Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.587 --> 00:00:02.477
- [Instructor] It is the year 1200

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and the world is about to
change in dramatic fashion.

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Let's just give ourselves
a little bit of context

00:00:08.560 --> 00:00:10.867
of what the world looks like.

00:00:10.867 --> 00:00:14.497
The kings of western Europe
are caught up in the Crusades.

00:00:14.497 --> 00:00:18.206
In the year 1200, the third
Crusade has just ended

00:00:18.206 --> 00:00:20.705
and is mildly successful,

00:00:20.705 --> 00:00:24.590
but Jerusalem is still in
control of the Muslims.

00:00:24.590 --> 00:00:28.521
The Byzantine Empire, what's
left of the true Roman Empire,

00:00:28.521 --> 00:00:30.542
is on the decline,

00:00:30.542 --> 00:00:34.836
losing more and more
territory to the Turks.

00:00:34.836 --> 00:00:37.020
In the Middle East and Persia,

00:00:37.020 --> 00:00:39.420
you have the golden age of Islam.

00:00:39.420 --> 00:00:41.885
The Abbasid Caliphate is still around,

00:00:41.885 --> 00:00:43.734
although it is now have been fragmented

00:00:43.734 --> 00:00:46.678
into many different Muslim empires.

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Modern-day north India,
Pakistan, and Afghanistan

00:00:50.311 --> 00:00:52.970
is under control of the Ghurid Sultanate,

00:00:52.970 --> 00:00:54.790
with the rest of India being divided

00:00:54.790 --> 00:00:57.373
amongst various Hindu kingdoms.

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In the east, in other videos,
we study the Song Dynasty,

00:01:03.609 --> 00:01:05.661
which is one of the really high points

00:01:05.661 --> 00:01:07.066
of Chinese civilization,

00:01:07.066 --> 00:01:10.243
although they're suspicious
of their northern neighbors.

00:01:10.243 --> 00:01:12.630
But in the midst of all of this,

00:01:12.630 --> 00:01:16.062
it ends up being a nomadic people

00:01:16.062 --> 00:01:18.058
that we really haven't talked a lot about

00:01:18.058 --> 00:01:22.798
in our survey of world history
that become the main catalyst

00:01:22.798 --> 00:01:26.688
for change over the next
several hundred years.

00:01:26.688 --> 00:01:28.688
And that is the Mongols.

00:01:30.167 --> 00:01:33.417
So let's move forward to the year 1206.

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In the late twelfth and
early thirteenth centuries,

00:01:38.324 --> 00:01:42.491
you have a leader by the name
of Temujin arise in Mongolia

00:01:43.673 --> 00:01:47.454
and he's able to unite
the various nomadic tribes

00:01:47.454 --> 00:01:50.454
and declares in 1206 a Mongol Empire

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you see here in this yellow color.

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He is eventually called
Genghis, or Genghis Khan,

00:01:58.235 --> 00:02:02.937
the great Khan, the great
ruler, or the universal ruler.

00:02:02.937 --> 00:02:06.154
Now, even though the Mongols
were not a focus point

00:02:06.154 --> 00:02:08.653
of world history up until this point,

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they did have several
very significant things

00:02:11.701 --> 00:02:15.218
going for them at this point in history.

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As nomadic tribes of herders,
they were excellent horsemen

00:02:19.429 --> 00:02:22.164
and they were also excellent
archers, capable of shooting

00:02:22.164 --> 00:02:25.835
an arrow in any direction
while riding a horse.

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So as a military, they
were incredibly nimble,

00:02:28.170 --> 00:02:31.186
they were incredibly fast,
they were incredibly brutal,

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but they were also incredibly adaptable.

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As they conquered more and more people,

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they learned from them and
by the time of Genghis Khan's

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death in 1227, they had
conquered much of northern Asia.

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And the Mongols will continue on.

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Within half a century
of Genghis Khan's death,

00:02:52.588 --> 00:02:55.404
they will have conquered
not just northern Asia.

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When they capture Baghdad, many historians

00:02:57.924 --> 00:03:02.077
consider this the end of
the Islamic golden age.

00:03:02.077 --> 00:03:03.806
As much pressure as the western Europeans

00:03:03.806 --> 00:03:06.180
were putting on the Turks
during the Crusades,

00:03:06.180 --> 00:03:07.952
it was actually the Mongol threat

00:03:07.952 --> 00:03:10.839
that was much more significant.

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Before fragmenting,

00:03:12.675 --> 00:03:17.009
it is the largest contiguous
empire in world history.

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I use the word contiguous
because the British Empire

00:03:20.328 --> 00:03:23.354
actually covers more land, as we'll see,

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a few hundred years later.

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But the Mongolian Empire, all
of the land was connected,

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it was contiguous.

00:03:30.635 --> 00:03:34.996
But as you can see from this
drawing, they begin to fragment

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into what's referred to
as multiple Khanates,

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that become more and more independent

00:03:40.874 --> 00:03:44.369
in the second half of
the thirteenth century.

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As we get into the fourteenth century,

00:03:46.080 --> 00:03:47.852
we can see that it is now fragmented

00:03:47.852 --> 00:03:52.058
into multiple, still
very significant empires.

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In the east, you have
Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty,

00:03:54.962 --> 00:03:58.652
controlling modern-day Mongolia and China,

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reemphasizing the importance of Buddhism

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until they eventually get
reconquered by the Ming Dynasty.

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In central Asia, you have
the Chagatai Khanate.

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In northwest Asia and eastern Europe,

00:04:10.632 --> 00:04:14.230
getting as far as Poland,
you have the Golden Horde.

00:04:14.230 --> 00:04:18.366
And in Persia and the Caucasus,
you have the Ilkhanate,

00:04:18.366 --> 00:04:20.695
which you can view as
a subordinate Khanate,

00:04:20.695 --> 00:04:22.474
but is now independent.

00:04:22.474 --> 00:04:25.961
The Khanates in the west
eventually convert to Islam.

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Super important to understand

00:04:27.699 --> 00:04:30.586
because many of the empires
that we are about to study

00:04:30.586 --> 00:04:35.111
in Asia and the Middle East
have roots in the Mongolian

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Empire and roots in what
Genghis Khan started in 1206.


The Columbian Exchange

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.416 --> 00:00:01.433
- [Instructor] Although we tend to think

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about Christopher Columbus'
first voyage in 1492,

00:00:05.563 --> 00:00:09.297
transforming the history of the Americas,

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it actually transformed a
great deal more than that,

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and in this video I want to talk

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about the larger world historical process

00:00:18.287 --> 00:00:20.635
that Columbus' voyage opened up,

00:00:20.635 --> 00:00:23.212
that transformed not only the Americas,

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but also Europe and
Africa, and this was called

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the Columbian Exchange.

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So what was the Columbian Exchange?

00:00:31.478 --> 00:00:34.311
This was a process of transferring

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plants,

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animals,

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microbes

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and people

00:00:49.174 --> 00:00:52.286
across the Atlantic in both directions.

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And not just trading these goods,

00:00:54.542 --> 00:00:58.060
but transplanting them
from Europe and Africa

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into the Americas and
the other way around.

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And some of these exchanges
of species were intentional,

00:01:04.940 --> 00:01:07.857
like bringing new crops
to grow in environments

00:01:07.857 --> 00:01:09.672
that were suited to them, and some of them

00:01:09.672 --> 00:01:13.229
were unintentional, like
the microbes and pests,

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which were like little
hitchhikers on the bodies

00:01:15.304 --> 00:01:18.682
and crops that Europeans
brought to the New World.

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And it had a tremendous
environmental affect

00:01:25.178 --> 00:01:27.345
that had real consequences

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for people on both sides of the Atlantic.

00:01:34.087 --> 00:01:36.980
So let's look a little bit
closer at some of the things

00:01:36.980 --> 00:01:40.706
that were exchanged across the Atlantic

00:01:40.706 --> 00:01:43.590
after Columbus began the process

00:01:43.590 --> 00:01:47.576
of bringing things from the
Old World to the New World,

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and from the New World to the Old World.

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So first let's take a
closer look at the plants.

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Now, Spain, much like Portugal, was hoping

00:01:56.766 --> 00:02:00.805
to use this tropical
landscape to grow cash crops.

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So Columbus brought with
him sugar and grapes

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for wine, and coffee, these were all crops

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that would fetch high prices in Europe.

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It was so lucrative to
grow sugar in the Caribbean

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that they didn't even
want to give up any space

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to grow food, they imported their food

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so that they could spend all
of their land growing sugar.

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The Europeans also brought New World crops

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back to the Old World,
and some of these it's

00:02:32.562 --> 00:02:36.257
almost impossible to
imagine a world before,

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for example, the tomato
had ever come to Europe.

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Can you imagine Italian
food with no tomato sauce?

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They also brought corn and potatoes

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and sweet potatoes and cassava, or manioc.

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And what's important about
most of these crops is

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that they're very calorically dense.

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So if you grew a field of potatoes,

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instead of a field of
wheat, which might be

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a typical crop grown in the
Old Word before contact,

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you can feed three times as many people

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with a field of potatoes
than you can with wheat.

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So what does this cause?

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It causes a real increase
in population in Europe.

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It also causes an increase
in population in Africa,

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where manioc is a crop
that was frequently grown

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and also very calorically dense.

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So New World foods
helped Europe and Africa

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increase their populations.

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So what about these animals?

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The Europeans brought cattle, sheep,

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pigs, and horses to the New
World, with mixed results.

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Horses, for example, were
a tremendous technology

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that was widely adopted throughout Mexico

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and the Native Americans
living in the Great Plains

00:04:04.840 --> 00:04:07.262
of what is today the United States found

00:04:07.262 --> 00:04:10.230
that horses revolutionized
their ability to hunt.

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So that was a great step up for them.

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The pigs they brought over, however,

00:04:14.777 --> 00:04:18.219
weren't so great because
Europeans allowed the pigs

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to roam freely, which meant
that they ate everything,

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including the Native Americans' crops,

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and they multiplied very quickly.

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So they became kind of
a pest in the New World.

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Probably the thing that
had the biggest affect

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in the Columbian Exchange was the transfer

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of Old World diseases to the New World.

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With Europeans came smallpox, measles,

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whooping cough, and the Native Americans

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had very little immunity
to these diseases.

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It's estimated that within 100 years

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of Columbus landing in Hispaniola,

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90% of all people who were living

00:05:09.156 --> 00:05:11.823
in the Americas died of disease.

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This is a demographic catastrophe

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the likes of which the
world has never seen

00:05:21.751 --> 00:05:23.084
before or since.

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And most of the Native
Americans who were affected

00:05:27.961 --> 00:05:31.680
by these diseases would never
have actually interacted

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with a European, they
just had trade networks

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that spread these diseases back and forth

00:05:40.484 --> 00:05:42.986
throughout the Americas.

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Now, you might be wondering, okay,

00:05:44.972 --> 00:05:48.642
so if the Native Americans
were being exposed

00:05:48.642 --> 00:05:51.849
to new diseases from the Europeans,

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weren't the Europeans also being exposed

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to new diseases from the Native Americans?

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Why didn't it have such
a strong impact on them?

00:05:59.991 --> 00:06:01.639
There are a couple of reasons for that.

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One is that there was a
greater population density

00:06:06.407 --> 00:06:10.358
in Europe and Africa,
there were more people

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and they lived closer together in cities.

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So this gave diseases
opportunities to bounce

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back and forth between people and evolve

00:06:19.801 --> 00:06:21.677
and become stronger.

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The other important thing
is that Europeans lived

00:06:25.744 --> 00:06:27.161
close to animals,

00:06:29.302 --> 00:06:32.726
and as we remember from
things like bird flu

00:06:32.726 --> 00:06:36.436
or swine flu, animals and
humans can pass diseases

00:06:36.436 --> 00:06:38.320
back and forth between each other,

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and that makes those
diseases even stronger.

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In comparison, Native
Americans didn't have much

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population density and they
only domesticated dogs.

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And dogs, unlike pigs, can't
pass that many diseases

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back and forth between humans.

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So Native Americans just
didn't have diseases

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that were as vicious as the diseases

00:07:00.315 --> 00:07:03.271
that had been passed from person to person

00:07:03.271 --> 00:07:07.345
for many thousands of
years in Europe and Africa.

