{"text": "Typical examples are Bulgarian ( Simov et al. , 2005 ; Simov and Osenova , 2003 ) , Chinese ( Chen et al. , 2003 ) , Danish ( Kromann , 2003 ) , and Swedish ( Nilsson et al. , 2005 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-2933", "cited_paper_id": "External_18690", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2003, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "practical annotation scheme for an hpsg treebank of bulgarian in", "cited_author_ids": ["K Simov", "P Osenova"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "If we start by considering languages with a labeled attachment score of 85 % or higher , they are characterized by high precision and recall for root nodes , typically 95/90 , and by a graceful degradation of attachment score as arcs grow longer , typically 95 -- 90 -- 85 , for arcs of length 1 , 2 and 3 -- 6 . Typical examples are Bulgarian ( Simov et al. , 2005 ; Simov and Osenova , 2003 ) , Chinese ( Chen et al. , 2003 ) , Danish ( Kromann , 2003 ) , and Swedish ( Nilsson et al. , 2005 ) . Japanese ( Kawata and Bartels , 2000 ) , despite a very high accuracy , is different in that attachment score drops from 98 % to 85 % , as we go from length 1 to 2 , which may have something to do with the data consisting of transcribed speech with very short utterances .", "section_number": 5, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [55, 79], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Typical", "lemma": "typical", "after": " ", "pos": "JJ", "characterOffsetEnd": 490, "segment_span": [0, 43], "characterOffsetBegin": 483, "originalText": "Typical", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "examples", "lemma": "example", "after": " ", "pos": "NNS", "characterOffsetEnd": 499, "segment_span": [0, 43], "characterOffsetBegin": 491, "originalText": "examples", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "are", "lemma": "be", "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "characterOffsetEnd": 503, "segment_span": [0, 43], "characterOffsetBegin": 500, "originalText": 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{"text": "These observations and this line of reasoning has not escaped the attention of theoretical linguists : Hale and Keyser ( 1993 ) propose that argument structure is , in fact , encoded syntactically .", "citing_paper_id": "N04-2004", "cited_paper_id": "External_29663", "citing_paper_year": 2004, "cited_paper_year": 1993, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "on argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations", "cited_author_ids": ["Kenneth Hale", "Samuel Jay Keyser"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Often , however , these functional elements responsible for licensing event interpretations are not phonologically realized . These observations and this line of reasoning has not escaped the attention of theoretical linguists : Hale and Keyser ( 1993 ) propose that argument structure is , in fact , encoded syntactically . 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{"text": "While IA is generally thought to be consistent with findings on human language production ( Hermann and Deutsch 1976 ; Levelt 1989 ; Pechmann 1989 ; Sonnenschein 1982 ) , the hypothesis that incrementality is a good model of human GRE seems unfalsifiable until a preference order is specified for the properties on which it operates .", "citing_paper_id": "J06-2002", "cited_paper_id": "External_3883", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 1976, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "psychologie der objektbenennung", "cited_author_ids": ["Tony Hermann", "Roland Deutsch"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "While IA is generally thought to be consistent with findings on human language production ( Hermann and Deutsch 1976 ; Levelt 1989 ; Pechmann 1989 ; Sonnenschein 1982 ) , the hypothesis that incrementality is a good model of human GRE seems unfalsifiable until a preference order is specified for the properties on which it operates . 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{"text": "Arabic has two kinds of plurals : broken plurals and sound plurals ( Wightwick and Gaafar , 1998 ; Chen and Gey , 2002 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W05-0709", "cited_paper_id": "External_55196", "citing_paper_year": 2005, "cited_paper_year": 2002, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "building an arabic stemmer for information retrieval", "cited_author_ids": ["Aitao Chen", "Fredic Gey"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Also , the prepositions ( i.e. , and ) not be considered a part of the mention . Arabic has two kinds of plurals : broken plurals and sound plurals ( Wightwick and Gaafar , 1998 ; Chen and Gey , 2002 ) . 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{"text": "Secondly , as ( Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) show , marginalizing out the different segmentations during decoding leads to improved performance .", "citing_paper_id": "D08-1066", "cited_paper_id": "P08-1024", "citing_paper_year": 2008, "cited_paper_year": 2008, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a discriminative latent variable model for statistical machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["P Blunsom", "T Cohn", "M Osborne"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Firstly , we plan to explore our estimator on other language pairs in order to obtain more evidence on its behavior . Secondly , as ( Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) show , marginalizing out the different segmentations during decoding leads to improved performance . 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{"text": "Nivre ( 2008 ) reports experiments on Arabic parsing using his MaltParser ( Nivre et al. 2007 ) , trained on the PADT .", "citing_paper_id": "J13-1008", "cited_paper_id": "External_2259", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2007, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "atanas chanev gulsen eryigit sandra kubler svetoslav marinov and erwin marsi", "cited_author_ids": ["Joakim Nivre", "Johan Hall", "Jens Nilsson"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Recently , Green and Manning ( 2010 ) analyzed the PATB for annotation consistency , and introduced an enhanced split-state constituency grammar , including labels for short idafa constructions and verbal or equational clauses . Nivre ( 2008 ) reports experiments on Arabic parsing using his MaltParser ( Nivre et al. 2007 ) , trained on the PADT . 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{"text": "More recently , ( Sebastiani , 2002 ) has performed a good survey of document categorization ; recent works can also be found in ( Joachims , 2002 ) , ( Crammer and Singer , 2003 ) , and ( Lewis et al. , 2004 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W04-1610", "cited_paper_id": "External_9370", "citing_paper_year": 2004, "cited_paper_year": 2002, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "learning to classify text using svm", "cited_author_ids": ["T Joachims"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "A good study comparing document categorization algorithms can be found in ( Yang and Liu , 1999 ) . More recently , ( Sebastiani , 2002 ) has performed a good survey of document categorization ; recent works can also be found in ( Joachims , 2002 ) , ( Crammer and Singer , 2003 ) , and ( Lewis et al. , 2004 ) . Concerning Arabic , one automatic categorizer has been reported to have been put under operational use to classify Arabic documents ; it is referred to as `` Sakhr 's categorizer '' ( Sakhr , 2004 ) .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [131, 146], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "More", "lemma": "more", "after": " ", "pos": "RBR", "characterOffsetEnd": 640, "segment_span": [0, 17], "characterOffsetBegin": 636, "originalText": "More", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "recently", "lemma": "recently", "after": "", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 649, "segment_span": [0, 17], "characterOffsetBegin": 641, "originalText": "recently", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 650, "segment_span": [0, 17], "characterOffsetBegin": 649, "originalText": ",", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 4, "word": "(", "lemma": "-lrb-", "after": 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{"text": "This includes work on question answering ( Wang et al. , 2007 ) , sentiment analysis ( Nakagawa et al. , 2010 ) , MT reordering ( Xu et al. , 2009 ) , and many other tasks .", "citing_paper_id": "D11-1138", "cited_paper_id": "D07-1003", "citing_paper_year": 2011, "cited_paper_year": 2007, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "what is the jeopardy model a quasisynchronous grammar for qa", "cited_author_ids": ["M Wang", "N A Smith", "T Mitamura"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The accuracy and speed of state-of-the-art dependency parsers has motivated a resumed interest in utilizing the output of parsing as an input to many downstream natural language processing tasks . This includes work on question answering ( Wang et al. , 2007 ) , sentiment analysis ( Nakagawa et al. , 2010 ) , MT reordering ( Xu et al. , 2009 ) , and many other tasks . 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{"text": "Our knowledge extractors rely extensively on MetaMap ( Aronson 2001 ) , a system for identifying segments of text that correspond to concepts in the UMLS Metathesaurus .", "citing_paper_id": "J07-1005", "cited_paper_id": "External_2736", "citing_paper_year": 2007, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "effective mapping of biomedical text to the umls metathesaurus the metamap program", "cited_author_ids": ["Alan R Aronson"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Each individual PICO extractor takes as input the abstract text of a MEDLINE citation and identifies the relevant elements : Outcomes are complete sentences , while population , problems , and interventions are short noun phrases . Our knowledge extractors rely extensively on MetaMap ( Aronson 2001 ) , a system for identifying segments of text that correspond to concepts in the UMLS Metathesaurus . 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{"text": "We study the cases where a 9Recall that even the Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) system , built on the world 's largest corpus , achieves only 34 % recall ( Table 1 ) ( with only 48 % of positives and 27 % of all pairs previously observed , but see Footnote 5 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D08-1007", "cited_paper_id": "J03-3005", "citing_paper_year": 2008, "cited_paper_year": 2003, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "using the web to obtain frequencies for unseen bigrams", "cited_author_ids": ["Frank Keller", "Mirella Lapata"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Finally , we evaluate DSP on a common application of selectional preferences : choosing the correct antecedent for pronouns in text ( Dagan and Itai , 1990 ; Kehler et al. , 2004 ) . We study the cases where a 9Recall that even the Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) system , built on the world 's largest corpus , achieves only 34 % recall ( Table 1 ) ( with only 48 % of positives and 27 % of all pairs previously observed , but see Footnote 5 ) . pronoun is the direct object of a verb predicate , v .", "section_number": 5, "section_title": null, "intent": 2, "cite_marker_offset": [49, 75], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "We", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 177, "segment_span": [0, 56], "characterOffsetBegin": 175, "originalText": "We", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "study", "characterOffsetEnd": 183, "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "is_root": true, "lemma": "study", "segment_span": [0, 56], "tense": "P", "characterOffsetBegin": 178, "originalText": "study", "ArgType": "verb", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "the", "lemma": "the", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 187, "segment_span": [0, 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{"text": "Inspired by ( Blunsom et al. , 2009 ) and ( Cohn and Blunsom , 2009 ) , we define P ( str | frag ) as follows : where csw is the number of words in the source string .", "citing_paper_id": "Q13-1020", "cited_paper_id": "D09-1037", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2009, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a bayesian model of syntaxdirected tree to string grammar induction", "cited_author_ids": ["Trevor Cohn", "Phil Blunsom"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "generating the source string , which contains several source words and variables . Inspired by ( Blunsom et al. , 2009 ) and ( Cohn and Blunsom , 2009 ) , we define P ( str | frag ) as follows : where csw is the number of words in the source string . ™ s means the source vocabulary set .", "section_number": 5, "section_title": null, "intent": 4, "cite_marker_offset": [44, 67], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Inspired", "characterOffsetEnd": 89, "after": " ", "pos": "VBN", "is_root": true, "lemma": "inspire", "segment_span": [0, 17], "tense": "N", "characterOffsetBegin": 81, "originalText": "Inspired", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "by", "lemma": "by", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 92, "segment_span": [0, 17], "characterOffsetBegin": 90, "originalText": "by", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "(", "lemma": "-lrb-", "after": "", "pos": "-LRB-", "characterOffsetEnd": 94, "segment_span": [0, 17], "characterOffsetBegin": 93, "originalText": "(", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": 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{"text": "Inspired by ( Blunsom et al. , 2009 ) and ( Cohn and Blunsom , 2009 ) , we define P ( str | frag ) as follows : where csw is the number of words in the source string .", "citing_paper_id": "Q13-1020", "cited_paper_id": "P09-1088", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2009, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a gibbs sampler for phrasal synchronous grammar induction", "cited_author_ids": ["Phil Blunsom", "Trevor Cohn", "Chris Dyer", "Miles Osborne"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "generating the source string , which contains several source words and variables . 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{"text": "Some previous works ( Bannard and Callison-Burch , 2005 ; Zhao et al. , 2009 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) indicate , as main limitations of the mentioned resources , their limited coverage , their low precision , and the fact that they are mostly suitable to capture relations mainly between single words .", "citing_paper_id": "P11-1134", "cited_paper_id": "External_13191", "citing_paper_year": 2011, "cited_paper_year": 2009, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "extracting paraphrase patterns from bilingual parallel corpora", "cited_author_ids": ["Shiqi Zhao", "Haifeng Wang", "Ting Liu", "Sheng Li"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "As emerges from the ablation tests reported in ( Bentivogli et al. , 2010 ) , even the most common resources proved to have a positive impact on some systems and a negative impact on others . Some previous works ( Bannard and Callison-Burch , 2005 ; Zhao et al. , 2009 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) indicate , as main limitations of the mentioned resources , their limited coverage , their low precision , and the fact that they are mostly suitable to capture relations mainly between single words . 