Civic engagement

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Language: en

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- [Instructor] Civic engagement
is defined as the actions

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of local leaders and residents
to improve their community

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and the lives of their community members.

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It's important to think about
these terms pretty broadly.

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We tend to think about community as a word

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that refers specifically
to the physical location

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where you live.

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But you might belong to
several different communities

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at once, your city or town, yes.

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But also your school or a
club sport or online gaming

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or social media networks
or an identity group.

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Anytime you join together with others

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with a common interest,
you're in a community.

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And when you work to
promote the quality of life

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in a community, that's civic engagement.

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Civic engagement also
doesn't only mean engaging

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with politics and government.

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That's one way of acting to
affect change in a community.

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And remember that we define
politics as a process

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by which people reach collective decisions

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despite potentially diverging opinions

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that are generally regarded
as binding on the group

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and enforced as common policy.

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But civic engagement also
includes a whole spectrum of ways

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that people participate in self-governance

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including interacting with government,

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volunteering in and
serving their communities,

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and organizing for social,
political, and economic causes.

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When someone works to make a
difference in their community

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and develops the combination
of knowledge, skills, values,

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and motivation in order
to make a difference,

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they're practicing civic engagement.

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So what does civic engagement look like?

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It could be many things.

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Here are a few examples.

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Organizing a voter registration drive,

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hosting a town meeting,
or organizing a protest.

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It could also be raising
awareness about community issues

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through a blog or website,

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helping others get the skills or resources

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that they need to succeed,

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or seeing a need in your
community and filling it.

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I was on a hike last weekend
and saw a ranger station

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that was built by an Eagle Scout.

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That's a perfect example
of civic engagement,

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Helping elementary school
students build reading skills

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so that they can become strong
citizens is a good example.

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So is volunteering to help
rebuild after a hurricane

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or making sure that a
homeowner who's in a wheelchair

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has a ramp to get in and out of her house.

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So that's a very brief
overview of civic engagement.

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Can you think of any other examples?

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What does a person do differently

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when they're practicing civic engagement

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versus when they're not?

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What forms of civic engagement do you see

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in the communities you belong to?


Service in the United States

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- [Instructor] When
you think about service

00:00:01.950 --> 00:00:04.920
in the United States, what do you imagine?

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Most people immediately
think of military service,

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serving in one of the
branches of the Armed Forces

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like the Army or the Air Force,

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and military service is an
important form of service,

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but it's not the only
kind of national service.

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National service includes
all of the voluntary

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or compulsory ways in which people serve

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their local communities,
their state, or their nation.

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In addition to military service,

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there is also civilian service.

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This involves serving in institutions

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that benefit the United
States or other countries,

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but are not part of the military.

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Some examples include AmeriCorps programs,

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which send volunteers to
help with rebuilding parks,

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tutoring kids, or alleviating
hunger and poverty,

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among other things,

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Teach for America, which sends
outstanding college graduates

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to serve as teachers
in low income schools,

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Youth Build, which teaches
construction skills

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to unemployed young people

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and helps them earn
their high school diploma

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if they haven't already,
and there's the Peace Corps,

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which sends Americans to promote social

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and economic development abroad.

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Service in the United States is voluntary.

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Today, the U.S. Armed
Forces are composed entirely

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of people who volunteered to serve

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rather than people who were drafted.

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That wasn't always the case.

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From 1940 to 1973,

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the United States had a
compulsory military draft

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to fill vacancies in the Armed Services

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that couldn't be filled
by volunteer means.

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After the Vietnam War,

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compulsory military service was suspended,

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but men and people assigned male at birth

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are still required to
register for selective service

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from ages 18 to 25

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as a standby in the event
that a draft is re-instituted.

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Other countries do have
national service requirements.

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Israel mandates that all
citizens over the age of 18

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serve in the military for two years.

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In South Korea, men between
the ages of 16 and 38

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are required to serve in the military

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for at least 18 months,

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and effective in 2021,

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French citizens between 16 and 25

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will have to participate in a month

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of universal national service:

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living in barracks, wearing uniforms,

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and learning about French
culture, civics and volunteering,

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and they won't be allowed

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to bring their cell phones with them.

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Some American politicians have proposed

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creating a national public service program

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in the United States with one or two years

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of mandated national service for Americans

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between the ages of 18 and 25.

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They've argued that it would
help diffuse partisanship

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by bringing people with ideologies

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together for a common purpose,

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and that it would save
the government money

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by making use of
volunteers for some labor.

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Opponents of the idea have argued

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that mandating service
would be a violation

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of individual liberty,

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and that it's unnecessary
to force people to do it,

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because so many people already volunteer.

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So what do you think?

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Should there be a
mandatory national service

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in the United States?


Models of citizenship

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- [Instructor] What do you think it means

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to be a good citizen?

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What does a good citizen do?

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Take a minute to you imagine
your idea of a good citizen.

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What characteristics
does that person have?

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What actions does that person take

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that contribute to their status

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as an active and virtuous citizen?

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I encourage you to pause the video here

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and write down a few words or examples.

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Okay, so what did you come up with?

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Did you think of someone
who obeys the law,

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treats others with kindness,

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volunteers, maybe spends
their money wisely?

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What about someone who
is active in politics,

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or organizes community
responses to problems

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like starting a food drive?

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Or maybe you thought about someone

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who tries to solve problems facing society

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by advocating for change,

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maybe working to change laws
or larger social structures

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in order to promote justice and equality.

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So which one is right?

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Okay, yeah, you guessed it.

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It's a trick question.

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In fact, these are all
models of good citizenship,

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and I wanna to dive a little
more deeply into each of them

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to give you a sense of what they mean,

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because if you compare
what you jotted down

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when I asked you to
imagine a good citizen,

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to what your friend or your
parent or your teacher imagined,

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you might find that they had something

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entirely different in mind.

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So it's helpful to be able
to name different visions

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for good citizenship,

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so that you can probe a little more deeply

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into what someone really means

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when they're talking about it.

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The first model you might see

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is that of the
personally-responsible citizen.

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This is a model of citizenship
that focuses on the actions

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an individual can take

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to be a good member of their community.

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A personally-responsible citizen

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fulfills their personal
obligations and acts responsibly.

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They pay their taxes, vote, obey the law,

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and volunteer to help the less fortunate.

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The are honest and work hard.

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What separates this
model from the other two

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we're going to talk about

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is that the personally-responsible citizen

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generally doesn't try to change society

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or lead efforts to
improve their community.

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They just do their part.

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The second model I wanna talk about

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is participatory citizenship.

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This model emphasizes community
action and organizing.

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The participatory citizen
might create a group

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to advocate for environmental protection,

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or organize a blood drive at
their school or workplace.

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They believe in working
collectively with others

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to address problems in their communities.

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They tend to work through
established systems and groups

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to enact change,

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which distinguishes
them from the last model

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I wanna talk about, the
justice-oriented citizen.

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A big difference between
the justice-oriented citizen

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and the participatory citizen

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is that participatory citizens
don't attempt to change

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big underlying social problems
like poverty or racism.

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They organize to meet the
challenges of the world as it is.

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So let's talk a little bit
more about this third model,

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the justice-oriented citizen.

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The justice-oriented citizen is interested

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in addressing social issues
and the larger structures

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that lead to injustice.

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They try to take a step
back from society as it is

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to ask why problems happen,

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and seek solutions to their root causes.

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So for a justice-oriented citizen,

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giving to charity or organizing a group

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to combat a social problem isn't enough.

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They wanna stop that problem
from happening in the future.

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Now, I'm not telling you this
because I want to convince you

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that there's a correct or a
best way to be a good citizen.

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All three of these models

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are doing good in their communities,

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just in different ways and
with different areas of focus.

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I'm also not saying
that you have to choose

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one of these models to follow.

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There's nothing stopping
you from doing a little bit

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of all three, or taking
one approach with an issue

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you care about, and a different
approach with another issue,

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but understanding these different
approaches to citizenship

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will help you communicate
more clearly with others

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about how you can work together
to improve your community.

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Before we go, let's do a quick scenario

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so you can get in some practice.

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I'll give you some examples of students

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responding to a problem at their school,

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And you see if you can identify

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which model of citizenship
each student represents.

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So here's the problem.

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The marching band
doesn't have enough money

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to attend the "The
Battle of the Big Bands,"

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where they're going to compete

00:05:01.280 --> 00:05:03.960
for best regional marching band.

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Gabe, who plays the tuba,
decides to organize a bake sale

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in order to raise money for the band trip.

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Bodie, who plays the flute,

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bakes brownies and buys rice crispy treats

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for all of her friends
to support the cause.

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Nadia, who plays alto sax

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wonders why the marching band
doesn't have as much funding

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as some other school clubs.

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She presents in front of the school board

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requesting equal funding per student

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for extra curricular activities.

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Which model of citizenship

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does each of these students represent.

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Gabe is modeling
participatory citizenship.

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He is organizing a community
response to a problem.

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Bodie is modeling
personally-responsible citizenship.

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She does her part in the bake sale.

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Nadia is modeling
justice-oriented citizenship.

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She wants to make sure that
the systems are in place

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to keep problems like this from happening

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in the first place.

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So which model of citizenship do you think

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you most often practice?

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Does your family, school, social group,

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promote one of these
models more than another?

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Do you think there are
other models of citizenship

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that we haven't identified here?


Citizenship and voting rights of indigenous people

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Language: en

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- [Instructor] In this
video, I wanna give you

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a very brief overview

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of the history of citizenship

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for indigenous people
in the United States.

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The story of indigenous
people in North America

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and their citizenship
status in the United States

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is long and complex and
it's changing even today.

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The Supreme court recently
ruled in July, 2020

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that indigenous people in
the Eastern half of Oklahoma

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must be tried in federal or tribal courts,

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not state courts because the land belongs

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to the Muskogee Creek Nation.

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So I wanna be clear
that what we're covering

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in this video is just
the most basic outline

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of how citizenship for indigenous people

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has changed over time.

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There is so much more
to learn on this topic

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if you're interested.

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Okay with that said, let's go back to 1789

00:00:50.870 --> 00:00:53.850
when the constitution
gave the first definition

00:00:53.850 --> 00:00:57.510
of who was and was not a US citizen.

00:00:57.510 --> 00:00:59.984
Article 1 of the constitution mentions

00:00:59.984 --> 00:01:02.540
indigenous people twice;

00:01:02.540 --> 00:01:06.110
once to say that Congress
shall have the power

00:01:06.110 --> 00:01:08.910
to regulate commerce with foreign nations

00:01:08.910 --> 00:01:12.800
and among the several States
and with the Indian tribes.

00:01:12.800 --> 00:01:16.090
And once to say that the
population of each state

00:01:16.090 --> 00:01:18.650
as counted for the
purposes of representation

00:01:18.650 --> 00:01:22.390
would exclude Indians not taxed.

00:01:22.390 --> 00:01:24.520
That indigenous people were categorized

00:01:24.520 --> 00:01:26.920
with foreign nations for the purposes

00:01:26.920 --> 00:01:31.190
of regulating trade and not
counted in state populations

00:01:31.190 --> 00:01:34.700
shows us that they were
not considered US citizens

00:01:34.700 --> 00:01:35.820
at that time.

00:01:35.820 --> 00:01:38.750
Remember that at this time, US citizenship

00:01:38.750 --> 00:01:41.860
was generally reserved for white men,

00:01:41.860 --> 00:01:45.160
women and children and
voting rights were reserved

00:01:45.160 --> 00:01:47.700
for white men with property.

