Haitian Revolution (Part 1)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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I now want to turn my attention
from all of the

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craziness that's happening in
Europe and go halfway around

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the world to one of France's
colonies in the Caribbean, and

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that's Saint-Domingue.

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And I know I'm butchering all
of the pronunciations.

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But Saint-Domingue, and its
modern name is Haiti, is the

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western half of the island of
Hispaniola, which was the

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island that Columbus first
stumbled upon when he

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discovered the New World.

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The eastern half of the island,
that you don't see

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here-- I've zoomed in
on the western half.

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The eastern half is now called
the Dominican Republic.

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At that time it was called Santo
Domingo and it was in

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the control of Spain.

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Let me write that down.

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So Spain is here.

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You probably don't see
my yellow that well.

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And then on this side, France
has colonized-- let me write

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Spain bolder.

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There you go.

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Spain had colonized the eastern
half of the island,

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France had colonized
the western half.

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And just to get us up to speed
on the history, in 1492,

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Columbus showed up and it
was a Spanish colony.

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And I'm talking about just
the western side.

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The eastern side continued
to be a Spanish colony.

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But in 1697, it was officially
given over to the French, but

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it was a Spanish colony
until then.

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And then 1697 until the period
that we're talking about right

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now, which is the late 1700s,
the period of the French

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Revolution, it was
a French colony.

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It's a French colony.

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Now you're probably saying, Sal,
all of this craziness is

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happening in France.

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Kings are getting toppled,
people are getting

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guillotined.

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There's wars with all
of the empires.

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Why are you going all the way to
this side of the world and

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focusing on this small
little island?

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Well, the big answer, or I
guess the main answer,

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especially from the perspective
of the French--

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there's other historical
reasons why

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this, I think, is relevant.

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But the major reason is that
Saint-Domingue at this time

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was the most-- let me write
that in-- profitable slave

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colony in the world.

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Now these colonialists, they
cared about profit pretty much

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all the time.

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To a large degree, at this point
in history, that's all

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they cared about.

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But you have to think
about it.

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Remember, what precipitated
the French Revolution-- or

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what I think was a major
factor-- was

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that France was broke.

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So you have this little
island here.

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It's a slave colony.

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Their plantations produce tons
of sugarcane, hugely

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profitable business.

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Anything that goes on in
Saint-Domingue will matter to

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France because France
is broke.

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And not only are they broke,
but they have all of these

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wars with pretty much
everybody in Europe.

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So let's go back and remind
ourselves what was actually

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happening in France
at the time.

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We'll actually go
back to France.

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So 1789, you had your
Convocation of the

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Estates-General.

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The Third Estate, they were a
little peeved, so they met at

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the tennis court, they declared
themselves the

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National Assembly, they had
the Tennis Court Oath.

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Actually, they declared
themselves the National

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Assembly, then they were
kicked out of the room.

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And then they had to do the
Tennis Court Oath, where they

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promised that they would
create a constitution.

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And they started talking about
liberty and fraternity and

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brotherhood and all men are
created equal, all of these

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great ideas of the
Enlightenment.

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And while all that was
happening, you had this

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businessman, Vincent Oge.

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I don't know if I'm pronouncing
it right.

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He was a wealthy, mixed-race--
so let me write that down.

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He was a mixed-race and he was
1/4 African descent and he was

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3/4 European, or
French descent.

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And he was in Paris
on business.

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And while he was there, the
French Revolution and this

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Convocation of the
Estates-General started

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happening, and he said,
gee, you know what?

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I'm a wealthy, educated guy.

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I own land in what is now Haiti,
but in Saint-Domingue

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at the time.

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He actually owned slaves.

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I want to be very clear
about this.

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He owned slaves as well.

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And he's like, I am just as good
as all of these, I guess

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you could say, purely European
guys all around me, but I

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don't get equal rights now.

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But all of this great stuff is
happening, with talks of a new

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constitution.

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Let me get in on this.

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And so he started lobbying with
several other, I guess

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you could say, forward-thinking
individuals.

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He started lobbying
for equal rights.

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He lobbied for equal rights, the
rights to vote and not to

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be treated like a second-class
citizen.

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Now at first, they were
kind of ignored.

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The National Assembly, they
wanted to do good things, but

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they didn't want to do something
so extreme as

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considering this wealthy,
educated, probably well-spoken

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individual an equal, so they
were rebuffed a bit.

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But eventually, in March of
1790, the National Assembly

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passed an amendment that had the
wording, all proprietors

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ought to be-- and there's some
other stuff in between--

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active citizens.

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Well, Mr. Vincent Oge and his
collaborators say, hey, this

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is our victory.

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This is the wording that tells
us, look, anyone who is a

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proprieter-- I own land, I'm a
proprieter-- it says we ought

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to be active citizens.

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This gives us the
right to vote.

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So he declared that a victory
for his rights, or people like

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his rights.

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And so he goes back to
Saint-Domingue and tells the

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governor, look, all of this
craziness has been happening

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in France, we have a National
Assembly, and they've

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essentially given me
the right to vote.

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Unfortunately, the governor of
Saint-Domingue ignores him, or

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essentially doesn't listen to
him-- ignores what he has to

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say, and says, I don't care
what's going on in France.

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I'm not going to give you
and people like you

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the right to vote.

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So this obviously did not make
him a happy individual.

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He seems like he has everything
going in his favor.

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Even the national assembly
seems to be going in his

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favor, but the governor
ignores him.

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So he starts a revolt
when he returns, and

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he's essentially rebuffed.

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He returned in October of 1790,
ignored by the governor,

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so he starts a revolt.

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Unfortunately, his revolt
wasn't successful.

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And I want to be very clear.

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When he revolted, he wasn't
revolting to abolish slavery,

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he wasn't revolting to give all
black men on the island

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the right to vote.

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He was revolting to give freemen
of color who owned

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land the right to vote, and that
was probably his mistake

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in the revolt.

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I want to give you a little
sense of the demographics of

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Saint-Domingue at that time.

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There were 500,000 slaves of
African descent, you had

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40,000 white colonialists, and
you had 28,000 mixed-race,

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freemen of color, or however
you want to describe them.

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If you're starting revolt to
defend only your rights,

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you're going to get some subset
of this 28,000 against

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a very well-armed,
in power, 40,000.

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Now, if he had thought maybe I
should speak in a little bit

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broader terms-- he was
essentially trying to become a

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part of this club, but if he had
spoken in slightly broader

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terms, maybe he could have
tapped into some of the angst

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of that 500,000.

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But he didn't, and so his revolt
was unsuccessful and he

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was captured.

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And then in February 1791,
he was executed.

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So it seems like all
was for naught.

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He went through all this trouble
to get some freedom.

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He was ignored, tried
a revolt, his revolt

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wasn't done that well.

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He was executed, but it started
to simmer within the

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consciousness of the people of
African descent at that time.

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And whether or not his revolt
directly lead to what is going

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to happen over the next few
years is unclear, but it did

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happen and at least he was the
first one that really did try

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to start a revolt
in a major way.

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But anyway, after he was
executed, there started to be

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a little bit more murmurrings,
especially in the North.

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Most of the sugar plantations
were focused around the North,

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and obviously, the more
plantations, the more profit.

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And there was actually a voodoo
ceremony that was run

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by an individual whose name
was Dutty Boukman.

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And I looked for pictures
of him.

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I couldn't find any.

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Unfortunately, there aren't.

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He ran this voodoo ceremony
where he essentially

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instigated a slave uprising in
Haiti, or what is now Haiti,

00:10:09.280 --> 00:10:10.510
but in Saint-Domingue.

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Remember, look at those
demographics.

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As you could imagine, if the
slaves themselves were to rise

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up against everyone else on
the island, you could

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imagine-- even though they might
not be as well organized

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or as well equipped as the other
members-- just by sheer

00:10:25.580 --> 00:10:28.570
force, they should probably
do pretty good.

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And so in 1791, in August
1791, an all-out slave

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rebellion begins.

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Now you can imagine,
this scares France.

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Putting aside all of the things
of the Revolution and

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all these new notions from the
Enlightenment, here is your

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most profitable colony in the
world, and all of a sudden

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there's a revolt.

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People on both sides of the
equation are getting

00:11:05.550 --> 00:11:08.020
slaughtered, plantations
are getting burned.

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From the new government in
France's point of view, that's

00:11:11.430 --> 00:11:12.990
just going to hurt their
own profitability.

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This is at a time, remember,
France is broke.

00:11:15.690 --> 00:11:18.180
They're at wars with
other countries.

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So France sends a delegation,
headed by

00:11:24.140 --> 00:11:25.770
this guy right there.

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His name was-- and I know
I'm butchering the

00:11:28.310 --> 00:11:30.270
pronunciations-- Sonthonax.

00:11:33.610 --> 00:11:35.710
I don't know the best
way to pronounce it.

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And it was him plus 6,000
or 7,000 troops.

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And they essentially were sent
from France to put down the

00:11:46.090 --> 00:11:48.670
slave rebellion, to kind
of get things back to

00:11:48.670 --> 00:11:50.890
the way they were.

00:11:50.890 --> 00:11:53.980
And in order to kind of
consolidate everyone on

00:11:53.980 --> 00:12:02.640
France's side right here, France
in April 1792-- so let

00:12:02.640 --> 00:12:03.890
me write this down.

00:12:07.680 --> 00:12:09.810
The Legislative Assembly, you
might remember, a new

00:12:09.810 --> 00:12:14.190
constitution was created at
the end of 1791, and that

00:12:14.190 --> 00:12:16.120
entailed a new Legislative
Assembly.

00:12:23.110 --> 00:12:25.860
They essentially gave full
citizenship to all

00:12:25.860 --> 00:12:27.110
free people of color.

00:12:31.600 --> 00:12:35.770
So unfortunately, Vincent
Oge was a little bit

00:12:35.770 --> 00:12:36.710
ahead of his time.

00:12:36.710 --> 00:12:38.080
If he had just waited a
couple of years, he

00:12:38.080 --> 00:12:38.940
wouldn't have had to revolt.

00:12:38.940 --> 00:12:41.690
Or maybe he helped to
precipitate this.

00:12:41.690 --> 00:12:42.570
So it's not clear.

00:12:42.570 --> 00:12:46.160
Maybe his revolt, which maybe
helped precipitate the

00:12:46.160 --> 00:12:49.590
eventual slave revolt, which
eventually might have helped

00:12:49.590 --> 00:12:52.470
the Legislative Assembly come
to terms with this idea.

00:12:52.470 --> 00:12:54.690
Maybe he made it happen or maybe
it would have happened

00:12:54.690 --> 00:12:59.760
on its own, but they made
full citizens out of

00:12:59.760 --> 00:13:01.220
free people of color.

00:13:10.310 --> 00:13:12.940
And they probably did that-- you
could view it kind of in a

00:13:12.940 --> 00:13:14.310
positive or a negative spin.

00:13:14.310 --> 00:13:18.120
The positive spin was this is
consistent with the ideas of

00:13:18.120 --> 00:13:20.350
the Enlightenment and
the Revolution.

00:13:20.350 --> 00:13:23.615
Or if you want to kind of view
a more strategizing view on

00:13:23.615 --> 00:13:26.270
it, they probably said, hey,
there's all this craziness

00:13:26.270 --> 00:13:30.280
going on in Haiti, if we can at
least get these people on

00:13:30.280 --> 00:13:34.190
our side, we might be able
to properly suppress

00:13:34.190 --> 00:13:36.090
these people over here.

00:13:36.090 --> 00:13:36.860
And let's be clear.

00:13:36.860 --> 00:13:41.140
Many of these mixed-race freemen
of color, they owned

00:13:41.140 --> 00:13:42.280
slaves themselves.

