Overview of early Judaism part 2

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Language: en

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- [Instructor] In the
last video, we started

00:00:01.886 --> 00:00:04.814
with the story of the
Patriarchs in Genesis.

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How Abraham settles his people in Canaan,

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but eventually they get enslaved in Egypt.

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According to the Old Testament,
that enslavement lasts

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for over 500 years until we
have the emergence of Moses

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whom we also spoke
about in the last video.

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The next four books of the
Hebrew Bible which are often

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given authorship to Moses.

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These really talk about Moses
freeing the Jewish people

00:00:32.205 --> 00:00:35.672
from enslavement,
getting the Commandments,

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the Law, from God, and
eventually bringing the people

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so that they can resettle back in Canaan.

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As I mentioned in the last
video, these first five books

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of the Hebrew Bible,
also the first five books

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of the Christian Old
Testament, they are referred to

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as the Torah, and they are
given authorship to Moses

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although historians are doubtful of that.

00:01:01.192 --> 00:01:03.482
Even the historicity to
the degree to which these

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are historical characters
are significantly debated.

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We have the Jewish people,
according to Biblical accounts,

00:01:09.946 --> 00:01:11.750
now in Canaan.

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As we go into the rest of
this video, we're getting into

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more of a historical period
with the first significant kings

00:01:18.931 --> 00:01:20.431
of the Israelites.

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Now we're getting into
the first millennium BCE.

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The people, the Israelites,
are settled in Canaan.

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In the 11th century, BCE you
have King Saul comes to power.

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He's considered to be the
first significant king,

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or the first king really
of a united kingdom

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of Israel and Judah.

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This is King Saul.

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He is then succeeded by King
David who is his son-in-law.

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It was a very continuous succession.

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David is considered a significant figure

00:02:00.478 --> 00:02:04.232
in Judaism and Christianity and Islam.

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He's considered a warrior,
poet, philosopher.

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He really strengthens and
really unifies the kingdom.

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He's succeeded by his son, King Solomon.

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King Solomon is famous in
Biblical accounts for his wisdom.

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He's also known for creating
the First Temple in Jerusalem.

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As we will see, this
First Temple in Jerusalem,

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the way that I have marked
it off on this timeline,

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the green is periods according
to Biblical accounts,

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then later according to
historical accounts as well.

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When the Jewish people were
for the most part not in Canaan

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where they were in captivity,
or they were being enslaved.

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They were in exile some place else.

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The white that I show here,

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this is the enslavement in Egypt,

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this is going to be the
Babylonian captivity

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that we're going to talk about shortly.

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Then the white, this is
when we have the existence

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of the temples in Jerusalem.

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The First Temple in Jerusalem,
this is a depiction of it,

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was built by Solomon.

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Now the unified kingdoms Judah
and Israel don't last beyond

00:03:15.804 --> 00:03:17.791
these three kings.

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Shortly thereafter, it gets
fragmented into two kingdoms.

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The kingdom of Judah and
the kingdom of Israel.

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The kingdom of Israel
is going to be overrun

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by the Neo-Assyrians in 722
when they refuse to pay tribute

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to the Neo-Assyrian king.

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The kingdom of Judah essentially
becomes a client-state

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of the Assyrians.

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It's important to keep
in mind even though these

00:03:46.871 --> 00:03:49.224
are called kingdoms for
most of this history,

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they are client-states to larger powers

00:03:51.662 --> 00:03:54.183
whether it's the
Assyrians, the Babylonians,

00:03:54.183 --> 00:03:56.991
the Egyptians, the Seleucid.

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They keep being client-states.

00:03:59.203 --> 00:04:03.444
They also have some degree
of autonomy which is why

00:04:03.444 --> 00:04:05.922
they are called kingdoms.

00:04:05.922 --> 00:04:10.089
In 722, you have the kingdom
of Israel being overrun

00:04:11.521 --> 00:04:15.091
and many of the Jewish people
having to go into exile

00:04:15.091 --> 00:04:18.624
and being held captive
by the Neo-Assyrians.

00:04:18.624 --> 00:04:21.957
Then as we get into the 6th century BCE,

00:04:23.597 --> 00:04:27.165
you have the famous Babylonian Conquest,

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The Neo-Babylonian Conquest
of Nebuchadnezzar the Second,

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who conquers Judah.

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Once again, this is really a side battle

00:04:34.434 --> 00:04:37.654
between the Neo-Babylonians
and the Egyptians,

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and we talk about that in other videos.

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That takes us to the
Babylonian captivates.

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This is a picture here of Jerusalem,

00:04:47.341 --> 00:04:52.010
and maybe as equally important,
that First Temple of Solomon

00:04:52.010 --> 00:04:54.702
being destroyed and the
Jewish people being taken

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into captivity where they are taken

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from Jerusalem to Babylon.

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They're held in captivity, a
significant fraction of them

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are held in captivity, in
Babylon from this period

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from around 597, 586 BCE
until Babylon is conquered

00:05:18.108 --> 00:05:22.403
by Cyrus the Great, conquered
by the Achaemenid Persians

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that we talk about in another video.

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Once again, the end of the
captivity is really a side effect

00:05:27.909 --> 00:05:31.361
of larger battles and conquests going on.

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But Cyrus the Great frees
the Jewish people in 538 BCE.

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This is the end of the
Babylonian captivity.

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He resettles them back in
Jerusalem, and his assessors

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assist in the rebuilding of the temple.

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Then you have the Second
Temple of Jerusalem.

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You often will hear Second Temple Judaism

00:05:55.455 --> 00:05:58.307
because this is the period
now where the Jewish people

00:05:58.307 --> 00:05:59.941
are resettled in Jerusalem.

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They are rebuilding that
Second Temple that a lot

00:06:02.899 --> 00:06:06.482
of the Old Testament
takes its modern form.

00:06:07.784 --> 00:06:10.430
Now this is going to last
for several hundred years.

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As I mentioned the kingdom
of Judea is a client-state

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of all of these various empires.

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It eventually becomes a
client-state of the Roman Empire

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as we get into the end of
the first millennium BCE.

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As we get to 70 CE, so this
is shortly after the time

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of Jesus, you have the
first Jewish-Roman War

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sometimes referred to
as the Jewish Revolt.

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In that, the Romans
destroy the Second Temple.

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This is really significant,
the Second Temple

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as we mentioned it starts getting rebuilt

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at the end of the captivity and famously

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gets really, nicely constructed as we get

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into the First Century BCE.

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Then in 70 CE, Jerusalem
is destroyed again.

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This time by the Romans.

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This is the beginning
of the Jewish Diaspora

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where they are exiled for,
now we're talking thousands

00:07:16.882 --> 00:07:19.074
of years, from Rome.

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They spread through the Roman
Empire and other empires,

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and we talk more about
that in other videos.

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This is a significant thing
because now the Jewish people

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are for the most part dispersed.

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They don't have a temple, and
you don't see a significant

00:07:34.881 --> 00:07:39.075
resettlement of the Jewish
people into this area

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until we get to the 20th century.


Overview of early Judaism part 1

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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- [Sal] What I'm going to
do in this video is give

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a very high-level history of some

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of the significant events in Judaism.

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I will use the word, history, loosely,

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because historians aren't
able to really find a lot

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of evidence for some of
what I'm going to talk about

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before the First Millennium BCE.

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These stories we get
from the first five books

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of the Hebrew Bible, often
referred to as the Torah,

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also the first five books
of the Old Testament,

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also we get them from the Muslim Koran.

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But there isn't a lot of
historical evidence for them.

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And so, many historians view it more

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along the lines of legend,

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but there are many people who
view these as historic facts

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and have attempted to place
them on a historic timeline.

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What I'm gonna do in this
video is I'm going to attempt

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to fit onto this historic
timeline where some of the people

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who believe it did happen,
when they believed it happened.

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Keep in mind that there's
not a lot of strong

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archeological evidence,
historical record here,

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and these accounts were
written several hundred years

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after when they were purported to occur.

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So let's start in the beginning.

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Let's start in the Book
of Genesis, in the Torah,

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in the Hebrew Bible,
and the Old Testament.

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I'm not gonna go into detail
on the Book of Genesis.

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It starts, of course,
with the monotheistic God

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creating the heavens and Earth.

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And then we have the
stories of Adam and Eve,

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and then, several generations later,

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the story of the Great Flood of Noah.

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And then Noah's son, Shem,
and I talk about Shem

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because this is where the
word Semitic comes from.

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You might have heard people refer

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to Jewish people as Semitic;

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but also, Arab people are
referred to as Semitic;

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because, according to Biblical accounts,

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they are both viewed as
descendants of Abraham,

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who is a descendant of Shem.

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So they are viewed as Semitic.

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The first real significant
patriarch of the Hebrew Bible

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is considered Abraham,
who I just mentioned.

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It has Abraham moving from the City of Ur.

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There's debate on which Ur that is.

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It might be the ancient Sumerian
city in lower Mesopotamia.

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Or, some people believe that

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it was an Ur in upper Mesopotamia.

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But regardless of which
account you take...

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Once again, Abraham is considered

00:02:34.946 --> 00:02:37.221
by many historians as a legendary figure.

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So there's not clear evidence

00:02:38.740 --> 00:02:41.624
that he existed in a historical sense.

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But if you take the accounts
in the Old Testament

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and the Hebrew Bible,

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he would have gone with
his family from Ur,

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and eventually migrated to Canaan,

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which is in, near, or
around modern-day Israel,

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Lebanon, Palestine, that general area.

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So it's either from this Ur or that Ur.

00:03:05.186 --> 00:03:08.565
And Abraham is considered
the first of the three

00:03:08.565 --> 00:03:11.862
significant patriarchs
for the Jewish people;

00:03:11.862 --> 00:03:15.414
the other two are Isaac and Jacob.

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Once again, I could do a whole series

00:03:17.330 --> 00:03:20.105
of videos on the stories of Abraham.

00:03:20.105 --> 00:03:23.007
But Abraham's first son is Ishmael,

00:03:23.007 --> 00:03:26.560
who he has with the
servant of his wife Sarah

00:03:26.560 --> 00:03:29.045
after they determine
that they're not able to,

00:03:29.045 --> 00:03:31.247
or they don't think that
they're able to, have children.

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According to Biblical accounts,

00:03:32.873 --> 00:03:35.973
Ishmael is viewed as the progenitor,

00:03:35.973 --> 00:03:39.003
as the patriarch of the Arab people.

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But later in life, Abraham,

00:03:41.580 --> 00:03:44.518
and at this point he is
roughly 100 years old,

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and his wife Sarah, according
to Biblical accounts,

00:03:46.840 --> 00:03:49.649
is in her 90s, they have Isaac,

00:03:49.649 --> 00:03:53.816
who is considered a significant
patriarch in Judaism.

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This is a painting by Rembrandt

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of the famous Abraham being
willing to sacrifice his son,

00:04:03.078 --> 00:04:06.853
Isaac, but then he gets
stopped at the last minute.

00:04:06.853 --> 00:04:09.995
But it's viewed as a
sign of his willingness

00:04:09.995 --> 00:04:14.322
to his faith in God and his
willingness to follow God.

00:04:14.322 --> 00:04:16.072
Isaac's son is Jacob,

00:04:17.039 --> 00:04:20.913
and Jacob is later named by God as Israel.

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And so, this is where the
word, Israelites, come from,

00:04:23.879 --> 00:04:26.608
and even the modern state of Israel.

00:04:26.608 --> 00:04:29.835
Now, one of Jacob's son is Joseph.

00:04:29.835 --> 00:04:31.797
Once again, this is according
to Biblical accounts.

00:04:31.797 --> 00:04:34.363
There isn't a lot of
historical evidence here.

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But it's a fascinating
story, the story of Joseph,

00:04:37.858 --> 00:04:41.120
how he is sold by his
brothers into slavery,

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and taken from Canaan to Egypt.

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But Joseph, once again, fascinating story,

00:04:49.236 --> 00:04:51.476
is eventually able to
rise through the ranks,

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become the vizier of Egypt, and later,

00:04:53.961 --> 00:04:56.202
his family, including Jacob,

00:04:56.202 --> 00:04:59.139
come to Egypt when there
is a famine in Canaan.

