Independence movements in the 20th Century

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- As we've seen in other
videos, this is a map

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of the European possessions,
especially the Western European

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possessions in much of
the world as we enter

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into the 20th century before World War I.

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You see significant
possessions by the French

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not just in Africa but also in Indochina.

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You see the British also
have significant possessions

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in Africa, but also in Asia.

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Germany, Belgium, Italy also
have imperial possessions.

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Now as we go through World War I,

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that changes the map of
Europe fairly dramatically

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and we talk about that in other videos

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but some of the major outcomes,
at least when we're talking

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about imperialism is that
the Austro-Hungarian Empire

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gets broken up, changing
the map of Eastern Europe,

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the Ottoman Empire gets broken up,

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with much of the Middle
East now under control

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by the British or French
and of course Russian exits

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World War I having had the
Bolshevik Revolution in 1917

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and is now the Soviet Union.

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As we get into the period after
World War I, we start to see

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momentum gather in terms
of independence movements,

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in terms of this imperial
structure breaking down.

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In 1922, Egypt becomes
independent of the United Kingdom.

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Iraq, which was part of the
Ottoman Empire for centuries

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was put under British
control after World War I

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and in 1932, it gets its independence.

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Then we enter into World War
II, which is an incredibly

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traumatic time, not just for
Europe but for the world.

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And as we exit out of World War II,

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we see further momentum
being gained for the various

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anti-colonial independence movements.

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Indonesia, which was
originally a Dutch colony

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but during World War II, gets
under the control of Japan

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as part of its imperial possessions,

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but as we get into August of
1945, the Japanese are bombed

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at Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
effectively ending World War II

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and the Indonesians are able
to claim their independence

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nominally now from the Dutch.

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Then from 1944 to 1946,
further possessions

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that were originally part
of the Ottoman Empire

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but after World War I
became under the control

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of the French and
British, Syria and Jordan,

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gain their independence.

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Syria from France and
Jordan from United Kingdom.

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And then in 1947, you
have the independence

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of the Indian subcontinent.

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This is a particularly noteworthy struggle

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under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi,

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often known as Mahatma Gandhi,
mahatma meaning great soul.

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And it's a peaceful resistance

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that's able to get independence.

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Now the subcontinent is partitioned

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into what will become Pakistan and India.

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For the most part, areas
that were majority Muslim

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became Pakistan and you can
see this region in the west,

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and this region in the
east which would later

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get its independence in
1971 and become Bangladesh,

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and then for the most part,

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regions that had Hindu
majorities became India.

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This wasn't a clean partition
because there were some

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territories, princely states,
areas where the majority

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was not clear that
became under contention.

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Kashmir, even to this day,
is a point of contention

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between India and Pakistan.

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Much of the Indian
subcontinent was very mixed

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with some areas being 60% Hindu
or 40% Muslim or vice versa

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so that catalyzed one of
the largest migrations

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in human history, the number
of people changing borders,

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sometimes becoming quite
sectarian and quite bloody.

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But even after that, India is still

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one of the largest Muslim countries.

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The founder of Pakistan is
Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's

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first prime minister and
both of them were active

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in the independence movement,
is Jawaharlal Nehru,

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who will become famous for
the non-aligned movement,

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for newly liberated
countries to not want to side

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on either side of the Cold
War and he actually coins

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the term third world
which is now associated

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with developing countries,
but when it was coined,

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it meant, we don't wanna be first world

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aligned with the western
capitalist countries,

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we don't wanna be second world,

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aligned with the communist block,

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we wanna be independent
or the third world.

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As we get into the late
'40s and early '50s,

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we also see an independence
movement in French Indochina.

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These countries will eventually
become North Vietnam,

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South Vietnam, Laos, and
Cambodia, and a significant figure

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here is Ho Chi Minh who will
become a very prominent figure

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as the French Indochina
War eventually evolves

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into the Vietnam War, bringing
the United States into it

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as part of its Cold War
containment strategy.

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The 1950s also see significant
independence movements

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throughout Africa.

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In 1951, Libya gains independence.

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From 1956 to 1958, Tunisia,
Morocco, Ghana, Guinea,

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all gain independence.

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Of particular note is Ghana,
originally called Gold Coast.

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The first president and prime
minister is Kwame Nkrumah

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and he's known as one of the founders

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of the Organization of African Unity

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and he wanted to see where a
world where as these African

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countries became
independent, they unified,

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seeing that Africa would
have much more power

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as a unified entity than
as a fragmented one.

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And so he was a major promoter

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of the idea of pan-Africanism.

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Now the independence
movements only accelerated

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as we go into the 1960s.

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1960 in particular was a year
of many independence movements

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but you can see here, most
of Africa was independent

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as we exit the 1960s.

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In blue here, listed the
French colonies that gained

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independence in this time period.

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In this salmon color,
the British colonies,

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and in yellow, the Belgian colonies.

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There would continue to be
change over the next few decades

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but the world starts to look very similar

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to the world as we recognize it today.

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Now I'll leave you with a
speech that Jawaharlal Nehru

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made in Washington DC in 1956,

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which highlights his
desire for nonalignment.

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"The preservation of peace
forms the central aim

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"of India's policy.

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"It is in the pursuit of this
policy that we have chosen

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"the path of nonalignment in any military

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"or like pact of alliance.

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"Nonalignment does not mean
passivity of mind or action,

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"lack of faith or conviction,
it does not mean submission

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"to what we consider evil.

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"It is a positive and dynamic approach

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"to such problems that confront us.

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"We believe that each country
has not only the right

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"to freedom but also to decide

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"its own policy and way of life."

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And this is a big deal because remember,

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he's giving this speech in
Washington DC which would love

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him to clearly align
with the western block,

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with the capitalist countries
led by the United States

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but after working so hard
for their independence,

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many of these nations, like
India, were not eager to lose

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their autonomy and realign
with more powerful countries.

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To close out this video, I'll
leave you with an interesting

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question or a series of
interesting questions.

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Why do we see a good chunk of
the world become independent

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in the second half of the 20th century?

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Was it that the imperial
countries no longer had the energy

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or the power or the will
to control these colonies?

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Was it something happened
in the psychology

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of their peoples, they just
went through a traumatic war,

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and they realized that
they weren't interested

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in controlling the
destiny of other people?

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Was it due to the efficacy
of some of these independence

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struggles, like the nonviolence
movement led by Gandhi?

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Or maybe some of the more
violent independence struggles

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like what we saw in
Algeria against the French.

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But needless to say, the
world fundamentally changed

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in this time period.

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When we were entering
into the 20th century,

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we had an imperial world,
especially controlled

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by the Western European powers.

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After two traumatic wars,
imperialism comes to an end

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and we see the world as we know it today.


Latin American Independence movements

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- This is a map of what
the Americas looked like

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at around the year 1750.

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And as you can see, it
was for the most part,

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divided as colonies by a
bunch of European powers.

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Most prominent is Spain.

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You can see in this peach brownish color,

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it had control all the way
south as modern-day Chile

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and Argentina and all the way as far north

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as modern-day Texas and California.

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You also see significant
control by the Portuguese

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in what will eventually be Brazil.

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The French have at this
point some territory,

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especially in North America
and in several islands

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in the Caribbean and
the British, of course,

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have control along the east
coast of North America.

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And they also have several
islands in the Caribbean

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and the Atlantic.

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As we fast forward 100 years,

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we're going to see a dramatic change.

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Notice roughly a hundred years later,

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most of what used to be
these European colonies

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have now achieved independence.

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In other videos, we go in
some depth from 1776 to 1783.

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You have the American
War for Independence.

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You see on this map now the United States

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is an independent country.

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From 1791 to 1804, you
have Toussaint Louveture

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lead the revolt against French control,

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eventually gaining independence
and establishing Haiti.

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From 1807 to 1830, you have
a series of revolutions

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in Latin America, many of which were led

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by Simon Bolivar, who was a
Crejo, or Creole, Venezuelan.

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The term Creole has many
meanings in modern-day language,

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but in this context, it refers to someone

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of mostly Spanish descent who
was born in the New World.

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And Simon Bolivar plays an active role

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in achieving independence
from Spain for Venezuela,

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what will eventually
be Columbia and Panama,

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Ecuador, Peru, and the
country that will eventually

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be named for him, Bolivia.

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So there is an interesting question here.

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What led to all of these revolutions?

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The map that I showed you before,

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that colonial map of the Americas,

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these colonies had been in
place for several hundred years

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before these revolutions.

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Why did all of these revolutions happen

00:02:29.509 --> 00:02:32.032
roughly at the same time?

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Well, one overarching idea
is that as we enter into

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the 1700s, you have the
intellectual movement

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known as the Enlightenment.

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There were many authors
and many publications

00:02:44.920 --> 00:02:46.353
involved in the Enlightenment,

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but perhaps most famous is
the Encyclopedie in French,

00:02:51.157 --> 00:02:53.893
or Encyclopedia, which said
the intent of collecting

00:02:53.893 --> 00:02:56.926
much of the scientific
and political science,

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knowledge of the time and is considered

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one of the central texts
of the Enlightenment.

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And it was a series of articles published

00:03:04.110 --> 00:03:08.334
from the 1750s all the
way until the 1770s.

00:03:08.334 --> 00:03:11.187
And to get a sense of
it, here is an excerpt

00:03:11.187 --> 00:03:13.376
of an article by one of the authors,

00:03:13.376 --> 00:03:17.086
Denis Diderot, considered
one of the primary actors

00:03:17.086 --> 00:03:18.556
in the Enlightenment.

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"No man has received from nature

00:03:20.796 --> 00:03:22.644
"the right to command others.

00:03:22.644 --> 00:03:26.267
"Liberty is gift from
heaven, and each individual

00:03:26.267 --> 00:03:29.423
"of the same species
has the right to enjoy

00:03:29.423 --> 00:03:32.877
"it as soon as he enjoys
the use of reason."

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And so when we get into the
Declaration of Independence,

00:03:36.246 --> 00:03:39.237
written by Thomas Jefferson,
he borrows heavily

00:03:39.237 --> 00:03:42.063
from these ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Now, the Haitian Revolution
was partially inspired

00:03:45.431 --> 00:03:47.542
by these ideas of the Enlightenment,

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but they were also helped by the fact

00:03:49.472 --> 00:03:53.143
that France was undergoing
its own revolution

00:03:53.143 --> 00:03:55.666
at the time and it was not in the position

00:03:55.666 --> 00:03:59.666
to exert strong control
over a far flung colony.

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The French Revolution
lasts from 1789 to 1799

00:04:05.818 --> 00:04:09.238
at which point Napoleon
Bonaparte takes control of France

00:04:09.238 --> 00:04:11.933
and starts the Napoleonic Wars.

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Napoleon tries to keep control
of what would eventually

00:04:14.911 --> 00:04:18.535
be Haiti, was an incredibly
valuable resource.

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It produced a good chunk of
coffee and sugar in the world.

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It was incredibly profitable
for the plantation owners

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and for France as a nation.

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But between the ideas of the Enlightenment

00:04:29.062 --> 00:04:32.305
and the French Revolution,
the slaves of Haiti

00:04:32.305 --> 00:04:34.832
led initially by Toussaint Louverture,

00:04:34.832 --> 00:04:38.934
were able to overthrow and
set up their own nation,

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which is the first time
that this has happened

00:04:41.293 --> 00:04:44.522
from a successful slave revolt.

00:04:44.522 --> 00:04:46.925
This is a map of the empire
that Napoleon establishes

00:04:46.925 --> 00:04:49.576
at its peak and as you can see,

00:04:49.576 --> 00:04:52.455
you see France, but he's
able to take over much

00:04:52.455 --> 00:04:55.304
of modern-day Germany,
Italy, he goes to war

00:04:55.304 --> 00:04:58.464
with Portugal and then
eventually Spain as well.

00:04:58.464 --> 00:05:03.271
Both significant colonial
powers in South America.

00:05:03.271 --> 00:05:05.876
So it's in this context,
you have the Enlightenment

00:05:05.876 --> 00:05:07.856
as we get into the 1700s.

00:05:07.856 --> 00:05:09.245
You already have the example

00:05:09.245 --> 00:05:11.268
of the American War for Independence.

00:05:11.268 --> 00:05:13.724
13 colonies being able
to declare independence

00:05:13.724 --> 00:05:16.658
from one of the largest
powers at the time.

00:05:16.658 --> 00:05:19.410
Then a successful slave
revolt to establish

00:05:19.410 --> 00:05:23.483
their own country against
another significant power.