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{"text": "Similarly , Cowan and Collins ( 2005 ) report that the use of a subset of Spanish morphological features ( number for adjectives , determiners , nouns , pronouns , and verbs ; and mode for verbs ) outperforms other combinations .", "citing_paper_id": "J13-1008", "cited_paper_id": "H05-1100", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2005, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "morphology and reranking for the statistical parsing of spanish", "cited_author_ids": ["Brooke Cowan", "Michael Collins"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "This may be due to CASE tagging having a lower error rate in Czech ( 5.0 % ) ( Hajiˇc and Vidová-Hladká 1998 ) compared with Arabic ( ≈ 14.0 % , see Table 3 ) . Similarly , Cowan and Collins ( 2005 ) report that the use of a subset of Spanish morphological features ( number for adjectives , determiners , nouns , pronouns , and verbs ; and mode for verbs ) outperforms other combinations . 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{"text": "To solve these scaling issues , we implement Online Variational Bayesian Inference ( Hoffman et al. , 2010 ; Hoffman et al. , 2012 ) for our models .", "citing_paper_id": "D13-1115", "cited_paper_id": "External_14809", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2010, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "online learning for latent dirichlet allocation", "cited_author_ids": ["Matthew Hoffman", "David M Blei", "Francis Bach"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Prior work using mLDA has used Gibbs Sampling to approximate the posterior , but we found this method did not scale with larger values of K , especially when applied to the relatively large deWaC corpus . To solve these scaling issues , we implement Online Variational Bayesian Inference ( Hoffman et al. , 2010 ; Hoffman et al. , 2012 ) for our models . 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{"text": "Other studies which view lR as a query generation process include Maron and Kuhns , 1960 ; Hiemstra and Kraaij , 1999 ; Ponte and Croft , 1998 ; Miller et al , 1999 .", "citing_paper_id": "W00-1312", "cited_paper_id": "External_24243", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1960, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "on relevance probabilistic indexing and information retrievalquot", "cited_author_ids": ["M E Maron", "K L Kuhns"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Other studies which view lR as a query generation process include Maron and Kuhns , 1960 ; Hiemstra and Kraaij , 1999 ; Ponte and Croft , 1998 ; Miller et al , 1999 . 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{"text": "As a result , researchers have re-adopted the once-popular knowledge-rich approach , investigating a variety of semantic knowledge sources for common noun resolution , such as the semantic relations between two NPs ( e.g. , Ji et al. ( 2005 ) ) , their semantic similarity as computed using WordNet ( e.g. , Poesio et al. ( 2004 ) ) or Wikipedia ( Ponzetto and Strube , 2006 ) , and the contextual role played by an NP ( see Bean and Riloff ( 2004 ) ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P07-1068", "cited_paper_id": "N06-1025", "citing_paper_year": 2007, "cited_paper_year": 2006, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "exploiting semantic role labeling wordnet and wikipedia for coreference resolution", "cited_author_ids": ["S P Ponzetto", "M Strube"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In fact , semantics plays a crucially important role in the resolution of common NPs , allowing us to identify the coreference relation between two lexically dissimilar common nouns ( e.g. , talks and negotiations ) and to eliminate George W. Bush from the list of candidate antecedents of the city , for instance . As a result , researchers have re-adopted the once-popular knowledge-rich approach , investigating a variety of semantic knowledge sources for common noun resolution , such as the semantic relations between two NPs ( e.g. , Ji et al. ( 2005 ) ) , their semantic similarity as computed using WordNet ( e.g. , Poesio et al. ( 2004 ) ) or Wikipedia ( Ponzetto and Strube , 2006 ) , and the contextual role played by an NP ( see Bean and Riloff ( 2004 ) ) . Another type of semantic knowledge that has been employed by coreference resolvers is the semantic class ( SC ) of an NP , which can be used to disallow coreference between semantically incompatible NPs .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [348, 374], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "As", "lemma": "as", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 932, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 930, "originalText": "As", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "a", "lemma": "a", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 934, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 933, "originalText": "a", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "result", "lemma": "result", "after": "", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 941, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 935, "originalText": "result", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": 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( 2005 ) ) , their semantic similarity as computed using WordNet ( e.g. , Poesio et al. ( 2004 ) ) or Wikipedia ( @@CITATION ) , and the contextual role played by an NP ( see Bean and Riloff ( 2004 ) ) .", "citation_id": "P07-1068_15", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "introduction"}
{"text": "There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ -", "citing_paper_id": "W01-1510", "cited_paper_id": "External_325", "citing_paper_year": 2001, "cited_paper_year": 1998, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "twostep tag parsing revisited", "cited_author_ids": ["Peter Poller", "Tilman Becker"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Strongly equivalent grammars enable the sharing of ideas developed in each formalism . There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ - 1In this paper , we use the term LTAG to refer to FBLTAG , if not confusing .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [53, 77], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "There", "lemma": "there", "after": " ", "pos": "EX", "characterOffsetEnd": 888, "segment_span": [0, 43], "characterOffsetBegin": 883, "originalText": "There", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "have", "lemma": "have", "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "characterOffsetEnd": 893, "segment_span": [0, 43], "characterOffsetBegin": 889, "originalText": "have", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "been", "lemma": "be", "after": " ", "pos": "VBN", "characterOffsetEnd": 898, "segment_span": [0, 43], "characterOffsetBegin": 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{"text": "An example of this is the estimation of maximum entropy models , from simple iterative estimation algorithms used by Ratnaparkhi ( 1998 ) that converge very slowly , to complex techniques from the optimisation literature that converge much more rapidly ( Malouf , 2002 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W03-0806", "cited_paper_id": "W02-2018", "citing_paper_year": 2003, "cited_paper_year": 2002, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a comparison of algorithms for maximum entropy parameter estimation", "cited_author_ids": ["Robert Malouf"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "However , it will be increasingly important as techniques become more complex and corpus sizes grow . An example of this is the estimation of maximum entropy models , from simple iterative estimation algorithms used by Ratnaparkhi ( 1998 ) that converge very slowly , to complex techniques from the optimisation literature that converge much more rapidly ( Malouf , 2002 ) . Other attempts to address efficiency include the fast Transformation Based Learning ( TBL ) Toolkit ( Ngai and Florian , 2001 ) which dramatically speeds up training TBL systems , and the translation of TBL rules into finite state machines for very fast tagging ( Roche and Schabes , 1997 ) .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [255, 268], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "An", "lemma": "a", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 1527, "segment_span": [0, 23], "characterOffsetBegin": 1525, "originalText": "An", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "example", "lemma": "example", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1535, "segment_span": [0, 23], "characterOffsetBegin": 1528, "originalText": "example", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "of", "lemma": "of", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1538, "segment_span": [0, 23], "characterOffsetBegin": 1536, 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{"text": "For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W02-1601", "cited_paper_id": "External_76424", "citing_paper_year": 2002, "cited_paper_year": 1991, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "examplebased machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["S Sato"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Due to these limitations , instead of investigating into the synchronization of two grammars , we propose a flexible annotation schema ( i.e. Synchronous Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( S-SSTC ) ) to realize additional power and flexibility in expressing structural correspondences at the level of language sentence pairs . For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .", "section_number": 4, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [406, 417], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "For", "lemma": "for", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 328, "segment_span": [0, 108], "characterOffsetBegin": 325, "originalText": "For", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "example", "lemma": "example", "after": "", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 336, "segment_span": [0, 108], "characterOffsetBegin": 329, "originalText": "example", 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al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( @@CITATION ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .", "citation_id": "W02-1601_23", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": null}
{"text": "Later works , such as Atallah et al. ( 2001a ) , Bolshakov ( 2004 ) , Taskiran et al. ( 2006 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006b ) , further made use of part-ofspeech taggers and electronic dictionaries , such as WordNet and VerbNet , to increase the robustness of the method .", "citing_paper_id": "N10-1084", "cited_paper_id": "External_36166", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "natural language processing for information assurance and security an overview and implementations", "cited_author_ids": ["Mikhail J Atallah", "Craig J McDonough", "Victor Raskin", "Sergei Nirenburg"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The first lexical substitution method was proposed by Chapman and Davida ( 1997 ) . Later works , such as Atallah et al. ( 2001a ) , Bolshakov ( 2004 ) , Taskiran et al. ( 2006 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006b ) , further made use of part-ofspeech taggers and electronic dictionaries , such as WordNet and VerbNet , to increase the robustness of the method . Taskiran et al. 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( 2006 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006b ) , further made use of part-ofspeech taggers and electronic dictionaries , such as WordNet and VerbNet , to increase the robustness of the method .", "citation_id": "N10-1084_0", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "related work"}
{"text": "results are based on a corpus of movie subtitles ( Tiedemann 2007 ) , and are consequently shorter sentences , whereas the En → Es results are based on a corpus of parliamentary proceedings ( Koehn 2005 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J10-3007", "cited_paper_id": "External_527", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2005, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "europarl a parallel corpus for statistical machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["Philipp Koehn"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Horizontal axis : average number of transferred edges per sentence . results are based on a corpus of movie subtitles ( Tiedemann 2007 ) , and are consequently shorter sentences , whereas the En → Es results are based on a corpus of parliamentary proceedings ( Koehn 2005 ) . 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{"text": "We work with a semi-technical text on meteorological phenomena ( Larrick , 1961 ) , meant for primary school students .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-3813", "cited_paper_id": "External_15779", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 1961, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "junior science book of", "cited_author_ids": ["Nancy Larrick"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "We work with a semi-technical text on meteorological phenomena ( Larrick , 1961 ) , meant for primary school students . 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{"text": "The candidate feature templates include : Voice from Sun and Jurafsky ( 2004 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D08-1034", "cited_paper_id": "N04-1032", "citing_paper_year": 2008, "cited_paper_year": 2004, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "shallow semantic parsing of chinese", "cited_author_ids": ["Honglin Sun", "Daniel Jurafsky"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Most of the feature templates are standard , so only the new ones will be explained . The candidate feature templates include : Voice from Sun and Jurafsky ( 2004 ) . 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{"text": "Over the past decade , researchers at IBM have developed a series of increasingly sophisticated statistical models for machine translation ( Brown et al. , 1988 ; Brown et al. , 1990 ; Brown et al. , 1993a ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P97-1063", "cited_paper_id": "External_6772", "citing_paper_year": 1997, "cited_paper_year": 1993, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the mathematics of statistical machine translation parameter estimationquot", "cited_author_ids": ["P F Brown", "V J Della Pietra", "S A Della Pietra", "R L Mercer"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Over the past decade , researchers at IBM have developed a series of increasingly sophisticated statistical models for machine translation ( Brown et al. , 1988 ; Brown et al. , 1990 ; Brown et al. , 1993a ) . 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{"text": "The PICO framework ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) for capturing well-formulated clinical queries ( described in Section 2 ) can serve as the basis of a knowledge representation that bridges the needs of clinicians and analytical capabilities of a system .", "citing_paper_id": "J07-1005", "cited_paper_id": "External_17760", "citing_paper_year": 2007, "cited_paper_year": 1995, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the wellbuilt clinical question a key to evidencebased decisions", "cited_author_ids": ["W Scott Richardson", "Mark C Wilson", "James Nishikawa", "Robert S Hayward"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Third , the paradigm of evidence-based medicine ( Sackett et al. 2000 ) provides a task-based model of the clinical information-seeking process . The PICO framework ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) for capturing well-formulated clinical queries ( described in Section 2 ) can serve as the basis of a knowledge representation that bridges the needs of clinicians and analytical capabilities of a system . 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{"text": "Furthermore , manually selected word pairs are often biased towards highly related pairs ( Gurevych , 2006 ) , because human annotators tend to select only highly related pairs connected by relations they are aware of .