An overview of the Crusades (part 2)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Instructor] Where we
left off in the last video,

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we had seen what would
eventually be called

00:00:05.212 --> 00:00:06.907
The First Crusades,

00:00:06.907 --> 00:00:09.589
and it was, from a European point of view,

00:00:09.589 --> 00:00:11.134
seemed successful.

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They were able to take
back much of the Holy Land

00:00:13.232 --> 00:00:14.583
from Muslim rule.

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The Byzantine Empire was able to take back

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a significant chunk of
the Anatolian Peninsula

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from the Seljuk Turks,
who were also Muslim,

00:00:24.183 --> 00:00:25.534
and over the next few decades,

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this European rule over the Holy Land

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only gets consolidated.

00:00:30.177 --> 00:00:33.534
This is a zoomed in version
of what it looked like,

00:00:33.534 --> 00:00:35.490
and you can see these Crusader states

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that were set up, or
these Crusader kingdoms,

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and, as I pointed out in the last video,

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even though the Crusades
were apparently to help

00:00:42.550 --> 00:00:45.537
the Byzantines reclaim
land, as you can see,

00:00:45.537 --> 00:00:47.487
when the Crusaders took the Holy Land,

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they, for the most part,
kept it for themselves

00:00:49.819 --> 00:00:52.099
and sat up these kingdoms.

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So, we are about here.

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We are about here on our timeline.

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Now, as we fast forward
a little over a decade,

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as we get to the middle
of the 12th century,

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you do have the Muslims
being able to take back

00:01:06.769 --> 00:01:08.365
some of the territory.

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In particular, Edessa and Aleppo,

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and so this spawns what
will eventually be known

00:01:15.924 --> 00:01:18.165
as the Second Crusade,
and it's really the second

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of many crusades.

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Now, these are what historians
consider the official

00:01:24.086 --> 00:01:27.218
numbered crusades, but there
were many other crusades

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in this time period, in roughly
this 200 year time period

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during the High Middle Ages.

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You had crusades against
Germanic non-Christians

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in Northern Europe.

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You had crusades in Spain
in order to retake land

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from the Muslims, which they
had for several hundred years,

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what's known as the Reconquista.

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So, after Aleppo and Edessa were taken,

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you have the Second
Crusades, which end up being

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quite unsuccessful, and
it really doesn't change

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what the Middle East looks like,

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but then, as you get to
the end of the 12 century,

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you have a significant event.

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In 1187, you have the Sultan Salah ad-Din,

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often known as Saladin, being
able to retake Jerusalem

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and much of the Holy Land.

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Remember, this is after
roughly 90 years of rule

00:02:15.482 --> 00:02:18.220
of Jerusalem by the Western Europeans,

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by these Crusader kingdoms,

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so this really strikes
a chord with the west,

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and so they decide to
launch what will be known

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as the Third Crusade.

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The Third Crusade does make some gains.

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In fact, this is a crusade
that gets significant buy-in

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from the king of Western Europe.

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Philip the Second of France gets involved.

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The English king, Richard the First,

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or Richard the Lionheart, gets involved.

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The Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick
Barbarossa gets involved.

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When I say Holy Roman
Emperor and the empire,

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you should really think
of medieval Germany.

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Now, as they go there,

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Fredrick Barbarossa, he drowns in a river.

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This is very dispiriting for his soldiers,

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so many of them turn around,

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but Philip the Second
and Richard the Lionheart

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are able to engage with Salah ad-Din,

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and they are able to gain some land.

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In particular, the region around Acre,

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and they're able to get some
concessions from Salah ad-Din

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for unarmed Christian pilgrims
to visit the Holy Land,

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especially Jerusalem.

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Now, Salah ad-Din dies
as we approach the end

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of the 12 century, so in the
beginning of the 13th century,

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the Fourth Crusades get launched,

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and these are interesting
because the Crusaders,

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with the help of Venetian traders,

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they actually engage with
the claimant to the throne

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of the Byzantine Empire,
with the hope that

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if they can help them
come back to the throne,

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then they can provide them
the necessary resources

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in order to continue on with the Crusades.

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Well, they are able to put
the claimant on the throne,

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but then an uprising takes that claimant

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down from the throne,

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and so the Crusaders
don't get their payment,

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but they want that payment badly,

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and so, they decide to take
Constantinople themselves,

00:04:06.502 --> 00:04:08.280
and as we mention in other videos,

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this is really the dagger in the heart

00:04:10.139 --> 00:04:14.055
between the relationship
between the East and the West.

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We already talked about
the Great Schism of 1054,

00:04:17.468 --> 00:04:20.120
but now, you have the
West, who are followers

00:04:20.120 --> 00:04:22.268
of the Latin Church, which
eventually gets known

00:04:22.268 --> 00:04:23.726
as the Roman Catholic Church.

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They are sacking Constantinople,

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the capital of the Byzantine,
or the Eastern Roman Empire,

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the most important city
in Eastern Christiandom,

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and once they successfully sack
the city in bloody fashion,

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they break up the Byzantine
Empire amongst themselves,

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and you can see how they break it up.

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So, the Fourth Crusade
had very little effect

00:04:44.582 --> 00:04:46.126
on the actual Holy Land,

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but it does cause a temporary
end to the Byzantine Empire.

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As we get to 1261,

00:04:52.347 --> 00:04:55.655
Constantinople is retaken
by the Byzantines,

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but once again, this is
the beginning of the end

00:04:58.342 --> 00:04:59.922
of the Byzantine Empire.

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The fact that for half a century,

00:05:02.075 --> 00:05:05.077
it was taken over by the West,

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so you can imagine, with
Jerusalem still in the hands

00:05:06.921 --> 00:05:09.897
of the Muslims, many in
the West are not satisfied,

00:05:09.897 --> 00:05:14.064
and in 1212, an interesting
event may have occurred.

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There are some accounts of what is known

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as a Children's Crusade.

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The stories of the Children Crusade are

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that a child, and there's
different accounts as to

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exactly the story, but
something to the effect

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that Jesus has told them to
go with other pure children

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to the Holy Land and convert
the Muslims to Christianity,

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and so then, they go on this march,

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and there's tens of thousands of children,

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but they don't make it to the Holy Land.

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They either die of starvation

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or they get sold into slavery on the way.

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Historians today aren't sure
whether it really happened

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as that account implies.

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That's why I put these question marks

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next to the Children's Crusade,

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but regardless of the actual facts here,

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as we go into the first
quarter of the 13th century,

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Jerusalem remains in the
hands of the Muslims.

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A Fifth Crusade is launched
to retake Jerusalem,

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which is a failure.

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Eventually, a Sixth Crusade is launched,

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and this is reasonably
successful at retaking

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some land in the Holy Land,

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but shortly thereafter, you
have a non-numbered crusade,

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the Barrens Crusade, that
rivals the First Crusade

00:06:27.231 --> 00:06:29.913
in its success in taking territory,

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and so you can see,
after the Barrens Crusade

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right over here, they're able to take back

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a good amount of territory,

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but then, in 1244, Jerusalem
is retaken by the Muslims,

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and then you have the Seventh and Eighth

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and Ninth Crusades afterwards,

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and you have these other efforts

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that are sometimes called Crusades,

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but for the most part,
these are unsuccessful,

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and as we get into the end of the 13th

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and early 14th centuries,
the Holy Land falls back

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under Muslim control.

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This is a map of the region

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as we enter into the 14th century,

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and you can see that
the Muslims have retaken

00:07:08.135 --> 00:07:12.366
not just the Holy Land, but
most of the Anatolian Peninsula,

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with only Constantinople being
in control of the Byzantines,

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and that lasts until 1453, when the Turks

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finally take Constantinople as well.

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When you look at the map at
the beginning of this video

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and look at the map here,
you can see that the Crusades

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weren't really successful
at changing the picture

00:07:30.606 --> 00:07:31.939
in the Holy Land.

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There were areas where the
Crusades were successful,

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or that Crusader mentality was successful.

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You can see that, now that
we're in the 14th century,

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much of the Iberian
Peninsula has been taken

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by Christian kingdoms from the Muslims.

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The Muslims, at this period,

00:07:46.697 --> 00:07:49.542
are left with only Grenada,

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so the Reconquista, to some
degree, was successful,

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and it's going to continue until 1492,

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when the last Muslims
are expelled from Spain.

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Now, one thing that I felt
when I study the Crusades

00:08:01.844 --> 00:08:04.297
is it's very confusing how
Jerusalem in particular

00:08:04.297 --> 00:08:08.010
goes back and forth
between different parties,

00:08:08.010 --> 00:08:10.733
and just to get an overview
of what actually happened,

00:08:10.733 --> 00:08:13.044
this timeline might be helpful.

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Green shows Jerusalem
under Muslim control.

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Red shows it under Christian control,

00:08:17.966 --> 00:08:21.024
so at the end of the First
Crusades, it switches hands.

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The Christians are in control all the way

00:08:23.264 --> 00:08:26.179
until Salah ad-Din takes it back.

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Now, the Muslims are
in control all the way

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until you get to the Sixth Crusade,

00:08:31.213 --> 00:08:33.610
where they're able to
take some territory back

00:08:33.610 --> 00:08:35.068
and even parts of Jerusalem,

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and especially in the Barrens Crusades,

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they're able to take
significant territory back,

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but in 1244, Jerusalem is
retaken again by the Muslims.


Introduction to the Crusades

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Instructor] We are in the year 1095.

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Just for context, this
is roughly half a century

00:00:07.348 --> 00:00:10.984
after the Great Schism between
the Eastern Orthodox church

00:00:10.984 --> 00:00:14.007
in Constantinople, or
centered at Constantinople,

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and what eventually gets known

00:00:15.894 --> 00:00:17.118
as the Roman Catholic church,

00:00:17.118 --> 00:00:20.970
or the Latin church, centered at Rome.

00:00:20.970 --> 00:00:23.312
We have the Byzantine Empire

00:00:23.312 --> 00:00:25.669
continuing to lose territory.

00:00:25.669 --> 00:00:27.915
Remember in the 7th century

00:00:27.915 --> 00:00:29.922
as Islam expanded out over Arabia,

00:00:29.922 --> 00:00:32.082
it quickly overran much of the territory

00:00:32.082 --> 00:00:34.119
in the Holy Land that at the time

00:00:34.119 --> 00:00:36.135
was controlled by the Byzantines,

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Byzantine being another word

00:00:37.463 --> 00:00:39.641
for the Eastern Roman Empire.

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By the time of this map,

00:00:41.283 --> 00:00:44.293
Islam had been in control
of the Middle East,

00:00:44.293 --> 00:00:47.034
the Holy Land, North Africa,

00:00:47.034 --> 00:00:49.288
and even a good chunk
of the Iberian Peninsula

00:00:49.288 --> 00:00:51.001
for several hundred years,

00:00:51.001 --> 00:00:53.168
as much as over 400 years.

00:00:54.844 --> 00:00:57.322
As we get closer to this time period,

00:00:57.322 --> 00:01:00.875
you have the Seljuq Turks
continuing to eat in

00:01:00.875 --> 00:01:02.622
to the Byzantine Empire

00:01:02.622 --> 00:01:06.142
and taking most of the
Anatolian peninsula.

00:01:06.142 --> 00:01:07.677
Also at this time, remember,

00:01:07.677 --> 00:01:09.646
we are in the high Middle Ages,

00:01:09.646 --> 00:01:12.920
which is a time when,
especially western Europe,

00:01:12.920 --> 00:01:14.771
is on the rise.

00:01:14.771 --> 00:01:17.363
There's increased
agricultural productivity,

00:01:17.363 --> 00:01:19.780
the population is increasing.

00:01:20.685 --> 00:01:22.413
And it's in this context

00:01:22.413 --> 00:01:25.487
that the emperor of the Byzantines,

00:01:25.487 --> 00:01:28.410
the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire

00:01:28.410 --> 00:01:29.660
looks for help.

00:01:30.784 --> 00:01:33.867
Emperor Alexios I sends a delegation,

00:01:35.105 --> 00:01:38.399
sends an ambassador to Pope Urban II,

00:01:38.399 --> 00:01:41.852
and he essentially asks
for some mercenaries

00:01:41.852 --> 00:01:45.405
to help him retake some of Anatolia

00:01:45.405 --> 00:01:46.822
from the Muslims.

00:01:47.933 --> 00:01:51.552
Well, Pope Urban II sees
an opportunity here.

00:01:51.552 --> 00:01:53.689
It's been roughly half a century

00:01:53.689 --> 00:01:55.113
since the Great Schism.

00:01:55.113 --> 00:01:58.456
He has his own internal struggles going on

00:01:58.456 --> 00:02:01.760
and struggles with some
neighboring states.

