Overview of the Middle Ages

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Instructor] Growing up
we all have impressions of

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the Middle Ages, we read about
knights in shining armor,

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castles with moats and
towers, but when were

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the Middle Ages?

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The simple answer, the
Middle Ages in Europe

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are the roughly 1000 years
from the fall of the Roman

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Empire and to be particular
the fall of the Western Roman

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Empire, the Eastern Roman
Empire continues on for most

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of the Middle Ages, but
it starts in roughly 476

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and it continues on for
1000 years as we get

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into the 14th and 15th centuries.

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And it's really the time
period that connects the world

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of Rome, Europe during
antiquity and it connects it

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to the Europe that begins
to emerge in the 14th, 15th,

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and 16th centuries.

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The Europe of the Age of
Exploration, the Europe

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of the Renaissance.

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Now what we're going to do
in this video is we're going

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to look at maps of the
various time periods

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of the Middle Ages.

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The Middle Ages are broadly
divided into three major

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sections, the early Middle
Ages, from the fall of

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the Western Roman Empire
to about the year 1000.

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The high Middle Ages,
which was a high point

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for the Middle Ages in Europe
which goes from about what

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the year 1000 to the year
1300, and then the late

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Middle Ages, which gets us
to the 15th century and it's

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considered not that pleasant
of a time to live in Europe.

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So let's just start with
what Europe looked like right

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after the fall of the
Western Roman Empire.

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So as you can see here, this
map is referring to the time

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period between 476 when Odoacer
takes over Rome and 493.

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And you can see the Eastern
Roman Empire is still here

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but the Western Roman
Empire is now fragmented

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amongst many Germanic kingdoms,
you have the Visigoths,

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you have the Franks, you
have the Kingdom of Odoacer.

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With the fall of Rome we
are entering into the early

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Middle Ages.

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Now the Eastern Roman Empire
which considers itself

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the Roman Empire its
capital at Constantinople

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under Justinian has a
little bit of a last horah

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and is able to recapture the
Italian peninsula so it's

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able to recapture some of the
territory that was formally

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part of the Western Roman
Empire, some of the territory

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in North Africa that you
don't see on this map.

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But for the most part Western
Europe stays under the control

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of various Germanic kingdoms.

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So here we have fast forwarded
to the year 814 which would

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be right around here on our timeline.

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And you can see a major event
has occurred either on the map

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or on this timeline.

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You have Charlemagne king
of the Franks crowned Holy

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Roman Emperor.

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On the map, you can see
Charlemagne's empire right over here

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he has conquered Northern
Italy, much of what we consider

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modern day France, much of
what we consider modern day

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Germany, Switzerland, the
Netherlands, and Belgium.

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Charlemagne is really one
of the defining figures of

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the Middle Ages and especially
the early Middle Ages.

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As you can see, he's able to
unify much of Western Europe.

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A lot of our ideas about kings
and castles and knights begin

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to emerge around the time of Charlemagne.

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This notion of being a Holy
Roman Emperor because he's able

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to provide protection to the Pope.

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The Pope says hey I'm going
to say that you are continuing

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on the legacy of the Roman Empire.

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Now as we'll see and we cover
in much more detail in other

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videos, the title of Holy
Roman Emperor or Emperor

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of the Romans, does not
continue on with Charlemagne's

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descendants, but when you get
to 962, Otto who is a German

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king is crowned Holy Roman
Emperor again and you continue

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to have Holy Roman Emperors
all the way until 1806.

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Now another major feature
of the early Middle Ages

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and you can see it on this
map, is that Islam in the 7th

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and 8th centuries comes out
of Arabia and is able to

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conquer much of the Middle
East, Persia, North Africa,

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which you don't see on this
map, and much of what we

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consider today to be modern
day Spain and you can see it,

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do you see the Caliphate
or Cordova right over here.

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You see the Abbassids here in
the east who also controlled

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much of North Africa.

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Now let's fast forward
to the high Middle Ages.

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So here we are in the year
1135 on our timeline that would

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be right about, let's see this
is 1100, that would be 1150

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1135 would put us right around here.

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And you could already see
some interesting things on

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this map, the Holy Roman
Empire under Charlemagne is now

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fragmented, the Western third
is now the Kingdom of France,

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the Eastern 2/3 are still
considered the Roman Germanic

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Empire or the Holy Roman Empire.

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And even though it looks
fairly unified in this map,

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over different periods of
time it's really a bunch of

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fragmented Germanic kingdoms
nominally under this Holy

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Roman Empire sometimes it's
a little bit more unified

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under a stronger Holy Roman Emperor.

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Now the other things that you
see and we saw it on the last

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map is that the Byzantine
Empire is continuing to lose

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territory and you can see the
Muslim empires in this case

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it's the Seljuk Turks are able
to take even more territory.

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Now one of the things that has
happened by the time we look

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at this map and it's not
clear by looking on the map

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is that you have in 1054 the
Great Schism between the Latin

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Church centered at Rome and
the Eastern Greeks Church

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centered at Constantinople
and we have a whole series

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of videos on that and all of
the factors that led to it.

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But as we get to the time of
this map one of the things

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that the high Middle
Ages is most known for,

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the Great Schism or the East-West
Schism is one of the them,

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the Schism between what
eventually becomes the Roman

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Catholic Church and the Eastern
Orthodox Church, but what

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the high Middle Ages are also
known for are the Crusades.

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As already mentioned you see
how the Seljuk Turks are able

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to take much of Anatolia,
much of the peninsula from

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the Byzantine Empire.

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And the West decides to send
what will eventually be called

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Crusaders to help regain
land from the Muslims.

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And so that's where you see
the Crusades beginning in 1096

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at the very end of the 11th century.

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You can see the multiple
crusades that occur over roughly

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the next 200 years.

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And the Crusaders were
trying to reclaim land from

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the Muslims and especially
the Holy Land, much of which

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is below the map where you
can't quite see it over here.

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But it turns out that when
they are able to reclaim some

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of that land they don't give
it back to the Byzantines

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they set up what are known as
Crusader Kingdoms and you can

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see some of them right over
here in this bluish color.

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So once again you had this
East-West Schism and the Crusades

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are further expanding the
division between east and west.

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And that really becomes
significant in 1204 when

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the Crusaders themselves
sack Constantinople,

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take Constantinople from the
Byzantines, so that's in some

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ways the point of no return.

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The Byzantines are eventually
able to take Constantinople

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back but this is really
the beginning of the end

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for the Byzantine Empire.

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Now even though the high
Middle Ages are known for this

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tension between east and west
The Great Schism, even though

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it's known for the Crusades,
most of which were fairly

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unsuccessful despite being
very very very bloody

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for the Crusaders, the high
Middle Ages were considered

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a high point for the Middle Ages.

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Farming technology coupled
with better weather actually

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significantly increased
agricultural productivity

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at this time.

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But then roughly in the year
1300, historians consider

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ourselves moving into
the late Middle Ages.

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So you can see here in this
map by the late Middle Ages,

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Europe is starting to resemble
the Europe that we know

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in later periods once we
get into the Renaissance

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and the Age of Exploration.

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By this point, much of the
Iberian Peninsula has been

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reclaimed from Muslim rule
although you still have

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Muslim rule in Granada.

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Most of the Byzantine Empire
has now been taken over

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by the Ottomans, save
Constantinople, Constantinople

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eventually falls in 1453.

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This map right over here is
roughly what Europe looked like

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in the 14th century.

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So this period right over here,
Constantinople falls in 1453

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ending the Byzantine Empire formally.

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And what the late Middle Ages
is most known for is being

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not that pleasant of a
time to live in Europe.

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In 1347, you have the Black
Death, which by some estimates

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kills 50 million people in
Europe, which is roughly 60%

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of the population at the time.

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It's also a time of famine,
the weather cycles get worse

00:10:05.421 --> 00:10:07.821
and even before the Black
Death you have a significant

00:10:07.821 --> 00:10:10.796
famine occurring in the 14th century.

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You can see right over
here between 1337 and 1453

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you have the Hundred Years'
War between France and England

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which lasts over 100 years,
once again not a pleasant time

00:10:23.436 --> 00:10:26.639
to live in especially Western Europe.

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But as we get into the end
of the 15th and especially

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into the 16th century,
historians consider that to be

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the end of the Middle Ages
and we start getting into

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the Age of Exploration and
the Renaissance which we will

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discuss in future videos.


Peasant Revolts

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Instructor] in this
video I want to look

00:00:01.850 --> 00:00:04.645
at popular uprisings in
late medieval Europe.

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So we're talking about between roughly

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the 14th and the 16th centuries.

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And these are sometimes
known as peasants' revolts,

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and we'll talk a little
later about whether or not

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that's a really an appropriate term given

00:00:16.025 --> 00:00:18.740
who actually participated in the events.

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But for now, we'll refer to
them as popular uprisings,

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which means that they involved
a lot of common people.

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As we look at these events,

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we want to keep two questions in mind,

00:00:30.533 --> 00:00:32.538
sort of big-picture questions.

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The first is why did
people choose to revolt

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against their government?

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And especially after about the 1320s,

00:00:39.531 --> 00:00:43.448
we see a huge number of
these popular uprisings

00:00:44.482 --> 00:00:47.852
in a way that just didn't
happen prior to this point.

00:00:47.852 --> 00:00:49.314
So why did this happen?

00:00:49.314 --> 00:00:51.020
Why did people rebel?

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And secondly, we want to think about

00:00:52.378 --> 00:00:54.898
were these uprisings successful?

00:00:54.898 --> 00:00:57.009
And if so, what does success look like

00:00:57.009 --> 00:00:59.731
in these circumstances?

00:00:59.731 --> 00:01:03.101
So I want to start with
a specific example,

00:01:03.101 --> 00:01:06.255
and that example is the
Peasants' Revolt in England.

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This occurs in the year 1381.

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So we have a picture here,

00:01:11.093 --> 00:01:15.086
and this is a picture from The
Chronicles of Jean Froissart,

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and he is writing his
chronicles of what's going on

00:01:18.583 --> 00:01:20.815
at the same time that
these events are occurring.

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So it's a contemporary account.

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The picture is actually from later.

00:01:24.838 --> 00:01:26.821
It's added back into the Chronicles later,

00:01:26.821 --> 00:01:30.048
so the picture is not entirely
accurate of the period,

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but it does give us a sense
of what it might look like

00:01:32.972 --> 00:01:34.355
for the king to be confronted

00:01:34.355 --> 00:01:37.652
by thousands of angry subjects.

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But to go into what they were doing there,

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I want to start with a quote

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and this again comes from The
Chronicles of Jean Froissart

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that I mentioned and this is a quote

00:01:46.529 --> 00:01:49.373
that he attributes to John Ball.

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John Ball is an English priest
who is preaching at this time

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and is considered maybe
one of the instigators,

00:01:57.776 --> 00:02:02.608
one of the people who helps
start this revolt in 1381

00:02:02.608 --> 00:02:05.007
and part of that is he's spreading ideas

00:02:05.007 --> 00:02:08.005
that challenge the existing
authority structure.

00:02:08.005 --> 00:02:11.327
And he goes on and says,
"Ah ye good people,

00:02:11.327 --> 00:02:14.700
"the matters goeth not
well to pass in England,"

00:02:14.700 --> 00:02:16.935
and that's kind of an
old-time way of saying

00:02:16.935 --> 00:02:19.569
things aren't going well in England.

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And then he goes on and says,

00:02:21.030 --> 00:02:24.365
"Nor shall not do till
everything be common

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"and that there be no
villains nor gentlemen,

00:02:27.168 --> 00:02:29.808
"but that we may all be united together

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"and that the lords be no
greater masters than we be it."

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So what he's saying there is we have

00:02:35.750 --> 00:02:38.017
this structure of society in England

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where there are the gentlemen,

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the people who are part of the nobility,

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and they have this access

00:02:42.815 --> 00:02:45.989
to political power and economic power.

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And then we have all these other people

00:02:48.292 --> 00:02:52.008
who have to basically do work
to support this nobility.

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And he says we should really all be equal

00:02:54.316 --> 00:02:59.051
and things aren't going to be
well in England until we are.

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So that's a pretty radical message

00:03:00.629 --> 00:03:04.212
especially for a medieval
European country.