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And that is the explanation
for the Biblical settlement

00:05:04.236 --> 00:05:08.357
of a significant fraction
of the Israelites in Egypt.

00:05:08.357 --> 00:05:10.308
But then they are enslaved.

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According to Biblical accounts,

00:05:12.607 --> 00:05:16.607
they are enslaved for 400
years, over 400 years,

00:05:17.831 --> 00:05:21.662
and that's what you see in this
green line right over here.

00:05:21.662 --> 00:05:25.829
They stay enslaved in Egypt
until we get to Moses,

00:05:26.678 --> 00:05:28.965
who's considered the most significant

00:05:28.965 --> 00:05:31.287
of the prophets in the Jewish tradition,

00:05:31.287 --> 00:05:33.609
and one of the very most
significant prophets

00:05:33.609 --> 00:05:36.192
amongst Christians and Muslims.

00:05:37.080 --> 00:05:39.490
So let's get to Moses.

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Moses' story, once again,
one of these famous stories,

00:05:43.231 --> 00:05:46.564
how the pharaoh is feeling threatened by

00:05:47.619 --> 00:05:51.012
the growing population
of the Jewish people,

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who, remember, are enslaved.

00:05:53.003 --> 00:05:55.569
And so, as the story goes, he orders all

00:05:55.569 --> 00:05:58.831
newborn Hebrew Jewish boys to be killed,

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but Moses' mother hides Moses,

00:06:01.200 --> 00:06:05.321
and he puts him on a basket in the Nile,

00:06:05.321 --> 00:06:09.721
and the pharaoh's daughter
discovers him, and raises Moses.

00:06:09.721 --> 00:06:11.637
And so, he's able to get an education

00:06:11.637 --> 00:06:15.341
and is part of the royal
court of the pharaoh.

00:06:15.341 --> 00:06:19.303
But later in life, he sees
a slavemaster that's abusing

00:06:19.303 --> 00:06:22.582
a Jewish person to death, and
then he kills the slavemaster.

00:06:22.582 --> 00:06:26.004
And so, he's afraid for his
life, and so he runs away,

00:06:26.004 --> 00:06:29.057
fearing the penalty for
killing the slavemaster,

00:06:29.057 --> 00:06:32.192
and he goes to Mount
Sinai, or Mount Horeb,

00:06:32.192 --> 00:06:34.564
and this is where we
think the Biblical mount,

00:06:34.564 --> 00:06:37.274
this is where the current
Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb, is,

00:06:37.274 --> 00:06:39.977
and that's where we think the
Biblical one might have been.

00:06:39.977 --> 00:06:42.534
That's where we have the
story of the burning bush,

00:06:42.534 --> 00:06:45.737
where he is commanded by God.

00:06:45.737 --> 00:06:48.384
The angel of the Lord is
speaking through this bush,

00:06:48.384 --> 00:06:50.704
and telling Moses: "Go back, and you need

00:06:50.704 --> 00:06:54.668
"to free the Jewish
people from enslavement."

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And so, he does go back, and
he is able to liberate them.

00:06:59.367 --> 00:07:02.536
Once again, this is a very famous story.

00:07:02.536 --> 00:07:03.964
The pharaoh's armies follow him.

00:07:03.964 --> 00:07:05.183
He parts the Red Sea.

00:07:05.183 --> 00:07:08.280
The pharaoh's army is
eventually destroyed.

00:07:08.280 --> 00:07:12.447
He takes the Jewish people back
to Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb.

00:07:14.016 --> 00:07:16.485
These are sometimes viewed
as two different mountains,

00:07:16.485 --> 00:07:17.751
sometimes the same mountains,

00:07:17.751 --> 00:07:19.265
different sides of the same mountains.

00:07:19.265 --> 00:07:20.821
We are not exactly sure.

00:07:20.821 --> 00:07:24.162
But most people view them
as the same mountain.

00:07:24.162 --> 00:07:27.331
It was at Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb,

00:07:27.331 --> 00:07:30.164
where now Moses is able to receive

00:07:31.325 --> 00:07:33.937
the famous Ten Commandments,

00:07:33.937 --> 00:07:37.354
and he's able to receive the Jewish laws.

00:07:38.262 --> 00:07:42.783
The first five books of the
Hebrew Bible, the Torah,

00:07:42.783 --> 00:07:46.696
the Pentateuch, the first five
books of the Old Testament:

00:07:46.696 --> 00:07:50.746
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,
Numbers, and Deuteronomy,

00:07:50.746 --> 00:07:54.496
the authorship of these
is ascribed to Moses.

00:07:57.371 --> 00:07:59.521
Once again, historians really debate that,

00:07:59.521 --> 00:08:02.850
but this is according
to Biblical accounts.

00:08:02.850 --> 00:08:06.100
Now, once he receives this word of God,

00:08:07.332 --> 00:08:10.757
he then takes the Jewish people,
they set up a tabernacle,

00:08:10.757 --> 00:08:13.415
they go through the desert for 40 years,

00:08:13.415 --> 00:08:16.387
and he brings them to the promised land,

00:08:16.387 --> 00:08:18.663
and before entering, Moses dies.

00:08:18.663 --> 00:08:20.741
But he, essentially, is able to resettle

00:08:20.741 --> 00:08:23.491
the Jewish people back in Canaan.


Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.857
- [Narrator] What I'm
gonna do in this video

00:00:00.857 --> 00:00:04.908
is give us an overview of the
first significant dynasties

00:00:04.908 --> 00:00:07.405
in Ancient and Imperial China.

00:00:07.405 --> 00:00:11.050
Now, in a previous video, we
talk about the Xia dynasty,

00:00:11.050 --> 00:00:12.919
which we're not sure whether it exists

00:00:12.919 --> 00:00:15.682
because we don't have a lot
of historical documentation,

00:00:15.682 --> 00:00:17.981
but based on legend,

00:00:17.981 --> 00:00:21.564
it apparently emerged
around 2100-2200 BCE,

00:00:22.695 --> 00:00:25.017
so we're talking about
over 4000 years ago,

00:00:25.017 --> 00:00:28.639
and lasted until the
emergence of the Shang dynasty

00:00:28.639 --> 00:00:29.639
in 1600 BCE.

00:00:31.437 --> 00:00:33.196
Now, the Shang dynasty

00:00:33.196 --> 00:00:35.495
you could view as the first
real historical dynasty

00:00:35.495 --> 00:00:39.012
because we have artifacts, we
have archeological evidence,

00:00:39.012 --> 00:00:40.556
we even have writing,

00:00:40.556 --> 00:00:44.098
the famous oracle bones
of the Shang dynasty

00:00:44.098 --> 00:00:46.512
that were used to make decisions

00:00:46.512 --> 00:00:49.772
to prognosticate about the future.

00:00:49.772 --> 00:00:51.293
And what's interesting about this writing

00:00:51.293 --> 00:00:54.845
on these oracle bones
that over 3000 years old

00:00:54.845 --> 00:00:58.404
is that modern Chinese
script is actually evolved

00:00:58.404 --> 00:01:02.015
from this over 3000 year old writing.

00:01:02.015 --> 00:01:06.182
Also in that Shang dynasty,
we see major bronze artifacts.

00:01:07.146 --> 00:01:07.979
And, once again,

00:01:07.979 --> 00:01:10.464
it's the first real
historical evidence we see

00:01:10.464 --> 00:01:14.631
of a reasonably large
geographic area being unified

00:01:15.642 --> 00:01:19.183
around the Yellow and the Yangtze River.

00:01:19.183 --> 00:01:21.505
Now, in that video on the Shang dynasty,

00:01:21.505 --> 00:01:25.672
we talk about how it
eventually falls in 1046 BCE.

00:01:27.484 --> 00:01:30.234
And it falls to the Zhou dynasty.

00:01:32.372 --> 00:01:33.730
And the Zhou dynasty,

00:01:33.730 --> 00:01:37.120
they defeat the last Shang emperor, Di Xin

00:01:37.120 --> 00:01:40.081
at the Battle of Muye in 1046.

00:01:40.081 --> 00:01:42.774
And based on their view of things,

00:01:42.774 --> 00:01:44.446
or current historical accounts,

00:01:44.446 --> 00:01:46.208
Di Xin became a corrupt ruler.

00:01:46.208 --> 00:01:48.727
He was under the influence of his consort

00:01:48.727 --> 00:01:50.527
and the Zhous say,

00:01:50.527 --> 00:01:52.605
hey the reason why we
were able to defeat them

00:01:52.605 --> 00:01:56.459
and overthrow them and
establish a new dynasty

00:01:56.459 --> 00:01:59.475
is because of the Mandate of Heaven.

00:01:59.475 --> 00:02:01.019
The Mandate of Heaven is this idea

00:02:01.019 --> 00:02:03.724
that will be incorporated
by the Zhou dynasty

00:02:03.724 --> 00:02:06.092
and then becomes part of Chinese culture

00:02:06.092 --> 00:02:09.285
and tradition for thousands
of years after that.

00:02:09.285 --> 00:02:13.592
Heaven, in this sense, is
not a place in the clouds

00:02:13.592 --> 00:02:16.018
that some might imagine
in a Western tradition.

00:02:16.018 --> 00:02:16.956
It's really, you could view it

00:02:16.956 --> 00:02:19.614
as a guiding force of the universe.

00:02:19.614 --> 00:02:23.016
And it's this idea that if
leaders become incapable,

00:02:23.016 --> 00:02:24.572
if they become correct,

00:02:24.572 --> 00:02:26.580
that this guidance force of the universe

00:02:26.580 --> 00:02:30.714
will throw them out and put
more capable leaders in power.

00:02:30.714 --> 00:02:34.046
And so, King Wu of Zhou who defeats Di Xin

00:02:34.046 --> 00:02:35.474
at the Battle of Muye,

00:02:35.474 --> 00:02:37.517
he invokes this Mandate of Heaven

00:02:37.517 --> 00:02:41.615
and will continue to be invoked
throughout the Zhou dynasty.

00:02:41.615 --> 00:02:43.078
Now, the Zhou dynasty

00:02:43.078 --> 00:02:46.724
is going to be a very
long-lasting dynasty,

00:02:46.724 --> 00:02:48.535
but it is not centralized.

00:02:48.535 --> 00:02:51.019
It can be described as
kind of a feudal system.

00:02:51.019 --> 00:02:54.491
There's multiple kingdoms who
have allegiance to the Zhous

00:02:54.491 --> 00:02:57.266
and at multiple times they
have difference degrees

00:02:57.266 --> 00:02:59.402
of autonomy and of power.

00:02:59.402 --> 00:03:02.049
Now, the Zhou dynasty is generally divided

00:03:02.049 --> 00:03:04.638
into the Western Zhou in
the capitals in the West

00:03:04.638 --> 00:03:06.832
and the Eastern Zhou dynasty

00:03:06.832 --> 00:03:09.224
when the capital moves to the East.

00:03:09.224 --> 00:03:12.277
Now, the Eastern Zhou dynasty,
this period right over here

00:03:12.277 --> 00:03:14.610
between 770 BCE and 476 BCE,

00:03:16.910 --> 00:03:19.684
often known as the Spring
and Autumn periods,

00:03:19.684 --> 00:03:23.199
this is often referred to
as a significant period

00:03:23.199 --> 00:03:27.587
of philosophical, a philosophical
golden age in China.

00:03:27.587 --> 00:03:29.270
It was the time of Confucius.

00:03:29.270 --> 00:03:30.742
It was the time of Lao-Tzu,

00:03:30.742 --> 00:03:35.281
who comes up with the Tao or
the core of the Tao philosophy.

00:03:35.281 --> 00:03:37.518
So, a lot of major
philosophical upbringings

00:03:37.518 --> 00:03:41.221
of even modern China start
to emerge in this time.

00:03:41.221 --> 00:03:45.366
Now, the latter half of
the Eastern Zhou period,

00:03:45.366 --> 00:03:47.120
you have the Warring States period.