00:05:23.483 --> 00:05:26.556
And once Spain and Portugal
are fighting Napoleon

00:05:26.556 --> 00:05:28.366
coupled with the ideas
of the Enlightenment

00:05:28.366 --> 00:05:31.314
and the examples of the
United States and Haiti,

00:05:31.314 --> 00:05:33.845
it inspires a whole other series

00:05:33.845 --> 00:05:35.999
of revolts in Latin America, many of which

00:05:35.999 --> 00:05:38.857
were led by Simon Bolivar.

00:05:38.857 --> 00:05:41.720
And so by the time we get to 1850,

00:05:41.720 --> 00:05:45.473
much of the European
imperialism in the Americas

00:05:45.473 --> 00:05:47.056
has come to an end.


Industrialization and imperialism

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.497 --> 00:00:03.640
- [Sal] This is a map of
European colonial possessions

00:00:03.640 --> 00:00:05.807
in the early to mid 1700s.

00:00:07.057 --> 00:00:09.592
And you immediately see a few things.

00:00:09.592 --> 00:00:13.759
Spain has a lot of territory
in Central and South America.

00:00:15.315 --> 00:00:17.368
Even the small country of Portugal,

00:00:17.368 --> 00:00:20.388
because of its prowess during
the Age of Exploration,

00:00:20.388 --> 00:00:22.409
a significant amount of territory

00:00:22.409 --> 00:00:24.087
in what would become Brazil,

00:00:24.087 --> 00:00:26.948
but they also have
possessions and colonies

00:00:26.948 --> 00:00:28.951
along the coast of Africa

00:00:28.951 --> 00:00:31.868
and even things in India, like Goa.

00:00:32.703 --> 00:00:36.083
You have the British, having
possessions in North America,

00:00:36.083 --> 00:00:37.826
things that would eventually evolve

00:00:37.826 --> 00:00:41.259
into the United States and Canada.

00:00:41.259 --> 00:00:42.514
At this point in time,

00:00:42.514 --> 00:00:45.763
France also has significant possessions,

00:00:45.763 --> 00:00:48.977
which will later be taken by Britain

00:00:48.977 --> 00:00:51.108
and then an independent U.S.

00:00:51.108 --> 00:00:54.858
as it grows across
continental North America.

00:00:56.150 --> 00:00:58.361
But the thing to notice in this map

00:00:58.361 --> 00:01:01.452
is despite these significant possessions,

00:01:01.452 --> 00:01:06.067
much of the world is not
controlled by the Europeans.

00:01:06.067 --> 00:01:08.576
Yes, England also is starting to have

00:01:08.576 --> 00:01:10.605
a bit of a colonial possession,

00:01:10.605 --> 00:01:12.755
although at this point
it's a corporate possession

00:01:12.755 --> 00:01:15.719
in eastern India, in Bengal,

00:01:15.719 --> 00:01:19.886
but much of Africa and Asia
is not under European control.

00:01:21.416 --> 00:01:23.899
But then as we enter into the second half

00:01:23.899 --> 00:01:27.909
of the 18th century, and
especially the 19th century,

00:01:27.909 --> 00:01:32.221
something important happens
in the scope of human history,

00:01:32.221 --> 00:01:34.399
and that's the Industrial Revolution

00:01:34.399 --> 00:01:38.381
or maybe you could say the
Industrial Revolutions.

00:01:38.381 --> 00:01:40.955
Now, there's many
technologies that are central

00:01:40.955 --> 00:01:43.003
to the Industrial Revolution,

00:01:43.003 --> 00:01:46.409
but probably most important
is the steam engine,

00:01:46.409 --> 00:01:48.854
although you could contend
maybe it's the steam engine,

00:01:48.854 --> 00:01:52.311
maybe it's electrification,
maybe it is the telegraph.

00:01:52.311 --> 00:01:54.458
But the steam engine all
of a sudden allows us

00:01:54.458 --> 00:01:57.469
to harness the power of really coal

00:01:57.469 --> 00:02:00.625
to create steam to turn engines.

00:02:00.625 --> 00:02:04.536
And then these engines could
be used to power factories

00:02:04.536 --> 00:02:08.408
so that you could amplify what
human labor could do before.

00:02:08.408 --> 00:02:10.085
This factory right over
here, it looks like

00:02:10.085 --> 00:02:12.599
they're creating fabric
from some kind of thread

00:02:12.599 --> 00:02:14.887
or they might be sewing of some kind.

00:02:14.887 --> 00:02:17.788
And a human equipped with a power loom

00:02:17.788 --> 00:02:20.855
or with a sewing machine
could produce much, much more

00:02:20.855 --> 00:02:24.385
than they could've ever
produced before by hand.

00:02:24.385 --> 00:02:26.731
The steam engine and
things like electricity

00:02:26.731 --> 00:02:30.314
also create a revolution
in transportation,

00:02:31.173 --> 00:02:33.535
the transportation of goods and people,

00:02:33.535 --> 00:02:36.696
but also the movement of information.

00:02:36.696 --> 00:02:39.571
This right over here is
a picture of a steamship,

00:02:39.571 --> 00:02:41.215
which you could use for trade,

00:02:41.215 --> 00:02:45.130
but you could also use it
to project military power.

00:02:45.130 --> 00:02:46.790
This here is a railroad.

00:02:46.790 --> 00:02:49.227
Similarly, transport goods and people

00:02:49.227 --> 00:02:51.973
but it also allows you to keep control

00:02:51.973 --> 00:02:54.330
over a larger swath of territory.

00:02:54.330 --> 00:02:56.928
And this is a telegraph.

00:02:56.928 --> 00:02:58.807
And then a telegraph, all of a sudden,

00:02:58.807 --> 00:03:00.346
for the first time in history,

00:03:00.346 --> 00:03:04.831
you can communicate across
the globe in a mere instant.

00:03:04.831 --> 00:03:08.538
And what used to take months
to figure out what was going on

00:03:08.538 --> 00:03:10.766
could now happen in seconds.

00:03:10.766 --> 00:03:13.643
So, once again, this
is valuable for trade,

00:03:13.643 --> 00:03:18.318
but it's also valuable for
coordinating military power.

00:03:18.318 --> 00:03:21.956
So in large part to these
revolutions that we're seeing,

00:03:21.956 --> 00:03:24.147
and we will study more in other videos,

00:03:24.147 --> 00:03:26.803
the map of the world looks very different

00:03:26.803 --> 00:03:29.235
roughly 150 years later.

00:03:29.235 --> 00:03:33.402
This is what the world looks
like around the year 1900

00:03:34.386 --> 00:03:36.374
and you immediately
notice some differences

00:03:36.374 --> 00:03:38.003
from that previous map.

00:03:38.003 --> 00:03:40.317
Most of those colonial possessions

00:03:40.317 --> 00:03:43.348
in North and South America
are now independent

00:03:43.348 --> 00:03:46.047
but you notice something
dramatic happening

00:03:46.047 --> 00:03:48.933
in Africa and in much of Asia.

00:03:48.933 --> 00:03:53.419
Africa has now been carved
up by the colonial powers.

00:03:53.419 --> 00:03:57.873
In this salmon color, you see
where the British have control

00:03:57.873 --> 00:04:02.079
in much of South Africa and
then around Egypt and Sudan

00:04:02.079 --> 00:04:04.490
and parts of East Africa.

00:04:04.490 --> 00:04:07.669
You see the French have control of Algeria

00:04:07.669 --> 00:04:10.582
and much of Eastern Africa.

00:04:10.582 --> 00:04:12.312
What started off for the British

00:04:12.312 --> 00:04:15.915
as a corporate possession in
Eastern India has now grown

00:04:15.915 --> 00:04:18.437
to become a possession of the Crown.

00:04:18.437 --> 00:04:22.504
You have India, part
of the British Empire.

00:04:22.504 --> 00:04:25.372
Even Japan, which is one of
the first Asian countries

00:04:25.372 --> 00:04:29.245
to industrialize, is in on imperialism.

00:04:29.245 --> 00:04:32.412
It has control in Korea and in Taiwan.

00:04:34.121 --> 00:04:37.226
So why this kind of imperialism?

00:04:37.226 --> 00:04:40.261
There's always the standard
motivations for imperialism

00:04:40.261 --> 00:04:43.744
that we've seen throughout world history.

00:04:43.744 --> 00:04:47.911
If you have conquest, that
leads to more land plus people

00:04:52.360 --> 00:04:54.231
under your rule.

00:04:54.231 --> 00:04:57.149
And if you have more land,
which is for the most part

00:04:57.149 --> 00:04:59.148
used for agriculture,
well, you're going to have

00:04:59.148 --> 00:05:00.981
more taxes and wealth.

00:05:01.988 --> 00:05:03.617
So, taxes.

00:05:03.617 --> 00:05:05.970
And if you have more people,
they will have output

00:05:05.970 --> 00:05:08.773
so you can tax that, but
they can also be used,

00:05:08.773 --> 00:05:11.542
they could be taxed, so to speak, for war.

00:05:11.542 --> 00:05:14.707
They could produce more soldiers

00:05:14.707 --> 00:05:18.244
and so the more revenue
and soldiers you have,

00:05:18.244 --> 00:05:22.411
well, that could help you just
accrue more and more power.

00:05:22.411 --> 00:05:25.056
And so this is the
classic loop that you see

00:05:25.056 --> 00:05:27.347
why most empires tried to expand

00:05:27.347 --> 00:05:29.113
and sometimes when they stopped expanding,

00:05:29.113 --> 00:05:32.526
you see that they started to decline.

00:05:32.526 --> 00:05:37.342
But now in this video,
from the early 18th century

00:05:37.342 --> 00:05:39.650
to the beginning of the 20th century,

00:05:39.650 --> 00:05:41.812
we have new things at play.

00:05:41.812 --> 00:05:45.104
We have the technological innovation

00:05:45.104 --> 00:05:47.478
from the Industrial Revolution,

00:05:47.478 --> 00:05:51.242
things like electricity and steam power.

00:05:51.242 --> 00:05:55.409
You see the notion of
capitalism come into its prime,

00:05:56.785 --> 00:06:00.759
this focus on where do
you maximize your returns

00:06:00.759 --> 00:06:03.972
for a given amount of
capital that you have?

00:06:03.972 --> 00:06:07.756
And land is a form of
capital, but as we will see

00:06:07.756 --> 00:06:09.832
or as we saw in some of those pictures,

00:06:09.832 --> 00:06:12.429
as technology becomes
more and more valuable,

00:06:12.429 --> 00:06:14.755
things other than land
become very important

00:06:14.755 --> 00:06:18.340
forms of capital, like
factories, like railroads,

00:06:18.340 --> 00:06:19.649
like ships.

00:06:19.649 --> 00:06:23.816
And related to these two ideas,
you have industrialization,

00:06:25.282 --> 00:06:29.838
which is the use of technology
to become more productive,

00:06:29.838 --> 00:06:31.565
to increase output.

00:06:31.565 --> 00:06:34.426
And they all feed off of each other.

00:06:34.426 --> 00:06:38.526
A capitalist says, how do I get
better return on my capital?

00:06:38.526 --> 00:06:40.947
Well, I should industrialize.

00:06:40.947 --> 00:06:44.739
I should make my factories more efficient.

00:06:44.739 --> 00:06:47.309
Well, to make my factories more efficient,

00:06:47.309 --> 00:06:49.831
I have to also invest in technology

00:06:49.831 --> 00:06:52.626
to get that industrialization.

00:06:52.626 --> 00:06:55.990
The more I industrialize,
the better my profits,

00:06:55.990 --> 00:06:59.534
and so the more I am
going to be able to invest

00:06:59.534 --> 00:07:01.404
in this cycle.

00:07:01.404 --> 00:07:04.428
As I'm trying to industrialize,
I have all sorts of problems

00:07:04.428 --> 00:07:06.963
that I'm trying to solve,
so it's going to drive

00:07:06.963 --> 00:07:10.558
the need to improve my technology.

00:07:10.558 --> 00:07:12.085
And those who develop the technology,

00:07:12.085 --> 00:07:15.240
well, they're going to have
more capital to invest.

00:07:15.240 --> 00:07:17.616
So, once again, it's creating this cycle

00:07:17.616 --> 00:07:21.474
which is going to feed
the fuel of imperialism.

00:07:21.474 --> 00:07:22.908
Think about it.