00:03:05.458 --> 00:03:07.003
And he goes on and askes this question

00:03:07.003 --> 00:03:10.012
and says, "What have we, what
have we the common people

00:03:10.012 --> 00:03:14.143
deserved or why should we
be kept thus in servage,

00:03:14.143 --> 00:03:16.067
servitude or bondage,

00:03:16.067 --> 00:03:17.819
"We be all come from one father

00:03:17.819 --> 00:03:20.134
"and one mother, Adam and Eve,

00:03:20.134 --> 00:03:22.043
"whereby can they say or show that

00:03:22.043 --> 00:03:24.562
"they'd be greater lords than we be."

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And what he's doing
there is making an appeal

00:03:26.757 --> 00:03:29.025
to the Old Testament of the Bible

00:03:29.025 --> 00:03:31.034
and saying that everybody is descended

00:03:31.034 --> 00:03:33.619
from the same pair of people.

00:03:33.619 --> 00:03:35.813
So we all really are equal in that sense,

00:03:35.813 --> 00:03:39.068
so why is it that the nobility have access

00:03:39.068 --> 00:03:41.303
to this greater power and wealth.

00:03:41.303 --> 00:03:43.535
I should point out that
this idea of challenging

00:03:43.535 --> 00:03:46.290
the social hierarchy is not the
only thing that's motivating

00:03:46.290 --> 00:03:49.305
rebels in the Peasants'
revolt in England here.

00:03:49.305 --> 00:03:50.557
There are a lot of other factors,

00:03:50.557 --> 00:03:52.516
and we'll talk about those a little later.

00:03:52.516 --> 00:03:54.752
So when we talk about
medieval European society,

00:03:54.752 --> 00:03:57.230
before this point we have a structure

00:03:57.230 --> 00:04:00.230
that has three estates, three levels

00:04:00.230 --> 00:04:02.414
or classes you could think of this as.

00:04:02.414 --> 00:04:06.873
And we have the clergy
which are priests or friars,

00:04:06.873 --> 00:04:09.558
and basically anyone
involved with the church

00:04:09.558 --> 00:04:12.561
and that is the group of those who pray.

00:04:12.561 --> 00:04:15.318
You have the nobility and this
is going to be your Knights,

00:04:15.318 --> 00:04:19.012
your people who are in control
of large tracts of land

00:04:19.012 --> 00:04:23.153
that they hold in service to
the king and to the kingdom

00:04:23.153 --> 00:04:25.022
and those are the people who fight.

00:04:25.022 --> 00:04:27.459
And then at the bottom you
have the people who work,

00:04:27.459 --> 00:04:30.467
which is including most of the population.

00:04:30.467 --> 00:04:33.874
Remember this is a low
technology agricultural society.

00:04:33.874 --> 00:04:37.078
We're talking about probably
90% plus of the population

00:04:37.078 --> 00:04:40.119
is involved in agricultural
production in some way.

00:04:40.119 --> 00:04:42.350
So this is the largest chunk of society

00:04:42.350 --> 00:04:44.506
and they refer to that as the peasantry.

00:04:44.506 --> 00:04:46.806
So to recap that your your model is

00:04:46.806 --> 00:04:49.044
you have those who pray, those who fight,

00:04:49.044 --> 00:04:50.511
and those who work.

00:04:50.511 --> 00:04:54.218
The society needs all of these
roles to function properly,

00:04:54.218 --> 00:04:56.052
so all of them are important.

00:04:56.052 --> 00:04:57.913
So we want to think about how do we go

00:04:57.913 --> 00:04:59.427
from this situation where we have

00:04:59.427 --> 00:05:01.699
this relatively stable social order

00:05:01.699 --> 00:05:03.283
where the different estates are seen

00:05:03.283 --> 00:05:06.980
as more or less equally
important members of society

00:05:06.980 --> 00:05:09.908
to what we see in England in 1381

00:05:09.908 --> 00:05:11.855
where the people rise up and challenge

00:05:11.855 --> 00:05:14.454
the authority of the king.

00:05:14.454 --> 00:05:17.992
So there are three broad areas of analysis

00:05:17.992 --> 00:05:20.224
that we can use to better understand why

00:05:20.224 --> 00:05:23.275
we see these popular revolts breaking out

00:05:23.275 --> 00:05:25.509
throughout the 14th century.

00:05:25.509 --> 00:05:27.543
The first one of those is demographics

00:05:27.543 --> 00:05:30.030
or the study of population.

00:05:30.030 --> 00:05:32.183
And we have two major
events that significantly

00:05:32.183 --> 00:05:34.699
impact Europe's population here.

00:05:34.699 --> 00:05:37.098
The first one is the Great Famine

00:05:37.098 --> 00:05:40.015
which occurs between 1315 and 1317,

00:05:40.916 --> 00:05:45.590
and that refers to a sequence
of poor agricultural harvests

00:05:45.590 --> 00:05:49.690
due to poor weather for
agriculture at this time.

00:05:49.690 --> 00:05:51.354
The other event that has a major impact

00:05:51.354 --> 00:05:54.809
on Europe's population is
the outbreak of the plague,

00:05:54.809 --> 00:05:56.800
the Black Death it's called,

00:05:56.800 --> 00:06:00.133
which occurs between 1347 and 1349 here.

00:06:01.788 --> 00:06:04.028
And this ends up killing between a third

00:06:04.028 --> 00:06:06.259
and a half of Europe's population.

00:06:06.259 --> 00:06:08.511
So what you see is a big increase

00:06:08.511 --> 00:06:11.594
in how much it costs to hire workers.

00:06:12.577 --> 00:06:14.930
And you actually see
in England for example,

00:06:14.930 --> 00:06:16.347
in 1349 and 1351,

00:06:17.727 --> 00:06:20.289
you see a couple of laws passed

00:06:20.289 --> 00:06:24.838
that try to keep workers
wages at pre-plague levels.

00:06:24.838 --> 00:06:27.072
So it's a response to the fact that

00:06:27.072 --> 00:06:29.028
there are now fewer workers and that makes

00:06:29.028 --> 00:06:30.471
workers more expensive.

00:06:30.471 --> 00:06:33.027
On top of that, you also
have the Hundred Years' War

00:06:33.027 --> 00:06:34.705
going on between England and France.

00:06:34.705 --> 00:06:37.664
It starts in 1337 and drags on actually

00:06:37.664 --> 00:06:39.048
for more than a hundred years,

00:06:39.048 --> 00:06:41.244
but that's the name they've given it.

00:06:41.244 --> 00:06:42.732
But that's expensive.

00:06:42.732 --> 00:06:46.383
That costs both governments a lot of money

00:06:46.383 --> 00:06:49.187
to keep fighting and
maintaining militaries

00:06:49.187 --> 00:06:50.728
and so at the same time that you have

00:06:50.728 --> 00:06:53.290
these economic problems and struggles,

00:06:53.290 --> 00:06:56.168
you also have government's
raising taxes on people

00:06:56.168 --> 00:06:58.889
to try and pay for this conflict.

00:06:58.889 --> 00:07:01.046
And the last thing that helps explain

00:07:01.046 --> 00:07:03.477
some of these uprisings
these popular uprisings,

00:07:03.477 --> 00:07:06.280
we saw a little bit already
in John Ball's quote,

00:07:06.280 --> 00:07:08.681
but we have religious and cultural issues

00:07:08.681 --> 00:07:10.059
going on as well.

00:07:10.059 --> 00:07:11.702
The mendicant orders,

00:07:11.702 --> 00:07:14.791
the Franciscans and the
Dominicans who are friars,

00:07:14.791 --> 00:07:18.081
who go around and preach to common people

00:07:18.081 --> 00:07:22.708
and preach the value of
poverty and simple living.

00:07:22.708 --> 00:07:25.101
So when you have nobility who are living

00:07:25.101 --> 00:07:28.350
very lavish and extravagant lifestyles,

00:07:28.350 --> 00:07:31.350
you have some some pushback
against that as being

00:07:31.350 --> 00:07:35.702
perhaps against the popular
religious attitudes of the time.

00:07:35.702 --> 00:07:38.543
I mentioned at the beginning
that we would talk a little bit

00:07:38.543 --> 00:07:40.568
about whether or not a peasant revolt

00:07:40.568 --> 00:07:42.894
was the proper name for these events.

00:07:42.894 --> 00:07:47.208
And we have in 1358 an event,
known as the Jacquerie,

00:07:47.208 --> 00:07:50.150
which is a popular uprising
in the north of France

00:07:50.150 --> 00:07:52.847
spurred because of issues relating

00:07:52.847 --> 00:07:55.046
to the Hundred Years' War, actually.

00:07:55.046 --> 00:07:58.258
And the Jacquerie gets
its name from the fact

00:07:58.258 --> 00:08:02.744
that common people kind
of generically called,

00:08:02.744 --> 00:08:04.186
Jacques Bonhomme,

00:08:04.186 --> 00:08:06.750
like a regular guy was a Jacques Bonhomme,

00:08:06.750 --> 00:08:08.498
and then that just translates to something

00:08:08.498 --> 00:08:10.855
roughly like, Jack Goodfellow.

00:08:10.855 --> 00:08:15.160
So what you see is the elites,
the clergy, the nobility

00:08:15.160 --> 00:08:18.047
are applying this notion
of being a peasant,

00:08:18.047 --> 00:08:19.508
of being a commoner,

00:08:19.508 --> 00:08:22.801
in kind of a derogatory or insulting way

00:08:22.801 --> 00:08:25.973
to anyone who's not part of
the nobility or the clergy.

00:08:25.973 --> 00:08:29.068
And remember that when we
said what a peasant really is

00:08:29.068 --> 00:08:32.256
it refers to a rural agricultural worker.

00:08:32.256 --> 00:08:34.262
These revolts, these uprisings,

00:08:34.262 --> 00:08:38.690
included a lot more than just
rural agricultural workers.

00:08:38.690 --> 00:08:41.860
What they're trying to do
is to dismiss the uprising

00:08:41.860 --> 00:08:44.207
as just bad behavior from people

00:08:44.207 --> 00:08:46.366
who don't know their place in society.

00:08:46.366 --> 00:08:50.011
But in reality, it's much
more complex than that.

00:08:50.011 --> 00:08:51.798
So hopefully this starts
to give us a sense

00:08:51.798 --> 00:08:53.748
of why did people revolt

00:08:53.748 --> 00:08:55.581
against the government at this time.

00:08:55.581 --> 00:08:57.656
We had these demographic changes that lead

00:08:57.656 --> 00:08:59.809
to these economic changes,

00:08:59.809 --> 00:09:02.059
and that leads in some ways to changes

00:09:02.059 --> 00:09:05.039
in how people view their roles in society.

00:09:05.039 --> 00:09:07.709
To think about whether or
not these were successful,

00:09:07.709 --> 00:09:10.837
we want to think about more
than just military success,

00:09:10.837 --> 00:09:13.722
because the fact is most
of these popular uprisings

00:09:13.722 --> 00:09:16.101
lost militarily-speaking.

00:09:16.101 --> 00:09:18.550
The government had more than enough

00:09:18.550 --> 00:09:22.168
manpower and money to put
down these popular uprisings.

00:09:22.168 --> 00:09:23.466
So when we think about whether or not

00:09:23.466 --> 00:09:25.656
these popular uprisings were successful,

00:09:25.656 --> 00:09:29.149
we want to think about did
they lead to any major changes

00:09:29.149 --> 00:09:32.236
in the social or political structures.

00:09:32.236 --> 00:09:34.795
Even if they didn't
win military victories.

00:09:34.795 --> 00:09:36.055
And in most cases,

00:09:36.055 --> 00:09:40.222
we do see some of those
changes start to take shape.


Prosperity in Song China (960-1279)

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.523 --> 00:00:02.856
- [Narrator] In other
videos when we talked about

00:00:02.856 --> 00:00:04.902
the various Chinese empires,

00:00:04.902 --> 00:00:07.738
we talk about the Song
dynasty in particular

00:00:07.738 --> 00:00:12.269
as a time of significant
technological innovation.

00:00:12.269 --> 00:00:14.945
And here are just some of the
examples that we talk about,

00:00:14.945 --> 00:00:18.710
most notably gunpowder,
movable block print,

00:00:18.710 --> 00:00:21.859
you have block printing
emerge during the Tang dynasty

00:00:21.859 --> 00:00:26.191
but during the Song
dynasty, it gets perfected

00:00:26.191 --> 00:00:28.459
and it becomes more efficient
with movable block print.

00:00:28.459 --> 00:00:31.315
You have the compass being perfected,

00:00:31.315 --> 00:00:34.904
especially for naval use,
the boats being perfected,

00:00:34.904 --> 00:00:38.059
you see this reinvigoration,
really the high point

00:00:38.059 --> 00:00:39.524
of the Chinese civil service,

00:00:39.524 --> 00:00:42.339
you see the emergence of Neo-Confucianism.

