1460
In order to prevent this defect , pre-process treatment such as preheating of the substrate needs to be considered .
 concept or principle: defect; material: as; material: substrate; material: be
Please list all entity words in the text that fit the category.Output format is "type1: word1; type2: word2". 
Option: manufacturing standard, machanical property, manufacturing process, material, engineering feature, process parameter, machine or equipment, application, process characterization, enabling technology, biomedical, concept or principle 
Text: {0} 
Answer:
 concept or principle: defect; material: as; material: substrate; material: be