00:03:47.120 --> 00:03:48.755
And that's where you
see these dotted lines.

00:03:48.755 --> 00:03:52.157
And the Zhou dynasty, which
was already very decentralized,

00:03:52.157 --> 00:03:54.862
becomes even more fragmented.

00:03:54.862 --> 00:03:58.264
And China really doesn't
get well unified again

00:03:58.264 --> 00:03:59.431
until 221 BCE.

00:04:01.944 --> 00:04:06.111
In 221 BCE, you have the
emergence of the Qin dynasty.

00:04:08.028 --> 00:04:10.733
And even though the Qin
dynasty is very short lived,

00:04:10.733 --> 00:04:14.078
it only lasts a few
decades, it's significant

00:04:14.078 --> 00:04:17.979
in that it's the first really
strong central dynasty.

00:04:17.979 --> 00:04:20.278
It's often referred to as
the first imperial dynasty.

00:04:20.278 --> 00:04:23.340
As we mentioned about the
Zhous, very decentralized,

00:04:23.340 --> 00:04:24.420
this feudal system.

00:04:24.420 --> 00:04:27.856
But the Qin dynasty, under Qin Shihuangdi

00:04:27.856 --> 00:04:30.225
or sometimes Qin Shihuang,

00:04:30.225 --> 00:04:32.392
he is a very strong ruler.

00:04:34.160 --> 00:04:36.030
He sets up this legalistic government,

00:04:36.030 --> 00:04:38.108
very strict legal codes.

00:04:38.108 --> 00:04:40.883
He really oppressed his
opponents in significant ways,

00:04:40.883 --> 00:04:43.007
but the byproduct of that is he was able

00:04:43.007 --> 00:04:45.352
to really unify China.

00:04:45.352 --> 00:04:47.732
Now, other things that he
did, the Great Wall of China,

00:04:47.732 --> 00:04:49.869
which didn't just get built by him,

00:04:49.869 --> 00:04:53.805
but there were already walls
that were being erected

00:04:53.805 --> 00:04:55.616
throughout China at this time.

00:04:55.616 --> 00:04:57.007
He started to unify these walls

00:04:57.007 --> 00:05:00.531
and then break down the walls
that were within his empire.

00:05:00.531 --> 00:05:03.422
And so, he's often credited as
really starting the formation

00:05:03.422 --> 00:05:05.831
of what we now call the
Great Wall of China,

00:05:05.831 --> 00:05:08.687
which kept being built and improved upon

00:05:08.687 --> 00:05:11.740
by later generations, later dynasties.

00:05:11.740 --> 00:05:14.492
The other thing that he's well-known for

00:05:14.492 --> 00:05:18.535
is establishing this
centralized bureaucracy

00:05:18.535 --> 00:05:21.008
where the civil servants
are able to earn their spots

00:05:21.008 --> 00:05:22.769
based on taking exams.

00:05:22.769 --> 00:05:26.275
This would last for several
thousand years in China.

00:05:26.275 --> 00:05:29.259
Now, as I mentioned, the Qin
dynasty would be short-lived,

00:05:29.259 --> 00:05:30.362
but then it would be followed

00:05:30.362 --> 00:05:34.344
by one of the most significant
dynasties in Chinese history

00:05:34.344 --> 00:05:37.200
that really takes the work of the Qin,

00:05:37.200 --> 00:05:39.371
but makes it a little bit more moderate.

00:05:39.371 --> 00:05:41.984
And the Han dynasty is often referred to,

00:05:41.984 --> 00:05:44.632
by Chinese historians, as
the Golden Age of China.

00:05:44.632 --> 00:05:47.402
It's a time where Confucian philosophy

00:05:47.402 --> 00:05:48.783
really becomes dominant.

00:05:48.783 --> 00:05:49.979
You have significant advances

00:05:49.979 --> 00:05:52.150
in math, science, and technology.

00:05:52.150 --> 00:05:53.880
This is an image of the nine chapters

00:05:53.880 --> 00:05:55.111
on the mathematical art,

00:05:55.111 --> 00:05:56.881
where ideas like Gaussian elimination

00:05:56.881 --> 00:05:57.879
and Cramer's Rule,

00:05:57.879 --> 00:05:59.484
things that wouldn't be explored in Europe

00:05:59.484 --> 00:06:04.453
for over a thousand years, are
documented during Han China.

00:06:04.453 --> 00:06:09.152
You have the famous paper
making emerge during Han China.

00:06:09.152 --> 00:06:12.879
And as you can see, it
lasts for over 400 years.

00:06:12.879 --> 00:06:14.899
There's a brief period right over here

00:06:14.899 --> 00:06:18.899
where you have the Xin
dynasty gets established,

00:06:20.216 --> 00:06:23.293
and that separates the Western
Han from the Eastern Han,

00:06:23.293 --> 00:06:25.754
but this is a significant
period of development

00:06:25.754 --> 00:06:30.630
of Chinese philosophy, Chinese
writing, Chinese technology

00:06:30.630 --> 00:06:33.417
that lasts even until today.

00:06:33.417 --> 00:06:36.644
And to get an appreciation
of the Confucian philosophy,

00:06:36.644 --> 00:06:39.930
remember Confucian lived
over several hundred years

00:06:39.930 --> 00:06:40.870
before the Han dynasty,

00:06:40.870 --> 00:06:43.204
but this is when it really
becomes the philosophy,

00:06:43.204 --> 00:06:46.420
or even you could think
of the religion of China.

00:06:46.420 --> 00:06:49.590
I'll leave you with a few
quotes from Confucius.

00:06:49.590 --> 00:06:51.946
And I'll do a whole video on him later on,

00:06:51.946 --> 00:06:53.827
but these are some of my favorite.

00:06:53.827 --> 00:06:58.239
"Real knowledge is to know the
extent of one's ignorance."

00:06:58.239 --> 00:07:00.282
And this is a version of the Golden Rule.

00:07:00.282 --> 00:07:04.532
"Do not impose on others what
you yourself do not desire."

00:07:04.532 --> 00:07:07.689
And to put into context,
these ideas of Confucius,

00:07:07.689 --> 00:07:10.557
the writing, the mathematics
that was developed there,

00:07:10.557 --> 00:07:12.066
it was the civil service.

00:07:12.066 --> 00:07:14.307
These continue on for
several thousand years.

00:07:14.307 --> 00:07:15.860
And this was during the time, you know,

00:07:15.860 --> 00:07:17.691
just to think about what else
was going on in the world.

00:07:17.691 --> 00:07:19.781
This was at the time of the Roman Empire.

00:07:19.781 --> 00:07:20.965
And so, it is interesting

00:07:20.965 --> 00:07:24.097
that at the time of the
Qin and then Han dynasties

00:07:24.097 --> 00:07:26.976
where you first have this
real centralized empire,

00:07:26.976 --> 00:07:29.031
that was right around
the time that Rome itself

00:07:29.031 --> 00:07:30.831
was also becoming centralized.

00:07:30.831 --> 00:07:32.735
And it's interesting to think about,

00:07:32.735 --> 00:07:34.615
what was it about that period of history

00:07:34.615 --> 00:07:36.705
where you have these
two significant empires

00:07:36.705 --> 00:07:38.180
starting to really emerge?

00:07:38.180 --> 00:07:39.329
And they weren't completely isolated.

00:07:39.329 --> 00:07:42.862
There was actually
interaction between the two.


Example naming ionic compound

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.176 --> 00:00:01.281
- [Instructor] Let's get some practice

00:00:01.281 --> 00:00:03.609
naming ionic compounds.

00:00:03.609 --> 00:00:07.557
So I have a formula for an
ionic compound right over here,

00:00:07.557 --> 00:00:09.384
but how would I say this?

00:00:09.384 --> 00:00:11.127
And if you get inspired, pause the video

00:00:11.127 --> 00:00:14.028
and try to work it out on your own.

00:00:14.028 --> 00:00:16.695
Well we could see that
it has some magnesium,

00:00:16.695 --> 00:00:19.941
and it has some phosphorus,
and the convention is,

00:00:19.941 --> 00:00:23.091
is the positive ion is written first.

00:00:23.091 --> 00:00:25.422
So if this follows the convention,

00:00:25.422 --> 00:00:29.464
the magnesium is going to be our cation.

00:00:29.464 --> 00:00:32.667
And when you look at magnesium
in the periodic table

00:00:32.667 --> 00:00:33.934
right over here it makes sense

00:00:33.934 --> 00:00:36.831
that it is going to be the cation

00:00:36.831 --> 00:00:40.998
because it is a group two
element, an alkaline earth metal,

00:00:41.853 --> 00:00:46.020
and when those get ionized they
tend to lose two electrons.

00:00:46.867 --> 00:00:49.491
They have two electrons in
their outermost shell and so,

00:00:49.491 --> 00:00:52.078
when they ionize they tend to lose those.

00:00:52.078 --> 00:00:56.550
So magnesium when it
ionizes tends to be, let me,

00:00:56.550 --> 00:01:00.717
when magnesium ionizes, it
tends to magnesium two plus

00:01:02.606 --> 00:01:06.502
and so this is probably each
of these three magnesium ions

00:01:06.502 --> 00:01:09.376
are probably magnesium two pluses,

00:01:09.376 --> 00:01:12.869
so we could if we want,
just to see what is going on

00:01:12.869 --> 00:01:16.254
in this compound, we
could write it like this,

00:01:16.254 --> 00:01:17.919
which isn't what you would typically see

00:01:17.919 --> 00:01:21.117
but this is just to see
what the constituent ions

00:01:21.117 --> 00:01:23.514
of this compound actually are.

00:01:23.514 --> 00:01:25.291
Now as I mentioned, the cation tends

00:01:25.291 --> 00:01:27.811
to be written first so
that's the magnesium,

00:01:27.811 --> 00:01:30.074
and the anion tends to be written second,

00:01:30.074 --> 00:01:34.220
and that is the phosphorus here
if we follow the convention.

00:01:34.220 --> 00:01:36.672
So that's the phosphorus right over here,

00:01:36.672 --> 00:01:41.287
and does it make sense that
phosphorus would be an anion?

00:01:41.287 --> 00:01:44.001
Well phosphorus is out
on the right-hand side

00:01:44.001 --> 00:01:46.220
of the periodic table right over here.

00:01:46.220 --> 00:01:49.028
In order for it to complete
its outermost shell,

00:01:49.028 --> 00:01:52.611
it wants to gain one,
two, three electrons,

00:01:54.294 --> 00:01:56.665
so when it ionizes it makes sense

00:01:56.665 --> 00:01:58.933
that it gains those three electrons.

00:01:58.933 --> 00:02:03.665
So that phosphorus becomes
phosphide, three minus,

00:02:03.665 --> 00:02:05.997
and so these two
phosphoruses in this formula,

00:02:05.997 --> 00:02:08.119
we could write like this.

00:02:08.119 --> 00:02:10.786
So we have two phosphide anions,

00:02:13.056 --> 00:02:15.275
so we could just write it like this.

00:02:15.275 --> 00:02:17.808
Now the whole reason why I wrote out

00:02:17.808 --> 00:02:20.747
the constituent ions
like this is to make sure

00:02:20.747 --> 00:02:22.971
that it'll all end up being neutral.

00:02:22.971 --> 00:02:25.733
The magnesiums, the three magnesium ions,

00:02:25.733 --> 00:02:28.351
will have a collective six plus charge,

00:02:28.351 --> 00:02:31.688
and the two phosphides are going to have

00:02:31.688 --> 00:02:33.825
a collective six minus and so,

00:02:33.825 --> 00:02:36.136
when you add the six
pluses and the six minus,

00:02:36.136 --> 00:02:38.165
they are all going to cancel out.

00:02:38.165 --> 00:02:40.214
So let me write this, you have six plus,

00:02:40.214 --> 00:02:43.958
and then you have six
minus, which once again,

00:02:43.958 --> 00:02:46.179
makes us feel good that
we're understanding

00:02:46.179 --> 00:02:49.118
this ionic compound well
because an ionic compound,

00:02:49.118 --> 00:02:51.056
they didn't write any net charge here,

00:02:51.056 --> 00:02:53.713
so this is going to be neutral.