00:00:42.339 --> 00:00:44.811
But one question is well what allowed

00:00:44.811 --> 00:00:46.852
all of this innovation to take place?

00:00:46.852 --> 00:00:51.117
And also what allowed for the
stability of the Song dynasty?

00:00:51.117 --> 00:00:53.109
When you look at it on
the timeline like this,

00:00:53.109 --> 00:00:56.387
that's covering over 2,000 years,

00:00:56.387 --> 00:00:57.586
it might not look that long

00:00:57.586 --> 00:00:59.235
but when you actually
think about it this is

00:00:59.235 --> 00:01:03.152
over 300 years of dynastic
rule by one dynasty.

00:01:04.360 --> 00:01:06.987
Now it is split in the middle
between the Northern Song

00:01:06.987 --> 00:01:10.997
and the Southern Song,
that happens in 1127,

00:01:10.997 --> 00:01:12.580
we'll talk about that in a little bit.

00:01:12.580 --> 00:01:13.697
But for the most part,

00:01:13.697 --> 00:01:17.709
it is a very prosperous time for China.

00:01:17.709 --> 00:01:20.410
The population actually grows

00:01:20.410 --> 00:01:25.099
from roughly 50 million people
during the Tang dynasty,

00:01:25.099 --> 00:01:29.277
to, it is estimated, 100 million people by

00:01:29.277 --> 00:01:33.859
the Northern Song dynasty
and eventually keeps growing

00:01:33.859 --> 00:01:36.625
so that by the time we
get to the Ming dynasty,

00:01:36.625 --> 00:01:40.130
we have a population of
about 200 million people.

00:01:40.130 --> 00:01:41.979
So what are the things that allows

00:01:41.979 --> 00:01:45.302
for that population explosion, really?

00:01:45.302 --> 00:01:49.297
Well one thing you can imagine
is food is very important,

00:01:49.297 --> 00:01:52.544
and it's during this time period that

00:01:52.544 --> 00:01:55.786
the Song dynasty is able
to leverage a more robust

00:01:55.786 --> 00:02:00.057
rice seed from Southeast
Asia that allows it

00:02:00.057 --> 00:02:02.378
to feed many, many more people.

00:02:02.378 --> 00:02:04.882
And so this obviously
allows a population growth,

00:02:04.882 --> 00:02:07.065
but any time you're able to feed people,

00:02:07.065 --> 00:02:08.444
and there's more prosperity,

00:02:08.444 --> 00:02:12.177
you're going to have a more stable empire.

00:02:12.177 --> 00:02:14.813
Now another major input into prosperity

00:02:14.813 --> 00:02:16.913
and the stability of empires

00:02:16.913 --> 00:02:18.830
is the notion of trade.

00:02:19.709 --> 00:02:22.777
And China had always many river systems,

00:02:22.777 --> 00:02:26.329
which helped facilitate
agriculture and trade.

00:02:26.329 --> 00:02:31.313
But as you get into the Sui
dynasty, right over here,

00:02:31.313 --> 00:02:34.954
you have the completion
of the Grand Canal,

00:02:34.954 --> 00:02:38.871
which is even today the
largest man-made canal.

00:02:40.261 --> 00:02:43.110
It stretches from Beijing to
Hangzhou and actually goes

00:02:43.110 --> 00:02:45.872
beyond that and has other tributaries

00:02:45.872 --> 00:02:48.235
and that connected with
the existing river systems

00:02:48.235 --> 00:02:50.920
allowed for a lot of trade to happen,

00:02:50.920 --> 00:02:54.649
especially as we get into
the Tang and Song dynasties.

00:02:54.649 --> 00:02:56.836
Now the Song dynasty in particular,

00:02:56.836 --> 00:03:00.360
you have the pound lock being invented,

00:03:00.360 --> 00:03:03.386
which allows for easier
travel across waterways

00:03:03.386 --> 00:03:05.850
when you have a change
in the level of water.

00:03:05.850 --> 00:03:08.718
The pound lock is still the
standard technology used

00:03:08.718 --> 00:03:11.301
in canals throughout the world.

00:03:12.350 --> 00:03:15.933
You also have the first
use of paper money.

00:03:17.348 --> 00:03:20.289
This is a big deal. We
use paper money today.

00:03:20.289 --> 00:03:22.743
Our ability to have
transactions in our society

00:03:22.743 --> 00:03:25.234
are not dependent on our ability to mine

00:03:25.234 --> 00:03:27.712
for gold or silver or copper.

00:03:27.712 --> 00:03:28.970
And one of the things that allowed

00:03:28.970 --> 00:03:31.212
for paper money to even be used

00:03:31.212 --> 00:03:34.038
was this notion of block printing,

00:03:34.038 --> 00:03:37.807
and block printing with
movable type in particular.

00:03:37.807 --> 00:03:40.974
Once again, a Song dynasty innovation.

00:03:41.824 --> 00:03:45.157
Now as I mentioned, as we get into 1127,

00:03:46.134 --> 00:03:50.299
you have conquerors from the
north, in particular the Jin,

00:03:50.299 --> 00:03:53.044
who are able to conquer Northern China.

00:03:53.044 --> 00:03:55.473
They caused the Song to move their capital

00:03:55.473 --> 00:03:57.996
from Kaifeng in the north,

00:03:57.996 --> 00:04:00.516
to Hangzhou in the south.

00:04:00.516 --> 00:04:03.364
Here you see Hangzhou is
a major southern terminal

00:04:03.364 --> 00:04:05.145
of the Grand Canal.

00:04:05.145 --> 00:04:09.286
And even though the
Northern Song had to move

00:04:09.286 --> 00:04:12.297
and essentially become
the Southern Song dynasty,

00:04:12.297 --> 00:04:14.167
you continue to have that prosperity

00:04:14.167 --> 00:04:17.467
for roughly another 150
years and once again,

00:04:17.467 --> 00:04:19.398
this comes from this meritocracy

00:04:19.398 --> 00:04:21.022
from the civil service system.

00:04:21.022 --> 00:04:23.909
This abundance of food,
this stability from

00:04:23.909 --> 00:04:26.428
having the dynastic rule,
the trade, the money,

00:04:26.428 --> 00:04:29.297
all of these technological advances,

00:04:29.297 --> 00:04:32.673
which make the Song dynasty
one of the notable periods

00:04:32.673 --> 00:04:34.256
of Chinese history.


Example plotting corners of rectangle

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.212 --> 00:00:02.215
- [Instructor] The four
corners of a rectangle

00:00:02.215 --> 00:00:06.382
are located at the points
(11,7), (11,0), (2,0),

00:00:07.450 --> 00:00:09.452
and (2,7).

00:00:09.452 --> 00:00:12.391
Plot the four corners of the
rectangle on the coordinate

00:00:12.391 --> 00:00:14.196
plane below, and they have these dots

00:00:14.196 --> 00:00:17.000
and we can actually move these
around for the four corners

00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:18.497
of our rectangle.

00:00:18.497 --> 00:00:22.817
So let's look at this first point: (11,7).

00:00:22.817 --> 00:00:25.056
Where will that go?

00:00:25.056 --> 00:00:27.884
Well let's just remind
ourselves that the first

00:00:27.884 --> 00:00:31.275
coordinate here, that is our x-coordinate.

00:00:31.275 --> 00:00:35.257
That tells us how far we
move in the x-direction,

00:00:35.257 --> 00:00:37.584
or how far we move to the right.

00:00:37.584 --> 00:00:40.040
So our x-coordinate is 11, so we can say,

00:00:40.040 --> 00:00:43.881
we can start at the origin
and move 11 to the right

00:00:43.881 --> 00:00:46.362
and then our y-coordinate
is seven, which says hey

00:00:46.362 --> 00:00:48.381
we need to move seven up from there.

00:00:48.381 --> 00:00:51.964
So one, two, three,
four, five, six, seven.

00:00:54.773 --> 00:00:57.908
So notice, 11, that's if
you were to just drop a line

00:00:57.908 --> 00:01:00.584
straight down you would
hit the x-axis at 11

00:01:00.584 --> 00:01:03.382
and the y-coordinate, if you
were to take a horizontal

00:01:03.382 --> 00:01:05.106
line, if you were to go
straight to the left,

00:01:05.106 --> 00:01:06.900
you get to y equals seven.

00:01:06.900 --> 00:01:09.866
So this is the point (11,7).

00:01:09.866 --> 00:01:11.614
Alright let's do the next one.

00:01:11.614 --> 00:01:14.374
Then you have (11,0).

00:01:14.374 --> 00:01:16.571
So let's line, lemme take
this point right over here.

00:01:16.571 --> 00:01:19.648
So the x-coordinate is once
again 11, but the y-coordinate

00:01:19.648 --> 00:01:23.437
is zero, which means we don't
move up at all in the ...

00:01:23.437 --> 00:01:24.942
Or we don't move up at all.

00:01:24.942 --> 00:01:27.577
One way to think about
it, start at the origin,

00:01:27.577 --> 00:01:31.484
you move 11 to the right
and you move zero up.

00:01:31.484 --> 00:01:33.868
So this is going to sit on
the x-axis right over there

00:01:33.868 --> 00:01:35.865
(11,0).

00:01:35.865 --> 00:01:39.121
Alright then we have (2,0).

00:01:39.121 --> 00:01:43.326
So x-coordinate is two and
we don't move up at all.

00:01:43.326 --> 00:01:46.362
So we're gonna sit on the x-axis.

00:01:46.362 --> 00:01:48.260
We move two to the right and zero up,

00:01:48.260 --> 00:01:51.534
or you can think of it zero
up and two to the right.

00:01:51.534 --> 00:01:54.476
Then we have (2,7).

00:01:54.476 --> 00:01:57.878
So x-coordinate is two,
but then we wanna move ...

00:01:57.878 --> 00:02:00.914
X-coordinate is two, then
we wanna move seven up

00:02:00.914 --> 00:02:03.402
to get right over there,
and so you can see

00:02:03.402 --> 00:02:06.483
the corners of a rectangle right over here

00:02:06.483 --> 00:02:10.925
and then they ask us, what is
the height of the rectangle?

00:02:10.925 --> 00:02:12.195
Well let's see.

00:02:12.195 --> 00:02:16.822
If we're going from y equals
zero to y equals seven,

00:02:16.822 --> 00:02:17.877
so the height is seven.

00:02:17.877 --> 00:02:20.764
You could even count it,
one, two, three, four,

00:02:20.764 --> 00:02:22.372
five, six, seven.

00:02:22.372 --> 00:02:25.484
So the height of the rectangle is seven.

00:02:25.484 --> 00:02:28.247
And then of course I can check my answer

00:02:28.247 --> 00:02:29.830
and I got it right.


Interpreting plotted points

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:01.655 --> 00:00:03.786
- [Tutor] The graph below
shows the relationship

00:00:03.786 --> 00:00:07.279
between hours of exercise
and hours of screen time

00:00:07.279 --> 00:00:10.153
for a group of five friends on Thursday.

00:00:10.153 --> 00:00:12.494
So, if we look over here,

00:00:12.494 --> 00:00:16.244
we can see that here on
this horizontal axis,

00:00:17.372 --> 00:00:19.366
when we're going from the left to right,

00:00:19.366 --> 00:00:21.098
it says hours of exercise,

00:00:21.098 --> 00:00:22.727
so half an hour, one hour,

00:00:22.727 --> 00:00:25.580
one and a half hours, two
hours, two and a half hours.

00:00:25.580 --> 00:00:28.152
And then, here it shows
hours of screen time.

00:00:28.152 --> 00:00:31.614
So, for example, it looks like Liu Yang

00:00:31.614 --> 00:00:33.941
did zero hours of exercise,

00:00:33.941 --> 00:00:38.287
did no exercise and spent seven
hours in front of a screen.

00:00:38.287 --> 00:00:40.551
Not something that I would recommend.

00:00:40.551 --> 00:00:43.808
And it looks like Kavitha
spent half an hour,

00:00:43.808 --> 00:00:47.291
had half an hour of exercise on Thursday.

00:00:47.291 --> 00:00:48.919
This is all describing
what happens on Thursday

00:00:48.919 --> 00:00:52.879
and had five and a half
hours of screen time.

00:00:52.879 --> 00:00:53.891
You see that right over there,

00:00:53.891 --> 00:00:57.235
and we could keep going with
all the other data points.

00:00:57.235 --> 00:00:58.480
But let's see what they're asking us.