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-1104", "cited_paper_id": "External_61155", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2006, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "computing semantic relatedness across parts of speech", "cited_author_ids": ["Iryna Gurevych"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "This is an important property if semantic relatedness is used in information retrieval where users tend to use specific search terms ( Porsche ) rather than general ones ( car ) . Furthermore , manually selected word pairs are often biased towards highly related pairs ( Gurevych , 2006 ) , because human annotators tend to select only highly related pairs connected by relations they are aware of . 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{"text": "Disjunctive feature descriptions are also possible ; WIT incorporates an efficient method for handling disjunctions ( Nakano , 1991 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W00-1017", "cited_paper_id": "P91-1040", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1991, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "constraint projection an efficient treatment of disjunctive feature descriptions", "cited_author_ids": ["Mikio Nakano"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The domain-dependent knowledge used in this module consists of a unification-based lexicon and phrase structure rules . Disjunctive feature descriptions are also possible ; WIT incorporates an efficient method for handling disjunctions ( Nakano , 1991 ) . 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{"text": "A further complication is that different speakers can regard very different values as prototypical , making it difficult to assess which of two objects is greener even on one dimension ( Berlin and Kay 1969 , pages 10 -- 12 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J06-2002", "cited_paper_id": "External_29893", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 1969, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "basic color terms", "cited_author_ids": ["Brent Berlin", "Paul Kay"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "( The green chair , said in the presence of two greenish chairs , would refer to the one that is closest to prototypical green . ) A further complication is that different speakers can regard very different values as prototypical , making it difficult to assess which of two objects is greener even on one dimension ( Berlin and Kay 1969 , pages 10 -- 12 ) . 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{"text": "The M step then treats c as fixed , observed data and adjusts 0 until the predicted vector of total feature counts equals c , using Improved Iterative Scaling ( Della Pietra et al. , 1997 ; Chen and", "citing_paper_id": "P02-1001", "cited_paper_id": "External_58", "citing_paper_year": 2002, "cited_paper_year": 1997, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "inducing features of random fields", "cited_author_ids": ["S Della Pietra", "V Della Pietra", "J Lafferty"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "• If arc probabilities ( or even A , v , µ , ρ ) have loglinear parameterization , then the E step must compute c = Ei ecf ( xi , yi ) , where ec ( x , y ) denotes the expected vector of total feature counts along a random path in fθ whose ( input , output ) matches ( x , y ) . 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{"text": "Both kinds of annotation were carried out using ANVIL ( Kipp , 2004 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P10-2059", "cited_paper_id": "External_1704", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2004, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "gesture generation by imitation  from human behavior to computer character animation", "cited_author_ids": ["Michael Kipp"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "For this study , we added semantic labels -- including dialogue acts -- and gesture annotation . Both kinds of annotation were carried out using ANVIL ( Kipp , 2004 ) . 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{"text": "The article classifier is a discriminative model that draws on the state-of-the-art approach described in Rozovskaya et al. ( 2012 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W14-1704", "cited_paper_id": "W12-2032", "citing_paper_year": 2014, "cited_paper_year": 2012, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the ui system in the hoo 2012 shared task on error correction", "cited_author_ids": ["A Rozovskaya", "M Sammons", "D Roth"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Because the Google corpus does not contain complete sentences but only n-gram counts of length up to five , training a discriminative model is not desirable , and we thus use NB ( details in Rozovskaya and Roth ( 2011 ) ) . The article classifier is a discriminative model that draws on the state-of-the-art approach described in Rozovskaya et al. ( 2012 ) . 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{"text": "The language grounding problem has received significant attention in recent years , owed in part to the wide availability of data sets ( e.g. Flickr , Von Ahn ( 2006 ) ) , computing power , improved computer vision models ( Oliva and Torralba , 2001 ; Lowe , 2004 ; Farhadi et al. , 2009 ; Parikh and Grauman , 2011 ) and neurological evidence of ties between the language , perceptual and motor systems in the brain ( Pulverm ¨ uller et al. , 2005 ; Tettamanti et al. , 2005 ; Aziz-Zadeh et al. , 2006 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D13-1115", "cited_paper_id": "External_9241", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "modeling the shape of the scene a holistic representation of the spatial envelope", "cited_author_ids": ["Aude Oliva", "Antonio Torralba"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The language grounding problem has received significant attention in recent years , owed in part to the wide availability of data sets ( e.g. Flickr , Von Ahn ( 2006 ) ) , computing power , improved computer vision models ( Oliva and Torralba , 2001 ; Lowe , 2004 ; Farhadi et al. , 2009 ; Parikh and Grauman , 2011 ) and neurological evidence of ties between the language , perceptual and motor systems in the brain ( Pulverm ¨ uller et al. , 2005 ; Tettamanti et al. , 2005 ; Aziz-Zadeh et al. , 2006 ) . 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{"text": "Church ( 1995 , p. 294 ) studied , among other simple text normalization techniques , the effect of case normalization for different words and showed that `` sometimes case variants refer to the same thing ( hurricane and Hurricane ) , sometimes they refer to different things ( continental and Continental ) and sometimes they do n't refer to much of anything ( e.g. , anytime and Anytime ) . ''", "citing_paper_id": "J02-3002", "cited_paper_id": "External_86962", "citing_paper_year": 2002, "cited_paper_year": 1995, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "one term or two” in", "cited_author_ids": ["Kenneth Church"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The disambiguation of capitalized words in ambiguous positions leads to the identification of proper names ( or their derivatives ) , and in this article we will use these two terms and the term case normalization interchangeably . Church ( 1995 , p. 294 ) studied , among other simple text normalization techniques , the effect of case normalization for different words and showed that `` sometimes case variants refer to the same thing ( hurricane and Hurricane ) , sometimes they refer to different things ( continental and Continental ) and sometimes they do n't refer to much of anything ( e.g. , anytime and Anytime ) . '' Obviously these differences arise because some capitalized words stand for proper names ( such as Continental , the name of an airline ) and some do not .", "section_number": 1, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [0, 13], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Church", "lemma": "Church", "after": " ", "pos": "NNP", "characterOffsetEnd": 1582, "segment_span": [0, 71], "characterOffsetBegin": 1576, "originalText": "Church", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "(", "lemma": "-lrb-", "after": "", "pos": "-LRB-", "characterOffsetEnd": 1584, "segment_span": [0, 71], "characterOffsetBegin": 1583, "originalText": "(", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "1995", "lemma": "1995", "after": "", "pos": "CD", "characterOffsetEnd": 1588, "segment_span": [0, 71], "characterOffsetBegin": 1584, "originalText": "1995", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 4, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 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"@@CITATION , p. 294 ) studied , among other simple text normalization techniques , the effect of case normalization for different words and showed that `` sometimes case variants refer to the same thing ( hurricane and Hurricane ) , sometimes they refer to different things ( continental and Continental ) and sometimes they do n't refer to much of anything ( e.g. , anytime and Anytime ) . ''", "citation_id": "J02-3002_13", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "introduction"}
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The inside probability of a nonterminal X generating the substring wi ... wj is denoted as e ( X , i , j ) ; it is the sum of the probabilities of all possible subtrees that have X as the root and wi ... wj as the leaf nodes .", "section_number": 6, "section_title": null, "intent": 1, "cite_marker_offset": [37, 60], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "We", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 956, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 954, "originalText": "We", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "follow", "characterOffsetEnd": 963, "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "is_root": true, "lemma": "follow", "segment_span": [0, 12], "tense": "P", "characterOffsetBegin": 957, "originalText": "follow", "ArgType": "verb", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "the", "lemma": "the", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 967, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 964, "originalText": "the", "ArgType": null, "before": " 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{"text": "Later works , such as Atallah et al. ( 2001a ) , Bolshakov ( 2004 ) , Taskiran et al. ( 2006 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006b ) , further made use of part-ofspeech taggers and electronic dictionaries , such as WordNet and VerbNet , to increase the robustness of the method .", "citing_paper_id": "N10-1084", "cited_paper_id": "External_56141", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2006, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "words are not enough sentence level natural language watermarking", "cited_author_ids": ["Mercan Topkara", "Umut Topkara", "Mikhail J Atallah"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The first lexical substitution method was proposed by Chapman and Davida ( 1997 ) . Later works , such as Atallah et al. ( 2001a ) , Bolshakov ( 2004 ) , Taskiran et al. ( 2006 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006b ) , further made use of part-ofspeech taggers and electronic dictionaries , such as WordNet and VerbNet , to increase the robustness of the method . Taskiran et al. ( 2006 ) attempt to use context by prioritizing the alternatives using an ngram language model ; that is , rather than randomly choose an option from the synonym set , the system relies on the language model to select the synonym .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [99, 120], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Later", "lemma": "later", "after": " ", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 209, "segment_span": [0, 47], "characterOffsetBegin": 204, "originalText": "Later", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "works", "characterOffsetEnd": 215, "after": "", "pos": "VBZ", "is_root": true, "lemma": "work", "segment_span": [0, 47], "tense": "Z", "characterOffsetBegin": 210, "originalText": "works", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 216, "segment_span": [0, 47], "characterOffsetBegin": 215, "originalText": ",", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, 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{"text": "Finkelstein et al. ( 2002 ) did not report inter-subject correlation for their larger dataset .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-1104", "cited_paper_id": "External_20456", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2002, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "placing search in context the concept revisited", "cited_author_ids": ["Lev Finkelstein", "Evgeniy Gabrilovich", "Yossi Matias", "Ehud Rivlin", "Zach Solan", "Gadi Wolfman"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Resnik ( 1995 ) reported a correlation of r = .9026.10 The results are not directly comparable , because he only used noun-noun pairs , words instead of concepts , a much smaller dataset , and measured semantic similarity instead of semantic relatedness . Finkelstein et al. ( 2002 ) did not report inter-subject correlation for their larger dataset . 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{"text": "This is a similar conclusion to our previous work in Salloum and Habash ( 2011 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "N13-1036", "cited_paper_id": "W11-2602", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2011, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "dialectal to standard arabic paraphrasing to improve arabicenglish statistical machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["Wael Salloum", "Nizar Habash"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Comparing the best performer to the OOV selection mode system shows that translating low frequency in-vocabulary dialectal words and phrases to their MSA paraphrases can improve the English translation . 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{"text": "We then use the program Snob ( Wallace and Boulton 1968 ; Wallace 2005 ) to cluster these experiences .", "citing_paper_id": "J09-4010", "cited_paper_id": "External_20399", "citing_paper_year": 2009, "cited_paper_year": 1968, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "an information measure for classification", "cited_author_ids": ["C S Wallace", "D M Boulton"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "We train the system by clustering the `` experiences '' of the response-generation methods in addressing requests , where each experience is characterized by the value of the confidence measure employed by a method and its subsequent performance , reflected by precision and recall ( Equations ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) , respectively ) . We then use the program Snob ( Wallace and Boulton 1968 ; Wallace 2005 ) to cluster these experiences . Figure 8 ( a ) is a projection of the centroids of the clusters produced by Snob into the three most significant dimensions discovered by Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) -- these dimensions account for 95 % of the variation in the data .", "section_number": 4, "section_title": null, "intent": 1, "cite_marker_offset": [31, 55], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "We", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 317, "segment_span": [0, 15], "characterOffsetBegin": 315, "originalText": "We", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "then", "lemma": "then", "after": " ", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 322, "segment_span": [0, 15], "characterOffsetBegin": 318, "originalText": "then", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "use", "characterOffsetEnd": 326, "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "is_root": true, "lemma": "use", "segment_span": [0, 15], "tense": "P", "characterOffsetBegin": 323, "originalText": "use", "ArgType": "verb", 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{"text": "A number of alignment techniques have been proposed , varying from statistical methods ( Brown et al. , 1991 ; Gale and Church , 1991 ) to lexical methods ( Kay and Roscheisen , 1993 ; Chen , 1993 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "A00-1004", "cited_paper_id": "External_15612", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1991, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a program for aligning sentences in bilingual corpora", "cited_author_ids": ["William A Gale", "Kenneth W Church"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Aligning English-Chinese parallel texts is already very difficult because of the great differences in the syntactic structures and writing systems of the two languages . A number of alignment techniques have been proposed , varying from statistical methods ( Brown et al. , 1991 ; Gale and Church , 1991 ) to lexical methods ( Kay and Roscheisen , 1993 ; Chen , 1993 ) . 