00:01:47.700 --> 00:01:51.200
The next major change
in citizenship rights

00:01:51.200 --> 00:01:53.840
was the ratification
of the 14th amendment,

00:01:53.840 --> 00:01:57.360
which guaranteed
citizenship to all persons

00:01:57.360 --> 00:02:00.530
born or naturalized in the United States.

00:02:00.530 --> 00:02:03.770
This ensured citizenship
rights for African-Americans

00:02:03.770 --> 00:02:06.730
and the children of Asian immigrants.

00:02:06.730 --> 00:02:09.930
But at the time the courts
did not interpret it

00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:12.300
to include indigenous people.

00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:15.658
Only about 8% of all indigenous people,

00:02:15.658 --> 00:02:19.440
those who were not living
among a distinct nation,

00:02:19.440 --> 00:02:23.080
but instead within white
settlements were taxed

00:02:23.080 --> 00:02:26.020
and therefore eligible to become citizens.

00:02:26.020 --> 00:02:28.499
Now I should mention that
not all indigenous people

00:02:28.499 --> 00:02:32.880
wanted US citizenship, many
preferred to live separately

00:02:32.880 --> 00:02:36.210
from the United States as
part of their own nations.

00:02:36.210 --> 00:02:38.841
But as the US government
and white settlers

00:02:38.841 --> 00:02:41.640
colonized North America rapidly

00:02:41.640 --> 00:02:44.140
in the mid to late 19th century,

00:02:44.140 --> 00:02:46.820
they ignored the rights
of indigenous people

00:02:46.820 --> 00:02:48.680
as members of separate nations,

00:02:48.680 --> 00:02:51.410
forcibly relocating them to reservations

00:02:51.410 --> 00:02:54.860
or even killing them in
order to obtain their land.

00:02:54.860 --> 00:02:59.490
In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act,

00:02:59.490 --> 00:03:02.030
which attempted to force indigenous people

00:03:02.030 --> 00:03:03.320
to give up their culture

00:03:03.320 --> 00:03:06.910
and common lands and
live like Euro-Americans

00:03:06.910 --> 00:03:09.630
on individual tracks of land,

00:03:09.630 --> 00:03:12.920
any indigenous person who
received a land allotment

00:03:12.920 --> 00:03:15.300
would receive US citizenship.

00:03:15.300 --> 00:03:18.180
It didn't grant birthright citizenship

00:03:18.180 --> 00:03:21.750
to indigenous people or
citizenship to anyone

00:03:21.750 --> 00:03:24.750
who didn't accept a land allotment.

00:03:24.750 --> 00:03:29.750
not until 1924 in recognition
of indigenous soldiers

00:03:30.620 --> 00:03:34.490
in World War I, did
Congress confer citizenship

00:03:34.490 --> 00:03:37.710
on all indigenous people and guarantee

00:03:37.710 --> 00:03:39.480
birthright citizenship to them

00:03:39.480 --> 00:03:42.000
with the passage of the Snyder Act,

00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:45.313
which is also called the
Indian Citizenship Act.

00:03:46.760 --> 00:03:50.430
But did having citizenship
automatically confer

00:03:50.430 --> 00:03:51.770
the right to vote?

00:03:51.770 --> 00:03:53.880
If you've been paying
attention in these videos,

00:03:53.880 --> 00:03:56.150
you will know that the answer is no.

00:03:56.150 --> 00:03:59.690
Many States denied voting
rights to indigenous people.

00:03:59.690 --> 00:04:03.750
They faced many of the same
barriers to accessing the ballot

00:04:03.750 --> 00:04:07.240
as African-Americans did before
the civil rights movement.

00:04:07.240 --> 00:04:10.410
Following World War II
indigenous people sued

00:04:10.410 --> 00:04:13.420
for the right to vote in
States that denied them.

00:04:13.420 --> 00:04:18.180
Utah was the last state to
remove formal barriers in 1962.

00:04:19.410 --> 00:04:23.500
The Voting Rights Act of
1965 provided additional

00:04:23.500 --> 00:04:26.190
protections for indigenous voters

00:04:26.190 --> 00:04:28.650
by outlying exclusionary practices

00:04:28.650 --> 00:04:31.420
that deny or bridge the
right of any citizen

00:04:31.420 --> 00:04:33.060
of the United States to vote

00:04:33.060 --> 00:04:35.600
on account of race or color.

00:04:35.600 --> 00:04:40.270
So that's a very brief overview
of indigenous citizenship

00:04:40.270 --> 00:04:42.220
rights and voting rights.

00:04:42.220 --> 00:04:45.550
In what ways were the
citizenship rights of indigenous

00:04:45.550 --> 00:04:50.060
peoples similar to other
minorities like African-Americans

00:04:50.060 --> 00:04:52.450
and in what ways were they different?

00:04:52.450 --> 00:04:55.980
Why do you think indigenous
people may have wanted US

00:04:55.980 --> 00:04:58.953
citizenship or not wanted US citizenship?


The 19th Amendment and citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.600 --> 00:00:03.530
- [Instructor] We're nearing
the 100th anniversary

00:00:03.530 --> 00:00:07.150
of the ratification of the 19th Amendment

00:00:07.150 --> 00:00:11.020
which says that the right of
citizens of the United States

00:00:11.020 --> 00:00:14.790
to vote shall not be denied or abridged

00:00:14.790 --> 00:00:19.780
by the United States or by
any state on account of sex.

00:00:19.780 --> 00:00:21.920
This was the pivotal amendment

00:00:21.920 --> 00:00:24.450
that guaranteed the
right to vote for women.

00:00:24.450 --> 00:00:26.510
But, as we've learned so far,

00:00:26.510 --> 00:00:29.800
having citizenship and
having the right to vote

00:00:29.800 --> 00:00:32.990
don't necessarily go hand in hand.

00:00:32.990 --> 00:00:36.110
So let's zoom out a bit
from the 19th Amendment

00:00:36.110 --> 00:00:38.990
and take a look at
citizenship rights for women,

00:00:38.990 --> 00:00:42.720
both before and after the amendment.

00:00:42.720 --> 00:00:47.430
Back in 1868, when the
14th Amendment was passed,

00:00:47.430 --> 00:00:50.440
it guaranteed citizenship to anyone

00:00:50.440 --> 00:00:53.760
born or naturalized in the United States.

00:00:53.760 --> 00:00:56.270
White women had been considered citizens

00:00:56.270 --> 00:00:59.030
since the country's founding, but now,

00:00:59.030 --> 00:01:03.440
after the 14th Amendment, women
of color born on U.S. soil

00:01:03.440 --> 00:01:06.800
were included among the ranks of citizens.

00:01:06.800 --> 00:01:08.910
But again, this didn't mean

00:01:08.910 --> 00:01:11.360
that women had the right to vote.

00:01:11.360 --> 00:01:16.240
In 1872, Virginia Minor,
a resident of Missouri,

00:01:16.240 --> 00:01:19.870
attempted to register
to vote and was denied.

00:01:19.870 --> 00:01:22.040
Her husband sued for them both

00:01:22.040 --> 00:01:26.120
because women couldn't bring
suit in Missouri at the time.

00:01:26.120 --> 00:01:29.280
The Minors argued that the 14th Amendment

00:01:29.280 --> 00:01:32.250
guaranteed Virginia's right to vote,

00:01:32.250 --> 00:01:37.220
and the case went all the way
to the Supreme Court in 1875.

00:01:37.220 --> 00:01:40.760
In Minor versus Happersett,
Happersett was the name

00:01:40.760 --> 00:01:44.290
of the registrar who wouldn't
let Virginia register to vote,

00:01:44.290 --> 00:01:47.280
the court issued the ruling
that the right to vote

00:01:47.280 --> 00:01:51.230
was not one of the
constitutionally protected rights

00:01:51.230 --> 00:01:52.720
of citizenship.

00:01:52.720 --> 00:01:55.360
This meant that, for women
to get the right to vote,

00:01:55.360 --> 00:01:57.960
they would either have
to get individual states

00:01:57.960 --> 00:02:01.160
to permit women to vote
or persuade Congress

00:02:01.160 --> 00:02:03.730
to amend the U.S. Constitution.

00:02:03.730 --> 00:02:06.850
Women suffragists pursued
both of those strategies.

00:02:06.850 --> 00:02:11.740
And, by 1919, when Congress
approved the 19th Amendment,

00:02:11.740 --> 00:02:16.740
women had full suffrage in 15
States and partial suffrage,

00:02:16.840 --> 00:02:19.620
meaning that they could vote
in some types of elections

00:02:19.620 --> 00:02:23.050
but not others, in 20 more states.

00:02:23.050 --> 00:02:26.650
The 19th Amendment overturned
Minor versus Happersett

00:02:26.650 --> 00:02:30.900
and ensured that women had the
right to vote in every state.

00:02:30.900 --> 00:02:32.440
However, there were still ways

00:02:32.440 --> 00:02:35.130
that women's citizenship was limited.

00:02:35.130 --> 00:02:37.860
For one thing, a woman's
citizenship status

00:02:37.860 --> 00:02:40.520
was very much tied up with her husband's.

00:02:40.520 --> 00:02:43.750
In the early 20th century,
if an American woman

00:02:43.750 --> 00:02:48.410
married a non-citizen, she
lost her U S citizenship.

00:02:48.410 --> 00:02:50.280
The reverse was not true.

00:02:50.280 --> 00:02:53.240
If an American man married a non-citizen,

00:02:53.240 --> 00:02:55.070
he remained a citizen.

00:02:55.070 --> 00:02:59.010
This was a relic of the
legal doctrine of coverture,

00:02:59.010 --> 00:03:00.810
that a woman's legal rights

00:03:00.810 --> 00:03:03.980
were swallowed up by her
husband's when she got married.

00:03:03.980 --> 00:03:07.620
In 1922, shortly after the 19th Amendment,

00:03:07.620 --> 00:03:10.140
the Cable Act started the process

00:03:10.140 --> 00:03:13.500
of disentangling a
woman's citizenship status

00:03:13.500 --> 00:03:15.000
from that of her husband.

00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:17.080
But it wasn't until 1934

00:03:17.080 --> 00:03:20.620
that all of the exceptions
and loopholes were closed.

00:03:20.620 --> 00:03:22.600
Jury service was another arena

00:03:22.600 --> 00:03:24.440
where women's citizenship rights

00:03:24.440 --> 00:03:27.150
took some time to catch up to men's.

00:03:27.150 --> 00:03:30.430
Some states tied jury service to voting

00:03:30.430 --> 00:03:32.570
so that, when women got the right to vote,

00:03:32.570 --> 00:03:35.230
they became eligible to serve as jurors.

00:03:35.230 --> 00:03:37.200
But that wasn't the case in every state.

00:03:37.200 --> 00:03:40.780
So, even after the 19th
Amendment, women had to fight

00:03:40.780 --> 00:03:44.980
for the right to sit on
juries in more than 30 states.

00:03:44.980 --> 00:03:48.220
We tend to think of jury duty
as something to get out of,

00:03:48.220 --> 00:03:50.580
if at all possible, but it's really

00:03:50.580 --> 00:03:54.100
an incredibly important
aspect of citizenship.

00:03:54.100 --> 00:03:56.890
It ensures that people
who are accused of a crime

00:03:56.890 --> 00:04:00.040
are tried by a jury of their peers.

00:04:00.040 --> 00:04:03.810
Not until 1968 did every state

00:04:03.810 --> 00:04:06.580
require women to sit on juries.

