Buddhism: context and comparison

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Lecturer] We've already had many videos

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on Buddhism and its
connections to Hinduism

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but what we want to do in this video

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is more explicitly answer
an important question.

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Why did Buddhism emerge
when and where it did?

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And this is a question that you should

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always be asking yourself
as you study history.

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Why did something emerge,
why did something happen

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when and where it did?

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And I encourage you to pause
this video and think about it.

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Maybe you're viewing
some of the other videos

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on Buddhism and Hinduism or
doing some research yourself.

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Well let's remind
ourselves of the context.

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Buddha emerges in northeast
India in modern day Nepal

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at the end of the Vedic period.

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Hinduism has been evolving now
for many hundreds of years,

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arguably close to 1,000 years.

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Now as we've talked about in other videos,

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there's a spiritual core of Hinduism

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described in the Upanishads,

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this idea of Atman, your inner self.

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Brahman, the ultimate reality that we live

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in an illusion of Maya
and through meditation

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we should be able to pierce that veil

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and eventually break
free from the cycle of

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birth and rebirth, Samsara,

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and become one with Brahmin,

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become one with the ultimate reality.

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But in the time of Buddha there were

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other aspects of Hinduism that were

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maybe even more associated
with the religion.

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There is also a lot of
ritual in the Vedas,

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and in the time of Buddha the
Hinduism that he grows up in

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is very focused on the
ritual aspects of it.

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And it was a Hinduism
in which not just anyone

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could do the rituals, it was

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a fairly stratified
society that he grew up in.

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We discussed the caste
system in some detail.

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It's still a matter of
debate to what degree

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caste is hereditary in it's
actually part of the religion,

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but it was a fact of
the culture of the time.

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Where at the top you had the
Brahmins who were the priests

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and much of their power came from

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their ability to interpret the Vedas.

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Came from their exclusive ability

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to practice the rituals just right.

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Buddha came from a ruling class,

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he came from the Kshatriyas class,

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but even they were considered
one notch below the Brahmins

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and especially the bottom
rungs of the caste system

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these were fairly marginalized people.

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And so when Buddha emerges,

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initially in a very privileged life

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he's essentially a prince

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but eventually when Buddha sees
the suffering in the world,

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a lot of the suffering happening in these

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lower rungs of society,
he looks for answers,

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spiritual answers, and is not
satisfied by what he sees.

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He's not satisfied by the answers

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that he's getting from this ruling class.

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You could imagine that
he's even suspicious of it,

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whether they're focused on
the true spiritual core,

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or whether they're focused on ritual

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as a way to keep their power.

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But there's also another
tradition in Hinduism at the time.

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This is all very important to why

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Buddhism was able to
emerge when it happened.

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There was this tradition of asceticism,

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of people going off into the woods

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and meditating and thinking
about the nature of life

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and these folks were much more focused

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on this spiritual core and so Buddha

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initially takes that track.

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He goes and he meditates and he eventually

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comes to a realization,
he awakens so to speak

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at the root of Buddhism is that there

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should not be this stratified society.

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That one should not focus on ritual.

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That at the end of the day, you need

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to have a very personal path to Nirvana,

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to escaping the cycle of Samsara.

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So I would argue, if I were
to simply answer the question

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why did Buddhism emerge
when and where it did?

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Well if you consider Buddhism to be

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a reformation of Hinduism,

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it's important that Buddha was Hindu.

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It's also important that
it needed to be reformed

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or at least Buddha thought
it needed to be reformed.

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So it's important that at
the time that he lived,

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Hinduism had become very ritualistic.

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It had become very stratified,

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and he saw a need to reform it.

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Now there's even a further question.

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It emerged when it did and we have

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some ideas of why that
might have happened,

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but why did it become a major religion?

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One argument was that what he was

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describing was just very compelling.

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You no longer have to go
through this ruling class,

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through the priests anymore.

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You could have your own personal path.

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It was also perhaps compelling to people

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who felt marginalized in the

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traditional hierarchy of the time.

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Another argument would
be the emperor Ashoka

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who we study in other videos,

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that once he converts to Buddhism

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after feeling guilty
for his war with Kalinga

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where tens of thousands if not

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hundreds of thousands
of people are killed,

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he converts to Buddhism and becomes

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a major patron of Buddhism and sends

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missionaries throughout
the world to spread it.

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So one argument of why Buddhism spread

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is that a few hundred years after Buddha

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you have a significant powerful emperor

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converting to the religion
and deciding to spread it.

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Now that leads us to a second question.

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Are there other historical parallels

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to what we have just described?

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And this is something that once again

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you should always ask yourself in history.

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And what's the structure of this?

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Well there's some spiritual core here,

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but eventually you have
the ritualistic side

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as it actually gets practiced.

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And you have a stratified society

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where you have a class that has

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a bit of a monopoly on the ritual

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derives a lot of their
power from that ritual.

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And then someone comes
along and says wait,

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this priesthood is more
focused on power and on ritual

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than the true spiritual
core, and they're not happy

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with the answers that that
priesthood is delivering.

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Can you think of any
other parallels to that?

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Well a few come to my mind,

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and once again these could all be debated

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and that's the fun thing about history.

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I encourage you to debate
all of these things.

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About 500 years after the time of Buddha,

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someone by the name of Jesus of Nazareth

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comes onto the scene.

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Where is the parallel?

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Well you have the
spiritual core of Judaism

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that comes from Abraham and Moses,

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but then you have the ritual
of the Pharisees of the time.

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They are the power brokers.

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He feels that the religion is corrupted.

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He sees the money changers in the temple,

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and much of his preaching
is a reformation,

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a reminder of that spiritual core.

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He also tries to encourage people

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to have a more personal connection

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and tries to break up the stratification

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and once again, you could imagine this

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to be a very compelling message

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for those who felt marginalized

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and the parallel goes even further.

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Just as Buddha had Ashoka
come onto the scene

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a few hundred years after Buddha

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to really popularize the religion,

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Jesus has a parallel.

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Roughly 300 years after the life of Jesus,

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Constantine is emperor of the Romans.

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The same Romans who have
been persecuting Christians

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for 300 years, and all
of the sudden Constantine

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not only allows it to be legal,

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but he eventually promotes the religion

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and converts to the
religion and it eventually,

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after Constantine's death,

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becomes the official religion of Rome

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whether you're talking
about Buddha or Jesus

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you have a reformer and then
a few hundred years later

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you have a powerful emperor who

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adopts the religion and spreads it.

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What are other examples?

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Well even within the world of Christianity

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we can fast forward another 1,500 years

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from the time of Jesus and go
to the time of Martin Luther.

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Who at least from his perspective

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sees the Christian church
in the early 16th Century

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and thinks that it has diverged
from the spiritual core,

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from the teachings of Jesus

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that it has become too focused on ritual,

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that the priesthood and
the papacy is really

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more about power than it
is about spirituality.

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So he brings about what will be known

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as a Protestant Reformation

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which is making the
religion more personal,

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not have to go through a priest,

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having a personal connection

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with the spiritual core of religion.

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After this video think about
other historical parallels.

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Are there other religions?

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What about Islam?

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What about Sikhism?

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How do they connect to these ideas

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or how do they not connect to these?

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Maybe they're counter-examples,

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and maybe there are parallels in history

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that have nothing to do with religion.

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Maybe it's more about politics
or science or economics.

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Think about these questions.


International Human Rights

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Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Narrator] We hold these
truths to be self-evident,

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that all men are created equal,

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that they are endowed by their creator

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with certain unalienable rights,

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that among these are life, liberty,

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and the pursuit of happiness.

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This is an excerpt of the US
Declaration of Independence,

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and the United States goes
on with its constitution,

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which gets ratified in 1789,
to articulate a Bill of Rights,

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and many will point to The Enlightenment

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as the inspiration for these ideas.

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Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the
Declaration of Independence,

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cited figures like Locke as
some of mankind's best thinkers,

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so at this early date,
nations were at least writing

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these types of words
into their Declarations

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of Independence, into their constitutions.

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But despite that, the 20th century

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is one of the bloodiest
centuries in human history.

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You have World War I, where
roughly 17 million people die.

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In World War II, 50 to
80 million people die,

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some directly because of the conflict,

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but many because of lack of
access to food and famine.

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The Chinese are particularly hit.

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Over 15 million died during
the Japanese occupation

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of China.

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This idea of genocide comes about,

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first with the Armenian genocide

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in the declining Ottoman Empire
where over a million people

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are believed to have been killed,

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and then in World War II,
you have the holocaust,

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where six to 11 million
people were killed,

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roughly two thirds of
the Jewish population

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in Europe and many others.

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The Russian empire and
eventually the Soviet Union

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gets especially hit hard in the first half

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of the 20th century.

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In World War I alone, three
million Russians died.

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Shortly after the war, you have
a significant Russian famine

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that killed five million people.

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Then in the early thirties,
you have the Soviet famine,

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five to seven million people.

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This is believed to have occurred

00:02:07.843 --> 00:02:09.769
because of Stalin's attempts

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to make agriculture collectivized.

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In the late thirties,
you have Stalin's purge,

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where he goes after political opponents,

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and it's believed that he killed

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as many as three million people.

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These things were so
shocking to the planet

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that they made attempts to
prevent them in the future.

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In 1920, out of the trauma of World War I,

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the League of Nations was founded.

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It was an attempt to prevent
things like this in the future,

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for nations to talk to each other

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and to coordinate so they don't go to war,

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especially at the scale
seen in World War I.

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But clearly, that was unsuccessful,

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and we have World War II
where even more people die,

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after which the slightly stronger

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United Nations gets founded,

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once again with the
charter of fostering dialog

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between nations so that we can prevent

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these types of trauma for the planet.

00:03:05.708 --> 00:03:08.465
Early on in the newly founded UN agenda

00:03:08.465 --> 00:03:11.888
was this idea of revisiting the ideas

00:03:11.888 --> 00:03:15.402
of The Enlightenment,
this idea of human rights,

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and trying to codify them
in international law.

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In 1948, you have the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights

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that's drafted by the United Nations,

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and it was an attempt to
make a universal declaration

00:03:31.703 --> 00:03:35.020
of these rights that
all humans on the planet

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have access to.