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{"text": "Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) present an illustrative first-order fragment along these lines and are able to supply a coherent formal semantics for the CLF-QLFs themselves , using a technique essentially equivalent to supervaluations : a QLF is true iff all its possible RQLFs are , false iff they are all false , and undefined otherwise .", "citing_paper_id": "J00-4002", "cited_paper_id": "External_32773", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1992, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "monotonic semantic interpretation", "cited_author_ids": ["Hiyan Alshawi", "Richard Crouch"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The denotational semantics of RQLF structures involving instantiated scope and referent metavariables is given in terms of simple interpretation rules that have the effect of interpreting the quantifiers as having the scopes indicated by the lists of indices , and the pronouns as having the interpretation of the instantiation of the metavariable ( in these cases at least ) . Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) present an illustrative first-order fragment along these lines and are able to supply a coherent formal semantics for the CLF-QLFs themselves , using a technique essentially equivalent to supervaluations : a QLF is true iff all its possible RQLFs are , false iff they are all false , and undefined otherwise . There are many good things about this approach .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [0, 27], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Alshawi", "lemma": "Alshawi", "after": " ", "pos": "NNP", "characterOffsetEnd": 381, "segment_span": [0, 36], "characterOffsetBegin": 374, "originalText": "Alshawi", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "and", "lemma": "and", "after": " ", "pos": "CC", "characterOffsetEnd": 385, "segment_span": [0, 36], "characterOffsetBegin": 382, "originalText": "and", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "Crouch", "lemma": "Crouch", "after": " ", "pos": "NNP", "characterOffsetEnd": 392, "segment_span": [0, 36], "characterOffsetBegin": 386, "originalText": "Crouch", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "(", "lemma": "-lrb-", "after": "", "pos": "-LRB-", "characterOffsetEnd": 394, "segment_span": [0, 36], "characterOffsetBegin": 393, "originalText": "(", "ArgType": null, 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{"text": "We use the open-source Moses toolkit ( Koehn et al. , 2007 ) to build a phrase-based SMT system trained on mostly MSA data ( 64M words on the Arabic side ) obtained from several LDC corpora including some limited DA data .", "citing_paper_id": "N13-1036", "cited_paper_id": "P07-2045", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2007, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "moses open source toolkit for statistical machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["Philipp Koehn", "Hieu Hoang", "Alexandra Birch", "Christopher Callison-Burch", "Marcello Federico", "Nicola Bertoldi", "Brooke Cowan", "Wade Shen", "Christine Moran", "Richard Zens", "Christopher Dyer", "Ondrej Bojar", "Alexandra Constantin", "Evan Herbst"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "We use the open-source Moses toolkit ( Koehn et al. , 2007 ) to build a phrase-based SMT system trained on mostly MSA data ( 64M words on the Arabic side ) obtained from several LDC corpora including some limited DA data . 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{"text": "This approach is taken , for example , in LKB ( Copestake 1992 ) where lexical rules are introduced on a par with phrase structure rules and the parser makes no distinction between lexical and nonlexical rules ( Copestake 1993 , 31 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J97-4003", "cited_paper_id": "External_1396", "citing_paper_year": 1997, "cited_paper_year": 1992, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the representation of lexical semantic information cognitive science research paper csrp 280", "cited_author_ids": ["Ann Copestake"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Another common approach to lexical rules is to encode them as unary phrase structure rules . This approach is taken , for example , in LKB ( Copestake 1992 ) where lexical rules are introduced on a par with phrase structure rules and the parser makes no distinction between lexical and nonlexical rules ( Copestake 1993 , 31 ) . A similar method is included in PATR-II ( Shieber et al. 1983 ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; Emele 1994 ) .", "section_number": 4, "section_title": null, "intent": 2, "cite_marker_offset": [48, 62], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "This", "lemma": "this", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 96, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 92, "originalText": "This", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "approach", "lemma": "approach", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 105, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 97, "originalText": "approach", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "is", "lemma": "be", "after": " ", "pos": "VBZ", "characterOffsetEnd": 108, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 106, "originalText": "is", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, 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{"text": "This confirms that although Kozima 's approach ( Kozima , 1993 ) is computationally expensive , it does produce more precise segmentation .", "citing_paper_id": "A00-2004", "cited_paper_id": "External_30123", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1993, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "text segmentation based on similarity between words", "cited_author_ids": ["Hideki Kozima"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Our spread activation based semantic measure ( R98 ( „ , sa ) ) improved accuracy . This confirms that although Kozima 's approach ( Kozima , 1993 ) is computationally expensive , it does produce more precise segmentation . 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{"text": "Park and Byrd ( 2001 ) recently described a hybrid method for finding abbreviations and their definitions .", "citing_paper_id": "J02-3002", "cited_paper_id": "W01-0516", "citing_paper_year": 2002, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "hybrid text mining for finding abbreviations and their definitions”", "cited_author_ids": ["Youngja Park", "Roy J Byrd"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "that this does not presuppose the existence of a corpus in which the current document is similar to other documents . Park and Byrd ( 2001 ) recently described a hybrid method for finding abbreviations and their definitions . 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{"text": "More specifically , the notion of the phrasal lexicon ( used first by Becker 1975 ) has been used successfully in a number of areas :", "citing_paper_id": "J03-3004", "cited_paper_id": "T75-2013", "citing_paper_year": 2003, "cited_paper_year": 1975, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the phrasal lexicon", "cited_author_ids": ["Joseph Becker"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Accordingly , they generate lexical correspondences by means of co-occurrence measures and string similarity metrics . More specifically , the notion of the phrasal lexicon ( used first by Becker 1975 ) has been used successfully in a number of areas : • Learnability ( Zernik and Dyer 1987 ) • Text generation ( Hovy 1988 ; Milosavljevic , Tulloch , and Dale 1996 ) • Speech generation ( Rayner and Carter 1997 ) • Localization ( Sch ¨ aler 1996 )", "section_number": 1, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [70, 81], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "More", "lemma": "more", "after": " ", "pos": "RBR", "characterOffsetEnd": 1515, "segment_span": [0, 25], "characterOffsetBegin": 1511, "originalText": "More", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "specifically", "lemma": "specifically", "after": "", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 1528, "segment_span": [0, 25], "characterOffsetBegin": 1516, "originalText": "specifically", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 1529, "segment_span": 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{"text": "This section , which elaborates on preliminary results reported in Demner-Fushman and Lin ( 2005 ) , describes extraction algorithms for population , problems , interventions , outcomes , and the strength of evidence .", "citing_paper_id": "J07-1005", "cited_paper_id": "External_20682", "citing_paper_year": 2007, "cited_paper_year": 2005, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "knowledge extraction for clinical question answering preliminary results", "cited_author_ids": ["Dina Demner-Fushman", "Jimmy Lin"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The automatic extraction of PICO elements from MEDLINE citations represents a key capability integral to clinical question answering . This section , which elaborates on preliminary results reported in Demner-Fushman and Lin ( 2005 ) , describes extraction algorithms for population , problems , interventions , outcomes , and the strength of evidence . 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{"text": "Our most accurate single grammar achieves an F score of 91.6 on the WSJ test set , rivaling discriminative reranking approaches ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ) and products of latent variable grammars ( Petrov , 2010 ) , despite being a single generative PCFG .", "citing_paper_id": "D10-1002", "cited_paper_id": "N10-1003", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2010, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "products of random latent variable grammars", "cited_author_ids": ["Slav Petrov"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Second , the diversity of the individual grammars controls the gains that can be obtained by combining multiple grammars into a product model . Our most accurate single grammar achieves an F score of 91.6 on the WSJ test set , rivaling discriminative reranking approaches ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ) and products of latent variable grammars ( Petrov , 2010 ) , despite being a single generative PCFG . Our most accurate product model achieves an F score of 92.5 without the use of discriminative reranking and comes close to the best known numbers on this test set ( Zhang et al. , 2009 ) .", "section_number": 8, "section_title": null, "intent": 2, "cite_marker_offset": [203, 216], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Our", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP$", "characterOffsetEnd": 689, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 686, "originalText": "Our", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "most", "lemma": "most", "after": " ", "pos": "RBS", "characterOffsetEnd": 694, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 690, "originalText": "most", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "accurate", "lemma": "accurate", "after": " ", "pos": "JJ", "characterOffsetEnd": 703, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 695, "originalText": "accurate", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "single", "lemma": "single", 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{"text": "It has been argued that , in an incremental approach , gradable properties should be given a low preference ranking because they are difficult to process ( Krahmer and Theune 2002 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J06-2002", "cited_paper_id": "External_2473", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2002, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "efficient contextsensitive generation of referring expressions", "cited_author_ids": ["Emiel Krahmer", "Mari¨et Theune"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "It has been argued that , in an incremental approach , gradable properties should be given a low preference ranking because they are difficult to process ( Krahmer and Theune 2002 ) . 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{"text": "Specifically , we used Decision Graphs ( Oliver 1993 ) for Doc-Pred , and SVMs ( Vapnik 1998 ) for Sent-Pred .11 Additionally , we used unigrams for clustering documents and sentences , and unigrams and bigrams for predicting document clusters and sentence clusters ( Sections 3.1.2 and 3.2.2 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J09-4010", "cited_paper_id": "External_42507", "citing_paper_year": 2009, "cited_paper_year": 1993, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "decision graphs—an extension of decision trees", "cited_author_ids": ["J J Oliver"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Hence , throughout the course of this project , the different methods had minor implementational variations , which do not affect the overall insights of this research . Specifically , we used Decision Graphs ( Oliver 1993 ) for Doc-Pred , and SVMs ( Vapnik 1998 ) for Sent-Pred .11 Additionally , we used unigrams for clustering documents and sentences , and unigrams and bigrams for predicting document clusters and sentence clusters ( Sections 3.1.2 and 3.2.2 ) . Because this variation was uniformly implemented for both approaches , it does not affect their relative performance .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 1, "cite_marker_offset": [41, 52], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Specifically", "lemma": "specifically", "after": "", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 360, "segment_span": [0, 24], "characterOffsetBegin": 348, "originalText": "Specifically", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 361, "segment_span": [0, 24], "characterOffsetBegin": 360, "originalText": ",", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 3, "word": "we", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 364, "segment_span": [0, 24], "characterOffsetBegin": 362, "originalText": "we", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "used", "characterOffsetEnd": 369, "after": " ", "pos": "VBD", "is_root": true, "lemma": "use", 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{"text": "There are many plausible representations , such as pairs of trees from synchronous tree adjoining grammars ( Abeille et al. 1990 ; Shieber 1994 ; Candito 1998 ) , lexical conceptual structures ( Dorr 1992 ) and WordNet synsets ( Fellbaum 1998 ; Vossen 1998 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J00-2004", "cited_paper_id": "P98-1033", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1998, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "building parallel ltag for french and italian", "cited_author_ids": ["Marie-Helene Candito"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The above equation holds regardless of how we represent concepts . There are many plausible representations , such as pairs of trees from synchronous tree adjoining grammars ( Abeille et al. 1990 ; Shieber 1994 ; Candito 1998 ) , lexical conceptual structures ( Dorr 1992 ) and WordNet synsets ( Fellbaum 1998 ; Vossen 1998 ) . 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{"text": "ones , DIRT ( Lin and Pantel , 2001 ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P11-1134", "cited_paper_id": "External_1008", "citing_paper_year": 2011, "cited_paper_year": 1998, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the berkeley framenet project", "cited_author_ids": ["Collin F Baker", "Charles J Fillmore", "John B Lowe"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "These include , just to mention the most popular ones , DIRT ( Lin and Pantel , 2001 ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) . 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{"text": "In the latter case , we can also take care of transferring the value of z. However , as discussed by Meurers ( 1994 ) , creating several instances of lexical rules can be avoided .", "citing_paper_id": "J97-4003", "cited_paper_id": "External_98507", "citing_paper_year": 1997, "cited_paper_year": 1994, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "on implementing an hpsg theory aspects of the logical architecture the formalization and the implementation of headdriven phrase structure grammars", "cited_author_ids": ["Detmar Meurers"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In the above example , this would result in two lexical rules : one for words with t1 as their c value and one for those with t2 as their c value . In the latter case , we can also take care of transferring the value of z. However , as discussed by Meurers ( 1994 ) , creating several instances of lexical rules can be avoided . 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However , as discussed by @@CITATION , creating several instances of lexical rules can be avoided .", "citation_id": "J97-4003_33", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "introduction"}
