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The thermal expansion and the shrinkage of solid material during heating and cooling and the stress formation within the solid material are also modelled .
 thermal expansion, shrinkage, material, heating, cooling, stress, material
Please list all entity words in the text that fit the category. Output format is "word1, word2". 
Option: manufacturing standard, machanical property, manufacturing process, material, engineering feature, process parameter, machine or equipment, application, process characterization, enabling technology, biomedical, concept or principle 
Text: {0} 
Answer:
 thermal expansion, shrinkage, material, heating, cooling, stress, material