00:07:22.908 --> 00:07:24.937
In the Industrial Revolution,

00:07:24.937 --> 00:07:29.104
the owners of capital started
to have more and more power.

00:07:30.096 --> 00:07:32.304
If you think about a factory...

00:07:32.304 --> 00:07:34.757
So that's my factory right over there.

00:07:34.757 --> 00:07:37.471
It takes raw materials...

00:07:37.471 --> 00:07:38.638
Raw materials.

00:07:39.834 --> 00:07:41.451
If you think about it,
it's a clothing factory.

00:07:41.451 --> 00:07:44.474
It might take raw cotton
or turn it into thread

00:07:44.474 --> 00:07:45.983
or it might take that cotton thread

00:07:45.983 --> 00:07:48.471
and then turn it into some type of fabric

00:07:48.471 --> 00:07:52.051
and then you have finished
goods, maybe this is clothing.

00:07:52.051 --> 00:07:54.820
So even before the Industrial Revolution,

00:07:54.820 --> 00:07:57.232
people would take raw
materials, do something to it,

00:07:57.232 --> 00:07:59.004
and then you would have finished goods.

00:07:59.004 --> 00:08:02.501
But now, this center portion
is being supercharged

00:08:02.501 --> 00:08:05.714
by technology, by industrialization.

00:08:05.714 --> 00:08:07.900
It is really becoming the central focus

00:08:07.900 --> 00:08:11.150
and it's becoming more productive.

00:08:11.150 --> 00:08:13.418
So as it becomes more productive,

00:08:13.418 --> 00:08:16.333
there's a hunger for more raw materials.

00:08:16.333 --> 00:08:18.617
Where do you get those raw materials from?

00:08:18.617 --> 00:08:20.630
Well, if you're a small
country like the United Kingdom

00:08:20.630 --> 00:08:23.934
or Japan, your raw materials are limited.

00:08:23.934 --> 00:08:26.591
But, there's the rest of the world

00:08:26.591 --> 00:08:28.193
and especially the rest of the world

00:08:28.193 --> 00:08:29.847
that is not at the same level

00:08:29.847 --> 00:08:32.040
of technological sophistication yet,

00:08:32.040 --> 00:08:35.183
so you can, perhaps, use your military

00:08:35.183 --> 00:08:38.600
in order to force them to trade with you.

00:08:39.726 --> 00:08:42.845
Similarly, what do you do with
all of those finished goods?

00:08:42.845 --> 00:08:45.510
You have limited markets on your island,

00:08:45.510 --> 00:08:48.297
but what if you could sell
to the hundreds of millions

00:08:48.297 --> 00:08:52.130
of people who aren't
directly in your country?

00:08:53.229 --> 00:08:55.553
This desire for more raw materials

00:08:55.553 --> 00:08:57.547
and more and cheaper raw materials

00:08:57.547 --> 00:08:59.895
and this desire to sell your goods,

00:08:59.895 --> 00:09:02.560
the outputs of industrialization,

00:09:02.560 --> 00:09:06.824
this, to a significant degree,
drove this imperialism,

00:09:06.824 --> 00:09:08.667
this colonization, and in general,

00:09:08.667 --> 00:09:11.672
a motivation for freer trade in general.

00:09:11.672 --> 00:09:13.751
When the free trade didn't happen freely,

00:09:13.751 --> 00:09:16.270
sometimes it was forced on the country

00:09:16.270 --> 00:09:18.217
that was being traded with.

00:09:18.217 --> 00:09:20.144
And as alluded to already,

00:09:20.144 --> 00:09:24.187
the technology which helped
fuel this Industrial Revolution

00:09:24.187 --> 00:09:28.609
also made it easier to
control a far-flung empire.

00:09:28.609 --> 00:09:30.427
Before the Industrial Revolution,

00:09:30.427 --> 00:09:31.983
a country like the United Kingdom

00:09:31.983 --> 00:09:35.061
being able to control
this far-flung empire,

00:09:35.061 --> 00:09:38.990
this would've been impossible
for the Romans or the Persians

00:09:38.990 --> 00:09:41.395
to do using their technology.

00:09:41.395 --> 00:09:44.361
But now you have the steamship,

00:09:44.361 --> 00:09:47.944
you have railroads,
you have the telegraph,

00:09:49.083 --> 00:09:51.978
which are parts of this
Industrial Revolution

00:09:51.978 --> 00:09:55.090
but they also allow you to project power

00:09:55.090 --> 00:09:58.601
and project power much quicker
and much more efficiently

00:09:58.601 --> 00:10:00.352
than ever possible.

00:10:00.352 --> 00:10:02.252
So once again, technology,

00:10:02.252 --> 00:10:04.329
industrialization, and capitalism,

00:10:04.329 --> 00:10:06.446
these were the fuel of
the Industrial Revolution.

00:10:06.446 --> 00:10:09.937
They provided the
motivation for colonization,

00:10:09.937 --> 00:10:13.972
for imperialism, and
freer trade in general.

00:10:13.972 --> 00:10:16.440
But then, that was able to be enforced

00:10:16.440 --> 00:10:18.790
because of that same technology.

00:10:18.790 --> 00:10:21.534
You could project your power
through those steamships,

00:10:21.534 --> 00:10:23.545
railroads, and the telegraph.


Interpreting slope of regression line

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.685 --> 00:00:03.525
- [Instructor] Liz's math test
included a survey question

00:00:03.525 --> 00:00:06.742
asking, how many hours
students that spent studying

00:00:06.742 --> 00:00:07.865
for the test.

00:00:07.865 --> 00:00:09.984
The scatter plot and trend line below

00:00:09.984 --> 00:00:11.558
show the relationship

00:00:11.558 --> 00:00:13.773
between how many hours
students spent studying

00:00:13.773 --> 00:00:16.036
and their score on the test.

00:00:16.036 --> 00:00:18.252
The line fitted to the model,

00:00:18.252 --> 00:00:20.333
the line fitted to model the data

00:00:20.333 --> 00:00:22.117
has a slope of 15.

00:00:22.117 --> 00:00:22.950
So, the

00:00:24.086 --> 00:00:26.266
line they're talking about is right here.

00:00:26.266 --> 00:00:28.784
So this is the scatter
plot, this shows that

00:00:28.784 --> 00:00:30.795
some student who spent
some time in between

00:00:30.795 --> 00:00:32.672
half an hour and an hour studying

00:00:32.672 --> 00:00:35.833
got a little bit less
than a 45 on the test.

00:00:35.833 --> 00:00:39.045
This student here, who got a
little bit higher than a 60

00:00:39.045 --> 00:00:41.145
spent a little under two hours studying.

00:00:41.145 --> 00:00:42.786
This student over here,
who looks like they got

00:00:42.786 --> 00:00:44.607
like a 94, or a 95

00:00:44.607 --> 00:00:47.141
spent over four hours studying.

00:00:47.141 --> 00:00:49.574
And so then they fit a line to it

00:00:49.574 --> 00:00:52.241
and this line has a slope of 15.

00:00:53.441 --> 00:00:55.246
And before I even read these choices

00:00:55.246 --> 00:00:57.411
what's the best
interpretation of this slope?

00:00:57.411 --> 00:01:01.099
Well, if you think this line
is indicative of the trend,

00:01:01.099 --> 00:01:03.801
and it does look like that
from this scatter plot,

00:01:03.801 --> 00:01:06.024
that implies that, roughly

00:01:06.024 --> 00:01:08.482
every extra hour that you study

00:01:08.482 --> 00:01:11.598
is going to improve your score by 15.

00:01:11.598 --> 00:01:15.535
You could say, on average,
according to this regression.

00:01:15.535 --> 00:01:18.055
So, if we start over here

00:01:18.055 --> 00:01:21.431
and we were to increase by one hour

00:01:21.431 --> 00:01:24.338
our score should improve by 15.

00:01:24.338 --> 00:01:25.698
And it does, indeed, look like that.

00:01:25.698 --> 00:01:28.468
We're going from, we're going in the

00:01:28.468 --> 00:01:30.664
horizontal direction,
we're going one hour.

00:01:30.664 --> 00:01:32.031
And then in the vertical
direction we're going

00:01:32.031 --> 00:01:33.299
from 45 to 60.

00:01:33.299 --> 00:01:35.121
So that's how I would interpret it.

00:01:35.121 --> 00:01:36.127
Every hour,

00:01:36.127 --> 00:01:37.894
based on this regression,

00:01:37.894 --> 00:01:40.749
you could, it's not unreasonable to expect

00:01:40.749 --> 00:01:41.964
15 points improvement.

00:01:41.964 --> 00:01:43.779
Or at least that's what we're seeing

00:01:43.779 --> 00:01:46.478
that's what we're seeing from
the regression of the data.

00:01:46.478 --> 00:01:48.145
So let's look at which of these choices

00:01:48.145 --> 00:01:51.335
actually describe something like that.

00:01:51.335 --> 00:01:54.161
The model predicts that
the student who scored zero

00:01:54.161 --> 00:01:56.680
studied for an average of 15 hours.

00:01:56.680 --> 00:01:58.703
No, it definitely doesn't say that.

00:01:58.703 --> 00:02:01.526
The model predicts that
students who didn't study at all

00:02:01.526 --> 00:02:04.259
will have an average score of 15 points.

00:02:04.259 --> 00:02:06.700
No we, we didn't see that.

00:02:06.700 --> 00:02:10.187
Students, if you take this,
if you believe this model

00:02:10.187 --> 00:02:11.974
someone who doesn't study at all

00:02:11.974 --> 00:02:13.473
would get close to

00:02:13.473 --> 00:02:15.637
would get between 35 and 40 points.

00:02:15.637 --> 00:02:17.685
So like a 37, or a 38.

00:02:17.685 --> 00:02:20.026
So, don't like that choice.

00:02:20.026 --> 00:02:22.314
The model predicts the score will increase

00:02:22.314 --> 00:02:25.212
15 points for each additional
hour of study time.

00:02:25.212 --> 00:02:27.566
Yes, that is exactly what
we were thinking about

00:02:27.566 --> 00:02:29.998
when we were looking at the model.

00:02:29.998 --> 00:02:31.951
That's what a slope of 15 tells you.

00:02:31.951 --> 00:02:34.732
You increase studying time by an hour

00:02:34.732 --> 00:02:37.397
it increases the score by 15 points.

00:02:37.397 --> 00:02:39.168
The model predicts that the study time

00:02:39.168 --> 00:02:40.971
will increase 15 hours

00:02:40.971 --> 00:02:43.475
for each additional point scored.

00:02:43.475 --> 00:02:44.450
Well, no.

00:02:44.450 --> 00:02:45.641
And first of all,

00:02:45.641 --> 00:02:47.063
the hours is the thing that we use

00:02:47.063 --> 00:02:48.357
the independent variable

00:02:48.357 --> 00:02:50.125
and the points being
the dependent variable,

00:02:50.125 --> 00:02:51.716
and this is phrasing it the other way.

00:02:51.716 --> 00:02:53.491
And you definitely wouldn't
expect to do an extra

00:02:53.491 --> 00:02:55.491
15 hours for each point.


Interpreting y-intercept in regression model

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.909 --> 00:00:02.250
- [Instructor] Adrianna gathered data

00:00:02.250 --> 00:00:04.249
on different schools' winning percentages

00:00:04.249 --> 00:00:07.968
and the average yearly
salary of their head coaches

00:00:07.968 --> 00:00:12.225
in millions of dollars in
the years 2000 to 2011.

00:00:12.225 --> 00:00:15.619
She then created the following
scatter plot and trend line.

00:00:15.619 --> 00:00:17.604
So this is salary in millions of dollars

00:00:17.604 --> 00:00:19.936
and the winning percentage.

00:00:19.936 --> 00:00:24.056
And so here, we have a coach
who made over $4 million,

00:00:24.056 --> 00:00:28.413
and looks like they won
over 80% of their games.

00:00:28.413 --> 00:00:29.831
But you have this coach over here

00:00:29.831 --> 00:00:31.313
who has a salary of a little over

00:00:31.313 --> 00:00:32.823
a million and a half dollars,

00:00:32.823 --> 00:00:35.451
and they are winning over 85%,

00:00:35.451 --> 00:00:38.119
and so each of one of these data points

00:00:38.119 --> 00:00:39.576
is a coach,

00:00:39.576 --> 00:00:41.701
and is plotting their salary

00:00:41.701 --> 00:00:44.770
or their winning percentage
against their salary.