{"text": "It maximizes the probability of getting the entire DA sequence correct , but it does not necessarily find the DA sequence that has the most DA labels correct ( Dermatas and Kokkinakis 1995 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J00-3003", "cited_paper_id": "J95-2001", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1995, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "automatic stochastic tagging of natural language texts", "cited_author_ids": ["Evangelos Dermatas", "George Kokkinakis"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The combination of likelihood and prior modeling , HMMs , and Viterbi decoding is fundamentally the same as the standard probabilistic approaches to speech recognition ( Bahl , Jelinek , and Mercer 1983 ) and tagging ( Church 1988 ) . It maximizes the probability of getting the entire DA sequence correct , but it does not necessarily find the DA sequence that has the most DA labels correct ( Dermatas and Kokkinakis 1995 ) . To minimize the total number of utterance labeling errors , we need to maximize the probability of getting each DA label correct individually , i.e. , we need to maximize P ( U11E ) for each i = 1 , ... , n .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [160, 188], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "It", "lemma": "it", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 228, "segment_span": [0, 13], "characterOffsetBegin": 226, "originalText": "It", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "maximizes", "characterOffsetEnd": 238, "after": " ", "pos": "VBZ", "is_root": true, "lemma": "maximize", "segment_span": [0, 13], "tense": "Z", "characterOffsetBegin": 229, "originalText": "maximizes", "ArgType": "verb", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "the", "lemma": "the", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 242, "segment_span": [0, 13], "characterOffsetBegin": 239, "originalText": "the", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, 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{"text": "A substring in the sentence that corresponds to a node in the representation tree is denoted by assigning the interval of the substring to SNODE of 2 These definitions are based on the discussion in ( Tang , 1994 ) and Boitet & Zaharin ( 1988 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W02-1601", "cited_paper_id": "C88-1013", "citing_paper_year": 2002, "cited_paper_year": 1988, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "representation trees and stringtree correspondences", "cited_author_ids": ["C Boitet", "Y Zaharin"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "An interval is assigned to each word in the sentence , i.e. ( 0-1 ) for `` John '' , ( 1-2 ) for `` picks '' , ( 2-3 ) for `` the '' , ( 3-4 ) for `` box '' and ( 4-5 ) for `` up '' . A substring in the sentence that corresponds to a node in the representation tree is denoted by assigning the interval of the substring to SNODE of 2 These definitions are based on the discussion in ( Tang , 1994 ) and Boitet & Zaharin ( 1988 ) . the node , e.g. the node `` picks up '' with SNODE intervals ( 1-2 +4 -5 ) corresponds to the words `` picks '' and `` up '' in the string with the similar intervals.The correspondence between subtrees and substrings are denoted by the interval assigned to the STREE of each node , e.g. the subtree rooted at node `` picks up '' with STREE interval ( 0-5 ) corresponds to the whole sentence `` John picks the box up '' .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 1, "cite_marker_offset": [219, 244], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "A", "lemma": "a", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 286, "segment_span": [0, 47], "characterOffsetBegin": 285, "originalText": "A", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, 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{"text": "We found that the oldest system ( Brown et al. , 1992 ) yielded the best prototypes , and that using these prototypes gave state-of-the-art performance on WSJ , as well as improvements on nearly all of the non-English corpora .", "citing_paper_id": "D10-1056", "cited_paper_id": "J92-4003", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 1992, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "classbased ngram models of natural language", "cited_author_ids": ["Peter F Brown", "Vincent J Della Pietra", "Peter V Desouza", "Jennifer C Lai", "Robert L Mercer"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Finally , we introduced the idea of evaluating induction systems based on their ability to produce useful cluster prototypes . We found that the oldest system ( Brown et al. , 1992 ) yielded the best prototypes , and that using these prototypes gave state-of-the-art performance on WSJ , as well as improvements on nearly all of the non-English corpora . These promising results suggest a new direction for future research : improving POS induction by developing methods targeted towards extracting better prototypes , rather than focusing on improving clustering of the entire data set .", "section_number": 7, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [34, 53], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "We", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 1154, "segment_span": [0, 2], "characterOffsetBegin": 1152, "originalText": "We", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "found", "characterOffsetEnd": 1160, "after": " ", "pos": "VBD", "is_root": true, "lemma": "find", "segment_span": [0, 2], "tense": "D", "characterOffsetBegin": 1155, "originalText": "found", "ArgType": "verb", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "that", "lemma": "that", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1165, "segment_span": [2, 19], "characterOffsetBegin": 1161, "originalText": "that", "ArgType": null, 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{"text": "Other definitions of predicates may be found in ( Gomez , 1998 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "N01-1012", "cited_paper_id": "W98-0708", "citing_paper_year": 2001, "cited_paper_year": 1998, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "linking wordnet verb classes to semantic interpretation", "cited_author_ids": ["F Gomez"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In this section , we explain the predicate communicate so that the algorithm may be followed by the reader . 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{"text": "For the sake of completeness , we report in this section also the results obtained adopting the `` basic solution '' proposed by ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P11-1134", "cited_paper_id": "N10-1146", "citing_paper_year": 2011, "cited_paper_year": 2010, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "syntacticsemantic structures for textual entailment recognition", "cited_author_ids": ["Yashar Mehdad", "Alessandro Moschitti", "Fabio Massimo Zanzotto"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Using the same approach discussed in Section 4 , we compare the results achieved with English paraphrase tables with those obtained with other widely used monolingual knowledge resources over two RTE datasets . For the sake of completeness , we report in this section also the results obtained adopting the `` basic solution '' proposed by ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ) . 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{"text": "Since earlier versions of the SNoW based CSCL were used only to identify single phrases ( Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ) and never to identify a collection of several phrases at the same time , as we do here , we also trained and tested it under the exact conditions of CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) to compare it to other shallow parsers .", "citing_paper_id": "W01-0706", "cited_paper_id": "External_2081", "citing_paper_year": 2001, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the use of classifiers in sequential inference", "cited_author_ids": ["V Punyakanok", "D Roth"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The outcomes of these classifiers are then combined in a way that satisfies some constraints -- non-overlapping constraints in this case -- using an efficient constraint satisfaction mechanism that makes use of the confidence in the classifier 's outcomes . Since earlier versions of the SNoW based CSCL were used only to identify single phrases ( Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ) and never to identify a collection of several phrases at the same time , as we do here , we also trained and tested it under the exact conditions of CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) to compare it to other shallow parsers . Table 1 shows that it ranks among the top shallow parsers evaluated there 1 .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 3, "cite_marker_offset": [90, 116], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Since", "lemma": "since", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 2066, "segment_span": [0, 51], "characterOffsetBegin": 2061, "originalText": "Since", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "earlier", "lemma": "earlier", "after": " ", "pos": "JJR", "characterOffsetEnd": 2074, "segment_span": [0, 51], "characterOffsetBegin": 2067, "originalText": "earlier", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "versions", "lemma": "version", "after": " ", "pos": "NNS", "characterOffsetEnd": 2083, "segment_span": [0, 51], "characterOffsetBegin": 2075, "originalText": "versions", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "of", "lemma": "of", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 2086, "segment_span": [0, 51], "characterOffsetBegin": 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{"text": "If differences in meaning between senses are very fine-grained , distinguishing between them is hard even for humans ( Mihalcea and Moldovan , 2001 ) .6 Pairs containing such words are not suitable for evaluation .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-1104", "cited_paper_id": "External_8822", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "automatic generation of a coarse grained wordnet", "cited_author_ids": ["Rada Mihalcea", "Dan Moldovan"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "It is also used to add a gloss for each word sense that enables test subjects to distinguish between senses . If differences in meaning between senses are very fine-grained , distinguishing between them is hard even for humans ( Mihalcea and Moldovan , 2001 ) .6 Pairs containing such words are not suitable for evaluation . 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{"text": "The application of domain models and deep semantic knowledge to question answering has been explored by a variety of researchers ( e.g. , Jacquemart and Zweigenbaum 2003 , Rinaldi et al. 2004 ) , and was also the focus of recent workshops on question answering in restricted domains at ACL 2004 and AAAI 2005 .", "citing_paper_id": "J07-1005", "cited_paper_id": "W04-0508", "citing_paper_year": 2007, "cited_paper_year": 2004, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "answering questions in the genomics domain", "cited_author_ids": ["Fabio Rinaldi", "James Dowdall", "Gerold Schneider", "Andreas Persidis"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Patient information is no doubt important to answering clinical questions , and our work could certainly benefit from experiences gained in the PERSIVAL project . The application of domain models and deep semantic knowledge to question answering has been explored by a variety of researchers ( e.g. , Jacquemart and Zweigenbaum 2003 , Rinaldi et al. 2004 ) , and was also the focus of recent workshops on question answering in restricted domains at ACL 2004 and AAAI 2005 . 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{"text": "Griffiths et al. ( 2007 ) helped pave the path for cognitive-linguistic multimodal research , showing that Latent Dirichlet Allocation outperformed Latent Semantic Analysis ( Deerwester et al. , 1990 ) in the prediction of association norms .", "citing_paper_id": "D13-1115", "cited_paper_id": "External_780", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 1990, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "indexing by latent semantic analysis", "cited_author_ids": ["Scott Deerwester", "Susan T Dumais", "George W Furnas", "Thomas K Landauer", "Richard Harshman"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "cue word and name the first ( or several ) associated words that come to mind ( e.g. , Nelson et al. ( 2004 ) ) , and feature norms , where subjects are given a cue word and asked to describe typical properties of the cue concept ( e.g. , McRae et al. ( 2005 ) ) . Griffiths et al. ( 2007 ) helped pave the path for cognitive-linguistic multimodal research , showing that Latent Dirichlet Allocation outperformed Latent Semantic Analysis ( Deerwester et al. , 1990 ) in the prediction of association norms . Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [175, 199], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Griffiths", "lemma": "Griffiths", "after": " ", "pos": "NNP", "characterOffsetEnd": 259, "segment_span": [0, 7], "characterOffsetBegin": 250, "originalText": "Griffiths", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "et", "lemma": "et", "after": " ", "pos": "FW", "characterOffsetEnd": 262, "segment_span": [0, 7], "characterOffsetBegin": 260, "originalText": "et", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "al.", "lemma": "al.", "after": " ", "pos": "FW", "characterOffsetEnd": 266, "segment_span": [0, 7], "characterOffsetBegin": 263, "originalText": "al.", "ArgType": "subj", 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{"text": "Others include selectional preferences , transitivity ( Schoenmackers et al. , 2008 ) , mutual exclusion , symmetry , etc. .", "citing_paper_id": "D10-1123", "cited_paper_id": "D08-1009", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2008, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "scaling textual inference to the web", "cited_author_ids": ["S Schoenmackers", "O Etzioni", "D Weld"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "We release this list for further use by the research community .2 Future Work : Functionality is one of the several properties a relation can possess . Others include selectional preferences , transitivity ( Schoenmackers et al. , 2008 ) , mutual exclusion , symmetry , etc. . 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{"text": "• cross-language information retrieval ( e.g. , McCarley 1999 ) , • multilingual document filtering ( e.g. , Oard 1997 ) , • computer-assisted language learning ( e.g. , Nerbonne et al. 1997 ) , • certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. , Macklovitch 1994 ; Melamed 1996a ) , • concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( e.g. , Catizone , Russell , and Warwick 1989 ; Gale and Church 1991 ) ,", "citing_paper_id": "J00-2004", "cited_paper_id": "P99-1027", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1999, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "should we translate the documents or the queries in crosslanguage information retrieval", "cited_author_ids": ["J Scott McCarley"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Applications where word order is not essential include • cross-language information retrieval ( e.g. , McCarley 1999 ) , • multilingual document filtering ( e.g. , Oard 1997 ) , • computer-assisted language learning ( e.g. , Nerbonne et al. 1997 ) , • certain machine-assisted translation tools ( e.g. , Macklovitch 1994 ; Melamed 1996a ) , • concordancing for bilingual lexicography ( e.g. , Catizone , Russell , and Warwick 1989 ; Gale and Church 1991 ) , • corpus linguistics ( e.g. , Svartvik 1992 ) , • `` crummy '' machine translation ( e.g. , Church and Hovy 1992 ; Resnik 1997 ) .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [50, 63], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "•", "lemma": "•", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1, "segment_span": [0, 71], "characterOffsetBegin": 0, "originalText": "•", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 2, "word": "cross-language", "lemma": "cross-language", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 16, "segment_span": [0, 71], "characterOffsetBegin": 2, "originalText": "cross-language", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "information", "lemma": 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{"text": "For example , ( Fang et al. , 2001 ) discusses the evaluation of two different text categorization strategies with several variations of their feature spaces .", "citing_paper_id": "W04-1610", "cited_paper_id": "External_62905", "citing_paper_year": 2004, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "using clustering to boost text classificationquot", "cited_author_ids": ["Y C Fang", "S Parthasarathy", "F Schwartz"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The bulk of the text categorization work has been devoted to cope with automatic categorization of English and Latin character documents . For example , ( Fang et al. , 2001 ) discusses the evaluation of two different text categorization strategies with several variations of their feature spaces . 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{"text": "As stated before , the experiments are run in the ACE '04 framework ( NIST , 2004 ) where the system will identify mentions and will label them ( cfXXX Section 4 ) with a type ( person , organization , etc ) , a sub-type ( OrgCommercial , OrgGovernmental , etc ) , a mention level ( named , nominal , etc ) , and a class ( specific , generic , etc ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W05-0709", "cited_paper_id": "External_87913", "citing_paper_year": 2005, "cited_paper_year": 2004, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "proceedings of ace evaluation and pi meeting", "cited_author_ids": ["NIST"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "We want to investigate the usefulness of stem ngram features in the mention detection system . As stated before , the experiments are run in the ACE '04 framework ( NIST , 2004 ) where the system will identify mentions and will label them ( cfXXX Section 4 ) with a type ( person , organization , etc ) , a sub-type ( OrgCommercial , OrgGovernmental , etc ) , a mention level ( named , nominal , etc ) , and a class ( specific , generic , etc ) . 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"cleaned_cite_text": "As stated before , the experiments are run in the ACE '04 framework ( @@CITATION ) where the system will identify mentions and will label them ( cfXXX Section 4 ) with a type ( person , organization , etc ) , a sub-type ( OrgCommercial , OrgGovernmental , etc ) , a mention level ( named , nominal , etc ) , and a class ( specific , generic , etc ) .", "citation_id": "W05-0709_25", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "experiments"}
{"text": "Thus , the second class of SBD systems employs machine learning techniques such as decision tree classifiers ( Riley 1989 ) , neural networks ( Palmer and Hearst 1994 ) , and maximum-entropy modeling ( Reynar and Ratnaparkhi 1997 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J02-3002", "cited_paper_id": "External_27921", "citing_paper_year": 2002, "cited_paper_year": 1997, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a maximum entropy approach to identifying sentence boundaries”", "cited_author_ids": ["Jeffrey C Reynar", "Adwait Ratnaparkhi"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Automatically trainable software is generally seen as a way of producing systems that are quickly retrainable for a new corpus , for a new domain , or even for another language . Thus , the second class of SBD systems employs machine learning techniques such as decision tree classifiers ( Riley 1989 ) , neural networks ( Palmer and Hearst 1994 ) , and maximum-entropy modeling ( Reynar and Ratnaparkhi 1997 ) . Machine learning systems treat the SBD task as a classification problem , using features such as word spelling , capitalization , suffix , and word class found in the local context of a potential sentence-terminating punctuation sign .", "section_number": 11, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [202, 229], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Thus", "lemma": "thus", "after": "", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 982, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 978, "originalText": "Thus", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 983, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 982, "originalText": ",", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 3, "word": "the", "lemma": "the", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 987, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 984, "originalText": "the", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "second", 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{"text": "or quotation of messages in emails or postings ( see Mullen and Malouf ( 2006 ) but cfXXX Agrawal et al. ( 2003 ) ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-1639", "cited_paper_id": "External_6360", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2006, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a preliminary investigation into sentiment analysis of informal political discourse", "cited_author_ids": ["T Mullen", "R Malouf"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "tween two speakers , such as explicit assertions ( `` I second that ! '' ) or quotation of messages in emails or postings ( see Mullen and Malouf ( 2006 ) but cfXXX Agrawal et al. ( 2003 ) ) . 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{"text": "The first work to do this with topic models is Feng and Lapata ( 2010b ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D13-1115", "cited_paper_id": "P10-1126", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2010, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "how many words is a picture worth automatic caption generation for news images", "cited_author_ids": ["Yansong Feng", "Mirella Lapata"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "As computer vision techniques have improved over the past decade , other research has begun directly using visual information in place of feature norms . The first work to do this with topic models is Feng and Lapata ( 2010b ) . 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{"text": "The language chosen for semantic representation is a flat semantics along the line of ( Bos , 1995 ; Copestake et al. , 1999 ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W04-0910", "cited_paper_id": "P01-1019", "citing_paper_year": 2004, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "an algebra for semantic construction in constraintbased grammars", "cited_author_ids": ["A Copestake", "A Lascarides", "D Flickinger"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In contrast , the bottom feature structure encodes information that remains local to the node at which adjunction takes place . The language chosen for semantic representation is a flat semantics along the line of ( Bos , 1995 ; Copestake et al. , 1999 ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) . 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{"text": "Tetreault 's contribution features comparative evaluation involving the author 's own centering-based pronoun resolution algorithm called the Left-Right Centering algorithm ( LRC ) as well as three other pronoun resolution methods : Hobbs 's naive algorithm ( Hobbs 1978 ) , BFP ( Brennan , Friedman , and Pollard 1987 ) , and Strube 's 5list approach ( Strube 1998 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J01-4001", "cited_paper_id": "External_1853", "citing_paper_year": 2001, "cited_paper_year": 1978, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "resolving pronoun references", "cited_author_ids": ["Jerry Hobbs"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In particular , both developer-oriented ( e.g. , related to the selection of optimal resolution factors ) and application-oriented ( e.g. , related to the requirement of the application , as in the case of information extraction , where a proper name antecedent is needed ) evaluation metrics should be considered . Tetreault 's contribution features comparative evaluation involving the author 's own centering-based pronoun resolution algorithm called the Left-Right Centering algorithm ( LRC ) as well as three other pronoun resolution methods : Hobbs 's naive algorithm ( Hobbs 1978 ) , BFP ( Brennan , Friedman , and Pollard 1987 ) , and Strube 's 5list approach ( Strube 1998 ) . 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{"text": "For future work , we might investigate how machine learning algorithms , which are specifically designed for the problem of domain adaptation ( Blitzer et al. , 2007 ; Jiang and Zhai , 2007 ) , perform in comparison to our approach .", "citing_paper_id": "D10-1101", "cited_paper_id": "P07-1056", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2007, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "biographies bollywood boomboxes and blenders domain adaptation for sentiment classification", "cited_author_ids": ["John Blitzer", "Mark Dredze", "Fernando Pereira"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The features we employ scale well across domains , given that the opinion target vocabularies are substantially different . For future work , we might investigate how machine learning algorithms , which are specifically designed for the problem of domain adaptation ( Blitzer et al. , 2007 ; Jiang and Zhai , 2007 ) , perform in comparison to our approach . 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{"text": "The X2 statistic is performing at least as well as G2 , throwing doubt on the claim by Dunning ( 1993 ) that the G2 statistic is better suited for use in corpus-based NLP .", "citing_paper_id": "N01-1013", "cited_paper_id": "External_6119", "citing_paper_year": 2001, "cited_paper_year": 1993, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence", "cited_author_ids": ["T Dunning"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "figures in brackets give the average number of generalised levels . The X2 statistic is performing at least as well as G2 , throwing doubt on the claim by Dunning ( 1993 ) that the G2 statistic is better suited for use in corpus-based NLP . The results show clearly that the average level of generalisation is slightly higher for G2 than X2 .", "section_number": 6, "section_title": null, "intent": 2, "cite_marker_offset": [87, 103], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "The", "lemma": "the", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 70, "segment_span": [0, 22], "characterOffsetBegin": 67, "originalText": "The", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "X2", "lemma": "x2", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 73, "segment_span": [0, 22], "characterOffsetBegin": 71, "originalText": "X2", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "statistic", "lemma": "statistic", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 83, "segment_span": [0, 22], "characterOffsetBegin": 74, "originalText": "statistic", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "is", "lemma": "be", "after": " ", "pos": "VBZ", "characterOffsetEnd": 86, "segment_span": [0, 22], "characterOffsetBegin": 84, 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{"text": "Provided with the candidate fragment elements , we previously ( Wang and Callison-Burch , 2011 ) used a chunker3 to finalize the output fragments , in order to follow the linguistic definition of a ( para - ) phrase .", "citing_paper_id": "D12-1084", "cited_paper_id": "W11-1208", "citing_paper_year": 2012, "cited_paper_year": 2011, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "paraphrase fragment extraction from monolingual comparable corpora", "cited_author_ids": ["Rui Wang", "Chris Callison-Burch"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "All the word alignments ( excluding stop-words ) with positive scores are selected as candidate fragment elements . Provided with the candidate fragment elements , we previously ( Wang and Callison-Burch , 2011 ) used a chunker3 to finalize the output fragments , in order to follow the linguistic definition of a ( para - ) phrase . 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{"text": "There is a rich literature on organization and lexical access of morphologically complex words where experiments have been conducted mainly for derivational suffixed words of English , Hebrew , Italian , French , Dutch , and few other languages ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 2008 ; Frost et al. , 1997 ; Grainger , et al. , 1991 ; Drews and Zwitserlood , 1995 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P13-3018", "cited_paper_id": "External_90448", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 1995, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "and orthographic similarity in visual word recognition", "cited_author_ids": ["E Drews", "P Zwitserlood"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Their computational significance arises from the issue of their storage in lexical resources like WordNet ( Fellbaum , 1998 ) and raises the questions like , how to store morphologically complex words , in a lexical resource like WordNet keeping in mind the storage and access efficiency . There is a rich literature on organization and lexical access of morphologically complex words where experiments have been conducted mainly for derivational suffixed words of English , Hebrew , Italian , French , Dutch , and few other languages ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 2008 ; Frost et al. , 1997 ; Grainger , et al. , 1991 ; Drews and Zwitserlood , 1995 ) . However , we do not know of any such investigations for Indian languages , which", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [327, 355], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "There", "lemma": "there", "after": " ", "pos": "EX", "characterOffsetEnd": 1898, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 1893, "originalText": "There", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "is", "characterOffsetEnd": 1901, "after": " ", "pos": "VBZ", "is_root": true, "lemma": "be", "segment_span": [0, 14], "tense": "Z", "characterOffsetBegin": 1899, "originalText": "is", "ArgType": "verb", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "a", "lemma": "a", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 1903, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 1902, "originalText": "a", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "rich", "lemma": "rich", "after": " ", "pos": "JJ", "characterOffsetEnd": 1908, "segment_span": [0, 14], 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Grainger , et al. , 1991 ; @@CITATION ) .", "citation_id": "P13-3018_5", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "introduction"}