00:02:53.713 --> 00:02:57.317
The cations and the anions
are going to cancel out.

00:02:57.317 --> 00:03:00.293
But once again, what
do we call this thing?

00:03:00.293 --> 00:03:03.340
Well the convention is, is we
just write the elemental name

00:03:03.340 --> 00:03:06.276
or we say the elemental
name for the cation,

00:03:06.276 --> 00:03:09.943
so this is going to be
magnesium, magnesium.

00:03:11.910 --> 00:03:16.077
And then we say, we say the
-ide version of the anion.

00:03:17.013 --> 00:03:19.850
So this is phosphorus, we say phosphide,

00:03:19.850 --> 00:03:23.234
so this is going to be
magnesium phosphide.

00:03:23.234 --> 00:03:24.458
And actually I don't
have to capitalize it,

00:03:24.458 --> 00:03:28.541
so let me write it all
lowercase, magnesium . . .

00:03:30.025 --> 00:03:31.275
Magnesium . . .

00:03:32.402 --> 00:03:35.453
Phosphide, and you might be saying hey,

00:03:35.453 --> 00:03:37.178
this doesn't have a lot
of information in it,

00:03:37.178 --> 00:03:40.788
how do you, if someone just
told me magnesium phosphide,

00:03:40.788 --> 00:03:42.732
how do I construct what I did,

00:03:42.732 --> 00:03:44.887
what we originally started with?

00:03:44.887 --> 00:03:46.947
Well the answer is, you
would have to say okay,

00:03:46.947 --> 00:03:50.928
magnesium is our cation,
it's right over here,

00:03:50.928 --> 00:03:54.782
it's a group two, it's going
to have a positive two charge

00:03:54.782 --> 00:03:58.387
when it ionizes, so
you would look at that,

00:03:58.387 --> 00:04:00.675
and you'd say okay, phosphide,

00:04:00.675 --> 00:04:03.719
well that tends to have
a three minus charge

00:04:03.719 --> 00:04:07.756
when it ionizes which we saw
over here, and then you'd say,

00:04:07.756 --> 00:04:09.954
okay well what ratio would I have to have

00:04:09.954 --> 00:04:13.413
between these two things in
order for them to cancel out?

00:04:13.413 --> 00:04:16.911
Well for every three of
these, of the magnesiums,

00:04:16.911 --> 00:04:20.124
I have two phosphides, well
then they're going to cancel out

00:04:20.124 --> 00:04:21.286
and so that's how you could go

00:04:21.286 --> 00:04:24.251
from the name to the actual formula,

00:04:24.251 --> 00:04:26.863
which we will actually
do in the next video.


Worked example: Finding the formula of an ionic compound

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.238 --> 00:00:01.472
- [Instructor] Let's now see if

00:00:01.472 --> 00:00:03.929
we can come up with the chemical formula

00:00:03.929 --> 00:00:07.179
for the ionic compound calcium bromide.

00:00:08.117 --> 00:00:11.217
And like always, if you are
inspired, pause the video

00:00:11.217 --> 00:00:14.191
and see if you can come
up with it on your own.

00:00:14.191 --> 00:00:16.659
All right, so the
convention is that we write

00:00:16.659 --> 00:00:20.261
the positive ion first and
so that's a pretty good clue

00:00:20.261 --> 00:00:23.418
that calcium is going
to be the positive ion.

00:00:23.418 --> 00:00:25.706
Now let's look at the
periodic table to confirm

00:00:25.706 --> 00:00:30.666
that it's likely that calcium
would ionize as a cation.

00:00:30.666 --> 00:00:35.258
Well, calcium is right
over here in Group Two,

00:00:35.258 --> 00:00:39.425
and Group Two elements, also
known as alkaline earth metals,

00:00:40.319 --> 00:00:43.826
they tend to ionize by
losing two electrons and

00:00:43.826 --> 00:00:45.706
that's because they have two electrons

00:00:45.706 --> 00:00:48.547
in their outermost shell and
they would like to lose them.

00:00:48.547 --> 00:00:53.096
And so when calcium
ionizes, it is going to be,

00:00:53.096 --> 00:00:56.013
it is going to ionize as Ca2+.

00:00:59.187 --> 00:01:02.660
Now, let's look at the bromide part.

00:01:02.660 --> 00:01:06.827
The -ide tells us that this
is going to be a negative ion

00:01:08.259 --> 00:01:10.359
or it's going to be an anion.

00:01:10.359 --> 00:01:13.871
And if you look at where bromine
sits in our periodic table,

00:01:13.871 --> 00:01:16.900
right over here, we see it is a halide.

00:01:16.900 --> 00:01:20.787
We see that it likes to gain an electron

00:01:20.787 --> 00:01:24.537
and so it makes sense that
it's going to be our anion.

00:01:24.537 --> 00:01:28.287
And so bromine would
like to gain an electron

00:01:29.280 --> 00:01:32.150
to have eight electrons
in its outermost shell.

00:01:32.150 --> 00:01:36.461
So, our bromide anion is
going to look like this.

00:01:36.461 --> 00:01:38.384
It's going be to 1-.

00:01:38.384 --> 00:01:40.782
It's gonna wanna gain an electron,

00:01:40.782 --> 00:01:44.644
that's what the elements
in this group like to do.

00:01:44.644 --> 00:01:46.595
Now, what is the formula going to be,

00:01:46.595 --> 00:01:50.447
and remember, the key here
is for an ionic compound,

00:01:50.447 --> 00:01:52.901
especially one that
has, well, we don't see

00:01:52.901 --> 00:01:57.245
any net charge here,
for an ionic compound,

00:01:57.245 --> 00:01:59.749
these things are going
to cancel each other out.

00:01:59.749 --> 00:02:02.416
The charge of the calcium cation

00:02:03.581 --> 00:02:07.414
is going to cancel out
with the bromide anion.

00:02:08.839 --> 00:02:10.967
So how is that going to happen?

00:02:10.967 --> 00:02:14.354
Well, have you 2+ here,
you only have 1- here,

00:02:14.354 --> 00:02:17.001
so you're gonna have to have two bromides

00:02:17.001 --> 00:02:19.501
for every of the calcium ions.

00:02:20.433 --> 00:02:24.739
So this is going to be, for
every one of the calciums,

00:02:24.739 --> 00:02:27.013
you're going to have two bromides.

00:02:27.013 --> 00:02:29.225
So it's going to be like this,

00:02:29.225 --> 00:02:32.142
Br2, and there you have it, that is

00:02:33.026 --> 00:02:36.788
the chemical formula for calcium bromide.

00:02:36.788 --> 00:02:37.866
And how did we know that we have

00:02:37.866 --> 00:02:40.871
two bromides for every calcium?

00:02:40.871 --> 00:02:44.722
Well, because when calcium
ionizes, it's going to be 2+,

00:02:44.722 --> 00:02:47.656
it's a Group Two element right over here.

00:02:47.656 --> 00:02:51.156
And bromine only gets a -1 or a 1- charge,

00:02:52.552 --> 00:02:54.439
so you're gonna need two of the bromides

00:02:54.439 --> 00:02:56.939
for every one of the calciums.


Naming ions and ionic compounds

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.055 --> 00:00:01.750
- [Instructor] Let's get
some practice now thinking

00:00:01.750 --> 00:00:03.977
about how ions typically form,

00:00:03.977 --> 00:00:05.977
how they might form compounds

00:00:05.977 --> 00:00:08.597
and how we name those compounds.

00:00:08.597 --> 00:00:12.144
So let's start with
something in group one.

00:00:12.144 --> 00:00:15.221
In this first column, this
first column is often known

00:00:15.221 --> 00:00:17.436
as alkali metals.

00:00:17.436 --> 00:00:19.813
So let's start with potassium.

00:00:19.813 --> 00:00:23.014
K is the symbol for potassium.

00:00:23.014 --> 00:00:25.087
Now things in group one here,

00:00:25.087 --> 00:00:27.452
one way to think about
is their outermost shell

00:00:27.452 --> 00:00:29.455
has one electron in it.

00:00:29.455 --> 00:00:32.247
So they wouldn't mind
losing that electron.

00:00:32.247 --> 00:00:35.538
So when they ionize, they
tend to lose an electron

00:00:35.538 --> 00:00:38.538
and become a cation, a positive ion.

00:00:39.713 --> 00:00:43.880
And so let's look at a situation
where I have some potassium

00:00:44.794 --> 00:00:47.270
that has been ionized.

00:00:47.270 --> 00:00:49.174
I could write it just like this,

00:00:49.174 --> 00:00:51.032
we've seen that in previous videos

00:00:51.032 --> 00:00:54.404
and we can refer to this
just as a potassium ion,

00:00:54.404 --> 00:00:57.879
we could refer to this
as potassium one plus.

00:00:57.879 --> 00:01:01.629
We could refer to this
as a potassium cation.

00:01:02.709 --> 00:01:05.948
Now let's go on to the other
side of the periodic table.

00:01:05.948 --> 00:01:09.991
Things that would really
love to grab an electron.

00:01:09.991 --> 00:01:12.908
So things in group, in the halides,

00:01:14.330 --> 00:01:17.837
which is this column right over here.

00:01:17.837 --> 00:01:19.920
So these are the halides.

00:01:20.771 --> 00:01:23.778
They have seven electrons
in their outermost shell.

00:01:23.778 --> 00:01:25.639
They would love to have eight,

00:01:25.639 --> 00:01:29.153
so they tend to be really
good at grabbing electrons.

00:01:29.153 --> 00:01:31.905
And so let's say we're
dealing with chlorine,

00:01:31.905 --> 00:01:34.282
and chlorine is able to ionize.

00:01:34.282 --> 00:01:36.813
So it's able to grab an electron.

00:01:36.813 --> 00:01:39.788
When chlorine grabs an electron,

00:01:39.788 --> 00:01:42.754
it will be a negatively charged ion,

00:01:42.754 --> 00:01:46.464
so you could write it
as Chlorine one minus,

00:01:46.464 --> 00:01:50.189
but the way that we
generally refer to an anion,

00:01:50.189 --> 00:01:52.272
a negatively charged ion,

00:01:53.475 --> 00:01:56.812
instead of just calling
this the chlorine anion,

00:01:56.812 --> 00:01:59.425
we would call this chloride.

00:01:59.425 --> 00:02:02.592
So this we would refer to as Chloride.

00:02:05.691 --> 00:02:08.088
Now as you can imagine
with potassium having

00:02:08.088 --> 00:02:10.771
a positive one charge or one plus charge

00:02:10.771 --> 00:02:12.794
and this having a negative charge,

00:02:12.794 --> 00:02:14.692
they're going to be
attracted to each other

00:02:14.692 --> 00:02:18.665
and they can actually
form an ionic compound.

00:02:18.665 --> 00:02:22.192
The ionic compound they
would form, we would write

00:02:22.192 --> 00:02:25.643
as, you'd write your positive ion first

00:02:25.643 --> 00:02:28.722
and then you would
write your negative ion.

00:02:28.722 --> 00:02:32.115
And this right over
here would be described

00:02:32.115 --> 00:02:34.675
as potassium chloride.

00:02:34.675 --> 00:02:36.516
Let me write that down.

00:02:36.516 --> 00:02:39.016
Potassium, potassium chloride.

00:02:43.566 --> 00:02:46.024
Now you might be saying, "Well, I just,"

00:02:46.024 --> 00:02:48.442
Let me rewrite the whole thing.

00:02:48.442 --> 00:02:50.697
So you know the chloride
part, you say okay,

00:02:50.697 --> 00:02:52.038
this is going to be an anion

00:02:52.038 --> 00:02:54.497
because instead of writing chlorine

00:02:54.497 --> 00:02:56.466
which is the name of this element,

00:02:56.466 --> 00:02:58.710
I wrote this IDE at the end

00:02:58.710 --> 00:03:00.293
to say, "Hey, this is an anion,"

00:03:00.293 --> 00:03:04.836
so I know that this is the
chlorine anion, this is chloride,

00:03:04.836 --> 00:03:07.678
why didn't I do something
similar for potassium?