00:00:44.770 --> 00:00:48.326
Assuming the line correctly
shows the trend in the data,

00:00:48.326 --> 00:00:49.625
and it's a bit of an assumption,

00:00:49.625 --> 00:00:51.070
there are some outliers here

00:00:51.070 --> 00:00:53.508
that are well away from the model,

00:00:53.508 --> 00:00:54.679
and this isn't a,

00:00:54.679 --> 00:00:55.911
it looks like there's a linear,

00:00:55.911 --> 00:00:58.050
a positive linear correlation here,

00:00:58.050 --> 00:00:59.582
but it's not super tight

00:00:59.582 --> 00:01:01.121
and there's a bunch of
coaches right over here,

00:01:01.121 --> 00:01:03.781
in the lower salary area,

00:01:03.781 --> 00:01:05.875
going all the way from
20 something percent

00:01:05.875 --> 00:01:07.483
to over 60 percent.

00:01:07.483 --> 00:01:10.209
Assuming the line correctly
shows the trend in the data,

00:01:10.209 --> 00:01:15.169
what does it mean that the
line's y intercept is 39?

00:01:15.169 --> 00:01:16.786
Well if you believe the model,

00:01:16.786 --> 00:01:19.784
then the y intercept of being 39

00:01:19.784 --> 00:01:22.357
would be the model is saying

00:01:22.357 --> 00:01:24.437
that if someone makes no money,

00:01:24.437 --> 00:01:26.583
that they could, zero dollars,

00:01:26.583 --> 00:01:28.054
that they could win,

00:01:28.054 --> 00:01:31.666
that the model would expect
them to win 39% of their games,

00:01:31.666 --> 00:01:33.230
which seems a little unrealistic,

00:01:33.230 --> 00:01:36.072
because you would expect most
coaches to get paid something.

00:01:36.072 --> 00:01:37.760
But anyway, let's see
which of this choices

00:01:37.760 --> 00:01:40.323
actually describe that.

00:01:40.323 --> 00:01:42.984
So let me look at the choices.

00:01:42.984 --> 00:01:46.124
The average salary was
39 million dollars, nope.

00:01:46.124 --> 00:01:48.108
No one on our chart made 39 million.

00:01:48.108 --> 00:01:50.350
On average, each million
dollar increase in salary

00:01:50.350 --> 00:01:52.765
was associated with a 39%
increase in winning percentage.

00:01:52.765 --> 00:01:56.686
That would be something
related to the slope

00:01:56.686 --> 00:01:58.735
and the slope was definitely not 39.

00:01:58.735 --> 00:02:01.353
The average winning percentage was 39%,

00:02:01.353 --> 00:02:02.692
we know that wasn't the case either.

00:02:02.692 --> 00:02:05.248
The model indicates
that teams with coaches

00:02:05.248 --> 00:02:06.781
who had a salary of zero millions dollars

00:02:06.781 --> 00:02:09.971
will average a winning
percentage of approximately 39%.

00:02:09.971 --> 00:02:12.717
Yeah this is the closest statement

00:02:12.717 --> 00:02:14.264
to what we just said,

00:02:14.264 --> 00:02:15.740
that if you believe that model,

00:02:15.740 --> 00:02:17.285
and that's a big if,

00:02:17.285 --> 00:02:19.452
if you believe this model,

00:02:20.916 --> 00:02:23.375
then this model says
someone making zero dollars

00:02:23.375 --> 00:02:24.966
will get 39%,

00:02:24.966 --> 00:02:27.446
and this is frankly why you
have to be skeptical of models.

00:02:27.446 --> 00:02:28.688
They're not going to be perfect,

00:02:28.688 --> 00:02:31.249
especially in extreme cases oftentimes,

00:02:31.249 --> 00:02:32.247
but who knows.

00:02:32.247 --> 00:02:34.873
Anyway, hopefully you found that useful.


Mughal rule in India

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.504 --> 00:00:02.509
- [Instructor] As we've
talked about in other videos,

00:00:02.509 --> 00:00:05.988
by the time we get into the 15th century,

00:00:05.988 --> 00:00:10.453
Timur's Persia and central
Asia has been fragmented.

00:00:10.453 --> 00:00:13.207
You have many of Timur's
descendants with their own

00:00:13.207 --> 00:00:16.038
kingdoms, especially in central Asia.

00:00:16.038 --> 00:00:19.871
In 1483, in the central
Asian city of Andijan,

00:00:21.796 --> 00:00:26.096
now part of eastern Uzbekistan,
you have one of Timur's

00:00:26.096 --> 00:00:29.263
grandson's great-grandson's born Babur

00:00:30.624 --> 00:00:35.610
and at the age of 12, Babur
takes the throne of Fergana

00:00:35.610 --> 00:00:38.593
after the death of his father.

00:00:38.593 --> 00:00:42.306
Now over the next few decades,
he tries to consolidate

00:00:42.306 --> 00:00:45.867
control, he tries to take
control of Samarkand,

00:00:45.867 --> 00:00:47.845
loses control and then of Fergana,

00:00:47.845 --> 00:00:50.164
keeps repeatedly losing control.

00:00:50.164 --> 00:00:54.493
Early in the 16th century,
he is able to take Kabul

00:00:54.493 --> 00:00:58.660
and then decides to focus on
India instead of central Asia.

00:01:00.654 --> 00:01:04.154
In 1526, famously with the use of cannons,

00:01:05.394 --> 00:01:07.362
which had not been used
in a significant way

00:01:07.362 --> 00:01:09.975
in the Indian subcontinent
until that time,

00:01:09.975 --> 00:01:14.292
Babur was able to defeat Ibraham
Lodi of the Delhi sultanate

00:01:14.292 --> 00:01:17.514
and come to power in northern
India and you can see

00:01:17.514 --> 00:01:20.808
in this blue gray color, this
is the territory that Babur

00:01:20.808 --> 00:01:24.785
was able to rule over
until his death in 1530.

00:01:24.785 --> 00:01:28.195
Moghul is the Persian word for Mongol.

00:01:28.195 --> 00:01:31.367
Remember, Babur is a descendant of Timur,

00:01:31.367 --> 00:01:34.103
who is a Turko-Mongolian conqueror.

00:01:34.103 --> 00:01:36.461
On his mother's side,
he claims descendancy

00:01:36.461 --> 00:01:40.628
from Gengis Khan, but Persian
is the language of his court

00:01:41.581 --> 00:01:45.505
and so it significantly
increases the Persian influence

00:01:45.505 --> 00:01:47.667
in North Indian culture.

00:01:47.667 --> 00:01:51.667
After his death, his son
Humayun comes to power.

00:01:53.032 --> 00:01:56.466
Humayun has difficult retaining power.

00:01:56.466 --> 00:01:59.600
He has various family
rivalries to contend with

00:01:59.600 --> 00:02:03.767
and eventually he is dethroned
by the Pashtun Suri dynasty.

00:02:05.375 --> 00:02:07.807
He goes to the Safavids
and with their help,

00:02:07.807 --> 00:02:11.974
is able to retake control but
then trips on stairs and dies

00:02:13.503 --> 00:02:16.670
and then his son Akbar comes to power.

00:02:17.614 --> 00:02:19.637
Now Akbar is perhaps most famous

00:02:19.637 --> 00:02:22.147
of all of the Moghul rulers.

00:02:22.147 --> 00:02:26.488
As you can see, he is able to
rule over India for some time.

00:02:26.488 --> 00:02:30.892
As just mentioned, Humayan
essentially had to reconquer,

00:02:30.892 --> 00:02:35.763
retake the throne and his hold
on power was relatively weak.

00:02:35.763 --> 00:02:39.023
But now Akbar is able
to expand the territory

00:02:39.023 --> 00:02:42.650
that you see in this
light purple mauve color.

00:02:42.650 --> 00:02:46.421
He's able to increase the central
authority and perhaps most

00:02:46.421 --> 00:02:50.764
importantly, he tries to
unify India culturally.

00:02:50.764 --> 00:02:54.224
The Moghuls are Muslim and
are relatively tolerant

00:02:54.224 --> 00:02:57.346
up through Akbar and to
some degree, Jahangir,

00:02:57.346 --> 00:02:59.522
of other religions, but Akbar takes

00:02:59.522 --> 00:03:01.882
a very pluralistic approach.

00:03:01.882 --> 00:03:05.501
He's famous for holding
court with religious scholars

00:03:05.501 --> 00:03:08.509
throughout the empire
and even trying to merge

00:03:08.509 --> 00:03:10.850
the religions, creating
what some would consider

00:03:10.850 --> 00:03:12.921
a religion of his own
that would later be called

00:03:12.921 --> 00:03:16.270
Din-i-Illahi, the religion of god.

00:03:16.270 --> 00:03:19.481
Many Jain and Hindu
principles appealed to him.

00:03:19.481 --> 00:03:24.478
He becomes a vegetarian, he
bans the slaughtering of cows.

00:03:24.478 --> 00:03:28.645
At his death in 1605, his
son Jahangir comes to power.

00:03:30.753 --> 00:03:34.091
Historians consider Jahangir
to be relatively tolerant

00:03:34.091 --> 00:03:38.026
like Akbar and to continue
the interest in the sciences

00:03:38.026 --> 00:03:41.497
and the arts that you saw in
the Moghul court under Akbar

00:03:41.497 --> 00:03:44.356
but he's a little bit more controversial.

00:03:44.356 --> 00:03:47.633
As we talked about in the Sikhism video,

00:03:47.633 --> 00:03:50.633
he famously tortures
and executes Guru Arjan.

00:03:50.633 --> 00:03:52.640
Some would say it was because Guru Arjan

00:03:52.640 --> 00:03:56.848
was siding with Jahangir's
son, who was trying to rebel.

00:03:56.848 --> 00:03:59.465
Others would say that it
was because Guru Arjan

00:03:59.465 --> 00:04:03.113
was getting a following in
Punjab and that Jahangir

00:04:03.113 --> 00:04:06.947
was insecure of his own hold on power

00:04:06.947 --> 00:04:09.780
and decided to execute Guru Arjan.

00:04:12.446 --> 00:04:15.500
But he is succeeded by
his son, Shah Jahan,

00:04:15.500 --> 00:04:19.063
who becomes decisively less tolerant.

00:04:19.063 --> 00:04:22.678
His reign, however, is
known as the golden age

00:04:22.678 --> 00:04:26.893
of Moghul architecture, with
the crowning achievement,

00:04:26.893 --> 00:04:30.536
arguably, the Taj Mahal,
which is a mausoleum that he

00:04:30.536 --> 00:04:34.703
commissions in the 1630s to
house the body of his dead wife.

00:04:37.369 --> 00:04:39.585
As you can see here, it's housed in Agra

00:04:39.585 --> 00:04:42.741
and Agra and Delhi at various points

00:04:42.741 --> 00:04:45.610
during the Moghul empire are the capital,

00:04:45.610 --> 00:04:49.375
there's a few moments
when it is at Lahore.

00:04:49.375 --> 00:04:53.542
He is eventually imprisoned
by his son, Aurangzeb.

00:04:56.658 --> 00:04:59.285
Aurangzeb is considered a very strong

00:04:59.285 --> 00:05:01.386
and authoritarian ruler.

00:05:01.386 --> 00:05:04.802
You can see here that he is
able to expand the territory

00:05:04.802 --> 00:05:08.381
of the Moghul empire
well into South India.

00:05:08.381 --> 00:05:12.152
At its maximum extent, the
Moghul empire is now rivaling

00:05:12.152 --> 00:05:14.254
the amount of territory
that was controlled

00:05:14.254 --> 00:05:18.421
by the Moria empire, roughly
2000 years before this time.

00:05:20.391 --> 00:05:24.736
Despite being the last
truly strong Moghul emperor,

00:05:24.736 --> 00:05:28.928
he's also known as the least
tolerant of the emperors.

00:05:28.928 --> 00:05:32.171
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707,

00:05:32.171 --> 00:05:36.122
he's succeeded by weaker
and weaker Moghul rulers.

00:05:36.122 --> 00:05:39.358
The 18th century, you
see a significant decline

00:05:39.358 --> 00:05:42.006
in the power of the Moghuls,
the territory they have.

00:05:42.006 --> 00:05:45.413
Delhi is famously sacked by Nadir Shah,

00:05:45.413 --> 00:05:47.475
the Persian conqueror.