{"text": "This method of incorporating dictionary information seems simpler than the method proposed by Brown et al. for their models ( Brown et al. , 1993b ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P97-1063", "cited_paper_id": "External_6772", "citing_paper_year": 1997, "cited_paper_year": 1993, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the mathematics of statistical machine translation parameter estimationquot", "cited_author_ids": ["P F Brown", "V J Della Pietra", "S A Della Pietra", "R L Mercer"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "from those that do not . This method of incorporating dictionary information seems simpler than the method proposed by Brown et al. for their models ( Brown et al. , 1993b ) . 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{"text": "One important example is the constituentcontext model ( CCM ) of Klein and Manning ( 2002 ) , which was specifically designed to capture the linguistic observation made by Radford ( 1988 ) that there are regularities to the contexts in which constituents appear .", "citing_paper_id": "K15-1003", "cited_paper_id": "P02-1017", "citing_paper_year": 2015, "cited_paper_year": 2002, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a generative constituentcontext model for improved grammar induction", "cited_author_ids": ["Dan Klein", "Christopher D Manning"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In general , this means constructing inductive biases that take advantage of unannotated data to train probabilistic models . One important example is the constituentcontext model ( CCM ) of Klein and Manning ( 2002 ) , which was specifically designed to capture the linguistic observation made by Radford ( 1988 ) that there are regularities to the contexts in which constituents appear . 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{"text": "Japanese ( Kawata and Bartels , 2000 ) , despite a very high accuracy , is different in that attachment score drops from 98 % to 85 % , as we go from length 1 to 2 , which may have something to do with the data consisting of transcribed speech with very short utterances .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-2933", "cited_paper_id": "External_38733", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2000, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "stylebook for the japanese treebank in verbmobil verbmobilreport 240 seminar f¨ur sprachwissenschaft", "cited_author_ids": ["Y Kawata", "J Bartels"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Typical examples are Bulgarian ( Simov et al. , 2005 ; Simov and Osenova , 2003 ) , Chinese ( Chen et al. , 2003 ) , Danish ( Kromann , 2003 ) , and Swedish ( Nilsson et al. , 2005 ) . Japanese ( Kawata and Bartels , 2000 ) , despite a very high accuracy , is different in that attachment score drops from 98 % to 85 % , as we go from length 1 to 2 , which may have something to do with the data consisting of transcribed speech with very short utterances . 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{"text": "7 We ignore the rare `` false idafa '' construction ( Habash 2010 , p. 102 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J13-1008", "cited_paper_id": "External_4464", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2010, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "introduction to arabic natural language processing", "cited_author_ids": ["Nizar Habash"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In comparison , the tag set of the Buckwalter Morphological Analyzer ( Buckwalter 2004 ) used in the PATB has a core POS set of 44 tags ( CORE44 ) before morphological extension .8 Cross-linguistically , a core set containing around 12 tags is often 7 We ignore the rare `` false idafa '' construction ( Habash 2010 , p. 102 ) . 8 The 44 tags in CORE44 are based on the tokenized version of Arabic words .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [54, 65], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "7", "lemma": 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{"text": "Various approaches for computing semantic relatedness of words or concepts have been proposed , e.g. dictionary-based ( Lesk , 1986 ) , ontology-based ( Wu and Palmer , 1994 ; Leacock and Chodorow , 1998 ) , information-based ( Resnik , 1995 ; Jiang and Conrath , 1997 ) or distributional ( Weeds and Weir , 2005 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-1104", "cited_paper_id": "External_20447", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 1994, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "verb semantics and lexical selection", "cited_author_ids": ["Zhibiao Wu", "Martha Palmer"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Various approaches for computing semantic relatedness of words or concepts have been proposed , e.g. dictionary-based ( Lesk , 1986 ) , ontology-based ( Wu and Palmer , 1994 ; Leacock and Chodorow , 1998 ) , information-based ( Resnik , 1995 ; Jiang and Conrath , 1997 ) or distributional ( Weeds and Weir , 2005 ) . The knowledge sources used for computing relatedness can be as different as dictionaries , ontologies or large corpora .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [153, 173], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Various", "lemma": "various", "after": " ", "pos": "JJ", "characterOffsetEnd": 7, "segment_span": [0, 58], "characterOffsetBegin": 0, "originalText": "Various", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 2, "word": "approaches", "lemma": "approach", "after": " ", "pos": "NNS", "characterOffsetEnd": 18, "segment_span": [0, 58], "characterOffsetBegin": 8, "originalText": "approaches", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "for", "lemma": "for", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 22, "segment_span": [0, 58], "characterOffsetBegin": 19, "originalText": "for", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "computing", "lemma": "compute", "after": " ", "pos": "VBG", "characterOffsetEnd": 32, 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( @@CITATION ; Leacock and Chodorow , 1998 ) , information-based ( Resnik , 1995 ; Jiang and Conrath , 1997 ) or distributional ( Weeds and Weir , 2005 ) .", "citation_id": "W06-1104_35", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": null}
{"text": "Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( Och , 2003 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate training ( MERT ) ( Och , 2003 ) is the most popular one .", "citing_paper_id": "D12-1037", "cited_paper_id": "D11-1125", "citing_paper_year": 2012, "cited_paper_year": 2011, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "tuning as ranking", "cited_author_ids": ["Mark Hopkins", "Jonathan May"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "h is a feature vector which is scaled by a weight W. Parameter estimation is one of the most important components in SMT , and various training methods have been proposed to tune W . Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( Och , 2003 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate training ( MERT ) ( Och , 2003 ) is the most popular one . All these training methods follow the same pipeline : they train only a single weight on a given development set , and then use it to translate all the sentences in a test set .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [256, 278], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Some", "lemma": "some", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 251, "segment_span": [0, 90], "characterOffsetBegin": 247, "originalText": "Some", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "methods", "lemma": "method", "after": " ", "pos": "NNS", "characterOffsetEnd": 259, "segment_span": [0, 90], "characterOffsetBegin": 252, "originalText": "methods", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "are", "lemma": "be", "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "characterOffsetEnd": 263, "segment_span": [0, 90], "characterOffsetBegin": 260, "originalText": "are", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "based", "characterOffsetEnd": 269, "after": " ", 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{"text": "We follow Lewis and Steedman ( 2014 ) in allowing a small set of generic , linguistically-plausible unary and binary grammar rules .", "citing_paper_id": "K15-1003", "cited_paper_id": "D14-1107", "citing_paper_year": 2015, "cited_paper_year": 2014, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "a ccg parsing with a supertagfactored model", "cited_author_ids": ["Mike Lewis", "Mark Steedman"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "A category ( s \\ np ) / pp might describe an intransitive verb with a prepositional phrase complement ; it combines on the right ( / ) with a constituent with category pp , and then on the left ( \\ ) with a noun phrase ( np ) that serves as its subject . We follow Lewis and Steedman ( 2014 ) in allowing a small set of generic , linguistically-plausible unary and binary grammar rules . 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{"text": "( 7 ) NEIGHBOR : Research in lexical semantics suggests that the SC of an NP can be inferred from its distributionally similar NPs ( see Lin ( 1998a ) ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P07-1068", "cited_paper_id": "External_4260", "citing_paper_year": 2007, "cited_paper_year": 1998, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words", "cited_author_ids": ["D Lin"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "ture for NPi whose value is the most likely NE type . ( 7 ) NEIGHBOR : Research in lexical semantics suggests that the SC of an NP can be inferred from its distributionally similar NPs ( see Lin ( 1998a ) ) . Motivated by this observation , we create for each of NPi 's ten most semantically similar NPs a NEIGHBOR feature whose value is the surface string of the NP .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 4, "cite_marker_offset": [137, 147], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "(", "lemma": "-lrb-", "after": "", "pos": "-LRB-", "characterOffsetEnd": 54, "segment_span": [0, 5], "characterOffsetBegin": 53, "originalText": "(", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "7", "lemma": "7", "after": "", "pos": "CD", "characterOffsetEnd": 55, "segment_span": [0, 5], "characterOffsetBegin": 54, "originalText": "7", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 3, "word": ")", "lemma": "-rrb-", "after": " ", "pos": "-RRB-", "characterOffsetEnd": 56, "segment_span": [0, 5], "characterOffsetBegin": 55, "originalText": ")", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 4, "word": "NEIGHBOR", "lemma": "neighbor", "after": "", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 65, "segment_span": 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from its distributionally similar NPs ( see @@CITATIONa ) ) .", "citation_id": "P07-1068_8", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "introduction"}
{"text": "Discrepancies in length throw constituents off balance , and so prosodic phrasing will cross constituent boundaries in order to give the phrases similar lengths ; this is the case in Chickens were eating II the remaining green vegetables , where the subject-predicate boundary finds no prosodic correspondent .4 The most explicit version of this approach is the analysis presented in Gee and Grosjean ( 1983 ) ( henceforth G&G ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J90-3003", "cited_paper_id": "External_24319", "citing_paper_year": 1990, "cited_paper_year": 1983, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "performance structures a psycholinguistic and linguistic appraisal", "cited_author_ids": ["J P Gee", "F Grosjean"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Thus syntactic and prosodic structure match when the major constituents of a sentence are roughly equal in length ; for example , the main prosodic phrase break corresponds to the subject-predicate boundary in Waiters who remember well II serve orders correctly . Discrepancies in length throw constituents off balance , and so prosodic phrasing will cross constituent boundaries in order to give the phrases similar lengths ; this is the case in Chickens were eating II the remaining green vegetables , where the subject-predicate boundary finds no prosodic correspondent .4 The most explicit version of this approach is the analysis presented in Gee and Grosjean ( 1983 ) ( henceforth G&G ) . Drawing on the psycholinguistic studies mentioned above and on aspects of the grammar of prosody outlined in Selkirk ( 1984 ) , G&G propose an algorithm for mapping syntactic structure onto a hierarchical representation of phrasing ; the rules they present accomplish this by integrating syntactic information ( e.g. constituent structure , left-toright ordering ) with information about constituent length .", "section_number": 1, "section_title": null, "intent": 2, "cite_marker_offset": [384, 409], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Discrepancies", "lemma": "discrepancy", "after": " ", "pos": "NNS", "characterOffsetEnd": 1195, "segment_span": [0, 25], "characterOffsetBegin": 1182, "originalText": "Discrepancies", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "in", "lemma": "in", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1198, "segment_span": [0, 25], "characterOffsetBegin": 1196, "originalText": "in", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "length", 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{"text": "Our approach to the problem is more compatible with the empirical evidence we presented in our prior work ( Li et al. , 2014 ) where we analyzed the output of Chinese to English machine translation and found that there is no correlation between sentence length and MT quality .", "citing_paper_id": "D15-1148", "cited_paper_id": "P14-2047", "citing_paper_year": 2015, "cited_paper_year": 2014, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "assessing the discourse factors that influence the quality of machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["Junyi Jessy Li", "Marine Carpuat", "Ani Nenkova"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In contrast , the model we propose here can be used to predict when segmentation is at all necessary . Our approach to the problem is more compatible with the empirical evidence we presented in our prior work ( Li et al. , 2014 ) where we analyzed the output of Chinese to English machine translation and found that there is no correlation between sentence length and MT quality . 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"cleaned_cite_text": "Our approach to the problem is more compatible with the empirical evidence we presented in our prior work ( @@CITATION ) where we analyzed the output of Chinese to English machine translation and found that there is no correlation between sentence length and MT quality .", "citation_id": "D15-1148_13", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "related work"}