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I'm going to give excerpts of it,

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and keep a lookout for things
that feel awfully close

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to ideas in the United States
Declaration of Independence,

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the US constitution, or
ideas from The Enlightenment.

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This is part of the preamble.

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Whereas recognition of
the inherent dignity

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and of the equal and unalienable rights

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of all members of the human
family is the foundation

00:03:59.158 --> 00:04:02.590
of freedom, justice,
and peace in the world.

00:04:02.590 --> 00:04:05.336
Whereas disregard and
contempt for human rights

00:04:05.336 --> 00:04:07.331
have resulted in barbarous acts

00:04:07.331 --> 00:04:10.366
which have outrage the
conscience of mankind.

00:04:10.366 --> 00:04:12.288
Remember World War II just happened.

00:04:12.288 --> 00:04:14.945
And the advent of a world
in which human beings

00:04:14.945 --> 00:04:17.797
shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief

00:04:17.797 --> 00:04:21.012
and freedom from fear and
want has been proclaimed

00:04:21.012 --> 00:04:24.107
as the highest aspiration
of the common people.

00:04:24.107 --> 00:04:27.775
Now, therefore, the
general assembly proclaims

00:04:27.775 --> 00:04:31.275
this universal declaration of human rights

00:04:32.447 --> 00:04:34.653
as a common standard of achievement

00:04:34.653 --> 00:04:37.320
for all peoples and all nations.

00:04:38.805 --> 00:04:39.821
You might be thinking,

00:04:39.821 --> 00:04:41.047
"Why did they even have to write this?"

00:04:41.047 --> 00:04:42.126
Well, think about it.

00:04:42.126 --> 00:04:44.587
Things like the constitutions
of various countries,

00:04:44.587 --> 00:04:45.726
especially the United States,

00:04:45.726 --> 00:04:48.617
these only applied to those countries,

00:04:48.617 --> 00:04:51.669
but now there was an
attempt to write down,

00:04:51.669 --> 00:04:53.419
to codify something that would apply

00:04:53.419 --> 00:04:56.506
to all human beings, to the entire planet,

00:04:56.506 --> 00:05:01.323
and here's just some of the 30
articles to that declaration,

00:05:01.323 --> 00:05:04.811
to that Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.

00:05:04.811 --> 00:05:06.509
All human beings are born free

00:05:06.509 --> 00:05:08.654
and equal in dignity and rights.

00:05:08.654 --> 00:05:12.266
They are endowed with
reason and conscience

00:05:12.266 --> 00:05:14.414
and should act towards one another

00:05:14.414 --> 00:05:17.050
in the spirit of brotherhood.

00:05:17.050 --> 00:05:20.161
This really feels similar to
some of the ideas of Locke

00:05:20.161 --> 00:05:23.968
in The Enlightenment that we
talk about in other videos.

00:05:23.968 --> 00:05:26.876
Everyone is entitled to all the rights

00:05:26.876 --> 00:05:29.245
and freedoms set forth
in this declaration,

00:05:29.245 --> 00:05:32.475
without distinction of
any kind, such as race,

00:05:32.475 --> 00:05:35.803
color, sex, language, religion, political,

00:05:35.803 --> 00:05:39.429
or other opinion,
national or social origin,

00:05:39.429 --> 00:05:42.741
property, birth, or other status.

00:05:42.741 --> 00:05:43.761
So this is interesting,

00:05:43.761 --> 00:05:46.511
because even though I start this video

00:05:46.511 --> 00:05:48.916
with the United States
Declaration of Independence

00:05:48.916 --> 00:05:50.703
and a discussion of the constitution,

00:05:50.703 --> 00:05:52.266
slavery in the United States

00:05:52.266 --> 00:05:54.182
would last for another 80 plus years

00:05:54.182 --> 00:05:56.906
after the Declaration of
Independence was written.

00:05:56.906 --> 00:05:58.640
Women didn't even have the right to vote

00:05:58.640 --> 00:06:00.958
until the early 20th century,

00:06:00.958 --> 00:06:04.138
so beyond this being a
universal declaration

00:06:04.138 --> 00:06:08.330
for the entire planet, the
attempt is also to make it clear

00:06:08.330 --> 00:06:11.263
that it needs to apply to everyone.

00:06:11.263 --> 00:06:13.777
Everyone has the right to life,

00:06:13.777 --> 00:06:17.076
liberty, and security of person.

00:06:17.076 --> 00:06:21.240
No one shall be held in
slavery or servitude.

00:06:21.240 --> 00:06:23.741
No one shall be subjected to torture

00:06:23.741 --> 00:06:27.372
or to cruel, inhuman, or
degrading treatment or punishment.

00:06:27.372 --> 00:06:30.636
Everyone charged with a
penal offense has the right

00:06:30.636 --> 00:06:34.303
to be presumed innocent
until proved guilty.

00:06:35.478 --> 00:06:38.569
Once again, ideas that seemed
very similar to what we see

00:06:38.569 --> 00:06:42.486
in constitutions like
that of the United States.

00:06:42.486 --> 00:06:44.552
Everyone has the right to freedom

00:06:44.552 --> 00:06:47.780
of thought, conscience, and religion.

00:06:47.780 --> 00:06:52.728
Everyone has the right to freedom
of opinion and expression.

00:06:52.728 --> 00:06:56.091
Very similar to the First
Amendment in the US constitution.

00:06:56.091 --> 00:06:57.963
Everyone has the right to freedom

00:06:57.963 --> 00:07:01.108
of peaceful assembly and association.

00:07:01.108 --> 00:07:04.606
No one may be compelled to
belong to an association.

00:07:04.606 --> 00:07:07.253
And article 21 is especially interesting.

00:07:07.253 --> 00:07:09.115
Everyone has the right to take part

00:07:09.115 --> 00:07:11.905
in the government of his country directly

00:07:11.905 --> 00:07:15.253
or through freely chosen representatives.

00:07:15.253 --> 00:07:16.741
Everyone has the right of equal access

00:07:16.741 --> 00:07:19.008
to public service in his country.

00:07:19.008 --> 00:07:21.599
The will of the people shall be the basis

00:07:21.599 --> 00:07:23.540
of the authority of government.

00:07:23.540 --> 00:07:24.831
So this is a big statement.

00:07:24.831 --> 00:07:27.909
It's taking a stand, saying
that everyone on the planet

00:07:27.909 --> 00:07:30.334
should be able to live in a democracy

00:07:30.334 --> 00:07:32.917
and participate in a democracy.

00:07:35.213 --> 00:07:39.144
The commission that drafted
this declaration was chaired

00:07:39.144 --> 00:07:43.323
by Eleanor Roosevelt, wife
of Franklin Roosevelt.

00:07:43.323 --> 00:07:46.948
This is a map of who
voted for this declaration

00:07:46.948 --> 00:07:49.441
and these are the countries in green.

00:07:49.441 --> 00:07:51.897
Who abstained, they
just decided not to vote

00:07:51.897 --> 00:07:54.944
for the declaration, those
are the countries in orange,

00:07:54.944 --> 00:07:57.789
and then you have a few
that voted against it.

00:07:57.789 --> 00:08:00.606
In gray are the countries
that weren't part

00:08:00.606 --> 00:08:03.338
of the United Nations at the time.

00:08:03.338 --> 00:08:05.439
An interesting question
looking at this map

00:08:05.439 --> 00:08:08.853
is to think about why certain
countries were willing

00:08:08.853 --> 00:08:10.901
to vote for it and why other countries

00:08:10.901 --> 00:08:14.123
decided to abstain at the time.

00:08:14.123 --> 00:08:16.128
These articles are talking about people

00:08:16.128 --> 00:08:18.848
having the right to
participate in a democracy,

00:08:18.848 --> 00:08:22.340
the right to be equal,
that all people are equal,

00:08:22.340 --> 00:08:23.891
and in many of these countries,

00:08:23.891 --> 00:08:26.745
people did not have equal rights.

00:08:26.745 --> 00:08:29.844
You had severe discrimination
in places like South Africa.

00:08:29.844 --> 00:08:33.294
In many of these countries,
you did not have a democracy,

00:08:33.294 --> 00:08:36.074
but there's a broader question here.

00:08:36.074 --> 00:08:39.851
It's nice to be able to write
these fairly idealistic ideas,

00:08:39.851 --> 00:08:43.864
but to what degree does it have an effect,

00:08:43.864 --> 00:08:47.781
and to what degree can
it actually be enforced?

00:08:48.647 --> 00:08:50.613
You might cite things like the American

00:08:50.613 --> 00:08:54.772
Civil Rights Movement, which
did echo some of these ideas

00:08:54.772 --> 00:08:59.071
that were made in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.

00:08:59.071 --> 00:09:01.464
Maybe they helped the
civil rights movement,

00:09:01.464 --> 00:09:03.265
or maybe the civil rights
movement would've happened

00:09:03.265 --> 00:09:06.133
regardless of what the UN did.

00:09:06.133 --> 00:09:09.203
But at the same time, you
have ideas like apartheid.

00:09:09.203 --> 00:09:11.677
You have racism and
discrimination in South Africa

00:09:11.677 --> 00:09:13.793
from the beginning of colonial rule,

00:09:13.793 --> 00:09:15.955
but it was actually at the exact same time

00:09:15.955 --> 00:09:19.498
as this declaration that the
official policy of apartheid,

00:09:19.498 --> 00:09:22.328
of government-sanctioned discrimination,

00:09:22.328 --> 00:09:24.888
of government-sanctioned segregation,

00:09:24.888 --> 00:09:27.747
preventing racial
mingling came into effect

00:09:27.747 --> 00:09:30.580
and lasted all the way until 1991.

00:09:32.205 --> 00:09:33.710
And so one could make an argument,

00:09:33.710 --> 00:09:35.107
maybe things would've been worse

00:09:35.107 --> 00:09:37.504
without the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,

00:09:37.504 --> 00:09:40.170
or maybe the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights

00:09:40.170 --> 00:09:41.473
really wasn't in a situation

00:09:41.473 --> 00:09:44.047
to actually effect things like this.