00:02:01.760 --> 00:02:03.597
He sees this, potentially,
as an opportunity

00:02:03.597 --> 00:02:06.101
to focus attention elsewhere.

00:02:06.101 --> 00:02:07.836
And so later that year,

00:02:07.836 --> 00:02:10.198
in November of 1095,

00:02:10.198 --> 00:02:13.316
he makes a sermon at Claremont

00:02:13.316 --> 00:02:15.399
in the kingdom of France.

00:02:16.433 --> 00:02:18.569
There are varying accounts of his speech,

00:02:18.569 --> 00:02:20.601
but this is one of them.

00:02:20.601 --> 00:02:23.530
I, or rather the Lord, beseech you

00:02:23.530 --> 00:02:27.950
as Christ's heralds to
publish this everywhere

00:02:27.950 --> 00:02:30.172
and to perse, which is
another way of saying

00:02:30.172 --> 00:02:33.655
to persuade, all people of whatever rank,

00:02:33.655 --> 00:02:35.913
foot soldiers, and knights, poor and rich,

00:02:35.913 --> 00:02:39.026
to carry aid promptly to those Christians,

00:02:39.026 --> 00:02:41.017
so to the Byzantines,

00:02:41.017 --> 00:02:45.351
and to destroy that vile race
from the lands of our friends.

00:02:45.351 --> 00:02:46.775
When he's talking about vile race,

00:02:46.775 --> 00:02:48.698
he's talking about the Muslims

00:02:48.698 --> 00:02:50.708
who have control of
the Anatolian peninsula

00:02:50.708 --> 00:02:52.458
and of the Holy Land.

00:02:53.698 --> 00:02:56.160
I saw those to those who are present.

00:02:56.160 --> 00:02:58.955
It is meant also for those who are absent.

00:02:58.955 --> 00:03:01.372
Moreover, Christ commands it.

00:03:02.495 --> 00:03:03.682
And according to this account,

00:03:03.682 --> 00:03:07.664
he goes onto say, all who die by the way,

00:03:07.664 --> 00:03:11.819
whether by land or by sea, or
in battle against the pagans,

00:03:11.819 --> 00:03:15.315
shall have immediate remission of sins.

00:03:15.315 --> 00:03:18.040
So this is this idea of indulgences,

00:03:18.040 --> 00:03:19.806
where hey you do something for me,

00:03:19.806 --> 00:03:22.579
I can forgive your sins.

00:03:22.579 --> 00:03:25.225
This I grant them through the power of God

00:03:25.225 --> 00:03:27.395
with which I am invested.

00:03:27.395 --> 00:03:31.251
O what a disgrace if such
a despised and base race,

00:03:31.251 --> 00:03:33.167
once again he's talking about the Muslims,

00:03:33.167 --> 00:03:36.341
which worships demons,
should conquer a people

00:03:36.341 --> 00:03:39.133
which has the faith of omnipotent God

00:03:39.133 --> 00:03:43.118
and is made glorious
with the name of Christ.

00:03:43.118 --> 00:03:45.699
Pope Urban II's speech has an impact

00:03:45.699 --> 00:03:48.716
larger than even he expects.

00:03:48.716 --> 00:03:51.618
Throughout Western Europe,
news of his speech,

00:03:51.618 --> 00:03:54.923
news of his call to go
and retake the Holy Land,

00:03:54.923 --> 00:03:58.430
to fight against this
despised and base race,

00:03:58.430 --> 00:04:00.430
the Muslims, takes hold.

00:04:01.498 --> 00:04:04.418
And before the Pope is
even able to organize

00:04:04.418 --> 00:04:07.059
a formal army, you have
someone by the name

00:04:07.059 --> 00:04:10.016
of Peter the Hermit lead what's called

00:04:10.016 --> 00:04:12.433
the People's Crusade in 1096.

00:04:14.607 --> 00:04:15.698
And this is often considered

00:04:15.698 --> 00:04:18.695
the first part of the first crusade.

00:04:18.695 --> 00:04:20.755
As they march through the Rhineland

00:04:20.755 --> 00:04:22.499
in what is now Germany,

00:04:22.499 --> 00:04:25.160
they massacre Jews, several thousand,

00:04:25.160 --> 00:04:29.370
calling them Christ killers
on their way to the Holy Land,

00:04:29.370 --> 00:04:30.626
and this is a theme that you will see

00:04:30.626 --> 00:04:32.172
throughout the Crusades.

00:04:32.172 --> 00:04:34.414
Even though the crusaders
ostensibly were there

00:04:34.414 --> 00:04:37.848
to help the Byzantines,
ostensibly to take back

00:04:37.848 --> 00:04:41.129
the Holy Land, as they
travel through foreign lands,

00:04:41.129 --> 00:04:43.377
they often wreak a lot of havoc,

00:04:43.377 --> 00:04:46.668
even sometimes on the
Byzantines themselves,

00:04:46.668 --> 00:04:47.935
but the People's Crusade itself

00:04:47.935 --> 00:04:50.096
was very unsuccessful.

00:04:50.096 --> 00:04:52.526
By the time they got to
the Anatolian peninsula,

00:04:52.526 --> 00:04:54.410
remember, Peter the Hermit was leading,

00:04:54.410 --> 00:04:55.977
there were women, there were children,

00:04:55.977 --> 00:04:58.238
there were untrained peasants fighting,

00:04:58.238 --> 00:05:00.223
they were massacred by the Turks

00:05:00.223 --> 00:05:03.676
when they got to the Anatolian peninsula.

00:05:03.676 --> 00:05:07.254
But eventually, the Pope
was able to organize

00:05:07.254 --> 00:05:09.683
a more formal, what eventually gets called

00:05:09.683 --> 00:05:12.140
First Crusade, and once again,

00:05:12.140 --> 00:05:14.427
it surpasses the Pope's expectations

00:05:14.427 --> 00:05:17.341
and far surpasses Alexios,

00:05:17.341 --> 00:05:19.208
the Byzantine emperor's expectations,

00:05:19.208 --> 00:05:21.105
and it's even a little
bit frightening to him

00:05:21.105 --> 00:05:24.624
where you have on the
order of 100,000 soldiers

00:05:24.624 --> 00:05:27.238
coming from western Europe

00:05:27.238 --> 00:05:29.796
taking these various routes

00:05:29.796 --> 00:05:31.796
by both land and by sea.

00:05:33.420 --> 00:05:37.587
And in 1099, they are eventually
able to take Jerusalem

00:05:39.273 --> 00:05:43.213
from the Muslims, and both
in their taking of Antioch

00:05:43.213 --> 00:05:46.755
and Jerusalem, most historical accounts

00:05:46.755 --> 00:05:48.573
say it was quite bloody

00:05:48.573 --> 00:05:51.991
with significant chunks of
the cities being massacred.

00:05:51.991 --> 00:05:54.594
This is a later image of what
it might have looked like

00:05:54.594 --> 00:05:57.837
when they conquered Jerusalem.

00:05:57.837 --> 00:05:59.292
And from that time period

00:05:59.292 --> 00:06:01.571
through most of the 12th century,

00:06:01.571 --> 00:06:04.821
they maintain control of the Holy Land.

00:06:08.246 --> 00:06:11.746
This is what the map looks like in 1135,

00:06:11.746 --> 00:06:14.257
and you might notice some changes now.

00:06:14.257 --> 00:06:16.482
The Byzantine Empire has reconquered

00:06:16.482 --> 00:06:18.612
chunks of the Anatolian peninsula,

00:06:18.612 --> 00:06:20.825
in particular the west and the north,

00:06:20.825 --> 00:06:22.928
and you see these blue regions here

00:06:22.928 --> 00:06:26.431
which are known as Crusader Kingdoms.

00:06:26.431 --> 00:06:28.650
We can zoom in on these Crusader Kingdoms,

00:06:28.650 --> 00:06:32.017
or Crusader states, and
what's interesting about them,

00:06:32.017 --> 00:06:35.277
even though these western
European crusaders,

00:06:35.277 --> 00:06:37.101
now they weren't called
crusaders at first,

00:06:37.101 --> 00:06:38.846
but they wore a cross on their outfits

00:06:38.846 --> 00:06:41.151
and were eventually called crusaders,

00:06:41.151 --> 00:06:43.088
even though their goal at first

00:06:43.088 --> 00:06:46.156
was apparently to help retake land

00:06:46.156 --> 00:06:49.859
for the Byzantines, when they
were able to take the land,

00:06:49.859 --> 00:06:51.995
for the most part, they kept it.

00:06:51.995 --> 00:06:54.044
And they set up these Crusader states,

00:06:54.044 --> 00:06:55.540
or these Crusader kingdoms

00:06:55.540 --> 00:06:57.424
that you see right over here

00:06:57.424 --> 00:06:58.938
that they're going to stay in control of

00:06:58.938 --> 00:07:01.515
for most of the 12th century.

00:07:01.515 --> 00:07:03.675
As you get into the middle
of the 12th century,

00:07:03.675 --> 00:07:04.920
the Muslims are able to take back

00:07:04.920 --> 00:07:06.872
a few significant cities,

00:07:06.872 --> 00:07:09.545
which is going to catalyze
the Second Crusades,

00:07:09.545 --> 00:07:12.080
but then as we get to 1187,

00:07:12.080 --> 00:07:16.247
the Muslim ruler Saladin is
able to take back Jerusalem,

00:07:17.138 --> 00:07:19.054
which as we'll see in the next video,

00:07:19.054 --> 00:07:21.804
will instigate the Third Crusade.


Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.940 --> 00:00:04.083
- [Instructor] As we get
into the late Heian period,

00:00:04.083 --> 00:00:06.394
you start to have the emergence of a

00:00:06.394 --> 00:00:09.394
increasingly powerful warrior class.

00:00:10.267 --> 00:00:14.368
And all of that comes to
a head in the year 1185,

00:00:14.368 --> 00:00:18.151
when the Heian period ends and a general

00:00:18.151 --> 00:00:22.151
by the name of Minamoto
Yoritomo comes to power.

00:00:23.400 --> 00:00:26.575
And what's significant here
is the notion of an emperor

00:00:26.575 --> 00:00:30.713
continues to exist, but
all of the power resides

00:00:30.713 --> 00:00:35.006
in what you can essentially
consider a military dictator,

00:00:35.006 --> 00:00:36.006
or a shogun.

00:00:36.991 --> 00:00:41.158
And the system that emerges
is known as the bakufu system

00:00:43.837 --> 00:00:45.163
or the shogunate.

00:00:45.163 --> 00:00:48.988
And Minamoto Yuritomo
was the first shogun.

00:00:48.988 --> 00:00:52.281
So you can see here, the
emperor still was there,

00:00:52.281 --> 00:00:55.857
but the shogun was where
all of the power was.

00:00:55.857 --> 00:00:57.778
And this is really the beginning

00:00:57.778 --> 00:00:59.819
of medieval Japan.

00:00:59.819 --> 00:01:03.319
It's the beginning of the Kamakura period,

00:01:04.499 --> 00:01:09.145
named for where the capital
of the Kamakura period was.

00:01:09.145 --> 00:01:11.535
Now what's distinctive
about medieval Japan

00:01:11.535 --> 00:01:13.368
and the bakufu system,

00:01:14.230 --> 00:01:16.867
is that it becomes much more decentralized

00:01:16.867 --> 00:01:19.422
than what we had under the Heian period.

00:01:19.422 --> 00:01:21.409
It's often called a feudal system,

00:01:21.409 --> 00:01:23.805
because it has parallels
to what was going on

00:01:23.805 --> 00:01:26.517
in Europe at around the same time.

00:01:26.517 --> 00:01:29.611
Where at the top you had this
military ruler, the shogun,

00:01:29.611 --> 00:01:30.923
and then beneath the shogun

00:01:30.923 --> 00:01:33.184
you had this decentralized structure

00:01:33.184 --> 00:01:35.610
of these lords, essentially,

00:01:35.610 --> 00:01:38.759
that controlled significant
regions of Japan.

00:01:38.759 --> 00:01:40.355
They were called the daimyo.

00:01:40.355 --> 00:01:44.116
And there were roughly
300 daimyo in Japan,

00:01:44.116 --> 00:01:46.855
roughly county sized districts.

00:01:46.855 --> 00:01:49.735
And the daimyo, in order conquer land,

00:01:49.735 --> 00:01:51.282
or to protect their own land,

00:01:51.282 --> 00:01:55.449
they would support a warrior
class known as the samurai.

00:01:56.476 --> 00:01:58.076
And so they would take their agricultural

00:01:58.076 --> 00:01:59.773
surplus from their lands,

00:01:59.773 --> 00:02:03.415
and use that to support
this warrior class.

