans settling in
this area were from this map.

00:06:36.563 --> 00:06:40.730
You can see that they point
out where beavers, turkeys,

00:06:43.195 --> 00:06:47.362
foxes, and bears can be found
all with their valuable pelts,

00:06:48.603 --> 00:06:52.770
but you also see that
there's an extremely detailed

00:06:53.706 --> 00:06:57.834
rendering of where many
Native American Tribes lived

00:06:57.834 --> 00:07:01.260
like this detailed
rendering of what I believe

00:07:01.260 --> 00:07:03.118
is a Mahican village.

00:07:03.118 --> 00:07:06.193
The French and Dutch bothered
to learn all of these names

00:07:06.193 --> 00:07:09.485
and map all of this territory
because they cooperated

00:07:09.485 --> 00:07:12.296
with the Native Americans
to get these pelts.

00:07:12.296 --> 00:07:14.582
It's hard to imagine a Spanish map

00:07:14.582 --> 00:07:18.351
that would go into such
detail about native villages.

00:07:18.351 --> 00:07:19.787
It's important to remember

00:07:19.787 --> 00:07:22.833
that Europeans were
competing with each other

00:07:22.833 --> 00:07:24.994
for resources in the New World

00:07:24.994 --> 00:07:29.228
hoping that they could secure
the best trade deals for furs

00:07:29.228 --> 00:07:32.920
with Native Americans
and prevent other nations

00:07:32.920 --> 00:07:34.787
from securing those furs.

00:07:34.787 --> 00:07:38.579
For example, the Dutch
allied with the Iroquois

00:07:38.579 --> 00:07:41.202
in the New World as trading partners

00:07:41.202 --> 00:07:45.042
because the Iroquois were
the long-time enemies

00:07:45.042 --> 00:07:48.116
of the Algonquians who were
allied with the French.

00:07:48.116 --> 00:07:52.300
So just as the Europeans
recruited Native Americans

00:07:52.300 --> 00:07:56.347
into their competitions to
supply Europe with furs,

00:07:56.347 --> 00:07:59.047
Native Americans recruited Europeans

00:07:59.047 --> 00:08:01.543
into their inter-tribal feuds

00:08:01.543 --> 00:08:04.537
to supply the Americas
with European goods.

00:08:04.537 --> 00:08:07.868
I wanna finish by just briefly comparing

00:08:07.868 --> 00:08:11.493
each nation's colonial
goals with their outcomes

00:08:11.493 --> 00:08:13.582
and what sorts of people settled,

00:08:13.582 --> 00:08:16.665
what the relationships were
like with Native Americans,

00:08:16.665 --> 00:08:20.298
and even how they
attempted or didn't attempt

00:08:20.298 --> 00:08:23.712
to convert Native Americans
to a form of Christianity.

00:08:23.712 --> 00:08:25.669
Now, as we saw with Spain,

00:08:25.669 --> 00:08:29.656
their goal was to quickly
extract natural resources

00:08:29.656 --> 00:08:32.621
from the Americas and
to set up plantations

00:08:32.621 --> 00:08:35.141
for tobacco and later sugar,

00:08:35.141 --> 00:08:39.952
plus to convert as many of the
native people to Catholicism

00:08:39.952 --> 00:08:42.647
as possible by force if necessary

00:08:42.647 --> 00:08:44.789
and it was frequently necessary.

00:08:44.789 --> 00:08:48.019
Consequently, most of the Spanish settlers

00:08:48.019 --> 00:08:52.331
who came to the New World
were men and adventurers

00:08:52.331 --> 00:08:56.299
who treated native people with
violence and enslaved them

00:08:56.299 --> 00:08:57.819
in the encomienda system

00:08:57.819 --> 00:09:01.129
and in some cases had
relationships with native women

00:09:01.129 --> 00:09:05.656
and African women that resulted
in that very complex set

00:09:05.656 --> 00:09:10.485
of racial designations we
see in the caste system.

00:09:10.485 --> 00:09:14.531
But France and the Netherlands
by contrast came for trade.

00:09:14.531 --> 00:09:19.121
They wanted furs and fish
and so they were very careful

00:09:19.121 --> 00:09:21.929
to cultivate very friendly relationships

00:09:21.929 --> 00:09:25.655
with Native Americans including
by intermarrying with them

00:09:25.655 --> 00:09:27.739
in a deliberate and formal way

00:09:27.739 --> 00:09:31.078
so that they could take
advantage of having natives

00:09:31.078 --> 00:09:32.790
do the hunting for them

00:09:32.790 --> 00:09:34.886
rather than having to do it themselves

00:09:34.886 --> 00:09:37.840
so that really only a few men

00:09:37.840 --> 00:09:39.823
came to New France and New Netherland,

00:09:39.823 --> 00:09:41.948
nothing like the numbers of Spain.

00:09:41.948 --> 00:09:44.186
And unlike the Spanish,

00:09:44.186 --> 00:09:46.671
although the French did attempt

00:09:46.671 --> 00:09:49.051
to convert natives to Catholicism,

00:09:49.051 --> 00:09:51.260
they rarely did so by force.

00:09:51.260 --> 00:09:54.973
Now, going forward as we talk
about British colonization

00:09:54.973 --> 00:09:56.543
in the next few lessons,

00:09:56.543 --> 00:09:59.107
I want you to keep both the Spanish

00:09:59.107 --> 00:10:03.332
and the French and Dutch modes
of colonization in your mind

00:10:03.332 --> 00:10:07.151
so you can compare and
contrast English colonization

00:10:07.151 --> 00:10:08.080
with both of them.

00:10:08.080 --> 00:10:09.126
And as we'll see,

00:10:09.126 --> 00:10:11.862
the goals of the various English colonies

00:10:11.862 --> 00:10:13.803
whether it's to found plantations

00:10:13.803 --> 00:10:15.558
like in Jamestown, Virginia,

00:10:15.558 --> 00:10:18.074
or to escape religious persecution

00:10:18.074 --> 00:10:19.771
like in Massachusetts Bay,

00:10:19.771 --> 00:10:22.074
that goal will go on to influence

00:10:22.074 --> 00:10:25.431
not only who came to the
Americas from Europe,

00:10:25.431 --> 00:10:28.374
but also their relationships
with native people.