Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.215 --> 00:00:03.823
- [Narrator] When last we
left our English colonists

00:00:03.823 --> 00:00:07.958
at Jamestown, things were
finally starting to go their way.

00:00:07.958 --> 00:00:12.041
Lord Delaware had successfully
led English forces

00:00:13.698 --> 00:00:17.157
in their war of extinction
against the nearby

00:00:17.157 --> 00:00:19.893
Algonquin tribe, the Powhatans.

00:00:19.893 --> 00:00:23.476
And John Rolfe had
discovered that Virginia

00:00:25.449 --> 00:00:28.449
was a perfect place to grow tobacco.

00:00:30.289 --> 00:00:33.330
So even though they didn't
find gold in Virginia,

00:00:33.330 --> 00:00:37.042
they found something
that was almost as good

00:00:37.042 --> 00:00:41.870
and that was a luxury
commodity that people in Europe

00:00:41.870 --> 00:00:44.094
were very eager to buy.

00:00:44.094 --> 00:00:47.686
But, tobacco was
incredibly labor-intensive

00:00:47.686 --> 00:00:49.353
to grow and process.

00:00:50.550 --> 00:00:53.599
So, in this video, let's
talk a little bit more about

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what that need for labor
meant as the Virginia colony

00:00:58.209 --> 00:00:59.625
began to grow.

00:00:59.625 --> 00:01:03.801
Now in the last video, I
mentioned that the very first ship

00:01:03.801 --> 00:01:07.968
bearing enslaved Africans
arrived in Jamestown in 1619.

00:01:11.684 --> 00:01:15.188
So, just twelve years
after Jamestown was founded

00:01:15.188 --> 00:01:18.398
Africans had been brought to the area.

00:01:18.398 --> 00:01:22.871
So this shows that enslaved
Africans were some of the very

00:01:22.871 --> 00:01:27.038
first people who weren't of
native origin in the new world

00:01:28.320 --> 00:01:32.058
and would help shape the
English colonies pretty much

00:01:32.058 --> 00:01:33.725
from the very start.

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But even though there were
enslaved Africans in Virginia

00:01:40.491 --> 00:01:41.408
that early,

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the system of broad race-based slavery

00:01:47.814 --> 00:01:51.142
that will really characterize
the American South up until

00:01:51.142 --> 00:01:54.350
the Civil War didn't
get started right away

00:01:54.350 --> 00:01:56.150
and there were a couple
of reasons for that.

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One was, as we mentioned many
times, it was not particularly

00:02:01.114 --> 00:02:03.945
healthy to live in this area.

00:02:03.945 --> 00:02:08.112
You can see here, this is
pretty much all a giant swamp,.

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To this day some people joke
that one of the reasons that

00:02:12.204 --> 00:02:16.403
Washington DC was founded
here in this area of Virginia

00:02:16.403 --> 00:02:19.069
is that it is so unpleasant to be there,

00:02:19.069 --> 00:02:22.860
they thought it would keep the
American government smaller

00:02:22.860 --> 00:02:25.075
because legislators
wouldn't actually want to go

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to the Capitol.

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So a pretty good number of
people who came to the new world

00:02:31.486 --> 00:02:36.208
in the early years died of
mosquito borne diseases.

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So swamp, standing water,
mosquitoes, leads to epidemics.

00:02:42.012 --> 00:02:45.188
So, say I'm an English
planter, and I want to plant

00:02:45.188 --> 00:02:48.987
a lot of tobacco, many acres of tobacco.

00:02:48.987 --> 00:02:51.028
So I'm going to need
some people to help me.

00:02:51.028 --> 00:02:52.476
Now I have some choices.

00:02:52.476 --> 00:02:56.143
I could purchase an
enslaved African person,

00:02:57.481 --> 00:03:00.506
from one of these ships,
and that might cost me

00:03:00.506 --> 00:03:02.089
hundreds of pounds.

00:03:03.401 --> 00:03:05.324
Slaves are pretty expensive,

00:03:05.324 --> 00:03:09.491
and since it's such an unhealthy
environment in this area,

00:03:10.501 --> 00:03:14.668
there is a reasonable chance
that any person that I purchase

00:03:15.718 --> 00:03:18.029
might die within a year or so,

00:03:18.029 --> 00:03:19.511
and then I'd lose my investment.

00:03:19.511 --> 00:03:23.678
So, this is a pretty cruel and
terrible form of economics,

00:03:25.267 --> 00:03:27.813
but if you're a planter
in this time period,

00:03:27.813 --> 00:03:29.646
this is exactly how you're thinking.

00:03:29.646 --> 00:03:32.149
Now, my other option for help

00:03:32.149 --> 00:03:35.731
is to bring over white
laborers from England

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and these are called indentured servants.

00:03:39.365 --> 00:03:43.532
So, perhaps there is a
young man living in London,

00:03:45.558 --> 00:03:47.084
he has lots of older brothers,

00:03:47.084 --> 00:03:48.789
so he's not going to inherit anything,

00:03:48.789 --> 00:03:53.030
he doesn't have much in the
way of economic opportunity,

00:03:53.030 --> 00:03:55.645
so he thinks I could go for a new start,

00:03:55.645 --> 00:03:58.510
in the New World, but
I don't have the money

00:03:58.510 --> 00:04:01.702
to pay my passage on a
ship across the Atlantic.

00:04:01.702 --> 00:04:04.190
So, what the planters would
do, is they would say,

00:04:04.190 --> 00:04:08.681
alright, I will pay your
fare across the Atlantic,

00:04:08.681 --> 00:04:11.348
and maybe that's 15 pounds, say,

00:04:12.507 --> 00:04:17.109
and in exchange you will
work for me for a period of,

00:04:17.109 --> 00:04:19.501
say three to seven years.

00:04:19.501 --> 00:04:21.963
Some indentures were shorter
than that, some were longer,

00:04:21.963 --> 00:04:24.724
but this is kind of a
general guideline of how long

00:04:24.724 --> 00:04:25.813
they might work.

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And at the end of that
three years, you will get

00:04:29.286 --> 00:04:33.036
land of your own and
I'll give you some tools

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and clothes.

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Things you need to succeed.

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And then you can be your own planter.

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So this was a pretty good
investment, if you were

00:04:45.791 --> 00:04:49.821
a young person without many
opportunities in England.

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There's only one problem and
it's the same problem we've

00:04:52.791 --> 00:04:54.653
been talking about all along,

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is that this is a swamp full of mosquitoes

00:04:57.437 --> 00:05:01.104
and you are quite likely
to die in Virginia.

00:05:02.094 --> 00:05:05.702
So this actually turned out
to be a pretty good deal

00:05:05.702 --> 00:05:08.393
for the planters who were there early.

00:05:08.393 --> 00:05:09.949
They also took advantage
of something called

00:05:09.949 --> 00:05:11.699
the headright system.

00:05:12.548 --> 00:05:15.381
Which meant that they got 50 acres

00:05:18.430 --> 00:05:21.484
of land in Virginia, and of course

00:05:21.484 --> 00:05:23.724
this is just Native Americans land that

00:05:23.724 --> 00:05:25.763
they're just appropriating for themselves,

00:05:25.763 --> 00:05:27.779
but that's a whole separate issue.

00:05:27.779 --> 00:05:30.279
So you got 50 acres more land,

00:05:31.826 --> 00:05:35.171
every time you brought one
person over from England.

00:05:35.171 --> 00:05:38.475
So if you could afford to
bring more and more of these

00:05:38.475 --> 00:05:42.642
indentured servants over from
England, you could amass huge,

00:05:44.471 --> 00:05:46.871
huge amounts of property.

00:05:46.871 --> 00:05:50.247
Just gigantic tobacco plantations.

00:05:50.247 --> 00:05:55.068
And in early on in the history
of indentured servitude,

00:05:55.068 --> 00:05:57.151
very few of the servants,

00:05:59.493 --> 00:06:01.057
a pretty small percentage,

00:06:01.057 --> 00:06:04.939
actually lived to finish their indenture

00:06:04.939 --> 00:06:09.358
and to make good on this
promise of land for themselves

00:06:09.358 --> 00:06:12.256
and tools and clothes to get started.

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So this very quickly, begins
to build a social structure

00:06:16.760 --> 00:06:20.260
in Virginia, where there are few planters,

00:06:22.151 --> 00:06:24.318
who are extremely wealthy,

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who own lots of land

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and then there's everybody else.

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There's a large number
of indentured servants,

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who've only been there
for a couple of years,

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who may or may not live to see out the end

00:06:44.796 --> 00:06:46.844
of their indenture.

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So this is kind of a large lower class

00:06:51.276 --> 00:06:55.026
and then there are a
handful of small farmers

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who managed to live through
their period of indenture

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and are now getting started on their own

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and then there's just a tiny smattering of

00:07:06.345 --> 00:07:10.512
enslaved Africans, so just
a few slaves in Virginia.

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This is in the early years of the 1600s.

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So how do we get from a
world where the vast majority

00:07:18.492 --> 00:07:22.404
of workers in the southern
part of what will become

00:07:22.404 --> 00:07:26.922
the United States, are
white, to a world where

00:07:26.922 --> 00:07:31.012
the vast majority of people
working on plantations

00:07:31.012 --> 00:07:33.484
were enslaved black Africans.

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We'll talk more about
that in the next video.


Jamestown - the impact of tobacco

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.281 --> 00:00:01.983
- [Instructor] When we
left off in the last video,

00:00:01.983 --> 00:00:04.843
things were not going particularly well

00:00:04.843 --> 00:00:07.634
for the English settlers at Jamestown.

00:00:07.634 --> 00:00:11.344
They had managed to
survive a couple of years

00:00:11.344 --> 00:00:13.107
by the skin of their teeth,

00:00:13.107 --> 00:00:17.274
but by 1610, they had endured
such incredible starvation

00:00:19.348 --> 00:00:22.015
that they were actually leaving.

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And as they were just
leaving the Chesapeake Bay,

00:00:28.163 --> 00:00:31.505
they met a ship with
English reinforcements,

00:00:31.505 --> 00:00:34.207
who ordered them back to Jamestown,

00:00:34.207 --> 00:00:37.352
and came bearing orders from England

00:00:37.352 --> 00:00:40.185
about a new strategy in Jamestown.

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And these new orders were
carried by a new commander,

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here this was Lord De La Warr.

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Spelled a little bit different,

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but the state of Delaware today

00:00:55.955 --> 00:00:58.638
is named after this gentleman.

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And Lord De La Warr said,
"Well, it's been great

00:01:01.181 --> 00:01:02.831
"that you've all been trying to get along

00:01:02.831 --> 00:01:06.998
"with these Powhatans, but
let's get rid of them."

00:01:08.039 --> 00:01:11.122
So he switched the English from their

00:01:12.243 --> 00:01:15.488
small amount of conflict
with the Native Americans

00:01:15.488 --> 00:01:16.907
over stealing food,

00:01:16.907 --> 00:01:20.407
to a pretty much all-out war of extinction

00:01:21.460 --> 00:01:23.293
against the Powhatans.

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And De La Warr was a veteran
of the Irish campaigns

00:01:30.210 --> 00:01:32.827
to subdue that colony.

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So he brings his

00:01:35.462 --> 00:01:39.172
tactics of complete
brutality and submission

00:01:39.172 --> 00:01:43.048
of the native population to the New World.

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He raids Native American villages.

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He burns their crops,

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and generally promotes an idea
that they'll be no such thing

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as peaceful co-existence

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between English settlers
and Native Americans.

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That the only thing for
Native Americans to do

00:02:06.420 --> 00:02:07.920
is go away or die.

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And these conflicts between
the English colonists

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and the Native Americans living
in this Virginia tidewater

00:02:17.083 --> 00:02:20.000
are called the Anglo-Powhatan Wars.

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The first Anglo-Powhatan war ended in 1614

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with a brief period of peace,

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when this fellow here, John Rolfe

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married Pocahontas.

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As kind of a

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peace offering.

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But, by the time

00:02:45.297 --> 00:02:49.464
that the second Anglo-Powhatan
war was over in 1625,

00:02:51.217 --> 00:02:54.300
pretty much the entire Powhatan tribe

00:02:55.394 --> 00:02:59.362
had either been killed,
or driven from the area,

00:02:59.362 --> 00:03:03.857
and therefore this
English war of extinction

00:03:03.857 --> 00:03:07.159
against Native Americans had succeeded.

00:03:07.159 --> 00:03:10.323
Now John Rolfe made another contribution

00:03:10.323 --> 00:03:12.658
to the colony at Jamestown,

00:03:12.658 --> 00:03:14.722
beyond his marriage with Pocahontas,

00:03:14.722 --> 00:03:17.305
he also discovered that tobacco

00:03:18.187 --> 00:03:19.687
was a perfect crop

00:03:20.907 --> 00:03:23.990
for the kind of marshy Virginia soil.

00:03:25.321 --> 00:03:28.284
And tobacco was a commodity

00:03:28.284 --> 00:03:31.656
that was getting hotter
and hotter in Europe,

00:03:31.656 --> 00:03:34.229
and so they discovered
that they could grow

00:03:34.229 --> 00:03:37.796
pretty much as much tobacco
as they possibly could,

00:03:37.796 --> 00:03:40.320
and markets in Europe would just

00:03:40.320 --> 00:03:42.232
buy it and buy it and buy it.

00:03:42.232 --> 00:03:45.717
And so, although the
colonists at Jamestown

00:03:45.717 --> 00:03:48.409
didn't find the gold that
they were hoping for,

00:03:48.409 --> 00:03:51.384
they found a very
different way to get rich,

00:03:51.384 --> 00:03:54.013
and that was through cultivating tobacco.