00:04:06.580 --> 00:04:09.840
So how important do you
think the 19th Amendment was

00:04:09.840 --> 00:04:12.610
in gaining citizenship rights for women?

00:04:12.610 --> 00:04:16.400
What did it change and
what didn't it change?

00:04:16.400 --> 00:04:20.153
And why is jury service so
important to citizenship?


Citizenship in the US territories and District of Columbia

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:01.420
- [Presenter] Did you know that there are

00:00:01.420 --> 00:00:03.780
more than 4 million people

00:00:03.780 --> 00:00:05.700
who live in American territories

00:00:05.700 --> 00:00:09.540
that aren't part of the 50 US states?

00:00:09.540 --> 00:00:13.370
In fact, the US claims 16 territories

00:00:13.370 --> 00:00:16.270
outside of the continental United States,

00:00:16.270 --> 00:00:20.420
although a few of those are in
dispute with other countries

00:00:20.420 --> 00:00:24.690
and only five of them are
permanently inhabited.

00:00:24.690 --> 00:00:27.110
So where are these territories?

00:00:27.110 --> 00:00:29.260
Let's look at a map.

00:00:29.260 --> 00:00:32.930
Most of the territories
are here in the Pacific.

00:00:32.930 --> 00:00:36.660
The inhabited territories here are Guam,

00:00:36.660 --> 00:00:40.910
the Northern Mariana
Islands and American Samoa.

00:00:40.910 --> 00:00:44.800
Then there are two here in the Caribbean,

00:00:44.800 --> 00:00:48.470
the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.

00:00:48.470 --> 00:00:51.040
You may also be surprised to learn

00:00:51.040 --> 00:00:54.820
that the capital of the
United States, Washington,

00:00:54.820 --> 00:00:58.440
is in a special geographic
and political zone

00:00:58.440 --> 00:01:03.440
called the District of Columbia,
which is also not a state.

00:01:03.940 --> 00:01:07.840
The most populous territory
by far is Puerto Rico

00:01:07.840 --> 00:01:11.180
with more than 3 million residents.

00:01:11.180 --> 00:01:15.870
Its population is greater
than 19 of the US states,

00:01:15.870 --> 00:01:20.870
putting it just behind Utah
but ahead of Iowa in numbers.

00:01:21.440 --> 00:01:26.060
The District of Columbia has
more than 700,000 residents,

00:01:26.060 --> 00:01:30.410
putting it ahead of just
two states in population.

00:01:30.410 --> 00:01:34.020
The other four territories
are much smaller

00:01:34.020 --> 00:01:38.770
with between 50,000 and 200,000 residents.

00:01:38.770 --> 00:01:41.840
The citizenship status and voting rights

00:01:41.840 --> 00:01:44.130
of the people living in these territories

00:01:44.130 --> 00:01:47.720
might be different from
residents of the states.

00:01:47.720 --> 00:01:51.700
Let's delve a little bit
more into these differences.

00:01:51.700 --> 00:01:54.780
Most people living in
the American territories

00:01:54.780 --> 00:01:58.010
are granted US citizenship at birth,

00:01:58.010 --> 00:02:01.830
although that has not
always been the case.

00:02:01.830 --> 00:02:05.440
Although white people born
in the District of Columbia

00:02:05.440 --> 00:02:07.230
have had citizenship at birth

00:02:07.230 --> 00:02:10.470
from the creation of the district in 1790,

00:02:10.470 --> 00:02:12.830
the large black population of the city

00:02:12.830 --> 00:02:15.110
didn't gain citizenship protections

00:02:15.110 --> 00:02:19.570
until the passage of the
14th Amendment in 1868.

00:02:19.570 --> 00:02:21.640
Over the course of the 20th century,

00:02:21.640 --> 00:02:24.540
the residents of four
of the other territories

00:02:24.540 --> 00:02:28.240
have gotten citizenship
status by various means,

00:02:28.240 --> 00:02:32.710
starting with Puerto Rico by
an act of Congress in 1917.

00:02:34.270 --> 00:02:36.910
The US Virgin Islands gained citizenship

00:02:36.910 --> 00:02:40.220
by congressional order in 1927.

00:02:40.220 --> 00:02:44.790
The 1952 Immigration and
Nationality Act expanded

00:02:44.790 --> 00:02:47.930
the definition of who received
US citizenship at birth

00:02:47.930 --> 00:02:49.870
to include Guam.

00:02:49.870 --> 00:02:52.650
And residents of the
Northern Mariana Islands

00:02:52.650 --> 00:02:54.670
became citizens when their territory

00:02:54.670 --> 00:02:58.320
became a Commonwealth in 1976.

00:02:58.320 --> 00:03:02.810
The residents of American Samoa
are currently US nationals,

00:03:02.810 --> 00:03:05.050
not US citizens.

00:03:05.050 --> 00:03:07.810
This means that they
have the right to travel

00:03:07.810 --> 00:03:09.820
and live in the United States.

00:03:09.820 --> 00:03:12.670
And they're afforded
protection by the United States

00:03:12.670 --> 00:03:14.270
when traveling abroad,

00:03:14.270 --> 00:03:18.300
but they don't qualify for other
benefits of US citizenship,

00:03:18.300 --> 00:03:20.220
like the right to vote.

00:03:20.220 --> 00:03:22.620
But that might change soon.

00:03:22.620 --> 00:03:26.070
Right now, a case which
is seeking US citizenship

00:03:26.070 --> 00:03:28.010
for American Samoans,

00:03:28.010 --> 00:03:30.710
Fitisemanu versus the United States,

00:03:30.710 --> 00:03:33.470
is making its way through
the federal court system.

00:03:33.470 --> 00:03:36.973
So we may hear a ruling
on this case this year.

00:03:37.920 --> 00:03:42.130
The citizens of the territories
and Washington DC have many

00:03:42.130 --> 00:03:46.050
of the same citizenship
rights and responsibilities

00:03:46.050 --> 00:03:48.560
as citizens of the states.

00:03:48.560 --> 00:03:52.460
Remember, because American
Samoans are US nationals

00:03:52.460 --> 00:03:53.830
rather than citizens,

00:03:53.830 --> 00:03:56.118
their situation is a little bit different.

00:03:56.118 --> 00:03:58.750
So what I'm about to say
does not apply to them.

00:03:58.750 --> 00:04:01.310
The citizens of the
territories have the right

00:04:01.310 --> 00:04:05.690
to move freely within the United
States without a passport.

00:04:05.690 --> 00:04:09.830
They also have the right to
vote in presidential primaries

00:04:09.830 --> 00:04:12.510
but not in presidential elections.

00:04:12.510 --> 00:04:14.630
We'll talk more about
voting rights in a sec,

00:04:14.630 --> 00:04:18.290
because DC is also a bit
different in this regard.

00:04:18.290 --> 00:04:19.770
Citizens in the territories

00:04:19.770 --> 00:04:23.180
also have most of the same
civil and political rights

00:04:23.180 --> 00:04:24.950
as the people in the states,

00:04:24.950 --> 00:04:28.700
and their responsibilities
are also much the same.

00:04:28.700 --> 00:04:31.630
Although they don't have
to pay federal income tax,

00:04:31.630 --> 00:04:33.670
they do have to pay other federal taxes

00:04:33.670 --> 00:04:36.150
like Social Security and Medicare.

00:04:36.150 --> 00:04:39.620
They also must defend the
country when called upon

00:04:39.620 --> 00:04:43.450
and obey federal laws and regulations.

00:04:43.450 --> 00:04:45.680
However, even though the citizens

00:04:45.680 --> 00:04:48.380
of the territories and Washington DC have

00:04:48.380 --> 00:04:50.670
to obey federal laws,

00:04:50.670 --> 00:04:54.900
pay federal taxes and defend
the country when called upon,

00:04:54.900 --> 00:04:59.300
they do not have any voting
representation in Congress.

00:04:59.300 --> 00:05:01.630
Each of the territories has a delegate

00:05:01.630 --> 00:05:03.620
in the House of Representatives.

00:05:03.620 --> 00:05:07.430
But although those delegates
may participate and debate

00:05:07.430 --> 00:05:12.430
and sit on committees,
they may not cast votes.

00:05:12.570 --> 00:05:15.280
The citizens of Puerto Rico, Guam,

00:05:15.280 --> 00:05:16.780
the US Virgin Islands

00:05:16.780 --> 00:05:19.960
and the Northern Mariana Islands can vote

00:05:19.960 --> 00:05:21.870
for their territorial governor,

00:05:21.870 --> 00:05:26.720
their delegate in the House
and in presidential primaries.

00:05:26.720 --> 00:05:29.480
The citizens of Washington DC can vote

00:05:29.480 --> 00:05:32.010
for their mayor and City Council,

00:05:32.010 --> 00:05:34.090
although Congress has the authority

00:05:34.090 --> 00:05:36.760
to block any laws passed by that council,

00:05:36.760 --> 00:05:38.410
if they disagree with them.

00:05:38.410 --> 00:05:42.800
DC citizens may vote in
presidential elections as well.

00:05:42.800 --> 00:05:47.210
The 23rd Amendment to the US
Constitution, ratified in 1961,

00:05:48.280 --> 00:05:51.740
gave the district three votes
in the electoral college

00:05:51.740 --> 00:05:55.540
for the election of the
president and the vice president.

00:05:55.540 --> 00:05:59.000
So what do you think about
citizenship and voting rights

00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:02.180
in the territories and in
the District of Columbia?

00:06:02.180 --> 00:06:04.360
How are they different from those

00:06:04.360 --> 00:06:06.240
of the citizens of the states?

00:06:06.240 --> 00:06:07.920
And how are they similar?

00:06:07.920 --> 00:06:09.750
Why do you think they're different?

00:06:09.750 --> 00:06:11.403
And do you think they should be?


The Dred Scott case and citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.350 --> 00:00:01.240
- [Instructor] In this video,

00:00:01.240 --> 00:00:04.000
I want to give you a very brief overview

00:00:04.000 --> 00:00:06.530
of Dred Scott versus Sandford,

00:00:06.530 --> 00:00:09.480
a Supreme Court decision made in 1857

00:00:09.480 --> 00:00:12.490
that had major consequences
on the definition

00:00:12.490 --> 00:00:15.110
of citizenship in the United States.

00:00:15.110 --> 00:00:17.510
This case was tied up with so many

00:00:17.510 --> 00:00:19.600
of the questions and problems

00:00:19.600 --> 00:00:23.480
that plagued America at this
time, particularly slavery

00:00:23.480 --> 00:00:26.280
and the westward expansion of the nation,

00:00:26.280 --> 00:00:29.060
that it's really easy to go far down

00:00:29.060 --> 00:00:30.910
into the rabbit hole on this one.

00:00:30.910 --> 00:00:32.810
But I'm gonna try to restrain myself

00:00:32.810 --> 00:00:35.840
and just give you the
basics you need to know

00:00:35.840 --> 00:00:38.010
to understand what happened in the case

00:00:38.010 --> 00:00:39.860
and why it's important.

00:00:39.860 --> 00:00:42.820
If you do wanna learn more
about the Dred Scott case,

00:00:42.820 --> 00:00:45.720
we have a much more in-depth
video on the subject

00:00:45.720 --> 00:00:47.820
that I'll link to in the description.

00:00:47.820 --> 00:00:50.490
Okay, so let me set the scene for you.