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So this gets to the last aspect
of the Columbian Exchange,

00:07:10.134 --> 00:07:12.350
the exchange of people.

00:07:12.350 --> 00:07:16.130
Very quickly after Europeans arrived,

00:07:16.130 --> 00:07:18.738
the Native American population suffered

00:07:18.738 --> 00:07:21.738
from tremendous outbreak of disease,

00:07:24.667 --> 00:07:28.084
which meant that although
the Europeans had hoped

00:07:28.084 --> 00:07:32.405
to enslave them and use
them as a labor force

00:07:32.405 --> 00:07:35.912
in these Caribbean plantations,
very few of them survived,

00:07:35.912 --> 00:07:39.584
which meant that the Europeans
needed another labor force.

00:07:39.584 --> 00:07:43.343
They found that labor source
on the West Coast of Africa,

00:07:43.343 --> 00:07:47.596
where there was a long
tradition of slave trading,

00:07:47.596 --> 00:07:51.783
and they brought enslaved
African people against their will

00:07:51.783 --> 00:07:56.120
across the Atlantic to
work in the Caribbean,

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so that very quickly a
majority of the population

00:08:00.407 --> 00:08:03.740
in the Caribbean was of African descent.

00:08:05.209 --> 00:08:08.222
Ironically, this population
explosion brought on

00:08:08.222 --> 00:08:12.240
by New World foods meant
that there were more people

00:08:12.240 --> 00:08:15.614
in Africa who were possible
subjects to enslavement,

00:08:15.614 --> 00:08:18.846
and it helped them keep
their population numbers

00:08:18.846 --> 00:08:22.096
relatively steady despite the exodus of

00:08:22.943 --> 00:08:25.776
as many as 12 to 13 million people

00:08:27.454 --> 00:08:31.635
over the course of the years
between Columbus arriving

00:08:31.635 --> 00:08:33.552
and approximately 1800.

00:08:34.591 --> 00:08:37.972
Likewise, this population
explosion in Europe led

00:08:37.972 --> 00:08:40.555
to worries about overpopulation

00:08:42.268 --> 00:08:44.185
in the 1600s and 1700s.

00:08:46.447 --> 00:08:49.202
And what did the nations of Europe do?

00:08:49.202 --> 00:08:52.723
They began sending people
over to the colonies.

00:08:52.723 --> 00:08:55.447
So the contact and exchange initiated

00:08:55.447 --> 00:08:58.720
by Christopher Columbus when he connected

00:08:58.720 --> 00:09:02.470
the Old World with the
New had a profound affect

00:09:02.470 --> 00:09:05.528
on the environment, not
just of the New World,

00:09:05.528 --> 00:09:07.524
but of the Old World as well.

00:09:07.524 --> 00:09:11.912
And this profound affect on
the whole benefited Europe,

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at the expense of the
Americas and of Africa.


Consequences of Columbus's voyage on the Tainos and Europe

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.468 --> 00:00:01.925
- [Instructor] In the
last video we discussed

00:00:01.925 --> 00:00:04.978
Christopher Columbus'
attempt to find the funding

00:00:04.978 --> 00:00:09.518
to find a western route
around the world to China

00:00:09.518 --> 00:00:11.119
and the East,

00:00:11.119 --> 00:00:13.393
and how, although he didn't find that,

00:00:13.393 --> 00:00:16.810
in October of 1492, he
landed in the Caribbean

00:00:16.810 --> 00:00:19.735
where he met the indigenous
people living there,

00:00:19.735 --> 00:00:20.652
the Tainos.

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So who were the Tainos?

00:00:23.265 --> 00:00:25.556
So we know a little bit about them.

00:00:25.556 --> 00:00:29.723
They were one of the indigenous
peoples in the Caribbean.

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This is a woodcut that
depicts people in the region

00:00:36.744 --> 00:00:38.037
made a little bit later,

00:00:38.037 --> 00:00:40.394
so they may have looked
something like this.

00:00:40.394 --> 00:00:43.671
And they were adept at fishing.

00:00:43.671 --> 00:00:46.245
We know that they were
probably matrilineal,

00:00:46.245 --> 00:00:49.412
that is they traced their family lines

00:00:50.780 --> 00:00:53.363
through the women, not the men.

00:00:54.576 --> 00:00:57.399
We know that they were
very generous people.

00:00:57.399 --> 00:00:59.376
Columbus repeatedly describes

00:00:59.376 --> 00:01:03.118
how people would really give
you anything that you asked for

00:01:03.118 --> 00:01:05.350
We also know religiously
that they worshiped

00:01:05.350 --> 00:01:07.850
ancestor spirits called Zemis.

00:01:10.421 --> 00:01:12.329
And this is a statue of one of those

00:01:12.329 --> 00:01:14.558
ancestor spirits that we still have today.

00:01:14.558 --> 00:01:17.132
Another thing I think is
really cool about the Tainos

00:01:17.132 --> 00:01:19.365
is that we still use some of their words

00:01:19.365 --> 00:01:20.784
in everyday language

00:01:20.784 --> 00:01:22.559
that were borrowed by the Spanish

00:01:22.559 --> 00:01:24.407
and then came into English.

00:01:24.407 --> 00:01:28.240
So barbecue for example,
they called barbacoa.

00:01:29.413 --> 00:01:32.080
Hurricanes, they called huracan.

00:01:34.179 --> 00:01:37.846
Tobacco was one of their
words for the plant

00:01:39.380 --> 00:01:40.940
that will become so popular.

00:01:40.940 --> 00:01:45.436
Even the name of the island
itself, they called it Ayiti,

00:01:45.436 --> 00:01:49.603
which is still preserved
today in the nation of Haiti.

00:01:51.442 --> 00:01:53.436
So Columbus sailed around the Caribbean

00:01:53.436 --> 00:01:56.142
and then he made his way back to Europe.

00:01:56.142 --> 00:01:58.225
He left behind him 39 men

00:02:00.026 --> 00:02:04.435
whose ship had run aground
so they built a fort

00:02:04.435 --> 00:02:06.946
and when he arrived in Europe,

00:02:06.946 --> 00:02:10.220
he immediately wrote a letter
to the finance minister

00:02:10.220 --> 00:02:13.094
to Ferdinand and Isabella,
Louis de Saint Angel.

00:02:13.094 --> 00:02:16.031
So let's look a little bit
more closely at what he wrote.

00:02:16.031 --> 00:02:17.634
As I know you will be rejoiced
at the glorious success

00:02:17.634 --> 00:02:20.666
that our Lord has given me and my voyage,

00:02:20.666 --> 00:02:23.239
I write this to tell you how in 33 days

00:02:23.239 --> 00:02:24.852
I sailed to the Indies

00:02:24.852 --> 00:02:26.852
with the fleet that the
illustrious King and Queen,

00:02:26.852 --> 00:02:28.571
our Sovereigns, gave me,

00:02:28.571 --> 00:02:30.638
where I discovered a great many islands,

00:02:30.638 --> 00:02:32.494
inhabited by numberless people,

00:02:32.494 --> 00:02:35.080
and of all I have taken
possession for their Highnesses

00:02:35.080 --> 00:02:37.422
by proclamation and display

00:02:37.422 --> 00:02:39.362
of the Royal Standard without opposition.

00:02:39.362 --> 00:02:41.757
To the first island I gave
the name of San Salvador,

00:02:41.757 --> 00:02:44.187
in commemoration of his divine majesty.

00:02:44.187 --> 00:02:47.136
The second I named the island
of Santa Maria de Concepcion,

00:02:47.136 --> 00:02:50.410
the third, Fernandina,
the fourth, Isabella,

00:02:50.410 --> 00:02:51.705
the fifth, Juana,

00:02:51.705 --> 00:02:53.056
and I found it so extensive

00:02:53.056 --> 00:02:54.832
that I thought it might be the mainland,

00:02:54.832 --> 00:02:56.440
the province of Cathay.

00:02:56.440 --> 00:02:58.509
This is really interesting
because you can tell a lot

00:02:58.509 --> 00:03:00.630
about what Columbus is thinking here.

00:03:00.630 --> 00:03:04.690
First he says that he's taken
possession of these islands

00:03:04.690 --> 00:03:07.801
by proclamation and display
of the royal standard

00:03:07.801 --> 00:03:09.458
without opposition.

00:03:09.458 --> 00:03:11.489
And I love this image of Columbus,

00:03:11.489 --> 00:03:14.675
he's reading in Spanish the proclamation,

00:03:14.675 --> 00:03:17.411
I claim this land in the name of Spain,

00:03:17.411 --> 00:03:19.427
and he's not opposed because the Tainos

00:03:19.427 --> 00:03:21.141
have no idea what he's saying.

00:03:21.141 --> 00:03:23.425
We can also see his
religious motivations here

00:03:23.425 --> 00:03:26.086
as he names the first islands after

00:03:26.086 --> 00:03:28.030
San Salvador, the savior, Jesus,

00:03:28.030 --> 00:03:31.559
Santa Maria de Concepcion,
the Virgin Mary,

00:03:31.559 --> 00:03:33.684
and that he's trying to win some points

00:03:33.684 --> 00:03:37.348
with Ferdinand and Isabella
by naming islands after them.

00:03:37.348 --> 00:03:39.293
We can also see here that Columbus thinks

00:03:39.293 --> 00:03:41.634
that he's found China, he says.

00:03:41.634 --> 00:03:43.091
He thought it might be the mainland,

00:03:43.091 --> 00:03:44.690
the province of Cathay,

00:03:44.690 --> 00:03:48.381
and Cathay is an old word meaning China.

00:03:48.381 --> 00:03:49.640
So let's read on, he says,

00:03:49.640 --> 00:03:51.400
I began fortifications there

00:03:51.400 --> 00:03:53.595
which should be completed by this time,

00:03:53.595 --> 00:03:55.792
and I have left in it
men enough to hold it,

00:03:55.792 --> 00:03:58.754
with arms, artillery, and
provisions for more than a year,

00:03:58.754 --> 00:03:59.966
and a boat with a master seaman

00:03:59.966 --> 00:04:02.555
skilled in the arts
necessary to make others.

00:04:02.555 --> 00:04:04.734
I am so friendly with
the king of that country

00:04:04.734 --> 00:04:06.185
that he was proud to call me his brother

00:04:06.185 --> 00:04:08.113
and hold me as such,

00:04:08.113 --> 00:04:11.586
Even should he change his
mind and wish to quarrel,

00:04:11.586 --> 00:04:14.618
neither he nor his subjects
know what arms are,

00:04:14.618 --> 00:04:16.741
nor wear clothes, as I have said.

00:04:16.741 --> 00:04:18.737
They're the most timid people in the world

00:04:18.737 --> 00:04:20.966
so that only the men remaining there

00:04:20.966 --> 00:04:22.838
could destroy the whole region.

00:04:22.838 --> 00:04:24.007
So he's kind of saying that

00:04:24.007 --> 00:04:26.367
we're getting along with the natives,

00:04:26.367 --> 00:04:29.534
but if we don't, they're not a threat.

00:04:31.276 --> 00:04:32.335
And he finishes by saying,

00:04:32.335 --> 00:04:34.894
to speak, in conclusion,
only of what has been done

00:04:34.894 --> 00:04:36.422
during this hurried voyage,

00:04:36.422 --> 00:04:38.311
their Highnesses will
see that I can give them

00:04:38.311 --> 00:04:40.308
as much gold as they desire,

00:04:40.308 --> 00:04:42.053
if they will give me a little assistance,

00:04:42.053 --> 00:04:44.428
spices, cotton, as much
as their Highnesses

00:04:44.428 --> 00:04:46.378
may command to be shipped,

00:04:46.378 --> 00:04:48.840
and as many slaves as the choose
to send for, all heathens.

00:04:48.840 --> 00:04:51.682
So Columbus is finishing by saying,

00:04:51.682 --> 00:04:54.093
well this exploratory voyage has shown

00:04:54.093 --> 00:04:57.464
that we can get a lot out
of colonizing this area.

00:04:57.464 --> 00:05:00.757
We can get gold, spices, cottons, slaves,

00:05:00.757 --> 00:05:03.283
and so if you'll give
me a little assistance,

00:05:03.283 --> 00:05:07.130
that is, give me more resources
to continue my mission,

00:05:07.130 --> 00:05:10.690
Spain will get very wealthy
indeed from this new land.