00:00:58.480 --> 00:01:02.294
What is the meaning of
the point marked Maxime?

00:01:02.294 --> 00:01:03.809
I think that's how I would pronounce that.

00:01:03.809 --> 00:01:06.478
So, Maxime is right over here,

00:01:06.478 --> 00:01:09.811
and it looks like this is the point one,

00:01:10.737 --> 00:01:13.830
because our horizontal coordinate
right over here is one,

00:01:13.830 --> 00:01:15.320
and then our vertical coordinate is four,

00:01:15.320 --> 00:01:17.001
so point one comma four.

00:01:17.001 --> 00:01:19.565
And this one is the hours of exercise.

00:01:19.565 --> 00:01:22.330
So, Maxime exercises one hour,

00:01:22.330 --> 00:01:23.830
one hour exercise,

00:01:26.787 --> 00:01:29.496
and they spend four hours

00:01:29.496 --> 00:01:32.125
in front of a screen on that Thursday,

00:01:32.125 --> 00:01:34.042
four hours screen time.

00:01:38.158 --> 00:01:39.384
Alright, so let's see.

00:01:39.384 --> 00:01:41.303
Which of these choices say that?

00:01:41.303 --> 00:01:42.136
Let's see.

00:01:42.136 --> 00:01:45.219
It is Maxime had one hour of exercise

00:01:46.902 --> 00:01:48.918
and four hours of screen time.

00:01:48.918 --> 00:01:51.078
Yep, this looks exactly right.

00:01:51.078 --> 00:01:52.736
And if you just wanted
to check the other ones,

00:01:52.736 --> 00:01:55.403
Maxime had two hours of exercise

00:01:56.713 --> 00:01:58.048
and eight hours of screen time.

00:01:58.048 --> 00:02:00.120
That would put them way up here,

00:02:00.120 --> 00:02:01.905
and that's not where the point was,

00:02:01.905 --> 00:02:02.828
so we'd rule that out.

00:02:02.828 --> 00:02:04.482
Maxime had four hours of exercise

00:02:04.482 --> 00:02:06.328
and one hour of screen time.

00:02:06.328 --> 00:02:09.147
Four hours of exercise
is not even on this,

00:02:09.147 --> 00:02:10.343
we'd have to go off the screen,

00:02:10.343 --> 00:02:12.084
so we'd rule that one out.

00:02:12.084 --> 00:02:14.399
Maxime had five hours of exercise.

00:02:14.399 --> 00:02:18.930
Once again, that's not
even on the screen here,

00:02:18.930 --> 00:02:20.558
so we can rule all of them out.

00:02:20.558 --> 00:02:22.780
This third choice, they're
actually trying to confuse you

00:02:22.780 --> 00:02:25.984
because they're swapping
the hours of exercise

00:02:25.984 --> 00:02:27.593
and the screen time.

00:02:27.593 --> 00:02:30.395
Maxime has one hour of exercise,
four hours of screen time,

00:02:30.395 --> 00:02:34.562
not four hours of exercise
and one hour of screen time.


Molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:01.106 --> 00:00:04.193
- [Instructor] What we have
here is a molecular equation

00:00:04.193 --> 00:00:08.110
describing the reaction
of some sodium chloride

00:00:09.057 --> 00:00:12.362
dissolved in water plus
some silver nitrate,

00:00:12.362 --> 00:00:13.523
also dissolved in the water.

00:00:13.523 --> 00:00:16.764
They're going to react
to form sodium nitrate,

00:00:16.764 --> 00:00:20.931
still dissolved in water,
plus solid silver chloride

00:00:22.580 --> 00:00:25.255
and if you were to look
at each of these compounds

00:00:25.255 --> 00:00:29.129
in their crystalline or solid
form before they're dissolved

00:00:29.129 --> 00:00:32.310
in water, they each look like this.

00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:34.893
But once you get dissolved in
water, and that's what this

00:00:34.893 --> 00:00:37.771
aqueous form tells us, it
tells us that each of these

00:00:37.771 --> 00:00:40.042
compounds are going to
get dissolved in water,

00:00:40.042 --> 00:00:43.252
they're no longer going to
be in that crystalline form,

00:00:43.252 --> 00:00:44.913
crystalline form.

00:00:44.913 --> 00:00:48.098
Instead, you're going to
have the individual ions

00:00:48.098 --> 00:00:49.584
disassociating.

00:00:49.584 --> 00:00:52.532
So for example, in the
case of sodium chloride,

00:00:52.532 --> 00:00:55.400
the sodium is going to
disassociate in the water.

00:00:55.400 --> 00:00:59.059
Sodium is a positive ion,
or cation, and so it's going

00:00:59.059 --> 00:01:02.275
to be attracted to the
partially negative oxygen end.

00:01:02.275 --> 00:01:05.819
Remember, water is a polar molecule.

00:01:05.819 --> 00:01:09.055
That's what makes it such a good solvent.

00:01:09.055 --> 00:01:12.266
Now, the chloride anions,
similarly, are going to dissolve

00:01:12.266 --> 00:01:14.000
in water 'cause they're
going to be attracted

00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:17.606
to the partially positive
hydrogen ends of the water

00:01:17.606 --> 00:01:20.187
molecules and the same
thing is gonna be true

00:01:20.187 --> 00:01:21.936
of the silver nitrate.

00:01:21.936 --> 00:01:22.962
Silver ...

00:01:22.962 --> 00:01:26.362
The silver ion, once it's
disassociated, is going to be

00:01:26.362 --> 00:01:29.748
positive and the nitrate is a negative.

00:01:29.748 --> 00:01:30.998
It is an anion.

00:01:32.046 --> 00:01:36.748
Now, in order to appreciate
this and write an equation

00:01:36.748 --> 00:01:40.915
that better conveys the
disassociation of the ions,

00:01:43.562 --> 00:01:47.395
we could instead write
the equation like this.

00:01:48.317 --> 00:01:50.656
This makes it a little
bit clearer that look,

00:01:50.656 --> 00:01:53.113
the sodium and the chloride
aren't going to be necessarily

00:01:53.113 --> 00:01:54.082
together anymore.

00:01:54.082 --> 00:01:56.344
The sodium is going to
dissolve in the water,

00:01:56.344 --> 00:01:57.177
like we have here.

00:01:57.177 --> 00:01:59.127
The chloride is gonna
dissolve in the water.

00:01:59.127 --> 00:02:01.651
The silver ions are going
to dissolve in the water

00:02:01.651 --> 00:02:03.984
and so are the nitrate ions.

00:02:04.971 --> 00:02:07.857
So this makes it a little
bit clearer and similarly

00:02:07.857 --> 00:02:11.630
on this end with the sodium
nitrate stays dissolved

00:02:11.630 --> 00:02:14.293
so we can write it like this
with the individual ions

00:02:14.293 --> 00:02:15.589
disassociated.

00:02:15.589 --> 00:02:17.839
But the silver chloride is in solid form.

00:02:17.839 --> 00:02:21.005
You can think of it as
precipitating out of the solution.

00:02:21.005 --> 00:02:21.981
This is not ...

00:02:21.981 --> 00:02:25.079
This does not have a high
solubility, so it's not going to

00:02:25.079 --> 00:02:28.174
get dissolved in the water
and so we still have it

00:02:28.174 --> 00:02:30.063
in solid form.

00:02:30.063 --> 00:02:31.660
Now you might say, well
which of these is better?

00:02:31.660 --> 00:02:34.700
Well it just depends what
you are trying to go for.

00:02:34.700 --> 00:02:37.992
This form up here, which
we see more typically,

00:02:37.992 --> 00:02:42.103
this is just a standard
molecular equation.

00:02:42.103 --> 00:02:43.186
Molecular ...

00:02:44.451 --> 00:02:46.034
Molecular equation.

00:02:48.109 --> 00:02:49.260
It's in balanced form.

00:02:49.260 --> 00:02:52.799
We always wanna have
our equations balanced.

00:02:52.799 --> 00:02:56.671
This right over here is known
as a complete ionic equation.

00:02:56.671 --> 00:02:59.835
The complete's there because
we've put in all of the ions

00:02:59.835 --> 00:03:02.493
and we're going to compare
it to a net ionic equation

00:03:02.493 --> 00:03:03.326
in a second.

00:03:03.326 --> 00:03:07.076
Complete ionic equation,
sometimes just known

00:03:08.310 --> 00:03:10.133
as an ionic equation.

00:03:10.133 --> 00:03:10.966
Now why is it called that?

00:03:10.966 --> 00:03:13.540
Well, 'cause we're showing
the individual ions

00:03:13.540 --> 00:03:15.935
as they're disassociated in water.

00:03:15.935 --> 00:03:19.252
Now, what would a net ionic equation be?

00:03:19.252 --> 00:03:20.907
Well let's think about that a little bit.

00:03:20.907 --> 00:03:23.074
Let me free up some space.

00:03:24.777 --> 00:03:29.365
So one thing that you notice,
on both sides of this complete

00:03:29.365 --> 00:03:32.812
ionic equation, you have the same ions

00:03:32.812 --> 00:03:34.728
that are disassociated in water.

00:03:34.728 --> 00:03:38.374
So for example, on the left-hand
side you have the sodium

00:03:38.374 --> 00:03:40.394
that is dissolved in
water and you also have

00:03:40.394 --> 00:03:43.987
on the right-hand side sodium
dissolved in the water.

00:03:43.987 --> 00:03:47.261
It's not, if you think about
the silver chloride being

00:03:47.261 --> 00:03:50.140
the thing that's being
produced, this thing is in ionic

00:03:50.140 --> 00:03:53.865
form and dissolved form on
both sides of this reaction

00:03:53.865 --> 00:03:56.207
and so you can view it as a
spectator, and that's actually

00:03:56.207 --> 00:03:57.040
what it's called.

00:03:57.040 --> 00:03:59.648
It's called a spectator ion.

00:03:59.648 --> 00:04:00.815
Spectator ion.

00:04:04.971 --> 00:04:06.308
If you wanna think of it in human terms,

00:04:06.308 --> 00:04:10.168
it's kind of out there and
watching the reaction happen.

00:04:10.168 --> 00:04:12.837
Its value in this reaction
is, well it was part of the

00:04:12.837 --> 00:04:14.702
sodium chloride and its providing ...

00:04:14.702 --> 00:04:17.546
So the sodium chloride
is providing the chloride

00:04:17.546 --> 00:04:19.912
that eventually forms the silver chloride,

00:04:19.912 --> 00:04:22.962
but the sodium is just kind of watching.

00:04:22.962 --> 00:04:26.344
Similarly, you have the nitrate.

00:04:26.344 --> 00:04:30.036
The nitrate is dissolved
on the left and the nitrate

00:04:30.036 --> 00:04:31.373
is dissolved on the right.

00:04:31.373 --> 00:04:35.170
So the nitrate is also a spectator ion.

00:04:35.170 --> 00:04:37.991
So if you wanna go from
a complete ionic equation

00:04:37.991 --> 00:04:41.594
to a net ionic equation, which
really deals with the things

00:04:41.594 --> 00:04:46.338
that aren't spectators,
well you just get rid of

00:04:46.338 --> 00:04:47.842
the spectator ions.

00:04:47.842 --> 00:04:48.675
You get rid of that.

00:04:48.675 --> 00:04:49.508
You get rid of that.

00:04:49.508 --> 00:04:50.341
You get rid of that.

00:04:50.341 --> 00:04:52.880
You get rid of that, and then
you see what is left over.

00:04:52.880 --> 00:04:55.801
Well what we have leftover is we have some

00:04:55.801 --> 00:04:59.875
dissolved chloride, and
we write aqueous to show

00:04:59.875 --> 00:05:03.984
that it is dissolved, plus
some dissolved silver,

00:05:03.984 --> 00:05:06.853
plus some dissolved silver.

00:05:06.853 --> 00:05:10.787
Once again, to show that it's
dissolved we write aqueous

00:05:10.787 --> 00:05:13.929
and if you put those two
together, you are going to get

00:05:13.929 --> 00:05:15.679
some solid silver ...

00:05:16.761 --> 00:05:18.594
Solid silver chloride.

00:05:21.412 --> 00:05:26.068
And what's useful about this
form, one it's more compact

00:05:26.068 --> 00:05:29.243
and it's very clear what
is actually reacting,

00:05:29.243 --> 00:05:31.734
what is being used to
build, and you can say hey,

00:05:31.734 --> 00:05:35.111
however you get your
chloride into the solution,

00:05:35.111 --> 00:05:38.408
however you get your
silver into the solution,

00:05:38.408 --> 00:05:40.153
these are the things that
are going to react to form

00:05:40.153 --> 00:05:41.233
the solid.