00:00:50.490 --> 00:00:54.550
In the mid-1800s, the U.S.
government had been trying to

00:00:54.550 --> 00:00:58.030
balance the desires
and the political power

00:00:58.030 --> 00:01:00.360
of the slave-owning southern states

00:01:00.360 --> 00:01:04.530
and the free northern states for decades.

00:01:04.530 --> 00:01:07.710
They kept making compromises
to keep the union

00:01:07.710 --> 00:01:09.100
from falling apart.

00:01:09.100 --> 00:01:13.830
And one of these was the
Missouri Compromise of 1820.

00:01:13.830 --> 00:01:15.570
The geography of this is important.

00:01:15.570 --> 00:01:20.140
So let's take a look at a map
of North America at the time.

00:01:20.140 --> 00:01:23.590
So here, you can see the
free states and territories

00:01:23.590 --> 00:01:27.080
of the north in green, and
the slave-owning states

00:01:27.080 --> 00:01:29.490
and territories in blue.

00:01:29.490 --> 00:01:33.540
In 1820, the U.S. government
agreed that to maintain

00:01:33.540 --> 00:01:37.490
the balance of power between
slave and free states,

00:01:37.490 --> 00:01:40.710
as new states entered the
union from western lands,

00:01:40.710 --> 00:01:45.640
new states below this
36 30' line of latitude

00:01:45.640 --> 00:01:50.290
would be slave states, and
above it would be free states.

00:01:50.290 --> 00:01:54.010
Missouri was the exception,
the last slave state

00:01:54.010 --> 00:01:56.540
to be admitted above that line.

00:01:56.540 --> 00:02:01.380
Now this compromise worked to
stave off political disunion

00:02:01.380 --> 00:02:02.830
for 30 years.

00:02:02.830 --> 00:02:07.330
But by the 1850s, when a
whole bunch of new states

00:02:07.330 --> 00:02:10.710
were set to enter the union
following Mexico's cession

00:02:10.710 --> 00:02:12.620
of this land to the United States,

00:02:12.620 --> 00:02:15.410
the compromise was starting to fall apart.

00:02:15.410 --> 00:02:16.850
Now what does all this have to do

00:02:16.850 --> 00:02:18.830
with a man named Dred Scott?

00:02:18.830 --> 00:02:21.010
Dred was an enslaved man

00:02:21.010 --> 00:02:24.100
who had been born into
slavery in Virginia.

00:02:24.100 --> 00:02:27.360
His enslaver eventually moved to Missouri

00:02:27.360 --> 00:02:30.360
and when Dred was about 30 years old,

00:02:30.360 --> 00:02:34.190
that man sold him to an
army doctor named Emerson.

00:02:34.190 --> 00:02:36.570
Emerson took Dred to Illinois,

00:02:36.570 --> 00:02:40.910
where Dred married his wife
Harriet, who was also enslaved.

00:02:40.910 --> 00:02:42.760
Emerson went back to Missouri

00:02:42.760 --> 00:02:46.140
but left Dred and Harriet in Illinois.

00:02:46.140 --> 00:02:49.390
He sold their services as
labors and kept the money

00:02:49.390 --> 00:02:52.210
that they made, which
was definitely illegal

00:02:52.210 --> 00:02:55.640
because he was practicing
slavery in a free state.

00:02:55.640 --> 00:02:59.320
After a year or so,
Emerson moved to Louisiana

00:02:59.320 --> 00:03:02.330
and married a woman named Eliza Sanford.

00:03:02.330 --> 00:03:06.300
And Emerson ordered Dred
and Harriet to join them.

00:03:06.300 --> 00:03:09.580
They took a steamboat down to Louisiana

00:03:09.580 --> 00:03:11.650
and while they were on that steamboat,

00:03:11.650 --> 00:03:14.550
Harriet gave birth to a baby girl,

00:03:14.550 --> 00:03:17.480
who was lawfully free
since she had been born

00:03:17.480 --> 00:03:19.060
in free territory.

00:03:19.060 --> 00:03:23.760
But the Emersons continued
to enslave all three of them.

00:03:23.760 --> 00:03:28.760
Eventually, Dr. Emerson died
and his wife Eliza Sanford

00:03:29.040 --> 00:03:32.140
became the sole owner of the Scott family,

00:03:32.140 --> 00:03:34.920
who had moved back to Missouri with her.

00:03:34.920 --> 00:03:39.920
In 1846, Dred tried to purchase
their freedom from her,

00:03:39.970 --> 00:03:41.620
but she refused.

00:03:41.620 --> 00:03:45.490
So he filed a freedom
suit in Missouri court.

00:03:45.490 --> 00:03:48.960
He pled that since he had
been taken into a free state,

00:03:48.960 --> 00:03:50.650
he should have been freed,

00:03:50.650 --> 00:03:53.810
and that his family was
being held unjustly.

00:03:53.810 --> 00:03:56.220
The case made its way through the courts

00:03:56.220 --> 00:03:58.480
over the course of several years.

00:03:58.480 --> 00:04:01.970
And in the meantime, Eliza
transferred ownership

00:04:01.970 --> 00:04:05.590
of the Scotts to her
brother, John Sanford.

00:04:05.590 --> 00:04:07.300
Since he lived in a different state,

00:04:07.300 --> 00:04:09.290
it became a federal case,

00:04:09.290 --> 00:04:13.330
and eventually it came
before the Supreme Court.

00:04:13.330 --> 00:04:17.990
So in 1857, the Supreme
Court led at that time by

00:04:17.990 --> 00:04:21.490
Chief Justice Roger
Taney issued its ruling

00:04:21.490 --> 00:04:24.120
in Dred Scott versus Sandford.

00:04:24.120 --> 00:04:26.740
You'll notice that Sandford
has an extra D in it

00:04:26.740 --> 00:04:29.580
in the title because it
was entered incorrectly

00:04:29.580 --> 00:04:32.010
in the records and never changed.

00:04:32.010 --> 00:04:34.320
Taney wrote the majority opinion

00:04:34.320 --> 00:04:37.330
and he came to two main conclusions.

00:04:37.330 --> 00:04:40.740
First, that Dred Scott couldn't bring suit

00:04:40.740 --> 00:04:43.480
in the Supreme Court because he was black

00:04:43.480 --> 00:04:46.840
and the descendant of enslaved Africans.

00:04:46.840 --> 00:04:48.930
Taney said that he believed the founders

00:04:48.930 --> 00:04:52.660
of the United States had never
intended for black people,

00:04:52.660 --> 00:04:56.020
enslaved or free, to
have citizenship rights.

00:04:56.020 --> 00:04:59.090
He made a distinction
between black people,

00:04:59.090 --> 00:05:01.700
who he believed the founders intended

00:05:01.700 --> 00:05:05.130
for perpetual servitude,
and indigenous people,

00:05:05.130 --> 00:05:07.590
who he thought had been treated as members

00:05:07.590 --> 00:05:11.000
of separate nations, and
therefore could immigrate

00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:13.280
to the United States if they wanted to.

00:05:13.280 --> 00:05:15.520
What does this tell you about how Taney

00:05:15.520 --> 00:05:18.710
was envisioning citizenship
and who was eligible

00:05:18.710 --> 00:05:20.000
to claim it?

00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:23.850
Now generally in cases when
the Supreme Court rules

00:05:23.850 --> 00:05:27.110
that it doesn't have
jurisdiction to hear a case,

00:05:27.110 --> 00:05:28.330
it stops there.

00:05:28.330 --> 00:05:31.140
It doesn't go on to give
any opinion about the merits

00:05:31.140 --> 00:05:32.610
of the case itself.

00:05:32.610 --> 00:05:35.740
But Taney bucked that
convention and went on to make

00:05:35.740 --> 00:05:39.540
a ruling about whether going
over that Missouri Compromise

00:05:39.540 --> 00:05:44.540
line from a slave state to a
free one made Dred Scott free.

00:05:44.580 --> 00:05:46.480
And he said that it didn't

00:05:46.480 --> 00:05:48.900
and that the whole Missouri Compromise

00:05:48.900 --> 00:05:52.040
was unconstitutional because it interfered

00:05:52.040 --> 00:05:54.860
with slave owners' property rights.

00:05:54.860 --> 00:05:58.560
Now it's worth mentioning here
that the Dred Scott decision

00:05:58.560 --> 00:06:03.560
is universally regarded as the
worst Supreme Court decision

00:06:04.140 --> 00:06:05.500
of all time.

00:06:05.500 --> 00:06:08.110
Not just because it was morally bankrupt,

00:06:08.110 --> 00:06:12.090
but also because it wasn't
based on sound reasoning.

00:06:12.090 --> 00:06:15.120
Taney definitely
cherry-picked his evidence

00:06:15.120 --> 00:06:17.950
about the founders never
intending black people

00:06:17.950 --> 00:06:19.240
to be citizens.

00:06:19.240 --> 00:06:22.080
For example, he left out
the fact that propertied

00:06:22.080 --> 00:06:26.200
black men could vote in five
of the original 13 states

00:06:26.200 --> 00:06:27.660
at the time of the founding.

00:06:27.660 --> 00:06:31.420
And that the founders
agreed to outlaw slavery

00:06:31.420 --> 00:06:33.550
in the Northwest Territory,

00:06:33.550 --> 00:06:35.780
both of which suggests
that there wasn't any kind

00:06:35.780 --> 00:06:38.460
of consensus among the
founders about the status

00:06:38.460 --> 00:06:42.310
of black people or the future
of slavery in the west.

00:06:42.310 --> 00:06:44.800
So what was the impact of this decision?

00:06:44.800 --> 00:06:47.650
The Supreme Court thought this
decision was going to settle

00:06:47.650 --> 00:06:51.060
the question about slavery
and its spread to the west

00:06:51.060 --> 00:06:54.690
for good, but it ended
up completely backfiring.

00:06:54.690 --> 00:06:57.220
Tensions between the north
and south started to reach

00:06:57.220 --> 00:06:59.870
a fever pitch after this decision.

00:06:59.870 --> 00:07:02.930
Abraham Lincoln started to
gain a national following

00:07:02.930 --> 00:07:05.590
because of his arguments
against this case.

00:07:05.590 --> 00:07:07.820
And eventually, civil war would erupt

00:07:07.820 --> 00:07:09.840
when Lincoln became president.

00:07:09.840 --> 00:07:14.030
After the Civil War, two new
amendments to the constitution

00:07:14.030 --> 00:07:16.810
would undue the Dred Scott decision.

00:07:16.810 --> 00:07:20.110
The 13th Amendment,
which abolished slavery,

00:07:20.110 --> 00:07:24.130
and the 14th Amendment, which
guaranteed citizenship rights

00:07:24.130 --> 00:07:26.750
for all people born in the United States.

00:07:26.750 --> 00:07:31.080
Although Dred Scott lost his
case, just two months later,

00:07:31.080 --> 00:07:32.930
he did get his freedom.

00:07:32.930 --> 00:07:35.080
He didn't get to enjoy it for long though,

00:07:35.080 --> 00:07:37.300
since he died just a year later.

00:07:37.300 --> 00:07:41.120
His wife Harriet and two
daughters did survive

00:07:41.120 --> 00:07:44.550
to see the end of slavery
and the 14th Amendment.

00:07:44.550 --> 00:07:47.483
And his great-great-grandchildren
are alive today.


Citizenship in early America, 1789-1830s

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.780
- In this video and the one that follows,

00:00:02.780 --> 00:00:05.190
I'm going to give you a brief overview

00:00:05.190 --> 00:00:08.770
of citizenship rights in early America.

00:00:08.770 --> 00:00:11.180
Who was considered a citizen?