00:02:03.415 --> 00:02:04.801
And this warrior class, the samurai,

00:02:04.801 --> 00:02:08.235
they were analogous to
knights in medieval Europe

00:02:08.235 --> 00:02:10.469
and just as the knights
had chivalry in Europe,

00:02:10.469 --> 00:02:13.650
the samurai in Japan had bushido

00:02:13.650 --> 00:02:18.324
which eventually emerges
as their code of conduct.

00:02:18.324 --> 00:02:20.472
Despite that decentralized nature,

00:02:20.472 --> 00:02:24.639
they were able to fend off
invasions from Kublai Khan.

00:02:26.519 --> 00:02:28.464
So as we've mentioned in other videos

00:02:28.464 --> 00:02:32.631
in the 1270s, Kublai Khan
is conquering much of China

00:02:33.593 --> 00:02:37.364
and he also attempts to conquer Japan.

00:02:37.364 --> 00:02:39.768
This right over here is
a picture of the Mongols

00:02:39.768 --> 00:02:42.949
shooting arrows at a samurai warrior.

00:02:42.949 --> 00:02:45.529
Now one of the key factors that keeps

00:02:45.529 --> 00:02:48.239
Kublai Khan from taking over Japan

00:02:48.239 --> 00:02:51.049
is on two different occasions
as they send their boats

00:02:51.049 --> 00:02:54.374
from what we now consider
to be Korea to Japan

00:02:54.374 --> 00:02:57.156
they encounter significant
storms that destroy

00:02:57.156 --> 00:03:00.422
most of the boats, and so the Mongols

00:03:00.422 --> 00:03:04.732
who are able to get to land
are significantly depleted

00:03:04.732 --> 00:03:08.732
and they're pushed back
by the samurai warriors.

00:03:10.083 --> 00:03:14.361
Now the Kamakura period
continues on until 1333

00:03:14.361 --> 00:03:17.872
when there is a brief, only
a few years restoration

00:03:17.872 --> 00:03:20.732
of the power of the emperor,

00:03:20.732 --> 00:03:25.664
but a few years after that
another shogun comes to power

00:03:25.664 --> 00:03:28.081
and that is Ashikaga Takauji.

00:03:30.118 --> 00:03:34.285
And this is the beginning
now of the Muromachi period.

00:03:35.677 --> 00:03:39.533
The Muromachi period is often
known as the Ashikaga period

00:03:39.533 --> 00:03:43.179
or the Ashikaga shogunate,
but it's named Muromachi

00:03:43.179 --> 00:03:47.417
for the district of Kyoto
at which it had its capital.

00:03:47.417 --> 00:03:50.957
And even though over the
course of the Muromachi period

00:03:50.957 --> 00:03:52.317
the emperor at different points

00:03:52.317 --> 00:03:56.649
was subsumed into the power of the shogun,

00:03:56.649 --> 00:03:59.418
this is considered especially
the later Muromachi period

00:03:59.418 --> 00:04:03.319
as one of the more fragmented
times of Japanese history.

00:04:03.319 --> 00:04:05.523
You had many civil wars.

00:04:05.523 --> 00:04:07.847
You had a lot of internal conflict,

00:04:07.847 --> 00:04:09.298
and it was only at the end as we get

00:04:09.298 --> 00:04:13.465
to the end of the 16th Century
that Japan gets reunified.

00:04:14.314 --> 00:04:16.180
And one of the key factors that allows it

00:04:16.180 --> 00:04:19.727
to get reunified is that in
the middle of the 16th Century

00:04:19.727 --> 00:04:23.894
Portuguese traders show up and
they introduce guns to Japan.

00:04:26.504 --> 00:04:29.017
And one daimyo in
particular is able to take

00:04:29.017 --> 00:04:32.427
significant advantage of those guns,

00:04:32.427 --> 00:04:34.510
and that is Oda Nobunaga.

00:04:36.793 --> 00:04:40.510
Oda Nobunaga as I mentioned
was a powerful daimyo,

00:04:40.510 --> 00:04:42.023
one of these lords who controlled

00:04:42.023 --> 00:04:46.280
what you could kind of consider
to be a county of Japan

00:04:46.280 --> 00:04:49.849
and using these guns, he's able to put

00:04:49.849 --> 00:04:52.619
most of the other daimyos,
most of the other lords

00:04:52.619 --> 00:04:56.786
into submission, and he begins
to significantly unify Japan.

00:04:57.941 --> 00:05:00.969
Now he is eventually
assassinated and his successor

00:05:00.969 --> 00:05:05.136
Toyotomi Hideyoshi continues
to unify Japan even further.

00:05:08.102 --> 00:05:11.631
When he dies, Tokugawa Ieyasu takes power

00:05:11.631 --> 00:05:14.029
and he's able to consolidate even further

00:05:14.029 --> 00:05:18.798
and definitively becomes
the ruling shogun of Japan.

00:05:18.798 --> 00:05:20.929
Now even though this
period that we're entering,

00:05:20.929 --> 00:05:24.248
the Edo period and it's
named for the castle Edo

00:05:24.248 --> 00:05:27.208
from which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled,

00:05:27.208 --> 00:05:29.065
even though this continues
to be a shogunate

00:05:29.065 --> 00:05:34.032
with a shogun in power at
the top, the bakufu system,

00:05:34.032 --> 00:05:36.084
the reason why this is
considered the beginning

00:05:36.084 --> 00:05:39.307
of the modern period or
the early modern period

00:05:39.307 --> 00:05:43.457
is that Japan was finally unified again.

00:05:43.457 --> 00:05:44.926
Now one thing that we will see

00:05:44.926 --> 00:05:47.733
as we get into the 19th Century,

00:05:47.733 --> 00:05:49.740
as we get into the end of the Edo period

00:05:49.740 --> 00:05:51.483
and then you have the Meiji restoration

00:05:51.483 --> 00:05:53.478
where you have imperial rule again

00:05:53.478 --> 00:05:57.598
is that Japan is very good
at borrowing technology

00:05:57.598 --> 00:06:02.080
and ideas from other cultures
and then making it their own.

00:06:02.080 --> 00:06:03.843
We saw that in the classical period

00:06:03.843 --> 00:06:07.430
where they imported ideas
of Confucianism, Buddhism,

00:06:07.430 --> 00:06:09.756
imperial government from the Chinese,

00:06:09.756 --> 00:06:12.082
but adding their own flavor to it

00:06:12.082 --> 00:06:14.744
and we will see it again as
we get into the 19th Century

00:06:14.744 --> 00:06:18.523
when Japan is one of the first
countries not just in Asia,

00:06:18.523 --> 00:06:21.117
but in the world to truly industrialize

00:06:21.117 --> 00:06:23.087
by learning many of the technologies

00:06:23.087 --> 00:06:25.670
that get pioneered in the west.


Classical Japan during the Heian Period

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.669 --> 00:00:02.478
- [Instructor] What we're
going to do in this video

00:00:02.478 --> 00:00:06.733
is talk about roughly 1,000
years of Japanese history

00:00:06.733 --> 00:00:10.453
that take us from what's
known as the classical period

00:00:10.453 --> 00:00:14.278
of Japan through the
Japanese medieval period,

00:00:14.278 --> 00:00:16.966
all the way to the early modern period.

00:00:16.966 --> 00:00:20.735
And the key defining characteristic
of the classical period

00:00:20.735 --> 00:00:24.691
is this is when Japan
really began to unify

00:00:24.691 --> 00:00:26.357
and have an imperial form

00:00:26.357 --> 00:00:29.062
and began to borrow a
lot of the traditions

00:00:29.062 --> 00:00:32.478
and philosophy and even
religion from China.

00:00:32.478 --> 00:00:34.498
Then as we get into the medieval period

00:00:34.498 --> 00:00:36.342
Japan gets fragmented,

00:00:36.342 --> 00:00:38.622
it comes under military rule,

00:00:38.622 --> 00:00:41.193
and then as we get into
the early modern period

00:00:41.193 --> 00:00:44.070
it gets reunited.

00:00:44.070 --> 00:00:45.482
So, as I mentioned

00:00:45.482 --> 00:00:49.130
China had a huge influence on Japan.

00:00:49.130 --> 00:00:52.343
Even though China never conquers Japan

00:00:52.343 --> 00:00:54.334
because of how close they are

00:00:54.334 --> 00:00:58.501
many things like the idea
of a centralized bureaucracy

00:00:59.850 --> 00:01:03.202
the Japanese borrow many of these ideas

00:01:03.202 --> 00:01:06.470
from China during the classical period.

00:01:06.470 --> 00:01:08.802
In fact, the Japanese rulers

00:01:08.802 --> 00:01:12.350
send delegations to China
in the seventh century

00:01:12.350 --> 00:01:15.686
in order to understand
all of what the Chinese do

00:01:15.686 --> 00:01:17.615
in order to run their government,

00:01:17.615 --> 00:01:18.851
to run their country

00:01:18.851 --> 00:01:21.598
and they start to borrow
a lot of the ideas

00:01:21.598 --> 00:01:23.919
of Buddhism and Confucianism,

00:01:23.919 --> 00:01:27.023
and merge it with some
of their own beliefs

00:01:27.023 --> 00:01:28.815
which are often known as Shinto,

00:01:28.815 --> 00:01:33.082
which you can view as the
original Japanese belief system.

00:01:33.082 --> 00:01:35.210
So, the first part of the classical period

00:01:35.210 --> 00:01:37.098
that we're gonna go into some depth

00:01:37.098 --> 00:01:39.746
is the Heian period,

00:01:39.746 --> 00:01:44.298
its capital at Heian-kyo,
modern day Kyoto,

00:01:44.298 --> 00:01:45.947
and as I mentioned it was known

00:01:45.947 --> 00:01:48.622
for taking a lot of
these ideas from China,

00:01:48.622 --> 00:01:51.870
and particularly the
Tang Dynasty in China,

00:01:51.870 --> 00:01:54.382
and bringing them to Japan,

00:01:54.382 --> 00:01:55.764
and the Heian period

00:01:55.764 --> 00:01:59.652
was known as a golden age of Japan.

00:01:59.652 --> 00:02:02.814
It was a time of culture, it
was a time of architecture.

00:02:02.814 --> 00:02:05.928
People in the imperial court
would focus on the arts,

00:02:05.928 --> 00:02:08.317
they would focus on philosophy.

00:02:08.317 --> 00:02:11.309
As an example, this right over here

00:02:11.309 --> 00:02:15.189
is the Byodo-in or the Byodo-in Temple

00:02:15.189 --> 00:02:18.284
in Kyoto which shows the level,

00:02:18.284 --> 00:02:19.883
and this is actually only part of it,

00:02:19.883 --> 00:02:22.899
and it shows the level
of cultural advancement

00:02:22.899 --> 00:02:24.848
of this time.

00:02:24.848 --> 00:02:26.961
As I mentioned, the arts were a big deal,

00:02:26.961 --> 00:02:30.574
and women in the imperial
court of Heian China

00:02:30.574 --> 00:02:31.753
had a lot of influence,

00:02:31.753 --> 00:02:33.609
in fact, the most influential family,

00:02:33.609 --> 00:02:36.806
the Fujiwara family
maintained its influence

00:02:36.806 --> 00:02:39.924
by having the emperors of the Heian period

00:02:39.924 --> 00:02:42.300
marry women from their family,

00:02:42.300 --> 00:02:44.604
and those women would end
up having a lot of control

00:02:44.604 --> 00:02:47.124
over the emperor and of
course the next emperor

00:02:47.124 --> 00:02:49.860
but to get a sense of
the arts of this period

00:02:49.860 --> 00:02:53.650
here's an excerpt from the Tale of Genji,

00:02:53.650 --> 00:02:56.162
which was written by Lady Murasaki,

00:02:56.162 --> 00:03:00.626
who was believed to be a
member of the Fujiwara family.

00:03:00.626 --> 00:03:03.739
And Lady Murasaki gets a lot of credit

00:03:03.739 --> 00:03:06.523
before Chaucer, before Shakespeare,

00:03:06.523 --> 00:03:08.899
she is by many historians viewed

00:03:08.899 --> 00:03:11.380
as the first true novelist

00:03:11.380 --> 00:03:13.099
that we know of in human history,

00:03:13.099 --> 00:03:15.288
not just Japanese history

00:03:15.288 --> 00:03:16.372
but I encourage you to read it.

00:03:16.372 --> 00:03:18.696
It's actually quite riveting,

00:03:18.696 --> 00:03:20.097
the Tale of Genji.

00:03:20.097 --> 00:03:22.957
And this is just a small
quote from that story

00:03:22.957 --> 00:03:24.117
or from that novel.

00:03:24.117 --> 00:03:27.573
It's about a very handsome prince Genji.