00:05:41.233 --> 00:05:43.346
Instead of using sodium
chloride, maybe you use

00:05:43.346 --> 00:05:46.353
potassium chloride and
the potassium in that case

00:05:46.353 --> 00:05:49.035
would be a spectator ion.

00:05:49.035 --> 00:05:51.989
But either way your net
ionic equation would be what

00:05:51.989 --> 00:05:53.072
we have here.


Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.464 --> 00:00:01.872
- [Instructor] In
previous videos, we talked

00:00:01.872 --> 00:00:04.495
about the dramatic turnaround
in the fourth century

00:00:04.495 --> 00:00:06.829
in terms of how Christianity was treated

00:00:06.829 --> 00:00:08.259
in the Roman Empire.

00:00:08.259 --> 00:00:11.137
As you enter into the fourth
century, it's persecuted

00:00:11.137 --> 00:00:15.323
by Diocletian, but then
Constantine takes power.

00:00:15.323 --> 00:00:17.061
He's sympathetic to the Christians.

00:00:17.061 --> 00:00:20.074
He even convenes them in
order to unify the Christians,

00:00:20.074 --> 00:00:22.564
to have a more unified
sense of what it means to be

00:00:22.564 --> 00:00:25.763
Christian, in order to
settle things like the Arian

00:00:25.763 --> 00:00:29.114
Controversy, and he converts
himself to Christianity.

00:00:29.114 --> 00:00:31.211
And as we exit the fourth century,

00:00:31.211 --> 00:00:33.673
you have Theodosius,
who makes Christianity

00:00:33.673 --> 00:00:36.656
the official religion of the Roman Empire

00:00:36.656 --> 00:00:40.659
and then begins to
persecute other religions.

00:00:40.659 --> 00:00:42.611
Now, what we're going to do in this video

00:00:42.611 --> 00:00:45.729
is continue the narrative,
and in particular,

00:00:45.729 --> 00:00:48.609
we're going to see how
there's an evolution between

00:00:48.609 --> 00:00:52.348
the church in the west and
the church in the east.

00:00:52.348 --> 00:00:54.408
In previous videos, we already talk about

00:00:54.408 --> 00:00:58.093
how the Roman Empire itself
is initially administered

00:00:58.093 --> 00:01:02.091
between west and east, and
then that administration

00:01:02.091 --> 00:01:03.758
becomes more and more formal.

00:01:03.758 --> 00:01:07.968
Theodosius is the last emperor
to truly rule both halves.

00:01:07.968 --> 00:01:09.951
They start getting ruled separately.

00:01:09.951 --> 00:01:12.990
And as you get into the latter
half of the fifth century,

00:01:12.990 --> 00:01:17.157
the western empire itself
falls to Germanic conquerors.

00:01:18.678 --> 00:01:23.497
Now, in previous videos, we
talk about how the emperors

00:01:23.497 --> 00:01:26.814
who rule from Constantinople
consider themselves

00:01:26.814 --> 00:01:29.355
to continue the Roman Empire.

00:01:29.355 --> 00:01:31.932
They didn't call themselves
the Byzantine Empire,

00:01:31.932 --> 00:01:33.158
as we now call them.

00:01:33.158 --> 00:01:35.168
They call themselves the Roman Empire.

00:01:35.168 --> 00:01:37.923
They considered themselves Roman emperors.

00:01:37.923 --> 00:01:40.321
The west falls, as I just mentioned,

00:01:40.321 --> 00:01:43.154
into a bunch of Germanic kingdoms.

00:01:44.668 --> 00:01:48.492
Justinian is able to
reclaim a lot of the land

00:01:48.492 --> 00:01:51.992
formerly lost in the western Roman Empire.

00:01:53.198 --> 00:01:55.010
Now, there's some other interesting actors

00:01:55.010 --> 00:01:57.643
we see emerging on this map,

00:01:57.643 --> 00:02:01.073
and once again, we're
now in the sixth century.

00:02:01.073 --> 00:02:04.134
You have these Germanic
tribes, the Visigothic kingdoms

00:02:04.134 --> 00:02:07.907
here in modern-day Spain, and
here in modern-day France,

00:02:07.907 --> 00:02:09.647
you have the Franks.

00:02:09.647 --> 00:02:11.565
And the word France really is referring

00:02:11.565 --> 00:02:15.993
to land of the Franks,
another Germanic tribe.

00:02:15.993 --> 00:02:20.690
Now, they are able to factor
much, much more relevantly.

00:02:20.690 --> 00:02:21.974
And when I say about,
I'm saying over the next

00:02:21.974 --> 00:02:26.233
several hundred years in
this eventual division,

00:02:26.233 --> 00:02:30.387
culturally and religiously,
between east and west.

00:02:30.387 --> 00:02:32.943
As I mentioned in previous videos,

00:02:32.943 --> 00:02:37.067
the division, yes, it will
center on notions of language.

00:02:37.067 --> 00:02:40.300
In the west, especially in
the church, Latin is used.

00:02:40.300 --> 00:02:43.374
In the east, in the church, Greek is used.

00:02:43.374 --> 00:02:45.592
There are spiritual debates
that we will touch on

00:02:45.592 --> 00:02:48.534
in a few minutes, but there's
also a power struggle.

00:02:48.534 --> 00:02:52.935
You have the Byzantine Emperor
seated in Constantinople.

00:02:52.935 --> 00:02:57.691
You have the Bishop of
Rome, now known as the Pope,

00:02:57.691 --> 00:03:01.756
the Pope of Rome, who considers
themselves more and more

00:03:01.756 --> 00:03:03.404
the leader of all of Christianity,

00:03:03.404 --> 00:03:06.414
and their argument there
is look, this is the church

00:03:06.414 --> 00:03:09.584
that, according to tradition,
was founded by Peter,

00:03:09.584 --> 00:03:11.729
first amongst the apostles.

00:03:11.729 --> 00:03:14.424
You have the patriarch of Constantinople

00:03:14.424 --> 00:03:18.198
and patriarchs of other
significant centers of Christianity

00:03:18.198 --> 00:03:20.482
that say wait, hold on a second.

00:03:20.482 --> 00:03:24.805
Yes, Bishop of Rome,
you are very important.

00:03:24.805 --> 00:03:28.094
But we consider you to
be first amongst equals.

00:03:28.094 --> 00:03:31.389
You don't have jurisdiction
over all of Christendom.

00:03:31.389 --> 00:03:34.119
Together we have jurisdiction.

00:03:34.119 --> 00:03:38.223
And this was, to some degree,
the case under Justinian,

00:03:38.223 --> 00:03:40.556
and it was very clear at
this time that the Byzantine

00:03:40.556 --> 00:03:43.700
emperor was very powerful, not
just over the temporal realm,

00:03:43.700 --> 00:03:46.155
really referring to the
day-to-day material realm,

00:03:46.155 --> 00:03:49.111
but also a lot of influence
on the spiritual realm,

00:03:49.111 --> 00:03:50.510
which was really supposed to be the domain

00:03:50.510 --> 00:03:53.864
of the bishops or the
popes or the patriarchs.

00:03:53.864 --> 00:03:57.159
This notion of the pentarchy
was codified in the Justinian

00:03:57.159 --> 00:04:00.343
law, this idea that these
five centers of Christianity

00:04:00.343 --> 00:04:03.141
really have extra weight and collectively

00:04:03.141 --> 00:04:06.259
are really leading Christendom.

00:04:06.259 --> 00:04:08.425
Now, as I mentioned,
things get interesting

00:04:08.425 --> 00:04:11.342
as we fast forward about 250 years.

00:04:12.913 --> 00:04:15.246
So let's go to the year 800.

00:04:16.814 --> 00:04:20.135
So, one thing you might notice
is that group in yellow,

00:04:20.135 --> 00:04:22.576
the Franks, have now conquered a lot more,

00:04:22.576 --> 00:04:24.234
and they're conquering
it under the leadership

00:04:24.234 --> 00:04:25.926
of Charlemagne.

00:04:25.926 --> 00:04:30.358
At the same time, you
see this green over here.

00:04:30.358 --> 00:04:34.826
Islam has dramatically
spread from its founding

00:04:34.826 --> 00:04:38.638
in the early seventh
century, all the way now

00:04:38.638 --> 00:04:41.698
as we're exiting the eighth century,

00:04:41.698 --> 00:04:44.969
to cover most of the Middle East, Persia,

00:04:44.969 --> 00:04:47.927
bordering on modern-day Pakistan, India,

00:04:47.927 --> 00:04:51.877
north Africa, and even
going into modern-day Spain.

00:04:51.877 --> 00:04:54.925
At the same time,
especially because of these

00:04:54.925 --> 00:04:57.802
Islamic conquests, the Byzantine Empire

00:04:57.802 --> 00:05:02.028
and the Byzantine emperor
is significantly weaker.

00:05:02.028 --> 00:05:05.083
So you can imagine the
pope in Rome here saying,

00:05:05.083 --> 00:05:06.741
well, who's going to protect me,

00:05:06.741 --> 00:05:09.464
especially from my political enemies?

00:05:09.464 --> 00:05:12.420
Now, Charlemagne considers
himself something of a protector

00:05:12.420 --> 00:05:15.143
of Christianity, and Pope Leo III

00:05:15.143 --> 00:05:16.925
goes to him for protection,

00:05:16.925 --> 00:05:20.687
and Charlemagne is able
to actually provide it.

00:05:20.687 --> 00:05:24.515
And in exchange, or
perhaps in thanks for that,

00:05:24.515 --> 00:05:28.682
the pope crowns Charlemagne
as Holy Roman Emperor.

00:05:29.665 --> 00:05:31.496
Now, what's significant about this

00:05:31.496 --> 00:05:35.901
is it really introduces
a fourth actor here,

00:05:35.901 --> 00:05:38.485
because the title Holy Roman Emperor

00:05:38.485 --> 00:05:40.725
was intentionally given to say, look,

00:05:40.725 --> 00:05:43.215
now you, Charlemagne, you are the heir

00:05:43.215 --> 00:05:45.188
to the grandeur of Rome.

00:05:45.188 --> 00:05:47.231
You are the heir to the Roman emperors.

00:05:47.231 --> 00:05:49.554
Now, you might be saying,
wait, isn't that what

00:05:49.554 --> 00:05:51.359
the Byzantine emperors thought they were?

00:05:51.359 --> 00:05:53.812
Didn't they think this
was the Roman Empire?

00:05:53.812 --> 00:05:56.817
And at that time, their
emperor was an empress.

00:05:56.817 --> 00:05:59.981
It was Empress Irene of Athens.

00:05:59.981 --> 00:06:03.240
And so once again, this is
creating further tension.

00:06:03.240 --> 00:06:04.821
They're using different languages,

00:06:04.821 --> 00:06:06.404
Latin versus Greek.

00:06:07.296 --> 00:06:10.904
You now have the western
pope recognizing a different,

00:06:10.904 --> 00:06:14.430
I guess you could say, Roman
emperor in Charlemagne.

00:06:14.430 --> 00:06:17.510
The nature of the west is
becoming more Germanic,

00:06:17.510 --> 00:06:21.183
and using the language Latin,
while the nature of the east

00:06:21.183 --> 00:06:24.016
is continuing in Greek traditions.

00:06:24.890 --> 00:06:29.254
On top of that, what you
have in the year 800,

00:06:29.254 --> 00:06:32.295
you're actually in this
period where you've had

00:06:32.295 --> 00:06:36.452
several conflicts over
this notion of iconoclasm.

00:06:36.452 --> 00:06:38.972
This iconoclasm movement, you could say,

00:06:38.972 --> 00:06:42.767
started in 726 when the
Byzantine emperor said,

00:06:42.767 --> 00:06:46.510
enough of these images of
Jesus and the Virgin Mary

00:06:46.510 --> 00:06:49.016
and other figures of
Christianity in our churches,

00:06:49.016 --> 00:06:51.559
citing references in the Old
Testament saying that hey,

00:06:51.559 --> 00:06:53.706
we shouldn't have these images.

00:06:53.706 --> 00:06:57.233
And so this iconoclasm or
these destroying of icons

00:06:57.233 --> 00:06:58.980
starts to begin.

00:06:58.980 --> 00:07:01.459
Well, the pope in the west, they say,

00:07:01.459 --> 00:07:04.816
hey, we don't think we
have to listen to you.

00:07:04.816 --> 00:07:06.197
I am the Bishop of Rome.