00:03:54.013 --> 00:03:57.505
And this is going to have
enormous consequences

00:03:57.505 --> 00:04:00.442
for the development of
Virginia as a colony,

00:04:00.442 --> 00:04:03.025
both in terms of its geographic

00:04:05.321 --> 00:04:08.696
development, and also the
development of its labor force.

00:04:08.696 --> 00:04:12.546
As tobacco is an incredibly
labor-intensive crop,

00:04:12.546 --> 00:04:14.608
these English planters in Virginia

00:04:14.608 --> 00:04:17.968
will quickly look for ways to staff

00:04:17.968 --> 00:04:20.613
a labor force in the New World.

00:04:20.613 --> 00:04:23.571
And one way that they
will do this is through

00:04:23.571 --> 00:04:26.448
the importation of African slaves.

00:04:26.448 --> 00:04:30.615
The very first slave ship
arrived in Jamestown in 1619.

00:04:33.325 --> 00:04:35.733
We'll talk more about
that in the next video.


Jamestown - John Smith and Pocahontas

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.257 --> 00:00:02.777
- [Instructor] So after
getting a very late start,

00:00:02.777 --> 00:00:07.191
the English finally
started a New World colony

00:00:07.191 --> 00:00:10.358
on the coast of North America in 1607,

00:00:11.492 --> 00:00:13.909
and it was here at Jamestown.

00:00:15.265 --> 00:00:19.258
The English colonists at
Jamestown could not have been

00:00:19.258 --> 00:00:22.258
less prepared to settle a New World.

00:00:23.172 --> 00:00:26.094
They came from the Virginia Company,

00:00:26.094 --> 00:00:29.371
which was a joint-stock company,

00:00:29.371 --> 00:00:32.121
or kind of like a modern-day corporation,

00:00:32.121 --> 00:00:35.975
which was trying to make
wealth for its shareholders

00:00:35.975 --> 00:00:37.716
as quickly as possible.

00:00:37.716 --> 00:00:40.160
Now, if you think about
people in this time period,

00:00:40.160 --> 00:00:43.595
they in England are taking
a look over at Spain

00:00:43.595 --> 00:00:48.521
and seeing Spain bring ships
full of gold and silver

00:00:48.521 --> 00:00:51.007
back to Europe from the New
World, and they wanna get in

00:00:51.007 --> 00:00:51.854
on that action.

00:00:51.854 --> 00:00:54.321
And as far as they know,
the whole New World

00:00:54.321 --> 00:00:57.147
is just piled up with silver and gold.

00:00:57.147 --> 00:01:00.814
So in the first months,
they sent gentlemen,

00:01:02.799 --> 00:01:05.762
and the English definition
of a gentleman here is

00:01:05.762 --> 00:01:08.691
someone who does not work with his hands,

00:01:08.691 --> 00:01:10.274
to try to find gold

00:01:11.951 --> 00:01:12.818
in Virginia.

00:01:12.818 --> 00:01:16.479
Now, spoiler alert, there
is no gold in Virginia.

00:01:16.479 --> 00:01:19.850
But that whole first summer,
when they were there,

00:01:19.850 --> 00:01:22.340
they could have been planting crops,

00:01:22.340 --> 00:01:25.362
they could have been fishing,
I mean this is actually

00:01:25.362 --> 00:01:29.529
a pretty bountiful area when
it comes to natural resources

00:01:31.145 --> 00:01:33.483
in plants and animals.

00:01:33.483 --> 00:01:36.418
But they were trying to find
gold, they were trying to

00:01:36.418 --> 00:01:39.174
basically get rich quick,
this was the scheme.

00:01:39.174 --> 00:01:41.028
But then winter rolled around.

00:01:41.028 --> 00:01:45.486
Those who hadn't already
been killed by mosquito-borne

00:01:45.486 --> 00:01:49.532
illnesses, like malaria
or yellow fever, were now

00:01:49.532 --> 00:01:51.365
subject to starvation.

00:01:53.118 --> 00:01:55.512
And there the story gets
even more complicated,

00:01:55.512 --> 00:01:59.353
because the English settlers,
who were all men, by the way,

00:01:59.353 --> 00:02:01.857
they were adventurers, they were not there

00:02:01.857 --> 00:02:05.130
to start families,
start a long-term colony

00:02:05.130 --> 00:02:08.538
in the New World, they just
wanted to find gold and get out.

00:02:08.538 --> 00:02:11.687
So as these English colonists
are starving, they start to

00:02:11.687 --> 00:02:15.088
run afoul of local Native Americans.

00:02:15.088 --> 00:02:16.665
There were an Algonquian tribe

00:02:16.665 --> 00:02:19.462
living in the Virginia
tidewater, who were under

00:02:19.462 --> 00:02:21.629
the rule of this man here.

00:02:22.961 --> 00:02:26.440
This is a drawing of him
done by John Smith, who we'll

00:02:26.440 --> 00:02:27.623
talk about in a second.

00:02:27.623 --> 00:02:29.435
His name was Powhatan.

00:02:29.435 --> 00:02:33.018
His real name was Wahunsunacawh,
but the English called him

00:02:33.018 --> 00:02:37.185
Powhatan, and the people
that he ruled, the Powhatans.

00:02:38.044 --> 00:02:41.011
And as the English settlers
realized that they had not

00:02:41.011 --> 00:02:44.354
put away enough for practically
any stores to get them

00:02:44.354 --> 00:02:48.106
through the winter, they started
raiding the food supplies

00:02:48.106 --> 00:02:50.695
of the Powhatans, which,
of course, didn't make them

00:02:50.695 --> 00:02:53.553
very happy, they were also
trying to survive the winter.

00:02:53.553 --> 00:02:57.651
Then the Powhatans kidnapped John Smith,

00:02:57.651 --> 00:03:00.623
and there's an engraving of him here.

00:03:00.623 --> 00:03:04.169
Uh, and they kinda tried
to show him their power.

00:03:04.169 --> 00:03:08.336
So there's a legend that
Powhatan was intending to execute

00:03:10.065 --> 00:03:11.385
John Smith.

00:03:11.385 --> 00:03:14.609
The daughter of Powhatan,
Pocahontas also wasn't her

00:03:14.609 --> 00:03:16.948
real name, that was her
nickname, it kinda meant

00:03:16.948 --> 00:03:19.106
little playful person.

00:03:19.106 --> 00:03:23.225
Her real name was Matoaka,
but we know her today

00:03:23.225 --> 00:03:25.144
by her nickname, Pocahontas.

00:03:25.144 --> 00:03:28.771
And Pocahontas intervened
and kept her father

00:03:28.771 --> 00:03:31.615
from executing John Smith,
either out of the goodness

00:03:31.615 --> 00:03:34.459
of her heart or maybe because
she had a crush on him.

00:03:34.459 --> 00:03:37.647
This is pretty much completely untrue.

00:03:37.647 --> 00:03:40.297
The Disney version of this
story says that Pocahontas

00:03:40.297 --> 00:03:43.249
and John Smith go on to fall
in love and get married.

00:03:43.249 --> 00:03:45.460
The fact of the matter was that Pocahontas

00:03:45.460 --> 00:03:49.127
was probably about 13
years old at the time.

00:03:50.652 --> 00:03:53.022
And she will go on to marry an Englishman,

00:03:53.022 --> 00:03:56.145
but not John Smith, John Rolfe,

00:03:56.145 --> 00:03:59.413
who is famous in another
way, which we'll get to soon.

00:03:59.413 --> 00:04:03.306
It's also quite likely that
Powhatan didn't actually intend

00:04:03.306 --> 00:04:05.202
to execute Smith.

00:04:05.202 --> 00:04:08.756
Instead, what he was
doing was kind of a ritual

00:04:08.756 --> 00:04:10.339
of power and mercy,

00:04:12.395 --> 00:04:15.476
so he's doing kind of a mock execution,

00:04:15.476 --> 00:04:19.364
saying, "All right, I have
the power to execute you."

00:04:19.364 --> 00:04:23.435
But then, Pocahontas, playing
her ritual role, steps in

00:04:23.435 --> 00:04:25.118
to say, "No, have mercy."

00:04:25.118 --> 00:04:28.021
So he says, you know, "I could kill you

00:04:28.021 --> 00:04:29.199
"because I'm a strong leader,

00:04:29.199 --> 00:04:31.758
"but because I an also a
merciful and just leader,

00:04:31.758 --> 00:04:32.819
"I will not."

00:04:32.819 --> 00:04:36.598
So after his kidnapping, John
Smith really kinda steps up

00:04:36.598 --> 00:04:41.284
as the savior of Jamestown,
which probably would have

00:04:41.284 --> 00:04:44.475
completely collapsed were it not for him.

00:04:44.475 --> 00:04:48.587
And in 1608, he takes over and says that,

00:04:48.587 --> 00:04:51.313
"He who shall not work shall not eat."

00:04:51.313 --> 00:04:55.480
So you gotta pull your weight
if you're gonna get supported

00:04:56.649 --> 00:04:59.623
by the rest of the colonists.

00:04:59.623 --> 00:05:03.188
Nevertheless, the first
years at Jamestown were

00:05:03.188 --> 00:05:04.584
pretty rough.

00:05:04.584 --> 00:05:08.584
In the winter of 1609 to
1610, which they called

00:05:09.504 --> 00:05:13.671
the starving time, the
colonists were so hungry that

00:05:14.838 --> 00:05:17.421
they resorted to eating vermin,

00:05:18.392 --> 00:05:21.967
and they resorted to eating each other.

00:05:21.967 --> 00:05:26.002
One man actually killed and
ate his wife in one of the

00:05:26.002 --> 00:05:29.346
few known examples of English cannibalism.

00:05:29.346 --> 00:05:32.960
So Jamestown was a
pretty rough place to be.

00:05:32.960 --> 00:05:34.543
Only about 15%

00:05:36.281 --> 00:05:40.448
of the settlers who went to
Jamestown actually survived.

00:05:41.795 --> 00:05:45.827
In fact, that following spring of 1610,

00:05:45.827 --> 00:05:49.157
they decided to give up
and head back to England.

00:05:49.157 --> 00:05:51.925
They were met, just as they were leaving,

00:05:51.925 --> 00:05:53.508
by new supply ships

00:05:55.052 --> 00:05:58.302
that continued the Virginia experiment,

00:05:59.441 --> 00:06:02.922
which will become much more
successful after the discovery

00:06:02.922 --> 00:06:03.839
of tobacco.

00:06:05.985 --> 00:06:07.428
We'll get to that in the next video.


Early English settlements - Jamestown

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.911 --> 00:00:02.952
- [Instructor] In the last
video, we talked about

00:00:02.952 --> 00:00:06.022
the short-lived and highly unsuccessful

00:00:06.022 --> 00:00:08.772
English colony at Roanoke Island,

00:00:09.787 --> 00:00:13.620
which disappeared pretty
much without a trace,

00:00:15.001 --> 00:00:18.401
and even today is still
known as the Lost Colony.

00:00:18.401 --> 00:00:22.568
So as late as 1585, England
has still not successfully

00:00:26.283 --> 00:00:28.530
established a New World colony.

00:00:28.530 --> 00:00:31.204
Well, all of that is about to change.

00:00:31.204 --> 00:00:34.121
In 1607, when the Virginia Company,

00:00:39.091 --> 00:00:42.758
a joint-stock company,
or an early precursor

00:00:44.786 --> 00:00:49.140
to the modern corporation,
which spread out

00:00:49.140 --> 00:00:52.557
both the shares, the wealth, and the risk

00:00:53.527 --> 00:00:57.191
of an expedition like one
headed to the New World.

00:00:57.191 --> 00:00:59.917
They received a charter
for New World exploration

00:00:59.917 --> 00:01:03.334
from King James I, who had now taken over

00:01:04.389 --> 00:01:09.128
for Queen Elizabeth, and their
goals were kinda the same

00:01:09.128 --> 00:01:12.494
as many of the goals of
explorers in this time period.

00:01:12.494 --> 00:01:15.398
They wanted to find gold.

00:01:15.398 --> 00:01:18.981
They wanted to find a
passage to the Indies

00:01:21.776 --> 00:01:24.995
that might make it easier for them to get

00:01:24.995 --> 00:01:29.339
the luxurious materials
like spices and silk

00:01:29.339 --> 00:01:32.006
that were so expensive to
get over the land route

00:01:32.006 --> 00:01:33.232
that was the silk road.

00:01:33.232 --> 00:01:37.003
And, James in particular
was hoping that they could

00:01:37.003 --> 00:01:39.670
maybe get one up on the Spanish,

00:01:40.569 --> 00:01:44.736
who had been doing so well
for more than 100 years

00:01:46.147 --> 00:01:48.022
in the West Indies.

00:01:48.022 --> 00:01:51.570
Now one of the important
things to note about this

00:01:51.570 --> 00:01:54.487
is that no one who went to Virginia

00:01:56.405 --> 00:01:58.876
expected to set up a colony there

00:01:58.876 --> 00:02:01.409
and live there for the
rest of their lives.

00:02:01.409 --> 00:02:05.827
What they expected was to
go for a couple of years,

00:02:05.827 --> 00:02:08.968
mine tremendous amounts
of gold, which they hoped

00:02:08.968 --> 00:02:12.684
were lying in giant piles
all over the ground.

00:02:12.684 --> 00:02:17.099
Get tremendously wealthy,
and live like kings

00:02:17.099 --> 00:02:19.110
for the rest of their lives in Europe.

00:02:19.110 --> 00:02:22.911
So this Virginia Company
expedition was intended

00:02:22.911 --> 00:02:24.328
to be short-term.

00:02:27.435 --> 00:02:30.959
But, as it'll turn out,
that will not be the case.