00:05:10.690 --> 00:05:13.772
And that is exactly what
Ferdinand and Isabella do.

00:05:13.772 --> 00:05:17.828
So they send him on a
second voyage in 1493.

00:05:17.828 --> 00:05:21.995
And this time they send him
with 1200 men and 17 ships,

00:05:28.210 --> 00:05:31.216
and they bring with them livestock,

00:05:31.216 --> 00:05:34.799
horses, cattle, pigs,
and sugar cane plants

00:05:35.907 --> 00:05:38.122
so they can turn this into a plantation.

00:05:38.122 --> 00:05:40.714
So they really intend
to use this settlement

00:05:40.714 --> 00:05:44.366
as not only a place to
try out growing crops

00:05:44.366 --> 00:05:46.484
and also mining for gold,

00:05:46.484 --> 00:05:48.787
they also see it as kind
of a jumping off place

00:05:48.787 --> 00:05:51.908
that they can use for further
exploration in this area.

00:05:51.908 --> 00:05:53.775
Because the Portuguese were so dominant

00:05:53.775 --> 00:05:56.744
in this early phase of colonialism,

00:05:56.744 --> 00:05:59.382
the Spanish are nervous
that the Portuguese

00:05:59.382 --> 00:06:01.977
are going to try to make inroads into

00:06:01.977 --> 00:06:04.731
their new acquisitions in the west.

00:06:04.731 --> 00:06:06.457
So with the help of the pope,

00:06:06.457 --> 00:06:10.040
they negotiate what's called
the Treaty of Tordesillas,

00:06:10.040 --> 00:06:12.707
dividing the world between them.

00:06:14.475 --> 00:06:16.642
So east of this line here,

00:06:17.517 --> 00:06:20.668
this will be Portugal's area of the world.

00:06:20.668 --> 00:06:23.835
And west of this line will be Spain's.

00:06:25.995 --> 00:06:29.302
Remember that Portugal had
lots of interests in Africa

00:06:29.302 --> 00:06:32.310
which they thought were much
more valuable at this time.

00:06:32.310 --> 00:06:36.213
But it was later discovered
that part of South America

00:06:36.213 --> 00:06:39.275
fell on Portugal's side of the line,

00:06:39.275 --> 00:06:43.578
and you'll recognize that
as being today, Brazil,

00:06:43.578 --> 00:06:45.304
which became a Portuguese colony

00:06:45.304 --> 00:06:47.680
and even today speaks Portuguese.

00:06:47.680 --> 00:06:50.614
Now of course, they didn't
ask anybody else's permission

00:06:50.614 --> 00:06:52.904
to divide the world between them.

00:06:52.904 --> 00:06:55.343
They didn't ask the native
people of the Americas,

00:06:55.343 --> 00:06:57.538
they didn't ask anybody else in Europe,

00:06:57.538 --> 00:06:58.888
but it's important to understand

00:06:58.888 --> 00:07:02.503
that Spain thought of this area
as their sovereign territory

00:07:02.503 --> 00:07:04.065
and from this point forward,

00:07:04.065 --> 00:07:08.276
Spain will continue to send
what are called conquistadors,

00:07:08.276 --> 00:07:10.526
conquerors, to this region,

00:07:12.538 --> 00:07:14.121
Mexico and Florida,

00:07:18.899 --> 00:07:20.320
and South America,

00:07:20.320 --> 00:07:22.968
and from all of this they
will become very wealthy

00:07:22.968 --> 00:07:24.407
as a nation.

00:07:24.407 --> 00:07:28.001
So I just wanna finish by contrasting how

00:07:28.001 --> 00:07:31.357
Columbus' voyage affected the
native people of the Caribbean

00:07:31.357 --> 00:07:33.122
with how it affected Europe.

00:07:33.122 --> 00:07:37.485
So Columbus was not very
nice to the natives, in fact.

00:07:37.485 --> 00:07:41.132
He originally attempted to
enslave the native people,

00:07:41.132 --> 00:07:44.215
and send them back to Europe for sale

00:07:45.200 --> 00:07:47.800
to continue to underwrite his ventures.

00:07:47.800 --> 00:07:52.212
But they were susceptible
to European diseases

00:07:52.212 --> 00:07:53.629
and quickly died.

00:07:54.931 --> 00:07:57.051
So he had to take another tack

00:07:57.051 --> 00:08:00.939
and that was by forcing the native people

00:08:00.939 --> 00:08:03.022
to labor for the Spanish,

00:08:03.926 --> 00:08:06.093
particularly to mine gold.

00:08:06.934 --> 00:08:08.985
And not long after Columbus returned,

00:08:08.985 --> 00:08:12.985
he put a quota for all
people over the age of 14

00:08:17.279 --> 00:08:20.034
that they had to give him a
certain amount of gold per month

00:08:20.034 --> 00:08:23.270
or they would have
their hands chopped off.

00:08:23.270 --> 00:08:26.145
And this is an engraving of

00:08:26.145 --> 00:08:28.900
what the Spanish were
imagined to have been like

00:08:28.900 --> 00:08:30.055
in the New World.

00:08:30.055 --> 00:08:32.964
You can say that they're
feeding children to dogs here.

00:08:32.964 --> 00:08:34.489
They were not quite as bad as this,

00:08:34.489 --> 00:08:36.824
but they were still pretty bad.

00:08:36.824 --> 00:08:38.711
Historians estimate that there were about

00:08:38.711 --> 00:08:42.878
one to three million Tainos
living in the Caribbean

00:08:44.934 --> 00:08:46.555
when the Spanish arrived.

00:08:46.555 --> 00:08:49.888
By 100 years later, there were 200 left.

00:08:50.782 --> 00:08:52.615
Not 200 thousand, 200.

00:08:53.932 --> 00:08:56.265
And mostly this was due to disease,

00:08:56.265 --> 00:08:57.763
and we'll talk more in the next video

00:08:57.763 --> 00:09:01.230
about why native people
seemed to be so susceptible

00:09:01.230 --> 00:09:02.565
to European diseases,

00:09:02.565 --> 00:09:06.732
but it was also due to
overwork and poor treatment.

00:09:07.882 --> 00:09:09.481
They were forced to mine

00:09:09.481 --> 00:09:12.524
when they should have been growing crops

00:09:12.524 --> 00:09:15.236
and many of them were
murdered by the Spanish

00:09:15.236 --> 00:09:17.020
for one reason or another.

00:09:17.020 --> 00:09:18.911
So for the people of the Caribbean,

00:09:18.911 --> 00:09:23.025
Columbus' arrival was
really a catastrophe.

00:09:23.025 --> 00:09:26.807
In Europe however, the New
World made Spain very rich.

00:09:26.807 --> 00:09:30.140
And the gold and silver being brought in

00:09:31.157 --> 00:09:33.656
from the New World to Spain

00:09:33.656 --> 00:09:36.141
may actually have increased prices

00:09:36.141 --> 00:09:39.415
in the one hundred years
following Columbus' voyage

00:09:39.415 --> 00:09:42.415
by 500 to 600% due to inflation

00:09:45.654 --> 00:09:48.572
thanks to gold from the New World.

00:09:48.572 --> 00:09:51.013
Some historians even think that

00:09:51.013 --> 00:09:53.281
the influx of all this new wealth

00:09:53.281 --> 00:09:55.914
led to the creation of
the modern banking system

00:09:55.914 --> 00:09:57.164
to deal with it

00:09:59.730 --> 00:10:04.230
and could even have been
the forbearer of capitalism.

00:10:04.230 --> 00:10:06.516
So Columbus' voyage really opened up

00:10:06.516 --> 00:10:08.765
a whole new world,

00:10:08.765 --> 00:10:10.313
not just to the people in the Americas,

00:10:10.313 --> 00:10:12.183
but also to the people in Europe.

00:10:12.183 --> 00:10:15.294
He started a process,
the Columbian exchange,

00:10:15.294 --> 00:10:17.531
and we'll talk more about
that in the next video.


Christopher Columbus

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.599 --> 00:00:02.369
- [Narrator] In the
last video we discussed

00:00:02.369 --> 00:00:05.864
how the Portuguese began to really expand

00:00:05.864 --> 00:00:08.494
their exploration around Africa

00:00:08.494 --> 00:00:10.891
with the invention of the caravel,

00:00:10.891 --> 00:00:14.388
a fast new ship that
could sail into the wind,

00:00:14.388 --> 00:00:18.428
and how Spain, newly united
with Ferdinand and Isabella,

00:00:18.428 --> 00:00:23.369
completed its campaign to
expel Muslims from Spain,

00:00:23.369 --> 00:00:28.247
the Reconquista, in 1492
and began to look outward

00:00:28.247 --> 00:00:31.527
for an opportunity to
compete with Portugal.

00:00:31.527 --> 00:00:34.265
And it was into that
moment that they received

00:00:34.265 --> 00:00:36.828
an interesting proposal
from this man here,

00:00:36.828 --> 00:00:38.299
Christopher Columbus.

00:00:38.299 --> 00:00:40.028
So who was Christopher Columbus?

00:00:40.028 --> 00:00:41.910
Well, he was a navigator.

00:00:41.910 --> 00:00:45.410
He was born around 1451 we think in Genoa,

00:00:47.145 --> 00:00:49.378
which is today in Italy.

00:00:49.378 --> 00:00:52.878
And he had sailed quite a bit in his life.

00:00:53.715 --> 00:00:57.218
He was also a voracious
reader thanks to the invention

00:00:57.218 --> 00:01:00.087
of the printing press back in 1450.

00:01:00.087 --> 00:01:02.329
And one book that he
read with great interest

00:01:02.329 --> 00:01:07.263
was the account of Marco Polo
and his travels in China.

00:01:07.263 --> 00:01:10.851
And Columbus dreamt of getting to China

00:01:10.851 --> 00:01:14.518
and there accessing
riches, silk and spices,

00:01:16.516 --> 00:01:20.112
and maybe even converting
people living in Asia

00:01:20.112 --> 00:01:23.529
to Christianity, and teaming up with them

00:01:27.094 --> 00:01:31.551
in a new crusade to expel
Muslims from the Middle East.

00:01:31.551 --> 00:01:33.835
Now there are two common
myths about Columbus

00:01:33.835 --> 00:01:35.328
that I'd like to dispel.

00:01:35.328 --> 00:01:39.253
One of these is that Columbus
was the first European

00:01:39.253 --> 00:01:41.336
to discover the Americas.

00:01:44.514 --> 00:01:47.431
In fact we know that around 1000 CE

00:01:51.407 --> 00:01:55.157
the vikings of Norway
had colonized Greenland

00:01:56.773 --> 00:02:00.523
and had explored around
what is today Canada.

00:02:01.875 --> 00:02:06.340
So you might be asking,
"Okay, well if the vikings

00:02:06.340 --> 00:02:09.450
"discovered America, why
aren't we talking about

00:02:09.450 --> 00:02:11.468
"the vikings in this video?"

00:02:11.468 --> 00:02:14.402
And the short answer is
the viking settlement

00:02:14.402 --> 00:02:17.453
in the Americas did not last very long,

00:02:17.453 --> 00:02:19.345
less than a generation.

00:02:19.345 --> 00:02:23.921
And it also didn't really get
well known outside of Norway,

00:02:23.921 --> 00:02:28.362
so it didn't have the worldwide
impact on colonization

00:02:28.362 --> 00:02:31.664
that Columbus's voyage would have.

00:02:31.664 --> 00:02:34.548
The other myth about
Columbus is that he was

00:02:34.548 --> 00:02:38.941
the lone visionary who knew
that the world was round.

00:02:38.941 --> 00:02:42.946
Everybody else thought
that the world was flat

00:02:42.946 --> 00:02:45.493
and Columbus proved them wrong.

00:02:45.493 --> 00:02:49.421
In fact most learned people
had known that the world

00:02:49.421 --> 00:02:52.656
was round since the time
of the ancient Greeks.

00:02:52.656 --> 00:02:55.678
What they thought instead
was that the world was simply

00:02:55.678 --> 00:02:56.888
too big.