00:13:42.280 --> 00:13:44.070
So from their own self-interest,
they were

00:13:44.070 --> 00:13:46.657
actually very similar to the
white colonialists in

00:13:46.657 --> 00:13:49.340
Saint-Domingue at that time.

00:13:49.340 --> 00:13:52.480
If they were a little bit more
strategic about it, it might

00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:54.850
have been just to kind of
consolidate the power on the

00:13:54.850 --> 00:13:57.670
free people on the island, or
the landowners on the island.

00:13:57.670 --> 00:14:01.760
But they sent that message with
Sonthonax and 6,000 to

00:14:01.760 --> 00:14:05.020
7,000 troops to get things
back in order.

00:14:05.020 --> 00:14:10.350
But you might remember-- and
even that-- this made many

00:14:10.350 --> 00:14:13.390
people very unhappy,
even on the island.

00:14:13.390 --> 00:14:16.640
As some of those white
colonialists at that time,

00:14:16.640 --> 00:14:18.880
they weren't the most liberal
thinking people and they

00:14:18.880 --> 00:14:21.610
probably didn't appreciate this
idea of freemen of color

00:14:21.610 --> 00:14:24.520
being able to have all of the
same rights as they did.

00:14:24.520 --> 00:14:29.330
So there was obviously a lot
of antagonism against this

00:14:29.330 --> 00:14:32.680
guy, against Sonthonax
right there.

00:14:32.680 --> 00:14:36.570
And then you might remember that
in February 1793-- we saw

00:14:36.570 --> 00:14:39.740
that in the previous video,
or in several videos ago--

00:14:39.740 --> 00:14:44.070
February 1793, you start having
war with Great Britain.

00:14:54.030 --> 00:14:56.280
And Great Britain had control
of this, right here.

00:14:56.280 --> 00:14:57.530
That is Jamaica.

00:15:01.450 --> 00:15:04.090
Just to be clear, in green
right here, this is

00:15:04.090 --> 00:15:05.340
Saint-Domingue.

00:15:11.460 --> 00:15:13.800
And right here, this
is Santo Domingo,

00:15:13.800 --> 00:15:16.750
controlled by the Spanish.

00:15:16.750 --> 00:15:17.890
So you had a big problem.

00:15:17.890 --> 00:15:19.850
Here he is, Sonthonax
right there.

00:15:19.850 --> 00:15:22.600
He's antagonized some of the
whites, he's trying to put

00:15:22.600 --> 00:15:25.140
down a slave rebellion,
or at least get

00:15:25.140 --> 00:15:26.580
things back to normal.

00:15:26.580 --> 00:15:28.700
And then all of a sudden you
have the British over here,

00:15:28.700 --> 00:15:32.290
and you have a lot of these
white colonialists that start

00:15:32.290 --> 00:15:35.600
saying, hey, if France is going
to be like that, we're

00:15:35.600 --> 00:15:37.440
going to side with
the British.

00:15:37.440 --> 00:15:39.280
We're going to side with the
British or we're going to get

00:15:39.280 --> 00:15:41.590
help from the British and we're
going to use that help

00:15:41.590 --> 00:15:46.210
from the British to essentially
get our way back

00:15:46.210 --> 00:15:48.410
in Saint-Domingue.

00:15:48.410 --> 00:15:53.570
Now Sonthonax, as far as I can
tell, he was of a more liberal

00:15:53.570 --> 00:15:56.440
persuasion in that he was
sympathetic to the plight

00:15:56.440 --> 00:16:00.800
definitely of people of
mixed-race, and even to the

00:16:00.800 --> 00:16:03.230
plight possibly of slaves
themselves.

00:16:03.230 --> 00:16:05.850
But also, for strategic reasons,
he saw the writing on

00:16:05.850 --> 00:16:06.350
the wall as well.

00:16:06.350 --> 00:16:11.280
He said, gee, I have 500,000
slaves and we need to fend off

00:16:11.280 --> 00:16:12.530
the British.

00:16:14.440 --> 00:16:16.730
This is a pretty bold action.

00:16:16.730 --> 00:16:19.510
In the history of slavery, this
is actually one of the

00:16:19.510 --> 00:16:21.782
most significant declarations.

00:16:21.782 --> 00:16:29.830
In 1793, in August of 1793--
it might be a reflection of

00:16:29.830 --> 00:16:33.520
his own ideas, or it might have
just been because of the

00:16:33.520 --> 00:16:43.590
threat from Britain-- Sonthonax
declares freedom for

00:16:43.590 --> 00:16:44.840
all the slaves.

00:16:48.990 --> 00:16:51.040
He wasn't saying that they would
have all of the same

00:16:51.040 --> 00:16:53.970
rights as land owning
men, but he's

00:16:53.970 --> 00:16:56.980
essentially abolishing slavery.

00:16:56.980 --> 00:17:02.880
Initially, he did it just in
the North, but in September

00:17:02.880 --> 00:17:05.640
and October, he eventually
extended it to all of the

00:17:05.640 --> 00:17:09.800
French possessions in
Saint-Domingue.

00:17:09.800 --> 00:17:12.569
Now you could imagine the slaves
that were revolting

00:17:12.569 --> 00:17:14.119
this entire time, they're
a little bit

00:17:14.119 --> 00:17:15.930
suspicious of this gentleman.

00:17:15.930 --> 00:17:20.530
He was, it looks like, sent to
Saint-Domingue, or what is now

00:17:20.530 --> 00:17:23.420
Haiti, to put down
the uprising.

00:17:23.420 --> 00:17:26.410
He shows up with 6,000
or 7,000 troops.

00:17:26.410 --> 00:17:30.650
He tries to side with
essentially the enemies of the

00:17:30.650 --> 00:17:32.780
slaves to put down
the uprising.

00:17:32.780 --> 00:17:35.720
And now all of a sudden, when
the British look like a bit of

00:17:35.720 --> 00:17:40.240
a threat, he's like, hey, I'm
ending slavery by myself.

00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:42.470
I am just declaring slavery
to be over.

00:17:42.470 --> 00:17:45.200
And they've been tricked before
and they're saying,

00:17:45.200 --> 00:17:48.640
this is probably some type of a
trick just to make us become

00:17:48.640 --> 00:17:53.330
a little passive so that they
can get back at us.

00:17:53.330 --> 00:17:56.940
And so their leaders were a
little bit suspicious of it,

00:17:56.940 --> 00:18:06.030
but then in February of 1794,
this was ratified.

00:18:06.030 --> 00:18:10.950
His declaration was ratified
by the French National

00:18:10.950 --> 00:18:12.200
Convention.

00:18:21.240 --> 00:18:25.580
And by the time word got to
the freed slaves, or the

00:18:25.580 --> 00:18:31.540
rebelling slaves on the island--
so we're now in May

00:18:31.540 --> 00:18:37.040
1794-- the rebel slaves'
leader-- and this is a super

00:18:37.040 --> 00:18:52.590
important name to know--
Toussaint L'Ouverture-- he was

00:18:52.590 --> 00:18:59.620
the leader of the rebels, and he
was a self-educated former

00:18:59.620 --> 00:19:00.980
slave himself.

00:19:00.980 --> 00:19:03.460
And actually he proves himself
over and over again to be one

00:19:03.460 --> 00:19:06.730
of the best military
generals and

00:19:06.730 --> 00:19:10.340
actually in much of history.

00:19:10.340 --> 00:19:16.030
In May 1794, Toussaint
L'Ouverture-- I'll write his

00:19:16.030 --> 00:19:25.550
name twice-- decides to
essentially join sides with

00:19:25.550 --> 00:19:27.760
the French Republic, join
sides with Sonthonax.

00:19:38.770 --> 00:19:40.460
Now once again, let's
look at the numbers.

00:19:40.460 --> 00:19:42.050
You have Toussaint
L'Ouverture.

00:19:42.050 --> 00:19:45.060
He is essentially the
leader of these

00:19:45.060 --> 00:19:50.080
500,000 newly freed slaves.

00:19:50.080 --> 00:19:54.340
This is essentially the military
of the island.

00:19:54.340 --> 00:19:57.670
He is now the leader
of the island.

00:19:57.670 --> 00:20:02.060
So now he is essentially, you
could almost view him as the

00:20:02.060 --> 00:20:07.330
general or the governor of the
island, of this colony.

00:20:11.370 --> 00:20:14.450
Despite the fact that he had
very good leadership

00:20:14.450 --> 00:20:16.620
qualities, he also
had a bit of a

00:20:16.620 --> 00:20:20.690
megalomaniacal side for himself.

00:20:20.690 --> 00:20:25.880
And so he actually declared
himself governor for life.

00:20:25.880 --> 00:20:34.320
In 1801, he issues a
constitution that declares

00:20:34.320 --> 00:20:42.530
himself governor for life.

00:20:46.490 --> 00:20:50.170
And in his defense, this wasn't
that unusual for this

00:20:50.170 --> 00:20:50.850
time in the world.

00:20:50.850 --> 00:20:52.420
I mean, you look across
the Atlantic, look

00:20:52.420 --> 00:20:53.640
with Napoleon's doing.

00:20:53.640 --> 00:20:56.590
He takes over the French
Republic, he essentially is

00:20:56.590 --> 00:20:59.580
declaring himself emperor
and what not for life.

00:20:59.580 --> 00:21:02.310
And this guy says, hey, I have
the same right to do it.

00:21:02.310 --> 00:21:05.650
I've led these people to
essentially their freedom.

00:21:05.650 --> 00:21:06.430
They trust me.

00:21:06.430 --> 00:21:09.390
I'll declare myself
governor for life.

00:21:09.390 --> 00:21:13.570
And also in his defense-- and
this also speaks to him being

00:21:13.570 --> 00:21:16.780
a step ahead of many of the
rulers at this time-- is that

00:21:16.780 --> 00:21:19.560
he didn't have just plain old
slash and burn tactics.

00:21:19.560 --> 00:21:21.440
He actually did enforce
a lot of

00:21:21.440 --> 00:21:22.670
discipline amongst his troops.

00:21:22.670 --> 00:21:27.230
And we'll see one of his
right-hand men, Dessalines-- I

00:21:27.230 --> 00:21:30.710
know I'm pronouncing it wrong--
he was much more

00:21:30.710 --> 00:21:33.830
savage with the people that
he was fighting against.

00:21:33.830 --> 00:21:40.230
But Toussaint L'Ouverture was
very disciplined and when he

00:21:40.230 --> 00:21:44.370
came to power, he actually did
not try to get revenge on the

00:21:44.370 --> 00:21:46.780
mixed-race or on the white
plantation owners.

00:21:46.780 --> 00:21:48.130
He realized that, hey,
you know what?

00:21:48.130 --> 00:21:52.240
We are a new people in charge
of what is essentially a new

00:21:52.240 --> 00:21:55.420
country-- or in his mind it's a
new country-- but let's not

00:21:55.420 --> 00:21:56.600
try to rock too many boats.

00:21:56.600 --> 00:21:59.410
Let's try to kind of keep our
society going in some

00:21:59.410 --> 00:22:01.770
reasonable way so that
we don't just ruin

00:22:01.770 --> 00:22:02.950
ourselves into oblivion.

00:22:02.950 --> 00:22:05.690
And he also did not declare
independence from France.

00:22:05.690 --> 00:22:09.140
So that's an important
point too.

00:22:09.140 --> 00:22:11.410
He didn't want to completely
disjoint themselves from

00:22:11.410 --> 00:22:12.830
France, so no independence.

00:22:15.800 --> 00:22:18.500
He was just happy essentially
being part of the French

00:22:18.500 --> 00:22:23.110
empire, but he himself
will be the governor.