00:02:30.959 --> 00:02:33.650
So how did things go
for the Virginia Company

00:02:33.650 --> 00:02:36.421
compared to the Roanoke Island colonists?

00:02:36.421 --> 00:02:38.951
Well, not terrifically better.

00:02:38.951 --> 00:02:43.118
They sailed in early 1607
into the Chesapeake Bay,

00:02:45.040 --> 00:02:47.060
and they spent some time looking for what

00:02:47.060 --> 00:02:48.898
might be a good place to settle,

00:02:48.898 --> 00:02:53.319
and they eventually chose a
site here on what they'll name

00:02:53.319 --> 00:02:57.127
the James River, for King
James, and in the town

00:02:57.127 --> 00:03:01.127
that they'll call Jamestown
for the same reason.

00:03:03.272 --> 00:03:06.530
It's hard to overstate
how terrible the land

00:03:06.530 --> 00:03:09.844
that they chose at Jamestown was,

00:03:09.844 --> 00:03:12.418
and it was terrible for
a couple of reasons.

00:03:12.418 --> 00:03:16.585
One reason is that the soil
isn't terrifically good there.

00:03:19.849 --> 00:03:24.016
It's marshy, it's not great
for growing subsistence crops,

00:03:25.654 --> 00:03:27.268
which you'll need to survive.

00:03:27.268 --> 00:03:30.018
And more importantly, it's buggy,

00:03:31.867 --> 00:03:36.157
and by buggy I mean that
there are tons of mosquitoes,

00:03:36.157 --> 00:03:40.157
and mosquitoes carry
diseases like yellow fever,

00:03:43.150 --> 00:03:46.650
malaria, and those mosquito-borne diseases

00:03:49.073 --> 00:03:53.350
will have a tremendous
effect, a huge death toll

00:03:53.350 --> 00:03:56.449
for the early settlers at Jamestown.

00:03:56.449 --> 00:03:59.190
The other thing I can't
overstate about the colonists

00:03:59.190 --> 00:04:02.860
at Jamestown was just
how incredibly unprepared

00:04:02.860 --> 00:04:07.027
and unsuited they were to be
colonists in the New World.

00:04:10.650 --> 00:04:15.414
Remember, this was essentially
a get rich quick scheme.

00:04:15.414 --> 00:04:16.816
Well, who are the sort of people

00:04:16.816 --> 00:04:18.579
who'd like to get rich quick?

00:04:18.579 --> 00:04:20.578
Investors, for the most part.

00:04:20.578 --> 00:04:25.060
These were gentlemen, and
the English definition

00:04:25.060 --> 00:04:28.686
of a gentleman is really
someone who has title,

00:04:28.686 --> 00:04:31.310
someone who has status,
someone who does not

00:04:31.310 --> 00:04:35.220
work with his hands, and all
through that first summer

00:04:35.220 --> 00:04:39.154
when they probably should've
been planting crops

00:04:39.154 --> 00:04:41.501
to try to survive through the winter,

00:04:41.501 --> 00:04:46.384
instead, these gentlemen
were busy looking for gold,

00:04:46.384 --> 00:04:48.582
which means that when
winter rolled around,

00:04:48.582 --> 00:04:52.358
things got pretty dire at Jamestown,

00:04:52.358 --> 00:04:54.936
and we'll talk about
that in the next video.


The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.098
- [Kim] So that takes us to our third

00:00:03.098 --> 00:00:07.512
and what will be final
expedition to the New World.

00:00:07.512 --> 00:00:08.993
- [Man] And this is where
the spooky part comes in.

00:00:08.993 --> 00:00:10.821
- [Kim] This is where
the spooky part comes in.

00:00:10.821 --> 00:00:12.815
Sir Walter Raleigh and John White

00:00:12.815 --> 00:00:15.373
realized that a whole group
of soldiers was probably

00:00:15.373 --> 00:00:18.604
not the right group to
send to the New World.

00:00:18.604 --> 00:00:21.252
Instead he thinks, alright,
this is what we're gonna do.

00:00:21.252 --> 00:00:22.857
We're gonna send civilians.

00:00:22.857 --> 00:00:23.690
- [Man] Okay.

00:00:23.690 --> 00:00:25.587
- [Kim] We're gonna send families.

00:00:25.587 --> 00:00:27.754
So they send about 90 men,

00:00:29.194 --> 00:00:32.861
about 20 women, and
maybe about 10 children.

00:00:36.049 --> 00:00:39.799
And say okay, you are
going to start a colony

00:00:41.947 --> 00:00:44.246
and a settlement in the New World.

00:00:44.246 --> 00:00:45.932
So it's not just a trading post.

00:00:45.932 --> 00:00:48.058
- [Man] Yo, but back up,
like still on Roanoke Island

00:00:48.058 --> 00:00:49.318
next to the Native Americans

00:00:49.318 --> 00:00:50.643
that hate them?
(laughing)

00:00:50.643 --> 00:00:52.585
Is that where they're
still putting the colony?

00:00:52.585 --> 00:00:54.376
- [Kim] Well, they were really hoping

00:00:54.376 --> 00:00:57.505
since they've discovered
that this is a terrible place

00:00:57.505 --> 00:00:58.338
to sail--

00:00:58.338 --> 00:00:59.671
- [Man] Uh huh?

00:00:59.671 --> 00:01:01.370
- [Kim] That they can actually head up

00:01:01.370 --> 00:01:03.120
to the Chesapeake Bay

00:01:05.348 --> 00:01:07.827
and make that their place of operations.

00:01:07.827 --> 00:01:09.952
- [Man] Why not just make landfall there?

00:01:09.952 --> 00:01:11.629
- [Kim] Well, they usually started

00:01:11.629 --> 00:01:16.273
by going from England all
the way down to Bahamas.

00:01:16.273 --> 00:01:17.106
- [Man] Mm hmm.

00:01:17.106 --> 00:01:17.939
- [Kim] Where they could refuel.

00:01:17.939 --> 00:01:20.095
So this was an area where
they already had power.

00:01:20.095 --> 00:01:23.077
So instead of going to
the unknown land first,

00:01:23.077 --> 00:01:25.621
they would go down to
the West Indies, meet up,

00:01:25.621 --> 00:01:26.871
- [Man] Get fresh water, get food.

00:01:26.871 --> 00:01:28.904
- [Kim] Get fresh water and
supplies and then come up

00:01:28.904 --> 00:01:32.064
to Virginia, AKA North Carolina.

00:01:32.064 --> 00:01:34.266
Unfortunately, as the weather worked out,

00:01:34.266 --> 00:01:36.537
they couldn't make it
farther than Roanoke Island.

00:01:36.537 --> 00:01:37.495
- [Man] Oh.

00:01:37.495 --> 00:01:39.707
- [Kim] So they are hanging out

00:01:39.707 --> 00:01:42.717
with what they hope are
their friends, the Secotans,

00:01:42.717 --> 00:01:45.310
and right after they get there

00:01:45.310 --> 00:01:47.448
one of the English colonists is murdered

00:01:47.448 --> 00:01:49.314
by probably a Secotan person,

00:01:49.314 --> 00:01:52.597
and it's because they
say to their translators,

00:01:52.597 --> 00:01:55.968
we don't have enough food,
you're gonna steal more food

00:01:55.968 --> 00:01:57.747
and we just can't have you here.

00:01:57.747 --> 00:02:00.131
It's obvious that they
brought women and children,

00:02:00.131 --> 00:02:01.676
they're intending to stay,

00:02:01.676 --> 00:02:04.333
and the Native Americans have decided

00:02:04.333 --> 00:02:06.529
that the English are not to be trusted.

00:02:06.529 --> 00:02:08.196
- [Man] So this is just a whole series

00:02:08.196 --> 00:02:12.664
of tragic diplomacy by
ultimatum movements, right?

00:02:12.664 --> 00:02:13.890
- [Kim] Yeah, it's really interesting

00:02:13.890 --> 00:02:16.361
because I think there are
a couple of places here

00:02:16.361 --> 00:02:18.455
where things might have
gone very differently.

00:02:18.455 --> 00:02:20.118
- [Man] You can see the inflection points

00:02:20.118 --> 00:02:22.666
if both sides decided not to play hardball

00:02:22.666 --> 00:02:23.691
with each other so much.

00:02:23.691 --> 00:02:26.266
- [Kim] Yeah, I think there
are so many places here

00:02:26.266 --> 00:02:29.712
where ships get lost or they get grounded

00:02:29.712 --> 00:02:31.902
on the shoals outside North Carolina

00:02:31.902 --> 00:02:34.209
so they can't get more supplies.

00:02:34.209 --> 00:02:38.094
Or later storms will
prevent reinforcements.

00:02:38.094 --> 00:02:41.574
Weather and a silver cup
are kind of the things

00:02:41.574 --> 00:02:45.470
that keep the Roanoke
Colony from succeeding.

00:02:45.470 --> 00:02:49.637
So right away after this new
group of colonists arrives,

00:02:50.944 --> 00:02:51.875
one of them is murdered

00:02:51.875 --> 00:02:53.730
and so they ask their
governor, John White,

00:02:53.730 --> 00:02:56.377
to go back to England and
get them more supplies.

00:02:56.377 --> 00:02:57.348
- [Man] John White, the illustrator

00:02:57.348 --> 00:02:59.397
who made these images on the right.

00:02:59.397 --> 00:03:00.712
- [Kim] And he's now governor.

00:03:00.712 --> 00:03:01.545
- [Man] Okay.

00:03:01.545 --> 00:03:05.501
- [Kim] He's the only one
of the original Raleigh's 11

00:03:05.501 --> 00:03:07.432
who's still part of this venture.

00:03:07.432 --> 00:03:09.221
So he's now moved up in the ranks.

00:03:09.221 --> 00:03:11.842
So John White sails back to England,

00:03:11.842 --> 00:03:15.394
and then he runs into a big
problem, the Spanish, basically.

00:03:15.394 --> 00:03:17.312
He wanted to get supplies.

00:03:17.312 --> 00:03:20.688
Some of these colonists,
including the Dares,

00:03:20.688 --> 00:03:23.241
are actually John White's children.

00:03:23.241 --> 00:03:24.369
- [Man] Oh, snap.

00:03:24.369 --> 00:03:26.844
- [Kim] So this is his
actual family that's here

00:03:26.844 --> 00:03:28.149
that he's trying to protect.

00:03:28.149 --> 00:03:29.515
So he goes back to England and he says,

00:03:29.515 --> 00:03:32.032
Sir Walter Raleigh, I
need more reinforcements.

00:03:32.032 --> 00:03:35.101
But all English shipping is cut off

00:03:35.101 --> 00:03:37.152
because of the threat of the Spanish.

00:03:37.152 --> 00:03:40.149
The Spanish Armada is coming
to England at this time period

00:03:40.149 --> 00:03:42.283
and so not a single ship can be spared

00:03:42.283 --> 00:03:45.213
to go try to bail out these
colonists in the New World.

00:03:45.213 --> 00:03:46.256
- [Man] Oh, wow.

00:03:46.256 --> 00:03:49.637
So they're alone and entirely isolated

00:03:49.637 --> 00:03:52.940
on this new continent among
people that do not like them

00:03:52.940 --> 00:03:55.050
because of stuff that
people before them did.

00:03:55.050 --> 00:03:57.385
- [Kim] Exactly, yeah,
that's about the size of it.

00:03:57.385 --> 00:03:58.802
So it's like 1588

00:04:00.945 --> 00:04:03.231
when John White sails back to England

00:04:03.231 --> 00:04:07.789
and because of the Spanish
Armada it's not until 1590

00:04:07.789 --> 00:04:09.507
that he can finally get back

00:04:09.507 --> 00:04:12.783
and try to find these
colonists including his family.

00:04:12.783 --> 00:04:13.616
- [Man] Right.

00:04:13.616 --> 00:04:15.589
- [Kim] When he gets there
this is all he finds,

00:04:15.589 --> 00:04:18.839
the word, Croatoan, carved into a tree.

00:04:20.062 --> 00:04:21.209
- [Man] What do you mean all he found?

00:04:21.209 --> 00:04:22.208
What happened to their town?

00:04:22.208 --> 00:04:23.825
- [Kim] It was completely abandoned.

00:04:23.825 --> 00:04:24.743
- [Man] Whoa.

00:04:24.743 --> 00:04:28.429
- [Kim] So it looks as if they'd
left of their own volition.

00:04:28.429 --> 00:04:29.470
- Okay.
- Because it doesn't look

00:04:29.470 --> 00:04:31.113
like there was an attack there.

00:04:31.113 --> 00:04:33.683
And they had agreed beforehand

00:04:33.683 --> 00:04:36.045
that if they decided to go somewhere else,

00:04:36.045 --> 00:04:37.539
remember, they already knew that they were

00:04:37.539 --> 00:04:39.442
in unwelcome territory,

00:04:39.442 --> 00:04:41.711
so they thought maybe
they'd go farther inland,

00:04:41.711 --> 00:04:44.332
they would leave traces,

00:04:44.332 --> 00:04:46.204
they would carve something in a tree

00:04:46.204 --> 00:04:47.601
to say where they had gone.

00:04:47.601 --> 00:04:49.600
Unfortunately, another storm hit,

00:04:49.600 --> 00:04:52.038
and so John White was forced to leave

00:04:52.038 --> 00:04:55.630
and go back to England without ever going

00:04:55.630 --> 00:04:59.871
to see the Croatoans, this
other Native American tribe,

00:04:59.871 --> 00:05:02.625
along with their town called, Croatoan,

00:05:02.625 --> 00:05:04.654
to see where the rest of his family

00:05:04.654 --> 00:05:06.307
and the rest of the colonists were.

