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In this study , stainless steel 316L ( SS316L ) - 431 ( SS431 ) graded material with the SS316L content ranging from 0 to 100 wt. % was fabricated by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing .
 stainless steel, material, fabricated, directed energy deposition additive manufacturing
Please list all entity words in the text that fit the category. Output format is "word1, word2". 
Option: manufacturing standard, machanical property, manufacturing process, material, engineering feature, process parameter, machine or equipment, application, process characterization, enabling technology, biomedical, concept or principle 
Text: {0} 
Answer:
 stainless steel, material, fabricated, directed energy deposition additive manufacturing