00:07:06.197 --> 00:07:08.367
I have universal jurisdiction.

00:07:08.367 --> 00:07:11.642
And then to add insult
to injury, now, in 800,

00:07:11.642 --> 00:07:15.860
you have Charlemagne being
crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

00:07:15.860 --> 00:07:17.802
Now, a thread further running through this

00:07:17.802 --> 00:07:20.045
is something we've talked
about in a previous video,

00:07:20.045 --> 00:07:23.212
this notion of filioque, where in 381,

00:07:24.263 --> 00:07:28.164
the Council of Constantinople,
they augment the Nicene Creed

00:07:28.164 --> 00:07:30.462
where they say, and we believe
in the Holy Spirit, the Lord

00:07:30.462 --> 00:07:34.113
and Giver of Life who
proceeds from the Father.

00:07:34.113 --> 00:07:37.484
Well, in the west, they add
the Latin term filioque,

00:07:37.484 --> 00:07:39.062
which means and the Son.

00:07:39.062 --> 00:07:41.248
This is touching on some of
these notions in the Arian

00:07:41.248 --> 00:07:44.350
Heresy where, where does the
Holy Spirit proceed from,

00:07:44.350 --> 00:07:47.026
if the Father and Son
are really co-divine,

00:07:47.026 --> 00:07:50.456
co-equal, of the same substance,
shouldn't the Holy Spirit

00:07:50.456 --> 00:07:53.022
proceed from both rather than just one?

00:07:53.022 --> 00:07:54.340
Well, those in the east said, hey,

00:07:54.340 --> 00:07:56.597
this isn't what we agreed to,
while those in the west say,

00:07:56.597 --> 00:07:58.404
hey, we don't think it's
so important that you agree

00:07:58.404 --> 00:08:01.498
to things, because we
have the seat at Rome,

00:08:01.498 --> 00:08:04.748
the seat that was established by Peter.


Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.271 --> 00:00:03.294
- [Instructor] Now, the notion
of the Holy Roman Emperor

00:00:03.294 --> 00:00:05.283
and the Holy Roman Empire does not last

00:00:05.283 --> 00:00:07.530
much beyond Charlemagne.

00:00:07.530 --> 00:00:10.508
After his death, over the
course of the ninth century,

00:00:10.508 --> 00:00:15.091
his empire is broken up,
his successors are not able

00:00:15.091 --> 00:00:17.275
to carry on the title.

00:00:17.275 --> 00:00:20.442
But then we get into the 10th century.

00:00:21.916 --> 00:00:25.329
As you can see here, the
empire of Charlemagne

00:00:25.329 --> 00:00:26.746
is now broken up.

00:00:27.727 --> 00:00:30.749
The West, West Francia,
starting to resemble

00:00:30.749 --> 00:00:33.832
modern-day France, not quite exactly.

00:00:35.059 --> 00:00:38.179
And the eastern two thirds
are now under the control

00:00:38.179 --> 00:00:40.096
of Otto, a German king.

00:00:41.904 --> 00:00:46.291
And because of his ability
to offer protection,

00:00:46.291 --> 00:00:48.826
and frankly just his power, he is crowned

00:00:48.826 --> 00:00:50.873
Holy Roman Emperor.

00:00:50.873 --> 00:00:52.433
One of the reasons why
this is significant,

00:00:52.433 --> 00:00:55.164
once again, it's saying,
hey, the Byzantine Emperor

00:00:55.164 --> 00:00:57.839
isn't really the heir
to the Roman Empires.

00:00:57.839 --> 00:01:01.306
This Holy Roman Emperor,
but Otto is able to create

00:01:01.306 --> 00:01:03.980
a line of Holy Roman
Emperors that continues

00:01:03.980 --> 00:01:07.101
all the way until 1806
when they are conquered

00:01:07.101 --> 00:01:09.444
by Napoleon Bonaparte.

00:01:09.444 --> 00:01:11.779
Now, the Holy Roman Empire itself,

00:01:11.779 --> 00:01:14.761
and Voltaire famously said,
"It is neither holy nor Roman,

00:01:14.761 --> 00:01:16.167
"nor an Empire."

00:01:16.167 --> 00:01:19.406
Over various days in its
history is fragmented.

00:01:19.406 --> 00:01:23.050
It's many kingdoms with
different levels of autonomy.

00:01:23.050 --> 00:01:26.423
But under Otto, it was quite unified.

00:01:26.423 --> 00:01:29.152
Now as we get into the 11th century,

00:01:29.152 --> 00:01:31.730
the divide between East and West

00:01:31.730 --> 00:01:34.147
becomes even more pronounced.

00:01:37.222 --> 00:01:39.497
We've already talked about
this ongoing power struggle

00:01:39.497 --> 00:01:42.808
between West and East,
between which bishops

00:01:42.808 --> 00:01:45.498
have primacy over Christendom.

00:01:45.498 --> 00:01:47.545
We've talked about, hey,
who is the real heir

00:01:47.545 --> 00:01:48.951
to the Roman Empire?

00:01:48.951 --> 00:01:51.875
We've talked about Latin versus Greek.

00:01:51.875 --> 00:01:53.590
We've talked about the Germanic kings

00:01:53.590 --> 00:01:58.134
having influence now, and
really following the West.

00:01:58.134 --> 00:02:02.405
We've talked about the
notion of fo-lo-quay.

00:02:02.405 --> 00:02:04.843
And those aren't all of the issues.

00:02:04.843 --> 00:02:08.216
On top of that, you have
this notion of leavened

00:02:08.216 --> 00:02:09.966
and unleavened bread.

00:02:11.668 --> 00:02:14.400
Where in the West, in their
mass, when they are consecrating

00:02:14.400 --> 00:02:18.150
the bread to be viewed
as the body of Christ.

00:02:19.097 --> 00:02:21.186
They used unleavened
bread based on the belief

00:02:21.186 --> 00:02:25.197
that this is what Christ
used during the Last Supper.

00:02:25.197 --> 00:02:27.752
In the East, they said no, we have agreed

00:02:27.752 --> 00:02:30.053
to use leavened bread.

00:02:30.053 --> 00:02:32.630
And so this is one further tension.

00:02:32.630 --> 00:02:35.460
Even more than the actual
issues are the sense of,

00:02:35.460 --> 00:02:36.880
"Well, why do you think you have the right

00:02:36.880 --> 00:02:39.360
"to tell me what to do?"

00:02:39.360 --> 00:02:42.293
And as we get into 1053,
you have what are known

00:02:42.293 --> 00:02:45.555
as the Latin churches in
Constantinople being shut down

00:02:45.555 --> 00:02:48.090
by the patriarch of Constantinople.

00:02:48.090 --> 00:02:51.210
Patriarch Cerularius, or Carry-u-larius.

00:02:51.210 --> 00:02:53.166
Saying that, "Hey, these
guys are going against

00:02:53.166 --> 00:02:56.728
"what is actually
acceptable in Christianity."

00:02:56.728 --> 00:02:59.946
Now in retaliation, you have Pope Leo IX

00:02:59.946 --> 00:03:02.521
shutting down what would
be known as Greek churches

00:03:02.521 --> 00:03:05.060
and how they practice in
the Italian Peninsula.

00:03:05.060 --> 00:03:06.771
Either closing them down or forcing them

00:03:06.771 --> 00:03:10.521
to practice the way the Latins practice.

00:03:10.521 --> 00:03:13.441
Now there's a whole
complicated series of events

00:03:13.441 --> 00:03:15.774
as we go into 1053 and 1054.

00:03:16.717 --> 00:03:18.907
Letters are sent back and forth.

00:03:18.907 --> 00:03:21.103
Eventually, Pope Leo IX sends

00:03:21.103 --> 00:03:23.931
a delegation to Constantinople.

00:03:23.931 --> 00:03:26.759
Part of it is to see
if they can coordinate

00:03:26.759 --> 00:03:30.854
against Norman conquerors
on the Italian Peninsula.

00:03:30.854 --> 00:03:33.350
But part of it is also to make clear

00:03:33.350 --> 00:03:36.808
what Pope Leo IX believes,
that, "Hey, you have no right

00:03:36.808 --> 00:03:39.734
"to criticize us about
this unleavened bread.

00:03:39.734 --> 00:03:42.319
"You don't have authority over us.

00:03:42.319 --> 00:03:44.025
"I am the pope in Rome.

00:03:44.025 --> 00:03:48.605
"I have the seat of Peter,
first amongst apostles."

00:03:48.605 --> 00:03:49.575
And the leader of the delegation

00:03:49.575 --> 00:03:53.574
is a particularly proud
and principled individual.

00:03:53.574 --> 00:03:55.522
When they go to Constantinople,

00:03:55.522 --> 00:03:59.422
Patriarch Cerularius
doesn't even meet them.

00:03:59.422 --> 00:04:01.819
Essentially he's rebuffing their demands.

00:04:01.819 --> 00:04:05.427
And so because of that,
that delegation decides

00:04:05.427 --> 00:04:08.352
to excommunicate Cerularius,

00:04:08.352 --> 00:04:10.703
the Patriarch of Constantinople.

00:04:10.703 --> 00:04:12.604
The leader of what is now

00:04:12.604 --> 00:04:14.846
the most important church in the East.

00:04:14.846 --> 00:04:17.129
Remember, the other significant
centers of Christianity

00:04:17.129 --> 00:04:19.917
are now under Muslim rule.

00:04:19.917 --> 00:04:23.133
Well, in retaliation to
that, Patriarch Cerularius

00:04:23.133 --> 00:04:25.571
says, "Hey, you can't excommunicate me.

00:04:25.571 --> 00:04:27.660
"In fact, I'm going to excommunicate you."

00:04:27.660 --> 00:04:29.471
And he excommunicates the delegation.

00:04:29.471 --> 00:04:31.909
Excommunication says, "I am saying you

00:04:31.909 --> 00:04:35.029
"are no longer part of the church."

00:04:35.029 --> 00:04:37.564
Now, when all of these
cross excommunications

00:04:37.564 --> 00:04:40.197
are happening, many people
probably viewed this as,

00:04:40.197 --> 00:04:41.952
"Hey, this is just a power
struggle between folks,

00:04:41.952 --> 00:04:43.941
"probably not a big deal."

00:04:43.941 --> 00:04:47.842
But remember, this is over
centuries of increasing division.

00:04:47.842 --> 00:04:49.166
Not only do you have language division,

00:04:49.166 --> 00:04:52.052
in the West, you have a leaning

00:04:52.052 --> 00:04:54.197
towards these Germanic kingdoms.

00:04:54.197 --> 00:04:59.170
In the East, they say, "Hey,
we are the real Roman Empire."

00:04:59.170 --> 00:05:03.401
You have these issues of
fo-lo-quay, and other things.

00:05:03.401 --> 00:05:07.842
And this event in 1054
eventually gets known

00:05:07.842 --> 00:05:12.074
as the Great Schism,
or the East-West Schism

00:05:12.074 --> 00:05:15.002
because it only gets further
and further cemented.

00:05:15.002 --> 00:05:17.242
And they get only further
and further apart.

00:05:17.242 --> 00:05:20.226
As you get to the end of the 11th century,

00:05:20.226 --> 00:05:21.494
the Crusades begin.

00:05:21.494 --> 00:05:23.933
And we'll do more videos
detailing the Crusades.

00:05:23.933 --> 00:05:28.321
Where the Western kings
start sending folks at first

00:05:28.321 --> 00:05:32.959
on the surface to try to help
the Byzantines reconquer land

00:05:32.959 --> 00:05:35.299
from the Muslim empires.

00:05:35.299 --> 00:05:37.290
But even when they are successful,

00:05:37.290 --> 00:05:39.492
they don't give that land
back to the Byzantines.

00:05:39.492 --> 00:05:41.774
They actually set up Crusader kingdoms.

00:05:41.774 --> 00:05:44.658
And as they make their way
through the Byzantine Empire,

00:05:44.658 --> 00:05:47.526
they cause, for the most
part, a bit of a stir.

00:05:47.526 --> 00:05:48.796
They're not particularly respectful

00:05:48.796 --> 00:05:51.971
through the lands that they pass.

00:05:51.971 --> 00:05:55.730
And it really comes to
a point in 1204 where

00:05:55.730 --> 00:05:57.861
at the end of the fourth Crusade,

00:05:57.861 --> 00:06:01.495
the Crusaders actually decide,
even though the purpose

00:06:01.495 --> 00:06:04.517
was arguably to reclaim
land from the Muslims,

00:06:04.517 --> 00:06:06.318
the Crusaders decide to siege

00:06:06.318 --> 00:06:10.700
and sack Constantinople
itself and take over.