00:05:06.307 --> 00:05:07.751
- [Man] Did he ever
return in his lifetime?

00:05:07.751 --> 00:05:08.766
- [Kim] No he did not.

00:05:08.766 --> 00:05:10.081
- [Man] Oh, that's heartbreaking.

00:05:10.081 --> 00:05:12.539
- [Kim] So he never found out
what happened to his family,

00:05:12.539 --> 00:05:15.989
and technically we never
found out what happened

00:05:15.989 --> 00:05:17.565
to the Lost Colony at Roanoke,

00:05:17.565 --> 00:05:19.175
but there's some pretty good evidence

00:05:19.175 --> 00:05:21.128
about what might have happened to them.

00:05:21.128 --> 00:05:21.961
- [Man] Tell it to me, Kim.

00:05:21.961 --> 00:05:24.697
- [Kim] Alright, so here's what
we think may have happened.

00:05:24.697 --> 00:05:28.185
So there are about 130 people, right?

00:05:28.185 --> 00:05:29.507
- [Man] Right.

00:05:29.507 --> 00:05:31.747
- [Kim] Assuming that none
of them died from disease.

00:05:31.747 --> 00:05:32.925
- [Man] That's a charitable assumption.

00:05:32.925 --> 00:05:33.758
- [Kim] Yeah.

00:05:33.758 --> 00:05:37.163
Not all of them could have gone to see

00:05:37.163 --> 00:05:38.949
and live with the Croatoans.

00:05:38.949 --> 00:05:39.782
- [Man] Okay.

00:05:39.782 --> 00:05:40.615
- [Kim] Right, because they were

00:05:40.615 --> 00:05:42.143
a much smaller tribe than that.

00:05:42.143 --> 00:05:44.927
So they could never have been
all supported by these people.

00:05:44.927 --> 00:05:48.927
What we think happened
is that some of them went

00:05:50.198 --> 00:05:53.135
to live with the Croatoans
who are along the coast.

00:05:53.135 --> 00:05:55.668
So if John White comes back

00:05:55.668 --> 00:05:59.001
then they can connect up with him again.

00:06:00.250 --> 00:06:03.815
So that's what we think
happened to some of them.

00:06:03.815 --> 00:06:07.685
We also think that some of
them went further inland

00:06:07.685 --> 00:06:10.018
to a more stable environment

00:06:11.251 --> 00:06:14.597
around what is maybe called, Merry Hill.

00:06:14.597 --> 00:06:15.597
So about 15,

00:06:17.138 --> 00:06:20.262
oh sorry, about 50 miles
inland from Roanoke Island.

00:06:20.262 --> 00:06:21.095
- [Man] Okay.

00:06:21.095 --> 00:06:22.865
- [Kim] Today Merry Hill, North Carolina.

00:06:22.865 --> 00:06:26.698
And we think some of
them may have gone north.

00:06:27.781 --> 00:06:30.912
So here's the evidence
about these various things.

00:06:30.912 --> 00:06:33.006
- [Man] How do we know that
these colonists went there?

00:06:33.006 --> 00:06:36.641
- [Kim] So when John White
was sailing to Roanoke

00:06:36.641 --> 00:06:40.977
he saw big fires along the
coast where the Croatoans lived.

00:06:40.977 --> 00:06:42.996
So we think the English
may have been there

00:06:42.996 --> 00:06:45.478
trying to signal them, but
he went straight to Roanoke,

00:06:45.478 --> 00:06:47.437
and then because of his
troubles with his ship

00:06:47.437 --> 00:06:48.680
had to go back to England.

00:06:48.680 --> 00:06:50.317
So there's strong evidence there.

00:06:50.317 --> 00:06:53.986
Also, later an Englishman heard a legend

00:06:53.986 --> 00:06:56.053
from the people who lived in that region

00:06:56.053 --> 00:06:58.690
that some of their ancestors
had been White people,

00:06:58.690 --> 00:07:00.478
and they had English coins.

00:07:00.478 --> 00:07:02.684
So I think it's probably safe to say

00:07:02.684 --> 00:07:06.566
that some of them did actually
intermarry with Croatoans

00:07:06.566 --> 00:07:09.659
and lived there for most
of the rest of their lives.

00:07:09.659 --> 00:07:12.398
The ones who went north

00:07:12.398 --> 00:07:15.808
we know about because John Smith,

00:07:15.808 --> 00:07:20.113
the captain of the
Jamestown Colony in 1607,

00:07:20.113 --> 00:07:23.843
met up with some Native
Americans who told him

00:07:23.843 --> 00:07:27.403
that there had been White
people living in the area

00:07:27.403 --> 00:07:31.196
who had lived peacefully
among the Native Americans

00:07:31.196 --> 00:07:33.857
until just recently
when they were massacred

00:07:33.857 --> 00:07:35.448
by the Powhatans.

00:07:35.448 --> 00:07:38.102
Powhatan was the father
of Pocahontas, right?

00:07:38.102 --> 00:07:41.004
So there's some overlap here.

00:07:41.004 --> 00:07:42.903
- [Man] So he was trying
to get the lay of the land,

00:07:42.903 --> 00:07:46.754
how the local people
felt about the English,

00:07:46.754 --> 00:07:48.192
and the intelligence that he got was,

00:07:48.192 --> 00:07:49.812
oh, everyone's cool with the English

00:07:49.812 --> 00:07:51.699
except for the people that
you're living right next to.

00:07:51.699 --> 00:07:55.263
- [Kim] (laughs) I think it
was probably intended, yeah,

00:07:55.263 --> 00:07:56.673
to be maybe a warning.

00:07:56.673 --> 00:07:57.506
- [Man] Yeah.

00:07:57.506 --> 00:07:59.651
- [Kim] We think what might
actually have happened

00:07:59.651 --> 00:08:03.345
was that the people from
Roanoke had intermarried

00:08:03.345 --> 00:08:05.163
with another Native American tribe

00:08:05.163 --> 00:08:08.109
and had become kind of
indistinguishable from them,

00:08:08.109 --> 00:08:11.759
and then the Powhatans, who
were kind of a larger empire,

00:08:11.759 --> 00:08:12.953
actually attacked them.

00:08:12.953 --> 00:08:15.122
So they were killed off in a raid

00:08:15.122 --> 00:08:16.920
against other Native American groups.

00:08:16.920 --> 00:08:17.753
- [Man] I see.

00:08:17.753 --> 00:08:19.253
- [Kim] And the last thing that we think

00:08:19.253 --> 00:08:21.322
that they probably went inland

00:08:21.322 --> 00:08:24.162
is from a recent archaeological dig

00:08:24.162 --> 00:08:27.520
which has discovered, it's
called English Border ware.

00:08:27.520 --> 00:08:29.180
- [Man] Okay.

00:08:29.180 --> 00:08:32.421
- [Kim] In this town near
Merry Hill, North Carolina,

00:08:32.421 --> 00:08:34.527
and it was only made in this time period

00:08:34.527 --> 00:08:38.114
before these English colonists left.

00:08:38.114 --> 00:08:40.780
So we know it has to have dated before

00:08:40.780 --> 00:08:42.446
1588.
- [Man] 90 or so, okay.

00:08:42.446 --> 00:08:46.214
- [Kim] Yeah, so it's highly
likely that at least some

00:08:46.214 --> 00:08:48.558
of those people had
been living in this area

00:08:48.558 --> 00:08:50.914
because we have an
archaeological record of them.

00:08:50.914 --> 00:08:52.339
- [Man] That's so cool.

00:08:52.339 --> 00:08:53.876
- [Kim] What I think is
really interesting about this

00:08:53.876 --> 00:08:56.660
is we actually know a lot more about this

00:08:56.660 --> 00:08:59.651
than I think popular
legend says that we do.

00:08:59.651 --> 00:09:00.484
- [Man] Yeah, I always thought

00:09:00.484 --> 00:09:01.915
that the Lost Colony at Roanoke

00:09:01.915 --> 00:09:05.438
was one of those unsolvable
secrets of history.

00:09:05.438 --> 00:09:06.482
- [Kim] I think it tells us a lot

00:09:06.482 --> 00:09:08.441
about the historical process.

00:09:08.441 --> 00:09:10.570
In some ways we know a lot about this.

00:09:10.570 --> 00:09:13.315
In other ways we don't know much at all.

00:09:13.315 --> 00:09:14.723
There are some things in history

00:09:14.723 --> 00:09:18.453
that we don't have records
about, and perhaps never will.

00:09:18.453 --> 00:09:20.231
But if I had to say that there's one thing

00:09:20.231 --> 00:09:23.846
that's really haunting
about this Colony at Roanoke

00:09:23.846 --> 00:09:27.452
is just how different
things might have been

00:09:27.452 --> 00:09:29.934
had they chosen to be friendly

00:09:29.934 --> 00:09:31.857
about the theft of a silver cup,

00:09:31.857 --> 00:09:33.198
that may or may not have happened,

00:09:33.198 --> 00:09:35.771
rather than angry and violent.

00:09:35.771 --> 00:09:38.440
We could be talking about
the Colony of Roanoke

00:09:38.440 --> 00:09:41.782
as the very first
successful English Colony

00:09:41.782 --> 00:09:42.725
in the New World.

00:09:42.725 --> 00:09:44.875
- [Man] You and I could have been speaking

00:09:44.875 --> 00:09:47.339
an Algonquian-English dialect right now.

00:09:47.339 --> 00:09:48.344
- [Kim] Quite possibly.

00:09:48.344 --> 00:09:51.486
So it shows us just how important

00:09:51.486 --> 00:09:54.609
even the smallest events in history can be

00:09:54.609 --> 00:09:56.105
to the way that things turn out,

00:09:56.105 --> 00:09:58.212
and how much people's
choices really do matter.


The Lost Colony of Roanoke - background and first attempts

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.184 --> 00:00:01.141
- [David] Hello Kim.

00:00:01.141 --> 00:00:02.202
- [Kim] Hey David.

00:00:02.202 --> 00:00:05.734
- [David] So let's talk about
the Lost Colony at Roanoke.

00:00:05.734 --> 00:00:06.754
- [Kim] So this is something

00:00:06.754 --> 00:00:08.386
I've been learning a lot about lately,

00:00:08.386 --> 00:00:11.255
and I think is really interesting.

00:00:11.255 --> 00:00:12.920
You know, we often think about this

00:00:12.920 --> 00:00:15.683
just in terms of the spookiness of,

00:00:15.683 --> 00:00:17.501
there's this colony and it disappeared,

00:00:17.501 --> 00:00:19.878
and we still don't know
what happened to it.

00:00:19.878 --> 00:00:21.985
But actually, I think it has a lot to say

00:00:21.985 --> 00:00:26.021
about the process of
colonization in the New World,

00:00:26.021 --> 00:00:28.833
and the many political, and weather,

00:00:28.833 --> 00:00:32.719
and economic factors that
went into making a colony

00:00:32.719 --> 00:00:34.702
successful or not successful.

00:00:34.702 --> 00:00:36.371
- [David] So set this up for me.

00:00:36.371 --> 00:00:40.656
What is going on during the
period of this early settlement

00:00:40.656 --> 00:00:42.312
of what they called Virginia,

00:00:42.312 --> 00:00:45.311
but actually turned out to be, where Kim?

00:00:45.311 --> 00:00:46.228
- [Kim] North Carolina.

00:00:46.228 --> 00:00:49.418
So this on the outer
banks, and it's today,

00:00:49.418 --> 00:00:50.546
it's still Roanoke Island,

00:00:50.546 --> 00:00:54.138
but one of these sort of barrier islands

00:00:54.138 --> 00:00:56.272
off the coast of North Carolina.

00:00:56.272 --> 00:00:58.542
- [David] So, a great place to put a ship?

00:00:58.542 --> 00:01:00.952
- [Kim] Actually, what they call this area

00:01:00.952 --> 00:01:03.520
is the Graveyard of the Atlantic.

00:01:03.520 --> 00:01:05.076
- [David] So I'm hearing not so much.

00:01:05.076 --> 00:01:06.469
- [Kim] Right, so this is an area

00:01:06.469 --> 00:01:08.896
where there are a lot of shoals,

00:01:08.896 --> 00:01:10.514
lots of ships run aground there.

00:01:10.514 --> 00:01:13.350
If you ever go to one of the
museums on the outer banks,

00:01:13.350 --> 00:01:17.857
you can see this incredibly
long listing of all of the ships

00:01:17.857 --> 00:01:20.275
that sank off the coast of North Carolina.

00:01:20.275 --> 00:01:22.349
It is a very difficult place to sail.

00:01:22.349 --> 00:01:24.389
- [David] What year is
it when we first see,

00:01:24.389 --> 00:01:27.028
when we see the first
colonization attempt at Roanoke?

00:01:27.028 --> 00:01:28.006
The first expedition.

00:01:28.006 --> 00:01:30.971
- [Kim] Right, this all
starts in the late 1570s

00:01:30.971 --> 00:01:32.817
with a man named Humphrey Gilbert,

00:01:32.817 --> 00:01:35.071
and Gilbert is convinced--

00:01:35.071 --> 00:01:35.904
- [David] Is this him?

00:01:35.904 --> 00:01:37.824
- [Kim] This is actually
Sir Walter Raleigh.

00:01:37.824 --> 00:01:39.038
- [David] Oh, he is cute.

00:01:39.038 --> 00:01:42.386
- [Kim] Yes, Gilbert's
half-brother as it turns out.

00:01:42.386 --> 00:01:45.375
So Sir Walter Raleigh's half-brother,

00:01:45.375 --> 00:01:48.309
Humphrey Gilbert, thinks
that it might be possible

00:01:48.309 --> 00:01:49.892
to make your way to

00:01:52.119 --> 00:01:54.842
the Indies and fabulous riches.