00:03:07.678 --> 00:03:09.355
Well, the way the convention works

00:03:09.355 --> 00:03:11.712
is if someone says potassium chloride,

00:03:11.712 --> 00:03:14.568
you know you're dealing
with an ionic compound

00:03:14.568 --> 00:03:16.864
and if the chlorine has
a negative one charge,

00:03:16.864 --> 00:03:17.908
an ionic compound,

00:03:17.908 --> 00:03:19.789
the whole thing is gonna be neutral.

00:03:19.789 --> 00:03:23.302
So if this one over here is one minus,

00:03:23.302 --> 00:03:26.978
then you know this over
here is just one-for-one,

00:03:26.978 --> 00:03:29.319
this is going to be one plus

00:03:29.319 --> 00:03:33.231
so you know that you're
dealing with a potassium cation

00:03:33.231 --> 00:03:37.398
and you could say and a chloride
ion or a chlorine anion.

00:03:38.467 --> 00:03:40.875
You could refer to it various ways,

00:03:40.875 --> 00:03:42.928
but this is potassium chloride.

00:03:42.928 --> 00:03:45.223
You have a positively charged potassium

00:03:45.223 --> 00:03:47.540
and you have a negatively
charged chlorine,

00:03:47.540 --> 00:03:50.047
which we would call a chloride.

00:03:50.047 --> 00:03:52.546
In the next few videos I'll
do many, many more examples

00:03:52.546 --> 00:03:56.713
of this and ones that will be
a little bit more complicated.


Naming ionic compound with polyvalent ion

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.184 --> 00:00:02.904
- [Instructor] So we have the
formula for an ionic compound

00:00:02.904 --> 00:00:04.777
here, and the goal of this video is

00:00:04.777 --> 00:00:06.771
what do we call this thing?

00:00:06.771 --> 00:00:10.164
It clearly involves some
cobalt and some sulfur,

00:00:10.164 --> 00:00:12.217
but how do we name it?

00:00:12.217 --> 00:00:16.120
Well, the convention is, is
the first element to be listed

00:00:16.120 --> 00:00:20.511
is going to be our cation,
and if we look at cobalt

00:00:20.511 --> 00:00:23.801
over here, we see that
it is a D-block element

00:00:23.801 --> 00:00:26.320
and D-block elements are
tricky because you don't know

00:00:26.320 --> 00:00:29.081
exactly how it will ionize.

00:00:29.081 --> 00:00:31.819
So we know that this is
going to be our cation,

00:00:31.819 --> 00:00:34.503
it's going to be our positive
ion, but we don't know

00:00:34.503 --> 00:00:36.734
what the charge on each of those cobalt

00:00:36.734 --> 00:00:39.049
is actually going to be.

00:00:39.049 --> 00:00:43.523
So now let's look at the anion,
let's look at the sulfur,

00:00:43.523 --> 00:00:45.856
or as an anion, the sulfide.

00:00:46.774 --> 00:00:48.857
So let me underline that.

00:00:49.896 --> 00:00:54.063
And on the periodic table,
we see sulfur is out here

00:00:55.602 --> 00:00:59.769
that in its group, it would
want to gain two electrons

00:01:00.974 --> 00:01:03.742
in order to have a complete outer shell.

00:01:03.742 --> 00:01:07.567
It's just like oxygen, it
wants to gain two electrons.

00:01:07.567 --> 00:01:10.984
So the sulfide anion will look like this.

00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:15.007
So it will have sulfur when it ionizes

00:01:16.520 --> 00:01:19.834
will have a two minus
charge, just like oxygen,

00:01:19.834 --> 00:01:21.582
just like everything else in this group.

00:01:21.582 --> 00:01:24.795
It would want to gain
one, two electrons so that

00:01:24.795 --> 00:01:28.378
its outer shell looks
like that of a noble gas,

00:01:28.378 --> 00:01:30.819
looks like that of argon.

00:01:30.819 --> 00:01:34.277
We can use this as a clue
to figure out what must be

00:01:34.277 --> 00:01:37.169
the charge on the cobalts because we have

00:01:37.169 --> 00:01:39.002
three of the sulfides.

00:01:40.693 --> 00:01:44.192
Each of the sulfides
has a two minus charge,

00:01:44.192 --> 00:01:47.368
and we have three of them,
so that's going to give us

00:01:47.368 --> 00:01:49.535
a six minus charge all in.

00:01:50.537 --> 00:01:52.204
And then the cobalt,

00:01:54.649 --> 00:01:56.316
we have two of them.

00:01:57.663 --> 00:02:01.253
And so these two cobalt have to offset

00:02:01.253 --> 00:02:03.575
this six minus charge.

00:02:03.575 --> 00:02:06.464
They have to have a six plus charge.

00:02:06.464 --> 00:02:08.336
Well that means that each of them need

00:02:08.336 --> 00:02:10.453
to have a three plus charge.

00:02:10.453 --> 00:02:13.670
If each of these have a three
plus charge and you have

00:02:13.670 --> 00:02:17.090
two of them, then you're gonna
have six plus on the positive

00:02:17.090 --> 00:02:20.506
side and you're gonna have
six minus from the sulfides.

00:02:20.506 --> 00:02:22.582
And the reason why this is useful for us

00:02:22.582 --> 00:02:24.582
is now we can name this.

00:02:27.054 --> 00:02:29.804
We would call this ionic compound

00:02:31.207 --> 00:02:32.124
Cobalt III,

00:02:34.266 --> 00:02:35.569
cobalt and you would write it

00:02:35.569 --> 00:02:39.319
with Roman numerals
here, Cobalt III Sulfide,

00:02:40.185 --> 00:02:41.768
Cobalt III Sulfide.

00:02:43.444 --> 00:02:44.785
Now I know what you might be thinking.

00:02:44.785 --> 00:02:46.738
Hey, when we looked at
other ionic compounds,

00:02:46.738 --> 00:02:51.011
I didn't have to write the
charge of the cation there

00:02:51.011 --> 00:02:55.178
and the reason why the
convention is to do it here, and

00:02:56.084 --> 00:02:58.430
I don't have to write in upper case there,

00:02:58.430 --> 00:03:01.151
so let me rewrite it as

00:03:01.151 --> 00:03:04.234
cobalt (III) sufide.

00:03:06.155 --> 00:03:09.010
The reason why I wrote
that three in this case

00:03:09.010 --> 00:03:12.841
is because the cobalt can
take on multiple charges.

00:03:12.841 --> 00:03:15.924
It's known as polyvalent, polyvalent.

00:03:18.460 --> 00:03:20.974
If something is in group one,
you know it tends to have

00:03:20.974 --> 00:03:22.234
a positive one charge.

00:03:22.234 --> 00:03:24.800
Group two tends to have
a positive two charge.

00:03:24.800 --> 00:03:27.541
If it's a halide, it tends to
have a negative one charge.

00:03:27.541 --> 00:03:31.092
But these metals here
in this D-block here,

00:03:31.092 --> 00:03:33.360
they could be ionized in multiple ways.

00:03:33.360 --> 00:03:35.637
And so that's why we have to
figure out what the charge

00:03:35.637 --> 00:03:38.402
of the cobalt is, and we
write it here in the name.

00:03:38.402 --> 00:03:42.027
We would call this cobalt (III) sulfide.

00:03:42.027 --> 00:03:46.753
You could have other ionizations
of cobalt in other ionic

00:03:46.753 --> 00:03:50.410
compounds, but this one
is cobalt (III) sulfide.

00:03:50.410 --> 00:03:51.347
And you could go either way.

00:03:51.347 --> 00:03:55.018
You could say, okay if the
cobalt has a charge of three plus

00:03:55.018 --> 00:03:57.011
you could figure out its
formula right over here,

00:03:57.011 --> 00:03:58.762
or as we just did in
this video, you could go

00:03:58.762 --> 00:04:01.762
from the formula to the actual name.


Introduction to ions

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.781 --> 00:00:01.878
- [Instructor] So my apologies.

00:00:01.878 --> 00:00:05.117
I just had a deviated
septum surgery yesterday.

00:00:05.117 --> 00:00:07.249
What we're going to
talk about in this video

00:00:07.249 --> 00:00:09.249
is the notion of an ion.

00:00:12.778 --> 00:00:14.823
So before we talk about ions

00:00:14.823 --> 00:00:18.132
we're just going to talk
about the idea of an element.

00:00:18.132 --> 00:00:22.552
For example, if I have
carbon, carbon is an element.

00:00:22.552 --> 00:00:25.504
And let's say I have one atom of carbon.

00:00:25.504 --> 00:00:28.697
What do we know about
that one atom of carbon?

00:00:28.697 --> 00:00:32.864
Well, by definition an atom
of carbon has six protons.

00:00:33.826 --> 00:00:36.743
So it's going to have six protons.

00:00:36.743 --> 00:00:38.438
And if it is neutral carbon

00:00:38.438 --> 00:00:41.700
it is going to have the
same number of electrons.

00:00:41.700 --> 00:00:45.007
It is going to have six electrons

00:00:45.007 --> 00:00:46.735
and that's what makes it neutral.

00:00:46.735 --> 00:00:48.144
You have the six positive charges

00:00:48.144 --> 00:00:50.561
and the six negative charges.

00:00:51.859 --> 00:00:54.526
Now you could have a carbon ion,

00:00:55.609 --> 00:00:57.571
although they aren't that typical.

00:00:57.571 --> 00:01:00.787
The way you get an ion
is if you don't have

00:01:00.787 --> 00:01:04.965
an equal amount of protons and electrons.

00:01:04.965 --> 00:01:08.132
So for example, if you had six protons

00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:15.007
and five electrons what would that be?

00:01:16.876 --> 00:01:18.725
Well, we still have six protons.

00:01:18.725 --> 00:01:21.590
And remember, protons are
what define what element

00:01:21.590 --> 00:01:22.753
we're dealing with.

00:01:22.753 --> 00:01:25.412
So we're still dealing with carbon,

00:01:25.412 --> 00:01:27.525
but now we have one more positive charge

00:01:27.525 --> 00:01:29.986
than we have a negative charge.

00:01:29.986 --> 00:01:32.924
So this will be carbon, you
can write it with a one plus

00:01:32.924 --> 00:01:37.338
charge like that or you could
even write it like this.

00:01:37.338 --> 00:01:41.057
And this you would just
view as a carbon atom.

00:01:41.057 --> 00:01:44.058
This you would now call an ion

00:01:44.058 --> 00:01:46.356
because it has that net charge.

00:01:46.356 --> 00:01:50.652
It has a different number
of protons and electrons.

00:01:50.652 --> 00:01:52.533
What if you were to go
the other way around?

00:01:52.533 --> 00:01:55.700
What if you were to have five protons,

00:01:57.061 --> 00:01:59.644
five protons and six electrons?

00:02:00.661 --> 00:02:02.712
What would this be?

00:02:02.712 --> 00:02:04.421
Well remember, protons define

00:02:04.421 --> 00:02:07.067
what element you're dealing with,

00:02:07.067 --> 00:02:11.376
so now if you look at what
element has five protons

00:02:11.376 --> 00:02:13.419
we're dealing with boron.

00:02:13.419 --> 00:02:15.880
So this is going to be boron.

00:02:15.880 --> 00:02:20.037
Neutral boron would have five
protons and five electrons.

00:02:20.037 --> 00:02:22.696
But this one has one extra electron,

00:02:22.696 --> 00:02:25.946
so it has one extra negative charge.

00:02:25.946 --> 00:02:28.985
So you can write it like this, one minus.

00:02:28.985 --> 00:02:31.717
Or you could just say it
has a negative charge.

00:02:31.717 --> 00:02:34.967
So this is a boron ion right over here.

00:02:36.379 --> 00:02:38.113
As soon as you have an imbalance

00:02:38.113 --> 00:02:40.772
between protons and
electrons you no longer would

00:02:40.772 --> 00:02:44.855
call it an atom, you would
call it an actual ion.

