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The mechanism and kinetics of these processes are studied here using a combination of in situ high - temperature optical spectroscopy ; ex situ characterization of the island shape by high - resolution scanning electron microscopy ( HRSEM ) , atomic force microcopy ( AFM ) and cross - sectional transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) ; and numerical simulations of transmission spectra using the Multiple Multipole Program ( MMP ) approach .
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Please list all entity words in the text that fit the category.Output format is "type1: word1; type2: word2". 
Option: Chemical 
Text: {0} 
Answer:
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