00:00:11.180 --> 00:00:14.900
Did having citizenship mean
that you had the right to vote?

00:00:14.900 --> 00:00:19.260
How did citizenship and voting
rights change over time?

00:00:19.260 --> 00:00:20.980
So let's go back to the beginning,

00:00:20.980 --> 00:00:25.350
when the U.S. Constitution
took effect in 1789.

00:00:25.350 --> 00:00:27.020
Shortly thereafter,

00:00:27.020 --> 00:00:29.140
Congress passed the first

00:00:29.140 --> 00:00:32.770
Federal Naturalization Act of 1790.

00:00:32.770 --> 00:00:34.790
Remember that naturalization

00:00:34.790 --> 00:00:38.993
is the process by which
someone becomes a citizen.

00:00:39.850 --> 00:00:41.160
That act said,

00:00:41.160 --> 00:00:45.550
that any free white
person of good character

00:00:45.550 --> 00:00:47.410
could be a U.S. citizen.

00:00:47.410 --> 00:00:50.350
They had to live in the
United States for two years,

00:00:50.350 --> 00:00:52.330
later they changed it to five years,

00:00:52.330 --> 00:00:55.100
and in the state where they
applied for citizenship,

00:00:55.100 --> 00:00:56.880
for at least one year,

00:00:56.880 --> 00:01:00.370
and then take an oath to
support the Constitution.

00:01:00.370 --> 00:01:04.700
Who did that include
and who did it exclude?

00:01:04.700 --> 00:01:08.570
Any white man who wasn't
an indentured servant,

00:01:08.570 --> 00:01:10.360
meaning someone who had sold

00:01:10.360 --> 00:01:12.210
a number of years of their labor

00:01:12.210 --> 00:01:14.700
for passage to the United States,

00:01:14.700 --> 00:01:17.070
or convicted of a crime,

00:01:17.070 --> 00:01:19.700
was eligible to become a citizen

00:01:19.700 --> 00:01:22.300
and therefore enjoy all of the protections

00:01:22.300 --> 00:01:25.100
listed in the Constitution
and Bill of Rights.

00:01:25.100 --> 00:01:27.230
Single or widowed white women

00:01:27.230 --> 00:01:29.380
could become citizens on their own.

00:01:29.380 --> 00:01:33.930
Married white women and the
children of naturalized citizens

00:01:33.930 --> 00:01:38.400
also inherited citizenship from
their husbands and fathers.

00:01:38.400 --> 00:01:41.210
This was an era when women and children

00:01:41.210 --> 00:01:45.310
were considered the property
of the male head of household,

00:01:45.310 --> 00:01:49.350
so their identity as
citizens was tied to his.

00:01:49.350 --> 00:01:52.190
But enjoying all the protections

00:01:52.190 --> 00:01:54.960
listed in the Constitution
and Bill of Rights

00:01:54.960 --> 00:01:58.510
didn't necessarily mean
having the right to vote,

00:01:58.510 --> 00:01:59.920
because the right to vote

00:01:59.920 --> 00:02:01.950
was not listed in the Constitution.

00:02:01.950 --> 00:02:03.280
Having U.S. citizenship

00:02:03.280 --> 00:02:05.950
didn't automatically
mean that you could vote.

00:02:05.950 --> 00:02:08.280
States control elections,

00:02:08.280 --> 00:02:09.890
not the Federal Government,

00:02:09.890 --> 00:02:11.760
and most states at this time

00:02:11.760 --> 00:02:14.410
had property requirements for voting.

00:02:14.410 --> 00:02:16.090
That means that to vote,

00:02:16.090 --> 00:02:21.090
a white man had to have a
certain amount of money or land.

00:02:21.140 --> 00:02:22.550
This was based on the idea

00:02:22.550 --> 00:02:26.510
that only people who owned
a stake in the community

00:02:26.510 --> 00:02:28.140
should be able to vote,

00:02:28.140 --> 00:02:31.790
so this limited the vote
to wealthier white men.

00:02:31.790 --> 00:02:34.050
White women couldn't vote,

00:02:34.050 --> 00:02:36.540
even though they could be citizens.

00:02:36.540 --> 00:02:38.900
The Naturalization Act of 1790

00:02:38.900 --> 00:02:42.370
excluded a lot of people who
lived in the United States

00:02:42.370 --> 00:02:45.000
from being eligible for citizenship.

00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:48.720
Indigenous people were not
eligible to become citizens.

00:02:48.720 --> 00:02:50.850
People of African descent,

00:02:50.850 --> 00:02:54.480
both those who were enslaved
and those who were free,

00:02:54.480 --> 00:02:56.730
were not eligible to become citizens,

00:02:56.730 --> 00:03:00.010
although some states did
permit free black men

00:03:00.010 --> 00:03:01.660
to own property and vote

00:03:01.660 --> 00:03:04.230
if they met those property requirements.

00:03:04.230 --> 00:03:07.430
That shows us another
example of how voting rights

00:03:07.430 --> 00:03:11.780
and citizenship were not
necessarily intertwined.

00:03:11.780 --> 00:03:15.580
However, over the course
of the next 40 years or so,

00:03:15.580 --> 00:03:19.000
whiteness became more and more synonymous

00:03:19.000 --> 00:03:21.470
with voting rights in the United States.

00:03:21.470 --> 00:03:22.800
By the 1830s,

00:03:22.800 --> 00:03:25.100
almost all states had removed

00:03:25.100 --> 00:03:27.410
their property requirements for voting

00:03:27.410 --> 00:03:31.030
and instead permitted any free white man

00:03:31.030 --> 00:03:33.490
over the age of 21 to vote.

00:03:33.490 --> 00:03:37.160
And as state legislatures
rewrote these laws,

00:03:37.160 --> 00:03:40.950
the states that had permitted
property to black men to vote,

00:03:40.950 --> 00:03:43.560
now outlawed them from doing so.

00:03:43.560 --> 00:03:46.630
Now it's worth noting that at that time,

00:03:46.630 --> 00:03:50.470
a larger percentage of
the population could vote

00:03:50.470 --> 00:03:54.040
in the United States than in
anywhere else in the world,

00:03:54.040 --> 00:03:58.310
but voting became strictly
the domain of white men.

00:03:58.310 --> 00:04:02.450
That's a quick overview
of the first few decades

00:04:02.450 --> 00:04:05.900
of citizenship and voting
rights in early America.

00:04:05.900 --> 00:04:06.980
In the next video,

00:04:06.980 --> 00:04:09.660
we'll talk about how those rights evolved

00:04:09.660 --> 00:04:12.853
from the 1840s through the 1870s.


Citizenship in early America, 1840s-1870s

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.380 --> 00:00:01.480
- [Instructor] In the last video,

00:00:01.480 --> 00:00:04.380
we discussed who did and did not

00:00:04.380 --> 00:00:07.100
have citizenship and voting rights

00:00:07.100 --> 00:00:08.970
from 1789

00:00:08.970 --> 00:00:12.020
to the 1830s.

00:00:12.020 --> 00:00:15.340
To summarize, citizenship was reserved

00:00:15.340 --> 00:00:18.790
for white men, women, and children.

00:00:18.790 --> 00:00:21.920
And by the 1830s, the right to vote

00:00:21.920 --> 00:00:24.480
extended to all white men,

00:00:24.480 --> 00:00:27.220
regardless of whether they owned property.

00:00:27.220 --> 00:00:31.450
Although they were citizens,
white women could not vote.

00:00:31.450 --> 00:00:35.990
Indigenous people, enslaved
people, and free Black people

00:00:35.990 --> 00:00:39.730
weren't permitted to be
US citizens, or to vote.

00:00:39.730 --> 00:00:43.530
So let's pick up the
story now in the 1840s,

00:00:43.530 --> 00:00:47.620
when the United States rapidly
colonized North America.

00:00:47.620 --> 00:00:50.840
As part of the Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo,

00:00:50.840 --> 00:00:53.890
the peace treaty that ended
the Mexican-American war,

00:00:53.890 --> 00:00:56.420
the Mexican government ceded the territory

00:00:56.420 --> 00:01:01.000
that's now most of the Western
half of the United States.

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:03.180
The Mexican people who were already living

00:01:03.180 --> 00:01:06.380
in that territory were
granted US citizenship.

00:01:06.380 --> 00:01:07.920
Although the indigenous people

00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:09.860
who were living there were not.

00:01:09.860 --> 00:01:12.010
Although the Mexican-American citizens

00:01:12.010 --> 00:01:14.340
were eligible to vote in theory,

00:01:14.340 --> 00:01:18.210
in practice they faced
intimidation from white Americans

00:01:18.210 --> 00:01:20.950
that limited their access to voting.

00:01:20.950 --> 00:01:25.370
During the 1850s, debate over
the institution of slavery,

00:01:25.370 --> 00:01:30.030
and the status of Black
Americans, consumed the country.

00:01:30.030 --> 00:01:33.210
In the midst of this turmoil in 1857,

00:01:33.210 --> 00:01:36.520
the Supreme Court issued
the Dred Scott opinion,

00:01:36.520 --> 00:01:39.780
which we'll talk about in
more detail in another video,

00:01:39.780 --> 00:01:43.150
ruling that Black people
were not guaranteed

00:01:43.150 --> 00:01:47.990
birthright citizenship, and
had no pathway to citizenship.

00:01:47.990 --> 00:01:51.440
Asian immigrants, who started
coming to the United States

00:01:51.440 --> 00:01:53.970
in larger numbers in the 1850s,

00:01:53.970 --> 00:01:57.600
were also not considered
eligible for citizenship.

00:01:57.600 --> 00:02:01.850
And in the late 19th century,
and early 20th century,

00:02:01.850 --> 00:02:04.040
the US government banned immigration

00:02:04.040 --> 00:02:06.990
from China and Japan altogether.

00:02:06.990 --> 00:02:10.950
In the 1860s, the tensions between slave

00:02:10.950 --> 00:02:14.300
and free states boiled over into war.

00:02:14.300 --> 00:02:17.110
The Southern states
succeeded from the Union

00:02:17.110 --> 00:02:19.930
to protect slavery, starting a civil war

00:02:19.930 --> 00:02:22.370
that lasted for four years.

00:02:22.370 --> 00:02:24.790
During the Civil War, the US government

00:02:24.790 --> 00:02:27.870
issued the Emancipation Proclamation,

00:02:27.870 --> 00:02:31.010
declaring the end of slavery
in the Southern states,

00:02:31.010 --> 00:02:34.920
and after the war, ratified
the 13th Amendment,

00:02:34.920 --> 00:02:38.210
which outlawed slavery
everywhere in the country.

00:02:38.210 --> 00:02:41.890
But ending slavery didn't
automatically guarantee

00:02:41.890 --> 00:02:45.650
citizenship rights for Black
people in the United States.

00:02:45.650 --> 00:02:50.280
In 1868, the ratification
of the 14th Amendment

00:02:50.280 --> 00:02:54.020
established that all persons
born, or naturalized,

00:02:54.020 --> 00:02:56.580
in the United States were citizens.

00:02:56.580 --> 00:02:58.990
This ensured that Black people,

00:02:58.990 --> 00:03:02.090
both men and women, had citizenship.

00:03:02.090 --> 00:03:05.873
As well as the US born
children of Asian immigrants.

00:03:06.800 --> 00:03:09.310
Although, again, it was
still not interpreted

00:03:09.310 --> 00:03:13.110
to mean that indigenous people
had citizenship at this time.