00:02:46.043 --> 00:02:50.555
Now let's do an example
question dealing with this.

00:02:50.555 --> 00:02:52.805
So our question tells us...

00:02:54.189 --> 00:02:57.689
Our question ... our question tells us ...

00:03:04.967 --> 00:03:09.449
An atom of platinum has
a mass number of 195.

00:03:09.449 --> 00:03:12.884
So let's just look up platinum
on our periodic table.

00:03:12.884 --> 00:03:17.051
Platinum is sitting right
over here if you can see it.

00:03:19.458 --> 00:03:22.313
So an atom of platinum
has a mass number of 195.

00:03:22.313 --> 00:03:25.796
And 195 looks pretty
close to that atomic mass

00:03:25.796 --> 00:03:27.526
we have there.

00:03:27.526 --> 00:03:29.943
And it contains 74 electrons.

00:03:30.893 --> 00:03:32.525
74 electrons.

00:03:32.525 --> 00:03:35.336
How many protons and
neutrons does it contain

00:03:35.336 --> 00:03:37.253
and what is its charge?

00:03:38.869 --> 00:03:42.551
Alright, so let's think
about this a little bit.

00:03:42.551 --> 00:03:45.914
So we're dealing with platinum.

00:03:45.914 --> 00:03:50.081
So by definition platinum has
78 protons, so we know that.

00:03:51.512 --> 00:03:53.012
It has 78 protons.

00:03:55.854 --> 00:03:59.695
They're telling us it has 74 electrons.

00:03:59.695 --> 00:04:00.778
74 electrons.

00:04:07.011 --> 00:04:09.340
So just from that we see
that we have four more

00:04:09.340 --> 00:04:11.257
protons than electrons.

00:04:12.201 --> 00:04:15.719
So you're going to have
a positive four charge.

00:04:15.719 --> 00:04:17.211
Four more of the positive thing

00:04:17.211 --> 00:04:19.538
than you have of the negative things.

00:04:19.538 --> 00:04:23.705
So you could write this as
platinum with a plus four charge.

00:04:26.040 --> 00:04:30.845
This is a platinum ion,
a positive platinum ion.

00:04:30.845 --> 00:04:34.167
The general term when we're
talking about a positive ion,

00:04:34.167 --> 00:04:36.584
we're talking about a cation.

00:04:37.498 --> 00:04:39.415
That is a positive ion.

00:04:43.513 --> 00:04:47.095
Up there when we talked
about boron being negative,

00:04:47.095 --> 00:04:49.845
a negative ion, that is an anion.

00:04:51.419 --> 00:04:52.627
This is just to get ourselves

00:04:52.627 --> 00:04:55.294
used to some of the terminology.

00:04:56.923 --> 00:04:59.303
But we're not done answering the question.

00:04:59.303 --> 00:05:03.911
They say an atom of platinum
has a mass number of 195

00:05:03.911 --> 00:05:06.257
and contains 74 electrons.

00:05:06.257 --> 00:05:09.760
How many protons and
neutrons does it contain

00:05:09.760 --> 00:05:10.982
and what is its charge?

00:05:10.982 --> 00:05:12.731
We figured out its charge.

00:05:12.731 --> 00:05:14.732
We know the protons.

00:05:14.732 --> 00:05:17.678
By definition platinum has 78 protons.

00:05:17.678 --> 00:05:20.743
But what about its neutrons?

00:05:20.743 --> 00:05:24.160
Well protons plus neutrons is going to be

00:05:27.975 --> 00:05:30.185
equal to our mass number.

00:05:30.185 --> 00:05:33.246
It's going to be equal to 195.

00:05:33.246 --> 00:05:37.822
So we have 78 protons plus
I'll say N for neutrons

00:05:37.822 --> 00:05:39.155
is equal to 195.

00:05:40.077 --> 00:05:44.440
Subtract 78 from both
sides and what do you get?

00:05:44.440 --> 00:05:47.773
The number of neutrons is equal to 1 ...

00:05:50.858 --> 00:05:54.191
let's see if I subtract 70 I'll get 125,

00:05:55.820 --> 00:05:58.487
minus eight I have 117 neutrons.

00:06:01.323 --> 00:06:03.990
So 117 neutrons, and we're done.

00:06:07.360 --> 00:06:11.435
But the big idea is, and we
say atom when we have the

00:06:11.435 --> 00:06:14.047
same number of electrons and protons,

00:06:14.047 --> 00:06:16.625
that's when we are neutral.

00:06:16.625 --> 00:06:18.634
But as soon as we become non-neutral,

00:06:18.634 --> 00:06:21.733
we have either more
electrons or more protons,

00:06:21.733 --> 00:06:23.591
and this is true of an atom or a molecule,

00:06:23.591 --> 00:06:26.563
we will then call it an ion.

00:06:26.563 --> 00:06:29.093
And if you wanna be a
little bit more specific,

00:06:29.093 --> 00:06:32.039
a positive ion is called a cation

00:06:32.039 --> 00:06:35.206
and a negative ion is called an anion.


Pre Columbian Americas

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.484 --> 00:00:02.447
- It is believed that the first humans

00:00:02.447 --> 00:00:05.882
settled North and South
America, or began to settle it,

00:00:05.882 --> 00:00:10.049
about 15 to 16,000 years ago
and the mainstream theory

00:00:11.509 --> 00:00:15.919
is that they came across
from northeast Asia,

00:00:15.919 --> 00:00:20.723
across the Bering Strait, during
the last glaciation period,

00:00:20.723 --> 00:00:24.909
when sea levels were lower
and there was a land bridge,

00:00:24.909 --> 00:00:28.704
the famous Bering Land Bridge
connecting the two continents

00:00:28.704 --> 00:00:31.045
and we have archeological
evidence of humans

00:00:31.045 --> 00:00:34.878
in southern Chile as
early as 14,500 years ago

00:00:36.134 --> 00:00:40.301
and as well in Florida as
early as 14,500 years ago.

00:00:41.457 --> 00:00:45.624
So humans had migrated into,
and settled in the Americas

00:00:46.819 --> 00:00:50.497
many, many, many thousands of years ago.

00:00:50.497 --> 00:00:52.842
And like other places in the world,

00:00:52.842 --> 00:00:56.263
they followed similar
development patterns.

00:00:56.263 --> 00:00:58.724
The first evidence we
have of the development

00:00:58.724 --> 00:01:02.745
of agriculture in the
Americas is about seven

00:01:02.745 --> 00:01:06.254
to eight or nine thousand years ago

00:01:06.254 --> 00:01:09.462
so once again, it coincides
with when agriculture,

00:01:09.462 --> 00:01:13.436
we believe, started to emerge
in other parts of the world.

00:01:13.436 --> 00:01:15.245
And the more archeological evidence

00:01:15.245 --> 00:01:17.327
we find, we'll probably find dates that go

00:01:17.327 --> 00:01:19.500
even further back than that, in fact,

00:01:19.500 --> 00:01:22.720
I've seen some that go eight,
nine thousand years ago.

00:01:22.720 --> 00:01:27.059
Now one misconception,
significant misconception,

00:01:27.059 --> 00:01:31.078
about the Americas is that
when the Europeans colonized,

00:01:31.078 --> 00:01:34.373
remember Columbus comes sailing in 1492,

00:01:34.373 --> 00:01:38.092
looking for the East Indies
and then he bumps into this,

00:01:38.092 --> 00:01:40.616
he actually doesn't bump
into the whole continent,

00:01:40.616 --> 00:01:43.130
he bumps into an island
that's close to the continent,

00:01:43.130 --> 00:01:45.345
but with that you start
having the beginning

00:01:45.345 --> 00:01:48.392
of the European colonization
of the Americas,

00:01:48.392 --> 00:01:51.501
roughly the last 500 years,
and one misconception

00:01:51.501 --> 00:01:54.234
that folks often have
is, well it was maybe

00:01:54.234 --> 00:01:58.307
sparsely populated, mainly by
hunter-gatherer nomadic people

00:01:58.307 --> 00:02:01.944
and nothing could be
further from the truth.

00:02:01.944 --> 00:02:05.743
The modern estimates of the
population of the Americas

00:02:05.743 --> 00:02:08.604
at the time of the European colonization,

00:02:08.604 --> 00:02:12.271
roughly around 1500 is
50-100 million people

00:02:17.425 --> 00:02:18.895
and to put that in perspective,

00:02:18.895 --> 00:02:23.105
so that's right around
there, that's about 10 to 20%

00:02:23.105 --> 00:02:25.529
of the world population at that time.

00:02:25.529 --> 00:02:27.128
The world population at that time

00:02:27.128 --> 00:02:31.770
was about 500 million people
and given that the Americas is

00:02:31.770 --> 00:02:35.937
about one third of the land,
if you don't count Antarctica,

00:02:37.800 --> 00:02:40.090
it's not that different
of a population density

00:02:40.090 --> 00:02:44.322
than the other continents,
and we have significant cities

00:02:44.322 --> 00:02:48.061
that were in place in
the pre-Columbian era,

00:02:48.061 --> 00:02:51.910
in the era before Columbus
and the European colonization.

00:02:51.910 --> 00:02:56.111
For example, you might
have heard of the Aztecs,

00:02:56.111 --> 00:02:59.501
this really, the core, the Mexica people,

00:02:59.501 --> 00:03:03.418
the Mexica tribe, in many
ways the foundations,

00:03:04.792 --> 00:03:08.792
of the Mexican people
pre-European colonization.

00:03:10.587 --> 00:03:14.061
You might also be familiar
with the Mayan civilization,

00:03:14.061 --> 00:03:18.039
one of the longest lasting
civilizations in, actually,

00:03:18.039 --> 00:03:21.132
in history, they're famous for
one of the earliest cultures

00:03:21.132 --> 00:03:24.575
where we have the hieroglyphics,
where we have writing.

00:03:24.575 --> 00:03:27.806
You're probably familiar
with the Inca Empire

00:03:27.806 --> 00:03:29.938
and yes, that is me on a recent trip

00:03:29.938 --> 00:03:31.887
and at the time of the Inca Empire

00:03:31.887 --> 00:03:35.130
it is believed that it was
possibly the largest empire

00:03:35.130 --> 00:03:39.610
on the earth at that time,
incredibly complex structures

00:03:39.610 --> 00:03:42.414
and social structures, they had.

00:03:42.414 --> 00:03:44.121
Now what's often less talked about

00:03:44.121 --> 00:03:47.104
are things like the Mississippian culture,

00:03:47.104 --> 00:03:50.673
which was in North
America right over here.

00:03:50.673 --> 00:03:53.249
The Mississippi River is named for them.

00:03:53.249 --> 00:03:55.576
This if their famous city of Cahokia

00:03:55.576 --> 00:03:58.348
near St. Louis and in there, in that peak,

00:03:58.348 --> 00:04:01.592
it would have 40,000 people in it.

00:04:01.592 --> 00:04:03.875
Around the world at that time,

00:04:03.875 --> 00:04:05.617
at the time of the Mississippian culture,

00:04:05.617 --> 00:04:07.390
there weren't many cities in the world

00:04:07.390 --> 00:04:10.818
that had 40,000 people,
so it wasn't these,

00:04:10.818 --> 00:04:13.984
just hunter-gatherers and
people who were nomadic,

00:04:13.984 --> 00:04:16.881
there were sophisticated civilizations,

00:04:16.881 --> 00:04:21.785
with sophisticated cultures
and dense population centers

00:04:21.785 --> 00:04:25.868
and it had also been in
place for a long time,

00:04:25.868 --> 00:04:29.256
similar, in timeframe, to
some of the great ancient

00:04:29.256 --> 00:04:31.763
civilizations that we see in Mesopotamia,

00:04:31.763 --> 00:04:34.346
the Indus Valley, and in China.

00:04:35.432 --> 00:04:38.805
For example, the oldest
civilization we know of,

00:04:38.805 --> 00:04:43.102
in Mesoamerica, is the Olmec civilization,

00:04:43.102 --> 00:04:47.064
right over here, here's a few
of their artifacts they have.