00:01:54.842 --> 00:01:57.014
Make that line a little bit bigger.

00:01:57.014 --> 00:01:59.771
By going on top of North America.

00:01:59.771 --> 00:02:02.152
So he thinks there's a waterway here.

00:02:02.152 --> 00:02:05.014
So he convinces Queen Elizabeth,

00:02:05.014 --> 00:02:07.743
then on the throne of England,

00:02:07.743 --> 00:02:10.460
to give him a charter to

00:02:10.460 --> 00:02:13.043
try to plant a colony somewhere

00:02:14.160 --> 00:02:16.730
on this side of North America.

00:02:16.730 --> 00:02:18.500
- [David] So they're looking
for the Northwest Passage,

00:02:18.500 --> 00:02:19.333
is what they're looking for.

00:02:19.333 --> 00:02:21.432
- [Kim] They're looking
for the Northwest Passage.

00:02:21.432 --> 00:02:23.116
They're hoping that they can find gold,

00:02:23.116 --> 00:02:26.130
and what they want to do
more than anything else

00:02:26.130 --> 00:02:28.871
is just mess up Spain's
chances in the New World.

00:02:28.871 --> 00:02:32.135
Because Spain, starting
with Christopher Columbus,

00:02:32.135 --> 00:02:35.327
has been the leading old
world power in the New World.

00:02:35.327 --> 00:02:37.862
They are just like, trucking
back the gold and silver,

00:02:37.862 --> 00:02:40.850
and most of what England has
done up until this point,

00:02:40.850 --> 00:02:44.552
is find Spanish ships that are coming back

00:02:44.552 --> 00:02:47.385
from Mexico, from the West Indies,

00:02:48.329 --> 00:02:51.751
and put what are called
privateers, which is a nice word

00:02:51.751 --> 00:02:55.226
that the English used to
mean pirate, to steal things.

00:02:55.226 --> 00:02:56.244
- [David] State-sanctioned piracy.

00:02:56.244 --> 00:02:57.817
- [Kim] State-sanctioned piracy.

00:02:57.817 --> 00:02:59.870
- [David] So like, Shakespeare is like

00:02:59.870 --> 00:03:01.500
a young man at this time, right?

00:03:01.500 --> 00:03:02.333
- [Kim] Yes.

00:03:02.333 --> 00:03:04.698
- [David] Like that is the
period of Elizabethan England

00:03:04.698 --> 00:03:05.856
that we're looking at right now.

00:03:05.856 --> 00:03:07.393
- [Kim] Yeah, it's kind of, in some ways,

00:03:07.393 --> 00:03:09.345
a golden age, but when you think about

00:03:09.345 --> 00:03:10.906
how well the English are doing

00:03:10.906 --> 00:03:12.537
when it comes to colonization,

00:03:12.537 --> 00:03:15.481
it is not a golden age,
they are way behind.

00:03:15.481 --> 00:03:19.047
So they're hoping maybe they
can find a northwest passage

00:03:19.047 --> 00:03:23.255
to get all of the goodies
over here in India,

00:03:23.255 --> 00:03:25.492
and the spice islands.

00:03:25.492 --> 00:03:27.717
They're hoping that maybe they could

00:03:27.717 --> 00:03:29.956
find some good minerals in this area,

00:03:29.956 --> 00:03:31.537
get some gold of their own.

00:03:31.537 --> 00:03:34.079
But at the very least,
they'd like a nice port

00:03:34.079 --> 00:03:35.929
from which their ships could go out

00:03:35.929 --> 00:03:37.978
and steal more stuff from Spanish ships.

00:03:37.978 --> 00:03:39.408
- [David] (laughs) Sure.

00:03:39.408 --> 00:03:41.490
- [Kim] Yeah, this is a
good, this is their plan.

00:03:41.490 --> 00:03:43.568
- [David] So this is kind
of, if you'll permit me,

00:03:43.568 --> 00:03:46.364
this feel analogous to the
space race during the Cold War.

00:03:46.364 --> 00:03:47.894
- [Kim] Yeah, absolutely.

00:03:47.894 --> 00:03:50.706
- [David] So Spain is
this economic superpower

00:03:50.706 --> 00:03:52.370
that seems to have a one, you know,

00:03:52.370 --> 00:03:54.431
have a leg up on England.

00:03:54.431 --> 00:03:58.659
Just like how the Soviet
Union launched Sputnik first.

00:03:58.659 --> 00:04:01.547
Got a satellite into orbit above Earth,

00:04:01.547 --> 00:04:03.424
and that spurred the
United States to be like,

00:04:03.424 --> 00:04:04.933
"No, we're gonna have a moon shot!"

00:04:04.933 --> 00:04:06.262
- [Kim] Yeah, and it kinda turns out

00:04:06.262 --> 00:04:08.609
the same way in some aspects,

00:04:08.609 --> 00:04:13.282
because as we know, we're
sitting here in California,

00:04:13.282 --> 00:04:14.947
we're speaking English,

00:04:14.947 --> 00:04:17.587
because eventually England is going to win

00:04:17.587 --> 00:04:20.518
its way to dominance
in this entire region.

00:04:20.518 --> 00:04:23.571
But originally, Spain gets
off to the fastest start,

00:04:23.571 --> 00:04:26.320
and England is just desperate to catch up.

00:04:26.320 --> 00:04:30.445
So unfortunately, Sir
Humphrey Gilbert dies.

00:04:30.445 --> 00:04:31.278
He is lost at sea.

00:04:31.278 --> 00:04:34.112
- [David] So not this guy
here with Queen Elizabeth.

00:04:34.112 --> 00:04:38.940
- [Kim] Right, then his
half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh,

00:04:38.940 --> 00:04:43.329
which he spelled with
no I, so we'll do that,

00:04:43.329 --> 00:04:45.207
but today the city that's named after him,

00:04:45.207 --> 00:04:46.603
we still spell with an I.

00:04:46.603 --> 00:04:49.438
He picked up his half-brother's contract,

00:04:49.438 --> 00:04:52.082
which said he had to get
a colony in the New World

00:04:52.082 --> 00:04:54.354
within six years of 1578.

00:04:54.354 --> 00:04:58.661
So he is under the gun to try
to get something happening

00:04:58.661 --> 00:05:02.828
on the coast of North America
by 1584 at the latest.

00:05:05.775 --> 00:05:08.025
So he picks up his friends,

00:05:09.109 --> 00:05:11.943
and decides to put together,
what I kind of term

00:05:11.943 --> 00:05:14.972
as like the Ocean's Eleven
of the actual ocean.

00:05:14.972 --> 00:05:15.930
- [David] (laughs) Okay.

00:05:15.930 --> 00:05:20.097
- [Kim] He finds some ship
captains, and soldiers.

00:05:23.898 --> 00:05:25.764
- [David] A demolition's
expert, a contortionist.

00:05:25.764 --> 00:05:27.534
(Kim laughs)
A con man.

00:05:27.534 --> 00:05:29.481
- [Kim] Similar, this is like the,

00:05:29.481 --> 00:05:31.648
the 1500s version of this.

00:05:32.879 --> 00:05:36.569
He gets an artist, who
we'll talk a lot more about.

00:05:36.569 --> 00:05:37.610
- [David] That's John White?

00:05:37.610 --> 00:05:38.443
- [Kim] That's John White.

00:05:38.443 --> 00:05:43.006
He gets cartographers, he gets
what he considers his A-team,

00:05:43.006 --> 00:05:45.232
to go out and explore this coast.

00:05:45.232 --> 00:05:47.361
Pick up where his half-brother left off.

00:05:47.361 --> 00:05:49.405
The only problem was that

00:05:49.405 --> 00:05:53.572
Sir Walter Ralegh and Queen
Elizabeth were sweethearts.

00:05:58.040 --> 00:06:02.216
And she forbid him from going
on this dangerous journey.

00:06:02.216 --> 00:06:05.078
After all, his brother had
also died on this journey.

00:06:05.078 --> 00:06:09.188
So she loved him too
much, said "You can't go."

00:06:09.188 --> 00:06:10.588
But his friends went.

00:06:10.588 --> 00:06:12.281
So this is their first journey,

00:06:12.281 --> 00:06:14.822
and they go to North Carolina.

00:06:14.822 --> 00:06:16.204
They called it Virginia,

00:06:16.204 --> 00:06:19.678
because this whole area they
named after Queen Elizabeth.

00:06:19.678 --> 00:06:20.511
- [David] The Virgin Queen.

00:06:20.511 --> 00:06:22.517
- [Kim] The Virgin Queen,
and a lot of the things

00:06:22.517 --> 00:06:24.371
in this time period are
kinda named after her,

00:06:24.371 --> 00:06:25.712
because all of these fellows

00:06:25.712 --> 00:06:27.652
were trying to capture her heart.

00:06:27.652 --> 00:06:31.122
So they go, and what's
really interesting about this

00:06:31.122 --> 00:06:33.577
is that John White, this artist,

00:06:33.577 --> 00:06:37.453
shows us so much about
what this area was like.

00:06:37.453 --> 00:06:38.760
And I want to show you

00:06:38.760 --> 00:06:42.146
some of the paintings that
he made in this time period.

00:06:42.146 --> 00:06:43.515
- [David] So who were the native people

00:06:43.515 --> 00:06:46.226
that this expedition encountered?

00:06:46.226 --> 00:06:47.669
- [Kim] So they end up

00:06:47.669 --> 00:06:50.505
on the barrier islands of North Carolina,

00:06:50.505 --> 00:06:52.578
and this is where the colonists

00:06:52.578 --> 00:06:56.572
will eventually settle
here, Roanoke Island.

00:06:56.572 --> 00:06:59.157
The major Native American
groups in this area

00:06:59.157 --> 00:07:01.240
were Algonquian-speaking.

00:07:02.955 --> 00:07:03.872
So they are

00:07:05.380 --> 00:07:09.547
kinda in the middle of what
we call the east coast today.

00:07:11.567 --> 00:07:13.418
- [David] So this is a tidewater people.

00:07:13.418 --> 00:07:14.933
- [Kim] They're a tidewater people.

00:07:14.933 --> 00:07:17.071
You can see that they live in long houses,

00:07:17.071 --> 00:07:18.740
like other Algonquian peoples,

00:07:18.740 --> 00:07:21.902
and these are primarily the Secotan people

00:07:21.902 --> 00:07:23.902
and the Croatoan people.

00:07:25.728 --> 00:07:27.243
Initially the English people

00:07:27.243 --> 00:07:28.686
get along with them pretty well.

00:07:28.686 --> 00:07:32.519
They exchange skins, and
food, lots of things.

00:07:33.462 --> 00:07:37.540
The English come back, thinking
this is a pretty good deal.

00:07:37.540 --> 00:07:39.180
- [David] So John White and company,

00:07:39.180 --> 00:07:41.623
John White and Sir Walter Ralegh's Eleven,

00:07:41.623 --> 00:07:43.660
or however many, right, return to England.

00:07:43.660 --> 00:07:44.612
- [Kim] Right, and they say,

00:07:44.612 --> 00:07:46.709
"This is a great place for us to settle."

00:07:46.709 --> 00:07:49.857
So then they send a second
expedition from England.

00:07:49.857 --> 00:07:52.191
This time with just soldiers.

00:07:52.191 --> 00:07:53.820
It's very similar to how Jamestown

00:07:53.820 --> 00:07:55.974
is going to work out a little bit later,

00:07:55.974 --> 00:08:00.141
which is to say they send
sailors, they send soldiers,

00:08:01.717 --> 00:08:04.494
and they send people
who might, for example,

00:08:04.494 --> 00:08:07.380
be good at finding gold, so artisans.

00:08:07.380 --> 00:08:09.668
And they're hoping to
kinda get rich quick.

00:08:09.668 --> 00:08:12.506
They think maybe there
are mountains nearby

00:08:12.506 --> 00:08:15.574
that might have gold or gems in them,

00:08:15.574 --> 00:08:18.106
or perhaps, they're always
asking that native people,

00:08:18.106 --> 00:08:19.384
"Do you have anything shiny?

00:08:19.384 --> 00:08:21.391
"Have you heard of anything
that's shiny nearby?"

00:08:21.391 --> 00:08:22.738
Because they want to make their investors

00:08:22.738 --> 00:08:25.688
back in England happy
by making a big profit.

00:08:25.688 --> 00:08:26.966
- [David] So this is like halfway between

00:08:26.966 --> 00:08:29.326
a forward operating
base and a trading post.

00:08:29.326 --> 00:08:30.159
- [Kim] Exactly.

00:08:30.159 --> 00:08:30.992
- [David] Okay.

00:08:30.992 --> 00:08:32.502
- [Kim] So they're not thinking
about long-term settlement,

00:08:32.502 --> 00:08:34.838
but they're left there over the winter

00:08:34.838 --> 00:08:36.559
with the Secotan people,

00:08:36.559 --> 00:08:38.968
and this is just a bunch of rowdy soldiers

00:08:38.968 --> 00:08:41.945
who thought they were gonna
get rich quick, and they don't,

00:08:41.945 --> 00:08:44.203
because there is no
gold in North Carolina,

00:08:44.203 --> 00:08:45.849
not like there is in the south,

00:08:45.849 --> 00:08:47.848
that the Spanish do so well with.

00:08:47.848 --> 00:08:51.034
And they quickly come to grief
with the Native Americans.

00:08:51.034 --> 00:08:53.617
They steal a lot of their food.

00:08:54.717 --> 00:08:55.550
- [David] Who steals whose food?