00:05:47.475 --> 00:05:50.345
As we get into the second
half of the 18th century,

00:05:50.345 --> 00:05:54.160
the British are able to chip
away more and more and more

00:05:54.160 --> 00:05:56.356
territory, not just from the Moghuls,

00:05:56.356 --> 00:05:59.366
but from other Indian rulers as well,

00:05:59.366 --> 00:06:02.283
which we will see in future videos.


This school year may be ending but we have lots to do for next year.

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:04.671 --> 00:00:07.213
- Hi I'm Sal Khan, founder
of the Khan Academy

00:00:07.213 --> 00:00:09.610
and I just wanted to let you
know how excited all of us are

00:00:09.610 --> 00:00:13.978
for what we have in store
this coming back to school.

00:00:13.978 --> 00:00:16.590
First and foremost, this
is going to be a big effort

00:00:16.590 --> 00:00:20.971
in terms of working with
teachers and classrooms.

00:00:20.971 --> 00:00:23.791
This coming back to school,
teachers are going to be able

00:00:23.791 --> 00:00:27.177
to better assign practice on Khan Academy

00:00:27.177 --> 00:00:30.676
and get reports on
where their students are

00:00:30.676 --> 00:00:33.753
to give optimal personalized practice.

00:00:33.753 --> 00:00:36.768
This practice is going to
be aligned with standards

00:00:36.768 --> 00:00:39.125
across subjects and grades.

00:00:39.125 --> 00:00:41.104
We're also adding a lot more content

00:00:41.104 --> 00:00:43.963
and to be clear, Khan Academy
is much much much more

00:00:43.963 --> 00:00:47.596
than just videos, we have
standards-aligned practice

00:00:47.596 --> 00:00:51.451
across subjects and grades,
keep a look out for well beyond

00:00:51.451 --> 00:00:54.622
math, biology, chemistry,
physics, and especially

00:00:54.622 --> 00:00:57.144
this coming year, we're
adding a lot in history.

00:00:57.144 --> 00:00:59.643
We're creating many tools
for independent learners

00:00:59.643 --> 00:01:02.341
and folks who are trying
to prepare for college

00:01:02.341 --> 00:01:06.023
and important standardized
exams like the SAT.

00:01:06.023 --> 00:01:08.450
We're really trying to reach the world.

00:01:08.450 --> 00:01:10.265
Our mission is a free
world class education

00:01:10.265 --> 00:01:13.487
for anyone anywhere, so we're
going to continue our efforts

00:01:13.487 --> 00:01:16.665
in Spanish, in Portuguese, in Hindi,

00:01:16.665 --> 00:01:20.509
and launch in other
significant geographies.

00:01:20.509 --> 00:01:22.672
So there's a lot of work ahead of us,

00:01:22.672 --> 00:01:25.942
but we're very very very
excited and I just wanna thank

00:01:25.942 --> 00:01:29.854
all of y'all for being part
of the Khan Academy community.

00:01:29.854 --> 00:01:33.197
And many of you have directly
supported these efforts

00:01:33.197 --> 00:01:36.307
and I hope you too feel
proud of all of the reach

00:01:36.307 --> 00:01:40.390
and impact that we are
able to collectively have.


Sikhism introduction

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.222 --> 00:00:03.620
- [Instructor] Sikhism comes
into being in northern India

00:00:03.620 --> 00:00:07.071
in a time when the Mughals
are coming into power.

00:00:07.071 --> 00:00:09.106
What we see in this blue area

00:00:09.106 --> 00:00:11.802
is what the first Mughal emperor, Babur,

00:00:11.802 --> 00:00:13.892
is able to put under his control,

00:00:13.892 --> 00:00:16.116
which includes the region of Punjab,

00:00:16.116 --> 00:00:20.330
which is where Sikhism begins
and thrives to this day.

00:00:20.330 --> 00:00:23.942
We see later emperors like
Akbar continuing to expand

00:00:23.942 --> 00:00:27.050
the domain of the Mughal
emperor with Aurangzeb,

00:00:27.050 --> 00:00:29.059
the least tolerant of the Mughals,

00:00:29.059 --> 00:00:31.726
expanding well into South India.

00:00:32.644 --> 00:00:36.100
It all starts in the 15th
century with the birth

00:00:36.100 --> 00:00:39.308
of who will eventually
be known as Guru Nanak.

00:00:39.308 --> 00:00:42.842
He's born into a merchant
class Hindu family,

00:00:42.842 --> 00:00:46.937
and he is known to be precocious
from a very young age,

00:00:46.937 --> 00:00:50.143
especially when it comes
to matters of spirituality.

00:00:50.143 --> 00:00:51.967
He is constantly questioning.

00:00:51.967 --> 00:00:54.984
He goes and learns
about various religions.

00:00:54.984 --> 00:00:57.964
Remember, North India is under
the control of the Muslims,

00:00:57.964 --> 00:01:00.242
but it's a Hindu-majority population,

00:01:00.242 --> 00:01:04.256
and you also have populations
of Christians and Jains.

00:01:04.256 --> 00:01:07.101
And this is also a time, as
we've studied in other videos,

00:01:07.101 --> 00:01:09.992
where the Bhakti movement is on the rise,

00:01:09.992 --> 00:01:14.162
this notion of devotional
love to God within Hinduism,

00:01:14.162 --> 00:01:17.131
and it's in this context that Guru Nanak

00:01:17.131 --> 00:01:21.405
becomes a significant, some
would say, Bhakti guru.

00:01:21.405 --> 00:01:24.846
To get a sense of some of his teachings:

00:01:24.846 --> 00:01:26.264
"There is but one God.

00:01:26.264 --> 00:01:28.221
"His name is Truth.

00:01:28.221 --> 00:01:29.920
"He is without hate.

00:01:29.920 --> 00:01:33.010
"He is beyond the cycle
of births and deaths.

00:01:33.010 --> 00:01:35.621
"He is Self illuminated."

00:01:35.621 --> 00:01:39.188
So just in this excerpt
of some of his sayings,

00:01:39.188 --> 00:01:42.189
you see elements of the core of Hinduism

00:01:42.189 --> 00:01:44.469
and elements of Islam.

00:01:44.469 --> 00:01:48.114
There is but one God, a
central tenet of Islam.

00:01:48.114 --> 00:01:50.328
But then, these ideas that really come

00:01:50.328 --> 00:01:51.704
from a Vedic tradition.

00:01:51.704 --> 00:01:55.872
God is beyond the cycle of
births and deaths, samsara.

00:01:55.872 --> 00:01:57.978
He is self illuminated.

00:01:57.978 --> 00:02:00.818
There's a lot of mention
of your inner self,

00:02:00.818 --> 00:02:03.924
your true self, is one with this God.

00:02:03.924 --> 00:02:05.564
"Even kings and emperors

00:02:05.564 --> 00:02:08.323
"with heaps of wealth and vast dominion

00:02:08.323 --> 00:02:13.078
"cannot compare with an ant
filled with the love of God."

00:02:13.078 --> 00:02:15.971
So here, you see this Bhakti influence,

00:02:15.971 --> 00:02:17.499
and you can see why he's considered

00:02:17.499 --> 00:02:20.499
a major Bhakti guru or Bhakti saint.

00:02:21.567 --> 00:02:25.317
He's emphasizing this
devotional love of God.

00:02:26.474 --> 00:02:30.334
"The world is a drama staged in a dream."

00:02:30.334 --> 00:02:34.635
So here, you have the Hindu,
the Vedic notions of Maya.

00:02:34.635 --> 00:02:36.585
The world is an illusion.

00:02:36.585 --> 00:02:39.691
His followers will
eventually be known as Sikhs,

00:02:39.691 --> 00:02:43.272
and the word Sikh comes
from the Sanskrit word

00:02:43.272 --> 00:02:46.053
for to learn or learning,

00:02:46.053 --> 00:02:48.441
and it's related to the word for student.

00:02:48.441 --> 00:02:52.478
And even in modern Sanskrit-derived
languages like Hindi,

00:02:52.478 --> 00:02:57.162
you have words like sikhna,
which means to learn.

00:02:57.162 --> 00:03:00.243
Guru Nanak dies in the early 16th century.

00:03:00.243 --> 00:03:01.559
You can see by this point,

00:03:01.559 --> 00:03:06.033
the Mughals have taken
control of northern India.

00:03:06.033 --> 00:03:09.245
And before his death, he names Guru Angad,

00:03:09.245 --> 00:03:12.054
who is not his son, as his successor.

00:03:12.054 --> 00:03:15.135
After Guru Angad, you have Guru Amar Das,

00:03:15.135 --> 00:03:18.941
and then you have Guru Ram
Das, who establishes the city

00:03:18.941 --> 00:03:21.744
now sacred to Sikhs known as Amritsar,

00:03:21.744 --> 00:03:24.244
originally known as Ramdaspur.

00:03:25.701 --> 00:03:30.203
Guru Dam Das is succeeded
on his death by Guru Arjan.

00:03:30.203 --> 00:03:33.928
And Guru Arjan is
significant for many reasons.

00:03:33.928 --> 00:03:37.329
He creates the compilation
known as the Adi Granth,

00:03:37.329 --> 00:03:40.496
which are the sayings and the
hymns of the previous gurus,

00:03:40.496 --> 00:03:42.016
including his own.

00:03:42.016 --> 00:03:44.683
The Adi Granth, as we will
see, will eventually evolve

00:03:44.683 --> 00:03:47.524
into the Guru Granth
Sahib, which is considered

00:03:47.524 --> 00:03:49.602
not only the Sikh holy book

00:03:49.602 --> 00:03:53.282
but also the last and final of the gurus.

00:03:53.282 --> 00:03:56.418
In Ramdaspur, later to
be known as Amritsar,

00:03:56.418 --> 00:03:59.585
Guru Arjan builds the Harmandir Sahib,

00:04:01.385 --> 00:04:03.073
which is intended to be a place of worship

00:04:03.073 --> 00:04:05.767
for people of all religions.

00:04:05.767 --> 00:04:07.575
They have a tradition of langar,

00:04:07.575 --> 00:04:10.911
where they feed anyone
who comes from any faith,

00:04:10.911 --> 00:04:13.008
and today the Harmandir Sahib

00:04:13.008 --> 00:04:14.991
would later be known as the Golden Temple

00:04:14.991 --> 00:04:18.257
where later Raja would plate it with gold,

00:04:18.257 --> 00:04:21.685
is the largest free kitchen in the world.

00:04:21.685 --> 00:04:23.442
Guru Arjan is also known

00:04:23.442 --> 00:04:26.570
as the first martyr in the Sikh faith.

00:04:26.570 --> 00:04:27.403
As we've told about,

00:04:27.403 --> 00:04:30.641
the early Mughals were
relatively tolerant.

00:04:30.641 --> 00:04:32.728
Akbar in particular
was extremely tolerant.

00:04:32.728 --> 00:04:35.945
But upon his death, his
son Jahangir takes power,

00:04:35.945 --> 00:04:38.231
and early in Jahangir's reign,

00:04:38.231 --> 00:04:40.987
he is insecure about his hold on power.

00:04:40.987 --> 00:04:43.153
And remember, the Mughals are ruling

00:04:43.153 --> 00:04:45.266
from the same region where the Sikhs

00:04:45.266 --> 00:04:48.030
are having an increasingly
growing following,

00:04:48.030 --> 00:04:51.653
not just from Hindus
but also from Muslims.

00:04:51.653 --> 00:04:53.787
Threatened by this growing following,

00:04:53.787 --> 00:04:57.954
Jahangir imprisons Guru
Arjan and tortures Guru Arjan

00:04:59.114 --> 00:05:01.241
trying to get him to renounce the faith

00:05:01.241 --> 00:05:02.927
to convert to Islam.

00:05:02.927 --> 00:05:06.056
Guru Arjan refuses despite many days

00:05:06.056 --> 00:05:08.969
of excruciating torture
being boiled alive.

00:05:08.969 --> 00:05:12.493
Eventually, he dies and there's
slightly varying accounts

00:05:12.493 --> 00:05:14.669
of how it happens.

00:05:14.669 --> 00:05:17.479
After his death, his
son, who will be known

00:05:17.479 --> 00:05:20.229
as Guru Hargobind comes to power,

00:05:21.142 --> 00:05:24.660
and Guru Hargobind, as
legend has it on direction

00:05:24.660 --> 00:05:27.194
from his father before he would die,

00:05:27.194 --> 00:05:31.079
tells him that the Sikhs
need to protect themselves.