00:04:47.064 --> 00:04:50.897
If we go into the Andes,
near modern day Peru,

00:04:52.916 --> 00:04:57.269
we have the Chavin
culture, right over there.

00:04:57.269 --> 00:04:59.201
As you can see, a lot of these cultures,

00:04:59.201 --> 00:05:00.839
at least the ones that I'm putting here,

00:05:00.839 --> 00:05:03.081
and this is just a sample,
I'm sampling some around

00:05:03.081 --> 00:05:05.407
North America, some around Mesoamerica,

00:05:05.407 --> 00:05:09.734
and some in the Andes, and then
you can even go further back

00:05:09.734 --> 00:05:13.151
and you can go to the Caral civilization,

00:05:14.635 --> 00:05:17.895
and what's really interesting
about the Caral civilization

00:05:17.895 --> 00:05:21.073
is some archeologists call
this the first civilization

00:05:21.073 --> 00:05:23.215
and it's unclear whether they had,

00:05:23.215 --> 00:05:25.830
whether they farmed grains and cereals

00:05:25.830 --> 00:05:28.115
that we often associate
with civilizations, they use

00:05:28.115 --> 00:05:30.970
their surplus crops to have a
more specialized labor force,

00:05:30.970 --> 00:05:33.053
but they were a maritime
culture, even today

00:05:33.053 --> 00:05:36.841
the coast of Peru is a
significant source of all of the,

00:05:36.841 --> 00:05:39.245
or a good chunk of the
seafood in the world

00:05:39.245 --> 00:05:41.135
but a significant culture developed there,

00:05:41.135 --> 00:05:44.835
these are the remnants of their pyramids,

00:05:44.835 --> 00:05:49.601
and they developed, we believe,
in the 4th millennium BCE,

00:05:49.601 --> 00:05:51.267
so this is around the same time

00:05:51.267 --> 00:05:55.766
as when Egypt first got
unified around Menes, by Menes,

00:05:55.766 --> 00:05:59.599
or you have the first
Sumerians in Mesopotamia

00:06:00.552 --> 00:06:04.078
and as far back as them you
have these Quipus knots,

00:06:04.078 --> 00:06:07.653
which many archeologists
view as a form of writing,

00:06:07.653 --> 00:06:09.401
it was a form of record-keeping

00:06:09.401 --> 00:06:13.149
and it was even used
later on by the Incas.

00:06:13.149 --> 00:06:15.801
So the big take away here, is to challenge

00:06:15.801 --> 00:06:19.968
that misconception that the
Americas somehow were not as,

00:06:22.595 --> 00:06:26.244
has populations and civilizations
like everything else,

00:06:26.244 --> 00:06:27.784
it was only when the Europeans came in

00:06:27.784 --> 00:06:30.003
that all of that started to happen, no.

00:06:30.003 --> 00:06:32.074
Well before the Europeans came in,

00:06:32.074 --> 00:06:34.806
North and South America had been settled,

00:06:34.806 --> 00:06:37.236
agriculture developed
at a similar timescale,

00:06:37.236 --> 00:06:39.763
significant, complex civilizations,

00:06:39.763 --> 00:06:43.189
writing developed on a similar timescale,

00:06:43.189 --> 00:06:45.821
but once you have the
European colonization,

00:06:45.821 --> 00:06:47.598
some people say it was intentional,

00:06:47.598 --> 00:06:49.211
it was probably a
combination of intentional

00:06:49.211 --> 00:06:52.584
and just diseases that were
unfamiliar to the people here,

00:06:52.584 --> 00:06:56.751
within 150 years, that 50
to 100 million population,

00:06:57.652 --> 00:07:01.572
so now we're talking
about, roughly by 1650,

00:07:01.572 --> 00:07:04.360
so you move a little bit forward in time,

00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:07.944
the population had gone to
roughly six million people,

00:07:07.944 --> 00:07:10.078
some people refer it to a genocide,

00:07:10.078 --> 00:07:11.686
some people would say it's a combination

00:07:11.686 --> 00:07:13.911
of an intentional extermination of people

00:07:13.911 --> 00:07:17.744
plus just inadvertent
disease, whatever it is,

00:07:19.507 --> 00:07:22.174
this was the significant decline

00:07:23.054 --> 00:07:26.670
of a complex and diverse
set of populations.

00:07:26.670 --> 00:07:28.478
This is just a small sample

00:07:28.478 --> 00:07:31.015
of the major civilizations
that were there,

00:07:31.015 --> 00:07:34.650
you had thousands of tribes
across North and South America

00:07:34.650 --> 00:07:37.479
that had different cultures,
different languages,

00:07:37.479 --> 00:07:40.866
different traditions
and different religions.


Sanskrit connections to English

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.031 --> 00:00:02.635
- In the 18th century you start to have

00:00:02.635 --> 00:00:04.893
significant interaction between

00:00:04.893 --> 00:00:06.033
the English and the Indians,

00:00:06.033 --> 00:00:08.783
especially in the East Indian Company.

00:00:08.783 --> 00:00:09.616
And as part of that,

00:00:09.616 --> 00:00:11.381
you start to have Western scholars start

00:00:11.381 --> 00:00:14.597
to really study Sanskrit and the Vedas.

00:00:14.597 --> 00:00:16.389
And as they do these,

00:00:16.389 --> 00:00:18.280
it starts to really open up their mind

00:00:18.280 --> 00:00:20.735
not just to the roots of Sanskrit

00:00:20.735 --> 00:00:23.685
but also many of the Western languages

00:00:23.685 --> 00:00:25.779
including English itself.

00:00:25.779 --> 00:00:28.822
So, this is a quote in 1786

00:00:28.822 --> 00:00:30.647
by the English philologist,

00:00:30.647 --> 00:00:32.331
someone who studies written languages

00:00:32.331 --> 00:00:33.773
especially from historical sources,

00:00:33.773 --> 00:00:35.287
Sir William Jones.

00:00:35.287 --> 00:00:38.015
He wrote, “The Sanskrit language,

00:00:38.015 --> 00:00:40.035
whatever be its antiquity,

00:00:40.035 --> 00:00:41.450
is of wonderful structure.

00:00:41.450 --> 00:00:42.539
More perfect than the Greek,

00:00:42.539 --> 00:00:44.070
more copious than the Latin,

00:00:44.070 --> 00:00:46.746
and more exquisitely refine than either,

00:00:46.746 --> 00:00:50.368
yet bearing to both of
them a stronger affinity

00:00:50.368 --> 00:00:51.849
both in the roots of the verbs

00:00:51.849 --> 00:00:52.781
and in the forms of grammar,

00:00:52.781 --> 00:00:56.462
than could not possibly have
been produced by accident...”

00:00:56.462 --> 00:00:57.831
Let me underline that.

00:00:57.831 --> 00:01:00.632
“…than could not possibly have
been produced by accident.”

00:01:00.632 --> 00:01:02.418
So he says there’s a lot of commonality

00:01:02.418 --> 00:01:04.520
between the Sanskrit and Latin and Greek,

00:01:04.520 --> 00:01:06.251
and it’s a strong affinity,

00:01:06.251 --> 00:01:07.239
a strong connectedness

00:01:07.239 --> 00:01:09.522
that could not have produced by accident.

00:01:09.522 --> 00:01:10.454
So strong indeed,

00:01:10.454 --> 00:01:13.378
that no philologer could examine all three

00:01:13.378 --> 00:01:15.476
without believing them to have sprung

00:01:15.476 --> 00:01:17.497
from some common source."

00:01:17.497 --> 00:01:18.868
Let me underline that.

00:01:18.868 --> 00:01:20.647
“Without believing them to have sprung

00:01:20.647 --> 00:01:22.616
from some common source which,

00:01:22.616 --> 00:01:24.355
perhaps no longer exists;

00:01:24.355 --> 00:01:27.954
there is a similar reason
though not quit so forcible

00:01:27.954 --> 00:01:31.282
for supposing that both
the Gothic and the Celtic,

00:01:31.282 --> 00:01:33.648
though blended with a very different idiom

00:01:33.648 --> 00:01:35.882
had the same origin with the Sanskrit;

00:01:35.882 --> 00:01:39.369
and the old Persian might be
added to the same family.”

00:01:39.369 --> 00:01:41.774
And so when they started
to study the Vedas

00:01:41.774 --> 00:01:42.607
and look at the Sanskrit,

00:01:42.607 --> 00:01:43.647
they started to realize

00:01:43.647 --> 00:01:46.159
well maybe all of these
languages are connected.

00:01:46.159 --> 00:01:48.377
And now modern day philologists

00:01:48.377 --> 00:01:51.779
believe this very strongly
the more they have studied it.

00:01:51.779 --> 00:01:54.042
Based on the connections and the grammar

00:01:54.042 --> 00:01:56.807
and even the vocabulary and
the word structure themselves,

00:01:56.807 --> 00:02:00.334
they now theorize that a parent language

00:02:00.334 --> 00:02:02.626
of Sanskrit, Latin,

00:02:02.626 --> 00:02:04.801
and the Germanic languages

00:02:04.801 --> 00:02:06.165
and the Celtic languages

00:02:06.165 --> 00:02:08.925
recall a language today
called Proto-Indo–European,

00:02:08.925 --> 00:02:10.848
which is a lost language.

00:02:10.848 --> 00:02:14.236
But we think that Sanskrit
is one of the oldest…

00:02:14.236 --> 00:02:17.026
Is one of the oldest
evidences that we have

00:02:17.026 --> 00:02:20.109
of that Proto-Indo-European Language.

00:02:21.343 --> 00:02:24.040
Sanskrit as of course the parent language

00:02:24.040 --> 00:02:25.909
has evolved in different parts of Indian

00:02:25.909 --> 00:02:29.157
to languages like Hindi,
Bengali, and Punjabi.

00:02:29.157 --> 00:02:32.291
Latin, which is also a dead language now,

00:02:32.291 --> 00:02:34.521
has evolved into languages like

00:02:34.521 --> 00:02:36.796
Spanish, Italian, and French.

00:02:36.796 --> 00:02:38.090
And English

00:02:38.090 --> 00:02:40.947
which is considered a Germanic
language structurally,

00:02:40.947 --> 00:02:44.092
but has significant influence
from Latin and French,

00:02:44.092 --> 00:02:49.004
they all come from that same
Proto-Indo-European root.

00:02:49.004 --> 00:02:51.092
And just to get an appreciation

00:02:51.092 --> 00:02:53.498
for why these philologist believe this,

00:02:53.498 --> 00:02:55.451
and this is something when I first saw it,

00:02:55.451 --> 00:02:57.777
really blew my mind a little bit.

00:02:57.777 --> 00:03:00.776
I’ll show you some connections
between Sanskrit words,

00:03:00.776 --> 00:03:01.890
and those of you who might be

00:03:01.890 --> 00:03:04.013
Hindi, Bengali or Punjabi speakers,

00:03:04.013 --> 00:03:06.315
or any of these North
Indian languages in India,

00:03:06.315 --> 00:03:08.173
will see the connection to Sanskrit.

00:03:08.173 --> 00:03:09.464
But what’s amazing is

00:03:09.464 --> 00:03:12.480
how these words are connected to Latin

00:03:12.480 --> 00:03:15.080
and many of the languages
derived from Latin.

00:03:15.080 --> 00:03:16.289
Some of your Persian speakers

00:03:16.289 --> 00:03:17.756
might recognize some,

00:03:17.756 --> 00:03:19.148
some commonalities

00:03:19.148 --> 00:03:20.382
and, most importantly,

00:03:20.382 --> 00:03:21.517
the language that we
are speaking right now,

00:03:21.517 --> 00:03:23.513
how to relate it to English.

00:03:23.513 --> 00:03:27.440
And here is just a sample
of some Sanskrit words

00:03:27.440 --> 00:03:29.516
that have an eerie resemblance

00:03:29.516 --> 00:03:32.241
to both English and in
some cases Latin words.

00:03:32.241 --> 00:03:33.433
Or many cases Latin words.

00:03:33.433 --> 00:03:35.333
I’ve just given Latin in a few of them.