00:22:23.110 --> 00:22:24.760
You could imagine
on two levels,

00:22:24.760 --> 00:22:26.210
Napoleon was not happy.

00:22:26.210 --> 00:22:31.250
We we remember, in 1799, and
especially 1800, Napoleon

00:22:31.250 --> 00:22:33.880
comes to power, calls himself
the First Council.

00:22:40.070 --> 00:22:44.150
And he's not happy on
essentially two grounds.

00:22:44.150 --> 00:22:51.880
One, there's this upstart here
declaring himself governor for

00:22:51.880 --> 00:22:53.120
life of this island.

00:22:53.120 --> 00:22:54.700
No one can do that
but Napoleon.

00:22:54.700 --> 00:22:57.870
The other problem that Napoleon
had is, all of a

00:22:57.870 --> 00:23:01.600
sudden, once you lose 500,000
slaves and they are now

00:23:01.600 --> 00:23:06.030
freemen and you now have to pay
them maybe slightly better

00:23:06.030 --> 00:23:08.900
wages instead of just making
them do what you want and just

00:23:08.900 --> 00:23:13.450
extracting all the profits, the
island, the colony becomes

00:23:13.450 --> 00:23:15.200
much, much less profitable.

00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:17.830
So in the back of his mind, he
also wanted to reinstate

00:23:17.830 --> 00:23:21.570
slavery and you'll see that he
does it explicitly later on.

00:23:29.260 --> 00:23:31.530
So he sends his brother-in-law.

00:23:31.530 --> 00:23:34.100
You need a dirty job to do, you
got to send someone you

00:23:34.100 --> 00:23:42.730
trust. He sends his
brother-in-law Charles Leclerc

00:23:42.730 --> 00:23:48.720
with 40,000 troops-- so Napoleon
is definitely taking

00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:53.360
the situation seriously-- with
40,000 troops to essentially

00:23:53.360 --> 00:23:56.550
take back the island from
Toussaint L'Ouverture.

00:23:56.550 --> 00:24:00.350
And so you imagine there's this
huge battle that goes on

00:24:00.350 --> 00:24:03.210
on the island of Saint-Domingue,
or the western

00:24:03.210 --> 00:24:04.860
half of the island,
or the part that's

00:24:04.860 --> 00:24:06.770
controlled by the French.

00:24:06.770 --> 00:24:10.540
And eventually, they start to
get the upper advantage.

00:24:10.540 --> 00:24:13.170
It doesn't help, the fact that
Toussaint L'Ouverture's-- some

00:24:13.170 --> 00:24:17.130
of his closest generals or his
closest aides, when they kind

00:24:17.130 --> 00:24:19.050
of see the writing on the wall,
when they see that this

00:24:19.050 --> 00:24:22.050
guy-- in the next video, I'll
talk about how barbaric some

00:24:22.050 --> 00:24:24.230
of the things this
guy did was.

00:24:24.230 --> 00:24:28.310
But once some of Toussaint
L'Ouverture's generals started

00:24:28.310 --> 00:24:29.390
to see the writing
on the wall, they

00:24:29.390 --> 00:24:31.270
actually turned on him.

00:24:31.270 --> 00:24:34.700
And one of them was-- he
actually ends up completing

00:24:34.700 --> 00:24:37.410
the revolution, but while he
was fighting for Toussaint

00:24:37.410 --> 00:24:49.250
L'Ouverture-- this is
Jean-Jacques Dessalines-- him

00:24:49.250 --> 00:24:51.790
and some of the other right-hand
men to Toussaint

00:24:51.790 --> 00:24:54.100
L'Ouverture, he actually joins
the side of Leclerc.

00:24:54.100 --> 00:24:59.110
Leclerc is kind of making it
look like he's not trying to

00:24:59.110 --> 00:25:01.860
reinstate slavery, he's not
trying to take citizenship

00:25:01.860 --> 00:25:04.330
away from people of
African descent.

00:25:04.330 --> 00:25:08.450
He makes it look like he's
only trying to take

00:25:08.450 --> 00:25:10.310
L'Ouverture off of
his high horse.

00:25:10.310 --> 00:25:14.830
So this guy says, OK, fine,
for the betterment of

00:25:14.830 --> 00:25:16.560
Saint-Domingue, I'm with you.

00:25:16.560 --> 00:25:20.530
And at that point, Toussaint
L'Ouverture is essentially in

00:25:20.530 --> 00:25:22.210
a very tough situation.

00:25:22.210 --> 00:25:26.500
So Leclerc says, hey, Toussaint,
let's have some

00:25:26.500 --> 00:25:30.770
negotiations and maybe we can
figure out some way for you to

00:25:30.770 --> 00:25:34.650
assimilate you and the people
you're leading into

00:25:34.650 --> 00:25:37.570
essentially Napoleon's--
what is now turning

00:25:37.570 --> 00:25:38.880
into Napoleon's empire.

00:25:38.880 --> 00:25:42.260
So Toussaint L'Ouverture-- being
a kind of upstanding

00:25:42.260 --> 00:25:45.340
individual who trusts people and
a man of honor-- he says,

00:25:45.340 --> 00:25:49.710
oh, this Charles Leclerc must
be a man of honor as well.

00:25:49.710 --> 00:25:52.910
So he meets with him to
discuss the terms of

00:25:52.910 --> 00:25:53.830
assimilation.

00:25:53.830 --> 00:25:56.070
Well, it turns out Charles
Leclerc was

00:25:56.070 --> 00:25:57.110
not a man of honor.

00:25:57.110 --> 00:26:00.440
Maybe I could draw some devil
horns on him right there.

00:26:00.440 --> 00:26:04.670
And he, when Toussaint
L'Ouverture shows up by

00:26:04.670 --> 00:26:08.510
himself for a very civilized
meeting, he gets some people

00:26:08.510 --> 00:26:12.480
to arrest him, capture him, and
then send him on a boat to

00:26:12.480 --> 00:26:15.900
France, and essentially
Toussaint L'Ouverture dies in

00:26:15.900 --> 00:26:17.920
France in a prison.

00:26:22.880 --> 00:26:24.670
So I'm going to leave
this video here.

00:26:24.670 --> 00:26:27.230
It's kind of a very
sad moment.

00:26:27.230 --> 00:26:30.140
You have freedom for the slaves
temporarily, you have

00:26:30.140 --> 00:26:34.770
this major historic figure
Toussaint L'Ouverture leading

00:26:34.770 --> 00:26:39.050
the slaves and trying to
establish a new government.

00:26:39.050 --> 00:26:42.900
But then it gets violently
suppressed by Napoleon's

00:26:42.900 --> 00:26:44.810
henchman, by Charles Leclerc,
his brother-in-law.

00:26:44.810 --> 00:26:48.380
And I'm going to finish this
video just with a quote from

00:26:48.380 --> 00:26:51.340
Toussaint L'Ouverture because it
kind of foreshadows what's

00:26:51.340 --> 00:26:53.180
going to happen in
the next video.

00:26:53.180 --> 00:26:55.830
So this is actually something
that he said on the boat to

00:26:55.830 --> 00:26:57.080
France after being captured.

00:27:00.290 --> 00:27:02.310
Let me make the whole
quote here.

00:27:02.310 --> 00:27:05.660
"In overthrowing me, you have
cut down in Saint-Domingue

00:27:05.660 --> 00:27:08.450
only the trunk of the
tree of liberty.

00:27:08.450 --> 00:27:12.080
It will spring up again from the
roots, for they are many

00:27:12.080 --> 00:27:14.070
and they are deep."


French Revolution (part 4) - The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:05.630
We finished the last video
with the Reign of Terror,

00:00:05.630 --> 00:00:17.940
which lasted essentially from
April of 1793 to July of 1794,

00:00:17.940 --> 00:00:23.230
where Robespierre himself got
the losing end of the

00:00:23.230 --> 00:00:23.740
guillotine.

00:00:23.740 --> 00:00:27.110
So it looks like France was done
with the low point of the

00:00:27.110 --> 00:00:27.375
Revolution.

00:00:27.375 --> 00:00:29.480
And that is true, especially
from the point of view of the

00:00:29.480 --> 00:00:30.920
French people.

00:00:30.920 --> 00:00:36.530
Then we go into 1795.

00:00:36.530 --> 00:00:39.210
France is doing well
in its wars with

00:00:39.210 --> 00:00:40.830
essentially the rest of Europe.

00:00:40.830 --> 00:00:43.575
And peace is declared with
Prussia and Spain.

00:00:52.010 --> 00:00:55.720
So the only two major
enemies left are

00:00:55.720 --> 00:00:57.710
Great Britain and Austria.

00:00:57.710 --> 00:01:00.590
So slowly, France is dealing
with its enemies.

00:01:00.590 --> 00:01:03.130
And this was essentially
a victory for France.

00:01:03.130 --> 00:01:08.480
So France victorious with
this huge citizen

00:01:08.480 --> 00:01:10.290
army that it created.

00:01:10.290 --> 00:01:16.440
And then this was in
April of 1795.

00:01:16.440 --> 00:01:20.100
And then in August of 1795-- let
me do that in a different

00:01:20.100 --> 00:01:28.010
color-- in August of 1795,
the new republic

00:01:28.010 --> 00:01:30.520
constitution gets approved.

00:01:30.520 --> 00:01:41.950
And it gets ratified through
a vote of the people, which

00:01:41.950 --> 00:01:44.160
makes France officially
a republic.

00:01:44.160 --> 00:01:45.430
They don't need kings anymore.

00:01:45.430 --> 00:01:48.580
And it set up a governing
structure where the executive

00:01:48.580 --> 00:01:51.940
was essentially this group
five directors.

00:01:51.940 --> 00:01:55.900
So the executive is called
the Directory.

00:01:55.900 --> 00:01:57.290
So you don't have
one president,

00:01:57.290 --> 00:01:58.910
you had five directors.

00:02:01.880 --> 00:02:05.250
And then the legislature, and
this was significant because

00:02:05.250 --> 00:02:11.070
this was the first bicameral
legislature for France, it had

00:02:11.070 --> 00:02:11.920
two houses.

00:02:11.920 --> 00:02:15.170
It had the Council of 500, which
is analogous to the U.S.

00:02:15.170 --> 00:02:16.095
House of Representatives.

00:02:16.095 --> 00:02:19.740
It had 500 members in it,
500 representatives.

00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:20.600
Let me write that down.

00:02:20.600 --> 00:02:21.520
It was by bicameral.

00:02:21.520 --> 00:02:24.000
It had two houses, just like
the U.S. Congress.

00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:27.480
So it's Council of 500.

00:02:27.480 --> 00:02:35.640
And then you had your Counsel
of Elders, which had 250

00:02:35.640 --> 00:02:36.400
representatives.

00:02:36.400 --> 00:02:38.730
And that, if you want to view it
from a U.S. point of view,

00:02:38.730 --> 00:02:41.420
that was analogous to
the U.S. Senate.

00:02:41.420 --> 00:02:46.420
And the Directory, the
directors, the candidates were

00:02:46.420 --> 00:02:49.520
submitted by the Council of
500 to of the Council of

00:02:49.520 --> 00:02:52.870
Elders, who then picked the
five directors-- the five

00:02:52.870 --> 00:02:56.870
people who would essentially
be the executive in France.

00:02:56.870 --> 00:02:59.480
Already, things are looking
really well.

00:02:59.480 --> 00:03:02.770
But, even though they had the
military victories, there was

00:03:02.770 --> 00:03:03.910
still a lot of unrest.

00:03:03.910 --> 00:03:05.450
You still had Royalist
out there.

00:03:05.450 --> 00:03:07.870
You still had Great Britain
causing trouble.