00:09:44.047 --> 00:09:45.861
In many of the countries around the world,

00:09:45.861 --> 00:09:47.221
not just the orange ones but often

00:09:47.221 --> 00:09:49.401
in many of the green ones as well,

00:09:49.401 --> 00:09:52.395
you continued to see
things that go against

00:09:52.395 --> 00:09:55.562
those ideas of universal human rights.

00:09:56.705 --> 00:09:58.024
Even if the UN passes something

00:09:58.024 --> 00:09:59.874
and if one country doesn't
want to abide by it,

00:09:59.874 --> 00:10:03.320
what action can the other countries take?

00:10:03.320 --> 00:10:06.384
Economic action, maybe
sanctions, maybe military action,

00:10:06.384 --> 00:10:09.241
and to what degree are people
actually willing to do that?


The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.944
- [Instructor] As we get into the 1500s,

00:00:02.944 --> 00:00:07.397
the Renaissance has been going
on for roughly 200 years.

00:00:07.397 --> 00:00:11.381
Especially Europe has been
rediscovering the knowledge

00:00:11.381 --> 00:00:15.035
from the Greeks and from
the Romans and as they enter

00:00:15.035 --> 00:00:18.545
into the 16th century,
they start to go beyond

00:00:18.545 --> 00:00:22.167
the knowledge of the
Greeks and the Romans.

00:00:22.167 --> 00:00:26.793
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus
publishes On the Revolutions

00:00:26.793 --> 00:00:31.106
of the Heavenly Spheres, famous
for suggesting that earth

00:00:31.106 --> 00:00:34.302
is not the center of the
universe but that the earth

00:00:34.302 --> 00:00:36.302
revolves around the sun.

00:00:37.248 --> 00:00:41.324
What was powerful about this
is it challenged centuries old

00:00:41.324 --> 00:00:45.980
ideas about how the universe
worked and at a meta level,

00:00:45.980 --> 00:00:49.497
it was about using new methods
and evidence in order to make

00:00:49.497 --> 00:00:52.896
conclusions no matter how revolutionary

00:00:52.896 --> 00:00:55.195
those conclusions might be.

00:00:55.195 --> 00:00:59.004
And this publication is
often cited as the beginning

00:00:59.004 --> 00:01:03.679
of what will be known as
the scientific revolution.

00:01:03.679 --> 00:01:07.605
Many people view the capstone
of the scientific revolution

00:01:07.605 --> 00:01:11.522
to be Newton's publication
of Principia in 1687

00:01:14.375 --> 00:01:17.912
and this is an incredibly
powerful publication.

00:01:17.912 --> 00:01:20.874
It describes the laws of the universe,

00:01:20.874 --> 00:01:25.247
it's a universe in which
most things can be explained

00:01:25.247 --> 00:01:28.358
with simple principles, with mathematics.

00:01:28.358 --> 00:01:30.303
This is so powerful that
it would not be challenged

00:01:30.303 --> 00:01:34.042
for over 200 years until Albert
Einstein comes on the scene

00:01:34.042 --> 00:01:36.808
with his theories of relativity.

00:01:36.808 --> 00:01:40.669
But even today, Newton's
laws, this is what is taught

00:01:40.669 --> 00:01:44.336
in a first year physics
class, this is what you learn

00:01:44.336 --> 00:01:47.116
in an introductory engineering class,

00:01:47.116 --> 00:01:48.594
so there's many things to think about,

00:01:48.594 --> 00:01:51.015
why did this happen at
this period of time,

00:01:51.015 --> 00:01:53.107
how was it related to the Renaissance,

00:01:53.107 --> 00:01:55.194
how was it related to
things that were happening

00:01:55.194 --> 00:01:57.630
in politics in Europe at the time?

00:01:57.630 --> 00:02:02.034
But needless to say, it gave
humanity a new perspective

00:02:02.034 --> 00:02:05.421
on the universe and it
gave humanity new powers

00:02:05.421 --> 00:02:09.091
and we began to challenge all assumptions

00:02:09.091 --> 00:02:13.258
and so as we get into the
late 1600s and early 1700s,

00:02:14.864 --> 00:02:17.828
people start trying to
use these same tools,

00:02:17.828 --> 00:02:22.372
the same deductive reasoning
on some of the oldest questions

00:02:22.372 --> 00:02:25.079
that humanity has ever asked itself,

00:02:25.079 --> 00:02:29.822
questions like, what rights
do we have as human beings?

00:02:29.822 --> 00:02:31.856
Who gets those rights?

00:02:31.856 --> 00:02:36.821
What duty and obligation do
we have towards each other?

00:02:36.821 --> 00:02:39.135
What is the role of government?

00:02:39.135 --> 00:02:41.302
Who has the right to rule?

00:02:42.173 --> 00:02:45.042
Now some of these questions
have been the fodder

00:02:45.042 --> 00:02:49.949
of philosophers and religion
for thousands of years.

00:02:49.949 --> 00:02:53.118
But now there was the power and the tools

00:02:53.118 --> 00:02:56.934
and the challenging notions
of the scientific revolution.

00:02:56.934 --> 00:02:59.511
And this philosophical
movement that is really tied

00:02:59.511 --> 00:03:03.678
to the scientific revolution
is known as the Enlightenment.

00:03:04.919 --> 00:03:07.448
And just to have an
example of the thinking

00:03:07.448 --> 00:03:11.615
during the Enlightenment, here
is a passage from John Locke

00:03:12.793 --> 00:03:15.241
who is considered one of the
pillars of the Enlightenment.

00:03:15.241 --> 00:03:18.158
This is published in 1689,
it's the Second Treatise

00:03:18.158 --> 00:03:20.356
Concerning Civil Government.

00:03:20.356 --> 00:03:23.839
"The state of nature has a
law of nature to govern it,

00:03:23.839 --> 00:03:28.746
which obliges everyone and
reason, which is that law,"

00:03:28.746 --> 00:03:31.967
so reason is the law
of nature to govern it,

00:03:31.967 --> 00:03:35.291
"teaches all mankind
who will but consult it

00:03:35.291 --> 00:03:39.363
"that being all equal and
independent, no one ought to harm

00:03:39.363 --> 00:03:42.985
"another in his life, health,
liberty, or possessions.

00:03:42.985 --> 00:03:46.684
"And when his own preservation
comes not in competition,

00:03:46.684 --> 00:03:51.097
"ought he as much as he can to
preserve the rest of mankind

00:03:51.097 --> 00:03:54.954
"and may not unless it be to
do justice on an offender,

00:03:54.954 --> 00:03:58.179
"take away or impair
the life or what tends

00:03:58.179 --> 00:04:01.759
"to the preservation of the
life, the liberty, health,

00:04:01.759 --> 00:04:04.365
"limb or goods of another."

00:04:04.365 --> 00:04:06.273
Now to parse what he's
saying, he says that reason

00:04:06.273 --> 00:04:10.269
is this natural law that
should govern human action

00:04:10.269 --> 00:04:13.578
and he's saying no one
ought to harm anyone else

00:04:13.578 --> 00:04:15.283
and that if we're not in competition,

00:04:15.283 --> 00:04:17.086
maybe there's only
enough food for one of us

00:04:17.086 --> 00:04:18.630
and there's two of us
there, in which case we'd be

00:04:18.630 --> 00:04:21.081
in competition, but if there
isn't that competition,

00:04:21.081 --> 00:04:24.024
we should be trying to help
each other and we should

00:04:24.024 --> 00:04:27.469
be trying to preserve the rest of mankind.

00:04:27.469 --> 00:04:29.926
And unless it's for
the purpose of justice,

00:04:29.926 --> 00:04:33.239
you don't have the right to
take away or impair the life

00:04:33.239 --> 00:04:36.438
or things that help preserve
the life, the liberty,

00:04:36.438 --> 00:04:39.560
the health, limb, or goods of another.

00:04:39.560 --> 00:04:41.680
Now you might say, hey,
isn't this common sense?

00:04:41.680 --> 00:04:44.247
And religions for all of
time have touched on some

00:04:44.247 --> 00:04:46.892
of these issues but you
also have to appreciate

00:04:46.892 --> 00:04:51.545
that this is a time when kings
and emperors ruled the world.

00:04:51.545 --> 00:04:53.514
What gave them that right?

00:04:53.514 --> 00:04:56.840
Why are certain people slaves
and other people not slaves?

00:04:56.840 --> 00:04:58.423
Why do certain people in that world

00:04:58.423 --> 00:05:00.907
have a right to own these other people?

00:05:00.907 --> 00:05:03.637
And so this was a very controversial idea,

00:05:03.637 --> 00:05:06.009
challenging some of
these fundamental notions

00:05:06.009 --> 00:05:09.206
of who should rule, who
has the right to rule,

00:05:09.206 --> 00:05:11.231
and to what degree should
people exert control

00:05:11.231 --> 00:05:15.711
over one another, so given
these challenging notions

00:05:15.711 --> 00:05:17.801
of the Enlightenment, and
John Locke was only one

00:05:17.801 --> 00:05:20.054
of the actors who would figure prominently

00:05:20.054 --> 00:05:23.448
in this roughly 100-year
period, it's no surprise

00:05:23.448 --> 00:05:28.023
that as you get into the
late 1700s and early 1800s,

00:05:28.023 --> 00:05:31.262
you have a whole string of revolutions,

00:05:31.262 --> 00:05:34.667
especially in the Americas,
to a large degree inspired

00:05:34.667 --> 00:05:37.893
by the ideas of the
Enlightenment, things like life,

00:05:37.893 --> 00:05:40.270
liberty, health, in the
United States Declaration

00:05:40.270 --> 00:05:42.688
of Independence, these things are cited.

00:05:42.688 --> 00:05:45.944
During the French Revolution,
these things are cited.

00:05:45.944 --> 00:05:48.076
In the various revolutions
in Latin America,

00:05:48.076 --> 00:05:50.675
these ideas are cited.

00:05:50.675 --> 00:05:52.152
Now one of the reasons
why the Enlightenment

00:05:52.152 --> 00:05:55.093
came about when it did, not
only did we have new tools

00:05:55.093 --> 00:05:58.067
of thinking and the opportunity
to challenge notions,

00:05:58.067 --> 00:05:59.753
but it might have been
that society now had

00:05:59.753 --> 00:06:01.923
the responsibility to
think a little bit deeper

00:06:01.923 --> 00:06:03.899
about these ideas because
it was getting more and more

00:06:03.899 --> 00:06:06.443
powers through the scientific revolution.