00:03:27.573 --> 00:03:31.095
The difference between
enlightenment and confusion

00:03:31.095 --> 00:03:32.899
is of about the same order

00:03:32.899 --> 00:03:35.895
as the different between
the good and the bad

00:03:35.895 --> 00:03:37.343
in a romance.

00:03:37.343 --> 00:03:39.700
If one takes the generous view,

00:03:39.700 --> 00:03:42.617
then nothing is empty and useless.


Human migration: sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.611 --> 00:00:01.616
- [Narrator] In this
video, I wanna explore

00:00:01.616 --> 00:00:03.421
the question of what impact

00:00:03.421 --> 00:00:07.104
does the environment
have on human migration.

00:00:07.104 --> 00:00:09.320
We have a couple specific examples here,

00:00:09.320 --> 00:00:11.495
and before we dig into
those, I want to make

00:00:11.495 --> 00:00:13.549
a few broader points about the environment

00:00:13.549 --> 00:00:15.763
as a historical factor.

00:00:15.763 --> 00:00:17.640
The first of those is
simply that the environment

00:00:17.640 --> 00:00:20.196
does have impacts on what
people are able to do,

00:00:20.196 --> 00:00:22.481
on how and where they're able to move.

00:00:22.481 --> 00:00:24.654
We might be looking at
is the climate suitable

00:00:24.654 --> 00:00:26.172
for practicing agriculture?

00:00:26.172 --> 00:00:27.933
Food production is such an important part

00:00:27.933 --> 00:00:32.199
of human movement and human
survival in new environments.

00:00:32.199 --> 00:00:34.251
We might look at transportation.

00:00:34.251 --> 00:00:35.837
In the Pacific Ocean, for example,

00:00:35.837 --> 00:00:38.093
getting from island to island requires

00:00:38.093 --> 00:00:40.444
that you have technology
that allows you to travel

00:00:40.444 --> 00:00:42.921
over the ocean for long distances.

00:00:42.921 --> 00:00:45.590
The second point to
consider, more broadly,

00:00:45.590 --> 00:00:47.772
is that human beings, when
they move to new areas,

00:00:47.772 --> 00:00:50.251
tend to have impacts on the environment.

00:00:50.251 --> 00:00:52.259
If they're bringing new
plants or new animals

00:00:52.259 --> 00:00:55.026
to a place where they
haven't previously existed,

00:00:55.026 --> 00:00:59.104
that's going to have some
impacts on the new place.

00:00:59.104 --> 00:01:01.223
Finally, this isn't to
say that the environment

00:01:01.223 --> 00:01:04.560
is wholly explanatory of
why history played out

00:01:04.560 --> 00:01:07.185
the way it did, but we
also don't want to dismiss

00:01:07.185 --> 00:01:11.152
the environment as a
potential explanatory factor.

00:01:11.152 --> 00:01:13.427
With those bigger points in mind,

00:01:13.427 --> 00:01:16.690
let's start by looking at a
specific example in Africa,

00:01:16.690 --> 00:01:19.012
known as the Bantu
migration, or, more often,

00:01:19.012 --> 00:01:22.347
the Bantu expansion
into sub-Saharan Africa.

00:01:22.347 --> 00:01:24.438
When I say sub-Saharan Africa,

00:01:24.438 --> 00:01:26.533
that's just the region
of Africa that is south

00:01:26.533 --> 00:01:28.807
of the Sahara desert, and
I'll shade that in here

00:01:28.807 --> 00:01:32.474
so that you can see
where I'm talking about.

00:01:33.700 --> 00:01:35.728
Next, what I have is an overlay in yellow

00:01:35.728 --> 00:01:37.719
that shows the areas of Africa

00:01:37.719 --> 00:01:41.886
where a Bantu language is the
predominant language spoken.

00:01:43.324 --> 00:01:44.747
The question that raises is

00:01:44.747 --> 00:01:46.858
why does so much of sub-Saharan Africa

00:01:46.858 --> 00:01:48.591
speak a Bantu language?

00:01:48.591 --> 00:01:51.339
There aren't any written
records of Bantu speakers

00:01:51.339 --> 00:01:53.643
and how they moved and
what they were thinking

00:01:53.643 --> 00:01:55.428
when they did move, but there is evidence,

00:01:55.428 --> 00:01:58.606
in terms of how the languages
relate to one another,

00:01:58.606 --> 00:02:00.578
and there's also archeological evidence.

00:02:00.578 --> 00:02:02.173
One of the helpful things about studying

00:02:02.173 --> 00:02:06.509
the Bantu Expansion is that
from about 500, 400 B.C. on,

00:02:06.509 --> 00:02:08.327
they were using iron tools.

00:02:08.327 --> 00:02:10.408
They had iron-making technology,

00:02:10.408 --> 00:02:12.735
and those tools, around with pottery

00:02:12.735 --> 00:02:15.453
that's distinctive to
Bantu-speaking cultures,

00:02:15.453 --> 00:02:18.104
can help archeologists
trace how Bantu speakers

00:02:18.104 --> 00:02:20.586
spread throughout Africa over time.

00:02:20.586 --> 00:02:23.245
Linguists who have studied
how these languages

00:02:23.245 --> 00:02:25.535
relate to one another and archeologists

00:02:25.535 --> 00:02:28.285
who have looked at evidence
of how Bantu speakers

00:02:28.285 --> 00:02:30.454
migrated and moved throughout Africa

00:02:30.454 --> 00:02:32.499
are fairly confident that they originated

00:02:32.499 --> 00:02:35.069
somewhere here in west
Africa, and from there

00:02:35.069 --> 00:02:37.756
spread to the south,
as well as to the east,

00:02:37.756 --> 00:02:41.184
over to what's known as the
Great Lakes Region of Africa.

00:02:41.184 --> 00:02:43.821
Then, from there, farther south again.

00:02:43.821 --> 00:02:46.063
That tells us how people
moved through Africa.

00:02:46.063 --> 00:02:47.729
What pattern did they follow?

00:02:47.729 --> 00:02:50.051
The next question we wanna
try and figure out the answer

00:02:50.051 --> 00:02:54.522
to is why did they migrate
to the places that they did?

00:02:54.522 --> 00:02:56.838
One thing that we know
about Bantu-speaking peoples

00:02:56.838 --> 00:02:59.305
is that they tended to
have fairly consistent

00:02:59.305 --> 00:03:01.986
and common agricultural practices.

00:03:01.986 --> 00:03:03.554
Among the crops that they were growing

00:03:03.554 --> 00:03:04.779
were

00:03:04.779 --> 00:03:05.850
millet

00:03:05.850 --> 00:03:07.189
and sorghum.

00:03:07.189 --> 00:03:08.725
Once they got to the great lakes region

00:03:08.725 --> 00:03:10.632
and started moving
south, you also see them

00:03:10.632 --> 00:03:12.708
adopting cattle herding.

00:03:12.708 --> 00:03:14.836
Pictures of the cattle that they would've

00:03:14.836 --> 00:03:16.752
probably had here.

00:03:16.752 --> 00:03:18.868
What these crops and these
cattle have in common,

00:03:18.868 --> 00:03:21.143
all of them tend to thrive in what's known

00:03:21.143 --> 00:03:25.792
as a tropical savanna, or a
semi-tropical savanna climate.

00:03:25.792 --> 00:03:27.981
Sub-Saharan Africa, with the exception

00:03:27.981 --> 00:03:30.494
of this rainforest region here,

00:03:30.494 --> 00:03:33.779
and this high desert down in the south,

00:03:33.779 --> 00:03:37.454
is largely tropical, or
semi-tropical, savanna.

00:03:37.454 --> 00:03:40.339
When we put the overlay back
up of where Bantu-speakers

00:03:40.339 --> 00:03:43.191
are the majority, we can
see that sort of corresponds

00:03:43.191 --> 00:03:45.130
with those climate variations.

00:03:45.130 --> 00:03:47.452
You see them populate
really all of the areas

00:03:47.452 --> 00:03:52.103
that are favorable to their
agricultural practices.

00:03:52.103 --> 00:03:53.064
That should make sense.

00:03:53.064 --> 00:03:54.368
If we think about migration

00:03:54.368 --> 00:03:57.466
as a risk-reward calculation,

00:03:57.466 --> 00:03:59.652
you need to make sure that any place

00:03:59.652 --> 00:04:01.053
that you're migrating to

00:04:01.053 --> 00:04:04.472
is gonna be able to provide you with food.

00:04:04.472 --> 00:04:06.000
To bring that back to our big theme

00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:08.510
of how does environment impact migration,

00:04:08.510 --> 00:04:10.697
we really see in the Bantu Expansion

00:04:10.697 --> 00:04:14.061
the role of climate affecting
what kind of agriculture

00:04:14.061 --> 00:04:16.559
is possible, and that
determines what areas

00:04:16.559 --> 00:04:19.253
look attractive for migration.

00:04:19.253 --> 00:04:20.936
The next region we want to look at,

00:04:20.936 --> 00:04:22.716
the next migration we want to study

00:04:22.716 --> 00:04:27.244
is that of people moving
throughout the Pacific Islands.

00:04:27.244 --> 00:04:31.388
You can see the path this
migration probably took here.

00:04:31.388 --> 00:04:33.933
When we talk about
expansion in the Pacific,

00:04:33.933 --> 00:04:35.809
we're looking at
something somewhat similar

00:04:35.809 --> 00:04:37.487
to the Bantu Expansion in Africa,

00:04:37.487 --> 00:04:39.958
and that, again, we don't
have any written records

00:04:39.958 --> 00:04:41.592
from the people who moved here,

00:04:41.592 --> 00:04:44.955
so again, we're relying on
linguistic, or language-based,

00:04:44.955 --> 00:04:48.889
evidence, as well as
archeological evidence.

00:04:48.889 --> 00:04:51.215
This evidence helps us sort of divide up

00:04:51.215 --> 00:04:54.906
the Pacific into three distinct regions.

00:04:54.906 --> 00:04:58.178
We have what's called Malanesia in blue,

00:04:58.178 --> 00:05:02.095
and Micronesia in red,
and Polynesia in purple.

00:05:05.136 --> 00:05:07.680
Again, these are all people
who were originally speaking

00:05:07.680 --> 00:05:09.968
some sort of Austronesian language,

00:05:09.968 --> 00:05:13.800
very similar culturally,
but they can look at

00:05:13.800 --> 00:05:17.564
how there have been small
changes in cultural artifacts,

00:05:17.564 --> 00:05:20.244
changes in languages, even in the genetics

00:05:20.244 --> 00:05:21.681
of the people and the animals

00:05:21.681 --> 00:05:23.421
in different regions of the Pacific,

00:05:23.421 --> 00:05:25.732
to kind of get a sense of where they were

00:05:25.732 --> 00:05:28.965
at what time, and that
gives us this probable route

00:05:28.965 --> 00:05:31.015
of migration that we saw.

00:05:31.015 --> 00:05:33.775
Thinking again about environment
impacting this migration

00:05:33.775 --> 00:05:35.383
into the Pacific Ocean,

00:05:35.383 --> 00:05:37.390
there are a couple of important factors.

00:05:37.390 --> 00:05:39.629
The first and obvious one
is that getting across

00:05:39.629 --> 00:05:42.373
large stretches of ocean is going to pose

00:05:42.373 --> 00:05:44.862
a difficulty; it's an obstacle.

00:05:44.862 --> 00:05:47.495
The way that people overcame
this obstacle in the Pacific,

00:05:47.495 --> 00:05:50.424
was they came up with
better sailing technology.

00:05:50.424 --> 00:05:52.094
I can pull up here a picture

00:05:52.094 --> 00:05:54.761
of a re-creation of a catamaran.

00:05:56.157 --> 00:05:57.546
This technology was really important

00:05:57.546 --> 00:05:59.602
for traveling long distances in the ocean

00:05:59.602 --> 00:06:01.913
because, to get out in the open ocean,

00:06:01.913 --> 00:06:04.871
you need a sturdy, a durable ship

00:06:04.871 --> 00:06:08.169
that's gonna hold up to wind and waves.

00:06:08.169 --> 00:06:10.016
Even though this is a modern re-creation,

00:06:10.016 --> 00:06:13.101
it gives us a good sense of
what the technology was like.

00:06:13.101 --> 00:06:16.679
You can see how that would
be a more durable craft

00:06:16.679 --> 00:06:19.096
than, say, a canoe by itself.

00:06:20.182 --> 00:06:23.052
This allows people to
travel between islands.

00:06:23.052 --> 00:06:25.044
The other issue, environmentally speaking,

00:06:25.044 --> 00:06:27.532
that poses an obstacle to
expansion in the Pacific

00:06:27.532 --> 00:06:29.808
is that a lot of these
islands are really small.