00:03:35.333 --> 00:03:37.891
So the Sanskrit matr,

00:03:37.891 --> 00:03:39.673
well in English we have mother

00:03:39.673 --> 00:03:41.325
and in Latin we have mater.

00:03:41.325 --> 00:03:43.887
And we also from Latin
in English via Latin,

00:03:43.887 --> 00:03:46.539
we have words like maternity and maternal

00:03:46.539 --> 00:03:49.546
all referring to the
same idea of motherhood.

00:03:49.546 --> 00:03:51.072
And this general trend,

00:03:51.072 --> 00:03:53.712
this t sound, matr or mater

00:03:53.712 --> 00:03:56.324
becoming of more of a tha sound in English

00:03:56.324 --> 00:03:57.281
and the Germanic languages

00:03:57.281 --> 00:03:59.340
is a trend you’ll see over and over again.

00:03:59.340 --> 00:04:01.645
In Sanskrit you have pithr,

00:04:01.645 --> 00:04:04.308
in Latin you have pater,

00:04:04.308 --> 00:04:06.782
and by way of Latin in modern English

00:04:06.782 --> 00:04:09.753
we have words like paternity and paternal.

00:04:09.753 --> 00:04:11.951
But going through the Germanic languages

00:04:11.951 --> 00:04:14.314
you have once again that tha sound

00:04:14.314 --> 00:04:16.055
becoming more of a tha sound.

00:04:16.055 --> 00:04:18.748
And you also see this
pattern as you go from

00:04:18.748 --> 00:04:20.569
this Proto-Indo-European,

00:04:20.569 --> 00:04:21.402
this theoretical language,

00:04:21.402 --> 00:04:24.599
and especially if you think
about relative to Sanskrit,

00:04:24.599 --> 00:04:26.816
that you have the sound going from

00:04:26.816 --> 00:04:29.730
a pa to a fa as you go to
the Germanic languages.

00:04:29.730 --> 00:04:33.412
So pithr becomes, you
could say it farther.

00:04:33.412 --> 00:04:34.379
And other words.

00:04:34.379 --> 00:04:37.870
Na in Sanskrit…and those of you who speak

00:04:37.870 --> 00:04:40.663
Hindi or Bengali would
recognize that of course,

00:04:40.663 --> 00:04:42.980
and in English it is no.

00:04:42.980 --> 00:04:44.498
Gau which is still,

00:04:44.498 --> 00:04:46.716
it’s a Hindi word for cow,

00:04:46.716 --> 00:04:48.162
in English it’s cow.

00:04:48.162 --> 00:04:49.454
Gau , cow.

00:04:49.454 --> 00:04:51.098
Naama,name.

00:04:51.098 --> 00:04:52.915
In Latin nomen.

00:04:52.915 --> 00:04:54.476
Dwar, door.

00:04:54.476 --> 00:04:56.210
This one I thought was really interesting.

00:04:56.210 --> 00:04:57.073
I didn’t know this until I started

00:04:57.073 --> 00:04:59.044
looking it up a little bit.

00:04:59.044 --> 00:05:02.711
Anamika is Sanskrit,
and it means anonymous.

00:05:04.003 --> 00:05:06.995
Kaal, which is referring
to time in Sanskrit

00:05:06.995 --> 00:05:09.965
and in modern Sanskrit drive languages

00:05:09.965 --> 00:05:11.365
like Hindi and Bengali

00:05:11.365 --> 00:05:14.052
it’s referring to references in time;

00:05:14.052 --> 00:05:15.209
tomorrow, yesterday.

00:05:15.209 --> 00:05:17.789
And in English you have calendar.

00:05:17.789 --> 00:05:20.140
Naas and in something like,

00:05:20.140 --> 00:05:24.145
in modern languages in the
sub-continent and you have naas,

00:05:24.145 --> 00:05:26.167
and in English you have nose.

00:05:26.167 --> 00:05:27.750
Loc in...in English

00:05:28.940 --> 00:05:30.926
you have the prefix loc,

00:05:30.926 --> 00:05:33.498
as in location or locate.

00:05:33.498 --> 00:05:35.361
And then this is of
course a very nice one,

00:05:35.361 --> 00:05:38.437
Sanskrit lubh, which means desire,

00:05:38.437 --> 00:05:41.867
well in English we have the word love.

00:05:41.867 --> 00:05:43.266
And this is just a sample,

00:05:43.266 --> 00:05:44.561
I encourage you to look it up more,

00:05:44.561 --> 00:05:46.757
you’ll be amazed by the connections

00:05:46.757 --> 00:05:48.771
between Sanskrit and English.

00:05:48.771 --> 00:05:50.137
And now I'm going to show you

00:05:50.137 --> 00:05:51.235
what I think is one of the coolest,

00:05:51.235 --> 00:05:53.643
because it isn’t just a
linguistic connection,

00:05:53.643 --> 00:05:55.087
but it is also a,

00:05:55.087 --> 00:05:57.974
I guess you could say
spiritual connection.

00:05:57.974 --> 00:05:59.724
And this is the names

00:06:00.633 --> 00:06:04.716
for the sky god from
several different traditions

00:06:05.579 --> 00:06:09.951
So in the Vedas they
make reference to a god,

00:06:09.951 --> 00:06:14.342
Dyauspithr, and it’s
literally referring to

00:06:14.342 --> 00:06:15.352
Dyaus,

00:06:15.352 --> 00:06:16.769
referring to sky.

00:06:17.847 --> 00:06:19.715
And we already talked about Pithr

00:06:19.715 --> 00:06:21.172
been the word for father.

00:06:21.172 --> 00:06:25.590
So it’s referring to
this idea of sky father.

00:06:25.590 --> 00:06:27.421
And some of you might be
getting goosebumps now

00:06:27.421 --> 00:06:29.516
when you see where this is going.

00:06:29.516 --> 00:06:32.415
Well, in Greek we have
a very similar word,

00:06:32.415 --> 00:06:34.055
instead of Dyaus we have Zeus

00:06:34.055 --> 00:06:35.506
and those are very similar words.

00:06:35.506 --> 00:06:36.423
The spelling might be different,

00:06:36.423 --> 00:06:38.036
but with the way it
comes out of your mouth

00:06:38.036 --> 00:06:39.555
is very similar.

00:06:39.555 --> 00:06:41.369
Dyaus, Dyaus,

00:06:41.369 --> 00:06:42.340
Zeus,

00:06:42.340 --> 00:06:44.117
instead of Pithr you have Pater,

00:06:44.117 --> 00:06:46.117
once again you have sky,

00:06:47.685 --> 00:06:49.352
you have sky father,

00:06:50.762 --> 00:06:52.907
sky father right over here.

00:06:52.907 --> 00:06:54.315
And this is another connection

00:06:54.315 --> 00:06:55.148
that blew my mind.

00:06:55.148 --> 00:06:56.873
It wasn’t obvious when I first saw it,

00:06:56.873 --> 00:06:58.611
but Jupiter from Latin,

00:06:58.611 --> 00:06:59.809
the Roman god,

00:06:59.809 --> 00:07:01.414
you could use Jupiter.

00:07:01.414 --> 00:07:04.293
This is once again instead
of Zeus you have Dyau,

00:07:04.293 --> 00:07:06.933
instead of Pater you have Pitr.

00:07:06.933 --> 00:07:09.860
So, instead of Dyauspitr you have Jupiter.

00:07:09.860 --> 00:07:12.010
Dyauspitr, Jupiter.

00:07:12.010 --> 00:07:13.794
These are very very similar words

00:07:13.794 --> 00:07:15.519
even though the spelling seems different,

00:07:15.519 --> 00:07:17.527
the way it comes out of your mouth

00:07:17.527 --> 00:07:20.334
is very very very very very close.

00:07:20.334 --> 00:07:23.465
And this is further
evidence for the closeness

00:07:23.465 --> 00:07:26.132
between Sanskrit, between Greek,

00:07:27.014 --> 00:07:29.181
and between Latin.

00:07:29.181 --> 00:07:32.040
So once again, we have sky father.

00:07:32.040 --> 00:07:33.478
And this of course an image of…

00:07:33.478 --> 00:07:35.745
well it’s hard to tell whether
that’s Jupiter or Zeus.

00:07:35.745 --> 00:07:37.406
I believe that is a picture of Jupiter.

00:07:37.406 --> 00:07:39.567
And what’s also interesting is,

00:07:39.567 --> 00:07:41.260
the Vedas sight

00:07:41.260 --> 00:07:42.093
Dyauspitr

00:07:43.309 --> 00:07:45.436
as the father of Indra.

00:07:45.436 --> 00:07:47.485
Who’s considered the King of the gods.

00:07:47.485 --> 00:07:48.925
One of the most significant,

00:07:48.925 --> 00:07:51.190
if not the most significant
god in Hinduism.

00:07:51.190 --> 00:07:52.675
And Indra is now in,

00:07:52.675 --> 00:07:54.326
especially in the Vedas,

00:07:54.326 --> 00:07:57.275
and this is the most spoken
about god in the Vedas,

00:07:57.275 --> 00:07:59.112
Has many of the of the qualities

00:07:59.112 --> 00:08:02.537
that we now in Greek and Roman traditions

00:08:02.537 --> 00:08:05.286
associate with Zeus and Jupiter.

00:08:05.286 --> 00:08:06.892
Indra is a sky god,

00:08:06.892 --> 00:08:08.175
throws bolts of lightning.

00:08:08.175 --> 00:08:12.152
Actually eerie similarity
with the Nordic god of Thor.

00:08:12.152 --> 00:08:16.367
Where Nordic people were
also Indo-European people.

00:08:16.367 --> 00:08:18.433
Where Indra he throws a hammer

00:08:18.433 --> 00:08:20.028
and he defeats these monsters.

00:08:20.028 --> 00:08:22.540
And all of these things,
very similar to Thor.

00:08:22.540 --> 00:08:23.781
So hopefully these…

00:08:23.781 --> 00:08:24.838
You know when I first learn this,

00:08:24.838 --> 00:08:27.618
it just kind of made me realize
how connected the world is,

00:08:27.618 --> 00:08:29.734
and it started to make me
start to look for patterns

00:08:29.734 --> 00:08:31.215
where I hadn’t seen them before.

00:08:31.215 --> 00:08:35.007
And it really shows
how these civilizations

00:08:35.007 --> 00:08:37.340
that seemed very unconnected

00:08:38.637 --> 00:08:39.511
might have,

00:08:39.511 --> 00:08:41.165
and probably we do believe

00:08:41.165 --> 00:08:44.088
emerged and (mumbles)

00:08:44.088 --> 00:08:46.393
emerged from the same place.

00:08:46.393 --> 00:08:49.524
Modern philologists and historian

00:08:49.524 --> 00:08:51.704
believe that this Proto-Indo-European

00:08:51.704 --> 00:08:54.547
might have been spoken by
people in the Caucuses.

00:08:54.547 --> 00:08:57.828
The word Caucasian is referring
really to these people

00:08:57.828 --> 00:08:59.864
from that Caucuses area there,

00:08:59.864 --> 00:09:01.028
but we don’t know for sure.

00:09:01.028 --> 00:09:03.595
And we believe that they migrated out.

00:09:03.595 --> 00:09:06.602
And so when we talk
about the Germanic tribes

00:09:06.602 --> 00:09:07.671
going into Northern Europe.

00:09:07.671 --> 00:09:09.463
The Celtic tribes going into,

00:09:09.463 --> 00:09:12.886
I guess you could say
North South Central Europe.

00:09:12.886 --> 00:09:14.918
You could talk about the Italic,

00:09:14.918 --> 00:09:16.094
the Latin tribes,

00:09:16.094 --> 00:09:18.076
you could talk about the Greek tribes,

00:09:18.076 --> 00:09:19.649
and you could also talk about the In…

00:09:19.649 --> 00:09:22.022
you could also talk
about Indo-Aryan tribes

00:09:22.022 --> 00:09:24.298
which eventually would settle into Persia

00:09:24.298 --> 00:09:25.662
and into Northern India.

00:09:25.662 --> 00:09:28.579
These we believe are all connected.