00:03:07.870 --> 00:03:11.020
Great Britain was attacking the
western regions of France.

00:03:11.020 --> 00:03:13.560
There were Royalists
throughout Paris.

00:03:13.560 --> 00:03:28.850
And then, in October of 1795,
there was a Royalist uprising.

00:03:28.850 --> 00:03:30.130
And Royalists are the
people who wanted to

00:03:30.130 --> 00:03:31.420
bring back the crown.

00:03:31.420 --> 00:03:33.900
Or they were against the
revolutionary government.

00:03:33.900 --> 00:03:35.900
And to a large degree, they
weren't just upset about the

00:03:35.900 --> 00:03:37.590
fact that the royalty is gone.

00:03:37.590 --> 00:03:38.910
There were also upset
that they were

00:03:38.910 --> 00:03:41.690
excluded from the Directory.

00:03:41.690 --> 00:03:43.330
So it excluded the Royalists.

00:03:43.330 --> 00:03:46.020
So before the Directory could
even form in any major way,

00:03:46.020 --> 00:03:47.790
you had a Royalist uprising
in Paris.

00:03:54.510 --> 00:03:56.530
And they stormed
the Tuileries.

00:03:56.530 --> 00:03:59.940
This is the same place that you
might remember earlier on,

00:03:59.940 --> 00:04:02.190
a couple of videos ago, where
the king and queen were in

00:04:02.190 --> 00:04:05.100
house arrest. And later, they
were assaulted by the

00:04:05.100 --> 00:04:06.360
revolutionary government.

00:04:06.360 --> 00:04:08.120
That was this painting
right here.

00:04:08.120 --> 00:04:09.600
This was only three years ago.

00:04:09.600 --> 00:04:12.600
This was in 1792 and this is
when they actually took the

00:04:12.600 --> 00:04:14.660
king and queen prisoner.

00:04:14.660 --> 00:04:17.690
And then they executed
Louis XVI only a few

00:04:17.690 --> 00:04:19.040
months after that.

00:04:19.040 --> 00:04:20.500
So now it was on
the other way.

00:04:20.500 --> 00:04:22.950
Instead of the royalty being
in the Tuileries, and being

00:04:22.950 --> 00:04:26.020
sieged by the revolutionaries,
the revolutionary government

00:04:26.020 --> 00:04:29.720
was in the Tuileries and it was
being sieged by Royalists.

00:04:29.720 --> 00:04:32.940
And actually, the situation
did not look good for the

00:04:32.940 --> 00:04:34.030
revolutionary government.

00:04:34.030 --> 00:04:35.470
They were out numbered.

00:04:35.470 --> 00:04:38.075
It looked like the Royalists
had better numbers.

00:04:42.800 --> 00:04:45.980
But lucky for the revolutionary
government,

00:04:45.980 --> 00:04:52.830
there was a young, very
ambitious, very egotistical,

00:04:52.830 --> 00:04:58.300
military captain at this point,
who had observed the

00:04:58.300 --> 00:05:03.470
Siege of the Tuileries when
Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette

00:05:03.470 --> 00:05:04.420
were captured.

00:05:04.420 --> 00:05:05.830
And back then, he made
a mental note.

00:05:05.830 --> 00:05:09.030
He said, they would have been
able to stop the siege if only

00:05:09.030 --> 00:05:10.080
they had good artillery.

00:05:10.080 --> 00:05:11.860
Remember, he was an
artillery captain.

00:05:11.860 --> 00:05:13.900
That's where he first
became famous.

00:05:13.900 --> 00:05:17.520
In the Siege of Toulon he was
able to use artillery

00:05:17.520 --> 00:05:19.680
effectively to suppress
a rebellion.

00:05:19.680 --> 00:05:22.850
So he was actually observing
this scene three years later.

00:05:22.850 --> 00:05:27.450
And now, in 1795, as the
revolutionary government is in

00:05:27.450 --> 00:05:30.110
the Tuileries and the Royalists
are about to

00:05:30.110 --> 00:05:33.750
essentially take it over,
Napoleon, using what he

00:05:33.750 --> 00:05:36.070
learned when he observed the
first time, he was able to

00:05:36.070 --> 00:05:38.460
place cannons and artillery
in such a way.

00:05:38.460 --> 00:05:40.750
And he shot what they
call grapeshot.

00:05:40.750 --> 00:05:43.240
And it's essentially like a
shotgun coming out of a canon.

00:05:43.240 --> 00:05:46.410
And even though they were
significantly outnumbered by

00:05:46.410 --> 00:05:49.270
the Royalists, he was
essentially able to mow them

00:05:49.270 --> 00:05:50.240
down with the canons.

00:05:50.240 --> 00:05:51.620
So even though you had
more numbers, you

00:05:51.620 --> 00:05:52.840
had all these cannons.

00:05:52.840 --> 00:05:53.780
Let me draw one.

00:05:53.780 --> 00:05:58.560
You had a canon and the actual
ammunition would have these

00:05:58.560 --> 00:05:59.470
little pellets.

00:05:59.470 --> 00:06:01.290
That's why it was called
grapeshot, it looked like a

00:06:01.290 --> 00:06:02.670
bundle of grapes.

00:06:02.670 --> 00:06:06.080
And when you shot it out, it
would go in every direction.

00:06:06.080 --> 00:06:09.850
So you could imagine, it would
just mow down whoever is in

00:06:09.850 --> 00:06:11.150
the way of the canon.

00:06:11.150 --> 00:06:14.160
And so essentially, Napoleon
was able to save the

00:06:14.160 --> 00:06:15.660
revolutionary government.

00:06:15.660 --> 00:06:21.630
And allow the actual Directory
to come to power.

00:06:21.630 --> 00:06:24.370
So this once again, Napoleon was
in the right place at the

00:06:24.370 --> 00:06:24.790
right time.

00:06:24.790 --> 00:06:27.740
And he was very competent
in military tactics.

00:06:27.740 --> 00:06:30.330
By all measure he was
egotistical, he narcisistic,

00:06:30.330 --> 00:06:33.350
but the dude knew what
he was doing.

00:06:33.350 --> 00:06:37.350
And so Napoleon becomes
even more famous.

00:06:37.350 --> 00:06:41.540
This event, October 5, 1795
where Napoleon is able to

00:06:41.540 --> 00:06:46.230
defend the revolutionary
government, this is know as 13

00:06:46.230 --> 00:06:47.480
Vendemiaire.

00:06:49.140 --> 00:06:50.180
I know I'm saying it wrong.

00:06:50.180 --> 00:06:54.310
But once again, this was the
month of October in the new

00:06:54.310 --> 00:06:56.580
French Revolutionary Calendar.

00:06:56.580 --> 00:07:03.690
But it made Napoleon even more
of a national hero, or even

00:07:03.690 --> 00:07:07.040
revolutionary hero.

00:07:07.040 --> 00:07:10.320
People are starting to realize
that this guy, he definitely

00:07:10.320 --> 00:07:12.220
knows what he's doing.

00:07:12.220 --> 00:07:14.390
But you could imagine at the
same time, the Directory

00:07:14.390 --> 00:07:17.790
really didn't like this dude
hanging around too close to

00:07:17.790 --> 00:07:18.650
the seats of power.

00:07:18.650 --> 00:07:20.110
He was obviously ambitious.

00:07:20.110 --> 00:07:22.100
He was obviously competent.

00:07:22.100 --> 00:07:24.180
And at some point, he
might be a threat

00:07:24.180 --> 00:07:26.140
himself to the Directory.

00:07:26.140 --> 00:07:28.030
So they gave him power.

00:07:28.030 --> 00:07:31.620
But they made sure that he
was far away from France.

00:07:31.620 --> 00:07:34.570
So he was essentially
put in charge of the

00:07:34.570 --> 00:07:36.420
campaign into Italy.

00:07:39.410 --> 00:07:41.800
Remember, we're still fighting
Austria and Great Britain.

00:07:41.800 --> 00:07:43.810
So we're fighting Austria
in Italy.

00:07:43.810 --> 00:07:47.710
And Napoleon is made a Commander
in Chief of the

00:07:47.710 --> 00:07:49.390
Italian forces.

00:07:49.390 --> 00:07:51.010
And he's tremendously
successful.

00:07:51.010 --> 00:07:53.630
This was kind of the least
important front of the war

00:07:53.630 --> 00:07:55.170
with Austria at this point.

00:07:55.170 --> 00:07:57.620
But out of all of the generals
of the different fronts,

00:07:57.620 --> 00:08:00.010
Napoleon is the one that
proves himself to be

00:08:00.010 --> 00:08:04.650
tremendously innovative
and tactical and an

00:08:04.650 --> 00:08:05.820
all-route good general.

00:08:05.820 --> 00:08:08.700
So this Napoleon kicking
butt in Italy.

00:08:13.330 --> 00:08:15.940
So once again, he becomes
even more famous,

00:08:15.940 --> 00:08:17.850
even more well known.

00:08:17.850 --> 00:08:28.010
Eventually, Austria admits that
hey gee, we're not going

00:08:28.010 --> 00:08:29.300
to beat the French anymore.

00:08:29.300 --> 00:08:33.780
They're really taking care
of us quite well.

00:08:33.780 --> 00:08:43.370
And they make peace with the
French in October of 1797.

00:08:43.370 --> 00:08:48.890
The Italian campaign
occurred in 1796.

00:08:48.890 --> 00:08:51.350
So he defended the
revolutionary

00:08:51.350 --> 00:08:52.890
government in 1795.

00:08:52.890 --> 00:08:56.320
He kicks butt in
1796 in Italy.

00:08:56.320 --> 00:09:01.330
In 1797 there's peace
with Austria.

00:09:01.330 --> 00:09:02.740
So you only have Great
Britain left.

00:09:02.740 --> 00:09:04.150
But this peace with Austria
is actually

00:09:04.150 --> 00:09:05.400
going to be very temporary.

00:09:08.290 --> 00:09:11.015
This is from the Treaty
of Campo-Formio.

00:09:11.015 --> 00:09:12.265
Let me write that down.

00:09:21.670 --> 00:09:24.090
And once again, this was
peace with Austria.

00:09:24.090 --> 00:09:26.160
But France was the victor.

00:09:26.160 --> 00:09:30.040
So this is another
French victory.

00:09:30.040 --> 00:09:33.610
And the only real enemy left
was Great Britain.

00:09:33.610 --> 00:09:36.530
But the main problem was that
Great Britain had the dominant

00:09:36.530 --> 00:09:38.170
navy in the world at the time.

00:09:38.170 --> 00:09:42.500
So France, and especially
Napoleon, wasn't in a position

00:09:42.500 --> 00:09:46.030
to confront Great Britain
on the water.

00:09:46.030 --> 00:09:48.660
And this was kind of a
controversial decision.

00:09:48.660 --> 00:09:52.070
In 1798-- and remember, the
Directory really didn't want

00:09:52.070 --> 00:09:53.470
Napoleon hanging
around France.

00:09:53.470 --> 00:09:55.490
They're like OK, you're hugely
popular, you're a good

00:09:55.490 --> 00:09:57.460
general, you're a
great general.

00:09:57.460 --> 00:09:58.690
You go do what you want.

00:09:58.690 --> 00:09:59.920
Whatever you think is proper.

00:09:59.920 --> 00:10:04.080
So Napoleon gets it into his
head to attack Egypt.

00:10:04.080 --> 00:10:08.090
And people aren't 100% sure what
was the main strategic

00:10:08.090 --> 00:10:10.090
goal of attacking Egypt.

00:10:10.090 --> 00:10:15.140
So in 1798, he leaves
from Toulon.

00:10:15.140 --> 00:10:18.450
Remember Toulon was the port
that he helped suppress.