00:03:13.110 --> 00:03:17.142
In addition, a new
Naturalization Act of 1870

00:03:17.142 --> 00:03:21.250
broadened the people who
were eligible for citizenship

00:03:21.250 --> 00:03:24.750
to include aliens of African nativity,

00:03:24.750 --> 00:03:28.320
and persons of African descent.

00:03:28.320 --> 00:03:31.850
But, just like the end of slavery

00:03:31.850 --> 00:03:35.210
didn't automatically
guarantee citizenship rights,

00:03:35.210 --> 00:03:39.490
citizenship didn't automatically
guarantee voting rights.

00:03:39.490 --> 00:03:42.500
Nowhere in the Constitution,
or the Bill of Rights,

00:03:42.500 --> 00:03:44.620
was the right to vote protected.

00:03:44.620 --> 00:03:48.480
Elections then, as now, were
controlled by the states.

00:03:48.480 --> 00:03:51.040
And although the 14th Amendment stipulated

00:03:51.040 --> 00:03:54.060
that states would lose
representation in Congress

00:03:54.060 --> 00:03:58.550
if they denied the vote to any
male citizen of voting age,

00:03:58.550 --> 00:04:00.850
this was the first time that the word male

00:04:00.850 --> 00:04:02.760
was introduced into the Constitution,

00:04:02.760 --> 00:04:05.200
which we'll see the
importance of in just a sec,

00:04:05.200 --> 00:04:09.680
it quickly became clear that a
stronger Amendment was needed

00:04:09.680 --> 00:04:12.470
to ensure Black citizens could vote.

00:04:12.470 --> 00:04:16.810
So in 1870, Congress passed,
and the states ratified,

00:04:16.810 --> 00:04:19.440
the 15th Amendment, which prohibited

00:04:19.440 --> 00:04:21.580
the Federal Government, and the states,

00:04:21.580 --> 00:04:24.530
from denying a citizen the right to vote

00:04:24.530 --> 00:04:27.740
based on that citizen's race, color,

00:04:27.740 --> 00:04:30.630
or previous condition of servitude.

00:04:30.630 --> 00:04:33.210
This was intended to ensure that Black men

00:04:33.210 --> 00:04:34.420
had the right to vote,

00:04:34.420 --> 00:04:37.730
which they exercised in the
South for several years,

00:04:37.730 --> 00:04:40.390
until the US government stopped enforcing

00:04:40.390 --> 00:04:42.870
the rights of Black citizens in the South,

00:04:42.870 --> 00:04:46.340
and white supremacist
governments returned to power.

00:04:46.340 --> 00:04:48.920
The 15th Amendment also did not prevent

00:04:48.920 --> 00:04:52.620
the denial of voting
rights on the basis of sex,

00:04:52.620 --> 00:04:56.440
which was a major blow for
the women's suffrage movement.

00:04:56.440 --> 00:04:58.900
Women would not succeed in their campaign

00:04:58.900 --> 00:05:01.120
for the vote until 1920.

00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:04.910
So that's a very brief
overview of the changes

00:05:04.910 --> 00:05:09.380
in citizenship and voting
rights in the first 100 years

00:05:09.380 --> 00:05:11.740
after the founding of the United States.

00:05:11.740 --> 00:05:15.490
I'll leave you to reflect
on a few questions.

00:05:15.490 --> 00:05:19.370
Why do you think that
citizenship changed over time?

00:05:19.370 --> 00:05:22.910
What does the history
of who did, and didn't,

00:05:22.910 --> 00:05:24.964
have citizenship at various points

00:05:24.964 --> 00:05:28.030
tell us about the concept of citizenship

00:05:28.030 --> 00:05:29.640
in the United States?

00:05:29.640 --> 00:05:31.890
And what's the relationship between

00:05:31.890 --> 00:05:34.313
citizenship and voting rights?


Economic rights of citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:02.910
- [Narrator] The last set
of rights we'll discuss in

00:00:02.910 --> 00:00:07.410
this lesson are the
economic rights of citizens.

00:00:07.410 --> 00:00:10.740
These are the rights that
citizens have to control their own

00:00:10.740 --> 00:00:15.560
property, labor and working conditions.

00:00:15.560 --> 00:00:18.610
This includes all of the rights
associated with your ability

00:00:18.610 --> 00:00:22.253
to make money and your
ability to own stuff.

00:00:23.360 --> 00:00:25.680
The most basic of these rights is

00:00:25.680 --> 00:00:30.680
to acquire, use, transfer
and dispose off property.

00:00:31.500 --> 00:00:34.970
That is you can buy stuff, you can use it,

00:00:34.970 --> 00:00:37.400
you can give it or sell it to someone else

00:00:37.400 --> 00:00:38.700
and you can throw it away.

00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:43.480
These property rights also
include your right to receive

00:00:43.480 --> 00:00:47.390
just compensation for the
taking of private property for

00:00:47.390 --> 00:00:51.820
public use, which is protected
by the fifth amendment.

00:00:51.820 --> 00:00:54.740
So if the government decides
that they need your yard,

00:00:54.740 --> 00:00:56.560
because they're building a highway,

00:00:56.560 --> 00:01:00.580
they must compensate you
fairly for that lands.

00:01:00.580 --> 00:01:03.930
The government also protects
your rights to copyright

00:01:03.930 --> 00:01:06.710
and patent so that you can sue someone

00:01:06.710 --> 00:01:10.770
who steals your ideas, work or inventions.

00:01:10.770 --> 00:01:13.740
So this includes your right
to own things that aren't

00:01:13.740 --> 00:01:17.313
physical objects or lands,
like a song you wrote.

00:01:18.230 --> 00:01:21.260
Then there are the economic
rights that safeguard your

00:01:21.260 --> 00:01:24.000
freedom to own your own labor

00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:26.130
and the money you earn from it.

00:01:26.130 --> 00:01:28.520
Those include the right to earn a wage,

00:01:28.520 --> 00:01:32.420
the right to choose your own
work and change your employment

00:01:32.420 --> 00:01:36.080
and the right to work in safe conditions.

00:01:36.080 --> 00:01:39.680
Lastly, you have economic
rights to associate with

00:01:39.680 --> 00:01:42.930
and combine your interests with others.

00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:46.520
Such as the right to join
labor unions and professional

00:01:46.520 --> 00:01:49.180
associations to advocate for yourself

00:01:49.180 --> 00:01:51.240
and for other members of your profession.

00:01:51.240 --> 00:01:53.600
You can establish and operate a business

00:01:53.600 --> 00:01:57.620
and enter into lawful
contracts with others.

00:01:57.620 --> 00:02:01.580
The ability to own one's own property,

00:02:01.580 --> 00:02:05.740
labor and business dealings
is foundational to the system

00:02:05.740 --> 00:02:09.670
of capitalism, in which
individuals control economic

00:02:09.670 --> 00:02:14.290
organizations rather than
the state or co-operatives.

00:02:14.290 --> 00:02:16.840
So now let's do a couple of scenarios,

00:02:16.840 --> 00:02:19.020
so you can check your skills.

00:02:19.020 --> 00:02:22.570
I'll give you a scenario and
you see if you can identify

00:02:22.570 --> 00:02:26.780
which economic right is
being exercised or violated.

00:02:26.780 --> 00:02:28.410
Number one,

00:02:28.410 --> 00:02:31.110
Yael and a group of her
coworkers are frustrated

00:02:31.110 --> 00:02:33.330
with the working conditions
at the grocery store

00:02:33.330 --> 00:02:34.310
they work at.

00:02:34.310 --> 00:02:35.980
They're forced to work 10 hours days

00:02:35.980 --> 00:02:38.500
with only a 30 minute break for lunch.

00:02:38.500 --> 00:02:40.270
Several of her co-workers have started

00:02:40.270 --> 00:02:43.450
reporting knee problems because
they aren't allowed to sit.

00:02:43.450 --> 00:02:45.810
Yael gathers a majority
of employees to talk

00:02:45.810 --> 00:02:48.860
about organizing a union
to demand less hours

00:02:48.860 --> 00:02:49.960
and more breaks.

00:02:49.960 --> 00:02:52.950
Her boss hears about the
meeting and fires Yael.

00:02:52.950 --> 00:02:57.193
Which right, did her employer
violate in this scenario?

00:02:59.390 --> 00:03:02.010
The right to join a labor union.

00:03:02.010 --> 00:03:03.800
Yael has the right to join unions

00:03:03.800 --> 00:03:07.150
or professional
associations as she chooses.

00:03:07.150 --> 00:03:08.630
Number two,

00:03:08.630 --> 00:03:12.250
one day, a city council
member knocks on Tai's door.

00:03:12.250 --> 00:03:15.300
He tells Tai that the city
needs half of his backyard

00:03:15.300 --> 00:03:17.200
to expand the public park that sits

00:03:17.200 --> 00:03:19.330
on the other side of Tai's fence.

00:03:19.330 --> 00:03:21.540
Tai refuses to give the land away,

00:03:21.540 --> 00:03:23.480
but the city council member tells Tai

00:03:23.480 --> 00:03:24.610
he doesn't have a choice

00:03:24.610 --> 00:03:26.594
and that he will receive a cheque for $50

00:03:26.594 --> 00:03:30.270
to repair the fence once
they take it down tomorrow.

00:03:30.270 --> 00:03:33.783
Which right did the city council
violate in this scenario?

00:03:35.270 --> 00:03:38.610
The right to just
compensation for the taking

00:03:38.610 --> 00:03:41.770
of private property for public use.

00:03:41.770 --> 00:03:44.960
Tai's back yard is worth
a lot more than $50.

00:03:44.960 --> 00:03:46.300
Number three,

00:03:46.300 --> 00:03:49.310
Hamza's boss calls him
into his office one day

00:03:49.310 --> 00:03:51.820
and lets him know that
there's a new opening

00:03:51.820 --> 00:03:53.930
in another department in the company.

00:03:53.930 --> 00:03:56.170
But Hamza doesn't want to move departments

00:03:56.170 --> 00:03:58.190
and enjoys the job he has.

00:03:58.190 --> 00:04:00.760
He requests not to change.

00:04:00.760 --> 00:04:02.890
His boss tells him that if he doesn't move

00:04:02.890 --> 00:04:05.500
to the new department,
she'll have to fire him.

00:04:05.500 --> 00:04:07.800
Instead, Hamza quits.

00:04:07.800 --> 00:04:11.180
He starts looking for
a new job immediately.

00:04:11.180 --> 00:04:14.640
Which right did Hamza
use in this scenario?

00:04:14.640 --> 00:04:18.410
He used his right to change employment.

00:04:18.410 --> 00:04:19.243
Okay.

00:04:19.243 --> 00:04:20.390
That's all for this video.

00:04:20.390 --> 00:04:23.720
What do you think is the most
important economic right?

00:04:23.720 --> 00:04:25.350
What would be the consequences

00:04:25.350 --> 00:04:27.803
if you didn't have one of these rights?


Political rights of citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.150 --> 00:00:01.150
- [Instructor] In the last video

00:00:01.150 --> 00:00:03.230
we discussed personal rights,

00:00:03.230 --> 00:00:05.970
all the rights that citizens
of the United States have

00:00:05.970 --> 00:00:08.845
to control their own bodies and minds.

00:00:08.845 --> 00:00:12.260
In this video, we're going to
talk about political rights,

00:00:12.260 --> 00:00:13.690
which are the rights of citizens

00:00:13.690 --> 00:00:17.960
to participate in the actions
associated with governance.