00:06:10.700 --> 00:06:14.027
Now a few decades later,
the Byzantine nobility

00:06:14.027 --> 00:06:15.673
is able to retake it.

00:06:15.673 --> 00:06:17.485
But that kind of cements the difference

00:06:17.485 --> 00:06:20.651
between the Latin and the Greek church.

00:06:20.651 --> 00:06:23.283
Known today as the Catholic Church,

00:06:23.283 --> 00:06:25.967
followed by roughly one
and a half billion people

00:06:25.967 --> 00:06:29.040
and the Eastern Orthodox Church, followed

00:06:29.040 --> 00:06:31.540
by roughly 250 million people.


Chinese Imperial Dynasties

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.139 --> 00:00:02.361
- [Instructor] In other videos
we talk about some of the

00:00:02.361 --> 00:00:06.528
truly ancient Chinese
dynasties, the Shang Dynasty,

00:00:07.410 --> 00:00:10.564
the Zhou Dynasty, and as we
get to the end of the Zhou

00:00:10.564 --> 00:00:14.279
Dynasty, China falls into
chaos in the Warring States

00:00:14.279 --> 00:00:17.606
Period, which is a really
tough time for China.

00:00:17.606 --> 00:00:20.435
But the silver lining is it's
also the time that you have

00:00:20.435 --> 00:00:22.541
all these schools of
thought, the Hundred Schools

00:00:22.541 --> 00:00:26.502
of Thought, of which
Confucianism and Daoism

00:00:26.502 --> 00:00:29.002
and Legalism and all of these
other schools of thought

00:00:29.002 --> 00:00:30.982
begin to emerge.

00:00:30.982 --> 00:00:33.921
But what we're really going
to focus on in this video

00:00:33.921 --> 00:00:38.753
is the beginning of truly
imperial China under the Qin

00:00:38.753 --> 00:00:42.003
Dynasty from which China gets its name.

00:00:43.178 --> 00:00:46.853
So here we are in the third
century B.C.E. and you have

00:00:46.853 --> 00:00:51.364
your first true emperor
of China, Qin Shi Huang,

00:00:51.364 --> 00:00:54.516
and the dynasty that he
sets up is known as the Qin

00:00:54.516 --> 00:00:57.418
Dynasty which will be
shortly lived but it's known

00:00:57.418 --> 00:01:01.397
as the first dynasty to truly unify China.

00:01:01.397 --> 00:01:05.934
This is where we believe the
word China actually comes from,

00:01:05.934 --> 00:01:08.101
from the Qin Dynasty.

00:01:08.101 --> 00:01:11.631
The dynasty is known for its
fairly harsh, centralized

00:01:11.631 --> 00:01:16.028
rule motivated over the
foundation on legalism.

00:01:16.028 --> 00:01:18.895
In terms of relics that
we have from that period,

00:01:18.895 --> 00:01:21.285
you might have heard
of the Terra Cotta Army

00:01:21.285 --> 00:01:26.244
which was buried along
with Qin Shi Huang's grave.

00:01:26.244 --> 00:01:29.529
Now the Qin Dynasty is
most known for ending the

00:01:29.529 --> 00:01:33.167
Warring States Period and
unifying China, and really

00:01:33.167 --> 00:01:36.927
laying the foundation for
the Golden Age of China

00:01:36.927 --> 00:01:40.556
that will happen in the Han Dynasty.

00:01:40.556 --> 00:01:45.091
The Han Dynasty lasts from
roughly 200 B.C.E. to a little

00:01:45.091 --> 00:01:46.258
after 200 C.E.

00:01:48.168 --> 00:01:50.784
And in my head I think of
it as bit of a contemporary

00:01:50.784 --> 00:01:52.584
as the Roman Empire.

00:01:52.584 --> 00:01:56.608
The 200 years of the Western
Han Dynasty correspond

00:01:56.608 --> 00:02:00.672
roughly to the Roman
Republic, and as we get to the

00:02:00.672 --> 00:02:05.062
Eastern Han Dynasty, that
corresponds to really the heyday

00:02:05.062 --> 00:02:07.077
of the Roman Empire.

00:02:07.077 --> 00:02:12.067
And it's also a golden age of
China, a time where science

00:02:12.067 --> 00:02:15.755
and the arts, and especially
Confucianism begins to

00:02:15.755 --> 00:02:19.857
really take hold in China,
becomes officially part

00:02:19.857 --> 00:02:23.601
of the civil service,
part of the bureaucracy.

00:02:23.601 --> 00:02:27.701
The Han Dynasty was so
successful at unifying China

00:02:27.701 --> 00:02:31.868
culturally and linguistically,
that today, 92% of Chinese

00:02:33.772 --> 00:02:37.355
identify themselves as ethnically Han.

00:02:37.355 --> 00:02:40.363
So sometimes you'll hear
the word Han referring to

00:02:40.363 --> 00:02:45.090
the Han Dynasty, and sometimes
it will be referring to

00:02:45.090 --> 00:02:48.340
the Han ethnic group,
which really derives from

00:02:48.340 --> 00:02:52.543
the notion of the unification
under the Han Dynasty.

00:02:52.543 --> 00:02:56.030
Now the Han Dynasty, as we see
here, ends at the beginning

00:02:56.030 --> 00:02:59.468
of the third century in the
Common Era, and then China

00:02:59.468 --> 00:03:03.012
gets fragmented again,
and it gets split into

00:03:03.012 --> 00:03:04.529
multiple dynasties.

00:03:04.529 --> 00:03:07.691
This roughly 360 years that
I don't have marked on my

00:03:07.691 --> 00:03:10.729
timeline, it's not that
nothing was happening in China,

00:03:10.729 --> 00:03:14.566
in fact, a lot was, but
China was not unified.

00:03:14.566 --> 00:03:18.566
To get a sense of that,
here is China during the

00:03:20.983 --> 00:03:24.566
Three Kingdoms Period
in the third century,

00:03:25.775 --> 00:03:29.555
shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty.

00:03:29.555 --> 00:03:33.333
You see the Jin Dynasty depicted
here in the fourth century,

00:03:33.333 --> 00:03:35.249
still part of what's often known as the

00:03:35.249 --> 00:03:38.772
Six Dynasties Period, this
roughly 360 years of a

00:03:38.772 --> 00:03:40.189
fragmented China.

00:03:41.445 --> 00:03:44.221
And then you see this North
and South Dynasty Period

00:03:44.221 --> 00:03:47.093
here in the sixth century.

00:03:47.093 --> 00:03:51.461
And eventually, China is
reunified, and that happens

00:03:51.461 --> 00:03:52.628
under the Sui.

00:03:55.015 --> 00:03:59.337
It is unified under
Emperor Wen of Sui for whom

00:03:59.337 --> 00:04:03.469
the dynasty is known,
and similar to the Qin,

00:04:03.469 --> 00:04:06.849
what the Sui are most known
for is taking this chaotic

00:04:06.849 --> 00:04:09.748
period and finally unifying China.

00:04:09.748 --> 00:04:13.250
And the Sui are ethnically Han,
and they lay the foundation

00:04:13.250 --> 00:04:16.894
for another golden age
of China under the Tang

00:04:16.894 --> 00:04:18.811
and the Sung Dynasties.

00:04:20.534 --> 00:04:24.019
The Tang Dynasty depicted
here, it rivals the Han

00:04:24.019 --> 00:04:26.559
as a golden age of China.

00:04:26.559 --> 00:04:31.312
It's a time where the arts,
the sciences really come about.

00:04:31.312 --> 00:04:35.050
One interesting thing about
this Six Dynasties Period

00:04:35.050 --> 00:04:38.009
that we talk about,
which is a chaotic time,

00:04:38.009 --> 00:04:40.755
it is a time that Buddhism
starts to come into China

00:04:40.755 --> 00:04:44.412
from central Asia, originally
from India, and by the

00:04:44.412 --> 00:04:48.345
Sui and the Tang, it really takes hold.

00:04:48.345 --> 00:04:51.711
Now one of the most important
innovations that comes from

00:04:51.711 --> 00:04:55.294
Tang China is the notion
of block printing.

00:04:56.500 --> 00:05:00.450
What you see depicted here
is one of the first books

00:05:00.450 --> 00:05:04.617
ever printed, the Diamond
Sutra, during the Tang Dynasty.

00:05:07.709 --> 00:05:11.876
Now, after the Tang falls in
907, you have, on a historical

00:05:12.830 --> 00:05:16.766
time scale, a relatively
brief period of chaos again.

00:05:16.766 --> 00:05:20.045
About 50, I guess exactly
53 years where you get this

00:05:20.045 --> 00:05:23.652
Five Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms
Period, but then China

00:05:23.652 --> 00:05:26.819
gets reunified under the Song Dynasty.

00:05:29.253 --> 00:05:32.917
And the Song Dynasty is able
to, on some level, pick up

00:05:32.917 --> 00:05:35.762
where the Tang Dynasty left off.

00:05:35.762 --> 00:05:37.724
One thing that happens as
we get into the late Tang

00:05:37.724 --> 00:05:40.736
Dynasty, is that there's
push-back against Buddhism

00:05:40.736 --> 00:05:42.896
that we talk about in
other videos, and you see

00:05:42.896 --> 00:05:45.766
Neo-Confucianism begin to
take hold and it really

00:05:45.766 --> 00:05:48.460
takes hold under the Song
Dynasty that we talk about

00:05:48.460 --> 00:05:49.985
in other videos.

00:05:49.985 --> 00:05:53.797
The Song Dynasty is also
known as a time of really

00:05:53.797 --> 00:05:56.293
putting a lot of energy
into the civil service

00:05:56.293 --> 00:06:00.056
and the bureaucracy, and it
really being very meritocratic,

00:06:00.056 --> 00:06:03.308
based on some of these
Neo-Confucian ideals.

00:06:03.308 --> 00:06:08.222
It's also a time of significant
technological innovation.

00:06:08.222 --> 00:06:12.463
The compass, which has use
as early as the Han Dynasty,

00:06:12.463 --> 00:06:16.389
but it really gets into its
fairly evolved or modern form,

00:06:16.389 --> 00:06:20.228
especially for maritime use,
during the Song Dynasty.

00:06:20.228 --> 00:06:24.712
The notion of a Chinese
junk boat also gets into its

00:06:24.712 --> 00:06:28.484
evolved form during the Song Dynasty.

00:06:28.484 --> 00:06:32.588
Some of the really far-reaching
innovations from this

00:06:32.588 --> 00:06:36.755
Dynasty include building on
the Tang use of block printing,

00:06:37.757 --> 00:06:40.798
but thinking about movable
type, which makes printing

00:06:40.798 --> 00:06:42.885
far more practical.

00:06:42.885 --> 00:06:46.720
And maybe the biggest single
innovation that changed

00:06:46.720 --> 00:06:50.887
the world, for better or worse,
was the use of gunpowder,

00:06:51.767 --> 00:06:54.676
which there's some use in
the late Tang, but it really

00:06:54.676 --> 00:06:58.878
starts to get perfected
during the Song Dynasty.

00:06:58.878 --> 00:07:02.317
The Song Dynasty is
eventually overthrown in the

00:07:02.317 --> 00:07:04.650
13th century by the Mongols.

00:07:06.878 --> 00:07:10.399
They are able to establish
the Yuan Dynasty with

00:07:10.399 --> 00:07:13.592
Kublai Khan being the first emperor of it,

00:07:13.592 --> 00:07:17.526
grandson of Genghis, or Jen-gees Khan.

00:07:17.526 --> 00:07:21.866
They are eventually
overthrown in the 14th century

00:07:21.866 --> 00:07:23.533
by the Ming Dynasty.

00:07:25.608 --> 00:07:29.135
The Ming Dynasty is once
again ethnically Han,

00:07:29.135 --> 00:07:33.302
and some of the most famous
attractions that are associated

00:07:34.248 --> 00:07:38.415
with China today really came
about from the Ming Dynasty.

00:07:39.335 --> 00:07:42.035
This is the Forbidden Palace,
the imperial residence

00:07:42.035 --> 00:07:45.868
during the Ming and Qing
Dynasties in Beijing.

00:07:46.915 --> 00:07:48.602
This is the Great Wall of China.

00:07:48.602 --> 00:07:50.605
And even though the history
of the Great Wall of China

00:07:50.605 --> 00:07:55.224
goes a good ways back, even
to the Zhou and Warring States

00:07:55.224 --> 00:07:59.090
Periods, much of what you
now see as the Great Wall,

00:07:59.090 --> 00:08:03.257
a lot of this brick work, was
built during the Ming Dynasty.

