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This paper presents a framework for DfAM methods and tools , subdivided into three distinct stages of product development : AM process selection , product redesign for functionality enhancement , and product optimization for the AM process chosen .
 concept or principle: framework; machine or equipment: tools; concept or principle: product development; manufacturing process: AM process; concept or principle: product optimization; manufacturing process: AM process
Please list all entity words in the text that fit the category.Output format is "type1: word1; type2: word2". 
Option: manufacturing standard, machanical property, manufacturing process, material, engineering feature, process parameter, machine or equipment, application, process characterization, enabling technology, biomedical, concept or principle 
Text: {0} 
Answer:
 concept or principle: framework; machine or equipment: tools; concept or principle: product development; manufacturing process: AM process; concept or principle: product optimization; manufacturing process: AM process