00:05:31.079 --> 00:05:33.939
They need to adopt a military tradition

00:05:33.939 --> 00:05:35.985
to protect themselves from the oppression

00:05:35.985 --> 00:05:38.727
especially the oppression
from the Mughals.

00:05:38.727 --> 00:05:42.810
So, Guru Hargobind, he is
famous for establishing

00:05:44.064 --> 00:05:46.491
the military tradition of Sikhism.

00:05:46.491 --> 00:05:49.343
He is the first guru to
be what you could call

00:05:49.343 --> 00:05:51.023
a warrior saint.

00:05:51.023 --> 00:05:53.222
He's famous for wearing two swords.

00:05:53.222 --> 00:05:56.750
One to represent his authority
in the spiritual realm

00:05:56.750 --> 00:05:57.741
and another to represent

00:05:57.741 --> 00:06:00.520
his authority in the temporal realm.

00:06:00.520 --> 00:06:03.770
He also has the longest tenure as guru.

00:06:04.740 --> 00:06:07.229
At Guru Hargobind's death,

00:06:07.229 --> 00:06:09.698
his grandson, Guru Har Rai becomes guru.

00:06:09.698 --> 00:06:13.785
At his death, his very
young son, Guru Har Krishan

00:06:13.785 --> 00:06:16.553
becomes guru but dies of smallpox.

00:06:16.553 --> 00:06:20.720
Afterwhich, Guru Hargobind's
youngest son becomes guru.

00:06:21.701 --> 00:06:25.154
He is named eventually Guru Tegh Bahadur

00:06:25.154 --> 00:06:29.199
which means brave sword or
brave wielder of the sword

00:06:29.199 --> 00:06:33.543
because as his father, Guru
Hargobind, fought the Mughals,

00:06:33.543 --> 00:06:35.959
he was known as being unusually brave

00:06:35.959 --> 00:06:38.954
and an unusually competent warrior.

00:06:38.954 --> 00:06:42.182
He continued this tradition
of being a warrior saint

00:06:42.182 --> 00:06:45.035
and especially under the rule
of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb

00:06:45.035 --> 00:06:47.868
as the Mughals became
more and more intolerant

00:06:47.868 --> 00:06:49.730
and started force conversions,

00:06:49.730 --> 00:06:52.273
he viewed himself as a
protector of the oppressed,

00:06:52.273 --> 00:06:53.328
not just of the Sikhs

00:06:53.328 --> 00:06:55.819
but the oppressed of any
faiths including Hindus

00:06:55.819 --> 00:06:59.828
who are being forced to
convert by Aurangzeb.

00:06:59.828 --> 00:07:03.011
Eventually, Aurangzeb
tortures and kills him

00:07:03.011 --> 00:07:05.508
for refusing to convert to Islam

00:07:05.508 --> 00:07:08.988
and he is considered the
second guru who is martyred.

00:07:08.988 --> 00:07:13.819
At his death, we have the
tenth and last human guru

00:07:13.819 --> 00:07:17.071
of the Sikh tradition, Guru Gobind Singh,

00:07:17.071 --> 00:07:20.476
who continues, again, this
tradition of a warrior saint

00:07:20.476 --> 00:07:24.660
and actually formalizes it
in this notion of Khalsa.

00:07:24.660 --> 00:07:27.986
There's a famous story of him
gathering the Sikh community

00:07:27.986 --> 00:07:29.833
and asking for volunteers.

00:07:29.833 --> 00:07:31.943
And the first volunteer
he takes into a tent

00:07:31.943 --> 00:07:33.550
and then he emerges from that tent

00:07:33.550 --> 00:07:35.392
without the volunteer with a bloody sword

00:07:35.392 --> 00:07:36.869
giving people the impression

00:07:36.869 --> 00:07:39.120
that he might have killed that individual.

00:07:39.120 --> 00:07:40.701
Then, he asked for more volunteers

00:07:40.701 --> 00:07:41.681
and more people coming.

00:07:41.681 --> 00:07:44.645
Every time, he comes out of
the tent without the volunteers

00:07:44.645 --> 00:07:46.194
but with a bloody sword.

00:07:46.194 --> 00:07:47.988
But after five volunteers have come,

00:07:47.988 --> 00:07:49.879
they all emerged from the tent.

00:07:49.879 --> 00:07:51.682
He makes it clear that
this was an exercise

00:07:51.682 --> 00:07:53.973
as a test of faith to see who was willing

00:07:53.973 --> 00:07:56.882
to risk their life to follow the cause.

00:07:56.882 --> 00:07:58.578
And he says, "These are the Khalsa,

00:07:58.578 --> 00:07:59.662
"these are these are the pure.

00:07:59.662 --> 00:08:04.521
"Together, we are going to be
a group to fight oppression

00:08:04.521 --> 00:08:06.674
"wherever it might be."

00:08:06.674 --> 00:08:09.522
And he formalizes what it means to be

00:08:09.522 --> 00:08:11.686
one of these warrior saints.

00:08:11.686 --> 00:08:14.791
Famously, with the Five K's of Khalsa

00:08:14.791 --> 00:08:18.421
that anyone who goes into
the Khalsa indoctrination

00:08:18.421 --> 00:08:20.569
who becomes a Khalsa sikh,

00:08:20.569 --> 00:08:23.735
they should not cut their
hair, this is known as Kesh,

00:08:23.735 --> 00:08:26.294
they should wear a metal
bracelet known as Kara,

00:08:26.294 --> 00:08:29.590
they should have a wooden
comb known as Kanga,

00:08:29.590 --> 00:08:32.168
and they should carry
a short dagger or sword

00:08:32.168 --> 00:08:34.382
known a Kirpan and there is Kaccherra

00:08:34.382 --> 00:08:36.172
which is often an undergarment worn

00:08:36.172 --> 00:08:38.064
and has a symbolic meaning.

00:08:38.064 --> 00:08:41.557
A man who goes through
the Khalsa ceremony,

00:08:41.557 --> 00:08:45.040
the Khalsa baptism,
adopts the title of Singh

00:08:45.040 --> 00:08:46.756
which means lion,

00:08:46.756 --> 00:08:50.759
and a woman who does adopts
the title, Kaur or princess,

00:08:50.759 --> 00:08:54.340
and it's essentially, they are
promising to fight oppression

00:08:54.340 --> 00:08:56.887
wherever it might be.

00:08:56.887 --> 00:08:59.731
Guru Gobind Singh is also famous

00:08:59.731 --> 00:09:02.600
for the final compilation
of what would be known

00:09:02.600 --> 00:09:04.683
as the Guru Granth Sahib.

00:09:05.714 --> 00:09:09.870
Taking the Adi Granth which
was compiled by Guru Arjan

00:09:09.870 --> 00:09:12.232
and adding the 115 hymns

00:09:12.232 --> 00:09:15.711
of Guru Tegh Bahadur who was martyred,

00:09:15.711 --> 00:09:18.905
and making this collection of
hymns not just from the gurus

00:09:18.905 --> 00:09:22.739
but from saints and gurus in the Hindu

00:09:22.739 --> 00:09:24.387
and Muslim tradition as well

00:09:24.387 --> 00:09:29.031
and declaring that this
is the 11th and final guru

00:09:29.031 --> 00:09:32.303
and sikhs today view the Guru Granth Sahib

00:09:32.303 --> 00:09:33.798
as their guru.

00:09:33.798 --> 00:09:37.419
If you were to visit a
gurdwara which is their temple,

00:09:37.419 --> 00:09:39.776
it means door to the gurus, dwara,

00:09:39.776 --> 00:09:42.280
same root in Sanskrit as door,

00:09:42.280 --> 00:09:45.896
you will see it houses a Guru Granth Sahib

00:09:45.896 --> 00:09:50.063
which the Sikhs will venerate
and view as their guru.


Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:01.814 --> 00:00:04.157
- [Sal] We are now going
to go further in our study

00:00:04.157 --> 00:00:07.351
of the evolution of the empires in Asia.

00:00:07.351 --> 00:00:09.979
And in this video, we're
going to focus on what happens

00:00:09.979 --> 00:00:13.563
in North India, Persia, the Middle East,

00:00:13.563 --> 00:00:15.532
and the Anatolian peninsula,

00:00:15.532 --> 00:00:19.068
what we would consider modern-day Turkey.

00:00:19.068 --> 00:00:22.150
So right here is roughly
what Asia looked like

00:00:22.150 --> 00:00:23.900
around the year 1300.

00:00:25.610 --> 00:00:28.337
As you might remember
from previous videos,

00:00:28.337 --> 00:00:31.105
as we entered into the 13th century,

00:00:31.105 --> 00:00:35.925
you have Genghis Khan or Genghis
Khan take over much of Asia

00:00:35.925 --> 00:00:37.092
from Mongolia.

00:00:37.946 --> 00:00:42.472
But by the time you get to
1300, the empire has fragmented

00:00:42.472 --> 00:00:44.633
into these various khanates.

00:00:44.633 --> 00:00:48.800
The Yuan Dynasty in China,
Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia,

00:00:50.112 --> 00:00:52.356
the Golden Horde in Northwest Asia,

00:00:52.356 --> 00:00:57.072
and the Ilkhanate in
Persia and the Middle East.

00:00:57.072 --> 00:00:59.864
Now, two things to keep note
of as we look at this map

00:00:59.864 --> 00:01:02.151
that are relevant to this video

00:01:02.151 --> 00:01:05.468
is notice this tiny little
kingdom right over here.

00:01:05.468 --> 00:01:08.830
This is one of the many
fragmented kingdoms that result

00:01:08.830 --> 00:01:11.830
after the Sultanate of Rum collapses

00:01:12.746 --> 00:01:15.650
in the middle of the 13th century.

00:01:15.650 --> 00:01:18.161
This kingdom in particular
is founded by someone

00:01:18.161 --> 00:01:22.888
by the name of Osman, or the
Arabic version of the name

00:01:22.888 --> 00:01:25.435
would be Uthman or Othman.

00:01:25.435 --> 00:01:28.777
And so this is the nascent
Ottoman empire forming

00:01:28.777 --> 00:01:30.519
right over here.

00:01:30.519 --> 00:01:33.017
And over here you have
the Delhi Sultanate,

00:01:33.017 --> 00:01:36.040
which was the first
significant Muslim empire

00:01:36.040 --> 00:01:37.774
over in North India.

00:01:37.774 --> 00:01:40.447
And notably, they were
one of the few empires

00:01:40.447 --> 00:01:43.919
that were able to fend off the Mongols.

00:01:43.919 --> 00:01:47.669
But now let's fast
forward roughly 100 years.

00:01:49.108 --> 00:01:51.868
Now a few things have changed.

00:01:51.868 --> 00:01:55.234
The Ming Dynasty has taken
over the Yuan Dynasty

00:01:55.234 --> 00:01:58.266
in the middle of the 14th century.

00:01:58.266 --> 00:02:01.064
The Mongols in the east are now relegated

00:02:01.064 --> 00:02:03.301
to the Northern Yuan Dynasty,

00:02:03.301 --> 00:02:05.267
but there still is the Chagatai Khanate

00:02:05.267 --> 00:02:07.113
and the Golden Horde.

00:02:07.113 --> 00:02:10.683
But much of their territory,
including the Ilkhanate,

00:02:10.683 --> 00:02:13.558
has now been taken over by Timur,

00:02:13.558 --> 00:02:16.133
who we talk about in previous videos.

00:02:16.133 --> 00:02:19.039
And Timur famously sacked Delhi

00:02:19.039 --> 00:02:21.869
and really brought the
Delhi Sultanate to its knees

00:02:21.869 --> 00:02:23.971
and as we will see, it will only last

00:02:23.971 --> 00:02:26.501
for roughly another 100 years.

00:02:26.501 --> 00:02:29.315
Now, you might also notice
that the Ottoman empire,

00:02:29.315 --> 00:02:33.778
founded by Osman or Othman
is continuing to grow

00:02:33.778 --> 00:02:36.675
and continuing to conquer.

00:02:36.675 --> 00:02:39.017
Now one thing to keep in mind.

00:02:39.017 --> 00:02:43.243
In previous videos, we talk
about the invention of gunpowder

00:02:43.243 --> 00:02:46.660
in Tang China and the early Song dynasty,

00:02:47.664 --> 00:02:49.936
which was about four to five hundred years

00:02:49.936 --> 00:02:52.998
before the period that we're
talking about right now.