00:10:18.450 --> 00:10:23.200
He leaves from Toulon, he takes
Malta along the way.

00:10:23.200 --> 00:10:27.510
And then eventually, he
arrives in Egypt to

00:10:27.510 --> 00:10:28.730
essentially take over Egypt.

00:10:28.730 --> 00:10:31.770
And people believe that his
desire to take over Egypt was

00:10:31.770 --> 00:10:34.730
essentially to, at some
point, undermine

00:10:34.730 --> 00:10:35.720
the British in India.

00:10:35.720 --> 00:10:39.520
He'd maybe make some Muslim
allies in Egypt and then maybe

00:10:39.520 --> 00:10:43.710
befriend some of the Muslim
insurgents, if you will.

00:10:43.710 --> 00:10:46.240
Especially they were talking
about Tipu Sultan, who he

00:10:46.240 --> 00:10:48.660
wanted to meet up with and
maybe help undermine the

00:10:48.660 --> 00:10:49.150
British in India.

00:10:49.150 --> 00:10:50.290
But people aren't quite sure.

00:10:50.290 --> 00:10:53.230
It might have been just Napoleon
having some visions

00:10:53.230 --> 00:10:54.500
of grandeur.

00:10:54.500 --> 00:10:59.130
And he wanted to go to Egypt
because Egypt was a formerly

00:10:59.130 --> 00:11:00.480
great empire.

00:11:00.480 --> 00:11:03.600
So in 1798, Napoleon
goes to Egypt.

00:11:03.600 --> 00:11:07.050
These are paintings
of him in Egypt.

00:11:07.050 --> 00:11:12.780
And once again, he was able to
kind of route the Mamluk

00:11:12.780 --> 00:11:15.680
forces who are in power
at the time in Egypt.

00:11:15.680 --> 00:11:17.330
This is the Battle
of the Pyramids.

00:11:17.330 --> 00:11:20.610
Once again, Napoleon is
hugely successful.

00:11:20.610 --> 00:11:22.800
Except for one problem.

00:11:22.800 --> 00:11:27.390
He brings his 20,000 troops into
Egypt, obviously by ship.

00:11:27.390 --> 00:11:31.150
They're sitting here, they're
kicking butt in Egypt.

00:11:31.150 --> 00:11:35.050
But they're still at war
with the British.

00:11:35.050 --> 00:11:38.130
So what the British do, with
their dominant Navy, they send

00:11:38.130 --> 00:11:40.760
Horatio Nelson in charge
of a fleet.

00:11:40.760 --> 00:11:43.800
And he comes here where the
French navy was parked.

00:11:43.800 --> 00:11:45.630
And he just destroys them.

00:11:45.630 --> 00:11:49.580
So Horatio Nelson destroys
the French fleet in the

00:11:49.580 --> 00:11:50.700
Battle of the Nile.

00:11:50.700 --> 00:11:51.520
And this is a depiction.

00:11:51.520 --> 00:11:53.100
This is Horatio Nelson
right here.

00:11:58.070 --> 00:12:05.210
This is a depiction of the
Battle of the Nile, which

00:12:05.210 --> 00:12:09.040
essentially strands Napoleon's
20,000-person army.

00:12:09.040 --> 00:12:12.010
They're stuck in Egypt.

00:12:12.010 --> 00:12:15.440
So not knowing what else to do--
they can't leave with all

00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:17.670
of their forces-- Napoleon
then goes into

00:12:17.670 --> 00:12:19.340
Damascus and Syria.

00:12:19.340 --> 00:12:21.950
And then he causes all sorts
of havoc in raping and

00:12:21.950 --> 00:12:23.420
pillaging and whatnot.

00:12:23.420 --> 00:12:26.850
But still that kind of begs the
question of, how are they

00:12:26.850 --> 00:12:27.740
going to get back?

00:12:27.740 --> 00:12:30.620
And you could imagine, for
someone as ambitious and

00:12:30.620 --> 00:12:34.380
egotistical as Napoleon, he
didn't really care a lot about

00:12:34.380 --> 00:12:36.230
what happened to his troops.

00:12:36.230 --> 00:12:43.680
And so when an opportunity
arose in 1799, he left.

00:12:43.680 --> 00:12:46.050
He left his entire army.

00:12:46.050 --> 00:12:49.970
This gives you a lot of view
into Napoleon's character,

00:12:49.970 --> 00:12:54.170
that he was willing to leave his
entire army in Egypt and

00:12:54.170 --> 00:12:58.330
in Syria to essentially be left
to die at the hands of

00:12:58.330 --> 00:12:58.720
the Ottomans.

00:12:58.720 --> 00:13:03.460
And then he sneaks his
way back to France.

00:13:03.460 --> 00:13:08.160
So in 1799, Napoleon goes
back to France.

00:13:14.920 --> 00:13:16.170
Let me write this down.

00:13:28.610 --> 00:13:32.110
And once he gets back there, he
sees that the Directory is

00:13:32.110 --> 00:13:33.870
unbelievably unpopular.

00:13:38.850 --> 00:13:41.180
And the main reason is the
reason that every government

00:13:41.180 --> 00:13:44.080
in France throughout this whole
series of videos has

00:13:44.080 --> 00:13:45.010
been unpopular.

00:13:45.010 --> 00:13:46.640
People are still hungry.

00:13:46.640 --> 00:13:47.770
France is still poor.

00:13:47.770 --> 00:13:49.960
Notice in everything I've talked
about, in all of these

00:13:49.960 --> 00:13:53.590
videos, we still haven't
addressed the issue that

00:13:53.590 --> 00:13:56.470
France is essentially broke
and that people are still

00:13:56.470 --> 00:13:57.150
going hungry.

00:13:57.150 --> 00:13:59.440
So throughout all of the
violence, all of the wars, the

00:13:59.440 --> 00:14:01.810
Directory is hugely unpopular.

00:14:01.810 --> 00:14:04.690
And then a few of the directors,
two in particular,

00:14:04.690 --> 00:14:07.650
actually three of the directors,
want to plot with

00:14:07.650 --> 00:14:10.190
Napoleon, who was
hugely popular.

00:14:10.190 --> 00:14:12.190
And they essentially
plan a coup.

00:14:12.190 --> 00:14:15.100
And the way that they allow
themselves to come to power is

00:14:15.100 --> 00:14:16.370
they resign.

00:14:16.370 --> 00:14:19.480
And then they tell the
legislature that's meeting at

00:14:19.480 --> 00:14:23.970
the Tuileries, hey, there's
a Jacobian revolt

00:14:23.970 --> 00:14:25.200
and you're in danger.

00:14:25.200 --> 00:14:28.320
Why don't you go to this
estate west of Paris.

00:14:28.320 --> 00:14:31.450
So that's Paris, where
they normally meet.

00:14:31.450 --> 00:14:34.260
They tell them to go to an
estate west of Paris.

00:14:34.260 --> 00:14:37.960
So the legislature goes
here to this estate.

00:14:37.960 --> 00:14:39.710
And you'll be protected
by Napoleon.

00:14:43.980 --> 00:14:46.580
And they're protected by
Napoleon and his army.

00:14:50.710 --> 00:14:53.410
Now once they're there, Napoleon
goes in and starts

00:14:53.410 --> 00:14:56.440
making these speeches about
you guys being essentially

00:14:56.440 --> 00:14:57.190
illegitimate.

00:14:57.190 --> 00:15:00.230
And he looks like he really
wants to take power.

00:15:00.230 --> 00:15:02.250
And they just jostle him
out of the room.

00:15:02.250 --> 00:15:05.230
But once he gets jostled out
of the room, his brother

00:15:05.230 --> 00:15:08.420
points to the bruises
on Napoleon.

00:15:08.420 --> 00:15:13.000
He tells the guards outside of
where the legislature is

00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:14.840
meeting, hey those
guys in there,

00:15:14.840 --> 00:15:16.150
they're becoming violent.

00:15:16.150 --> 00:15:18.490
You have to go in there
and take order.

00:15:18.490 --> 00:15:21.560
So that convinces
the military.

00:15:21.560 --> 00:15:25.370
And they go in and they
essentially dissolve the

00:15:25.370 --> 00:15:26.890
Council of 500.

00:15:26.890 --> 00:15:28.930
So essentially, you've dissolved
the legislature,

00:15:28.930 --> 00:15:33.660
Napoleon is in charge of the
military that dissolved the

00:15:33.660 --> 00:15:34.470
legislature.

00:15:34.470 --> 00:15:38.220
And so that allowed Napoleon
and two of the plotting

00:15:38.220 --> 00:15:41.000
directors to take power.

00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:47.170
They became the three
consuls of France.

00:15:47.170 --> 00:15:51.950
They form the Consulate, or the
new executive of France.

00:15:51.950 --> 00:15:54.940
And very shortly they'll have
their own constitution.

00:15:54.940 --> 00:15:58.650
But this really marks the point
where Napoleon takes

00:15:58.650 --> 00:15:59.910
power of France.

00:15:59.910 --> 00:16:02.500
Because even though he took
power with these other two

00:16:02.500 --> 00:16:07.330
dudes, he eventually is able to
scheme his way to be called

00:16:07.330 --> 00:16:08.580
First Consul.

00:16:12.720 --> 00:16:17.630
At which point he is the
authoritarian ruler of France.

00:16:17.630 --> 00:16:20.540
So we've gone from, over the
course of the French

00:16:20.540 --> 00:16:28.730
Revolution, from 1789 where we
had an absolute monarch in

00:16:28.730 --> 00:16:34.620
Louis XVI, now we go all the way
to 1799, 10 years later,

00:16:34.620 --> 00:16:39.280
after all of this bloodshed,
after multiple revolutions and

00:16:39.280 --> 00:16:41.170
counter revolutions.

00:16:41.170 --> 00:16:44.880
We end up with Napoleon,
essentially being

00:16:44.880 --> 00:16:46.860
in charge of France.


French Revolution (part 3) - Reign of Terror

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.390 --> 00:00:02.850
Where we left off in the last
video, we saw that things were

00:00:02.850 --> 00:00:04.540
already starting to get ugly.

00:00:04.540 --> 00:00:11.180
As early as October of 1789 we
saw the Women's March where

00:00:11.180 --> 00:00:13.710
there were these suspicions
that the royals were

00:00:13.710 --> 00:00:14.690
hoarding the grain.

00:00:14.690 --> 00:00:17.310
So they marched to Versailles
and they essentially stormed

00:00:17.310 --> 00:00:21.530
Versailles and forced the
royals, forced Louis XVI and

00:00:21.530 --> 00:00:24.460
Marie-Antoinette to move
back to Paris.

00:00:24.460 --> 00:00:26.710
Then things continued
to be tense.

00:00:26.710 --> 00:00:28.030
There were uprisings.

00:00:28.030 --> 00:00:29.260
The king didn't know
what to do.

00:00:29.260 --> 00:00:31.270
He obviously didn't like
the situation.

00:00:31.270 --> 00:00:34.020
People became more and more
suspicious of the king.

00:00:34.020 --> 00:00:37.640
Nobles were leaving the country,
they were emigrating

00:00:37.640 --> 00:00:40.410
out of France.

00:00:40.410 --> 00:00:42.720
The king and queen themselves
started to get paranoid that,

00:00:42.720 --> 00:00:46.860
gee, you know, maybe people have
even more radical notions

00:00:46.860 --> 00:00:48.660
than this constitutional
monarchy.

00:00:48.660 --> 00:00:51.200
Maybe we ourselves
should escape.

00:00:51.200 --> 00:00:55.220
So then we saw in 1791-- and let
me write this all down in

00:00:55.220 --> 00:00:56.900
a timeline.

00:00:56.900 --> 00:00:58.950
We're now in 1791.