00:08:55.550 --> 00:08:59.663
- [Kim] The English steal
the food of the Secotans,

00:08:59.663 --> 00:09:03.372
and they end up getting into a brawl

00:09:03.372 --> 00:09:07.118
over the possible theft of a silver cup.

00:09:07.118 --> 00:09:09.611
- [David] (laughs) Really?

00:09:09.611 --> 00:09:11.479
- [Kim] Yeah, they think
the Native Americans

00:09:11.479 --> 00:09:13.219
have stolen a silver cup from them.

00:09:13.219 --> 00:09:16.160
They demand it back, the
Native Americans say,

00:09:16.160 --> 00:09:17.636
"We don't know what you're talking about."

00:09:17.636 --> 00:09:19.699
And then the English
kill a bunch of people.

00:09:19.699 --> 00:09:20.532
- [David] Oh my gosh.

00:09:20.532 --> 00:09:23.801
- [Kim] So relations that
were going pretty well,

00:09:23.801 --> 00:09:26.336
went pretty badly over, what I think,

00:09:26.336 --> 00:09:28.349
is kind of a minor incident.

00:09:28.349 --> 00:09:31.247
But by the time that the uh,

00:09:31.247 --> 00:09:33.398
supplies show up,

00:09:33.398 --> 00:09:35.586
because the English are
sending supply ships

00:09:35.586 --> 00:09:37.102
on a regular basis,

00:09:37.102 --> 00:09:39.634
Sir Francis Drake, of piracy fame,

00:09:39.634 --> 00:09:43.132
shows up with supplies, and
a bunch of these 100 men

00:09:43.132 --> 00:09:45.176
just get back on the
ship and sail to England.

00:09:45.176 --> 00:09:46.252
- [David] So wait, before we go back

00:09:46.252 --> 00:09:47.948
to England with these men,

00:09:47.948 --> 00:09:50.463
what contributed to this
disproportionate response,

00:09:50.463 --> 00:09:53.210
of like killing a bunch of
people over a single silver cup?

00:09:53.210 --> 00:09:57.334
- [Kim] I think a lot of it
was that many of these men,

00:09:57.334 --> 00:09:59.163
now and on later expeditions,

00:09:59.163 --> 00:10:02.381
are English veterans
of the war in Ireland.

00:10:02.381 --> 00:10:05.931
So there is an Irish rebellion
against English rule there,

00:10:05.931 --> 00:10:09.540
and the English take a very
brutal stance toward the Irish.

00:10:09.540 --> 00:10:12.070
They just burned their villages,

00:10:12.070 --> 00:10:14.224
they decapitate Irish people

00:10:14.224 --> 00:10:16.659
and line their heads along sidewalks,

00:10:16.659 --> 00:10:17.997
I'm not making this up.

00:10:17.997 --> 00:10:18.830
- [David] Good lord.

00:10:18.830 --> 00:10:20.813
- [Kim] So, they're veterans

00:10:20.813 --> 00:10:24.063
of this really brutal Irish repression.

00:10:25.065 --> 00:10:28.636
And this is something
that I think you see a lot

00:10:28.636 --> 00:10:31.196
with English people when they first

00:10:31.196 --> 00:10:33.154
are meeting Native Americans,

00:10:33.154 --> 00:10:35.298
they treat them like
they treated the Irish,

00:10:35.298 --> 00:10:36.693
which is to say, very badly.

00:10:36.693 --> 00:10:39.462
They treat them as savages
who are different religion,

00:10:39.462 --> 00:10:41.410
who need to be subject to the English,

00:10:41.410 --> 00:10:43.405
and need to be taught early on

00:10:43.405 --> 00:10:45.712
that they need to obey the English.

00:10:45.712 --> 00:10:47.578
- [David] So what
happened after that, Kim?

00:10:47.578 --> 00:10:49.203
- [Kim] We'll get to
that in the next video.


Sal teaches Grover about the electoral college

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.649 --> 00:00:02.444
- Vote for me.

00:00:02.444 --> 00:00:05.079
Vote for cute and adorable Grover.

00:00:05.079 --> 00:00:06.701
I am pro-ABCs

00:00:06.701 --> 00:00:08.845
and for one, two, threes.

00:00:08.845 --> 00:00:13.151
Plus I promise I have no
skeletons in my closet.

00:00:13.151 --> 00:00:15.009
I do not even have one in my body.

00:00:15.009 --> 00:00:16.259
- Hey, Grover, what are you doing?

00:00:16.259 --> 00:00:18.225
- Oh, hello there, Sal Khan.

00:00:18.225 --> 00:00:20.153
I am just running for president

00:00:20.153 --> 00:00:22.021
of the United States of America.

00:00:22.021 --> 00:00:23.327
I heard there was an upcoming election,

00:00:23.327 --> 00:00:24.289
so I figured,

00:00:24.289 --> 00:00:25.818
ah, why not?

00:00:25.818 --> 00:00:27.056
- Well, that's great, Grover.

00:00:27.056 --> 00:00:27.889
- Yeah!

00:00:27.889 --> 00:00:30.083
- Maybe we can help more people vote.

00:00:30.083 --> 00:00:31.995
- Oh, that would be terrific.

00:00:31.995 --> 00:00:36.055
So exactly how many
votes do I need to win?

00:00:36.055 --> 00:00:38.263
- Well, you know about the
electoral college, right?

00:00:38.263 --> 00:00:40.399
- Of course, Sal, baby.

00:00:40.399 --> 00:00:43.253
- I know exactly what the electrical--

00:00:43.253 --> 00:00:44.365
- Electoral.

00:00:44.365 --> 00:00:46.430
- Electoral college is.

00:00:46.430 --> 00:00:48.571
- Great, so why don't
we explain it together

00:00:48.571 --> 00:00:50.140
for those who don't know?

00:00:50.140 --> 00:00:51.249
- Oh, why certainly.

00:00:51.249 --> 00:00:53.082
What a brilliant idea.

00:00:54.007 --> 00:00:54.840
- Umm.

00:00:56.166 --> 00:00:57.800
Why don't you start us off?

00:00:57.800 --> 00:00:59.043
- Sure.

00:00:59.043 --> 00:01:01.360
In a direct democracy, I as a citizen

00:01:01.360 --> 00:01:04.061
will vote for a candidate.

00:01:04.061 --> 00:01:07.331
And whichever candidate
has the most popular votes

00:01:07.331 --> 00:01:11.425
in the country, they
will become president.

00:01:11.425 --> 00:01:14.977
But we do not have a direct democracy.

00:01:14.977 --> 00:01:17.645
We have an indirect democracy.

00:01:17.645 --> 00:01:20.686
So what happens is, is I vote in my state.

00:01:20.686 --> 00:01:22.811
I live in California.

00:01:22.811 --> 00:01:26.328
And whichever candidate gets
the most votes in California

00:01:26.328 --> 00:01:30.328
will get all of California's
55 electoral votes.

00:01:31.717 --> 00:01:33.561
And that's true in most states.

00:01:33.561 --> 00:01:36.014
Whoever gets the most votes in that state

00:01:36.014 --> 00:01:38.517
gets all of the votes for that state.

00:01:38.517 --> 00:01:41.402
And that number comes from
the number of Congresspeople

00:01:41.402 --> 00:01:42.652
California has.

00:01:43.783 --> 00:01:46.264
- Um, dah, I am not following you.

00:01:46.264 --> 00:01:47.212
- So how can I explain it in a way

00:01:47.212 --> 00:01:48.615
that you might understand?

00:01:48.615 --> 00:01:49.540
- Chickens.

00:01:49.540 --> 00:01:50.465
(chickens clucking)

00:01:50.465 --> 00:01:51.730
I know chickens.

00:01:51.730 --> 00:01:54.176
Chickens, they are my biggest demo.

00:01:54.176 --> 00:01:55.100
(chickens clucking)

00:01:55.100 --> 00:01:56.125
- OK, chickens.

00:01:56.125 --> 00:01:58.569
So instead of electors,
we'll say chickens.

00:01:58.569 --> 00:02:01.729
Instead of the electoral college,
I'll say chicken college.

00:02:01.729 --> 00:02:03.382
- OK, that I can follow.

00:02:03.382 --> 00:02:04.308
- OK.

00:02:04.308 --> 00:02:07.396
The number of chicken votes for each state

00:02:07.396 --> 00:02:10.478
is equal to the number of
Congresspeople for that state.

00:02:10.478 --> 00:02:11.678
- [Grover] In every state?

00:02:11.678 --> 00:02:12.511
(chicken clucks)

00:02:12.511 --> 00:02:13.344
- [Sal] Yes, Grover.

00:02:13.344 --> 00:02:15.974
- From California to the New York island?

00:02:15.974 --> 00:02:19.677
From the redwood forest
to the Gulf Stream waters.

00:02:19.677 --> 00:02:20.602
- Yes.

00:02:20.602 --> 00:02:21.954
The 50 states.

00:02:21.954 --> 00:02:22.900
(Grover laughs)

00:02:22.900 --> 00:02:27.051
And so there are a total
of 538 chicken votes

00:02:27.051 --> 00:02:28.731
in the chicken college.

00:02:28.731 --> 00:02:32.781
For example, Florida has 29 chicken votes.

00:02:32.781 --> 00:02:33.614
(chicken clucks)

00:02:33.614 --> 00:02:36.735
And that's the same as the 29
Congresspeople that they have,

00:02:36.735 --> 00:02:38.937
two senators and 27 representatives.

00:02:38.937 --> 00:02:41.156
- [Grover] Oh, hello there, chickens.

00:02:41.156 --> 00:02:42.081
(chickens clucking)

00:02:42.081 --> 00:02:45.761
OK, then, so how do I, candidate Grover,

00:02:45.761 --> 00:02:47.229
win the presidency?

00:02:47.229 --> 00:02:51.178
- Well, since there are
538 chicken votes in total,

00:02:51.178 --> 00:02:53.344
you just have to get
more than half of those.

00:02:53.344 --> 00:02:54.561
- More than half.

00:02:54.561 --> 00:02:55.870
Hmm, let me see here.

00:02:55.870 --> 00:02:57.523
(trumpets play line from
"Stars and Stripes Forever")

00:02:57.523 --> 00:02:59.517
One, carry the two, divided by eight.

00:02:59.517 --> 00:03:01.363
- Grover, we, we know the actual number.

00:03:01.363 --> 00:03:04.528
You just have to get at
least 270 chicken votes

00:03:04.528 --> 00:03:05.635
in the chicken college.

00:03:05.635 --> 00:03:07.302
- Just 270 chickens?

00:03:09.414 --> 00:03:10.867
I could do that.

00:03:10.867 --> 00:03:12.849
300 chickens just crossed
the road to hear me

00:03:12.849 --> 00:03:13.882
speak at the rally.

00:03:13.882 --> 00:03:14.715
(chickens clucking)
- Oh, great,

00:03:14.715 --> 00:03:15.585
do you have your speech?

00:03:15.585 --> 00:03:18.169
- Oh, yeah, it's just right here, yeah.

00:03:18.169 --> 00:03:19.678
Where did I put it, it?

00:03:19.678 --> 00:03:22.237
Ah, I'll just wing it.

00:03:22.237 --> 00:03:23.284
Bye, Sal.

00:03:23.284 --> 00:03:24.451
- Bye, Grover.

00:03:25.563 --> 00:03:27.253
Now get out there and vote.

00:03:27.253 --> 00:03:28.870
(chickens cluck)

00:03:28.870 --> 00:03:33.037
(violins play "Hail to the Chief")


Overview of Ancient Mesopotamia

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.184 --> 00:00:01.166
- [Instructor] What I wanna do now

00:00:01.166 --> 00:00:04.436
is start thinking about
ancient civilizations.

00:00:04.436 --> 00:00:06.890
And we're gonna start with Mesopotamia.

00:00:06.890 --> 00:00:09.796
And Mesopotamia, the word
is literally referring to

00:00:09.796 --> 00:00:11.024
the fact that this region is,

00:00:11.024 --> 00:00:14.090
for the most part, between two rivers.

00:00:14.090 --> 00:00:18.676
You have the Tigris River
and the Euphrates River.

00:00:18.676 --> 00:00:21.544
And, when we talk about
ancient Mesopotamia,

00:00:21.544 --> 00:00:24.369
most people are referring to the period

00:00:24.369 --> 00:00:27.810
between around 3000 BCE, or maybe even

00:00:27.810 --> 00:00:29.940
going a little bit before that,

00:00:29.940 --> 00:00:32.515
so 3000 Before the Common Era.

00:00:32.515 --> 00:00:35.790
And then, going up to
about the time of Christ

00:00:35.790 --> 00:00:37.428
or a little bit before that.

00:00:37.428 --> 00:00:41.844
So we might go to 1000 BCE
or maybe a little bit later.

00:00:41.844 --> 00:00:43.594
Maybe around 500 BCE.

00:00:44.663 --> 00:00:45.606
And, what I've done here, is

00:00:45.606 --> 00:00:47.937
we clearly have a map of the region.

00:00:47.937 --> 00:00:52.514
I also have timelines for
different geographies.

00:00:52.514 --> 00:00:55.664
So, this timeline that I
have right here in blue,

00:00:55.664 --> 00:00:58.664
this is my timeline for Mesopotamia.

00:01:03.071 --> 00:01:04.666
Right over here.

00:01:04.666 --> 00:01:06.549
And you can see that I
have different colors

00:01:06.549 --> 00:01:07.737
along this timeline.

00:01:07.737 --> 00:01:09.497
You can also see what other civilizations

00:01:09.497 --> 00:01:12.484
were around at the same time in history.

00:01:12.484 --> 00:01:14.613
This is not a comprehensive list here.

00:01:14.613 --> 00:01:18.502
So, what we have in this
yellow, this is ancient Egypt.