00:02:56.888 --> 00:03:01.080
They estimated that it
was about 25,000 miles

00:03:01.080 --> 00:03:05.111
in circumference, which is
pretty close to the truth,

00:03:05.111 --> 00:03:09.470
and that even if you could
sail out here into the ocean,

00:03:09.470 --> 00:03:13.143
you would run out of
supplies and die long before

00:03:13.143 --> 00:03:16.251
you ever hit land 'cause they had no idea

00:03:16.251 --> 00:03:18.439
that the Americas were over here.

00:03:18.439 --> 00:03:21.315
Columbus however had done
some different calculations

00:03:21.315 --> 00:03:23.437
and he thought that the
circumference of the world

00:03:23.437 --> 00:03:26.270
was only about 16 to 18,000 miles.

00:03:30.441 --> 00:03:34.441
So that the coast of Japan
was about 3,000 miles

00:03:36.508 --> 00:03:38.777
to the west of Europe.

00:03:38.777 --> 00:03:41.821
Now he was wrong, but he
got very lucky because

00:03:41.821 --> 00:03:45.526
about 3,000 miles to the west of Europe

00:03:45.526 --> 00:03:48.221
he encountered landfall.

00:03:48.221 --> 00:03:51.284
He just didn't know that what
he found there wasn't China.

00:03:51.284 --> 00:03:54.088
So Columbus has this dream
and he kind of shops it around

00:03:54.088 --> 00:03:57.191
the courts of Europe
looking for royal patronage.

00:03:57.191 --> 00:04:01.146
And first he tries the
Portuguese because they are

00:04:01.146 --> 00:04:03.576
the reigning leaders of navigation.

00:04:03.576 --> 00:04:06.995
And they turn him down
saying his idea is too risky.

00:04:06.995 --> 00:04:09.940
He also tries France and
England with similar results.

00:04:09.940 --> 00:04:12.298
Finally he tries Spain.

00:04:12.298 --> 00:04:15.673
And Ferdinand and Isabella
agree that they will stake him.

00:04:15.673 --> 00:04:19.590
They give him three ships
and a crew of 87 men.

00:04:20.783 --> 00:04:23.700
And in August of 1492 he takes off,

00:04:28.200 --> 00:04:30.217
makes a brief stop in the Canary Islands,

00:04:30.217 --> 00:04:33.373
and then turns west into open waters.

00:04:33.373 --> 00:04:37.046
And in October of 1492 he made landfall,

00:04:37.046 --> 00:04:38.455
and this is what he found.

00:04:38.455 --> 00:04:42.211
So he landed on the small island
that he named San Salvador

00:04:42.211 --> 00:04:44.711
which is today in the Bahamas.

00:04:46.394 --> 00:04:50.359
And then he continued to
explore around the coast of Cuba

00:04:50.359 --> 00:04:52.009
that he called Juana.

00:04:52.009 --> 00:04:56.224
And then he ended up in the
island that he called Hispianola

00:04:56.224 --> 00:04:59.057
which is today the island of Haiti

00:04:59.951 --> 00:05:02.201
and the Dominican Republic.

00:05:03.472 --> 00:05:06.778
And we'll talk more about
who he met in the new world

00:05:06.778 --> 00:05:07.869
in the next video.


Origins of European exploration in the Americas

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.629 --> 00:00:03.105
- [Lecturer] When we think
about European exploration

00:00:03.105 --> 00:00:06.522
in the Americas, we tend to start at 1492

00:00:07.703 --> 00:00:10.932
with Christopher Columbus showing up

00:00:10.932 --> 00:00:12.948
at the island of Hispaniola,

00:00:12.948 --> 00:00:16.531
but in this video I
want to take a step back

00:00:16.531 --> 00:00:19.421
a few decades and talk
about the conditions

00:00:19.421 --> 00:00:21.674
that led to Christopher Columbus's

00:00:21.674 --> 00:00:23.461
voyage in the first place.

00:00:23.461 --> 00:00:25.017
What was he doing there?

00:00:25.017 --> 00:00:26.383
So let's zoom in a little bit

00:00:26.383 --> 00:00:29.453
and take a look at what the world

00:00:29.453 --> 00:00:32.919
would have looked like to
someone in western Europe

00:00:32.919 --> 00:00:34.669
around the year 1450.

00:00:36.250 --> 00:00:38.867
So to a European, this would have been

00:00:38.867 --> 00:00:41.725
about the extent of the known world.

00:00:41.725 --> 00:00:42.725
Now they wouldn't have had anything

00:00:42.725 --> 00:00:44.661
like the level of this detail,

00:00:44.661 --> 00:00:48.643
but they certainly knew that there were

00:00:48.643 --> 00:00:51.643
very good things to be had in India,

00:00:54.128 --> 00:00:54.961
and China,

00:00:56.445 --> 00:00:58.807
and the Middle East.

00:00:58.807 --> 00:01:02.390
Excellent trade goods
like silk and spices,

00:01:03.347 --> 00:01:07.579
and they knew there was
quite a lot of world

00:01:07.579 --> 00:01:10.553
outside of Europe and Africa,

00:01:10.553 --> 00:01:13.629
but they didn't think that
there was much out there.

00:01:13.629 --> 00:01:15.656
And they expected there
would be some small islands

00:01:15.656 --> 00:01:19.084
on the range of Iceland perhaps,

00:01:19.084 --> 00:01:22.678
but they had no conception
that there were two

00:01:22.678 --> 00:01:26.858
gigantic continents on the other
side of the Atlantic Ocean.

00:01:26.858 --> 00:01:29.296
It's a frequent misconception that people

00:01:29.296 --> 00:01:32.294
in this time period thought
that the world was flat.

00:01:32.294 --> 00:01:35.991
Learned people of the era
knew that the world was round.

00:01:35.991 --> 00:01:38.697
In fact they had known so
since the time of the Greeks.

00:01:38.697 --> 00:01:41.720
What they did know was that
the world was pretty large.

00:01:41.720 --> 00:01:46.298
In fact they correctly
estimated that the circumference

00:01:46.298 --> 00:01:49.215
of the globe is about 25,000 miles.

00:01:53.641 --> 00:01:56.695
And so they knew that given
the shipping technology

00:01:56.695 --> 00:02:00.695
that they had, it would
be impossible to go west

00:02:03.174 --> 00:02:06.279
and arrive at the east, while still having

00:02:06.279 --> 00:02:09.257
enough food and water to supply your crew.

00:02:09.257 --> 00:02:13.424
Now why would anyone have
dreamt of going west to get east

00:02:14.462 --> 00:02:18.619
when they could have simply
gone east to get east?

00:02:18.619 --> 00:02:22.335
Well the answer is that
the over land route

00:02:22.335 --> 00:02:25.418
was long and it was expensive because

00:02:27.667 --> 00:02:31.834
the Middle East and north
Africa and even parts of Spain

00:02:35.215 --> 00:02:37.965
were controlled by Muslim empires

00:02:39.634 --> 00:02:42.268
like the Ottomans and the Moors.

00:02:42.268 --> 00:02:45.685
And so any time trade came from the east,

00:02:48.156 --> 00:02:51.549
China and India and
the Middle East itself,

00:02:51.549 --> 00:02:54.292
it went through a series of traders

00:02:54.292 --> 00:02:57.220
and a series of empires along the way,

00:02:57.220 --> 00:02:58.553
picking up taxes

00:03:00.825 --> 00:03:01.825
and markups.

00:03:05.532 --> 00:03:07.325
Which meant that by the time a good

00:03:07.325 --> 00:03:10.992
reached western Europe
it was pricey indeed.

00:03:11.982 --> 00:03:14.598
And since Muslim traders were in control

00:03:14.598 --> 00:03:18.098
of the Mediterranean here and at the east,

00:03:19.024 --> 00:03:21.203
taking a ship through there caused

00:03:21.203 --> 00:03:22.944
pretty much the same problem,

00:03:22.944 --> 00:03:25.133
so why not go around the coast of Africa?

00:03:25.133 --> 00:03:26.432
Well that was certainly something

00:03:26.432 --> 00:03:29.015
that Europeans were keen to do.

00:03:30.136 --> 00:03:31.333
The only problem is that the wind

00:03:31.333 --> 00:03:33.821
goes in the wrong direction

00:03:33.821 --> 00:03:37.083
and it's very treacherous
sailing around the tip of Africa

00:03:37.083 --> 00:03:38.865
to come up into the Indian Ocean.

00:03:38.865 --> 00:03:40.507
So what changed?

00:03:40.507 --> 00:03:43.340
How did this over land trade route

00:03:44.450 --> 00:03:47.365
become an over sea trade route?

00:03:47.365 --> 00:03:49.267
Well for that we have to
look a little bit closer

00:03:49.267 --> 00:03:51.665
at the Iberian peninsula.

00:03:51.665 --> 00:03:55.665
So this land mass here
is the Iberian peninsula.

00:03:59.136 --> 00:04:01.912
And at the time, the Iberian peninsula

00:04:01.912 --> 00:04:05.496
was controlled by a number
of different groups.

00:04:05.496 --> 00:04:09.769
The southern part was under Muslim control

00:04:09.769 --> 00:04:13.936
of the Moors, as they were
called, or Moroccan Muslims

00:04:15.864 --> 00:04:18.864
and they called this area Al-Andalus

00:04:22.546 --> 00:04:25.130
and we're talking about this area here,

00:04:25.130 --> 00:04:27.963
and the Spanish called it Granada.

00:04:29.891 --> 00:04:34.058
The western part here was
under the control of Portugal,

00:04:36.447 --> 00:04:37.697
as it is today.

00:04:39.411 --> 00:04:40.994
So we got Portugal.

00:04:44.833 --> 00:04:47.583
The eastern part, this area here,

00:04:50.160 --> 00:04:52.160
is the kingdom of Aragon

00:04:56.604 --> 00:04:58.937
and then a central part here

00:05:01.818 --> 00:05:03.735
was kingdom of Castile.

00:05:08.545 --> 00:05:10.222
So as far as Europeans were concerned

00:05:10.222 --> 00:05:13.389
this was kind of the end of the world.

00:05:15.863 --> 00:05:19.561
This was as far southwest as you could go

00:05:19.561 --> 00:05:23.089
on the European continent and heaven knows

00:05:23.089 --> 00:05:27.046
what was out here until
in the early 1400s,

00:05:27.046 --> 00:05:30.171
Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator

00:05:30.171 --> 00:05:32.671
began investing in navigation.

00:05:34.064 --> 00:05:38.038
And one of the important discoveries made

00:05:38.038 --> 00:05:42.103
by the Portuguese was a new kind of ship

00:05:42.103 --> 00:05:45.690
and this ship was called the caravel.

00:05:45.690 --> 00:05:49.047
So what's cool about the caravel is that

00:05:49.047 --> 00:05:51.730
caravels are ocean worthy but they're also

00:05:51.730 --> 00:05:55.897
very easy to maneuver and
they can sail into the wind.

00:05:59.263 --> 00:06:02.846
So, that means that
the problems of sailing

00:06:03.966 --> 00:06:07.391
around Africa begin to
get a little bit easier

00:06:07.391 --> 00:06:10.354
and so in this early era of the 1400s,

00:06:10.354 --> 00:06:14.354
the Portuguese began
expanding their exploration

00:06:16.614 --> 00:06:20.300
farther and farther down
the coast of Africa,

00:06:20.300 --> 00:06:22.221
and they come across these islands

00:06:22.221 --> 00:06:24.807
now that they don't have to hug the coast.

00:06:24.807 --> 00:06:27.807
The Canary Islands, and farther west

00:06:29.681 --> 00:06:33.848
this is so small you can
barely see it here, Madeira

00:06:34.807 --> 00:06:36.057
and the Azores.

00:06:38.308 --> 00:06:40.145
And they quickly discover
that these islands

00:06:40.145 --> 00:06:43.145
are ideal places to grow cash crops.

00:06:45.756 --> 00:06:47.339
Specifically sugar.

00:06:49.580 --> 00:06:52.593
They also discover that some of the people

00:06:52.593 --> 00:06:56.744
who live on these islands,
in fact the Canary Islands

00:06:56.744 --> 00:07:00.327
had a native population
called the Guanche.