00:00:58.950 --> 00:01:01.000
And this is review of
the last video.

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:04.135
June, we saw the royals
try to escape.

00:01:09.070 --> 00:01:12.280
But they're captured in Varennes
and they're sent back

00:01:12.280 --> 00:01:14.470
to Paris to essentially
to be in house

00:01:14.470 --> 00:01:16.170
arrest in the Tuileries.

00:01:16.170 --> 00:01:17.375
This is the building
right here, it

00:01:17.375 --> 00:01:18.400
doesn't exist anymore.

00:01:18.400 --> 00:01:23.380
But if you go to Paris and if
you visit the Louvre, you'll

00:01:23.380 --> 00:01:26.660
see the Louvre opens across
the street into

00:01:26.660 --> 00:01:27.520
the Tuileries Garden.

00:01:27.520 --> 00:01:29.410
And this is where that
building used to be.

00:01:29.410 --> 00:01:36.070
So the royals end up in house
arrest at the Tuileries.

00:01:36.070 --> 00:01:38.220
This was in June.

00:01:38.220 --> 00:01:45.230
Then, in July in 1791, once
again, all review from the

00:01:45.230 --> 00:01:46.340
last video.

00:01:46.340 --> 00:01:49.740
People said, hey they tried to
escape, that's equivalent to

00:01:49.740 --> 00:01:51.060
abdication of the throne.

00:01:51.060 --> 00:01:52.880
They don't even want to be our
king and queen and we don't

00:01:52.880 --> 00:01:54.840
need kings and queens
to begin with.

00:01:54.840 --> 00:01:58.780
So the most radical elements,
the most radical leftist

00:01:58.780 --> 00:02:05.140
elements, in particular the
Jacobins, they started getting

00:02:05.140 --> 00:02:11.115
petitions in the Champ-de-Mars
to essentially get people to

00:02:11.115 --> 00:02:12.760
say, we don't need a
royalty anymore.

00:02:12.760 --> 00:02:13.860
We just need a republic.

00:02:13.860 --> 00:02:18.550
We need a state without
kings and queens.

00:02:18.550 --> 00:02:21.610
But then, the National Assembly
sent in some troops.

00:02:21.610 --> 00:02:22.490
Things got ugly.

00:02:22.490 --> 00:02:25.630
Rocks were thrown, shots were
fired, 50 people died.

00:02:25.630 --> 00:02:27.495
And you have the Champ-de-Mars
Massacre.

00:02:37.260 --> 00:02:39.840
So things are really,
really heating up.

00:02:39.840 --> 00:02:44.730
And then we saw at the end of
1791, to make things even

00:02:44.730 --> 00:02:46.070
worse, we're not even
at the end.

00:02:46.070 --> 00:02:58.530
In August, we had the
Declaration of Pillnitz, which

00:02:58.530 --> 00:03:03.740
we saw was the rulers of Austria
and Prussia saying

00:03:03.740 --> 00:03:05.570
that they don't like
what's happening to

00:03:05.570 --> 00:03:07.250
the royals in France.

00:03:07.250 --> 00:03:08.330
And for obvious reasons.

00:03:08.330 --> 00:03:14.020
Well one, Leopold II was the
brother of Marie-Antoinette.

00:03:14.020 --> 00:03:16.000
But even more profound, they
didn't like this notion of

00:03:16.000 --> 00:03:18.150
people rising up against
royalty.

00:03:18.150 --> 00:03:21.010
That might give people in their
own empires, or in their

00:03:21.010 --> 00:03:24.460
own countries ideas about
what to do with them.

00:03:24.460 --> 00:03:28.220
So even though this might have
not been taken seriously, this

00:03:28.220 --> 00:03:29.920
was just a declaration
by these guys.

00:03:29.920 --> 00:03:33.440
This made people in France
even more paranoid.

00:03:33.440 --> 00:03:35.580
Now, while all of this was
happening, you might have

00:03:35.580 --> 00:03:37.990
remembered the Tennis Court
Oath that occurred

00:03:37.990 --> 00:03:38.800
several years ago.

00:03:38.800 --> 00:03:43.320
Where they said we promise
to create a constitution.

00:03:43.320 --> 00:03:45.660
And so a constitution
does get created.

00:03:45.660 --> 00:03:51.880
So in 1791, the National
Assembly, or the constituent

00:03:51.880 --> 00:04:01.010
assembly, actually does create
a constitution of 1791, which

00:04:01.010 --> 00:04:03.820
establishes France as a
constitutional monarchy.

00:04:03.820 --> 00:04:05.480
So they're saying, yeah, we'll
still have a king.

00:04:05.480 --> 00:04:12.870
But it'll be more of
a figure head.

00:04:12.870 --> 00:04:14.910
Not necessarily someone
who can create laws.

00:04:14.910 --> 00:04:17.050
The National Assembly will
be responsible for that.

00:04:17.050 --> 00:04:20.410
The king will get a few
abilities to veto legislation

00:04:20.410 --> 00:04:20.920
and whatnot.

00:04:20.920 --> 00:04:22.795
But most of their powers
are removed.

00:04:22.795 --> 00:04:24.810
So this was a constitutional
monarchy.

00:04:35.990 --> 00:04:38.400
And it's really along the lines
of what was already

00:04:38.400 --> 00:04:40.360
going on in Great Britain.

00:04:40.360 --> 00:04:43.610
But this, on some levels, it's
a major achievement.

00:04:43.610 --> 00:04:45.610
They had that oath to create
a constitution.

00:04:45.610 --> 00:04:49.300
But on a whole other level,
things are getting so ugly in

00:04:49.300 --> 00:04:51.800
France, and in particular,
in Paris.

00:04:51.800 --> 00:04:54.330
The Revolution was really
focused on what was going on

00:04:54.330 --> 00:04:55.970
in Paris and Versailles.

00:04:55.970 --> 00:04:58.370
Things were getting so ugly that
this is the starting to

00:04:58.370 --> 00:05:00.190
become a sideshow.

00:05:00.190 --> 00:05:03.430
And to some degree, the
revolutionaries have gone

00:05:03.430 --> 00:05:06.690
beyond wanting just a
constitutional monarchy.

00:05:06.690 --> 00:05:08.930
They're starting to think about
wanting a republic.

00:05:08.930 --> 00:05:11.530
We saw that during the
Champ-de-Mars Massacre.

00:05:11.530 --> 00:05:13.470
People started signing
signatures to

00:05:13.470 --> 00:05:15.240
actually have a republic.

00:05:15.240 --> 00:05:17.820
And then were fired on, which
probably makes them want to

00:05:17.820 --> 00:05:20.020
have a republic even more.

00:05:20.020 --> 00:05:22.660
Now the other thing you might
remember from the very first

00:05:22.660 --> 00:05:25.620
video, is the thing that really
precipitated this whole

00:05:25.620 --> 00:05:26.460
Revolution.

00:05:26.460 --> 00:05:28.750
Or at least in my mind, one
of the main things that

00:05:28.750 --> 00:05:31.180
precipitated this whole
Revolution is

00:05:31.180 --> 00:05:36.345
that France was broke.

00:05:36.345 --> 00:05:37.730
And people are going hungry.

00:05:37.730 --> 00:05:39.950
This is happening the whole
time while all these

00:05:39.950 --> 00:05:42.800
politicians and revolutionaries
and royalties

00:05:42.800 --> 00:05:45.240
are moving around and
trying to kind of

00:05:45.240 --> 00:05:48.040
strategize their position.

00:05:48.040 --> 00:05:50.110
No one has solved
either of these

00:05:50.110 --> 00:05:52.020
problems the entire time.

00:05:52.020 --> 00:05:53.460
There is no money in France.

00:05:53.460 --> 00:05:55.740
There is a famine, people
are going hungry.

00:05:55.740 --> 00:06:00.010
And so pretty much everyone,
whether you look at Louis XVI,

00:06:00.010 --> 00:06:02.660
let me look at him again, it's
always nice to remember what

00:06:02.660 --> 00:06:03.420
he looked like.

00:06:03.420 --> 00:06:06.340
Whether you're talking about
Louis XVI, who's now in house

00:06:06.340 --> 00:06:09.480
arrest. Or whether you're
talking about many of the

00:06:09.480 --> 00:06:12.040
revolutionaries, everyone starts
to say, gee, how can we

00:06:12.040 --> 00:06:12.890
solve this problem?

00:06:12.890 --> 00:06:15.500
People are going to throw us
out if we don't solve this

00:06:15.500 --> 00:06:17.470
problem of hunger
and being broke.

00:06:17.470 --> 00:06:21.500
So as you'll see in history many
times, the best solution

00:06:21.500 --> 00:06:24.240
for that, or the perceived
best solution,

00:06:24.240 --> 00:06:25.620
is to start a war.

00:06:25.620 --> 00:06:32.790
So they declare war
on Austria.

00:06:32.790 --> 00:06:35.380
And if you think about it from
Louis XVI's point of view, he

00:06:35.380 --> 00:06:37.660
thought of it as kind of
a win-win situation.

00:06:37.660 --> 00:06:40.530
If the war is successful, and he
kind of threw his weight

00:06:40.530 --> 00:06:41.450
behind the war.

00:06:41.450 --> 00:06:43.480
And this happened-- let me
write down the dates.

00:06:43.480 --> 00:06:46.640
That always helps me frame
where it happens.

00:06:46.640 --> 00:06:52.110
So this was kind of ending 1791,
and then war is declared

00:06:52.110 --> 00:06:58.860
in April, this is now 1792.

00:06:58.860 --> 00:07:01.670
And then this, right
here, is in April.

00:07:01.670 --> 00:07:03.700
And if you think about it,
this was a win-win, or at

00:07:03.700 --> 00:07:06.120
least from Louis XVI's point
of view, it was a win-win.

00:07:06.120 --> 00:07:08.630
If they did will well in the
war, it might make him more

00:07:08.630 --> 00:07:10.380
popular, might make
him stronger.

00:07:10.380 --> 00:07:12.890
They might be able to plunder
the wealth of other countries

00:07:12.890 --> 00:07:18.000
to help to build France's
coffer.

00:07:18.000 --> 00:07:22.260
If the war goes badly and France
loses, then what's

00:07:22.260 --> 00:07:22.860
going to happen?

00:07:22.860 --> 00:07:25.110
Then you're going to have
Austria and probably the other

00:07:25.110 --> 00:07:25.940
people you're at war with.

00:07:25.940 --> 00:07:28.840
We'll see very quickly, France
is going to be at war with

00:07:28.840 --> 00:07:30.580
most of the powers of Europe.

00:07:30.580 --> 00:07:33.890
But if you lose the war, these
powers, which are controlled

00:07:33.890 --> 00:07:36.160
by monarchs, they're going to
essentially get rid of the

00:07:36.160 --> 00:07:40.640
revolutionaries and probably put
Louis XVI back in power.

00:07:40.640 --> 00:07:43.220
So from Louis XVI's point of
view, it was a good idea.

00:07:43.220 --> 00:07:45.380
And for a lot of the
revolutionaries, they wanted

00:07:45.380 --> 00:07:48.570
to solve these two problems. So
they said, hey yeah, that

00:07:48.570 --> 00:07:50.630
would be good if we could
plunder other countries.

00:07:50.630 --> 00:07:53.710
If we could steal grain from
other countries to make at

00:07:53.710 --> 00:07:55.310
least the French less hungry.

00:07:55.310 --> 00:07:57.390
And maybe we can spread
the Revolution.

00:07:57.390 --> 00:08:00.510
We can topple all of
these other kings.

00:08:00.510 --> 00:08:03.225
This won't just be a French
Revolution, this will be an

00:08:03.225 --> 00:08:05.210
all of Europe Revolution.