00:01:18.502 --> 00:01:20.998
And you can see that them
sprouting out around the Nile.

00:01:20.998 --> 00:01:23.412
It's no coincidence that
these are around rivers.

00:01:23.412 --> 00:01:26.359
The rivers flood and
provide fertile ground

00:01:26.359 --> 00:01:27.710
where you can have agriculture.

00:01:27.710 --> 00:01:29.714
Where you can support population centers.

00:01:29.714 --> 00:01:30.902
So, it's no coincidence that you have

00:01:30.902 --> 00:01:32.457
a civilization around the Nile.

00:01:32.457 --> 00:01:35.036
You have a civilization in Mesopotamia

00:01:35.036 --> 00:01:37.779
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

00:01:37.779 --> 00:01:39.743
So, this is the Egyptians right over here.

00:01:39.743 --> 00:01:41.833
This is ancient Mesopotamia.

00:01:41.833 --> 00:01:44.656
Right over here, I have the
Indus Valley civilization.

00:01:44.656 --> 00:01:45.723
And then we have China.

00:01:45.723 --> 00:01:47.277
Once again, not comprehensive.

00:01:47.277 --> 00:01:48.996
We have other civilizations going on.

00:01:48.996 --> 00:01:52.429
But these are ones you will
often hear being spoken about.

00:01:52.429 --> 00:01:54.309
Now, in Mesopotamia,
especially when we are

00:01:54.309 --> 00:01:56.477
talking about ancient Mesopotamia,

00:01:56.477 --> 00:01:58.847
you will hear about different groups

00:01:58.847 --> 00:02:00.363
and different languages.

00:02:00.363 --> 00:02:02.984
And so, you'll hear about the Sumerians.

00:02:02.984 --> 00:02:06.383
Oftentimes, they are most famous, today,

00:02:06.383 --> 00:02:08.716
for their cuneiform writing.

00:02:08.716 --> 00:02:10.928
And we'll do probably a
whole series of videos...

00:02:10.928 --> 00:02:13.345
It's one of the original ways

00:02:14.647 --> 00:02:19.068
of symbolic writing that
the Sumerians developed.

00:02:19.068 --> 00:02:22.302
You might also hear about the Akkadians.

00:02:22.302 --> 00:02:25.253
And the Akkadians were both...

00:02:25.253 --> 00:02:29.925
Akkadian could be referring
to an actual empire

00:02:29.925 --> 00:02:33.159
or it could be referring
to the Akkadian language.

00:02:33.159 --> 00:02:35.533
And same thing about Sumerian.

00:02:35.533 --> 00:02:38.450
You might hear about the Assyrians.

00:02:40.180 --> 00:02:43.263
You might hear about the Babylonians.

00:02:46.276 --> 00:02:50.443
And all of these groups are
associated with Mesopotamia.

00:02:51.676 --> 00:02:54.093
The Sumerians lived generally

00:02:55.484 --> 00:02:58.877
in this area right around here.

00:02:58.877 --> 00:03:00.796
In a future video, we might talk about

00:03:00.796 --> 00:03:04.475
Abraham from the Old Testament is from Ur,

00:03:04.475 --> 00:03:07.380
which is a Sumerian city.

00:03:07.380 --> 00:03:09.961
And Sumerian is also a language.

00:03:09.961 --> 00:03:12.254
It's a language that's not related

00:03:12.254 --> 00:03:15.489
to the languages that we now
associate with the region

00:03:15.489 --> 00:03:20.319
or the languages that were
spoken by the Akkadians.

00:03:20.319 --> 00:03:21.462
The Akkadians...

00:03:21.462 --> 00:03:22.853
So, if we're talking about languages

00:03:22.853 --> 00:03:25.390
that are similar to
modern spoken languages,

00:03:25.390 --> 00:03:28.133
Akkadian was a Semitic language.

00:03:28.133 --> 00:03:29.157
Let me write that down.

00:03:29.157 --> 00:03:30.407
It was Semitic.

00:03:31.816 --> 00:03:35.899
So, Akkadian is related
to Arabic and Hebrew and,

00:03:38.048 --> 00:03:41.881
if we think about more
ancient times, Aramaic.

00:03:43.542 --> 00:03:46.691
So, all of these things were related.

00:03:46.691 --> 00:03:48.727
And the Assyrians and Babylonians,

00:03:48.727 --> 00:03:51.477
they spoke the Akkadian language.

00:03:53.309 --> 00:03:56.503
Or, if we go later on, they spoke Aramaic.

00:03:56.503 --> 00:03:58.919
But they were in constant
contact with the Sumerians.

00:03:58.919 --> 00:04:00.515
So they even have Akkadian

00:04:00.515 --> 00:04:04.098
being written with a
cuneiform-type script.

00:04:05.627 --> 00:04:07.757
And the general geographies where

00:04:07.757 --> 00:04:09.314
these different civilizations,

00:04:09.314 --> 00:04:11.691
these different empires, sprung up from...

00:04:11.691 --> 00:04:15.211
So, you have Nineveh right over here.

00:04:15.211 --> 00:04:19.715
That is the historical capital
of the Assyrian Empire.

00:04:19.715 --> 00:04:22.349
And, on my little line here,
and this isn't exact....

00:04:22.349 --> 00:04:23.811
We're learning more and more about

00:04:23.811 --> 00:04:25.572
this time period all of the time.

00:04:25.572 --> 00:04:28.637
You have to realize we're
talking about 3000 BCE.

00:04:28.637 --> 00:04:31.176
That's over 5000 years ago.

00:04:31.176 --> 00:04:32.364
So, we're still trying to

00:04:32.364 --> 00:04:34.655
put all the puzzle pieces together.

00:04:34.655 --> 00:04:36.656
But we believe around 3000 BCE

00:04:36.656 --> 00:04:41.199
there was a somewhat
unified Akkadian Empire.

00:04:41.199 --> 00:04:44.267
Then it started to break up and split up.

00:04:44.267 --> 00:04:47.350
At some points, you had the Assyrians

00:04:49.478 --> 00:04:51.965
more or less in control of the region.

00:04:51.965 --> 00:04:55.076
At other points, you had the Babylonians

00:04:55.076 --> 00:04:57.246
with the capital at Babylon.

00:04:57.246 --> 00:05:00.153
And we'll talk about
famous Babylonian kings,

00:05:00.153 --> 00:05:02.607
like Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar.

00:05:02.607 --> 00:05:05.388
And, actually, Babylon gets
referred to a lot more.

00:05:05.388 --> 00:05:07.720
But, for most of this time
period we're talking about,

00:05:07.720 --> 00:05:11.077
the Assyrians were actually
the dominant empire

00:05:11.077 --> 00:05:12.918
with their capital at Nineveh.

00:05:12.918 --> 00:05:15.087
Sumer, you see that here.

00:05:15.087 --> 00:05:17.868
Ur where Abraham is from.

00:05:17.868 --> 00:05:21.868
That was more often part
of these other empires.

00:05:23.390 --> 00:05:25.973
And so, this is just a
start to get us acquainted

00:05:25.973 --> 00:05:28.720
with this region of the
world, with Mesopotamia.

00:05:28.720 --> 00:05:30.523
As we go off into the next two videos,

00:05:30.523 --> 00:05:32.038
we'll continue to dig deeper.

00:05:32.038 --> 00:05:33.513
We'll talk a little bit about...

00:05:33.513 --> 00:05:35.800
We'll talk more about
the cuneiform writing.

00:05:35.800 --> 00:05:37.395
We'll talk more about Hammurabi

00:05:37.395 --> 00:05:39.235
and his famous code of laws

00:05:39.235 --> 00:05:43.001
that seems to have
influenced the Old Testament.

00:05:43.001 --> 00:05:45.334
We'll talk more about
Nebuchadnezzar and his role.

00:05:45.334 --> 00:05:48.363
And he actually has a role in
the Old Testament, as well.

00:05:48.363 --> 00:05:51.760
And the interactions between
these different civilizations.

00:05:51.760 --> 00:05:53.868
It gets quite interesting.


Solving system with elimination

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.398 --> 00:00:01.768
- [Instructor] So we have a system of two

00:00:01.768 --> 00:00:02.939
linear equations here.

00:00:02.939 --> 00:00:06.863
This first equation, X minus
four Y is equal to negative 18,

00:00:06.863 --> 00:00:09.544
and the second equation,
negative X plus three Y

00:00:09.544 --> 00:00:10.794
is equal to 11.

00:00:12.374 --> 00:00:16.373
Now what we're gonna do
is find an X and Y pair

00:00:16.373 --> 00:00:19.282
that satisfies both of these equations.

00:00:19.282 --> 00:00:22.514
That's what solving the
system actually means.

00:00:22.514 --> 00:00:24.267
As you might already have seen,

00:00:24.267 --> 00:00:25.881
there's a bunch of X and Y pairs

00:00:25.881 --> 00:00:27.338
that satisfy this first equation.

00:00:27.338 --> 00:00:28.529
In fact, if you were to graph them,

00:00:28.529 --> 00:00:29.747
they would form a line,

00:00:29.747 --> 00:00:31.285
and there's a bunch of other X and Y pairs

00:00:31.285 --> 00:00:32.639
that satisfy this other equation,

00:00:32.639 --> 00:00:33.722
the second equation,

00:00:33.722 --> 00:00:34.792
and if you were to graph them,

00:00:34.792 --> 00:00:35.941
it would form a line.

00:00:35.941 --> 00:00:38.513
And so if you find the X and
Y pair that satisfy both,

00:00:38.513 --> 00:00:40.967
that would be the
intersection of the lines,

00:00:40.967 --> 00:00:42.458
so let's do that.

00:00:42.458 --> 00:00:43.645
So actually, I'm just gonna rewrite

00:00:43.645 --> 00:00:45.160
the first equation over here,

00:00:45.160 --> 00:00:47.794
so I'm gonna write X minus four Y

00:00:47.794 --> 00:00:49.794
is equal to negative 18.

00:00:51.424 --> 00:00:53.552
So, we've already seen in algebra

00:00:53.552 --> 00:00:55.156
that as long as we do the same thing

00:00:55.156 --> 00:00:56.840
to both sides of the equation,

00:00:56.840 --> 00:00:59.336
we can maintain our equality.

00:00:59.336 --> 00:01:01.441
So what if we were to add,

00:01:01.441 --> 00:01:03.885
and our goal here is to
eliminate one of the variables

00:01:03.885 --> 00:01:06.331
so we have one equation with one unknown,

00:01:06.331 --> 00:01:08.189
so what if we were to add

00:01:08.189 --> 00:01:11.779
this negative X plus three Y
to the left hand side here?

00:01:11.779 --> 00:01:14.029
So negative X plus three Y,

00:01:14.940 --> 00:01:16.147
well, that looks pretty good

00:01:16.147 --> 00:01:19.485
because an X and a negative
X are going to cancel out,

00:01:19.485 --> 00:01:20.963
and we are going to be left

00:01:20.963 --> 00:01:24.547
with negative four Y, plus three Y.

00:01:24.547 --> 00:01:28.203
Well, that's just going to be negative Y.

00:01:28.203 --> 00:01:30.136
So by adding the left hand side

00:01:30.136 --> 00:01:32.059
of this bottom equation
to the left hand side

00:01:32.059 --> 00:01:33.016
of the top equation,

00:01:33.016 --> 00:01:34.967
we were able to cancel out the Xs.

00:01:34.967 --> 00:01:36.706
We had X, and we had a negative X.

00:01:36.706 --> 00:01:38.322
That was very nice for us.

00:01:38.322 --> 00:01:39.942
So what do we do on the right hand side?

00:01:39.942 --> 00:01:41.263
We've already said that we have to add

00:01:41.263 --> 00:01:44.143
the same thing to both
sides of an equation.

00:01:44.143 --> 00:01:45.726
We might be tempted

00:01:47.268 --> 00:01:49.727
to just say, well, if I
have to add the same thing

00:01:49.727 --> 00:01:50.560
to both sides,

00:01:50.560 --> 00:01:53.229
well, maybe I have to add a negative X

00:01:53.229 --> 00:01:56.008
plus three Y to that side.

00:01:56.008 --> 00:01:57.496
But that's not going to help us much.

00:01:57.496 --> 00:02:00.247
We're gonna have negative
18 minus X plus three Y.

00:02:00.247 --> 00:02:02.204
We would have introduced an X

00:02:02.204 --> 00:02:04.304
on the right hand side of the equation,

00:02:04.304 --> 00:02:05.337
but what if we could add something

00:02:05.337 --> 00:02:07.887
that's equivalent to
negative X plus three Y

00:02:07.887 --> 00:02:11.724
that does not introduce the X variable?

00:02:11.724 --> 00:02:13.820
Well, we know that the number 11

00:02:13.820 --> 00:02:16.704
is equivalent to negative X plus three Y.

00:02:16.704 --> 00:02:17.802
How do we know that?

00:02:17.802 --> 00:02:19.747
Well, that second equation tells us that.

00:02:19.747 --> 00:02:22.690
So once again, all I'm doing
is I'm adding the same thing

00:02:22.690 --> 00:02:25.616
to both sides of that top equation.

00:02:25.616 --> 00:02:28.547
On the left, I'm expressing
it as negative X plus three Y,

00:02:28.547 --> 00:02:29.811
but the second equation tells us

00:02:29.811 --> 00:02:31.722
that negative X plus three Y

00:02:31.722 --> 00:02:33.301
is going to be equal to 11.

00:02:33.301 --> 00:02:36.615
It's introducing that second constraint,

00:02:36.615 --> 00:02:38.944
and so let's add 11 to
the right hand side,

00:02:38.944 --> 00:02:41.109
which is, once again, I
know I keep repeating it,

00:02:41.109 --> 00:02:43.400
it's the same thing as
negative X plus three Y.