00:07:01.233 --> 00:07:05.184
They immediately attempted to
enslave these native people

00:07:05.184 --> 00:07:09.229
and then quickly discovered
that they would die of disease.

00:07:09.229 --> 00:07:11.648
And we'll talk more
about why native people

00:07:11.648 --> 00:07:14.545
seemed to be so susceptible

00:07:14.545 --> 00:07:17.147
to European diseases a little bit later.

00:07:17.147 --> 00:07:19.933
So now they have great
places to grow sugar,

00:07:19.933 --> 00:07:22.166
but they don't have a workforce.

00:07:22.166 --> 00:07:25.312
Well they're discovering another workforce

00:07:25.312 --> 00:07:29.479
along the coast of Africa
as they begin to set up,

00:07:30.764 --> 00:07:33.401
this is the Portuguese
we're talking about here,

00:07:33.401 --> 00:07:37.559
trading posts on the west coast of Africa

00:07:37.559 --> 00:07:40.142
where they're purchasing slaves

00:07:42.465 --> 00:07:45.465
from African traders or Arab traders

00:07:46.844 --> 00:07:50.679
who had a long history of trading slaves

00:07:50.679 --> 00:07:54.429
from the interior of
Africa out to its coast.

00:07:55.706 --> 00:07:57.007
So in the early 1400s,

00:07:57.007 --> 00:07:59.405
Portugal is doing very well for itself.

00:07:59.405 --> 00:08:02.529
Seems that they're leading
this colonial game.

00:08:02.529 --> 00:08:07.139
They've pretty much invented
the plantation system,

00:08:07.139 --> 00:08:08.926
and they're getting
quite wealthy off of it.

00:08:08.926 --> 00:08:11.609
So the eyes of Europe turn to Portugal

00:08:11.609 --> 00:08:16.528
and they think all right how
can we replicate their success?

00:08:16.528 --> 00:08:18.717
Meanwhile, back on the Iberian peninsula

00:08:18.717 --> 00:08:21.842
there's a political and religious shakeup,

00:08:21.842 --> 00:08:25.842
so the kingdoms of Castile
and Aragon are united

00:08:27.694 --> 00:08:29.694
when Ferdinand of Aragon

00:08:33.077 --> 00:08:34.994
and Isabella of Castile

00:08:37.557 --> 00:08:40.898
and I recognize that my Spanish
pronunciation is terrible,

00:08:40.898 --> 00:08:45.065
they get married in 1469
and unite their two kingdoms

00:08:47.410 --> 00:08:50.660
into what becomes the kingdom of Spain.

00:08:52.310 --> 00:08:57.305
So what had been Castile
and Aragon becomes Spain.

00:08:57.305 --> 00:09:00.319
And then united, these
two Catholic monarchs

00:09:00.319 --> 00:09:05.126
turn their attentions to
what's called the reconquista.

00:09:05.126 --> 00:09:07.709
So reconquering the territories

00:09:08.787 --> 00:09:12.954
that had been controlled
by Muslims for Christians.

00:09:14.079 --> 00:09:18.909
Some call this kind of an
extension of Crusader thinking,

00:09:18.909 --> 00:09:23.076
and Ferdinand and Isabella
complete the reconquista,

00:09:23.963 --> 00:09:26.503
expelling the Moors from the territory

00:09:26.503 --> 00:09:28.836
that is today Spain in 1492.

00:09:30.122 --> 00:09:33.208
So now we've reached 1492 and we've got

00:09:33.208 --> 00:09:36.708
a will, that is a desire for luxury goods.

00:09:38.303 --> 00:09:39.989
We also have a little bit of

00:09:39.989 --> 00:09:42.300
good old fashioned nationalism here.

00:09:42.300 --> 00:09:45.167
Spain's closest neighbor is
Portugal, who are currently

00:09:45.167 --> 00:09:48.029
very powerful and wealthy, so they've got

00:09:48.029 --> 00:09:50.635
perhaps some rivalry in their hearts,

00:09:50.635 --> 00:09:54.039
and we've got a way which is the caravel

00:09:54.039 --> 00:09:58.206
that is making more and
more ocean sailing possible.

00:10:00.263 --> 00:10:04.071
And into this exciting moment
steps Christopher Columbus,

00:10:04.071 --> 00:10:06.292
and we'll talk more about
him in the next video.


Compare decimals word problems

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.729 --> 00:00:04.467
- [Lecturer] Al is comparing
two recipes for homemade bread.

00:00:04.467 --> 00:00:06.720
The recipe for white bread calls for

00:00:06.720 --> 00:00:09.332
4/10 of a kilogram of flour.

00:00:09.332 --> 00:00:11.281
The recipe for whole wheat bread

00:00:11.281 --> 00:00:15.448
calls for 385/1000 of a kilogram of flour.

00:00:17.084 --> 00:00:19.501
Which bread takes less flour?

00:00:20.439 --> 00:00:24.606
So the white bread calls
for 4/10 of a kilogram,

00:00:26.742 --> 00:00:29.703
while the recipe of whole
wheat bread calls for

00:00:29.703 --> 00:00:33.870
0.385 kilograms, or
385/1000 of a kilogram.

00:00:37.798 --> 00:00:39.822
Now the way I wrote it is important.

00:00:39.822 --> 00:00:41.576
You always want to line up the decimals

00:00:41.576 --> 00:00:43.224
when you are comparing,
because you want to

00:00:43.224 --> 00:00:45.446
compare numbers in the same place value.

00:00:45.446 --> 00:00:48.014
And this is an interesting
example of even though

00:00:48.014 --> 00:00:50.791
the number down here has
more digits it doesn't mean

00:00:50.791 --> 00:00:53.421
that it's necessarily a larger number.

00:00:53.421 --> 00:00:55.160
What we want to do when we compare numbers

00:00:55.160 --> 00:00:58.108
and this is true whether we're
dealing with decimals or not,

00:00:58.108 --> 00:01:00.185
is we start in the largest place value.

00:01:00.185 --> 00:01:01.272
We could start in the ones place,

00:01:01.272 --> 00:01:03.033
'cause both of these have zero ones.

00:01:03.033 --> 00:01:06.096
Then we go one place value
down, we go to the tenths place.

00:01:06.096 --> 00:01:11.040
The white bread, it requires 4/10 of flour

00:01:11.040 --> 00:01:14.876
while in the whole wheat bread
we only have 3/10 of flour.

00:01:14.876 --> 00:01:16.419
So we can stop right there.

00:01:16.419 --> 00:01:18.469
This has more tenths than this does.

00:01:18.469 --> 00:01:19.498
It doesn't matter that this has more

00:01:19.498 --> 00:01:22.009
hundredths and thousandths.

00:01:22.009 --> 00:01:23.507
Those are less significant.

00:01:23.507 --> 00:01:27.184
They don't add up to as much
as what we're dealing with

00:01:27.184 --> 00:01:30.590
when we look just at the tenths place.

00:01:30.590 --> 00:01:34.468
So because four is greater than three,

00:01:34.468 --> 00:01:37.092
and we're in the tenths place
we know that white bread

00:01:37.092 --> 00:01:40.377
takes more flour, but we
have to be very careful.

00:01:40.377 --> 00:01:42.409
They said which bread takes less flour?

00:01:42.409 --> 00:01:44.306
So it's going to be whole wheat bread.

00:01:44.306 --> 00:01:46.306
Three is less than four.

00:01:47.831 --> 00:01:50.331
Let's do another one of these.

00:01:52.052 --> 00:01:54.332
A group of fifth graders kept track

00:01:54.332 --> 00:01:56.063
of the number of hours they spent

00:01:56.063 --> 00:01:58.707
working on their science project right?

00:01:58.707 --> 00:02:00.509
Put the students in order from the

00:02:00.509 --> 00:02:02.750
least to greatest amount of time spent.

00:02:02.750 --> 00:02:04.173
The student with the least amount of time

00:02:04.173 --> 00:02:05.901
should be at the top of the list.

00:02:05.901 --> 00:02:09.509
So pause this video and
see if you can do this.

00:02:09.509 --> 00:02:11.167
And this is actually a screenshot

00:02:11.167 --> 00:02:12.473
from the Khan Academy exercise.

00:02:12.473 --> 00:02:13.983
If you're doing the Khan Academy exercise

00:02:13.983 --> 00:02:15.318
you'd actually be able to click on these

00:02:15.318 --> 00:02:16.473
and move them around.

00:02:16.473 --> 00:02:18.191
But let's compare them.

00:02:18.191 --> 00:02:19.974
So as I mentioned in the last example,

00:02:19.974 --> 00:02:21.723
when you're comparing numbers it's good

00:02:21.723 --> 00:02:24.833
to line up the place
values, so let's do that.

00:02:24.833 --> 00:02:26.083
So Adam is 5.5.

00:02:27.909 --> 00:02:30.576
Aviv is five, and Jenny is 5.17.

00:02:35.017 --> 00:02:37.659
So once again, start at
the largest place value.

00:02:37.659 --> 00:02:39.087
Start at the ones.

00:02:39.087 --> 00:02:41.427
They all have exactly five ones,

00:02:41.427 --> 00:02:43.640
so then we move to the next place value.

00:02:43.640 --> 00:02:47.176
In this case, we're going
to go to the tenths place.

00:02:47.176 --> 00:02:48.881
So when we look at the tenths place,

00:02:48.881 --> 00:02:50.807
interesting things are going on.

00:02:50.807 --> 00:02:52.584
Aviv has no tenths.

00:02:52.584 --> 00:02:55.658
It's a blank here, but
you could do this as 5.0.

00:02:55.658 --> 00:02:58.872
So Aviv has the fewest tenths, then comes

00:02:58.872 --> 00:03:02.964
Jenny with only 1/10
and then Adam has 5/10.

00:03:02.964 --> 00:03:06.089
So that tells us enough so
that we can order the three.

00:03:06.089 --> 00:03:07.854
We don't even have to look
at the hundredths place

00:03:07.854 --> 00:03:11.047
because the tenths here are different.

00:03:11.047 --> 00:03:13.839
So the least number of tenths is Aviv,

00:03:13.839 --> 00:03:16.366
so that's going to be Aviv is the least.

00:03:16.366 --> 00:03:17.576
They all have the same number of ones,

00:03:17.576 --> 00:03:19.547
but Aviv has the least tenths.

00:03:19.547 --> 00:03:21.341
Then comes Jenny.

00:03:21.341 --> 00:03:24.809
Jenny, once again, they all
have the same number of ones

00:03:24.809 --> 00:03:28.226
but then Jenny has less tenths than Adam,

00:03:29.489 --> 00:03:30.738
and then comes Adam.

00:03:30.738 --> 00:03:32.821
Adam has the most tenths.

00:03:34.074 --> 00:03:37.269
It doesn't matter that
Jenny also has 7/100.

00:03:37.269 --> 00:03:39.909
Notice you could view this as 17/100

00:03:39.909 --> 00:03:41.936
which is going to be less than 5/10

00:03:41.936 --> 00:03:45.480
which could also be viewed as 50/100.

00:03:45.480 --> 00:03:47.489
So the general way to think about it,

00:03:47.489 --> 00:03:49.377
start at the most significant,

00:03:49.377 --> 00:03:51.824
the largest place value, compare.

00:03:51.824 --> 00:03:55.098
If things are equal, go
to the next place value.

00:03:55.098 --> 00:03:56.742
When things are different, then you have

00:03:56.742 --> 00:04:00.242
enough information to start ordering them.


Comparing multi digit numbers word problems

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.512 --> 00:00:01.895
- [Instructor] Two baseball teams

00:00:01.895 --> 00:00:03.633
are comparing the number of fans

00:00:03.633 --> 00:00:06.555
who attended their most recent games.

00:00:06.555 --> 00:00:09.759
The attendance at the
Stanleyville Sliders' game

00:00:09.759 --> 00:00:12.764
was 12,896 fans.

00:00:12.764 --> 00:00:15.210
The attendance at the Benson Bats' game

00:00:15.210 --> 00:00:18.376
was 12,901 fans.

00:00:18.376 --> 00:00:21.904
Which team had more fans at their game?

00:00:21.904 --> 00:00:24.808
Pause this video and see
if you can figure it out.

00:00:24.808 --> 00:00:26.880
Alright, let's work
through this together now.