00:08:05.210 --> 00:08:07.120
So they declared
war on Austria.

00:08:07.120 --> 00:08:10.150
Very quickly, they tried
to attack the Austrian

00:08:10.150 --> 00:08:15.140
Netherlands, which was
kind of disjoint

00:08:15.140 --> 00:08:16.410
from the rest of Austria.

00:08:16.410 --> 00:08:20.240
So they attacked right there
into the Austrian Netherlands.

00:08:20.240 --> 00:08:22.230
Although they got kind
of bogged down there.

00:08:22.230 --> 00:08:25.200
It wasn't as successful as
they thought it would be.

00:08:25.200 --> 00:08:29.310
And Prussia, which as you might
remember, participated

00:08:29.310 --> 00:08:32.470
in the Declaration of Pillnitz,
decided to enter the

00:08:32.470 --> 00:08:33.830
war on the side of Austria.

00:08:33.830 --> 00:08:38.289
So Prussia attacks and at first,
it's pretty, pretty

00:08:38.289 --> 00:08:38.850
successful.

00:08:38.850 --> 00:08:41.679
It's able to make some
headway into France.

00:08:41.679 --> 00:08:46.650
And then the general in charge
of the Prussian army, the Duke

00:08:46.650 --> 00:08:54.110
of Brunswick, he makes the
Brunswick Manifesto.

00:08:54.110 --> 00:08:55.360
Let me write that down.

00:09:03.110 --> 00:09:06.020
Which is essentially just like
the Declaration of Pillnitz,

00:09:06.020 --> 00:09:07.500
but it has a lot more
teeth behind it now.

00:09:07.500 --> 00:09:10.960
Because this dude, the Duke of
Brunswick, he's actually, he's

00:09:10.960 --> 00:09:12.820
got an army invading France.

00:09:12.820 --> 00:09:17.320
And he declares, his manifesto
is saying, I intend to

00:09:17.320 --> 00:09:19.810
overthrow this whole
revolutionary government.

00:09:19.810 --> 00:09:22.710
And I intend to install
the king again.

00:09:27.680 --> 00:09:31.020
All of this happened
in April of 1792.

00:09:31.020 --> 00:09:34.440
Declare war on Austria seemed
like a win-win for the king.

00:09:34.440 --> 00:09:36.760
The revolutionaries wanted to
spread the Revolution and

00:09:36.760 --> 00:09:38.250
plunder other countries.

00:09:38.250 --> 00:09:41.640
And then immediately, Prussia
jumps in, starts attacking

00:09:41.640 --> 00:09:43.790
France, and says we're going
to install the king.

00:09:43.790 --> 00:09:46.640
So you could imagine, this is
making the revolutionaries

00:09:46.640 --> 00:09:48.970
even more paranoid about
what the king is up to.

00:09:48.970 --> 00:09:51.920
They think that the king has
some type of secret deal with

00:09:51.920 --> 00:09:55.100
the Prussians, or with the other
enemies that they're

00:09:55.100 --> 00:10:00.240
going up against. So in August
of 1792, it's only a few

00:10:00.240 --> 00:10:03.090
months later, four or
five months later.

00:10:03.090 --> 00:10:07.980
In August of 1792, you
essentially had

00:10:07.980 --> 00:10:09.420
the Commune of Paris.

00:10:09.420 --> 00:10:10.790
And when I say the Commune
of Paris, it's really the

00:10:10.790 --> 00:10:12.590
government of Paris
at this time.

00:10:12.590 --> 00:10:15.140
And it's been taken over by
even more revolutionary

00:10:15.140 --> 00:10:16.650
people, mainly Jacobins.

00:10:16.650 --> 00:10:20.190
And they storm where the royal
family is staying, at the

00:10:20.190 --> 00:10:31.550
Tuileries, which is that
building right here.

00:10:31.550 --> 00:10:34.950
And this painting right here
is a depiction of the

00:10:34.950 --> 00:10:37.930
revolutionaries, mainly
Jacobins, who are actually

00:10:37.930 --> 00:10:39.200
storming the Tuileries.

00:10:39.200 --> 00:10:43.600
And they imprison Louis XVI
and Marie-Antoinette.

00:10:43.600 --> 00:10:47.790
Because they're like, hey the
Prussians have an army, and

00:10:47.790 --> 00:10:49.630
they've already declared the
intention to install the king.

00:10:49.630 --> 00:10:51.090
We're going to imprison the
king because we don't know

00:10:51.090 --> 00:10:51.740
what he's up do.

00:10:51.740 --> 00:11:04.742
So they imprison-- my spelling--
imprison Louis XIV

00:11:04.742 --> 00:11:07.480
and Marie-Antoinette.

00:11:07.480 --> 00:11:11.380
And they're also able to do some
machinations within the

00:11:11.380 --> 00:11:13.000
actual National Assembly.

00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:14.970
And there's actually a rump
session of the National

00:11:14.970 --> 00:11:16.800
Assembly, which means
that a lot of the

00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:18.170
opponents weren't there.

00:11:18.170 --> 00:11:20.720
So it was a session where it was
mainly the leftists, the

00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:23.100
radicals, the Jacobins
were there.

00:11:23.100 --> 00:11:31.200
And so in August at that rump
session, the assembly declares

00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:32.450
a republic.

00:11:35.540 --> 00:11:37.630
Which is equivalent to
saying that Louis XVI

00:11:37.630 --> 00:11:38.930
is no longer king.

00:11:38.930 --> 00:11:43.530
And this nation we have, or this
country we now have, will

00:11:43.530 --> 00:11:44.510
never have a king.

00:11:44.510 --> 00:11:45.590
It is now a republic.

00:11:45.590 --> 00:11:47.990
It as a government
without a king.

00:11:47.990 --> 00:11:50.450
And while all of this was
happening, you have these

00:11:50.450 --> 00:11:53.640
gangs kind of going around
the region around Paris.

00:11:53.640 --> 00:11:57.240
And they're just trying and
killing people that just seem

00:11:57.240 --> 00:12:02.820
to be suspicious, seem to be
allied in some way with the

00:12:02.820 --> 00:12:05.650
nobility or with the king, or
in someway a royalist. They

00:12:05.650 --> 00:12:08.340
want eventually for the
monarchy to come back.

00:12:08.340 --> 00:12:13.400
And in those riots, in those
arbitrary executions and

00:12:13.400 --> 00:12:17.020
killings, they actually ended up
killing over 1,400 people.

00:12:17.020 --> 00:12:19.910
1,400 executed at this time.

00:12:19.910 --> 00:12:21.880
So you can see, things
are getting uglier

00:12:21.880 --> 00:12:22.945
and uglier and uglier.

00:12:22.945 --> 00:12:24.220
The king is imprisoned.

00:12:24.220 --> 00:12:25.430
And you're going to see that
he's not going to be

00:12:25.430 --> 00:12:26.140
imprisoned long.

00:12:26.140 --> 00:12:27.910
But it's not going to
end well for him.

00:12:27.910 --> 00:12:30.030
And essentially, the
revolutionaries have said

00:12:30.030 --> 00:12:31.590
France is now a republic.

00:12:31.590 --> 00:12:35.110
All while they're at war with
two major powers, with the

00:12:35.110 --> 00:12:37.920
Austrians and the Prussians.

00:12:37.920 --> 00:12:45.950
Now they are eventually able
to hold off, and when I say

00:12:45.950 --> 00:12:48.740
they, I'm talking about
armies of France.

00:12:48.740 --> 00:12:51.890
They are eventually able
to hold off the

00:12:51.890 --> 00:12:53.590
invading Prussian army.

00:12:53.590 --> 00:12:56.230
They call it the Stalemate of
Valmy, not clear who won.

00:12:56.230 --> 00:12:58.960
The Prussians weren't that
eager to go into France.

00:12:58.960 --> 00:13:03.190
So they didn't push too hard or
send too many more troops.

00:13:03.190 --> 00:13:07.480
So for at least temporarily,
the external threat was

00:13:07.480 --> 00:13:10.130
diffused, if you want
to call it that way.

00:13:10.130 --> 00:13:13.270
And so the National Assembly
went forth and said-- they got

00:13:13.270 --> 00:13:15.430
rid of-- I mean, they had
already declared a republic.

00:13:15.430 --> 00:13:17.100
But they went even further.

00:13:17.100 --> 00:13:24.890
So this is now, we're in
September of 1792.

00:13:24.890 --> 00:13:26.480
You had the Stalemate
at Valmy.

00:13:34.970 --> 00:13:37.700
And then the National Assembly,
or the National

00:13:37.700 --> 00:13:40.010
Convention said, hey, we're
going to create a new

00:13:40.010 --> 00:13:40.780
constitution.

00:13:40.780 --> 00:13:44.440
So that constitution of 1791
did not last too long.

00:13:44.440 --> 00:13:46.900
It lasted about a year.

00:13:46.900 --> 00:13:48.840
So a new constitution.

00:13:48.840 --> 00:13:54.740
The intent is to create
a new constitution.

00:13:54.740 --> 00:14:00.480
Now, while all that's said,
this bloodshed that we saw

00:14:00.480 --> 00:14:03.740
after they imprisoned Louis XVI,
these kind of riots in

00:14:03.740 --> 00:14:06.320
Paris and these arbitrary
killings, this is just a

00:14:06.320 --> 00:14:09.550
foreshadowing of much worse
that's going to come in the

00:14:09.550 --> 00:14:10.410
very next year.

00:14:10.410 --> 00:14:16.940
By 1793-- let me write this
down in a bloody color.

00:14:16.940 --> 00:14:20.990
So 1793 we're in now.

00:14:20.990 --> 00:14:25.760
So the National Assembly, the
first thing that they do, or

00:14:25.760 --> 00:14:27.650
maybe I should say even
more particular.

00:14:27.650 --> 00:14:35.480
In January of 1793, remember
they've already deposed the

00:14:35.480 --> 00:14:38.080
king, they have him imprisoned,
they're at war

00:14:38.080 --> 00:14:40.410
with these other countries that
have stated the intention

00:14:40.410 --> 00:14:42.460
to put the king back
into power.

00:14:42.460 --> 00:14:51.210
So the first thing they do is
they execute Louis XVI.

00:14:51.210 --> 00:14:54.950
And this is a picture
of the execution.

00:14:54.950 --> 00:14:56.820
He was guillotined.

00:14:56.820 --> 00:14:58.810
And this right here is
Doctor Guillotine.

00:14:58.810 --> 00:15:01.160
And it was actually invented,
this right here is the

00:15:01.160 --> 00:15:08.430
guillotine, and it was actually
invented as a more

00:15:08.430 --> 00:15:10.690
humane way to kill people.

00:15:10.690 --> 00:15:15.310
At the time they said, when we
kill people, it's not for them

00:15:15.310 --> 00:15:17.750
to feel pain, it's more
to just kill them.

00:15:17.750 --> 00:15:20.270
So we'll use this very humane
instrument called the

00:15:20.270 --> 00:15:20.800
guillotine.

00:15:20.800 --> 00:15:22.710
Where you use a blade
to very quickly chop

00:15:22.710 --> 00:15:23.720
off someone's head.

00:15:23.720 --> 00:15:27.010
And it was invented by this
physician right here.

00:15:27.010 --> 00:15:31.430
But, the one of the first
important people they got to

00:15:31.430 --> 00:15:36.560
try it out was Louis XVI,
guillotined in January.

00:15:36.560 --> 00:15:40.970
And then in February, remember
people are still going hungry,

00:15:40.970 --> 00:15:43.920
they're still eager to spread
the Revolution, they still

00:15:43.920 --> 00:15:48.400
want to plunder other
countries.