00:06:29.808 --> 00:06:31.339
You're probably noticing that some of them

00:06:31.339 --> 00:06:33.857
are quite difficult to see
on the satellite image,

00:06:33.857 --> 00:06:35.732
and they don't have a lot of arable,

00:06:35.732 --> 00:06:38.603
or farmable, land on them,

00:06:38.603 --> 00:06:41.563
and so they can't support
large populations,

00:06:41.563 --> 00:06:43.523
and this is probably one
reason why there is continued

00:06:43.523 --> 00:06:46.387
expansion in the Pacific
over a long period of time,

00:06:46.387 --> 00:06:48.574
is because the islands
themselves can't support

00:06:48.574 --> 00:06:49.935
very large populations.

00:06:49.935 --> 00:06:52.233
If a population grows to a certain point,

00:06:52.233 --> 00:06:55.178
some people have to leave.

00:06:55.178 --> 00:06:56.807
To deal with this fact that the islands

00:06:56.807 --> 00:06:58.323
didn't provide a lot of natural food,

00:06:58.323 --> 00:07:01.204
people would bring their
own food supplies with them.

00:07:01.204 --> 00:07:03.909
They'd bring things like
sweet potatoes and yams

00:07:03.909 --> 00:07:07.233
and taro root, and they
would bring animals as well,

00:07:07.233 --> 00:07:09.202
so chickens, and you have a picture here,

00:07:09.202 --> 00:07:13.673
this is what's called a
Southeast Asian red junglefowl,

00:07:13.673 --> 00:07:17.191
and it's the precursor
to domestic chickens.

00:07:17.191 --> 00:07:18.082
It can give you a sense of what

00:07:18.082 --> 00:07:20.211
some of these chickens
probably looked like.

00:07:20.211 --> 00:07:21.608
They brought pigs.

00:07:21.608 --> 00:07:23.268
They also had a small breed of dog.

00:07:23.268 --> 00:07:24.962
The dog breed is extinct now,

00:07:24.962 --> 00:07:26.722
but we have some pictures that were drawn

00:07:26.722 --> 00:07:30.510
by some early European
explorers of the Pacific.

00:07:30.510 --> 00:07:32.267
People would bring these items with them.

00:07:32.267 --> 00:07:34.943
They'd bring these animals with
them onto these new islands.

00:07:34.943 --> 00:07:36.695
They would grow the crops.

00:07:36.695 --> 00:07:40.121
They would raise the animals
and use them as a food source.

00:07:40.121 --> 00:07:41.347
To go back to our original list

00:07:41.347 --> 00:07:45.810
of big takeaways, this gets
into this idea of environmental

00:07:45.810 --> 00:07:48.397
impact of bringing these
new plants and animals.

00:07:48.397 --> 00:07:50.161
What happens is that
people bring these plants,

00:07:50.161 --> 00:07:51.796
they bring these animals
that are not native

00:07:51.796 --> 00:07:54.617
to these islands onto
these islands and use them.

00:07:54.617 --> 00:07:56.767
They farm them; they raise them for food;

00:07:56.767 --> 00:07:58.465
and in most cases, people
are able to sort of

00:07:58.465 --> 00:08:01.974
strike a balance of
maintaining a food supply

00:08:01.974 --> 00:08:04.028
with these crops and
animals that they've brought

00:08:04.028 --> 00:08:06.095
and not destroying the island environment,

00:08:06.095 --> 00:08:07.816
because, obviously, that
would have consequences

00:08:07.816 --> 00:08:10.270
for their ability to
continue to live there.

00:08:10.270 --> 00:08:11.780
Hopefully, it's clear at this point

00:08:11.780 --> 00:08:15.090
that environment definitely played a role

00:08:15.090 --> 00:08:18.075
in these migrations, in these expansions.

00:08:18.075 --> 00:08:20.389
Certainly, this isn't only
about environmental factors,

00:08:20.389 --> 00:08:22.682
but in both cases, it
would be very difficult

00:08:22.682 --> 00:08:25.506
to explain what happened
if you didn't include

00:08:25.506 --> 00:08:27.839
these environmental factors.


Serfs and manorialism

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.006
- [Instructor] In a previous video,

00:00:01.006 --> 00:00:04.343
we already talked about the feudal system,

00:00:04.343 --> 00:00:07.021
how you can have a king

00:00:07.021 --> 00:00:10.986
and then you might have
some vassals of the king

00:00:10.986 --> 00:00:14.050
who give an oath of fealty to the king

00:00:14.050 --> 00:00:17.455
in the homage or homage ceremony,

00:00:17.455 --> 00:00:19.159
might be a duke.

00:00:19.159 --> 00:00:21.032
And you could keep going down this.

00:00:21.032 --> 00:00:23.267
Maybe you have a count,

00:00:23.267 --> 00:00:25.533
maybe you have a baron,

00:00:25.533 --> 00:00:28.585
and could keep going down
this chain of nobility

00:00:28.585 --> 00:00:31.672
where one noble is pledging fealty

00:00:31.672 --> 00:00:33.504
to the king as a king's vassal,

00:00:33.504 --> 00:00:36.044
but then they are a
lord of another vassal.

00:00:36.044 --> 00:00:38.048
And you keep going all the way down

00:00:38.048 --> 00:00:41.203
until you get to a plot of land

00:00:41.203 --> 00:00:43.762
where the actual work might occur.

00:00:43.762 --> 00:00:47.540
And that term is often
referred to as a manor.

00:00:47.540 --> 00:00:48.760
A manor just doesn't happen

00:00:48.760 --> 00:00:50.302
at the bottom of this pyramid.

00:00:50.302 --> 00:00:52.051
A duke can have a manor

00:00:52.051 --> 00:00:54.525
and they can split up
the rest of their duchy

00:00:54.525 --> 00:00:57.080
and give sections of it to form counties

00:00:57.080 --> 00:00:59.151
that could be led by counts.

00:00:59.151 --> 00:01:00.937
But what we're going
to focus in this video

00:01:00.937 --> 00:01:02.722
is the manor itself,

00:01:02.722 --> 00:01:06.057
because that's where life
in a medieval community

00:01:06.057 --> 00:01:08.575
actually takes place.

00:01:08.575 --> 00:01:11.943
And the work on a manor
is done essentially

00:01:11.943 --> 00:01:14.094
by the lowest rung of the ladder

00:01:14.094 --> 00:01:16.594
and that is both free peasants

00:01:17.933 --> 00:01:19.433
and also by serfs.

00:01:21.389 --> 00:01:23.342
To get a sense of what a medieval manor

00:01:23.342 --> 00:01:24.803
could have looked like,

00:01:24.803 --> 00:01:26.041
here's a picture and this would've been

00:01:26.041 --> 00:01:29.183
a particularly fancy
manor right over here.

00:01:29.183 --> 00:01:31.215
This is a ducal manor,

00:01:31.215 --> 00:01:34.338
so this would have been
the manor of a duke,

00:01:34.338 --> 00:01:36.820
so it could be something
like that right over there.

00:01:36.820 --> 00:01:39.211
And in this picture,
you see the manor house

00:01:39.211 --> 00:01:41.487
which in this case is the duke's castle,

00:01:41.487 --> 00:01:44.288
in many medieval communities
were the highest ranking

00:01:44.288 --> 00:01:46.653
of the nobility right beneath the king.

00:01:46.653 --> 00:01:49.375
And so we see these people
actually working the field.

00:01:49.375 --> 00:01:50.918
We don't know from looking up at them,

00:01:50.918 --> 00:01:53.234
some of them might be free peasants,

00:01:53.234 --> 00:01:56.971
maybe this gentleman right
over here is a free peasant.

00:01:56.971 --> 00:02:00.666
And this person right over here is a serf.

00:02:00.666 --> 00:02:04.833
The word of serf comes
from the Latin for service,

00:02:06.392 --> 00:02:11.089
the same word that eventually
gives us words like servant

00:02:11.089 --> 00:02:15.375
and they're someplace in between
a free peasant and a slave.

00:02:15.375 --> 00:02:18.723
They are bonded to the lord of the manor.

00:02:18.723 --> 00:02:20.356
In this case it would be a duke,

00:02:20.356 --> 00:02:21.742
but you can go down this hierarchy,

00:02:21.742 --> 00:02:24.886
you could have a manor
where the lord is a baron

00:02:24.886 --> 00:02:26.493
or the lord is a knight,

00:02:26.493 --> 00:02:29.056
or the lord is just
someone who is very wealthy

00:02:29.056 --> 00:02:32.563
and somehow got access to a fiefdom.

00:02:32.563 --> 00:02:34.813
So the serfs are bonded to the land.

00:02:34.813 --> 00:02:36.854
They can't leave without their permission.

00:02:36.854 --> 00:02:38.811
They are allowed to cultivate

00:02:38.811 --> 00:02:41.343
certain tracts of land themselves,

00:02:41.343 --> 00:02:44.442
but they also have to work for their lord.

00:02:44.442 --> 00:02:47.422
So they might help plant
crops and harvest crops

00:02:47.422 --> 00:02:49.340
in the lord's land as well

00:02:49.340 --> 00:02:51.750
and they also give a
percentage of everything

00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:54.000
that they grow or everything that they do

00:02:54.000 --> 00:02:56.288
to the actual lord.

00:02:56.288 --> 00:02:58.245
And if the lord needs to go into war,

00:02:58.245 --> 00:03:01.554
they might have to be
soldiers in that war.

00:03:01.554 --> 00:03:03.513
You might be wondering,
well that sounds pretty bad,

00:03:03.513 --> 00:03:06.697
it sounds similar to being a slave.

00:03:06.697 --> 00:03:08.944
One of the key differences is that a serf

00:03:08.944 --> 00:03:11.764
actually can accumulate
things on their own.

00:03:11.764 --> 00:03:14.985
They can actually own property.

00:03:14.985 --> 00:03:16.859
Now another term or sometimes

00:03:16.859 --> 00:03:20.457
a subcategorization of
serf in the Middle Ages

00:03:20.457 --> 00:03:22.419
is the term villain.

00:03:22.419 --> 00:03:23.847
I know what you're thinking,

00:03:23.847 --> 00:03:26.133
you have heard that term before.

00:03:26.133 --> 00:03:29.276
The villain today means a bad guy.

00:03:29.276 --> 00:03:32.465
But the term originally
comes from the Roman Empire

00:03:32.465 --> 00:03:34.508
when Diocletian, the famous emperor

00:03:34.508 --> 00:03:37.737
who persecuted Christians, he also,

00:03:37.737 --> 00:03:38.799
because they were having trouble

00:03:38.799 --> 00:03:41.299
getting labor in rural villas,

00:03:42.350 --> 00:03:44.802
he began to decree that certain people

00:03:44.802 --> 00:03:46.969
had to work in the villas.

00:03:47.907 --> 00:03:52.107
And so someone who was
compelled to work at a villa

00:03:52.107 --> 00:03:53.907
was called a villain,

00:03:53.907 --> 00:03:55.620
and so they were bonded to the land.

00:03:55.620 --> 00:03:58.399
They were a type of serf.

00:03:58.399 --> 00:04:00.647
Now the fact that villain in English,

00:04:00.647 --> 00:04:02.980
it means someone who is bad,

00:04:03.832 --> 00:04:06.365
it gives you an idea how
in a lot of languages

00:04:06.365 --> 00:04:07.631
in a lot of cultures,

00:04:07.631 --> 00:04:11.469
the notion of being
captive or bonded and poor

00:04:11.469 --> 00:04:13.956
gets associated with being bad

00:04:13.956 --> 00:04:18.609
which seems very contrary to
our modern view of the world.

00:04:18.609 --> 00:04:22.572
Get a top-level view of what
a manor might look like.

00:04:22.572 --> 00:04:26.412
We don't know what type of
manor this is in particular,

00:04:26.412 --> 00:04:29.513
but the manor house here
seems a little bit more humble

00:04:29.513 --> 00:04:31.350
than this ducal manor right over here.

00:04:31.350 --> 00:04:32.578
This could be a,

00:04:32.578 --> 00:04:34.868
maybe a baron's manor house.

00:04:34.868 --> 00:04:37.646
Now the manner often had a village.

00:04:37.646 --> 00:04:40.531
This is where the serfs
or the free peasants

00:04:40.531 --> 00:04:43.242
might live, keep their homes.

00:04:43.242 --> 00:04:44.910
And then you see the land that is

00:04:44.910 --> 00:04:46.745
cultivated collectively by this community,

00:04:46.745 --> 00:04:49.398
not just the actors that
we've just talked about,

00:04:49.398 --> 00:04:52.016
you might also have a church or monastery

00:04:52.016 --> 00:04:54.516
on that manor right over here.