00:06:06.443 --> 00:06:09.106
And those powers were
becoming even more significant

00:06:09.106 --> 00:06:11.246
when that science was applied

00:06:11.246 --> 00:06:14.282
during the Industrial Revolution.

00:06:14.282 --> 00:06:17.005
Now society could produce
more than it could ever

00:06:17.005 --> 00:06:20.218
produce before, but as we
talk about in other videos,

00:06:20.218 --> 00:06:22.243
the Industrial Revolution
had a certain hunger

00:06:22.243 --> 00:06:26.022
for raw materials and a
certain hunger for markets

00:06:26.022 --> 00:06:28.156
in which to sell your finished product.

00:06:28.156 --> 00:06:31.132
It also allowed for more
powerful weapons and ways

00:06:31.132 --> 00:06:34.669
to project power and to
control a larger empire,

00:06:34.669 --> 00:06:37.997
methods of communication,
methods of force,

00:06:37.997 --> 00:06:41.560
and many historians tie
it directly to the age

00:06:41.560 --> 00:06:44.536
of imperialism where especially
Western European powers

00:06:44.536 --> 00:06:48.583
sought areas to get raw
materials and markets

00:06:48.583 --> 00:06:51.924
in which they could push
their finished products

00:06:51.924 --> 00:06:55.525
and so as the industrialized
world had more and more power,

00:06:55.525 --> 00:06:58.750
these ideas of the Enlightenment
became maybe even more

00:06:58.750 --> 00:07:01.654
relevant even though they
might not have been implemented

00:07:01.654 --> 00:07:04.474
consistently during
the age of imperialism.

00:07:04.474 --> 00:07:06.464
And as we've seen in other videos,

00:07:06.464 --> 00:07:08.848
even though the technology
keeps accelerating

00:07:08.848 --> 00:07:11.678
during the Industrial
Revolution, the philosophy

00:07:11.678 --> 00:07:15.807
and the moral framework does
not accelerate along with it

00:07:15.807 --> 00:07:19.437
and in 20th century, we see
one of the bloodiest centuries

00:07:19.437 --> 00:07:22.428
in all of human history,
so let me leave you

00:07:22.428 --> 00:07:25.310
with a final series of questions.

00:07:25.310 --> 00:07:28.587
As we go into the 1800s,
we talked about the various

00:07:28.587 --> 00:07:31.090
independence movements
especially in the Americas,

00:07:31.090 --> 00:07:33.572
we also have the abolishing of slavery

00:07:33.572 --> 00:07:38.104
in most of the world around
this time period and so to some

00:07:38.104 --> 00:07:40.825
degree, it looks like the
ideas of the Enlightenment

00:07:40.825 --> 00:07:44.506
are coming to be, but
at the exact same time,

00:07:44.506 --> 00:07:47.815
you have the age of imperialism,
where more and more control

00:07:47.815 --> 00:07:51.237
is exerted over people around the planet.

00:07:51.237 --> 00:07:55.149
This all comes to a head in
World War I, which is one

00:07:55.149 --> 00:07:58.544
of the bloodiest conflicts
in all of human history.

00:07:58.544 --> 00:08:02.210
So to what degree did the
Enlightenment help the world

00:08:02.210 --> 00:08:04.612
and to what degree did
it not get fulfilled?

00:08:04.612 --> 00:08:08.009
Or maybe in some way,
things like World War I

00:08:08.009 --> 00:08:11.752
and World War II were the birthing pangs,

00:08:11.752 --> 00:08:15.281
the transition state,
from the world before

00:08:15.281 --> 00:08:17.884
the Enlightenment, then
how close are we truly

00:08:17.884 --> 00:08:19.931
to those ideals today?

00:08:19.931 --> 00:08:22.497
In a future video, I'm
gonna talk about that

00:08:22.497 --> 00:08:24.721
and I'm gonna talk about
the idea of human rights

00:08:24.721 --> 00:08:28.480
and how we as a civilization
have attempted to address it

00:08:28.480 --> 00:08:30.063
after World War II.


Frankish women in the Carolingian Dynasty primary source

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.475 --> 00:00:02.115
- [Lecturer] In this
video I want to talk about

00:00:02.115 --> 00:00:04.285
the lives of Frankish women

00:00:04.285 --> 00:00:06.831
who lived during the Carolingian Dynasty

00:00:06.831 --> 00:00:10.162
in the eighth and ninth century.

00:00:10.162 --> 00:00:13.305
You can see here in blue
the Carolingian Dynasty

00:00:13.305 --> 00:00:16.304
and the Carolingian Dynasty ruled over

00:00:16.304 --> 00:00:17.970
much of the former territory

00:00:17.970 --> 00:00:20.913
of the Western Roman Empire.

00:00:20.913 --> 00:00:23.863
After the fall of the
Western Roman Empire,

00:00:23.863 --> 00:00:26.969
Europe was controlled by
many decentralized kingdoms

00:00:26.969 --> 00:00:29.186
including the Carolingian Dynasty.

00:00:29.186 --> 00:00:32.326
And in this context,
powerful clans and families

00:00:32.326 --> 00:00:34.576
became increasingly important.

00:00:34.576 --> 00:00:37.856
This undoubtedly had effects
on the lives of women

00:00:37.856 --> 00:00:41.015
who were often the heads
of these households

00:00:41.015 --> 00:00:45.898
and who helped manage the
complex economy of these clans.

00:00:45.898 --> 00:00:48.529
I want to look at a primary source

00:00:48.529 --> 00:00:50.037
that might give us some insight

00:00:50.037 --> 00:00:52.683
into the lives of women at this time.

00:00:52.683 --> 00:00:54.855
I want to read something
written by Dhuoda,

00:00:54.855 --> 00:00:56.842
the Duchess consort of Septimania

00:00:56.842 --> 00:00:59.599
and the Countess consort of Barcelona.

00:00:59.599 --> 00:01:01.207
Dhuoda was a noble woman

00:01:01.207 --> 00:01:02.920
and in the excerpt we will read

00:01:02.920 --> 00:01:05.087
she is addressing her son.

00:01:07.807 --> 00:01:12.112
She wrote a manual
called the Liber Manualis

00:01:12.112 --> 00:01:16.537
which is meant to teach
her son certain values.

00:01:16.537 --> 00:01:18.727
Let's read it together and talk about it.

00:01:18.727 --> 00:01:21.460
The purpose of this
was to instruct her son

00:01:21.460 --> 00:01:23.043
on proper behavior.

00:01:23.922 --> 00:01:27.115
I'm not reluctant to
teach you as well as I can

00:01:27.115 --> 00:01:28.380
how you should fear, love,

00:01:28.380 --> 00:01:30.710
and be faithful in all ways to Bernard,

00:01:30.710 --> 00:01:32.176
your lord and father,

00:01:32.176 --> 00:01:35.431
both when you are with him
and when you are apart.

00:01:35.431 --> 00:01:38.726
On this matter, you have a
teacher and the wisest authority,

00:01:38.726 --> 00:01:40.046
namely Solomon;

00:01:40.046 --> 00:01:43.218
he chastens and advises
you, my son, saying,

00:01:43.218 --> 00:01:46.650
"God has honored the father who
flourished in his children."

00:01:46.650 --> 00:01:48.917
And again, he who honors his father

00:01:48.917 --> 00:01:51.097
shall rejoice in his own children

00:01:51.097 --> 00:01:53.072
and shall live a longer life.

00:01:53.072 --> 00:01:56.286
He who obeys his father
will give heavenly solace

00:01:56.286 --> 00:01:58.944
to his mother and he who honors his father

00:01:58.944 --> 00:02:02.924
is like one who lays
up many good treasures.

00:02:02.924 --> 00:02:05.847
He who fears the lord honors his parents.

00:02:05.847 --> 00:02:08.325
You then, my son, honor your father

00:02:08.325 --> 00:02:09.885
and pray diligently for him

00:02:09.885 --> 00:02:12.002
so that you may reach an advanced age

00:02:12.002 --> 00:02:14.502
and live on earth a long time.

00:02:16.430 --> 00:02:18.551
If we look at this excerpt we can pull out

00:02:18.551 --> 00:02:20.752
some information about the society

00:02:20.752 --> 00:02:22.585
in which Dhuoda lived.

00:02:23.432 --> 00:02:26.465
First of all, she's writing this

00:02:26.465 --> 00:02:28.826
in order to instruct her son.

00:02:28.826 --> 00:02:30.561
And this is really representative

00:02:30.561 --> 00:02:33.501
of the way in which women at this time

00:02:33.501 --> 00:02:35.913
were important as the heads of household

00:02:35.913 --> 00:02:37.802
and important in educating their children,

00:02:37.802 --> 00:02:41.040
particularly, their
children's moral education.

00:02:41.040 --> 00:02:43.937
And as we see here, she talks a lot about

00:02:43.937 --> 00:02:45.831
certain Christian values.

00:02:45.831 --> 00:02:49.998
She says that his wisest
authority and his teacher

00:02:54.155 --> 00:02:57.605
is Solomon who's a biblical figure.

00:02:57.605 --> 00:03:01.286
So, here she is referring
to Christian ideas

00:03:01.286 --> 00:03:04.394
and she even notes that
God has honored the father

00:03:04.394 --> 00:03:06.522
who flourished in his children.

00:03:06.522 --> 00:03:09.036
And she uses these biblical references

00:03:09.036 --> 00:03:11.561
in order to advise her son

00:03:11.561 --> 00:03:14.398
to be a better son to his father.

00:03:14.398 --> 00:03:17.565
And she really emphasizes this respect

00:03:18.677 --> 00:03:21.638
and love towards the father.

00:03:21.638 --> 00:03:23.961
Now, why this emphasis?

00:03:23.961 --> 00:03:27.108
Well, it makes sense that
she's emphasizing the father

00:03:27.108 --> 00:03:28.572
because around this time

00:03:28.572 --> 00:03:30.608
patrilineage became more important

00:03:30.608 --> 00:03:32.773
and patrilineage is basically

00:03:32.773 --> 00:03:35.640
descent that goes to
the line of the father.