00:00:26.880 --> 00:00:28.326
Stanleyville Sliders.

00:00:28.326 --> 00:00:31.686
They tell us Stanleyville
Sliders' game was 12,000,

00:00:31.686 --> 00:00:36.106
12,896

00:00:36.106 --> 00:00:38.441
and there's a reason why
I'm writing it really large

00:00:38.441 --> 00:00:39.633
right over there.

00:00:39.633 --> 00:00:43.800
And then we see at the
Benson Bats' game was 12,901.

00:00:46.639 --> 00:00:51.148
12,901.

00:00:51.148 --> 00:00:53.059
So, the way I like to compare numbers

00:00:53.059 --> 00:00:56.158
is I go to the largest place value first

00:00:56.158 --> 00:00:57.524
and I compare.

00:00:57.524 --> 00:00:58.357
Well, let's see.

00:00:58.357 --> 00:01:00.348
They both have one 10,000.

00:01:00.348 --> 00:01:02.741
So, they have the same number of 10,000s,

00:01:02.741 --> 00:01:05.636
they have the same number of 1,000s,

00:01:05.636 --> 00:01:07.617
but then when we get to 100s,

00:01:07.617 --> 00:01:11.342
notice, Benson Bats has more 100s

00:01:11.342 --> 00:01:13.354
than Stanleyville Sliders.

00:01:13.354 --> 00:01:15.486
It doesn't matter what happens
in the 10s and ones place.

00:01:15.486 --> 00:01:18.056
If they have more 100s over here.

00:01:18.056 --> 00:01:20.967
So, Benson Bats this is a larger number.

00:01:20.967 --> 00:01:23.030
So, which one has more fans at their game?

00:01:23.030 --> 00:01:24.094
Benson's Bats,

00:01:24.094 --> 00:01:26.098
and once again, I started
at the largest place value,

00:01:26.098 --> 00:01:27.434
I start at the 10,000's place.

00:01:27.434 --> 00:01:28.267
It was the same.

00:01:28.267 --> 00:01:29.367
Then I move onto the next place.

00:01:29.367 --> 00:01:30.200
It's the same.

00:01:30.200 --> 00:01:31.266
Then I move onto the next place

00:01:31.266 --> 00:01:34.478
but now in the 100's place
Benson's Bats is larger.

00:01:34.478 --> 00:01:37.540
So, I know that Benson's Bats

00:01:37.540 --> 00:01:39.700
has more fans than Stanleyville Sliders.

00:01:39.700 --> 00:01:43.206
I could write this as 12,901

00:01:43.206 --> 00:01:45.694
is greater than,

00:01:45.694 --> 00:01:47.289
and I always remember the sign

00:01:47.289 --> 00:01:49.596
by saying hey, it opens
to the larger value,

00:01:49.596 --> 00:01:53.763
so this is gonna be greater than 12,896.

00:01:56.079 --> 00:01:57.199
And you can even just think about it.

00:01:57.199 --> 00:01:58.032
Just keep counting.

00:01:58.032 --> 00:02:00.689
12,896, 12,897,

00:02:00.689 --> 00:02:02.500
12,898,

00:02:02.500 --> 00:02:04.517
12,899,

00:02:04.517 --> 00:02:06.225
12,900

00:02:06.225 --> 00:02:08.474
and then 12,901.

00:02:08.474 --> 00:02:11.307
Alright, let's do another example.

00:02:12.593 --> 00:02:16.360
The table shows the weights
of several animals at the zoo.

00:02:16.360 --> 00:02:19.217
Put the animals in order
from lightest to heaviest.

00:02:19.217 --> 00:02:21.892
The lightest animal should
be on the top of the list.

00:02:21.892 --> 00:02:23.496
And so, you can see it right over here,

00:02:23.496 --> 00:02:26.939
they gave us these three animals,

00:02:26.939 --> 00:02:28.570
and if you're doing this on Khan Academy

00:02:28.570 --> 00:02:31.060
you'd be able to click on
these and move them around

00:02:31.060 --> 00:02:34.076
but I just copy and
pasted the actual image.

00:02:34.076 --> 00:02:35.804
So, let's just think about these wights.

00:02:35.804 --> 00:02:38.370
So, let's do the same thing.

00:02:38.370 --> 00:02:40.272
Let's first look and
actually pause the video

00:02:40.272 --> 00:02:42.708
and try to solve it on your own.

00:02:42.708 --> 00:02:44.920
Alright, so if we first
look at the 1,000's place.

00:02:44.920 --> 00:02:47.125
Remember, we start at
the largest place value,

00:02:47.125 --> 00:02:48.030
so the 1,000's place,

00:02:48.030 --> 00:02:50.407
they all have exactly two 1,000s,

00:02:50.407 --> 00:02:52.730
so now we move on to the 100's place.

00:02:52.730 --> 00:02:55.498
So, what the polar bear and crocodile

00:02:55.498 --> 00:02:59.331
has two 100s but the
giraffe only has one 100,

00:03:00.456 --> 00:03:02.345
so the giraffe is the lightest.

00:03:02.345 --> 00:03:04.942
And remember, we're ordering
from lightest to heaviest

00:03:04.942 --> 00:03:06.805
because this has the
least number of hundreds.

00:03:06.805 --> 00:03:08.541
They all have the same
number of thousands,

00:03:08.541 --> 00:03:11.048
and so then we move one space to the right

00:03:11.048 --> 00:03:14.647
to the 100s and the giraffe
has the least number of 100s.

00:03:14.647 --> 00:03:18.744
So, the giraffe is going
to be the lightest.

00:03:18.744 --> 00:03:20.757
And so, let's think about
between the polar bear

00:03:20.757 --> 00:03:22.677
and the crocodile.

00:03:22.677 --> 00:03:24.525
They both have the same number of 1,000s,

00:03:24.525 --> 00:03:26.869
they have the same numbers of 100s,

00:03:26.869 --> 00:03:29.365
they have the same number of 10s

00:03:29.365 --> 00:03:33.629
but notice, the polar has
more ones than the crocodile.

00:03:33.629 --> 00:03:36.597
And so, the polar bear is heavier,

00:03:36.597 --> 00:03:38.070
so the crocodile comes next,

00:03:38.070 --> 00:03:41.448
it's the next heaviest
or the next lightest,

00:03:41.448 --> 00:03:42.309
crocodile

00:03:42.309 --> 00:03:46.725
and then the heaviest is the polar bear.

00:03:46.725 --> 00:03:48.158
The polar bear.

00:03:48.158 --> 00:03:48.991
Now once again,

00:03:48.991 --> 00:03:52.231
you start at the largest
place value, you compare.

00:03:52.231 --> 00:03:53.064
They were the same.

00:03:53.064 --> 00:03:53.897
Then you go to the next largest.

00:03:53.897 --> 00:03:54.730
Oh, there's a difference,

00:03:54.730 --> 00:03:55.775
so this one must be lighter.

00:03:55.775 --> 00:03:57.703
Doesn't matter what
happens in the 10s and ones

00:03:57.703 --> 00:03:59.182
because it has fewer 100s

00:03:59.182 --> 00:04:00.863
than these right over here.

00:04:00.863 --> 00:04:02.820
And so, if you were sorting these around

00:04:02.820 --> 00:04:06.508
you would want to put the giraffe first

00:04:06.508 --> 00:04:09.180
and then you would put the crocodile,

00:04:09.180 --> 00:04:11.524
and then the polar bear would stay last,

00:04:11.524 --> 00:04:13.128
so actually you would just swap,

00:04:13.128 --> 00:04:15.580
you would just swap these
two right over here.

00:04:15.580 --> 00:04:16.418
Let's do one more.

00:04:16.418 --> 00:04:18.137
This is a lot of fun.

00:04:18.137 --> 00:04:20.051
Alright.

00:04:20.051 --> 00:04:22.718
Let me scroll down a little bit.

00:04:23.909 --> 00:04:25.005
Pause this video now

00:04:25.005 --> 00:04:27.621
and see if you can solve this.

00:04:27.621 --> 00:04:29.109
The table shows the elevations

00:04:29.109 --> 00:04:32.093
for three mountains in North America.

00:04:32.093 --> 00:04:34.197
Abby is trying to guess the elevation

00:04:34.197 --> 00:04:36.149
of University Peak.

00:04:36.149 --> 00:04:39.247
She knows that it is
taller than Mount Massive

00:04:39.247 --> 00:04:41.751
but not as tall as Mount Alverstone.

00:04:41.751 --> 00:04:45.084
So, it is between Mount
Alverstone and Mount Massive.

00:04:45.084 --> 00:04:46.151
So, it is right over here.

00:04:46.151 --> 00:04:48.339
Taller than Mount Massive

00:04:48.339 --> 00:04:51.230
but not as tall as Mount Alverstone.

00:04:51.230 --> 00:04:52.071
Alright.

00:04:52.071 --> 00:04:53.821
Fill in the blank with an elevation

00:04:53.821 --> 00:04:55.693
Abby could guess for the elevation

00:04:55.693 --> 00:04:57.413
of University Peak.

00:04:57.413 --> 00:04:59.811
Enter a whole number solution.

00:04:59.811 --> 00:05:00.693
So, we just have to think of a number

00:05:00.693 --> 00:05:05.198
that is larger than 14,428

00:05:05.198 --> 00:05:08.606
and smaller than 14,400.

00:05:08.606 --> 00:05:12.000
Well, one possibility
is we'll just add one

00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:13.245
to Mount Massive.

00:05:13.245 --> 00:05:17.996
So, one possibility is 14,429.

00:05:17.996 --> 00:05:20.378
That would be taller than Mount Massive

00:05:20.378 --> 00:05:23.378
but not as tall as Mount Alverstone.

00:05:24.658 --> 00:05:27.122
Even though it has more
ones than Mount Massive,

00:05:27.122 --> 00:05:28.513
everything else is the same,

00:05:28.513 --> 00:05:30.762
it has fewer 100s than Mount Alverstone.

00:05:30.762 --> 00:05:31.595
So, that could be.

00:05:31.595 --> 00:05:34.351
We could write 14,429.

00:05:34.351 --> 00:05:37.592
We could have also written 14,430

00:05:37.592 --> 00:05:39.035
and we could have kept going

00:05:39.035 --> 00:05:43.202
all the way until 14,499.

00:05:44.518 --> 00:05:46.623
They want us to enter a
whole number solution.

00:05:46.623 --> 00:05:50.790
So, any of these would have
been acceptable answers.


Rounding to the nearest tenth and hundredth

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.322 --> 00:00:04.681
- [Instructor] Joey used
0.432 pounds of cheese

00:00:04.681 --> 00:00:06.603
to make mac-and-cheese for dinner,

00:00:06.603 --> 00:00:11.467
and we could also call this
432/1,000 pounds of cheese

00:00:11.467 --> 00:00:13.314
to make mac-and-cheese for dinner.

00:00:13.314 --> 00:00:14.949
Round the amount of cheese

00:00:14.949 --> 00:00:16.644
to the nearest tenth.

00:00:16.644 --> 00:00:18.076
So the amount of cheese once again

00:00:18.076 --> 00:00:19.326
is 0.432 pounds

00:00:22.684 --> 00:00:25.219
and just remember the places here.

00:00:25.219 --> 00:00:28.029
This is 4/10,

00:00:28.029 --> 00:00:30.293
so that's the tenths place.

00:00:30.293 --> 00:00:33.204
This is the hundredths place,

00:00:33.204 --> 00:00:35.171
and that's an S there,

00:00:35.171 --> 00:00:37.004
so tenths, hundredths,

00:00:37.969 --> 00:00:41.499
and this right over here is thousandths,

00:00:41.499 --> 00:00:42.897
thousandths place.

00:00:42.897 --> 00:00:46.089
So we wanna round to the nearest tenth.

00:00:46.089 --> 00:00:47.569
So we're gonna round to the nearest tenth.

00:00:47.569 --> 00:00:49.545
We go one place to the right.

00:00:49.545 --> 00:00:51.048
If it's five or larger,

00:00:51.048 --> 00:00:52.464
we round up.

00:00:52.464 --> 00:00:53.676
This would become a five.