00:00:17.960 --> 00:00:19.820
So, what are some of these rights?

00:00:19.820 --> 00:00:22.744
First, there's freedom of association.

00:00:22.744 --> 00:00:25.460
This means that you can
join a political party

00:00:25.460 --> 00:00:28.290
or a special interest
group that represents you.

00:00:28.290 --> 00:00:31.670
You're not obligated to
belong to a particular party

00:00:31.670 --> 00:00:33.020
backed by the government,

00:00:33.020 --> 00:00:35.100
and you can't be discriminated against

00:00:35.100 --> 00:00:38.120
for belonging to a political organization.

00:00:38.120 --> 00:00:42.040
There are the first amendment
rights to freedom of speech,

00:00:42.040 --> 00:00:45.170
press, assembly, and petition.

00:00:45.170 --> 00:00:48.640
This means that you can
share political ideas,

00:00:48.640 --> 00:00:53.100
print political ideas, assemble
for political purposes,

00:00:53.100 --> 00:00:56.140
like a conference or a protest march,

00:00:56.140 --> 00:00:59.510
and ask the government to correct a wrong

00:00:59.510 --> 00:01:01.570
without fear of punishment.

00:01:01.570 --> 00:01:03.760
One of the most important political rights

00:01:03.760 --> 00:01:05.630
is the right to vote.

00:01:05.630 --> 00:01:07.890
Citizens may vote as they choose

00:01:07.890 --> 00:01:10.215
according to the laws of their state.

00:01:10.215 --> 00:01:13.330
There's also the right
to run for public office.

00:01:13.330 --> 00:01:16.990
Anyone who meets the criteria
specified by the Constitution

00:01:16.990 --> 00:01:19.480
and their state or municipality

00:01:19.480 --> 00:01:23.890
may run for elected office
without government interference.

00:01:23.890 --> 00:01:26.547
Now, you may be asking,
"Wait, what's the difference

00:01:26.547 --> 00:01:29.272
"between political
rights and civil rights?"

00:01:29.272 --> 00:01:32.580
Well, civil rights
overlap with these rights,

00:01:32.580 --> 00:01:34.940
as well as with personal rights,

00:01:34.940 --> 00:01:37.240
because civil rights protect people

00:01:37.240 --> 00:01:41.520
who belong to marginalized
groups from discrimination.

00:01:41.520 --> 00:01:46.520
So, if a society permits some
people to vote but not others,

00:01:46.640 --> 00:01:51.200
based on their race, sex,
religion, or other characteristic,

00:01:51.200 --> 00:01:52.660
that society is infringing

00:01:52.660 --> 00:01:54.840
on the civil rights of those citizens

00:01:54.840 --> 00:01:57.600
by denying them their political rights.

00:01:57.600 --> 00:01:59.710
So, let's take a look at a few scenarios

00:01:59.710 --> 00:02:02.930
to practice our understanding
of political rights.

00:02:02.930 --> 00:02:06.480
I'll give you a scenario and
you see if you can identify

00:02:06.480 --> 00:02:11.260
which political rate is
being exercised or violated.

00:02:11.260 --> 00:02:14.640
First, Parvati's best friend, Natalie,

00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:16.330
is running for city council.

00:02:16.330 --> 00:02:17.730
She wants to show her support,

00:02:17.730 --> 00:02:21.370
so, she checks Natalie's
name on the election ballot.

00:02:21.370 --> 00:02:24.373
Which right did Parvati exercise?

00:02:26.660 --> 00:02:30.222
If you said the right
to vote, you're correct.

00:02:30.222 --> 00:02:31.500
All right, next up.

00:02:31.500 --> 00:02:35.160
Peih-Gee posts on her social
media encouraging people

00:02:35.160 --> 00:02:38.400
to vote for the Democratic
candidate for governor.

00:02:38.400 --> 00:02:39.800
An admissions officer

00:02:39.800 --> 00:02:42.750
at the public university Peih-Gee got into

00:02:42.750 --> 00:02:45.310
is the brother of the
Republican candidate.

00:02:45.310 --> 00:02:47.610
He rescinds Peih-Gee's offer of admission

00:02:47.610 --> 00:02:50.410
based on her support for
the Democratic candidate.

00:02:50.410 --> 00:02:53.780
Which political right did the
admissions officer violate

00:02:53.780 --> 00:02:55.053
in this scenario?

00:02:58.810 --> 00:03:01.740
This is a violation of Peih-Gee's right

00:03:01.740 --> 00:03:04.640
to political freedom of speech.

00:03:04.640 --> 00:03:05.860
Okay, last one.

00:03:05.860 --> 00:03:09.010
Spencer has been an avid
hunter since he was a kid

00:03:09.010 --> 00:03:12.610
and is interested in joining
the National Rifle Association.

00:03:12.610 --> 00:03:15.230
His boss, Charles, doesn't like guns,

00:03:15.230 --> 00:03:18.230
and doesn't want Spencer to join the NRA.

00:03:18.230 --> 00:03:21.650
If Charles tries to prohibit
Spencer from joining the NRA,

00:03:21.650 --> 00:03:24.363
which of Spencer's rights
would he be violating?

00:03:26.190 --> 00:03:28.260
He would be violating Spencer's right

00:03:28.260 --> 00:03:30.470
to freedom of association,

00:03:30.470 --> 00:03:32.030
which means that he can join groups

00:03:32.030 --> 00:03:34.060
without fear of reprisal.

00:03:34.060 --> 00:03:35.330
Okay, that's all for now.

00:03:35.330 --> 00:03:38.460
Which do you think is the
most important political right

00:03:38.460 --> 00:03:39.833
that citizens have?


Personal rights of citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.710 --> 00:00:02.550
- [Instructor] One of the
chief responsibilities

00:00:02.550 --> 00:00:06.790
of the U.S. government is
protecting the rights of citizens.

00:00:06.790 --> 00:00:09.150
But what are those rights?

00:00:09.150 --> 00:00:14.150
The extent of and limits on
rights can be very complex.

00:00:14.800 --> 00:00:16.960
That's why we have constitutional lawyers

00:00:16.960 --> 00:00:18.530
and Supreme Court cases

00:00:18.530 --> 00:00:21.060
to decide whether the government protects

00:00:21.060 --> 00:00:23.943
or prohibits certain activities.

00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:27.760
But we can make some generalizations

00:00:27.760 --> 00:00:32.630
about categories of rights in
the American political system.

00:00:32.630 --> 00:00:36.340
In this and the videos that
follow, we're gonna distinguish

00:00:36.340 --> 00:00:39.330
between three different types of rights,

00:00:39.330 --> 00:00:44.133
personal rights, political
rights, and economic rights.

00:00:45.180 --> 00:00:48.410
So let's dive in to personal rights.

00:00:48.410 --> 00:00:50.210
This is a really big umbrella

00:00:50.210 --> 00:00:52.470
that includes individual's right

00:00:52.470 --> 00:00:56.830
to decide the best course
of action for themselves.

00:00:56.830 --> 00:01:00.520
Personal rights define the
ways that you should be free

00:01:00.520 --> 00:01:04.690
from government interference
in your private life,

00:01:04.690 --> 00:01:09.090
your home, your mind, and your body.

00:01:09.090 --> 00:01:12.450
You'll recognize some of
them from the Bill of Rights,

00:01:12.450 --> 00:01:14.780
particularly the First Amendment,

00:01:14.780 --> 00:01:18.300
which protects freedom
of speech and religion,

00:01:18.300 --> 00:01:20.200
and the Fourth Amendment,

00:01:20.200 --> 00:01:23.630
which protects the right
of the people to be secure

00:01:23.630 --> 00:01:28.560
in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects

00:01:28.560 --> 00:01:31.453
against unreasonable
searches and seizures.

00:01:32.380 --> 00:01:34.730
So what are some of these rights?

00:01:34.730 --> 00:01:37.900
I've tried to put them into a spectrum

00:01:37.900 --> 00:01:42.900
from freedom of body to
freedom of mind and heart,

00:01:43.620 --> 00:01:46.150
although you'll see that
there are lots of places

00:01:46.150 --> 00:01:50.250
where freedom of body and
freedom of mind overlap.

00:01:50.250 --> 00:01:53.570
First, there's freedom of movement.

00:01:53.570 --> 00:01:56.900
This means that you can
move to a different state

00:01:56.900 --> 00:02:00.180
or even move to a different
country if you want to.

00:02:00.180 --> 00:02:03.620
The U.S. government won't
force you to stay put.

00:02:03.620 --> 00:02:06.070
There's the freedom of association.

00:02:06.070 --> 00:02:08.823
That is to hang out
with anyone you want to.

00:02:09.670 --> 00:02:13.040
There's the freedom to
refuse medical care,

00:02:13.040 --> 00:02:15.490
to be able to control your own body.

00:02:15.490 --> 00:02:16.890
The government can't force you

00:02:16.890 --> 00:02:19.910
to undergo a medical procedure.

00:02:19.910 --> 00:02:22.580
Likewise, there's the
freedom to have children,

00:02:22.580 --> 00:02:26.150
as many or as few as you want.

00:02:26.150 --> 00:02:27.680
There's also the freedom

00:02:27.680 --> 00:02:32.470
from government intrusion
into your private domain,

00:02:32.470 --> 00:02:35.500
also known as the right to privacy.

00:02:35.500 --> 00:02:37.450
It means that the government can't come

00:02:37.450 --> 00:02:41.230
into your home without a
warrant or otherwise interfere

00:02:41.230 --> 00:02:45.050
in your private life behind closed doors.

00:02:45.050 --> 00:02:47.650
There's the freedom of expression,

00:02:47.650 --> 00:02:50.740
the ability of an individual or group

00:02:50.740 --> 00:02:55.343
to express their beliefs,
thoughts, ideas, and emotions.

00:02:56.450 --> 00:03:00.140
There's the freedom to access education.

00:03:00.140 --> 00:03:04.700
So people who are school
age have the right

00:03:04.700 --> 00:03:09.040
to receive a public education
no matter who they are

00:03:09.040 --> 00:03:11.623
or whether they have learning differences.

00:03:12.460 --> 00:03:15.763
There's the freedom to
marry whomever you choose.

00:03:17.170 --> 00:03:21.480
And lastly, there's freedom
of religion and conscience.

00:03:21.480 --> 00:03:23.050
This is your personal right

00:03:23.050 --> 00:03:26.600
to think and believe whatever you want.

00:03:26.600 --> 00:03:30.170
The United States doesn't
have an established church,

00:03:30.170 --> 00:03:33.040
meaning one that the
government supports financially

00:03:33.040 --> 00:03:35.863
or that citizens are obligated to attend.

00:03:36.740 --> 00:03:41.110
Some of these freedoms
might seem like no-brainers,

00:03:41.110 --> 00:03:44.370
but people who live in
authoritarian societies

00:03:44.370 --> 00:03:47.350
don't necessarily enjoy these same rights.

00:03:47.350 --> 00:03:51.190
If you've ever read George
Orwell's novel "1984,"

00:03:51.190 --> 00:03:54.010
it's a good example of what
society might look like

00:03:54.010 --> 00:03:55.770
without these rights.

00:03:55.770 --> 00:03:59.760
In it, the government spies
on everyone in their homes

00:03:59.760 --> 00:04:01.860
and prevents anyone from speaking out

00:04:01.860 --> 00:04:04.020
against the ruling party.

00:04:04.020 --> 00:04:06.200
But it's also important to recognize

00:04:06.200 --> 00:04:09.320
that these rights aren't absolute.