00:03:35.640 --> 00:03:37.077
And this might seem like something

00:03:37.077 --> 00:03:38.533
that's always been around

00:03:38.533 --> 00:03:41.918
but this was a shift from this broader,

00:03:41.918 --> 00:03:45.473
extended clan into a smaller family unit

00:03:45.473 --> 00:03:47.700
where there is a father
and a mother and children,

00:03:47.700 --> 00:03:50.434
rather than so many other family members.

00:03:50.434 --> 00:03:53.647
For Dhuoda to enforce this respect

00:03:53.647 --> 00:03:55.665
and deference towards the father

00:03:55.665 --> 00:03:58.878
is perfectly in line with this value of

00:03:58.878 --> 00:04:00.621
a smaller family unit.

00:04:00.621 --> 00:04:02.563
And these families were very important

00:04:02.563 --> 00:04:05.070
especially these powerful families

00:04:05.070 --> 00:04:09.332
because they were the
fundamental social unit

00:04:09.332 --> 00:04:10.999
in Frankish society.

00:04:12.575 --> 00:04:15.255
To summarize some of the
insights that we can gain

00:04:15.255 --> 00:04:17.148
by looking at this excerpt,

00:04:17.148 --> 00:04:19.321
mothers played key roles in households

00:04:19.321 --> 00:04:22.867
particularly as the moral
educators of their children.

00:04:22.867 --> 00:04:25.947
The ones who are
responsible for making sure

00:04:25.947 --> 00:04:29.087
their children understood the moral ideas

00:04:29.087 --> 00:04:30.585
of their society.

00:04:30.585 --> 00:04:33.482
And secondly that
patrilineage really defines

00:04:33.482 --> 00:04:35.271
smaller family units and within that

00:04:35.271 --> 00:04:37.087
fathers and mothers were important.

00:04:37.087 --> 00:04:39.915
But in this excerpt,
Dhuoda's really reinforcing

00:04:39.915 --> 00:04:43.555
the respect and deference
towards the father.

00:04:43.555 --> 00:04:45.311
And through this excerpt we can also see

00:04:45.311 --> 00:04:47.617
the importance of Christian values

00:04:47.617 --> 00:04:49.955
which are really informing the advise

00:04:49.955 --> 00:04:52.103
that she gives to her son.


Japanese Imperialism

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.433 --> 00:00:03.004
- [Tutor] What we're going
to discuss in this video

00:00:03.004 --> 00:00:05.155
is the evolution of Japan

00:00:05.155 --> 00:00:08.243
from being one of the most
isolated countries in the world

00:00:08.243 --> 00:00:10.362
during the Tokugawa shogunate

00:00:10.362 --> 00:00:14.339
to being the first Asian
country to truly industrialize

00:00:14.339 --> 00:00:17.011
and become a world power.

00:00:17.011 --> 00:00:19.740
Historians will often
categorize imperialism

00:00:19.740 --> 00:00:23.043
or colonialism in one of two categories.

00:00:23.043 --> 00:00:26.915
You have settler colonialism
and economic colonialism.

00:00:26.915 --> 00:00:30.476
Settler colonialism is
exemplified by the Americas,

00:00:30.476 --> 00:00:33.855
Australia, South Africa,
where you have the empire

00:00:33.855 --> 00:00:38.597
sending people from their
country to settle that territory,

00:00:38.597 --> 00:00:41.340
oftentimes displacing indigenous people

00:00:41.340 --> 00:00:43.677
and becoming the ruling class.

00:00:43.677 --> 00:00:46.323
Then you have economic colonialism

00:00:46.323 --> 00:00:49.742
whose primary goal is to
feed the purported needs

00:00:49.742 --> 00:00:51.713
of the Industrial Revolution.

00:00:51.713 --> 00:00:54.648
India and Indonesia are
good examples of this.

00:00:54.648 --> 00:00:57.205
You're looking for raw
materials to feed your

00:00:57.205 --> 00:00:58.598
increased productivity,

00:00:58.598 --> 00:01:01.012
and you're also looking for markets.

00:01:01.012 --> 00:01:02.389
And so, in this context,

00:01:02.389 --> 00:01:04.188
as we think about the evolution of Japan

00:01:04.188 --> 00:01:07.910
from being extremely isolated
to becoming an imperial power,

00:01:07.910 --> 00:01:09.712
think about which of these motivations

00:01:09.712 --> 00:01:11.776
was primary to Japan.

00:01:11.776 --> 00:01:14.943
Or maybe was there a third motivation?

00:01:15.922 --> 00:01:19.219
Let's begin in the 19th century.

00:01:19.219 --> 00:01:21.867
Japan is in control of
the Tokugawa shogunate,

00:01:21.867 --> 00:01:24.673
who has closed the country to foreigners.

00:01:24.673 --> 00:01:28.095
One of the purported reasons
is fearing the influence

00:01:28.095 --> 00:01:32.370
of Christian missionaries as
early as the 17th century.

00:01:32.370 --> 00:01:34.868
You have the British in India.

00:01:34.868 --> 00:01:37.272
You have the Spanish who
have been in the Philippines

00:01:37.272 --> 00:01:40.251
for several hundred years at this point.

00:01:40.251 --> 00:01:43.322
You have the Dutch in control of much of

00:01:43.322 --> 00:01:45.954
what will eventually be Indonesia.

00:01:45.954 --> 00:01:48.173
This orange color shows where the French

00:01:48.173 --> 00:01:52.789
already have a strong hold in
Indo-China and Southeast Asia.

00:01:52.789 --> 00:01:54.215
And then this peach color,

00:01:54.215 --> 00:01:55.880
this is what they would eventually control

00:01:55.880 --> 00:01:59.520
as we get into the latter
half of the 19th century.

00:01:59.520 --> 00:02:00.641
But to really understand

00:02:00.641 --> 00:02:04.066
Japanese motivations in the 19th century,

00:02:04.066 --> 00:02:07.766
you have to think about what
was happening in Qing China

00:02:07.766 --> 00:02:11.666
as we talk about in the
video on the Opium Wars.

00:02:11.666 --> 00:02:13.486
The British and other imperial powers

00:02:13.486 --> 00:02:15.993
want access to Chinese markets.

00:02:15.993 --> 00:02:19.104
The Europeans want Chinese
porcelain and Chinese silk.

00:02:19.104 --> 00:02:20.758
But the Chinese weren't interested

00:02:20.758 --> 00:02:23.161
in trading with the Europeans.

00:02:23.161 --> 00:02:24.685
The Europeans, especially the British,

00:02:24.685 --> 00:02:27.193
eventually do find
something the Chinese want

00:02:27.193 --> 00:02:29.525
and that's opium, which
is an addictive drug.

00:02:29.525 --> 00:02:32.818
It's the core ingredient
in heroin and in morphine.

00:02:32.818 --> 00:02:34.324
The Chinese government of course

00:02:34.324 --> 00:02:37.267
does not want that opium
inside the country,

00:02:37.267 --> 00:02:39.462
but as we talk about in previous videos,

00:02:39.462 --> 00:02:41.212
the British are able to force their way in

00:02:41.212 --> 00:02:42.858
with the First Opium War,

00:02:42.858 --> 00:02:45.738
often referred to as gunboat diplomacy.

00:02:45.738 --> 00:02:47.682
And after winning the First Opium War,

00:02:47.682 --> 00:02:50.677
the British are able to extract
concessions from the Chinese

00:02:50.677 --> 00:02:53.228
including opening up these ports.

00:02:53.228 --> 00:02:55.909
And even that does not
satisfy the British.

00:02:55.909 --> 00:03:00.076
And so, you have the Second
Opium War from 1856 to 1860,

00:03:01.273 --> 00:03:05.644
after which opium, this
addictive drug, is legalized.

00:03:05.644 --> 00:03:07.439
And to make matters worse for China,

00:03:07.439 --> 00:03:11.155
during the same period, they
have an incredibly bloody

00:03:11.155 --> 00:03:14.908
civil war where over
20 million people die.

00:03:14.908 --> 00:03:17.721
Historians think in part due
to the lack of confidence

00:03:17.721 --> 00:03:21.211
in the Qing Dynasty
because of the Opium Wars

00:03:21.211 --> 00:03:25.378
and the opium itself that is
very destructive to society.

00:03:26.212 --> 00:03:28.823
Now, the Japanese were watching all this,

00:03:28.823 --> 00:03:32.376
and they also had their own
interactions with the West.

00:03:32.376 --> 00:03:36.126
In 1853, the American
Commodore Matthew Perry

00:03:38.269 --> 00:03:40.581
comes in with some of his ships

00:03:40.581 --> 00:03:44.225
into Edo Harbor, which
is modern day Tokyo,

00:03:44.225 --> 00:03:47.377
and is able to convince the Japanese

00:03:47.377 --> 00:03:49.981
to trade with the United States.

00:03:49.981 --> 00:03:52.311
The term convinced should
be used very carefully

00:03:52.311 --> 00:03:56.316
because once again, this was
a form of gunboat diplomacy.

00:03:56.316 --> 00:03:57.720
The Japanese saw the ships

00:03:57.720 --> 00:03:59.541
that Commodore Perry traveled with,

00:03:59.541 --> 00:04:03.233
and they knew what had happened
during the First Opium War.

00:04:03.233 --> 00:04:04.209
And they were in no mood

00:04:04.209 --> 00:04:06.282
to have the same thing happen to them.

00:04:06.282 --> 00:04:09.241
Especially when Commodore
Perry returned in 1854

00:04:09.241 --> 00:04:12.028
with even more ships,
the Japanese decided,

00:04:12.028 --> 00:04:13.045
why fight them?

00:04:13.045 --> 00:04:15.936
We will open up and allow some trade.

00:04:15.936 --> 00:04:17.601
And this is a very big deal.

00:04:17.601 --> 00:04:20.096
Remember, the Tokugawa shogunate

00:04:20.096 --> 00:04:24.409
had closed the country for over 200 years,

00:04:24.409 --> 00:04:26.709
but now they saw the writing on the wall.

00:04:26.709 --> 00:04:28.248
They could not defend themselves

00:04:28.248 --> 00:04:30.764
against the American warships.