00:04:55.527 --> 00:04:57.361
And these strips of land,

00:04:57.361 --> 00:04:59.282
they might have different crops.

00:04:59.282 --> 00:05:02.225
And the output of those
crops go to different people.

00:05:02.225 --> 00:05:06.063
The one common factor
is the lord of the manor

00:05:06.063 --> 00:05:08.957
might get all of the crops
from some of these strips,

00:05:08.957 --> 00:05:10.385
while on the other strips,

00:05:10.385 --> 00:05:11.544
they get the taxation.

00:05:11.544 --> 00:05:14.309
So they'll get a certain
percentage from the crops there.

00:05:14.309 --> 00:05:17.256
But all of the work is done by the serfs

00:05:17.256 --> 00:05:19.705
and the free peasants and
possibly if there some,

00:05:19.705 --> 00:05:20.938
if this is a monastery,

00:05:20.938 --> 00:05:23.880
and there's some monks at the monastery.

00:05:23.880 --> 00:05:25.496
Now one interesting thing is why

00:05:25.496 --> 00:05:28.897
you often see in these manor maps,

00:05:28.897 --> 00:05:31.259
these long strips of land,

00:05:31.259 --> 00:05:33.009
and our resident agricultural expert

00:05:33.009 --> 00:05:34.830
at Khan Academy, David Rheinstrom,

00:05:34.830 --> 00:05:38.813
says it's because the medieval
plows once you got going,

00:05:38.813 --> 00:05:40.148
you didn't want to turn them around,

00:05:40.148 --> 00:05:41.528
you got some momentum.

00:05:41.528 --> 00:05:44.818
And so people liked the plant
crops in these long strips

00:05:44.818 --> 00:05:48.757
so the plows could just
keep going in one direction

00:05:48.757 --> 00:05:49.698
and only at the end,

00:05:49.698 --> 00:05:50.747
they just have to turn it around.

00:05:50.747 --> 00:05:52.659
So you're minimizing the number of times

00:05:52.659 --> 00:05:54.704
that you actually have
to turn around to plow.


Inca Empire overview

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.260 --> 00:00:02.453
- [Narrator] What we're
going to do in this video

00:00:02.453 --> 00:00:06.120
is think about the significant
empires that formed

00:00:06.120 --> 00:00:10.138
shortly before the European
colonization of the Americas.

00:00:10.138 --> 00:00:13.320
In particular, we're going
to focus on the Inca Empire.

00:00:13.320 --> 00:00:15.880
In other videos, we have
talked about the Aztecs.

00:00:15.880 --> 00:00:18.381
But what's interesting
is this period of time

00:00:18.381 --> 00:00:21.464
in the 15th and early 16th centuries,

00:00:23.380 --> 00:00:27.018
when these empires form,
but then shortly thereafter,

00:00:27.018 --> 00:00:29.019
about a hundred years after they form,

00:00:29.019 --> 00:00:32.316
they are conquered by the
Spanish conquistadors.

00:00:32.316 --> 00:00:35.277
So let's focus on the Inca Empire,

00:00:35.277 --> 00:00:37.247
but keep it in comparison
to some of the other

00:00:37.247 --> 00:00:42.234
significant empires and
civilizations we know about.

00:00:42.234 --> 00:00:45.819
As we enter into the 15th century,

00:00:45.819 --> 00:00:48.435
we have the kingdom of Cuzco.

00:00:48.435 --> 00:00:52.970
What we now call the Inca
Empire did not exist yet.

00:00:52.970 --> 00:00:57.015
The ninth ruler of the kingdom of Cuzco,

00:00:57.015 --> 00:01:00.512
a gentleman by the name of Pachacuti,

00:01:00.512 --> 00:01:02.562
he decides to go on a fairly aggressive

00:01:02.562 --> 00:01:04.283
effort of expansion.

00:01:04.283 --> 00:01:07.559
It is Pachacuti that takes the Incas

00:01:07.559 --> 00:01:11.930
from the kingdom of Cuzco,
and creates an empire.

00:01:11.930 --> 00:01:15.582
Now as I mentioned, they did
not call themselves the Incas.

00:01:15.582 --> 00:01:18.302
Inca was actually their word for ruler.

00:01:18.302 --> 00:01:21.080
So this was Pachacuti Inca.

00:01:21.080 --> 00:01:25.381
Their name for the empire
that gets started by Pachacuti

00:01:25.381 --> 00:01:26.798
was Tawantinsuyu.

00:01:28.644 --> 00:01:31.134
What's it's really referring
to is the four regions.

00:01:31.134 --> 00:01:35.127
You can see the four regions
here that were conquered,

00:01:35.127 --> 00:01:37.476
with Cuzco at the center.

00:01:37.476 --> 00:01:39.783
One of the interesting things is that

00:01:39.783 --> 00:01:41.364
right around the same time,

00:01:41.364 --> 00:01:43.012
we talk about it in another video,

00:01:43.012 --> 00:01:45.372
you have the Aztec Empire forming.

00:01:45.372 --> 00:01:48.391
The Aztec civilization
exists well before that,

00:01:48.391 --> 00:01:51.891
as does the pre-Inca Empire civilizations.

00:01:52.796 --> 00:01:55.522
But in the 15th century
is also when you have

00:01:55.522 --> 00:01:57.685
the Aztec Empire form.

00:01:57.685 --> 00:02:00.049
The Mayan civilization, by this point,

00:02:00.049 --> 00:02:02.194
is in its post-classical period.

00:02:02.194 --> 00:02:04.771
It's classical period is
in bold right over here.

00:02:04.771 --> 00:02:08.415
But there's still many
independent Mayan city states

00:02:08.415 --> 00:02:10.732
in the Yucatan Peninsula.

00:02:10.732 --> 00:02:12.991
But the two notable empires here

00:02:12.991 --> 00:02:15.601
are the Aztecs and the Incas,

00:02:15.601 --> 00:02:18.665
which form in the 15th century.

00:02:18.665 --> 00:02:21.772
What makes them an empire
is that you have one group,

00:02:21.772 --> 00:02:24.969
in the case of the Incas,
the kingdom of Cuzco,

00:02:24.969 --> 00:02:29.278
conquering other peoples,
and taking tribute from them.

00:02:29.278 --> 00:02:32.541
Now what was interesting about the Incas

00:02:32.541 --> 00:02:35.355
is that they were able to
form this large empire,

00:02:35.355 --> 00:02:37.318
the largest empire in the Americas

00:02:37.318 --> 00:02:39.839
at the time of the European conquest.

00:02:39.839 --> 00:02:43.212
This empire had 10 million people in it.

00:02:43.212 --> 00:02:45.051
What's amazing is that you have this

00:02:45.051 --> 00:02:48.585
large, powerful empire with
significant building projects.

00:02:48.585 --> 00:02:50.232
This is a picture of Machu Pichu.

00:02:50.232 --> 00:02:51.651
Historians believe that it was built

00:02:51.651 --> 00:02:53.881
as an estate for Pachacuti.

00:02:53.881 --> 00:02:56.234
So they were able to do
sophisticated construction

00:02:56.234 --> 00:02:59.891
despite not having a written
system as we know it.

00:02:59.891 --> 00:03:03.803
They had a system of knots for
some forms of record keeping.

00:03:03.803 --> 00:03:05.501
But despite that, they were able to have

00:03:05.501 --> 00:03:07.262
a sophisticated society.

00:03:07.262 --> 00:03:11.844
Their way of taxing people was
not through formal coinage.

00:03:11.844 --> 00:03:14.716
They didn't have a monetary
system as we know it.

00:03:14.716 --> 00:03:16.558
Members of their society had to dedicate

00:03:16.558 --> 00:03:20.376
a proportion of their labor to the empire,

00:03:20.376 --> 00:03:21.626
to the emperor.

00:03:22.765 --> 00:03:25.038
This might seem different than what we do,

00:03:25.038 --> 00:03:26.167
but if you think about it,

00:03:26.167 --> 00:03:30.334
if my income is taxed at
30% or 35% in, say, the US,

00:03:31.585 --> 00:03:33.671
essentially what I'm
giving to the government

00:03:33.671 --> 00:03:36.035
is 35% of the work of my labor.

00:03:36.035 --> 00:03:37.747
I'm just doing it through
a monetary system.

00:03:37.747 --> 00:03:38.942
They did it directly.

00:03:38.942 --> 00:03:40.401
A certain percentage of my labor would

00:03:40.401 --> 00:03:43.117
directly have to be for the empire.

00:03:43.117 --> 00:03:47.560
That's how things like Machu
Pichu actually got built.

00:03:47.560 --> 00:03:50.310
This was called the Mit'a system.

00:03:51.257 --> 00:03:54.757
Well, like the case with the Aztec Empire,

00:03:55.889 --> 00:03:59.530
the Inca Empire lasts for about 100 years

00:03:59.530 --> 00:04:03.105
until the Conquistadors
come into the picture.

00:04:03.105 --> 00:04:06.092
Francisco Pizarro in particular,

00:04:06.092 --> 00:04:09.643
on his third expedition,
is able to conquer

00:04:09.643 --> 00:04:11.810
this powerful Inca Empire.

00:04:12.778 --> 00:04:16.660
He does this with only
several hundred men.

00:04:16.660 --> 00:04:20.493
But they were far better
armed than the Incas.

00:04:21.450 --> 00:04:23.277
But many historians believe there was also

00:04:23.277 --> 00:04:26.619
complacency on the part of
the Inca ruler at the time.

00:04:26.619 --> 00:04:29.513
He didn't believe that these Conquistadors

00:04:29.513 --> 00:04:32.320
would be able to overtake his army

00:04:32.320 --> 00:04:35.570
that numbered in the tens of thousands.


Aztec Empire

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.025 --> 00:00:01.936
- [Lecturer] We've already talked about

00:00:01.936 --> 00:00:05.353
the Aztec civilization in several videos,

00:00:06.670 --> 00:00:09.068
but what we're going to
focus on in this video

00:00:09.068 --> 00:00:13.228
is the Aztec empire which
shouldn't be confused

00:00:13.228 --> 00:00:15.683
with the Aztec civilization.

00:00:15.683 --> 00:00:17.208
The civilization is
referring to the broader

00:00:17.208 --> 00:00:20.576
groups of people over hundreds of years,

00:00:20.576 --> 00:00:23.586
but the Aztec empire is
a very specific entity

00:00:23.586 --> 00:00:27.753
that formed in the 100 years
before Spanish colonization.

00:00:29.837 --> 00:00:31.936
What you see here is a zoomed in version

00:00:31.936 --> 00:00:35.327
of what today would be southern Mexico

00:00:35.327 --> 00:00:38.080
and right over here on the globe

00:00:38.080 --> 00:00:41.494
and you can see many
city-states formed here.

00:00:41.494 --> 00:00:45.120
A city-state is a city that
is also considers itself

00:00:45.120 --> 00:00:47.194
a state that has its own political

00:00:47.194 --> 00:00:49.767
organization, its own way of functioning.

00:00:49.767 --> 00:00:53.334
It's not dependent on any
other government forms,

00:00:53.334 --> 00:00:55.915
and it's analogous to what
we see in classical Greece

00:00:55.915 --> 00:00:59.734
where we have the city-states
of Athens and Sparta.

00:00:59.734 --> 00:01:01.900
Now what's particularly
interesting is what's

00:01:01.900 --> 00:01:05.983
going on around Lake
Texcoco in the 14th Century.

00:01:08.475 --> 00:01:12.308
In 1325 you have the
city of Tenochtitlan form

00:01:13.903 --> 00:01:17.092
on this island in Lake Texcoco

00:01:17.092 --> 00:01:19.515
and initially Tenochtitlan is one of the

00:01:19.515 --> 00:01:22.765
weaker city-states around Lake Texcoco.

00:01:23.650 --> 00:01:25.260
You see many of these city-states,

00:01:25.260 --> 00:01:28.856
some of the stronger ones
you have Texcoco right here,

00:01:28.856 --> 00:01:31.841
and in particular you have Azcapotzalco,

00:01:31.841 --> 00:01:35.258
but as we fast forward roughly 100 years,

00:01:36.551 --> 00:01:40.433
you get to a situation where Azcapotzalco

00:01:40.433 --> 00:01:42.450
falls into a civil war.

00:01:42.450 --> 00:01:45.861
Their ruler dies and
there's a succession battle

00:01:45.861 --> 00:01:50.028
and the various city-states
around Lake Texcoco take sides.

00:01:50.888 --> 00:01:54.517
What eventually happens is Tenochtitlan,

00:01:54.517 --> 00:01:57.850
Texcoco, and Tlacopan form what is known

00:01:59.905 --> 00:02:02.972
as a triple alliance
or the triple alliance

00:02:02.972 --> 00:02:06.389
and are able to conquer the Azcapotzalco.