00:04:09.320 --> 00:04:10.960
Many of them have limits,

00:04:10.960 --> 00:04:13.980
and what those limits
should be sparks a lot

00:04:13.980 --> 00:04:15.740
of public debate.

00:04:15.740 --> 00:04:18.150
For example, when we talk about the right

00:04:18.150 --> 00:04:22.760
to refuse medical care, we
might think about vaccines.

00:04:22.760 --> 00:04:25.690
Should people be required to get vaccines

00:04:25.690 --> 00:04:29.910
if not doing so poses a risk
to the health of others?

00:04:29.910 --> 00:04:32.540
What about freedom of expression?

00:04:32.540 --> 00:04:35.610
Should people be able to
say whatever they want,

00:04:35.610 --> 00:04:39.520
or should the government
impose limits on hate speech?

00:04:39.520 --> 00:04:43.750
The personal rights of one
person will frequently overlap

00:04:43.750 --> 00:04:48.463
with or even contradict the
personal rights of someone else.

00:04:49.430 --> 00:04:53.770
So that's it for this brief
overview of personal rights.

00:04:53.770 --> 00:04:54.730
In the next video,

00:04:54.730 --> 00:04:57.513
we'll discuss the political
rights of citizens.


Obligations of citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.370 --> 00:00:01.360
- [Instructor] In this video we're going

00:00:01.360 --> 00:00:05.260
to learn about the obligations
of U.S. citizenship.

00:00:05.260 --> 00:00:08.740
Obligations are actions
that citizens are required

00:00:08.740 --> 00:00:12.030
to fulfill, or they'll
face punishment by law.

00:00:12.030 --> 00:00:15.450
Unlike the responsibilities
of citizenship we talked about

00:00:15.450 --> 00:00:19.500
in the last video, which
are voluntary actions taken

00:00:19.500 --> 00:00:21.120
by good citizens.

00:00:21.120 --> 00:00:25.150
The obligations of
citizenship are not optional.

00:00:25.150 --> 00:00:27.350
So what are some of these obligations?

00:00:27.350 --> 00:00:30.470
First, citizens must obey the law.

00:00:30.470 --> 00:00:34.170
They're bound to abide by
the rules that have been made

00:00:34.170 --> 00:00:37.250
by elected representatives in government.

00:00:37.250 --> 00:00:41.860
Next, citizens over the
age of 18 are required

00:00:41.860 --> 00:00:44.550
to serve on juries.

00:00:44.550 --> 00:00:47.460
The Constitution guarantees
people who've been accused

00:00:47.460 --> 00:00:51.860
of a crime the right to a
trial by a jury of their peers.

00:00:51.860 --> 00:00:54.580
So citizens are obligated to show up

00:00:54.580 --> 00:00:57.480
and be those peers when summoned.

00:00:57.480 --> 00:01:01.000
Although not everyone who
is summoned will be selected

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:02.800
to serve on a jury.

00:01:02.800 --> 00:01:06.880
Citizens are also obligated
to pay their taxes every year

00:01:06.880 --> 00:01:11.793
by April 15th according to
state, local, and federal laws.

00:01:12.650 --> 00:01:16.210
What other obligations do citizens have?

00:01:16.210 --> 00:01:19.940
Young citizens are
required to attend school,

00:01:19.940 --> 00:01:22.100
as children and teenagers.

00:01:22.100 --> 00:01:24.910
Most states require
students to go to school

00:01:24.910 --> 00:01:29.910
from about the age of five
or six, to about 16 to 18.

00:01:30.560 --> 00:01:33.920
Although the exact ages
and requirements differ

00:01:33.920 --> 00:01:36.110
from state to state.

00:01:36.110 --> 00:01:40.310
The last two obligations are
to defend the Constitution

00:01:40.310 --> 00:01:43.090
and the country when called upon.

00:01:43.090 --> 00:01:45.370
These are in the naturalization oath

00:01:45.370 --> 00:01:48.000
that new citizens must take.

00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.210
To defend the Constitution and the laws

00:01:50.210 --> 00:01:53.800
of the United States means
to be loyal to the system

00:01:53.800 --> 00:01:57.930
of government, not to try
to overthrow the government

00:01:57.930 --> 00:02:00.760
or support a particular ruler rather

00:02:00.760 --> 00:02:04.090
than the system described
in the Constitution.

00:02:04.090 --> 00:02:07.960
Citizens are also obligated
to defend the country

00:02:07.960 --> 00:02:12.960
in a combat or non combat
capacity when called upon

00:02:13.090 --> 00:02:14.420
by the government.

00:02:14.420 --> 00:02:18.380
Although at this time, only
men or people assigned male

00:02:18.380 --> 00:02:21.920
at birth, must register
for selective service

00:02:21.920 --> 00:02:25.220
between the ages of 18 and 26.

00:02:25.220 --> 00:02:27.450
So now that we've learned
about the obligations

00:02:27.450 --> 00:02:30.980
of citizenship, let's
do a couple of examples.

00:02:30.980 --> 00:02:35.110
See if you can identify
which obligation each person

00:02:35.110 --> 00:02:38.870
in the scenario is or is not meeting.

00:02:38.870 --> 00:02:40.180
Okay, first up.

00:02:40.180 --> 00:02:43.680
Michel is an avid bicyclist.

00:02:43.680 --> 00:02:45.580
He bikes to work everyday.

00:02:45.580 --> 00:02:48.300
He knows that he could
save about five minutes

00:02:48.300 --> 00:02:51.100
off his commute if he cuts
through a college campus

00:02:51.100 --> 00:02:52.860
and rides on the sidewalks.

00:02:52.860 --> 00:02:55.540
However, in New York City, it's illegal

00:02:55.540 --> 00:02:59.129
for bicyclists over the age
of 13 to ride on sidewalks,

00:02:59.129 --> 00:03:01.210
as bikes are vehicles.

00:03:01.210 --> 00:03:05.020
So Michel sticks to the
bike paths on the street.

00:03:05.020 --> 00:03:06.760
All right, so pause the video here

00:03:06.760 --> 00:03:11.353
and think about which
obligation Michel is following.

00:03:13.130 --> 00:03:15.853
If you said obeying the law, you're right.

00:03:16.700 --> 00:03:18.140
Okay, next one.

00:03:18.140 --> 00:03:21.820
Naomi is 14 and starts tricking here mom

00:03:21.820 --> 00:03:23.960
into thinking she's taking the bus,

00:03:23.960 --> 00:03:27.510
but instead goes to the
library to read all day.

00:03:27.510 --> 00:03:29.260
She gets away with it for three days

00:03:29.260 --> 00:03:31.470
before her mom finds out.

00:03:31.470 --> 00:03:34.763
Which obligation was Naomi neglecting?

00:03:36.800 --> 00:03:41.020
She's neglecting her
obligation to attend school.

00:03:41.020 --> 00:03:42.210
Last one.

00:03:42.210 --> 00:03:45.550
To deal with the shortage
of personnel in a war,

00:03:45.550 --> 00:03:48.710
the U.S. government
drafts thousands of men.

00:03:48.710 --> 00:03:52.030
One of these men, John
Stewart, reports for enlistment

00:03:52.030 --> 00:03:56.110
with the U.S. Marine Corps
at the young age of 19.

00:03:56.110 --> 00:03:59.173
Which obligation is he meeting?

00:04:00.250 --> 00:04:03.560
This one is the obligation
to defend the country

00:04:03.560 --> 00:04:05.022
when called upon.

00:04:05.022 --> 00:04:07.040
All right, that's all for now.

00:04:07.040 --> 00:04:09.913
Keep practicing in the
exercise for this lesson.


Responsibilities of citizenship

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.500 --> 00:00:03.220
- [Narrator] In addition
to citizenship rights,

00:00:03.220 --> 00:00:08.220
citizens also have
responsibilities and obligations.

00:00:08.290 --> 00:00:13.190
Now obligations are those
activities that citizens must do,

00:00:13.190 --> 00:00:16.370
or they'll face legal repercussions.

00:00:16.370 --> 00:00:20.670
But responsibilities are
activities that citizens should do

00:00:20.670 --> 00:00:24.090
to be good and productive
members of society.

00:00:24.090 --> 00:00:27.010
So you won't get in trouble
with the law if you don't do

00:00:27.010 --> 00:00:30.240
them, but your community
will be a better place

00:00:30.240 --> 00:00:31.910
if you do.

00:00:31.910 --> 00:00:34.900
We'll talk more about the
obligations of citizenship

00:00:34.900 --> 00:00:36.180
in another video.

00:00:36.180 --> 00:00:39.573
So for now, let's just focus
on the responsibilities.

00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.400
What are those responsibilities?

00:00:43.400 --> 00:00:45.780
First there's voting.

00:00:45.780 --> 00:00:49.520
It's not legally required
that citizens vote

00:00:49.520 --> 00:00:51.030
in the United States,

00:00:51.030 --> 00:00:54.050
unlike in some other countries
where citizens can get

00:00:54.050 --> 00:00:56.130
in trouble, if they don't vote.

00:00:56.130 --> 00:00:59.830
But responsible citizens get
involved with the decision

00:00:59.830 --> 00:01:00.709
making process, through voting.

00:01:00.709 --> 00:01:04.350
And to be a good voter,

00:01:04.350 --> 00:01:07.690
It's important that citizens are informed.

00:01:07.690 --> 00:01:10.970
They stay up to date on the
issues that government is facing

00:01:10.970 --> 00:01:13.990
and they research candidates
and ballot measures

00:01:13.990 --> 00:01:15.343
before they vote.

00:01:16.870 --> 00:01:20.500
the voting, isn't the only way
to be a responsible citizen.

00:01:20.500 --> 00:01:23.743
You can also do so by
voicing your concerns.

00:01:27.598 --> 00:01:31.502
For example, something I did
recently, and this is true,

00:01:31.502 --> 00:01:32.335
was emailing my city's transit
department about a street

00:01:35.071 --> 00:01:37.841
light that wasn't functioning
properly near where I live,

00:01:37.841 --> 00:01:40.192
the transit department
came out and fixed it.

00:01:40.192 --> 00:01:41.025
And now there's less of a
chance that an accident will

00:01:41.025 --> 00:01:42.420
happen in that intersection.

00:01:42.420 --> 00:01:46.010
So when you notice a problem
that may affect others,

00:01:46.010 --> 00:01:50.310
it's responsible to speak
up and try to fix things.

00:01:50.310 --> 00:01:54.410
You can also act as a responsible
citizen by volunteering.

00:01:54.410 --> 00:01:57.500
If you have a skill to
teach others or time to give

00:01:57.500 --> 00:02:00.890
for a good cause you can make
your community a better place

00:02:00.890 --> 00:02:02.870
through your service.

00:02:02.870 --> 00:02:03.800
Lastly,

00:02:03.800 --> 00:02:08.320
good citizens respect the
rights and beliefs of others.

00:02:08.320 --> 00:02:10.750
They understand that in a democracy,

00:02:10.750 --> 00:02:13.960
not everyone may have the
same opinions or concerns

00:02:13.960 --> 00:02:16.870
as they do, but everyone else is entitled

00:02:16.870 --> 00:02:19.213
to the same rights as they are.

00:02:20.470 --> 00:02:22.670
So that's a quick rundown of

00:02:22.670 --> 00:02:25.250
the responsibilities of citizenship.

00:02:25.250 --> 00:02:27.980
Which one do you think is most important?

00:02:27.980 --> 00:02:30.833
What other things can you do
to improve your community?