00:04:30.764 --> 00:04:34.943
Like in China, these concessions
in Japan to the Americans

00:04:34.943 --> 00:04:39.605
began to undermine trust
in the Tokugawa shogunate.

00:04:39.605 --> 00:04:42.417
And to get a feel for
what people were thinking

00:04:42.417 --> 00:04:45.167
in the mid-19th century in Japan,

00:04:46.787 --> 00:04:50.704
we have some quotations
from Shimazu Nariakira,

00:04:51.681 --> 00:04:54.214
who was the daimyo of Satsuma,

00:04:54.214 --> 00:04:57.802
which is at the southern tip
of Japan right over here.

00:04:57.802 --> 00:05:00.728
But he was considered to be a
leading thinker of the time.

00:05:00.728 --> 00:05:02.500
And this photograph, it's not so clear,

00:05:02.500 --> 00:05:04.934
but this is believed to
be the first photograph

00:05:04.934 --> 00:05:06.434
taken by Japanese.

00:05:07.276 --> 00:05:08.755
That gives you a sense of the time,

00:05:08.755 --> 00:05:13.450
that photography daguerreotypes
were starting to be in use.

00:05:13.450 --> 00:05:14.883
"It was inconceivable

00:05:14.883 --> 00:05:17.558
that China would deteriorate
to such a degree."

00:05:17.558 --> 00:05:19.736
Remember, we're talking
about the Opium Wars.

00:05:19.736 --> 00:05:22.174
We're talking about the Taiping Rebellion.

00:05:22.174 --> 00:05:24.656
"With its vast territory and population,

00:05:24.656 --> 00:05:26.458
"there could not have been a dearth

00:05:26.458 --> 00:05:28.879
"of loyal and devoted patriots.

00:05:28.879 --> 00:05:31.535
"Yet since the Opium
War its administration

00:05:31.535 --> 00:05:34.426
"has been in disorder and ineffective.

00:05:34.426 --> 00:05:36.376
"It has been plagued by rebellion

00:05:36.376 --> 00:05:41.061
"while England and France
have invaded it from without.

00:05:41.061 --> 00:05:43.543
"Japan lies to the east of China,

00:05:43.543 --> 00:05:45.972
"and is in such a
position as to necessitate

00:05:45.972 --> 00:05:49.529
"immediate steps to prepare
against meeting the same fate

00:05:49.529 --> 00:05:52.690
"as that which has befallen the Chinese;

00:05:52.690 --> 00:05:55.643
"as soon as England achieves
its design in China,

00:05:55.643 --> 00:05:59.852
"it will most certainly direct
its military might eastward.

00:05:59.852 --> 00:06:02.915
"If we take the initiative,
we can dominate;

00:06:02.915 --> 00:06:05.998
"if we do not, we will be dominated."

00:06:06.887 --> 00:06:09.317
And this last sentence is often quoted.

00:06:09.317 --> 00:06:12.964
"If we take the initiative,
we can dominate;

00:06:12.964 --> 00:06:16.448
"if we do not, we will be dominated."

00:06:16.448 --> 00:06:19.381
It's almost advocating for
a reactionary imperialism.

00:06:19.381 --> 00:06:23.709
Become an empire or become
part of someone else's empire.

00:06:23.709 --> 00:06:27.505
And this is the path that Japan goes down.

00:06:27.505 --> 00:06:31.672
In 1867, you have the young
Emperor Meiji come to power,

00:06:33.079 --> 00:06:36.579
who was only 15 or 16
years old at the time.

00:06:36.579 --> 00:06:37.973
This would be the beginning

00:06:37.973 --> 00:06:41.291
of what is known as the Meiji Restoration.

00:06:41.291 --> 00:06:43.684
You could say that it's
a restoration of power

00:06:43.684 --> 00:06:45.148
back to the emperor.

00:06:45.148 --> 00:06:47.549
The emperor existed even
during the shogunate

00:06:47.549 --> 00:06:48.725
but was a figurehead.

00:06:48.725 --> 00:06:50.825
It was the shogun who had the power.

00:06:50.825 --> 00:06:53.540
But now, the emperor was able to take back

00:06:53.540 --> 00:06:55.553
the power from the shogunate.

00:06:55.553 --> 00:06:58.652
But the Meiji Restoration is
perhaps even more important

00:06:58.652 --> 00:07:03.617
in that it took Japan from
being a closed, feudal country,

00:07:03.617 --> 00:07:05.402
and in only a few decades,

00:07:05.402 --> 00:07:09.258
to a modern industrial imperial power.

00:07:09.258 --> 00:07:11.764
Here are some data that
gives you a sense of this.

00:07:11.764 --> 00:07:15.347
1875, 600,000 metric
tons of coal produced.

00:07:16.721 --> 00:07:18.304
1913, 21.3 million.

00:07:20.576 --> 00:07:23.365
So it's grown almost 40 fold.

00:07:23.365 --> 00:07:25.032
1873, 26 steamships.

00:07:27.005 --> 00:07:28.922
1913, 1,514 steamships.

00:07:32.055 --> 00:07:35.055
Railroad track, 1872, only 18 miles.

00:07:36.122 --> 00:07:37.372
By 1914, 7,100.

00:07:39.778 --> 00:07:41.921
Emperor Meiji dies in 1912,

00:07:41.921 --> 00:07:46.194
but as we get into 1914, you
start to see World War I.

00:07:46.194 --> 00:07:48.259
And as we talk about in other videos,

00:07:48.259 --> 00:07:51.560
this industrialization
of Japan allows it to be

00:07:51.560 --> 00:07:54.355
a major actor in World War I.

00:07:54.355 --> 00:07:56.018
As we exit the 19th century

00:07:56.018 --> 00:07:58.193
and we also go to the 20th century,

00:07:58.193 --> 00:08:01.774
we see Japan leveraging
its industrial might

00:08:01.774 --> 00:08:03.237
that we see in numbers here

00:08:03.237 --> 00:08:05.159
in terms of taking over territory

00:08:05.159 --> 00:08:07.742
and becoming an imperial power.

00:08:08.777 --> 00:08:12.155
In this flashing red, this is what Japan

00:08:12.155 --> 00:08:16.155
is able to take over by
the end of World War II.

00:08:17.703 --> 00:08:19.224
They were able to take over Korea

00:08:19.224 --> 00:08:21.508
at the beginning of the 20th century.

00:08:21.508 --> 00:08:23.197
And even though Hitler's
invasion of Poland

00:08:23.197 --> 00:08:26.166
is often given as the
start of World War II,

00:08:26.166 --> 00:08:29.527
Japan's occupation and
very brutal occupation

00:08:29.527 --> 00:08:32.123
of Northeast China is often considered

00:08:32.123 --> 00:08:34.090
the real start of World War II.

00:08:34.090 --> 00:08:36.755
As World War II progresses,
Japan is able to take

00:08:36.755 --> 00:08:38.252
more and more territory,

00:08:38.252 --> 00:08:42.127
French Indo-China, British
Burma, the Dutch Indies,

00:08:42.127 --> 00:08:44.039
Indonesia, Philippines.

00:08:44.039 --> 00:08:47.156
And this empire only comes to an end

00:08:47.156 --> 00:08:49.363
when Japan has to surrender

00:08:49.363 --> 00:08:52.280
at the end of World War II in 1945.

00:08:53.293 --> 00:08:55.196
So, go back to the previous question.

00:08:55.196 --> 00:08:58.278
What type of colonial power was Japan?

00:08:58.278 --> 00:09:00.481
It definitely wanted
the natural resources.

00:09:00.481 --> 00:09:02.249
In fact, especially when it was at war,

00:09:02.249 --> 00:09:05.428
it needed access to oil
which Indonesia had.

00:09:05.428 --> 00:09:07.877
It needed access to natural resources

00:09:07.877 --> 00:09:09.744
that all of these areas had,

00:09:09.744 --> 00:09:11.302
but there was also this element

00:09:11.302 --> 00:09:14.521
of wanting to be a major
player on the global stage

00:09:14.521 --> 00:09:16.132
in fear that if it wasn't,

00:09:16.132 --> 00:09:19.736
it might become a victim
of colonization itself.


Opium Wars

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.535 --> 00:00:01.961
- [Instructor] This is a map of East Asia

00:00:01.961 --> 00:00:04.547
in the 19th century and you
can already see significant

00:00:04.547 --> 00:00:07.791
imperial control by
Western European powers.

00:00:07.791 --> 00:00:11.711
You have the British East
India Company in India,

00:00:11.711 --> 00:00:14.930
you have the French
initially getting a foothold

00:00:14.930 --> 00:00:17.501
in Southeast Vietnam in this orange area

00:00:17.501 --> 00:00:20.273
but eventually they will
take over this entire region

00:00:20.273 --> 00:00:24.211
that will become one day
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

00:00:24.211 --> 00:00:26.772
You have the Dutch in Indonesia
and you have the Spanish

00:00:26.772 --> 00:00:30.007
in the Philippines, but
what we're going to focus on

00:00:30.007 --> 00:00:33.768
in this video is the European
and in particular the British

00:00:33.768 --> 00:00:37.935
attempt to open up the Chinese
markets to British trade.

00:00:38.993 --> 00:00:43.695
China at the time under the
control of the Qing Dynasty.

00:00:43.695 --> 00:00:47.966
Well before this period,
Chinese products were in demand

00:00:47.966 --> 00:00:49.163
in Europe, in particular,

00:00:49.163 --> 00:00:52.680
Chinese porcelain and Chinese silk.

00:00:52.680 --> 00:00:55.619
Unfortunate for the Europeans,
the Chinese did not have

00:00:55.619 --> 00:00:58.664
a lot of demand for European products

00:00:58.664 --> 00:01:01.369
and so you had a balance of trade problem.

00:01:01.369 --> 00:01:04.795
These products would be
exported from China into Europe

00:01:04.795 --> 00:01:09.451
and you would have hard silver
currency going to China.