00:02:07.637 --> 00:02:10.657
And so in conquering the Azcapotzalco,

00:02:10.657 --> 00:02:14.824
what you have forming is
known as the Aztec empire.

00:02:17.785 --> 00:02:19.805
Now it starts as an alliance between

00:02:19.805 --> 00:02:24.620
these three city-states and
other city-states in the area,

00:02:24.620 --> 00:02:27.744
but over time Tenochtitlan
which is sometimes

00:02:27.744 --> 00:02:30.577
referred to as Mexico Tenochtitlan

00:02:31.649 --> 00:02:35.567
because it is a city-state
of the Mexico people

00:02:35.567 --> 00:02:36.960
and this is where the name Mexico

00:02:36.960 --> 00:02:39.415
or Mexico actually comes from.

00:02:39.415 --> 00:02:41.175
Now even though it's an alliance,

00:02:41.175 --> 00:02:43.870
over time, Tenochtitlan essentially

00:02:43.870 --> 00:02:46.203
becomes the capital of this alliance,

00:02:46.203 --> 00:02:49.258
or the capital of this Aztec empire

00:02:49.258 --> 00:02:52.581
which continues on for roughly 100 years

00:02:52.581 --> 00:02:56.748
until 1521 when it is
defeated by Hernando Cortes.

00:02:59.984 --> 00:03:02.781
Now the story of how Hernando Cortes

00:03:02.781 --> 00:03:06.180
is able to conquer this
empire is fascinating

00:03:06.180 --> 00:03:07.678
and I'm not going to be able to go into

00:03:07.678 --> 00:03:10.995
all of the details in this
video, but needless to say

00:03:10.995 --> 00:03:14.018
he's able to convince
several hundred conquistadors

00:03:14.018 --> 00:03:17.470
to come and try to conquer the empire

00:03:17.470 --> 00:03:20.188
and he's able to do so by
recruiting tens of thousands,

00:03:20.188 --> 00:03:23.153
some estimates I've seen
are 100,000 soldiers

00:03:23.153 --> 00:03:25.625
from neighboring
city-states who had issues

00:03:25.625 --> 00:03:29.729
with the Mexico or with the Aztec empire

00:03:29.729 --> 00:03:31.996
and so he's eventually able to take over

00:03:31.996 --> 00:03:34.948
the famed city of Tenochtitlan.

00:03:34.948 --> 00:03:36.560
It's really important to recognize

00:03:36.560 --> 00:03:38.667
how advanced they were at the time.

00:03:38.667 --> 00:03:40.697
You see these causeways, these bridges

00:03:40.697 --> 00:03:42.897
leading into the island.

00:03:42.897 --> 00:03:44.701
They had a fairly advanced dam system

00:03:44.701 --> 00:03:46.609
to collect freshwater from the rain

00:03:46.609 --> 00:03:48.781
while also to control flooding.

00:03:48.781 --> 00:03:49.883
In fact a lot of that was destroyed

00:03:49.883 --> 00:03:52.614
when the conquistadors
came and Mexico City

00:03:52.614 --> 00:03:55.903
which eventually gets
founded over this lake

00:03:55.903 --> 00:03:57.737
is going to have issues with flooding

00:03:57.737 --> 00:04:00.037
for some time in the future.

00:04:00.037 --> 00:04:02.542
In fact the Spanish, in order
to control the flooding,

00:04:02.542 --> 00:04:06.709
end up draining this lake and
it's where Mexico City forms.

00:04:08.230 --> 00:04:10.789
But the big takeaway here is near the end

00:04:10.789 --> 00:04:13.405
of the Aztec civilization,

00:04:13.405 --> 00:04:17.827
as we get to the 100 years
before the conquistadors arrive,

00:04:17.827 --> 00:04:20.562
you have this empire form.

00:04:20.562 --> 00:04:24.424
This empire which starts as
an alliance of city-states

00:04:24.424 --> 00:04:27.215
but eventually becomes a tributary empire.

00:04:27.215 --> 00:04:29.130
Unlike the neighboring Mayans,

00:04:29.130 --> 00:04:31.138
which were on the Yucatan peninsula.

00:04:31.138 --> 00:04:33.913
On this map they would be in
this region right over here,

00:04:33.913 --> 00:04:38.073
the neighboring Mayans were
autonomous city-states.

00:04:38.073 --> 00:04:40.428
Some might have had more
power, more influence

00:04:40.428 --> 00:04:44.918
at different times, but the
Aztec tributary state means

00:04:44.918 --> 00:04:48.764
the other city-states are
paying tribute to Tenochtitlan.

00:04:48.764 --> 00:04:51.310
They are paying revenue,
they are paying service

00:04:51.310 --> 00:04:54.671
to what essentially is the capital

00:04:54.671 --> 00:04:58.927
or the seat of that empire
until it is conquered

00:04:58.927 --> 00:05:01.256
by the Spanish with, and remember,

00:05:01.256 --> 00:05:02.290
the Spanish are able to do this

00:05:02.290 --> 00:05:04.078
with several hundred conquistadors

00:05:04.078 --> 00:05:06.924
with the help of neighboring city-states

00:05:06.924 --> 00:05:09.778
and a smallpox epidemic which kills

00:05:09.778 --> 00:05:12.908
50% of the population of the region.


An announcement from Khan Academy

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:04.836 --> 00:00:06.367
- Hi, I'm Sal Khan, founder of the

00:00:06.367 --> 00:00:08.340
not-for-profit Khan Academy,

00:00:08.340 --> 00:00:10.590
and I have some very exciting news.

00:00:10.590 --> 00:00:12.464
The data is in from our first year

00:00:12.464 --> 00:00:15.121
of the partnership between
us and the College Board

00:00:15.121 --> 00:00:19.008
around Khan Academy being the
official practice for the SAT.

00:00:19.008 --> 00:00:20.344
And what we're seeing is,

00:00:20.344 --> 00:00:21.853
students who spent an average

00:00:21.853 --> 00:00:24.657
of 20 hours of practice on Khan Academy

00:00:24.657 --> 00:00:27.407
are seeing roughly 115-point gain

00:00:28.302 --> 00:00:30.909
between the PSAT and the SAT.

00:00:30.909 --> 00:00:32.714
And to put that into perspective,

00:00:32.714 --> 00:00:34.493
that's roughly twice the point gain

00:00:34.493 --> 00:00:38.749
that students typically see
between the PSAT and the SAT.

00:00:38.749 --> 00:00:40.551
And what's especially heartening

00:00:40.551 --> 00:00:44.547
is that we're seeing that gain
be consistent across gender,

00:00:44.547 --> 00:00:47.821
race, and socioeconomic groups.

00:00:47.821 --> 00:00:50.355
And so this makes us feel really good,

00:00:50.355 --> 00:00:52.095
not just from the Khan
Academy point of view,

00:00:52.095 --> 00:00:53.933
or the College Board point of view,

00:00:53.933 --> 00:00:55.927
but just in the overall theme

00:00:55.927 --> 00:00:58.447
of being able to help
level the playing field.

00:00:58.447 --> 00:01:00.887
Students take the PSAT, they can sync

00:01:00.887 --> 00:01:02.972
those accounts with the Khan Academy,

00:01:02.972 --> 00:01:06.303
Khan Academy software then
has the information necessary

00:01:06.303 --> 00:01:08.243
to essentially do weak point training.

00:01:08.243 --> 00:01:10.769
Know where you need
practice, not just in math,

00:01:10.769 --> 00:01:12.486
but in reading and writing as well.

00:01:12.486 --> 00:01:14.484
And you get that practice so that

00:01:14.484 --> 00:01:16.169
you can put your best foot forward

00:01:16.169 --> 00:01:18.191
not just on the SAT, but to be

00:01:18.191 --> 00:01:21.478
optimally prepared for
college, and for life.

00:01:21.478 --> 00:01:25.260
So this is exciting news,
it's also just the beginning,

00:01:25.260 --> 00:01:26.958
and we hope to work with all of you,

00:01:26.958 --> 00:01:28.912
students, parents, teachers,

00:01:28.912 --> 00:01:31.137
to further level the playing field

00:01:31.137 --> 00:01:33.554
for college and life access.


Feudal system during the Middle Ages

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.322 --> 00:00:02.016
- [Instructor] Talk about in other videos,

00:00:02.016 --> 00:00:05.763
the Middle Ages refers to
that roughly 1,000 year period

00:00:05.763 --> 00:00:09.619
of time in Europe from the end
of the Western Roman empire

00:00:09.619 --> 00:00:13.038
in 476 until we get to
about 1,000 years later

00:00:13.038 --> 00:00:14.753
with the emergence of the Renaissance

00:00:14.753 --> 00:00:16.418
and the Age of Exploration.

00:00:16.418 --> 00:00:19.339
And we associate it with
knights in shining armor

00:00:19.339 --> 00:00:20.834
and their code of chivalry,

00:00:20.834 --> 00:00:23.877
with kings and castles
surrounded by moats.

00:00:23.877 --> 00:00:27.850
And we also associate it
with the feudal system,

00:00:27.850 --> 00:00:30.962
which is how most of Europe was governed

00:00:30.962 --> 00:00:32.879
during the Middle Ages.

00:00:33.943 --> 00:00:36.355
Now many of you are
probably familiar with some

00:00:36.355 --> 00:00:39.295
of the key actors within
the feudal system.

00:00:39.295 --> 00:00:42.128
At the top, you would have a king.

00:00:43.552 --> 00:00:46.885
Now, the king would rule over a kingdom.

00:00:48.421 --> 00:00:50.845
Now this is not so easy to govern,

00:00:50.845 --> 00:00:52.334
especially during the Middle Ages,

00:00:52.334 --> 00:00:54.463
and the king might owe many people things,

00:00:54.463 --> 00:00:57.783
especially people who helped
the king come to power,

00:00:57.783 --> 00:01:01.476
helped him depose the previous
king or to conquer this land.

00:01:01.476 --> 00:01:04.456
And so, in exchange for
that, and to help govern,

00:01:04.456 --> 00:01:08.786
he might grant land or
fiefs to other people.

00:01:08.786 --> 00:01:11.731
And the key currency in the Middle Ages

00:01:11.731 --> 00:01:14.278
under the feudal system is land

00:01:14.278 --> 00:01:18.360
and land in exchange
for loyalty and service.

00:01:18.360 --> 00:01:20.317
So, this whole thing is a kingdom.

00:01:20.317 --> 00:01:22.947
Now, right over here, this is a duchy

00:01:22.947 --> 00:01:25.672
and a duchy will be controlled by a duke.

00:01:25.672 --> 00:01:27.043
I guess they didn't call it ducky

00:01:27.043 --> 00:01:29.235
because that just
doesn't sound as serious.

00:01:29.235 --> 00:01:31.985
So, the king might grant a duchy,

00:01:33.823 --> 00:01:35.406
a duchy, to a duke,

00:01:36.779 --> 00:01:40.734
and in exchange, the duke
would provide loyalty,

00:01:40.734 --> 00:01:42.264
pledge their fealty.

00:01:42.264 --> 00:01:44.776
If the kingdom is threatened,
the duke will fight

00:01:44.776 --> 00:01:48.042
alongside the king, would
provide their own troops.

00:01:48.042 --> 00:01:50.895
If the king wants to go
conquer other territories,

00:01:50.895 --> 00:01:54.482
same thing, and also
provide the king with taxes,

00:01:54.482 --> 00:01:56.054
which might be in the form of coinage,

00:01:56.054 --> 00:01:58.821
depending on what time and
region we are in the Middle Ages

00:01:58.821 --> 00:02:01.135
or it might be in the form of a percentage

00:02:01.135 --> 00:02:05.387
of the agricultural
production from this duchy.

00:02:05.387 --> 00:02:07.618
Now the terminology here is that the duke

00:02:07.618 --> 00:02:10.389
would be one of the king's vassals

00:02:10.389 --> 00:02:12.619
or would be vassal to the king.

00:02:12.619 --> 00:02:15.849
Now a duchy tends to be a fairly
large amount of territory.

00:02:15.849 --> 00:02:17.653
In medieval England, a duke was

00:02:17.653 --> 00:02:19.138
the highest title of nobility.

00:02:19.138 --> 00:02:20.690
There was variations on duke.

00:02:20.690 --> 00:02:23.350
Now the duke might have his own manor

00:02:23.350 --> 00:02:25.774
or might even have multiple
manors that he rules

00:02:25.774 --> 00:02:28.772
directly over that has his own serfs

00:02:28.772 --> 00:02:32.259
or free peasants working
that land, providing output,

00:02:32.259 --> 00:02:34.438
which helps generate
some of the tax revenue

00:02:34.438 --> 00:02:36.508
that goes to the king or provides some

00:02:36.508 --> 00:02:39.417
of the necessities for
the duke's own household.