00:08:04.251 --> 00:08:08.418
And then the last true
Dynasty of China is the Qing.

00:08:11.383 --> 00:08:15.900
The Qing Dynasty is again,
to some degree, foreign rule.

00:08:15.900 --> 00:08:19.435
It's ruled by the Manchus
who come from Manchuria,

00:08:19.435 --> 00:08:22.435
which is this region right
over here, and they're

00:08:22.435 --> 00:08:25.635
eventually able to
overwhelm the Ming Dynasty,

00:08:25.635 --> 00:08:30.351
and ruled China all the way
until the early 20th century

00:08:30.351 --> 00:08:34.518
when the Republic of China
is able to overthrow them.


Introduction to the coordinate plane

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.544 --> 00:00:02.208
- [Instructor] You're probably familiar

00:00:02.208 --> 00:00:04.885
with the notion of a number line

00:00:04.885 --> 00:00:08.118
where we can take a number and associate

00:00:08.118 --> 00:00:10.808
it with a point on the number line.

00:00:10.808 --> 00:00:13.060
So for example, the number two,

00:00:13.060 --> 00:00:14.955
I would go, I would start at zero,

00:00:14.955 --> 00:00:18.446
I'd go one, two to the
right, and I would end up

00:00:18.446 --> 00:00:20.101
right over there.

00:00:20.101 --> 00:00:22.127
What we're going to do in this video

00:00:22.127 --> 00:00:24.765
is think about how do we take two numbers

00:00:24.765 --> 00:00:29.608
and associate them with a
point on a plane like this.

00:00:29.608 --> 00:00:33.504
So for example, you might
have the two numbers

00:00:33.504 --> 00:00:35.004
three, comma five.

00:00:36.101 --> 00:00:39.995
How can these two numbers be represented

00:00:39.995 --> 00:00:41.805
as a point on the plane,

00:00:41.805 --> 00:00:45.502
or how can these tell you
where a point on the plane is?

00:00:45.502 --> 00:00:48.580
So let's first get a
little bit of terminology

00:00:48.580 --> 00:00:49.802
out of the way.

00:00:49.802 --> 00:00:52.560
So what we have here,
this is often known as

00:00:52.560 --> 00:00:54.382
our coordinate plane.

00:00:54.382 --> 00:00:57.339
These two numbers you could
view as our coordinates.

00:00:57.339 --> 00:00:58.717
Let me write this down.

00:00:58.717 --> 00:01:00.550
These are coordinates.

00:01:01.892 --> 00:01:05.225
These black lines are known as the axes.

00:01:06.899 --> 00:01:10.914
Each one is an axis and the
one that goes left right here,

00:01:10.914 --> 00:01:14.004
this is known as the X axis,

00:01:14.004 --> 00:01:16.190
or it's typically known as the X axis.

00:01:16.190 --> 00:01:18.729
In the future it might
be called other things,

00:01:18.729 --> 00:01:21.921
and the one that goes up down
in the vertical direction,

00:01:21.921 --> 00:01:24.928
this is typically known as the Y axis.

00:01:24.928 --> 00:01:27.479
As you go further in math we
might call it other things,

00:01:27.479 --> 00:01:31.844
but most of the time it's
going to be called the Y axis.

00:01:31.844 --> 00:01:34.261
So how does three comma five,

00:01:35.118 --> 00:01:39.173
how do these coordinates
specify a point on this plane?

00:01:39.173 --> 00:01:42.140
Well the way that we
typically work it through,

00:01:42.140 --> 00:01:45.683
the standard way that people
will interpret these points,

00:01:45.683 --> 00:01:49.491
it'll say all right,
this first coordinate,

00:01:49.491 --> 00:01:51.916
this is our X coordinate.

00:01:51.916 --> 00:01:54.492
This is our X coordinate.

00:01:54.492 --> 00:01:57.621
You can view it as how far
do we move to the right

00:01:57.621 --> 00:01:59.038
along the X axis.

00:02:00.163 --> 00:02:02.260
So what you would do
is you'd say all right

00:02:02.260 --> 00:02:04.014
I'm gonna start right here

00:02:04.014 --> 00:02:08.771
where my axes intersect and I'm
gonna go three to the right.

00:02:08.771 --> 00:02:10.128
One, two, three.

00:02:10.128 --> 00:02:12.886
So my X coordinate says,
all right my point is

00:02:12.886 --> 00:02:15.719
going to be this far to the right.

00:02:17.813 --> 00:02:19.277
This far to the right.

00:02:19.277 --> 00:02:21.622
So it's gonna be somewhere
on this vertical line.

00:02:21.622 --> 00:02:23.350
This dotted line that I'm showing.

00:02:23.350 --> 00:02:25.011
Everything on this vertical line

00:02:25.011 --> 00:02:27.782
has an X coordinate of three.

00:02:27.782 --> 00:02:29.762
Now what's the Y coordinate?

00:02:29.762 --> 00:02:31.813
Another way I should say
it, the second number

00:02:31.813 --> 00:02:32.912
right over here.

00:02:32.912 --> 00:02:35.147
This is the Y coordinate.

00:02:35.147 --> 00:02:36.230
Y coordinate.

00:02:37.097 --> 00:02:40.085
This tells us how far do we move up.

00:02:40.085 --> 00:02:41.672
So one way to think about it,

00:02:41.672 --> 00:02:44.289
you could start back
where the axes intersect.

00:02:44.289 --> 00:02:47.415
This point is actually called the origin.

00:02:47.415 --> 00:02:48.847
Let me write that down.

00:02:48.847 --> 00:02:50.430
That is the origin,

00:02:51.614 --> 00:02:55.171
and so starting at the
origin, move five up.

00:02:55.171 --> 00:02:57.196
One, two, three, four, five.

00:02:57.196 --> 00:03:02.044
So everything on this
horizontal line that I'm drawing

00:03:02.044 --> 00:03:04.294
has a Y coordinate of five.

00:03:05.815 --> 00:03:10.178
So what point uniquely has
both an X coordinate of three

00:03:10.178 --> 00:03:12.948
and a Y coordinate of five?

00:03:12.948 --> 00:03:15.249
Well you can see where
those two lines intersect,

00:03:15.249 --> 00:03:16.440
right over here.

00:03:16.440 --> 00:03:18.676
Actually let me do that same blue color

00:03:18.676 --> 00:03:20.620
that I wrote the coordinates in.

00:03:20.620 --> 00:03:22.737
So this point right over here,

00:03:22.737 --> 00:03:25.968
it has an X coordinate of three,

00:03:25.968 --> 00:03:29.234
and it has a Y coordinate of five.

00:03:29.234 --> 00:03:32.139
That is the point three comma five.

00:03:32.139 --> 00:03:34.864
Now what is the coordinate of the origin?

00:03:34.864 --> 00:03:38.629
Well the origin is zero
to the right of the origin

00:03:38.629 --> 00:03:41.307
and it's also zero above the origin.

00:03:41.307 --> 00:03:44.024
So the coordinates there,
the X coordinate is zero,

00:03:44.024 --> 00:03:47.008
the Y coordinate is also zero.

00:03:47.008 --> 00:03:49.251
Let's do a few more examples.

00:03:49.251 --> 00:03:52.211
So let's say that I
wanted to plot the point

00:03:52.211 --> 00:03:53.461
two comma five.

00:03:54.646 --> 00:03:56.341
Why don't you pause this.

00:03:56.341 --> 00:03:58.007
Oh let me use a different number.

00:03:58.007 --> 00:03:59.007
Two comma four.

00:03:59.007 --> 00:04:00.597
Why don't you pause this video

00:04:00.597 --> 00:04:02.680
and think about where that point would be

00:04:02.680 --> 00:04:04.580
on this coordinate plane.

00:04:04.580 --> 00:04:06.436
All right let's do it together.

00:04:06.436 --> 00:04:11.177
So the first number is going
to be our X coordinate.

00:04:11.177 --> 00:04:13.182
It tells us how far do
we move to the right.

00:04:13.182 --> 00:04:14.923
So we move two to the right,

00:04:14.923 --> 00:04:18.012
and then our second number
says how far do we move up.

00:04:18.012 --> 00:04:20.138
So first we're gonna move two to the right

00:04:20.138 --> 00:04:23.613
and then we are going to move four up.

00:04:23.613 --> 00:04:25.355
So you can say one two to the right

00:04:25.355 --> 00:04:29.216
and then one two three
four right over there.

00:04:29.216 --> 00:04:33.363
This right over here is
the point two comma four.

00:04:33.363 --> 00:04:35.280
Notice is X coordinate.

00:04:36.917 --> 00:04:40.371
How far to the right of the origin it is.

00:04:40.371 --> 00:04:43.058
That is two and its Y coordinate,

00:04:43.058 --> 00:04:45.233
how far above the origin is.

00:04:45.233 --> 00:04:46.316
That is four.

00:04:47.302 --> 00:04:49.103
Now let's go the other way around.

00:04:49.103 --> 00:04:52.155
Let's say that I were to give you,

00:04:52.155 --> 00:04:55.541
if I were to give you this
point right over here.

00:04:55.541 --> 00:04:57.562
What would its coordinates be?

00:04:57.562 --> 00:05:01.907
Pause the video and
try to figure that out.

00:05:01.907 --> 00:05:04.977
All right, well we know
it's gonna be two numbers.

00:05:04.977 --> 00:05:07.470
So I'll do something comma something.

00:05:07.470 --> 00:05:10.133
Now the first something,
that's going to be

00:05:10.133 --> 00:05:11.580
our X coordinate.

00:05:11.580 --> 00:05:12.969
You could think of it,

00:05:12.969 --> 00:05:15.644
what point on the X axis are we above?

00:05:15.644 --> 00:05:17.605
You could think about how far to the right

00:05:17.605 --> 00:05:19.266
of the origin we are,

00:05:19.266 --> 00:05:22.225
and you can see that your X
coordinate right over here is

00:05:22.225 --> 00:05:24.469
if we just drop a vertical
line straight down

00:05:24.469 --> 00:05:25.776
from that point

00:05:25.776 --> 00:05:27.685
it hits the X axis at four.

00:05:27.685 --> 00:05:28.840
So that is four.

00:05:28.840 --> 00:05:31.412
Another way to think about
it we're one two three four

00:05:31.412 --> 00:05:34.312
to the right of the Y axis.

00:05:34.312 --> 00:05:36.246
Now how high are we?

00:05:36.246 --> 00:05:38.874
How high above the X axis are we?

00:05:38.874 --> 00:05:41.905
Well we're one above the X asis.

00:05:41.905 --> 00:05:44.094
So this is gonna be four comma one.

00:05:44.094 --> 00:05:47.223
Another way to think about
it, if you just take a line

00:05:47.223 --> 00:05:49.113
and you go straight to the left

00:05:49.113 --> 00:05:52.407
you're going to hit the Y axis
at the one right over here.

00:05:52.407 --> 00:05:56.014
So the coordinates here
are four comma one.

00:05:56.014 --> 00:05:58.122
Now just so we don't get confused,

00:05:58.122 --> 00:05:59.893
and when you first learn this,

00:05:59.893 --> 00:06:02.224
the main point of confusion is remembering

00:06:02.224 --> 00:06:05.151
that okay the first number
is the X coordinate,

00:06:05.151 --> 00:06:07.703
the second number is the Y coordinate.

00:06:07.703 --> 00:06:10.367
One comma four would be a different point.

00:06:10.367 --> 00:06:13.902
One comma four would be
okay one in the X direction

00:06:13.902 --> 00:06:16.619
and then four in the Y direction.

00:06:16.619 --> 00:06:19.619
So this is one comma four over here.

00:06:20.832 --> 00:06:23.486
So it's very important to
realize that the standard

00:06:23.486 --> 00:06:25.606
way of interpreting these numbers

00:06:25.606 --> 00:06:27.688
is that the first one
says how far do you move

00:06:27.688 --> 00:06:30.512
to the right of the origin,

00:06:30.512 --> 00:06:33.063
or how far do you move along the X axis

00:06:33.063 --> 00:06:34.900
or where are you on the X axis,

00:06:34.900 --> 00:06:36.764
and the second number
is how far do you move

00:06:36.764 --> 00:06:38.340
in the vertical direction,

00:06:38.340 --> 00:06:40.924
or where are you relative to the Y,

00:06:40.924 --> 00:06:44.507
or where are you in
the vertical direction?