00:00:53.676 --> 00:00:56.085
If it's less than five,

00:00:56.085 --> 00:00:57.183
well, if it's less than five,

00:00:57.183 --> 00:00:58.704
which is the case here,

00:00:58.704 --> 00:01:02.943
we're gonna round down to just 4/10 even.

00:01:02.943 --> 00:01:06.102
So because three is less than five,

00:01:06.102 --> 00:01:08.352
we are going to round down,

00:01:09.289 --> 00:01:11.706
and we're going to get 0.400,

00:01:15.314 --> 00:01:18.069
or we could write that as 0.4,

00:01:18.069 --> 00:01:21.938
or we could write that as 4/10 of a pound.

00:01:21.938 --> 00:01:23.688
Let's do another one.

00:01:24.678 --> 00:01:28.845
Eliza's pet snail traveled
2.197 meters in one day.

00:01:30.265 --> 00:01:33.594
Round the distance to
the nearest hundredth.

00:01:33.594 --> 00:01:35.409
So pause this video and
see if you can do that.

00:01:35.409 --> 00:01:38.799
Round the distance to
the nearest hundredth.

00:01:38.799 --> 00:01:39.966
So it's 2.197.

00:01:43.535 --> 00:01:46.968
This is the hundredths
place right over here,

00:01:46.968 --> 00:01:50.533
and so if we're gonna round
to the nearest hundredth,

00:01:50.533 --> 00:01:52.994
we're gonna go one place to the right.

00:01:52.994 --> 00:01:54.809
If this one place to the right

00:01:54.809 --> 00:01:56.652
is five or greater,

00:01:56.652 --> 00:01:58.005
we're gonna round up,

00:01:58.005 --> 00:02:00.360
and seven is five or greater,

00:02:00.360 --> 00:02:02.777
so we are going to round up .

00:02:05.370 --> 00:02:06.387
Now this is interesting

00:02:06.387 --> 00:02:09.063
'cause if you round a nine up,

00:02:09.063 --> 00:02:10.416
you get to 10,

00:02:10.416 --> 00:02:12.639
but you can't put a
whole 10 right over here.

00:02:12.639 --> 00:02:13.614
So one way to think about it

00:02:13.614 --> 00:02:15.465
is you have a 19 here,

00:02:15.465 --> 00:02:16.424
and so if you round up,

00:02:16.424 --> 00:02:19.224
you're gonna go to a 20,

00:02:19.224 --> 00:02:20.272
or another way to think about it.

00:02:20.272 --> 00:02:21.608
If you round the nine up,

00:02:21.608 --> 00:02:23.608
you're gonna go to the next tenth.

00:02:23.608 --> 00:02:26.191
So this is going to be 2 point,

00:02:27.145 --> 00:02:30.760
you could view this as 19/100

00:02:30.760 --> 00:02:34.228
or 19/100 and 7/1,000,

00:02:34.228 --> 00:02:35.573
and so now we're gonna round up

00:02:35.573 --> 00:02:37.130
to 20/100,

00:02:37.130 --> 00:02:37.963
so 2.20.

00:02:39.197 --> 00:02:41.281
We're rounding to the nearest hundredth,

00:02:41.281 --> 00:02:42.843
which you could write as 2.2,

00:02:42.843 --> 00:02:43.676
but to make it clear

00:02:43.676 --> 00:02:45.762
that you're rounding to
the nearest hundredth,

00:02:45.762 --> 00:02:48.485
you're gonna write 2.20,

00:02:48.485 --> 00:02:49.826
and later in your life,

00:02:49.826 --> 00:02:50.949
this actually might matter

00:02:50.949 --> 00:02:54.366
to actually show what you're rounding to.

00:02:55.322 --> 00:02:57.822
Let's do another example here.

00:03:00.461 --> 00:03:04.936
Cassandra spends 6.75
hours each day at school.

00:03:04.936 --> 00:03:08.001
Round the amount of time
to the nearest hour.

00:03:08.001 --> 00:03:09.418
Alright, so 6.75,

00:03:11.519 --> 00:03:12.929
so you might be a little confused,

00:03:12.929 --> 00:03:14.619
and actually, I encourage
you to pause the video again

00:03:14.619 --> 00:03:16.297
and try to solve it on your own.

00:03:16.297 --> 00:03:17.255
So you might be a little confused

00:03:17.255 --> 00:03:19.658
'cause they're not saying
round it to the nearest tenth

00:03:19.658 --> 00:03:22.408
or hundredth or one or 10 or 100.

00:03:23.762 --> 00:03:25.792
They're saying to the nearest hour,

00:03:25.792 --> 00:03:27.065
but in this case,

00:03:27.065 --> 00:03:29.315
the hour is the ones place.

00:03:30.281 --> 00:03:32.400
So if we're gonna round
to the nearest hour,

00:03:32.400 --> 00:03:33.497
this is another way of saying

00:03:33.497 --> 00:03:35.352
round to the nearest one.

00:03:35.352 --> 00:03:36.985
So we're gonna round to the nearest one.

00:03:36.985 --> 00:03:38.193
We go one place to the right.

00:03:38.193 --> 00:03:40.271
We go to look at the tenths place.

00:03:40.271 --> 00:03:41.583
If it's five or larger,

00:03:41.583 --> 00:03:42.936
we round up.

00:03:42.936 --> 00:03:45.193
Well, seven is five or larger,

00:03:45.193 --> 00:03:47.860
so we round up to the next hour,

00:03:49.815 --> 00:03:51.910
which is going to be seven,

00:03:51.910 --> 00:03:53.367
so seven hours.

00:03:53.367 --> 00:03:55.034
If this was 6.49999,

00:04:00.119 --> 00:04:02.290
once again, if we're
rounding to the nearest hour,

00:04:02.290 --> 00:04:03.304
we go one place to the right.

00:04:03.304 --> 00:04:05.314
It doesn't matter that we
have all these nines here.

00:04:05.314 --> 00:04:08.216
We'd say, hey, look,
four is less than five.

00:04:08.216 --> 00:04:11.160
Therefore, we should round down,

00:04:11.160 --> 00:04:12.077
round down,

00:04:13.241 --> 00:04:15.095
and you would round down to the next hour.

00:04:15.095 --> 00:04:18.565
Well, the next hour that's below 6.499999,

00:04:18.565 --> 00:04:20.293
nine, nine, nine, nine,

00:04:20.293 --> 00:04:21.858
is six hours,

00:04:21.858 --> 00:04:24.244
but in this case, we had a
seven in the tenths place,

00:04:24.244 --> 00:04:26.964
which is definitely greater
than or equal to five,

00:04:26.964 --> 00:04:28.899
and so we'd round up to the next hour,

00:04:28.899 --> 00:04:30.649
which is seven hours.


Rounding to nearest ten, hundred and thousand

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.410 --> 00:00:01.756
- [Instructor] At a barbecue to celebrate

00:00:01.756 --> 00:00:03.867
the end of the soccer season,

00:00:03.867 --> 00:00:06.117
1,354 hot dogs were served.

00:00:08.409 --> 00:00:10.533
Round the number of hot dogs

00:00:10.533 --> 00:00:12.033
to the nearest 10.

00:00:13.093 --> 00:00:17.010
Alright, let me just
rewrite the number, 1,354.

00:00:18.701 --> 00:00:22.102
Now let's just remember our places.

00:00:22.102 --> 00:00:22.935
I could write it like that.

00:00:22.935 --> 00:00:23.775
This is the ones.

00:00:23.775 --> 00:00:25.191
This is the tens.

00:00:25.191 --> 00:00:27.007
This is the hundreds place,

00:00:27.007 --> 00:00:30.491
and this is the thousands place.

00:00:30.491 --> 00:00:33.138
Now they want to round
the number of hot dogs

00:00:33.138 --> 00:00:34.618
to the nearest 10.

00:00:34.618 --> 00:00:36.790
So round it to the nearest 10 here,

00:00:36.790 --> 00:00:38.665
and so right now we have five tens,

00:00:38.665 --> 00:00:39.652
but in order to round,

00:00:39.652 --> 00:00:41.824
we have to look to the
next smallest place,

00:00:41.824 --> 00:00:43.432
so we'll look to the ones,

00:00:43.432 --> 00:00:45.470
and we have four ones here,

00:00:45.470 --> 00:00:48.999
and so because this
number is less than five,

00:00:48.999 --> 00:00:50.809
so because this is less than five,

00:00:50.809 --> 00:00:52.103
we round down.

00:00:52.103 --> 00:00:53.603
So less than five,

00:00:56.000 --> 00:00:57.510
so we're gonna round down.

00:00:57.510 --> 00:00:59.010
If you round down,

00:01:01.282 --> 00:01:03.981
you get to exactly five tens,

00:01:03.981 --> 00:01:05.398
or you say 1,350.

00:01:08.955 --> 00:01:11.256
We have rounded to the nearest 10,

00:01:11.256 --> 00:01:12.506
1,350 hot dogs.

00:01:14.819 --> 00:01:17.246
Let's do another one.

00:01:17.246 --> 00:01:19.225
So here we're told the attendance

00:01:19.225 --> 00:01:20.670
at a local basketball game

00:01:20.670 --> 00:01:22.087
was 8,643 people.

00:01:23.439 --> 00:01:25.901
Round the attendance to the nearest 100,

00:01:25.901 --> 00:01:27.094
and like always, pause this video

00:01:27.094 --> 00:01:29.134
and see if you can figure that out.

00:01:29.134 --> 00:01:30.551
Let's see, 8,643.

00:01:33.807 --> 00:01:36.123
We wanna round to the nearest 100,

00:01:36.123 --> 00:01:38.062
so we go one place to the right of that,

00:01:38.062 --> 00:01:39.624
and we say, okay, is this greater than

00:01:39.624 --> 00:01:40.865
or less than?

00:01:40.865 --> 00:01:42.950
Is this less than five or greater than

00:01:42.950 --> 00:01:44.633
or equal to five?

00:01:44.633 --> 00:01:47.034
Since it is less than five,

00:01:47.034 --> 00:01:49.201
so this is less than five,

00:01:51.686 --> 00:01:52.644
so because of that,

00:01:52.644 --> 00:01:53.811
we round down.

00:01:54.646 --> 00:01:56.150
And so we were going to round down

00:01:56.150 --> 00:01:56.983
to 8,600,

00:01:59.940 --> 00:02:02.756
so we have rounded to the nearest 100,

00:02:02.756 --> 00:02:03.839
8,600 people.

00:02:06.106 --> 00:02:07.606
Let's do one more.

00:02:10.062 --> 00:02:13.562
The city of Joyville has 87,388 residents.

00:02:14.750 --> 00:02:16.142
Round the number of people

00:02:16.142 --> 00:02:17.327
who live in Joyville

00:02:17.327 --> 00:02:19.077
to the nearest 1,000.

00:02:20.014 --> 00:02:21.514
So we have 87,388.

00:02:24.891 --> 00:02:27.706
We wanna round to the nearest 1,000,

00:02:27.706 --> 00:02:30.159
so once again, we go
one place to the right.

00:02:30.159 --> 00:02:32.057
We see that it is less than five,

00:02:32.057 --> 00:02:33.774
and so we're gonna round down.

00:02:33.774 --> 00:02:35.471
We are gonna round down

00:02:35.471 --> 00:02:36.304
to 87,000.

00:02:38.349 --> 00:02:39.636
That is the nearest 1,000,

00:02:39.636 --> 00:02:40.469
87,000.

00:02:41.930 --> 00:02:43.074
Now since all of the examples,

00:02:43.074 --> 00:02:44.322
we ended up rounding down,

00:02:44.322 --> 00:02:45.155
let me just show you

00:02:45.155 --> 00:02:46.986
what would have happened when we round up.

00:02:46.986 --> 00:02:48.403
If it was 87,588,

00:02:53.298 --> 00:02:55.858
well, once again, we are
rounding to the nearest 1,000.

00:02:55.858 --> 00:02:57.052
You go one place to the right,

00:02:57.052 --> 00:02:58.749
and you say, "Hey, this
is five or larger."

00:02:58.749 --> 00:03:01.045
So in this case, you would round up,

00:03:01.045 --> 00:03:04.795
so you would round the
thousands up to 88,000

00:03:05.882 --> 00:03:07.683
in this situation.