00:15:48.400 --> 00:15:53.840
So in February, the National
Assembly, or the National

00:15:53.840 --> 00:15:56.650
Council, the revolutionary
government, declares war on

00:15:56.650 --> 00:16:01.905
Britain and the Dutch
Republic.

00:16:06.530 --> 00:16:07.570
You don't know who this
is, I'm going to

00:16:07.570 --> 00:16:08.200
tell you in a second.

00:16:08.200 --> 00:16:12.145
And Dutch Republic.

00:16:12.145 --> 00:16:15.730
Now you're probably saying, gee,
how does France, this one

00:16:15.730 --> 00:16:20.930
country right here, how is it
able to have war against

00:16:20.930 --> 00:16:22.460
Austria, Prussia?

00:16:22.460 --> 00:16:25.740
Now declaring war against the
Dutch and Great Britain.

00:16:25.740 --> 00:16:29.150
And actually the month before,
Spain and Portugal had

00:16:29.150 --> 00:16:31.770
declared war, had kind of
jumped in on the side of

00:16:31.770 --> 00:16:32.540
Austria and Prussia.

00:16:32.540 --> 00:16:34.930
So how does this one country,
France, how does this one

00:16:34.930 --> 00:16:38.500
revolutionary government fend
itself off against the armies

00:16:38.500 --> 00:16:39.380
of so many nations?

00:16:39.380 --> 00:16:43.250
And the answer to that is that
the revolutionary government

00:16:43.250 --> 00:16:46.360
declared in February what they
called the Levee en Masse.

00:16:46.360 --> 00:16:48.965
And I'm not French, so I'm
saying it wrong, I'm sure.

00:16:54.070 --> 00:16:57.160
Which was essentially the first
version of what we now

00:16:57.160 --> 00:16:58.450
call the draft.

00:16:58.450 --> 00:17:00.620
And they were able to actually,
they actually said

00:17:00.620 --> 00:17:04.190
every able-bodied young man in
France who was unmarried will

00:17:04.190 --> 00:17:06.710
now be in the army.

00:17:06.710 --> 00:17:09.160
And so they were able to
immediately raise several

00:17:09.160 --> 00:17:11.400
hundreds of thousands
of soldiers.

00:17:11.400 --> 00:17:14.869
And actually within a couple
of years, there's several

00:17:14.869 --> 00:17:18.410
accounts of it, but it might
have been over one million

00:17:18.410 --> 00:17:20.550
plus soldiers.

00:17:20.550 --> 00:17:24.220
Which is very different from
how many of these other

00:17:24.220 --> 00:17:25.730
kingdoms would raise
their armies.

00:17:25.730 --> 00:17:27.819
They would pay salaries to
professional soldiers.

00:17:27.819 --> 00:17:30.410
So these at the time were
smaller armies than what

00:17:30.410 --> 00:17:33.490
France was able to muster up
through the revolutionary

00:17:33.490 --> 00:17:36.680
government saying look, this is
a government for the people

00:17:36.680 --> 00:17:37.560
by the people.

00:17:37.560 --> 00:17:39.180
So now you're not fighting
for a king, you're

00:17:39.180 --> 00:17:40.860
fighting for yourself.

00:17:40.860 --> 00:17:43.200
You're fighting for your own
representation so you don't

00:17:43.200 --> 00:17:46.100
get so subjected by
foreign kings.

00:17:46.100 --> 00:17:48.050
So everyone jumped in
the war effort.

00:17:48.050 --> 00:17:52.220
So they essentially had the
largest army in Europe.

00:17:52.220 --> 00:17:55.510
But I keep repeating, all of
this was in the context of

00:17:55.510 --> 00:17:57.440
unrest throughout France.

00:17:57.440 --> 00:17:59.640
There were royalists out there
wanting to be counter

00:17:59.640 --> 00:18:00.500
revolutionaries.

00:18:00.500 --> 00:18:02.780
People were going hungry.

00:18:02.780 --> 00:18:08.990
So to kind of, I guess, clamp
down on things, in April of

00:18:08.990 --> 00:18:16.580
1792, the National Assembly
created the Committee of

00:18:16.580 --> 00:18:19.020
Public Safety, which sounds like
a very nice committee.

00:18:26.020 --> 00:18:28.920
And they essentially become the
default government, or we

00:18:28.920 --> 00:18:35.100
can say the de facto
government.

00:18:35.100 --> 00:18:37.640
And it was put in control of
this nice looking gentleman

00:18:37.640 --> 00:18:40.610
right here, Maximilien
Robespierre.

00:18:40.610 --> 00:18:42.390
Seems like a very civilized
fellow.

00:18:50.840 --> 00:18:54.530
But really what the Committee
of Public Safety was good at

00:18:54.530 --> 00:18:58.510
was being hugely political,
hugely paranoid.

00:18:58.510 --> 00:19:02.010
And under especially Maximilien
Robespierre's

00:19:02.010 --> 00:19:04.460
control, who was especially
paranoid, anyone-- if they

00:19:04.460 --> 00:19:09.290
just caught a whiff of someone
being not radical enough, or

00:19:09.290 --> 00:19:12.360
maybe too radical, or someone I
just didn't like, or someone

00:19:12.360 --> 00:19:15.760
who might help depose me--
they just started

00:19:15.760 --> 00:19:17.190
guillotining people.

00:19:17.190 --> 00:19:20.695
So this is really the start
of the Reign of Terror.

00:19:27.110 --> 00:19:33.910
So roughly over the next year,
on the order of, give or take,

00:19:33.910 --> 00:19:37.960
16,000 people are guillotined.

00:19:37.960 --> 00:19:42.350
They go to Doctor Guillotine's
humane invention.

00:19:42.350 --> 00:19:44.520
And they are only estimates
of this.

00:19:44.520 --> 00:19:45.750
There wasn't good accounting
of this.

00:19:45.750 --> 00:19:48.100
But it's believed that as many
as 40,000 people were

00:19:48.100 --> 00:19:49.330
summarily executed.

00:19:49.330 --> 00:19:51.550
Which essentially means you're
guilty of this, I know you're

00:19:51.550 --> 00:19:54.260
guilty, hey, you over there with
a gun, please shoot this

00:19:54.260 --> 00:19:55.230
person for me.

00:19:55.230 --> 00:19:57.190
So this was an extremely
bloody time.

00:19:57.190 --> 00:20:00.150
And just so you imagine, most
of this was occurring in and

00:20:00.150 --> 00:20:01.060
around Paris.

00:20:01.060 --> 00:20:03.950
So all of a sudden, in one
little city, it was a major

00:20:03.950 --> 00:20:06.940
city, but you have tens of
thousands of people being

00:20:06.940 --> 00:20:11.480
massacred, just if this guy, or
the people who are plotting

00:20:11.480 --> 00:20:13.640
with this guy, or the people who
are plotting against this

00:20:13.640 --> 00:20:17.650
guy, thought or caught a whiff
of you being not completely

00:20:17.650 --> 00:20:19.950
loyal to the Revolution.

00:20:19.950 --> 00:20:23.220
Now eventually, people
eventually got suspicious of

00:20:23.220 --> 00:20:24.540
Maximilien Robespierre.

00:20:24.540 --> 00:20:26.950
They're saying, hey, all your
paranoia is hurting the

00:20:26.950 --> 00:20:29.340
Revolution more than
helping it.

00:20:29.340 --> 00:20:33.720
So then in the Thermidorian
Reaction-- it sounds like it's

00:20:33.720 --> 00:20:37.580
some type of a refrigerator
or heater.

00:20:44.510 --> 00:20:54.330
Now this right here, this
is in July of 1794.

00:20:54.330 --> 00:20:55.900
And it's called the Thermidorian
Reaction, and I

00:20:55.900 --> 00:20:58.830
might do a whole video
on this, because the

00:20:58.830 --> 00:20:59.830
revolutionary government,
they actually

00:20:59.830 --> 00:21:01.220
created a new calendar.

00:21:01.220 --> 00:21:04.140
Where they renamed the month
Thermidor, which was

00:21:04.140 --> 00:21:06.490
essentially July, it was
shifted a little bit.

00:21:06.490 --> 00:21:09.660
And actually, it changed the
number of hours in the day.

00:21:09.660 --> 00:21:13.040
They would have 10 hours a day,
100 minutes an hour, 100

00:21:13.040 --> 00:21:14.010
seconds a minute.

00:21:14.010 --> 00:21:16.800
They would have three 10-day
weeks per month.

00:21:16.800 --> 00:21:17.980
So they had this
whole calendar.

00:21:17.980 --> 00:21:20.100
But Thermidor was the
month of July.

00:21:20.100 --> 00:21:23.430
So it was really the July
Reaction, where people got

00:21:23.430 --> 00:21:25.420
sick of Maximilien
Robespierre.

00:21:25.420 --> 00:21:31.190
So in 1794, July 1794, he too.

00:21:31.190 --> 00:21:33.120
So what goes around
comes around.

00:21:33.120 --> 00:21:38.630
So this right here, this
is 1794, July.

00:21:38.630 --> 00:21:42.720
This right here is this
nice-looking gentleman, and

00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:45.330
he, too, gets guillotined.

00:21:45.330 --> 00:21:48.010
Now, there's two other things
that I want to point out.

00:21:48.010 --> 00:21:52.160
I'll take a few steps
back into 1793.

00:21:52.160 --> 00:21:54.290
Just as a maybe a bit
of a footnote.

00:21:54.290 --> 00:21:59.170
We saw that in January Louis XVI
was executed for, I guess,

00:21:59.170 --> 00:22:00.530
depending on your opinion
whether it was a

00:22:00.530 --> 00:22:01.730
good or a bad thing.

00:22:01.730 --> 00:22:08.640
In October Marie-Antoinette
also executed.

00:22:12.330 --> 00:22:16.800
So this is in 1793,
also executed.

00:22:16.800 --> 00:22:20.670
So nine months after her
husband, executed.

00:22:20.670 --> 00:22:24.520
And then as one kind of small
footnote at this point, as you

00:22:24.520 --> 00:22:28.890
can imagine, all of France was
in unrest at the time.

00:22:28.890 --> 00:22:31.930
And then in 1793, there
was a revolt.

00:22:31.930 --> 00:22:33.730
This was in July of 1793.

00:22:33.730 --> 00:22:36.450
So it's a year before the end of
the Reign of Terror, really

00:22:36.450 --> 00:22:38.460
during the Reign of Terror.

00:22:38.460 --> 00:22:42.170
In the port of Toulon, there
was a revolt against the

00:22:42.170 --> 00:22:43.560
revolutionary government.

00:22:43.560 --> 00:22:48.160
And it was put down, mainly with
the help of an aspiring

00:22:48.160 --> 00:22:49.070
artillery captain.

00:22:49.070 --> 00:22:50.710
An artillery captain is someone
who's essentially in

00:22:50.710 --> 00:22:54.220
charge of the cannons.

00:22:54.220 --> 00:22:57.670
And that artillery captain, who
was able to help put down

00:22:57.670 --> 00:23:00.970
that revolt, and get a lot of,
I guess, cred with the

00:23:00.970 --> 00:23:04.640
revolutionary government, his
name was-- I need to write it

00:23:04.640 --> 00:23:07.750
someplace nice and new, and this
is for foreshadowing of

00:23:07.750 --> 00:23:15.550
the next video-- so in July
of 1793, in Toulon, a new

00:23:15.550 --> 00:23:17.740
artillery captain started to
look like he really knows what

00:23:17.740 --> 00:23:18.640
he's doing.

00:23:18.640 --> 00:23:25.400
And his name is Napoleon
Bonaparte.

00:23:25.400 --> 00:23:28.670
And he's going to have a lot
to do with the next video.