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For these applications , the fabrication of photo - active graphene through appropriate chemical functionalization strategies is essential as pristine graphene has zero bandgap and only weak absorption of photons .
 Chemical: graphene; Chemical: graphene
Please list all entity words in the text that fit the category.Output format is "type1: word1; type2: word2". 
Option: Chemical 
Text: {0} 
Answer:
 Chemical: graphene; Chemical: graphene