00:01:09.451 --> 00:01:12.244
And so the imperial powers,
especially the British,

00:01:12.244 --> 00:01:14.695
were looking for a solution,
and they eventually found

00:01:14.695 --> 00:01:19.247
that opium grown in India, which
is a highly addictive drug,

00:01:19.247 --> 00:01:22.188
it's the core constituent
of heroin and morphine,

00:01:22.188 --> 00:01:25.680
could be addictive to the
Chinese people and maybe

00:01:25.680 --> 00:01:28.266
could help solve this
balance of trade problem,

00:01:28.266 --> 00:01:32.230
that silver could then
flow outside of China.

00:01:32.230 --> 00:01:34.498
Well you could imagine
the Chinese government,

00:01:34.498 --> 00:01:37.015
the Qing Dynasty, had no
interest in opium coming in

00:01:37.015 --> 00:01:40.202
to China, it was destructive
to their society,

00:01:40.202 --> 00:01:45.199
it was an addictive drug, but
in 1839, the British decide

00:01:45.199 --> 00:01:48.972
to force the issue and you
have what will be known

00:01:48.972 --> 00:01:50.889
as the First Opium War.

00:01:52.008 --> 00:01:55.484
This is a picture of the
Second Battle of Chuenpi,

00:01:55.484 --> 00:01:58.006
you see the British vessel
Nemesis, which is actually owned

00:01:58.006 --> 00:02:00.722
by a company, the British
East India Company,

00:02:00.722 --> 00:02:05.058
destroying Chinese junk ships
and because of this show

00:02:05.058 --> 00:02:07.471
of force and this military superiority,

00:02:07.471 --> 00:02:11.783
they were able to win the
First Opium War and extract

00:02:11.783 --> 00:02:14.616
major concessions from Qing China.

00:02:15.634 --> 00:02:18.770
The Chinese had to open
up five ports to trade

00:02:18.770 --> 00:02:22.915
with the British, they had to
give the island of Hong Kong

00:02:22.915 --> 00:02:24.825
to the British indefinitely
and the British would keep

00:02:24.825 --> 00:02:28.849
control of it all the way until
the end of the 20th century.

00:02:28.849 --> 00:02:32.701
The Chinese had to pay for
opium that they destroyed,

00:02:32.701 --> 00:02:34.557
they had to give
reparations to the British

00:02:34.557 --> 00:02:37.620
to pay for the costs of the war.

00:02:37.620 --> 00:02:40.992
Now to add insult to injury,
the British were not satisfied

00:02:40.992 --> 00:02:44.824
and in 1856, you have
the Second Opium War,

00:02:44.824 --> 00:02:47.996
where they tried to extract
even more concessions

00:02:47.996 --> 00:02:51.753
from China, after which
opium is legalized,

00:02:51.753 --> 00:02:54.606
the whole time opium
flooding into the country

00:02:54.606 --> 00:02:58.177
and really undermining the
social fabric of society.

00:02:58.177 --> 00:03:02.955
To make matters worse for China,
you have a major civil war

00:03:02.955 --> 00:03:06.050
in this time period,
the Taiping Rebellion,

00:03:06.050 --> 00:03:09.717
which was started by this sect
of Christianity that viewed

00:03:09.717 --> 00:03:13.280
it as their destiny to
overthrow the Qing Dynasty

00:03:13.280 --> 00:03:15.716
and this is one of the
most bloody civil wars

00:03:15.716 --> 00:03:19.045
that any nation has seen in
history, with over 20 million

00:03:19.045 --> 00:03:22.096
people being killed and
historians believe that the Qing

00:03:22.096 --> 00:03:24.537
concessions to the British
and then the French

00:03:24.537 --> 00:03:28.024
and also the opium that was
undermining Chinese society

00:03:28.024 --> 00:03:32.191
was a major contributor to
this long and bloody civil war.

00:03:33.847 --> 00:03:37.567
These opium wars are often
cited by Japanese in this

00:03:37.567 --> 00:03:41.446
time period as a reason for
their need to industrialize

00:03:41.446 --> 00:03:45.214
and become imperial power so
that they don't get unraveled

00:03:45.214 --> 00:03:50.162
the same way that Qing
China does by the Europeans.

00:03:50.162 --> 00:03:53.177
But to appreciate that
this was even controversial

00:03:53.177 --> 00:03:54.010
in Europe.

00:03:55.292 --> 00:03:59.012
William Gladstone, as we enter
into the First Opium War,

00:03:59.012 --> 00:04:01.981
was a young parliamentarian in Britain

00:04:01.981 --> 00:04:05.495
and he will eventually be, at
the end of the 19th century,

00:04:05.495 --> 00:04:08.915
a significant British prime minister.

00:04:08.915 --> 00:04:12.183
But as the opium war was beginning,

00:04:12.183 --> 00:04:15.821
he gave a famous speech in Parliament.

00:04:15.821 --> 00:04:18.403
"It is a matter of
certainty that if we stopped

00:04:18.403 --> 00:04:21.682
"the exportation of opium
from Bengal and broke up

00:04:21.682 --> 00:04:25.249
"the depot at Lintin and
checked the cultivation of it

00:04:25.249 --> 00:04:29.077
"in Malwa and put a moral
stigma upon it, that we should

00:04:29.077 --> 00:04:33.294
"greatly cripple if not
extinguish the trade in it.

00:04:33.294 --> 00:04:35.150
"The great principles of justice

00:04:35.150 --> 00:04:37.723
"are involved in this matter.

00:04:37.723 --> 00:04:41.521
"You," and he's talking to I
believe the Foreign Minister

00:04:41.521 --> 00:04:44.994
who is an aggressive
proponent of the opium wars,

00:04:44.994 --> 00:04:47.829
"You will be called upon to
show cause for your present

00:04:47.829 --> 00:04:51.531
"intention of making war upon the Chinese.

00:04:51.531 --> 00:04:55.561
"They gave us notice to
abandon the contraband trade,

00:04:55.561 --> 00:04:56.999
"the trade in opium.

00:04:56.999 --> 00:04:59.791
"When they found that we
would not, they had the right

00:04:59.791 --> 00:05:03.085
"to drive us from their coasts
on account of our obstinacy

00:05:03.085 --> 00:05:07.316
"in persisting in this infamous
and atrocious traffic."

00:05:07.316 --> 00:05:10.358
And opium was addictive and
William Gladstone had personal

00:05:10.358 --> 00:05:14.783
experience with this, his
sister became addicted to opium.

00:05:14.783 --> 00:05:18.574
He went on to say, "I am not
competent to judge how long

00:05:18.574 --> 00:05:22.997
"this war may last, but
this I can say, that a war

00:05:22.997 --> 00:05:26.209
"more unjust in its origin,
a war more calculated

00:05:26.209 --> 00:05:29.397
"in its progress to cover
this country with permanent

00:05:29.397 --> 00:05:33.564
"disgrace, I do not know,
and I have not read of."

00:05:34.595 --> 00:05:36.119
And a few days later, he wrote,

00:05:36.119 --> 00:05:40.266
"I am in dread of the
judgments of god upon England

00:05:40.266 --> 00:05:43.766
"for our national iniquity towards China."


The Holocaust

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.183 --> 00:00:01.515
- [Instructor] In this
video we're going to talk

00:00:01.515 --> 00:00:04.052
about what is one of the darkest chapters

00:00:04.052 --> 00:00:06.537
in human history, the Holocaust,

00:00:06.537 --> 00:00:10.397
which involved the massacre
of roughly 6 million Jews

00:00:10.397 --> 00:00:13.665
and as many as 11 million
civilians in total.

00:00:13.665 --> 00:00:16.399
In order to understand the Holocaust,

00:00:16.399 --> 00:00:18.874
we're going to start at World War I.

00:00:18.874 --> 00:00:23.118
Even prior to World War
I, there were massacres,

00:00:23.118 --> 00:00:26.827
especially of Jews, in places
like the Russian empire.

00:00:26.827 --> 00:00:29.271
The term pogrom is a Russian word

00:00:29.271 --> 00:00:31.733
meaning these violent riots or attacks

00:00:31.733 --> 00:00:33.643
on people for their ethnicity.

00:00:33.643 --> 00:00:36.354
There were several
through the 19th century.

00:00:36.354 --> 00:00:39.506
But they go back even
before that word was coined

00:00:39.506 --> 00:00:41.857
as early as the first crusades.

00:00:41.857 --> 00:00:44.330
Famously in the Rhineland,
many of the Jewish people

00:00:44.330 --> 00:00:46.466
were killed and attacked.

00:00:46.466 --> 00:00:50.164
You had a solid thread of antisemitism

00:00:50.164 --> 00:00:51.922
throughout much of Europe,

00:00:51.922 --> 00:00:55.289
including Germany and Eastern Europe

00:00:55.289 --> 00:00:58.622
as we get up to and through World War I.

00:00:59.498 --> 00:01:01.774
As we've talked about in other videos,

00:01:01.774 --> 00:01:04.514
the central powers lose World War I

00:01:04.514 --> 00:01:06.882
and the Treaty of Versailles places a lot

00:01:06.882 --> 00:01:09.041
of the blame on Germany.

00:01:09.041 --> 00:01:11.683
The national pride of
Germany has been shattered.

00:01:11.683 --> 00:01:13.831
They have lost this war.

00:01:13.831 --> 00:01:15.618
They have lost territory.

00:01:15.618 --> 00:01:17.314
Their economy is in shambles.

00:01:17.314 --> 00:01:19.694
They're paying reparations.

00:01:19.694 --> 00:01:21.690
It is in that context

00:01:21.690 --> 00:01:24.703
that the National Socialist Party forms

00:01:24.703 --> 00:01:28.870
officially in 1920, coming out
of the German Workers Party.

00:01:30.008 --> 00:01:33.464
They focused on ideas of national identity

00:01:33.464 --> 00:01:36.581
and from the start were
against ethnic groups,

00:01:36.581 --> 00:01:39.043
blaming their problems,
including the loss of World War I

00:01:39.043 --> 00:01:41.620
often on these ethnic groups.

00:01:41.620 --> 00:01:45.643
In 1921, Hitler, who had
fought during World War I

00:01:45.643 --> 00:01:46.670
and based on some of his writings

00:01:46.670 --> 00:01:49.201
seemed to have found a lot
of meaning during the war,

00:01:49.201 --> 00:01:52.069
he becomes the National
Socialist Party leader.