00:03:07.683 --> 00:03:09.341
So you go one space to the right,

00:03:09.341 --> 00:03:11.357
one place value to the right.

00:03:11.357 --> 00:03:14.045
If that is less than five,

00:03:14.045 --> 00:03:15.982
then you round down.

00:03:15.982 --> 00:03:17.981
If it is five or greater,

00:03:17.981 --> 00:03:19.148
you round up.


Impact of the Crusades

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.567 --> 00:00:02.381
- [Sal] We've already had several videos

00:00:02.381 --> 00:00:05.003
where we give an overview of the Crusades.

00:00:05.003 --> 00:00:09.574
And just as a review, they
happen over roughly 200 years

00:00:09.574 --> 00:00:11.589
during the High Middle Ages.

00:00:11.589 --> 00:00:14.776
The first Crusade at very
end of the 11th century

00:00:14.776 --> 00:00:17.104
and actually the most
successful of the Crusades,

00:00:17.104 --> 00:00:20.406
allowing the Western European
powers to take control

00:00:20.406 --> 00:00:23.974
of Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land.

00:00:23.974 --> 00:00:26.289
And you could see that
here on this diagram

00:00:26.289 --> 00:00:29.777
where Jerusalem, at least,
goes from green to red,

00:00:29.777 --> 00:00:34.101
controlled by the Western
European, the Latin Christians.

00:00:34.101 --> 00:00:35.891
And they're able to maintain control

00:00:35.891 --> 00:00:39.940
through these Crusader kingdoms
all the way until 1187,

00:00:39.940 --> 00:00:44.107
when Salah ad-Din is able to
retake control of Jerusalem.

00:00:45.534 --> 00:00:48.860
Then a few decades later, as
we go into the Sixth Crusade

00:00:48.860 --> 00:00:51.677
and the Barons' Crusade,
which isn't depicted here,

00:00:51.677 --> 00:00:53.921
the Western Europeans are
able to take more control

00:00:53.921 --> 00:00:56.869
but eventually, the Muslims
take control of Jerusalem

00:00:56.869 --> 00:00:59.118
and as we enter into the 14th century,

00:00:59.118 --> 00:01:02.598
they have control of the entire Holy Land.

00:01:02.598 --> 00:01:06.049
Now while that is happening,
Constantinople gets sacked

00:01:06.049 --> 00:01:09.527
at the end of the Fourth Crusade
by the Crusaders themselves

00:01:09.527 --> 00:01:12.471
and even though it's retaken,
this is really the beginning

00:01:12.471 --> 00:01:15.451
of the end for the Byzantine Empire.

00:01:15.451 --> 00:01:18.404
So let's think a little
bit about how the Crusades

00:01:18.404 --> 00:01:21.404
changed Europe and the entire world.

00:01:22.340 --> 00:01:25.111
Well, one of the obvious
impacts of the Crusades

00:01:25.111 --> 00:01:28.172
was just the amount of death it caused.

00:01:28.172 --> 00:01:30.801
It's estimated that the
death toll from the Crusades

00:01:30.801 --> 00:01:35.369
is two to six million people
just from Western Europe.

00:01:35.369 --> 00:01:37.440
And just to put that into perspective,

00:01:37.440 --> 00:01:39.902
the European population at the time

00:01:39.902 --> 00:01:42.934
was about 60 to 70 million folks.

00:01:42.934 --> 00:01:46.395
So we're talking about four to
10 percent of the population

00:01:46.395 --> 00:01:48.276
dying in the Crusades.

00:01:48.276 --> 00:01:51.017
And this isn't fully
accounting for all of the death

00:01:51.017 --> 00:01:54.021
and destruction that happened
on the way to the Crusades

00:01:54.021 --> 00:01:57.185
or that happened in the
Middle East as well.

00:01:57.185 --> 00:02:00.201
If you look at this map of
what the region looks like

00:02:00.201 --> 00:02:04.902
as we get into the 14th
century, right over here,

00:02:04.902 --> 00:02:07.039
you can see that although the Middle East

00:02:07.039 --> 00:02:09.506
is still in control of the Muslims,

00:02:09.506 --> 00:02:12.347
Muslims have for the
most part been pushed out

00:02:12.347 --> 00:02:15.141
of the Iberian Peninsula,
and they have a little bit

00:02:15.141 --> 00:02:17.404
of a foothold right here in Grenada.

00:02:17.404 --> 00:02:20.515
And this Reconquista is going to continue

00:02:20.515 --> 00:02:25.048
all the way until 1492 when
what will be the Spanish

00:02:25.048 --> 00:02:27.469
are able to push out all of the Muslims

00:02:27.469 --> 00:02:29.860
from the Iberian peninsula
and as they do that,

00:02:29.860 --> 00:02:32.249
they also expel the Jews.

00:02:32.249 --> 00:02:35.498
You also have territorial
gains in the north of Europe

00:02:35.498 --> 00:02:38.297
that's a little bit harder
to see on this map over here.

00:02:38.297 --> 00:02:40.278
As I mentioned in previous video,

00:02:40.278 --> 00:02:44.512
part of this Crusader
mentality was not just about

00:02:44.512 --> 00:02:46.927
taking land back for the Byzantines

00:02:46.927 --> 00:02:49.193
or taking land from the Muslims,

00:02:49.193 --> 00:02:51.838
but also trying to take land or convert

00:02:51.838 --> 00:02:54.276
what were perceived as
pagans in the north,

00:02:54.276 --> 00:02:57.993
German tribes that had not as
yet converted to Christianity.

00:02:57.993 --> 00:03:00.070
And so that helped for
territorial expansion

00:03:00.070 --> 00:03:02.538
in the north of Europe.

00:03:02.538 --> 00:03:06.705
Now a big theme in the Crusades
was the power of the Pope.

00:03:08.475 --> 00:03:11.511
Remember, the Crusades
were started by a Pope

00:03:11.511 --> 00:03:12.877
working people up, saying,

00:03:12.877 --> 00:03:14.655
"Hey, let's go help the Byzantines.

00:03:14.655 --> 00:03:16.687
"Let's go take back
land from the Muslims."

00:03:16.687 --> 00:03:18.045
Pope Urban II.

00:03:18.045 --> 00:03:20.743
And over the course of this 200 years,

00:03:20.743 --> 00:03:22.968
you have this religious fervor

00:03:22.968 --> 00:03:26.536
where the Pope is
organizing these Crusades.

00:03:26.536 --> 00:03:29.815
People are feeling this religious spirit.

00:03:29.815 --> 00:03:33.700
Many people are, before
going on their Crusade,

00:03:33.700 --> 00:03:36.111
they're bequeathing
their land to the Church.

00:03:36.111 --> 00:03:39.648
If they die, and many of
these lords do end up dying,

00:03:39.648 --> 00:03:41.338
they're giving their
property to the Church,

00:03:41.338 --> 00:03:42.921
headed by the Pope.

00:03:43.802 --> 00:03:47.469
Kings also gained power
during the Crusades.

00:03:48.630 --> 00:03:51.142
In other videos, we talk
about the feudal system

00:03:51.142 --> 00:03:53.860
and many times the vassals to the kings,

00:03:53.860 --> 00:03:56.584
the dukes, the counts, the barons,

00:03:56.584 --> 00:03:59.273
often had more control
over their territory

00:03:59.273 --> 00:04:01.498
than the kings might have had.

00:04:01.498 --> 00:04:03.751
And they were constantly
squabbling with each other

00:04:03.751 --> 00:04:07.268
but as people started
to focus their energies

00:04:07.268 --> 00:04:10.786
on this external adventure
known as the Crusades,

00:04:10.786 --> 00:04:13.313
first of all, many of these lords died,

00:04:13.313 --> 00:04:15.313
their property went back to the state,

00:04:15.313 --> 00:04:17.194
went back to the kings.

00:04:17.194 --> 00:04:20.584
You start having less internal dissension.

00:04:20.584 --> 00:04:23.741
In a way, this idea that
Pope Urban II thought of

00:04:23.741 --> 00:04:25.138
at the end of the 11th century.

00:04:25.138 --> 00:04:27.635
Hey, why don't I point people externally

00:04:27.635 --> 00:04:30.361
so they stop worrying about
what's going on internally?

00:04:30.361 --> 00:04:32.272
It kind of worked.

00:04:32.272 --> 00:04:35.312
Another trend is the importance of cities.

00:04:35.312 --> 00:04:38.699
In the feudal system, it's
all about these manors

00:04:38.699 --> 00:04:40.311
and all about these estates.

00:04:40.311 --> 00:04:42.942
But in order to finance the Crusades,

00:04:42.942 --> 00:04:46.572
centers of trade and commerce
became more important

00:04:46.572 --> 00:04:48.564
and also, as there was more interaction

00:04:48.564 --> 00:04:52.021
between West and East and
more people traveling,

00:04:52.021 --> 00:04:54.113
you can imagine that it fostered trade

00:04:54.113 --> 00:04:57.047
which centered at these cities.

00:04:57.047 --> 00:04:58.673
And that goes into the next point,

00:04:58.673 --> 00:05:02.332
commerce and trade itself
was fostered by the Crusades.

00:05:02.332 --> 00:05:04.181
It wasn't all fighting.

00:05:04.181 --> 00:05:08.347
The Venetians and other
trader city-states,

00:05:08.347 --> 00:05:12.137
they helped facilitate the
movement of arms and people

00:05:12.137 --> 00:05:15.071
from West to East, but on the way back,

00:05:15.071 --> 00:05:17.543
they also brought goods to trade.

00:05:17.543 --> 00:05:20.700
And so they became much,
much more powerful.

00:05:20.700 --> 00:05:22.501
In fact, by the end of the Crusades,

00:05:22.501 --> 00:05:24.871
as we get into the 14th century,

00:05:24.871 --> 00:05:28.298
Venice, which is right
over here on our map,

00:05:28.298 --> 00:05:32.725
was considered the richest and
most powerful city in Europe.

00:05:32.725 --> 00:05:35.079
Venice has all of this trader wealth

00:05:35.079 --> 00:05:36.813
and it's not just from trade.

00:05:36.813 --> 00:05:39.113
As you might remember
from previous videos,

00:05:39.113 --> 00:05:41.015
when Constantinople was sacked,

00:05:41.015 --> 00:05:44.683
it was sacked in part by
these Venetian traders

00:05:44.683 --> 00:05:47.069
and after that, they built an empire.

00:05:47.069 --> 00:05:48.776
They broke up the Byzantine empire

00:05:48.776 --> 00:05:51.425
and took some of it for themselves.

00:05:51.425 --> 00:05:52.881
And so it's not a coincidence

00:05:52.881 --> 00:05:55.516
that as we get into the
14th and 15th century,

00:05:55.516 --> 00:05:59.017
places like Venice and
Florence, famously sponsored

00:05:59.017 --> 00:06:01.523
by the Medici family, a
famous banking family.

00:06:01.523 --> 00:06:03.614
So once again, these are centers of trade,

00:06:03.614 --> 00:06:06.431
centers of commerce became the places

00:06:06.431 --> 00:06:10.056
where the Renaissance
would first flourish.

00:06:10.056 --> 00:06:14.421
And last but not least,
as in some ways bloody

00:06:14.421 --> 00:06:17.068
and dark a time as the Crusades were,

00:06:17.068 --> 00:06:20.575
they were also associated with learning

00:06:20.575 --> 00:06:23.477
because you had all of these
people go from Western Europe

00:06:23.477 --> 00:06:26.279
to the Middle East and the Holy Land

00:06:26.279 --> 00:06:27.990
and at that time, remember, we have videos

00:06:27.990 --> 00:06:30.039
on the Golden Age of Islam.

00:06:30.039 --> 00:06:32.365
In a lot of ways, they were
shepherding the knowledge

00:06:32.365 --> 00:06:35.194
of the Ancient Greeks and the Romans

00:06:35.194 --> 00:06:37.083
and they were merging that with knowledge

00:06:37.083 --> 00:06:38.756
from the Indians and the Chinese

00:06:38.756 --> 00:06:41.908
and also coming up with
innovations on their own.

00:06:41.908 --> 00:06:43.657
And a lot of the Western Europeans

00:06:43.657 --> 00:06:45.990
brought that back to Europe.