00:02:43.400 --> 00:02:45.143
So negative 18 plus 11

00:02:45.143 --> 00:02:47.099
is negative seven,

00:02:47.099 --> 00:02:49.596
and since we added the
same thing to both sides,

00:02:49.596 --> 00:02:51.738
the equality still holds,

00:02:51.738 --> 00:02:55.633
and we get negative Y is
equal to negative seven,

00:02:55.633 --> 00:02:58.023
or divide both sides by negative one

00:02:58.023 --> 00:03:01.043
or multiply both sides by negative one.

00:03:01.043 --> 00:03:03.673
So multiply both sides by negative one.

00:03:03.673 --> 00:03:06.552
We get Y is equal to seven,

00:03:06.552 --> 00:03:08.985
so we have the Y coordinate

00:03:08.985 --> 00:03:12.818
of the X, Y pair that
satisfies both of these.

00:03:13.750 --> 00:03:15.695
Now how do we find the X?

00:03:15.695 --> 00:03:18.075
Well, we can just substitute
this Y equals seven

00:03:18.075 --> 00:03:19.782
to either one of these.

00:03:19.782 --> 00:03:22.017
When Y equals seven, we
should get the same X

00:03:22.017 --> 00:03:24.710
regardless of which equation we use.

00:03:24.710 --> 00:03:26.595
So let's use the top equation.

00:03:26.595 --> 00:03:30.086
So we know that X minus four times,

00:03:30.086 --> 00:03:31.200
instead of writing Y,

00:03:31.200 --> 00:03:32.802
I'm gonna write four times seven

00:03:32.802 --> 00:03:34.434
'cause we're gonna figure out what is X

00:03:34.434 --> 00:03:35.972
when Y is seven?

00:03:35.972 --> 00:03:40.133
That is going to be equal to negative 18,

00:03:40.133 --> 00:03:42.223
and so let's see, negative
four or four times seven.

00:03:42.223 --> 00:03:43.919
That is 28.

00:03:43.919 --> 00:03:45.677
So let's see, I could just solve for X.

00:03:45.677 --> 00:03:48.028
I could add 28 to both sides,

00:03:48.028 --> 00:03:50.028
so add 28 to both sides.

00:03:52.585 --> 00:03:53.652
On the left hand side,

00:03:53.652 --> 00:03:55.968
negative 28, positive
28, those cancel out.

00:03:55.968 --> 00:03:57.408
I'm just left with an X,

00:03:57.408 --> 00:03:58.490
and on the right hand side,

00:03:58.490 --> 00:04:01.157
I get negative 18 plus 28 is 10.

00:04:02.848 --> 00:04:03.681
So there you have it.

00:04:03.681 --> 00:04:07.098
I have the X, Y pair that satisfies both.

00:04:08.224 --> 00:04:09.152
X equals 10.

00:04:09.152 --> 00:04:10.220
Y equals seven.

00:04:10.220 --> 00:04:11.904
I could write it here.

00:04:11.904 --> 00:04:13.536
So I could write it as coordinates.

00:04:13.536 --> 00:04:16.688
I could write it as 10 comma seven,

00:04:16.688 --> 00:04:17.864
and notice, what I just did here,

00:04:17.864 --> 00:04:18.968
I encourage you.

00:04:18.968 --> 00:04:20.885
Substitute Y equals seven here,

00:04:20.885 --> 00:04:23.081
and you would also get X equals 10.

00:04:23.081 --> 00:04:26.812
Either way, you would
have come to X equals 10,

00:04:26.812 --> 00:04:30.029
and to visualize what is going on here,

00:04:30.029 --> 00:04:31.584
let's visualize it really fast.

00:04:31.584 --> 00:04:33.913
Let me draw some coordinate axes.

00:04:33.913 --> 00:04:37.443
Whoops, I meant to draw a
straighter line than that.

00:04:37.443 --> 00:04:38.734
Alright, there you go,

00:04:38.734 --> 00:04:41.334
so let's say that is our Y axis,

00:04:41.334 --> 00:04:42.334
and that is,

00:04:45.990 --> 00:04:48.240
whoops, that is our X axis,

00:04:50.244 --> 00:04:51.894
and then, let's see,

00:04:51.894 --> 00:04:56.061
the top equation is gonna
look something like this.

00:04:57.861 --> 00:05:00.759
It's gonna look something like this,

00:05:00.759 --> 00:05:02.417
and then that bottom equation

00:05:02.417 --> 00:05:04.834
is gonna look something like,

00:05:07.597 --> 00:05:09.710
lemme draw a little bit nicer than that.

00:05:09.710 --> 00:05:12.960
It's going to look something like this,

00:05:13.826 --> 00:05:15.032
something like that.

00:05:15.032 --> 00:05:16.186
Lemme draw that bottom one here

00:05:16.186 --> 00:05:19.491
so you see the point of intersection,

00:05:19.491 --> 00:05:22.170
and so the point of
intersection right over here,

00:05:22.170 --> 00:05:24.359
that is an X, Y pair that satisfies

00:05:24.359 --> 00:05:26.022
both of these equations,

00:05:26.022 --> 00:05:27.682
and that we just saw,

00:05:27.682 --> 00:05:31.101
it happens when X is equal to 10,

00:05:31.101 --> 00:05:33.101
and Y is equal to seven.

00:05:34.941 --> 00:05:37.173
Once again, this white line,

00:05:37.173 --> 00:05:38.845
that's all the X and Y pairs

00:05:38.845 --> 00:05:40.755
that satisfy the top equation.

00:05:40.755 --> 00:05:43.013
This orange line, that's
all the X and Y pairs

00:05:43.013 --> 00:05:45.469
that satisfy the orange equation,

00:05:45.469 --> 00:05:46.908
and where they intersect,

00:05:46.908 --> 00:05:48.435
that point is on both lines.

00:05:48.435 --> 00:05:50.896
It satisfies both equations,

00:05:50.896 --> 00:05:52.493
and once again, take X equals 10,

00:05:52.493 --> 00:05:53.413
Y equals seven.

00:05:53.413 --> 00:05:55.185
Substitute it back into
either one of these,

00:05:55.185 --> 00:05:57.852
and you will see that it holds.


Khan Academy India Talent Search 2016

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.101 --> 00:00:02.939
- Hi, I'm Sal Khan, founder
of the Khan Academy.

00:00:02.939 --> 00:00:04.050
I just wanted to let you know

00:00:04.050 --> 00:00:06.091
about our India talent search.

00:00:06.091 --> 00:00:07.591
As you might know, Khan Academy,

00:00:07.591 --> 00:00:09.422
we're a not-for-profit with a mission

00:00:09.422 --> 00:00:11.243
of providing a free, world-class education

00:00:11.243 --> 00:00:13.061
for anyone, anywhere.

00:00:13.061 --> 00:00:16.032
And to us that means that if
you are a villager someplace

00:00:16.032 --> 00:00:17.991
and you don't have access
to a formal school,

00:00:17.991 --> 00:00:20.241
then you might be able to
access a low-cost smart phone,

00:00:20.241 --> 00:00:22.052
and then be able to self-educate yourself

00:00:22.052 --> 00:00:23.271
and one day prove what you know,

00:00:23.271 --> 00:00:24.191
so that you could get a job,

00:00:24.191 --> 00:00:26.523
or go into higher education.

00:00:26.523 --> 00:00:28.054
But ideally, you're using Khan Academy

00:00:28.054 --> 00:00:29.892
in conjunction with a classroom.

00:00:29.892 --> 00:00:32.452
Where the classroom can
allow students to learn

00:00:32.452 --> 00:00:35.029
and work at their own pace,
give data to teachers,

00:00:35.029 --> 00:00:38.079
free up class time for
more open-ended projects

00:00:38.079 --> 00:00:40.818
or peer-to-peer learning
or Socratic dialog.

00:00:40.818 --> 00:00:43.748
So we have a call out for the talent,

00:00:43.748 --> 00:00:47.373
the teaching talent in
India to work with us.

00:00:47.373 --> 00:00:49.439
By being part of this talent search,

00:00:49.439 --> 00:00:50.705
for one, you'll get a chance

00:00:50.705 --> 00:00:52.632
to practice making videos yourself,

00:00:52.632 --> 00:00:56.241
and we're looking for folks
in math and science initially,

00:00:56.241 --> 00:00:57.883
but eventually all subjects.

00:00:57.883 --> 00:01:00.352
It's a way for us to find talent.

00:01:00.352 --> 00:01:03.668
Talent that can help us create content

00:01:03.668 --> 00:01:06.243
that will educate tens of millions

00:01:06.243 --> 00:01:08.561
of learners throughout India.

00:01:08.561 --> 00:01:11.542
So the opportunity here is,
I think, pretty exciting.

00:01:11.542 --> 00:01:13.008
There will be prizes,

00:01:13.008 --> 00:01:14.718
but maybe the biggest prize of all

00:01:14.718 --> 00:01:16.462
is the opportunity to contribute

00:01:16.462 --> 00:01:18.743
and help to your fellow citizens.

00:01:18.743 --> 00:01:23.282
If you want to participate,
participate by December 12th.

00:01:23.282 --> 00:01:25.941
And now, I'm going to
hand it off to Aanand,

00:01:25.941 --> 00:01:28.313
who is our head of content in India.

00:01:28.313 --> 00:01:30.430
- I had a great math
teacher where I grew up,

00:01:30.430 --> 00:01:31.523
and I used to keep wondering,

00:01:31.523 --> 00:01:33.732
what would it be like if way more students

00:01:33.732 --> 00:01:36.114
could learn from someone like him?

00:01:36.114 --> 00:01:36.947
And also got me thinking,

00:01:36.947 --> 00:01:38.672
how many other such great teachers exist

00:01:38.672 --> 00:01:40.872
whom I'm not able to learn from,

00:01:40.872 --> 00:01:43.356
just because they're not able to teach me?

00:01:43.356 --> 00:01:46.163
So I know that as a teacher,
what's the biggest dream?

00:01:46.163 --> 00:01:48.923
It's to be able to reach as
many learners as possible.

00:01:48.923 --> 00:01:51.969
And in India that could
be tens of millions,

00:01:51.969 --> 00:01:53.126
maybe hundreds of millions

00:01:53.126 --> 00:01:55.622
of learners who could
learn greatly from us.

00:01:55.622 --> 00:01:58.432
So it's been a dream to
conduct a talent search

00:01:58.432 --> 00:02:01.242
which would bring together
these great content creators

00:02:01.242 --> 00:02:03.163
and create content for math and science,

00:02:03.163 --> 00:02:05.812
and maybe many more subjects.

00:02:05.812 --> 00:02:07.743
So this year, we're finally able to do it,

00:02:07.743 --> 00:02:09.203
and in this talent search

00:02:09.203 --> 00:02:10.683
we're looking for math and science

00:02:10.683 --> 00:02:13.461
to begin with, for standards six to 12.

00:02:13.461 --> 00:02:16.239
In English and Hindi, again to begin with,

00:02:16.239 --> 00:02:17.812
and who knows, next year we might do

00:02:17.812 --> 00:02:20.073
a much larger project than this.

00:02:20.073 --> 00:02:21.736
So send your entries.

00:02:21.736 --> 00:02:24.164
Here's Grant who won last
year's U.S. talent search

00:02:24.164 --> 00:02:27.440
and who's currently a
fellow, to say a few words.

00:02:27.440 --> 00:02:29.073
- Hey everyone, my name
is Grant Sanderson.

00:02:29.073 --> 00:02:30.990
I had the good fortune of last year being

00:02:30.990 --> 00:02:34.139
one of the United States
talent search winners.

00:02:34.139 --> 00:02:35.788
After that there was a kind of

00:02:35.788 --> 00:02:37.052
a whirlwind of experiences.

00:02:37.052 --> 00:02:38.838
I ended up being a content fellow here.

00:02:38.838 --> 00:02:40.885
I've been working on
multivariable calc content

00:02:40.885 --> 00:02:43.475
and a little bit in other math areas.

00:02:43.475 --> 00:02:45.166
Probably this goes without saying,

00:02:45.166 --> 00:02:48.121
but one of the biggest benefits
of being here is the reach.

00:02:48.121 --> 00:02:49.515
And I mean the global reach.

00:02:49.515 --> 00:02:50.969
Knowing that the stuff
that you're going to make

00:02:50.969 --> 00:02:54.559
actually influences a lot
of students lives out there.

00:02:54.559 --> 00:02:56.864
For example, in India, I'm really excited

00:02:56.864 --> 00:02:58.530
that they're doing an India talent search

00:02:58.530 --> 00:03:00.129
for India-specific content.

00:03:00.129 --> 00:03:02.377
Because this means people
can create math content,

00:03:02.377 --> 00:03:04.535
or whatever else, much
better than I ever could,

00:03:04.535 --> 00:03:06.210
or much better than anyone here ever could

00:03:06.210 --> 00:03:08.767
just because it is
localized in that sense.

00:03:08.767 --> 00:03:10.799
So I'm excited to see
what you have to make

00:03:10.799 --> 00:03:12.206
and have fun.

00:03:12.206 --> 00:03:13.991
- One thing to keep in mind
when you make your submissions

00:03:13.991 --> 00:03:16.177
is we care a lot more about the content

00:03:16.177 --> 00:03:19.347
and the substance of your video
than the production value.

00:03:19.347 --> 00:03:21.852
You should also let everyone you know,

00:03:21.852 --> 00:03:24.838
know about this talent search.

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I'm sure you might know some
really good teachers out there.

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And try to get your submissions
in by December 12th.