00:01:52.069 --> 00:01:54.531
National Socialist, it gets abbreviated

00:01:54.531 --> 00:01:58.364
as Nazi, National Socialist
Party, Nazi Party.

00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:03.013
In 1923, Hitler tries
to begin an overthrow

00:02:03.848 --> 00:02:04.986
of the government.

00:02:04.986 --> 00:02:08.085
But his putsch, his coup, is unsuccessful

00:02:08.085 --> 00:02:10.135
and he is imprisoned.

00:02:10.135 --> 00:02:12.520
It is while in prison that he writes

00:02:12.520 --> 00:02:15.574
down his belief system that
eventually gets published

00:02:15.574 --> 00:02:19.741
upon his release in 1925
under the title Mein Kampf,

00:02:20.735 --> 00:02:25.495
which can be translated as
my struggle or my battle.

00:02:25.495 --> 00:02:27.898
This is just an excerpt from Mein Kampf.

00:02:27.898 --> 00:02:31.451
"If we pass all the causes of
the German collapse in review,

00:02:31.451 --> 00:02:34.185
"the ultimate and most
decisive remains the failure

00:02:34.185 --> 00:02:36.814
"to recognize the racial problem

00:02:36.814 --> 00:02:39.067
"and especially the Jewish menace.

00:02:39.067 --> 00:02:42.434
"The defeats on the
battlefield in August, 1918,"

00:02:42.434 --> 00:02:44.767
so he's referring the end of World War I,

00:02:44.767 --> 00:02:47.066
"Would have been child's play to bear.

00:02:47.066 --> 00:02:49.800
"They stood in no
proportion to the victories

00:02:49.800 --> 00:02:51.344
"of our people.

00:02:51.344 --> 00:02:54.572
"It was not they that
caused our downfall, no.

00:02:54.572 --> 00:02:57.689
"It was brought about by
that power which prepared

00:02:57.689 --> 00:03:00.592
"these defeats by systematically,
over many decades,

00:03:00.592 --> 00:03:04.417
"robbing our people of the
political and moral instincts

00:03:04.417 --> 00:03:07.337
"and forces which alone
make nations capable

00:03:07.337 --> 00:03:09.671
"and hence worthy of existence."

00:03:09.671 --> 00:03:12.411
He's blaming Germany's
defeat in World War I

00:03:12.411 --> 00:03:14.808
on a relatively small ethnic group.

00:03:14.808 --> 00:03:16.718
So, as you can see, a very twisted mind,

00:03:16.718 --> 00:03:18.790
very twisted thinking.

00:03:18.790 --> 00:03:21.072
"The lost purity of the blood alone

00:03:21.072 --> 00:03:23.899
"destroys inner happiness forever,"

00:03:23.899 --> 00:03:26.586
so he's very caught up
with these ideas of purity,

00:03:26.586 --> 00:03:29.582
"Plunges man into the abyss for all time,

00:03:29.582 --> 00:03:32.391
"and the consequences can
never more be eliminated

00:03:32.391 --> 00:03:34.308
"from body and spirit."

00:03:35.700 --> 00:03:39.293
Over time, what starts
off as this fringe leader

00:03:39.293 --> 00:03:42.672
of a fringe party, as we go into the 20s

00:03:42.672 --> 00:03:45.302
and as the German economy gets even worse

00:03:45.302 --> 00:03:46.910
and there's hyperinflation,

00:03:46.910 --> 00:03:49.174
more and more people start
to throw their support

00:03:49.174 --> 00:03:51.008
behind these extremists.

00:03:51.008 --> 00:03:54.543
And as we go into the 30s,
the National Socialist Party

00:03:54.543 --> 00:03:57.980
is actually able to get
reasonable representation

00:03:57.980 --> 00:03:59.861
in the German parliament.

00:03:59.861 --> 00:04:02.611
In 1933, the president of Germany

00:04:04.041 --> 00:04:06.378
appoints Hitler to be chancellor,

00:04:06.378 --> 00:04:08.932
which is the equivalent
of being prime minister

00:04:08.932 --> 00:04:13.234
despite the Nazis not having
a majority in parliament.

00:04:13.234 --> 00:04:15.759
This is the official
beginning of what the Nazis

00:04:15.759 --> 00:04:18.400
will call the Third Reich.

00:04:18.400 --> 00:04:20.188
Reich translates as realm.

00:04:20.188 --> 00:04:22.388
They considered the First Reich

00:04:22.388 --> 00:04:24.199
to be the holy Roman Empire.

00:04:24.199 --> 00:04:28.396
They refer to the Second
Reich as the German Empire

00:04:28.396 --> 00:04:30.353
after the holy Roman Empire up

00:04:30.353 --> 00:04:32.779
and through World War I.

00:04:32.779 --> 00:04:34.979
They don't consider the Weimar Republic,

00:04:34.979 --> 00:04:36.889
which they hate, the Third Reich.

00:04:36.889 --> 00:04:39.194
They consider that the interim Reich.

00:04:39.194 --> 00:04:41.858
And they consider
themselves the Third Reich,

00:04:41.858 --> 00:04:45.533
the heir to the German Empire
and the holy Roman Empire.

00:04:45.533 --> 00:04:48.017
Once Hitler and the Nazis get power,

00:04:48.017 --> 00:04:50.496
they really get a strangle hold on it.

00:04:50.496 --> 00:04:53.590
They start persecuting
their political opponents

00:04:53.590 --> 00:04:56.986
both, outside the party,
and inside the party.

00:04:56.986 --> 00:05:01.671
They also start to take
action on these twisted ideas

00:05:01.671 --> 00:05:03.982
Hitler expressed in Mein Kampf.

00:05:03.982 --> 00:05:08.065
In 1935, they're able to
pass the Nuremberg Laws,

00:05:09.027 --> 00:05:12.370
which strips German Jews
of their citizenship.

00:05:12.370 --> 00:05:16.115
It forbids intermarrying
between non-Jewish Germans

00:05:16.115 --> 00:05:17.386
and Jews.

00:05:17.386 --> 00:05:20.596
This is only one of many
steps that will continue

00:05:20.596 --> 00:05:25.048
to demean the rights of
Jews inside of Germany.

00:05:25.048 --> 00:05:29.594
In 1938, you have what is
known as Kristallnacht,

00:05:29.594 --> 00:05:31.544
or the night of broken glass.

00:05:31.544 --> 00:05:33.872
Hundred of synagogues are burned.

00:05:33.872 --> 00:05:36.357
Thousands of Jewish
businesses are destroyed

00:05:36.357 --> 00:05:39.642
and many Jews are killed in that night.

00:05:39.642 --> 00:05:42.411
Then as we get into 1939,

00:05:42.411 --> 00:05:45.337
Hitlers' armies famously invade Poland

00:05:45.337 --> 00:05:47.891
beginning what many historians consider

00:05:47.891 --> 00:05:50.004
to be the start of World War II.

00:05:50.004 --> 00:05:53.354
What would eventually be
known as the Holocaust

00:05:53.354 --> 00:05:55.854
goes into full effect in 1941.

00:05:57.762 --> 00:06:00.612
Jews are sometimes
executed in the streets,

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in their homes, many of them are captured

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and sent to concentration camps.

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To get a sense of the
scale of this operation,

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we have this excerpt from
Michael Berenbaum's book,

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The World Must Know.

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"The policy of extermination
involved every level

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"of German society and
marshaled the entire apparatus

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"of the German bureaucracy.

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"Parish churches and the
Interior Ministry supplied

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"the birth records that
defined and isolated Jews.

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"The post office delivered
the notifications

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"of definition, expropriation,
denaturalization,

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"and deportation.

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"The Finance Ministry
confiscated Jewish wealth

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"and property.

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"German industrial and commercial firms

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"fired Jewish workers,
officers, and board members,

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"even disenfranchising
Jewish stockholders.

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"The universities refused
to admit Jewish students,

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"denied degrees to those already enrolled,

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"and dismissed Jewish faculty.

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"government transportation bureaus handled

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"the billing arrangements
with the railroads

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"for the trains that carried
Jews to their death."

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The point that's being
made here is this could not

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be done just with Hitler and
some of his close associates.

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To kill millions of people on this scale,

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you needed and entire apparatus.

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And hundreds of thousands,
if not millions of people

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were involved in some way.

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At least several hundreds
of thousands of people

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within Germany must have been
aware of what was happening.

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Needless to say, the death
toll was considerable.

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This here is a visual depiction

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of the percentage of the Jewish population

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that was killed in various regions.

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As you can see, 80 to 90
percent of the Jewish population

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in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland,

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was killed during the Holocaust.

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In the territories occupied
by Germany in Russia

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during World War II, almost
as many had been killed.

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In France, Italy, 1/5 to 1/4
of the population was killed.

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To put things more in human terms,

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this is a picture of children
who were in Auschwitz,

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one of the most infamous
concentration camps.

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You can see their names, their ages,

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and then when they were killed.

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Historians believe five
to six million Jews

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were killed during the Holocaust

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including a million and a half children.

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This was 2/3 of the Jewish
population of Europe.

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But the Holocaust went further.

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It's believed that over
10 million civilians

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were killed during the Holocaust.

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Over three million prisoners
of war were killed.

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And other people including
several hundred thousand Romani,

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often referred to as Gypsies.

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Several hundred thousand
people with disabilities,

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many thousands of homosexuals

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were all put to death
during the Holocaust.

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We've covered a lot of world history.

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A lot of it, unfortunately,
has a lot of death,

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a lot of destruction and
sometimes targeting people

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for their ethnicity.

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But never, in world history,
have we seen something

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at this scale.

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Because it seemed to be
a relatively new concept,

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a term was coined, genocide.

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It was coined by Raphael Lemkin who,

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as a Holocaust survivor, had
49 members of his family killed

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during the Holocaust.

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It means killing of a people.

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Geno, coming from a people or a family,

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and cide, killing.

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But maybe even more interesting

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than the word definition itself,

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is thinking about why
this actually happened.

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Maybe even more importantly,
how society can avoid it.

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I'll leave you with that question.

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What do you think was the
reason why this happened?

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And do you think we have a risk

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of that happening in the future?

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And how can we prevent it?