00:02:52.998 --> 00:02:57.299
But as we get into this period,
we are now starting to see

00:02:57.299 --> 00:03:01.518
the use of gunpowder for guns
and in particular artillery.

00:03:01.518 --> 00:03:04.209
And when I say artillery, think cannons.

00:03:04.209 --> 00:03:07.459
So let's fast forward another 200 years

00:03:08.399 --> 00:03:12.066
to see how the empires
of Asia have evolved.

00:03:13.222 --> 00:03:15.658
So now we see several things.

00:03:15.658 --> 00:03:19.156
The Ming Dynasty is still
in control of much of China.

00:03:19.156 --> 00:03:22.148
The Northern Yuan are still in Mongolia.

00:03:22.148 --> 00:03:26.852
You have a Kazakh Khanate,
descendant from the Mongols.

00:03:26.852 --> 00:03:29.915
By the late 16th and early 17th century

00:03:29.915 --> 00:03:33.340
the Ottoman Empire has now
expanded significantly,

00:03:33.340 --> 00:03:36.996
encompassing much of the Middle East.

00:03:36.996 --> 00:03:41.387
In Persia, you see that
the Timurid Empire fell

00:03:41.387 --> 00:03:44.980
within a few decades
after the death of Timur.

00:03:44.980 --> 00:03:47.599
And as we enter into the 16th century,

00:03:47.599 --> 00:03:50.982
you have the Safavid Dynasty take over.

00:03:50.982 --> 00:03:54.045
And then also in the 16th
century, almost coincident

00:03:54.045 --> 00:03:57.368
with the founding of the
Safavid Dynasty in Persia,

00:03:57.368 --> 00:04:01.535
you have Timur's grandson's
great-grandson, Babur,

00:04:02.700 --> 00:04:06.867
who's born in current-day
Uzbekistan, is able to defeat

00:04:07.952 --> 00:04:12.232
the Delhi Sultanate and
establish the Mughal Empire.

00:04:12.232 --> 00:04:15.366
And Mughal is just the
Persian word for Mongol

00:04:15.366 --> 00:04:17.695
and Babur is a direct descendant of Timur

00:04:17.695 --> 00:04:20.491
on his father's side and of Genghis Khan

00:04:20.491 --> 00:04:22.736
on his mother's side.

00:04:22.736 --> 00:04:24.788
Now, many historians often group

00:04:24.788 --> 00:04:28.739
these three empires or dynasties together

00:04:28.739 --> 00:04:32.464
because they do share some commonalities.

00:04:32.464 --> 00:04:34.667
And so let's think about
each of them individually

00:04:34.667 --> 00:04:36.556
and think about where they are similar

00:04:36.556 --> 00:04:38.973
and where they are different.

00:04:40.495 --> 00:04:44.662
Not a lot is known about Osman
who founds that first kingdom

00:04:46.698 --> 00:04:48.826
in the Anatolian peninsula.

00:04:48.826 --> 00:04:51.637
It's a Sunni Islamic empire.

00:04:51.637 --> 00:04:54.997
In fact, the leader is
eventually named a caliph.

00:04:54.997 --> 00:04:58.487
The ruling class of
this empire is Turkish.

00:04:58.487 --> 00:05:01.771
Now, one of their
distinguishing characteristics

00:05:01.771 --> 00:05:05.232
is what's known as the Devshirme system

00:05:05.232 --> 00:05:09.570
in which the Sultan, the Emperor,
would have a personal army

00:05:09.570 --> 00:05:13.703
of what could be called
slaves, these Janissaries.

00:05:13.703 --> 00:05:16.997
These Janissaries were
actually Christian boys

00:05:16.997 --> 00:05:19.730
taken at a young age
and then indoctrinated

00:05:19.730 --> 00:05:22.096
into the Janissary system.

00:05:22.096 --> 00:05:25.066
The reason why I said you
can kind of call them slaves

00:05:25.066 --> 00:05:28.020
is that although they were
forced to become Janissaries

00:05:28.020 --> 00:05:30.040
and taken from their families,

00:05:30.040 --> 00:05:32.888
they were given many
privileges and over time,

00:05:32.888 --> 00:05:34.836
many of these Janissaries
became some of the most

00:05:34.836 --> 00:05:37.429
notable figures in the Ottoman Empire,

00:05:37.429 --> 00:05:39.873
some of them even
becoming the Grand Vizier,

00:05:39.873 --> 00:05:42.721
effectively ruling over the empire.

00:05:42.721 --> 00:05:45.244
Now, the Ottomans are also known

00:05:45.244 --> 00:05:49.238
for one of the earliest
empires to very successfully

00:05:49.238 --> 00:05:51.488
to use gunpowder in battle.

00:05:52.558 --> 00:05:55.589
The Safavids, as you can see
here, were really founded

00:05:55.589 --> 00:05:59.767
in the very early 16th
century, officially 1501,

00:05:59.767 --> 00:06:03.934
by their founder Shah Ismail,
sometimes known as Ismail I.

00:06:06.293 --> 00:06:10.460
And he is the heir to a
religious dynasty, the Safavias.

00:06:11.958 --> 00:06:14.898
It is a Muslim dynasty,
like the Ottoman Empire,

00:06:14.898 --> 00:06:16.826
but unlike the Ottoman Empire,

00:06:16.826 --> 00:06:19.659
it is based on Twelver Shia Islam.

00:06:20.893 --> 00:06:25.257
Twelver Shia is the major
group of Shias today

00:06:25.257 --> 00:06:29.397
and it is based on the belief of 12 imams

00:06:29.397 --> 00:06:31.777
following Mohammed starting with Ali

00:06:31.777 --> 00:06:35.381
and we have videos on
the Sunni-Shia split.

00:06:35.381 --> 00:06:38.609
Now, even though Ismail spoke Turkish

00:06:38.609 --> 00:06:41.965
and was raised in a Turkic society,

00:06:41.965 --> 00:06:45.666
this dynasty brought
back much of the culture

00:06:45.666 --> 00:06:47.338
of Ancient Persia.

00:06:47.338 --> 00:06:50.018
In fact, it's viewed as the first dynasty

00:06:50.018 --> 00:06:54.072
since the Sassanids that
actually had native Persian rule

00:06:54.072 --> 00:06:56.143
and brought back that Persian culture,

00:06:56.143 --> 00:06:58.761
part of which is using the word Shah.

00:06:58.761 --> 00:07:01.151
You remember Cyrus the
Great, the Shahanshah,

00:07:01.151 --> 00:07:02.312
the King of Kings.

00:07:02.312 --> 00:07:06.119
Now they had what is known as
Ghulams, which is very similar

00:07:06.119 --> 00:07:08.801
to the idea of a Janissary.

00:07:08.801 --> 00:07:13.242
These are slave soldiers
which are taken as captives

00:07:13.242 --> 00:07:16.778
but then are raised to
be an elite military unit

00:07:16.778 --> 00:07:19.447
and eventually often
have significant wealth

00:07:19.447 --> 00:07:21.646
and significant power.

00:07:21.646 --> 00:07:25.057
Now you might be wondering,
why did any of these empires

00:07:25.057 --> 00:07:27.437
and these aren't the only
ones, you have the Mamluks

00:07:27.437 --> 00:07:29.621
and other Muslim empires.

00:07:29.621 --> 00:07:34.201
Why would people create these
elite soldiers out of slaves

00:07:34.201 --> 00:07:36.479
and give them that much power?

00:07:36.479 --> 00:07:39.337
Well, the answer is, they
were the safest people

00:07:39.337 --> 00:07:40.927
to give power to.

00:07:40.927 --> 00:07:45.594
Remember, these empires
are ruling over many tribes

00:07:45.594 --> 00:07:48.015
and many groups and many kingdoms

00:07:48.015 --> 00:07:50.237
that are constantly vying for power,

00:07:50.237 --> 00:07:53.335
trying to establish their own dynasties.

00:07:53.335 --> 00:07:55.895
And if you allowed people
from those various tribes

00:07:55.895 --> 00:07:59.028
to protect you as Emperor,
well, there might be a good shot

00:07:59.028 --> 00:08:01.087
that one of them might want to kill you

00:08:01.087 --> 00:08:03.399
and establish their own dynasty.

00:08:03.399 --> 00:08:06.206
But from a young age, if
you could indoctrinate

00:08:06.206 --> 00:08:10.123
these young boys as
Ghulams, or as Janissaries,

00:08:11.177 --> 00:08:13.173
well, they might be more loyal to you.

00:08:13.173 --> 00:08:17.340
And indeed, it did provide an
unusual amount of stability.

00:08:19.620 --> 00:08:23.653
As I mentioned, the Mughal
Empire was able to be founded

00:08:23.653 --> 00:08:27.820
by Babur, who was Timur's
great-grandson's grandson

00:08:29.513 --> 00:08:34.055
and he, too, was born in a
Turco-Mongolian tradition.

00:08:34.055 --> 00:08:37.787
As he's able to famously
defeat the Delhi Sultanate

00:08:37.787 --> 00:08:40.692
which had already been
significantly weakened,

00:08:40.692 --> 00:08:44.859
one, on its own, but then by
Timur over 100 years before,

00:08:45.768 --> 00:08:49.674
he famously comes to power
with the aid of gunpowder,

00:08:49.674 --> 00:08:53.262
being able to defeat
a significantly larger

00:08:53.262 --> 00:08:55.599
Delhi Sultanate army.

00:08:55.599 --> 00:08:58.678
The Mughals practiced Sunni Islam

00:08:58.678 --> 00:09:02.184
but they ruled over a
large Hindu majority,

00:09:02.184 --> 00:09:04.995
and so the first several Mughal rulers

00:09:04.995 --> 00:09:07.183
were actually quite tolerant.

00:09:07.183 --> 00:09:09.977
Perhaps the most tolerant was Akbar,

00:09:09.977 --> 00:09:11.481
often known as Akbar the Great,

00:09:11.481 --> 00:09:12.893
who we'll do other videos on,

00:09:12.893 --> 00:09:14.874
who actually tried to create a religion

00:09:14.874 --> 00:09:17.695
which was a merger
between Islam and Hinduism

00:09:17.695 --> 00:09:20.134
and Jainism and Christianity.

00:09:20.134 --> 00:09:22.025
But then they become less tolerant

00:09:22.025 --> 00:09:25.062
under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.

00:09:25.062 --> 00:09:28.709
Shah Jahan famous for building
the Taj Mahal for his wife,

00:09:28.709 --> 00:09:31.369
but what's often not
noted is he was building

00:09:31.369 --> 00:09:34.717
this fairly grand mausoleum at a time

00:09:34.717 --> 00:09:36.717
when there was a famine in India

00:09:36.717 --> 00:09:39.621
and he was also known as
being fairly intolerant

00:09:39.621 --> 00:09:42.181
and persecuted many Hindus and Sikhs

00:09:42.181 --> 00:09:46.546
and his son, Aurangzeb,
continued to do so.

00:09:46.546 --> 00:09:49.992
Now, some historians will
refer to these three empires

00:09:49.992 --> 00:09:51.819
as the Gunpowder Empires.

00:09:51.819 --> 00:09:53.525
If someone says Gunpowder Empires,

00:09:53.525 --> 00:09:55.834
they're referring to these three.

00:09:55.834 --> 00:09:58.319
The reason why they're
called that is this view

00:09:58.319 --> 00:10:01.616
that these major centralized
empires were able to form

00:10:01.616 --> 00:10:03.989
only with the power of gunpowder.

00:10:03.989 --> 00:10:08.254
The Ottomans, famous for
early use of artillery.

00:10:08.254 --> 00:10:10.459
The Mughals, Babur in particular,

00:10:10.459 --> 00:10:12.483
came to power with gunpowder.

00:10:12.483 --> 00:10:14.962
But today, historians are
somewhat skeptical of grouping

00:10:14.962 --> 00:10:18.641
just these three empires
as Gunpowder Empires.

00:10:18.641 --> 00:10:21.753
You had many other large
centralized empires form

00:10:21.753 --> 00:10:24.324
before the use of gunpowder.

00:10:24.324 --> 00:10:28.074
So that whole thesis is
not as popular today.


Timur

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.469 --> 00:00:02.516
- [Instructor] Where we left
off in the last few videos

00:00:02.516 --> 00:00:05.875
we saw the Empire of the Mongols

00:00:05.875 --> 00:00:09.196
fragment into the various Khanates.