00:02:39.417 --> 00:02:42.612
But the rest of the duchy,
they might subdivide further

00:02:42.612 --> 00:02:45.478
and they would be lord
over their own vassals.

00:02:45.478 --> 00:02:49.409
So, for example, this piece
of land right over here,

00:02:49.409 --> 00:02:52.601
this duke might provide
it to someone else,

00:02:52.601 --> 00:02:56.204
let's say a count, in which
case this would be called

00:02:56.204 --> 00:02:59.983
a county, and that is where we
get our modern term, county.

00:02:59.983 --> 00:03:02.866
And this count would be vassal to the duke

00:03:02.866 --> 00:03:05.880
and the duke would be
the lord of the count.

00:03:05.880 --> 00:03:07.500
And then the count can then be the lord

00:03:07.500 --> 00:03:09.471
of someone else, of their vassals.

00:03:09.471 --> 00:03:11.114
And this goes on and on and on,

00:03:11.114 --> 00:03:13.751
all the way until you get
down to the level of the serfs

00:03:13.751 --> 00:03:17.456
and the peasants, who are
actually doing the work.

00:03:17.456 --> 00:03:21.902
But the main idea here is
that in exchange for land,

00:03:21.902 --> 00:03:24.819
the king gave his duke a duchy,
or maybe the king's father

00:03:24.819 --> 00:03:27.411
gave this duke's father this duchy,

00:03:27.411 --> 00:03:30.612
and so this grant of land,
this is called a fief,

00:03:30.612 --> 00:03:33.063
a critical term in the feudal system.

00:03:33.063 --> 00:03:36.013
This county here, this is a fief.

00:03:36.013 --> 00:03:40.645
In exchange for that,
the vassal gives the lord

00:03:40.645 --> 00:03:43.145
resources, taxes, and loyalty.

00:03:43.984 --> 00:03:47.186
Now the way I drew it here,
it seems quite organized

00:03:47.186 --> 00:03:50.800
and clean, but the reality
of it, it isn't that clean.

00:03:50.800 --> 00:03:53.145
Sometimes, a kingdom might directly,

00:03:53.145 --> 00:03:56.182
some parts of it might be
subdivided into duchies,

00:03:56.182 --> 00:03:59.593
some of it might be divided into a county

00:03:59.593 --> 00:04:02.057
that is independent of any duchy.

00:04:02.057 --> 00:04:04.206
You might have another
duchy right over here

00:04:04.206 --> 00:04:06.811
that is not subdivided into counties.

00:04:06.811 --> 00:04:09.455
You might have one count
that is more powerful

00:04:09.455 --> 00:04:11.866
than another count, or one
count that might even be

00:04:11.866 --> 00:04:15.188
more powerful than a duke someplace else.

00:04:15.188 --> 00:04:17.518
So it can actually be quite chaotic

00:04:17.518 --> 00:04:19.090
and hard to keep track of.

00:04:19.090 --> 00:04:20.569
And this isn't all of the players.

00:04:20.569 --> 00:04:22.906
I mentioned some of
the titles of nobility,

00:04:22.906 --> 00:04:24.569
like duke and count,

00:04:24.569 --> 00:04:27.162
and then below count
you might have a baron.

00:04:27.162 --> 00:04:31.857
In England, the equivalent
of count was an earl,

00:04:31.857 --> 00:04:34.882
who still presided over a county

00:04:34.882 --> 00:04:37.491
and their wife was a countess.

00:04:37.491 --> 00:04:38.742
And when I say preside,

00:04:38.742 --> 00:04:41.313
they had almost full control over it.

00:04:41.313 --> 00:04:44.443
They would even give
justice over the people

00:04:44.443 --> 00:04:47.548
who happen to be within their fiefdom.

00:04:47.548 --> 00:04:49.985
Now, I started this
video showing a picture

00:04:49.985 --> 00:04:52.961
of a knight on horseback
and knights are probably

00:04:52.961 --> 00:04:56.127
one of the strongest
association with medieval times,

00:04:56.127 --> 00:04:58.372
so many of you are probably thinking,

00:04:58.372 --> 00:05:01.055
where do knights fit into this?

00:05:01.055 --> 00:05:03.383
The knight refers to
slightly different things,

00:05:03.383 --> 00:05:05.330
depending on what region you are in

00:05:05.330 --> 00:05:07.749
or what time period
within the Middle Ages,

00:05:07.749 --> 00:05:11.849
but it generally refers
to a mounted soldier,

00:05:11.849 --> 00:05:13.266
someone skilled in fighting,

00:05:13.266 --> 00:05:15.149
someone who might have knight's armor.

00:05:15.149 --> 00:05:17.667
But over time, it became
a prestigious title

00:05:17.667 --> 00:05:21.000
that was given by a monarch or by a lord

00:05:22.271 --> 00:05:26.232
in exchange for service,
oftentimes military service.

00:05:26.232 --> 00:05:30.115
You might have a knight
who is granted a fief from,

00:05:30.115 --> 00:05:32.625
say, this count right over here,

00:05:32.625 --> 00:05:36.636
and say, they might be
lord of their own manor.

00:05:36.636 --> 00:05:40.450
They might have their own
serfs who are not quite slaves,

00:05:40.450 --> 00:05:43.034
but they're bonded
laborers who cannot leave

00:05:43.034 --> 00:05:45.717
and don't have a lot of
rights, working the field.

00:05:45.717 --> 00:05:50.370
You might have other
knights who got the title

00:05:50.370 --> 00:05:53.240
but did not get the land.

00:05:53.240 --> 00:05:54.988
And to complicate things further,

00:05:54.988 --> 00:05:57.490
any of these characters
can have multiple titles.

00:05:57.490 --> 00:06:01.323
For example, this duke
might also be knighted.

00:06:04.071 --> 00:06:08.005
Now, it's worth noting that
these titles of nobility,

00:06:08.005 --> 00:06:12.172
duke, count, baron, earl,
these tended to be hereditary.

00:06:15.279 --> 00:06:17.966
You would pass it down from
one generation to the next,

00:06:17.966 --> 00:06:22.390
as long as the next generation
pledged fealty to their lord.

00:06:22.390 --> 00:06:25.504
The title knight, however,
was given for service

00:06:25.504 --> 00:06:27.528
and did not tend to be passed down

00:06:27.528 --> 00:06:30.650
from generation to generation.

00:06:30.650 --> 00:06:34.144
And to be clear, these still
aren't all the actors here.

00:06:34.144 --> 00:06:37.266
You also have the church,
which during medieval times,

00:06:37.266 --> 00:06:39.806
was a very powerful institution.

00:06:39.806 --> 00:06:43.233
At the top of the church,
you had the bishop of Rome,

00:06:43.233 --> 00:06:47.316
also known as the pope,
and you had their bishops

00:06:48.926 --> 00:06:50.843
in significant regions.

00:06:52.158 --> 00:06:54.575
You also had monastic orders,

00:06:55.424 --> 00:06:57.834
where you might have an abbot,

00:06:57.834 --> 00:07:01.710
who is the head of a monastery,
where you have monks,

00:07:01.710 --> 00:07:04.545
who, as part of that
monastery, are praying.

00:07:04.545 --> 00:07:08.281
They might be farming, they
might be copying texts.

00:07:08.281 --> 00:07:10.696
And there's also power
dynamics between these.

00:07:10.696 --> 00:07:12.952
And as we're about to
see, you can even have

00:07:12.952 --> 00:07:15.147
these non-religious figures pledging

00:07:15.147 --> 00:07:17.914
fealty to religious figures.

00:07:17.914 --> 00:07:19.220
So just to get a sense of what

00:07:19.220 --> 00:07:22.520
these pledges of fealty were like.

00:07:22.520 --> 00:07:24.020
You have a vassal.

00:07:26.079 --> 00:07:28.746
In this homage ceremony, homage,

00:07:30.732 --> 00:07:32.606
or sometimes said homage,

00:07:32.606 --> 00:07:35.621
it really comes from
the French word, homme,

00:07:35.621 --> 00:07:37.051
which refers to man.

00:07:37.051 --> 00:07:40.902
So he is pledging to be his lord's man.

00:07:40.902 --> 00:07:43.524
So this would be the lord right over here.

00:07:43.524 --> 00:07:47.222
And this is an actual pledge
given by Bernard Atton,

00:07:47.222 --> 00:07:52.066
Viscount of Carcassonne,
in the year 1110 in France.

00:07:52.066 --> 00:07:54.545
"In the name of the
Lord, I, Bernard Atton,"

00:07:54.545 --> 00:07:56.726
and I apologize for my pronunciation,

00:07:56.726 --> 00:08:00.333
"Viscount of Carcassonne,
in the presence of my sons,"

00:08:00.333 --> 00:08:01.852
and he goes on to list his sons.

00:08:01.852 --> 00:08:04.054
"Nobles, and of many other honorable men,

00:08:04.054 --> 00:08:07.619
"who have come to the monastery
of St. Mary of Grasse,"

00:08:07.619 --> 00:08:12.056
or Grasse, "since lord Leo ,
abbot of the said monastery,

00:08:12.056 --> 00:08:15.719
"has asked me, in the presence
of all those above mentioned,

00:08:15.719 --> 00:08:20.542
"to acknowledge to him the
fealty and homage" or homage

00:08:20.542 --> 00:08:24.285
"for the castles, manors,
and places which the patrons,

00:08:24.285 --> 00:08:27.471
"my ancestors, held from
him and his predecessors

00:08:27.471 --> 00:08:30.996
"and from the said monastery as a fief,

00:08:30.996 --> 00:08:34.761
"and which I ought to hold as they held,

00:08:34.761 --> 00:08:37.086
"I have made to the lord abbot Leo

00:08:37.086 --> 00:08:40.393
"acknowledgement and
homage as I ought to do."

00:08:40.393 --> 00:08:43.622
So, in this case, the lord is an abbot,

00:08:43.622 --> 00:08:46.691
is a religious figure, is
the head of a monastery

00:08:46.691 --> 00:08:49.242
and the vassal is a viscount.

00:08:49.242 --> 00:08:51.482
You can kinda view them as vice count.

00:08:51.482 --> 00:08:55.052
And notice, he's pledging
fealty to the abbot.

00:08:55.052 --> 00:08:59.366
And in this case, it looks
like Bernard Atton's ancestors

00:08:59.366 --> 00:09:02.515
were already vassals to the abbot

00:09:02.515 --> 00:09:05.528
and so this is really renewing
it and so that the viscount

00:09:05.528 --> 00:09:07.893
could essentially keep his fief.

00:09:07.893 --> 00:09:12.238
Now to appreciate how
complicated this could get,

00:09:12.238 --> 00:09:16.699
here on the timeline you see
when Henry the Second lived,

00:09:16.699 --> 00:09:20.032
and as you can see, he had many titles.

00:09:20.032 --> 00:09:22.112
He was eventually King of England.

00:09:22.112 --> 00:09:24.473
You can see southern England up here.

00:09:24.473 --> 00:09:28.157
He was Duke of Normandy,
Duke of Aquitaine,

00:09:28.157 --> 00:09:29.164
which was interesting.

00:09:29.164 --> 00:09:32.780
He got that as a dowery
when he marries Eleanor,

00:09:32.780 --> 00:09:36.947
whose previous husband was King
Louis the Seventh of France.

00:09:37.934 --> 00:09:41.101
He is Count of Maine, Anjou, Touraine.

00:09:42.409 --> 00:09:44.744
And this is really interesting.

00:09:44.744 --> 00:09:47.950
He's a king of one kingdom,
the Kingdom of England,

00:09:47.950 --> 00:09:52.418
but he is also a duke and a
count within another kingdom,

00:09:52.418 --> 00:09:53.916
the kingdom of France.

00:09:53.916 --> 00:09:55.829
But this gives you a
sense of, to some degree,

00:09:55.829 --> 00:09:57.661
how chaotic the Middle Ages were.

00:09:57.661 --> 00:10:00.275
It wasn't well organized
like under the Roman empire

00:10:00.275 --> 00:10:04.586
or under ancient Persia or
even most nation states today.

00:10:04.586 --> 00:10:07.223
It was many different kingdoms organized

00:10:07.223 --> 00:10:10.147
into many different duchies and counties.

00:10:10.147 --> 00:10:12.998
There wasn't a very clear rhyme and reason

00:10:12.998 --> 00:10:15.816
and positions and power
constantly shifted,

00:10:15.816 --> 00:10:19.983
depending on loyalty, wars,
marriages, and inheritance.