00:00:09.196 --> 00:00:11.478
In the east you have the Yuan Dynasty

00:00:11.478 --> 00:00:13.387
established by Kublai Khan.

00:00:13.387 --> 00:00:15.468
And then in the west you
have the Golden Horde,

00:00:15.468 --> 00:00:18.076
the Chagatai Khanate
and then the Ilkhanate

00:00:18.076 --> 00:00:21.631
in much of the Middle East and Persia.

00:00:21.631 --> 00:00:25.429
Now as we go a little bit
further into the 14th century,

00:00:25.429 --> 00:00:28.332
and in particular the
1330s, you might remember

00:00:28.332 --> 00:00:32.051
when we studied Europe, that
the bubonic plague hits,

00:00:32.051 --> 00:00:35.253
and it doesn't just hit
Europe, it hits Asia.

00:00:35.253 --> 00:00:39.317
And one of the causes often
given for the rapid spread

00:00:39.317 --> 00:00:43.493
is that you had relative
stability formed by these Khanates

00:00:43.493 --> 00:00:46.644
so that trade was able to
happen, but with that trade

00:00:46.644 --> 00:00:49.644
you also have the spread of disease.

00:00:50.783 --> 00:00:52.821
And so the bubonic
plague, or the Black Death

00:00:52.821 --> 00:00:56.117
of the 1330s, in particular does damage

00:00:56.117 --> 00:00:59.879
to the Ilkhanate in Persia
and the Middle East.

00:00:59.879 --> 00:01:01.545
Not only the Emperor but his sons

00:01:01.545 --> 00:01:04.956
all die from the bubonic plague.

00:01:04.956 --> 00:01:07.711
And so you see here on
this timeline the Ilkhanate

00:01:07.711 --> 00:01:11.933
goes into a rapid decline
because of the Black Death.

00:01:11.933 --> 00:01:14.261
And at the same time,
in the southwest corner

00:01:14.261 --> 00:01:18.428
of the Chagatai Khanate, a
future conqueror is born.

00:01:20.316 --> 00:01:24.673
Timur, which means iron,
he's often known as Timurlane

00:01:24.673 --> 00:01:27.189
because when he was young he was injured

00:01:27.189 --> 00:01:30.831
in both the hand and leg
by arrows which impaired

00:01:30.831 --> 00:01:32.731
his movement and which
is why the Europeans

00:01:32.731 --> 00:01:37.430
called him Timur the Lame,
which became Timurlane.

00:01:37.430 --> 00:01:41.625
But despite his physical
impairments he's able to conquer

00:01:41.625 --> 00:01:44.950
much of the Chagatai Khanate eventually

00:01:44.950 --> 00:01:49.117
and the Ilkhanate and
establish a dynasty of his own.

00:01:51.341 --> 00:01:54.269
The Empire gets established
in 1370 when he gets

00:01:54.269 --> 00:01:58.630
effective power over much of
the western Chagatai Khanate.

00:01:58.630 --> 00:02:01.828
He comes from a Turko-Mongol tradition.

00:02:01.828 --> 00:02:05.173
Now you'll hear these
terms Turko-Mongol a lot,

00:02:05.173 --> 00:02:07.380
because even though the Mongols conquered

00:02:07.380 --> 00:02:10.660
this large swath of territory, they did so

00:02:10.660 --> 00:02:13.021
with the significant help of people

00:02:13.021 --> 00:02:16.283
speaking Turkic languages
from central Asia,

00:02:16.283 --> 00:02:20.727
Turkish being the most well
known of the Turkic languages.

00:02:20.727 --> 00:02:22.625
And so many of the conquerors,

00:02:22.625 --> 00:02:24.030
especially the Muslim conquerors

00:02:24.030 --> 00:02:27.947
of central Asia and Persia of this period

00:02:27.947 --> 00:02:30.614
are of a Turko-Mongol ethnicity.

00:02:31.870 --> 00:02:33.522
Even though there's no
evidence of him being

00:02:33.522 --> 00:02:38.116
a direct descendant of
Genghis Khan, or Genghis Khan,

00:02:38.116 --> 00:02:41.092
he views himself as the successor,

00:02:41.092 --> 00:02:44.842
he wants to recreate
the great Mongol Empire.

00:02:46.286 --> 00:02:48.974
By the time of Timur's
death, the Timurid Empire

00:02:48.974 --> 00:02:52.788
encompasses much of Persia, central Asia,

00:02:52.788 --> 00:02:55.538
the Caucasus and the Middle East.

00:02:56.420 --> 00:02:58.787
His legacy is a bloody one,
as he expanded territory

00:02:58.787 --> 00:03:01.757
and took over cities it was not uncommon

00:03:01.757 --> 00:03:05.317
for his soldiers to kill tens,
if not hundreds of thousands

00:03:05.317 --> 00:03:09.925
of civilians who revolted
against Timur's rule.

00:03:09.925 --> 00:03:12.908
His forces famously attacked
the Delhi Sultanate,

00:03:12.908 --> 00:03:17.574
not hoping to conquer India,
but to take its spoils.

00:03:17.574 --> 00:03:22.317
In 1398 he was able to
successfully defeat the Sultan

00:03:22.317 --> 00:03:25.739
who had battle elephants and
he was able to defeat them

00:03:25.739 --> 00:03:28.116
by sending camels that had flames

00:03:28.116 --> 00:03:30.652
on their backs to scare the elephants.

00:03:30.652 --> 00:03:33.509
And famously, when his forces took Delhi,

00:03:33.509 --> 00:03:36.592
they killed 100,000 to 200,000 people

00:03:37.525 --> 00:03:40.192
and took the spoils of the city.

00:03:41.772 --> 00:03:45.157
There are some estimates
that Timur's forces killed

00:03:45.157 --> 00:03:49.324
as many as 17 million people
as the Empire expanded.

00:03:51.269 --> 00:03:53.243
To put this into
perspective, this is roughly

00:03:53.243 --> 00:03:57.410
five percent of the world's
population at that time.

00:03:59.319 --> 00:04:02.843
Now once Timur dies in
1405, you can see from

00:04:02.843 --> 00:04:06.926
this timeline that the
Empire does not last long,

00:04:08.110 --> 00:04:10.051
as we get to the second half of

00:04:10.051 --> 00:04:12.968
the 15th century, it is in decline.

00:04:14.373 --> 00:04:16.988
Now some of his descendants
end up ruling over

00:04:16.988 --> 00:04:19.891
fragmented portions of this Empire,

00:04:19.891 --> 00:04:22.141
and as we get into the 16th century

00:04:22.141 --> 00:04:24.817
we'll see one descendant in particular,

00:04:24.817 --> 00:04:28.487
his grandson's great grandson takes on

00:04:28.487 --> 00:04:32.230
the Delhi Sultanate and
established the Mughal,

00:04:32.230 --> 00:04:35.494
which is Persian for
Mongol, establishes the

00:04:35.494 --> 00:04:38.244
Mughal Empire in northern India.


Classical Japan during the Heian Period

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.633 --> 00:00:02.565
- [Instructor] What we're
going to do in this video

00:00:02.565 --> 00:00:06.826
is talk about roughly 1000
years of Japanese history

00:00:06.826 --> 00:00:10.533
that take us from what's
known as the Classical period

00:00:10.533 --> 00:00:14.196
of Japan through the
Japanese Medieval period

00:00:14.196 --> 00:00:16.933
all the way to the Early Modern period

00:00:16.933 --> 00:00:20.648
and the key defining characteristic
of the Classical period

00:00:20.648 --> 00:00:25.046
is this is when Japan really
began to unify and have an

00:00:25.046 --> 00:00:29.111
imperial form and began to
borrow a lot of the traditions

00:00:29.111 --> 00:00:32.453
and philosophy and even
religion from China.

00:00:32.453 --> 00:00:34.521
Then as we get into the Medieval period,

00:00:34.521 --> 00:00:38.634
Japan gets fragmented, it
comes under military rule,

00:00:38.634 --> 00:00:41.285
and then as we get into
the Early Modern period,

00:00:41.285 --> 00:00:42.702
it gets reunited.

00:00:44.232 --> 00:00:49.131
So as I mentioned, China had
a huge influence on Japan.

00:00:49.131 --> 00:00:52.390
Even though China never conquers Japan,

00:00:52.390 --> 00:00:56.632
because of how close they
are, many things like the idea

00:00:56.632 --> 00:01:00.715
of a centralized bureaucracy,
the Japanese borrow

00:01:01.599 --> 00:01:06.491
many of these ideas from China
during the Classical period.

00:01:06.491 --> 00:01:10.904
In fact, the Japanese rulers
sent delegations to China

00:01:10.904 --> 00:01:14.732
in the 7th century in order
to understand all of what

00:01:14.732 --> 00:01:17.812
the Chinese do, in order
to run their government,

00:01:17.812 --> 00:01:20.308
to run their country,
and they start to borrow

00:01:20.308 --> 00:01:24.078
a lot of the ideas of
Buddhism and Confucianism

00:01:24.078 --> 00:01:26.756
and merge it with some
of their own beliefs

00:01:26.756 --> 00:01:29.015
which are often known as Shinto,

00:01:29.015 --> 00:01:33.300
which you can view as the
original Japanese belief system.

00:01:33.300 --> 00:01:35.662
So the first part of the Classical period

00:01:35.662 --> 00:01:39.940
that we're gonna go into some
depth is the Heian period.

00:01:39.940 --> 00:01:44.052
Its capital Heian-kyo, modern day Kyoto,

00:01:44.052 --> 00:01:46.696
and as I mentioned, it
was known for taking a lot

00:01:46.696 --> 00:01:51.082
of these ideas from China and
particularly the Tang dynasty

00:01:51.082 --> 00:01:54.632
in China and bringing them to Japan.

00:01:54.632 --> 00:01:58.799
The Heian period was known
as a golden age of Japan.

00:01:59.730 --> 00:02:02.917
It was a time of culture, it
was a time of architecture,

00:02:02.917 --> 00:02:05.847
people in the imperial court
would focus on the arts,

00:02:05.847 --> 00:02:08.522
they would focus on philosophy.

00:02:08.522 --> 00:02:12.689
As an example, this right over
here is the Byodo-in Temple

00:02:14.153 --> 00:02:16.886
in Kyoto which shows the level,

00:02:16.886 --> 00:02:19.020
and this is actually only part of it,

00:02:19.020 --> 00:02:23.836
it shows the level of cultural
advancement of this time.

00:02:23.836 --> 00:02:25.969
As I mentioned, the arts were a big deal

00:02:25.969 --> 00:02:29.829
and women in the imperial
court of Heian China had a lot

00:02:29.829 --> 00:02:32.475
of influence, in fact, the
most influential family,

00:02:32.475 --> 00:02:35.556
the Fujiwara family
maintained its influence

00:02:35.556 --> 00:02:39.837
by having the emperors marry
women from their family

00:02:39.837 --> 00:02:42.397
and those women would end
up having a lot of control

00:02:42.397 --> 00:02:44.727
over the emperor and of
course the next emperor.

00:02:44.727 --> 00:02:46.977
But to get a sense of
the arts of this period,

00:02:46.977 --> 00:02:50.310
here's an excerpt from the Tale of Genji

00:02:51.558 --> 00:02:55.007
which was written by Lady
Murasaki, who was believed to be

00:02:55.007 --> 00:02:58.115
a member of the Fujiwara family.

00:02:58.115 --> 00:03:01.470
And Lady Murasaki gets a lot of credit,

00:03:01.470 --> 00:03:04.070
before Chaucer, before Shakespeare,

00:03:04.070 --> 00:03:08.568
she is by many historians viewed
as the first true novelist

00:03:08.568 --> 00:03:12.928
that we know of in human history,
not just Japanese history.

00:03:12.928 --> 00:03:16.088
But I encourage you to read it,
its actually quite riveting,

00:03:16.088 --> 00:03:19.208
the Tale of Genji, and
this is just a small quote

00:03:19.208 --> 00:03:21.838
from that story or from that novel,

00:03:21.838 --> 00:03:25.447
it's about a very handsome prince, Genji.

00:03:25.447 --> 00:03:28.688
"The difference between
enlightenment and confusion

00:03:28.688 --> 00:03:31.483
"is of about the same
order as the difference

00:03:31.483 --> 00:03:34.836
"between the good and
the bad in a romance.

00:03:34.836 --> 00:03:37.419
"If one takes the generous view,

00:03:37.419 --> 00:03:40.419
"then nothing is empty and useless."