{"text": "For all experiments reported in this section we used the syntactic dependency parser MaltParser v1 .3 ( Nivre 2003 , 2008 ; Kübler , McDonald , and Nivre 2009 ) , a transition-based parser with an input buffer and a stack , which uses SVM classifiers", "citing_paper_id": "J13-1008", "cited_paper_id": "External_1998", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2003, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "an efficient algorithm for projective dependency parsing", "cited_author_ids": ["Joakim Nivre"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Statistics about this split ( after conversion to the CATiB dependency format ) are given in Table 1 . For all experiments reported in this section we used the syntactic dependency parser MaltParser v1 .3 ( Nivre 2003 , 2008 ; Kübler , McDonald , and Nivre 2009 ) , a transition-based parser with an input buffer and a stack , which uses SVM classifiers 10 We use the term `` dev set '' to denote a non-blind test set , used for model development ( feature selection and feature engineering ) .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 1, "cite_marker_offset": [104, 114], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "For", "lemma": "for", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 629, "segment_span": [0, 42], "characterOffsetBegin": 626, "originalText": "For", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "all", "lemma": "all", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 633, "segment_span": [0, 42], "characterOffsetBegin": 630, "originalText": "all", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "experiments", "lemma": "experiment", "after": " ", "pos": 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{"text": "Against the background of a growing interest in multilingual NLP , multilingual anaphora / coreference resolution has gained considerable momentum in recent years ( Aone and McKee 1993 ; Azzam , Humphreys , and Gaizauskas 1998 ; Harabagiu and Maiorano 2000 ; Mitkov and Barbu 2000 ; Mitkov 1999 ; Mitkov and Stys 1997 ; Mitkov , Belguith , and Stys 1998 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J01-4001", "cited_paper_id": "External_13670", "citing_paper_year": 2001, "cited_paper_year": 1997, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "robust reference resolution with limited knowledge high precision genrespecific approach for english and polish", "cited_author_ids": ["Ruslan Mitkov", "Malgorzata Stys"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The last decade of the 20th century saw a number of anaphora resolution projects for languages other than English such as French , German , Japanese , Spanish , Portuguese , and Turkish . Against the background of a growing interest in multilingual NLP , multilingual anaphora / coreference resolution has gained considerable momentum in recent years ( Aone and McKee 1993 ; Azzam , Humphreys , and Gaizauskas 1998 ; Harabagiu and Maiorano 2000 ; Mitkov and Barbu 2000 ; Mitkov 1999 ; Mitkov and Stys 1997 ; Mitkov , Belguith , and Stys 1998 ) . Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) .", "section_number": 0, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [297, 317], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Against", "lemma": "against", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1418, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 1411, "originalText": "Against", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "the", "lemma": "the", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 1422, "segment_span": [0, 14], "characterOffsetBegin": 1419, "originalText": "the", 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{"text": "They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "P11-1134", "cited_paper_id": "N10-1031", "citing_paper_year": 2011, "cited_paper_year": 2010, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "extending the meteor machine translation evaluation metric to the phrase level", "cited_author_ids": ["Michael Denkowski", "Alon Lavie"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Paraphrase tables ( PPHT ) contain pairs of corresponding phrases in the same language , possibly associated with probabilities . They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) . 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{"text": "Moreover , a sandbox is a temporary view of a document itself i.e. a sandbox can not cause a change in the history ( Cunningham and Leuf , 2001 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "W06-2807", "cited_paper_id": "External_36047", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2001, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "the wiki way  quick collaboration on the web", "cited_author_ids": ["Ward Cunningham", "Bo Leuf"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "In wikis every document keeps track of its own history : creating a document means to start a history , editing a document to move ahead , restoring to move back onto the history timeline , destroying a document to stop the history itself . Moreover , a sandbox is a temporary view of a document itself i.e. a sandbox can not cause a change in the history ( Cunningham and Leuf , 2001 ) . 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{"text": "Regarding future work , there are many research line that may be followed : i ) Capturing more features by employing external knowledge such as ontological , lexical resource or WordNet-based features ( Basili et al. , 2005a ; Basili et al. , 2005b ; Bloehdorn et al. , 2006 ; Bloehdorn and Moschitti , 2007 ) or shallow semantic trees , ( Giuglea and Moschitti , 2004 ; Giuglea and Moschitti , 2006 ; Moschitti and Bejan , 2004 ; Moschitti et al. , 2007 ; Moschitti , 2008 ; Moschitti et al. , 2008 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D09-1143", "cited_paper_id": "W05-0601", "citing_paper_year": 2009, "cited_paper_year": 2005, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "effective use of wordnet semantics via kernelbased learning", "cited_author_ids": ["Roberto Basili", "Marco Cammisa", "Alessandro Moschitti"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Our novel composite kernels , which account for the two syntactic structures , are experimented with the appropriate convolution kernels and show significant improvement with respect to the state-ofthe-art in RE . Regarding future work , there are many research line that may be followed : i ) Capturing more features by employing external knowledge such as ontological , lexical resource or WordNet-based features ( Basili et al. , 2005a ; Basili et al. , 2005b ; Bloehdorn et al. , 2006 ; Bloehdorn and Moschitti , 2007 ) or shallow semantic trees , ( Giuglea and Moschitti , 2004 ; Giuglea and Moschitti , 2006 ; Moschitti and Bejan , 2004 ; Moschitti et al. , 2007 ; Moschitti , 2008 ; Moschitti et al. , 2008 ) . ii ) Design a new tree-based structures , which combines the information of both constituent and dependency parses .", "section_number": 7, "section_title": null, "intent": 5, "cite_marker_offset": [203, 223], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Regarding", "lemma": "regard", "after": " ", "pos": "VBG", "characterOffsetEnd": 617, "segment_span": [0, 19], "characterOffsetBegin": 608, "originalText": "Regarding", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "future", "lemma": 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2007 ; Moschitti , 2008 ; Moschitti et al. , 2008 ) .", "citation_id": "D09-1143_0", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "conclusion"}
{"text": "Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D13-1115", "cited_paper_id": "External_23881", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2012, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "perceptual inference through global lexical similarity", "cited_author_ids": ["Brendan T Johns", "Michael N Jones"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . Although these approaches have differed in model definition , the general goal in this line of research has been to enhance word meaning with perceptual information in order to address one of the most common criticisms of distributional semantics : that the `` meaning of words is entirely given by other words '' ( Bruni et al. , 2012b ) .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [269, 291], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Another", "lemma": "another", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 1176, "segment_span": [0, 8], "characterOffsetBegin": 1169, "originalText": "Another", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "line", "lemma": "line", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1181, "segment_span": [0, 8], "characterOffsetBegin": 1177, "originalText": "line", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "of", "lemma": "of", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1184, "segment_span": 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{"text": "Future research should apply the work of Blunsom et al. ( 2008 ) and Blunsom and Osborne ( 2008 ) , who marginalize over derivations to find the most probable translation rather than the most probable derivation , to these multi-nonterminal grammars .", "citing_paper_id": "W10-3814", "cited_paper_id": "D08-1023", "citing_paper_year": 2010, "cited_paper_year": 2008, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "probabilistic inference for machine translation", "cited_author_ids": ["Phil Blunsom", "Miles Osborne"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "This problem is exacerbated by syntax-augmented MT with its thousands of nonterminals , and made even worse by its joint source-and-target extension . Future research should apply the work of Blunsom et al. ( 2008 ) and Blunsom and Osborne ( 2008 ) , who marginalize over derivations to find the most probable translation rather than the most probable derivation , to these multi-nonterminal grammars . 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{"text": "We have since improved the interface by incorporating a capability in the recognizer to propose additional solutions in turn once the first one fails to parse ( Zue et al. 1991 ) To produce these `` N-best '' alternatives , we make use of a standard A * search algorithm ( Hart 1968 , Jelinek 1976 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "J92-1004", "cited_paper_id": "External_36647", "citing_paper_year": 1992, "cited_paper_year": 1991, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "integration of speech recognition and natural language processing in the mit voyager systemquot", "cited_author_ids": ["V Zue", "J Glass", "D Goodine", "H Leung", "M Phillips", "J Polifroni", "S Seneff"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "If the parse failed , then the sentence was rejected . We have since improved the interface by incorporating a capability in the recognizer to propose additional solutions in turn once the first one fails to parse ( Zue et al. 1991 ) To produce these `` N-best '' alternatives , we make use of a standard A * search algorithm ( Hart 1968 , Jelinek 1976 ) . Both the A * and the Viterbi search are left-to-right search algorithms .", "section_number": 3, "section_title": null, "intent": 1, "cite_marker_offset": [161, 176], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "We", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 1497, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 1495, "originalText": "We", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "have", "lemma": "have", "after": " ", "pos": "VBP", "characterOffsetEnd": 1502, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 1498, "originalText": "have", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "since", "lemma": "since", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1508, "segment_span": [0, 40], "characterOffsetBegin": 1503, "originalText": "since", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, "word": "improved", "characterOffsetEnd": 1517, "after": " ", "pos": "VBN", "is_root": true, "lemma": "improve", "segment_span": [0, 40], "tense": "N", 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{"text": "Curran ( 2003 )", "citing_paper_id": "W06-1705", "cited_paper_id": "W03-0806", "citing_paper_year": 2006, "cited_paper_year": 2003, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "blueprint for a high performance nlp infrastructure", "cited_author_ids": ["J R Curran"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "Clark and Curran 's ( 2004 ) work is in parallelising an implementation of log-linear parsing on the Wall Street Journal Corpus , whereas we focus on part-of-speech tagging of a far larger and more varied web corpus , a technique more widely considered a prerequisite for corpus linguistics research . 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{"text": "OT therefore holds out the promise of simplifying grammars , by factoring all complex phenomena into simple surface-level constraints that partially mask one another .1 Whether this is always possible under an appropriate definition of `` simple constraints '' ( e.g. , Eisner 1997b ) is of course an empirical question .", "citing_paper_id": "J00-2014", "cited_paper_id": "External_28137", "citing_paper_year": 2000, "cited_paper_year": 1997, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "efficient generation in primitive optimality theory", "cited_author_ids": ["Jason Eisner"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "As Kager emphasizes , this interaction of violable constraints can yield complex surface patterns . OT therefore holds out the promise of simplifying grammars , by factoring all complex phenomena into simple surface-level constraints that partially mask one another .1 Whether this is always possible under an appropriate definition of `` simple constraints '' ( e.g. , Eisner 1997b ) is of course an empirical question .", "section_number": 1, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [270, 281], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "OT", "lemma": "ot", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 1222, "segment_span": [0, 10], "characterOffsetBegin": 1220, "originalText": "OT", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": "therefore", "lemma": "therefore", "after": " ", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 1232, "segment_span": [0, 10], "characterOffsetBegin": 1223, "originalText": "therefore", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 3, "word": "holds", "characterOffsetEnd": 1238, "after": " ", "pos": "VBZ", "is_root": true, "lemma": "hold", 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promise of simplifying grammars , by factoring all complex phenomena into simple surface-level constraints that partially mask one another .1 Whether this is always possible under an appropriate definition of `` simple constraints '' ( e.g. , @@CITATIONb ) is of course an empirical question .", "citation_id": "J00-2014_1", "citation_excerpt_index": 0, "section_name": "introduction"}
{"text": "Consider , for example , the lexical rule in Figure 2 , which encodes a passive lexical rule like the one presented by Pollard and Sag ( 1987 , 215 ) in terms of the setup of Pollard and Sag ( 1994 , ch .", "citing_paper_id": "J97-4003", "cited_paper_id": "External_105", "citing_paper_year": 1997, "cited_paper_year": 1994, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "headdriven phrase structure grammar", "cited_author_ids": ["Carl Pollard", "Ivan Sag"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "written as fully specified relations between words , rather , only what is supposed to be changed is specified . Consider , for example , the lexical rule in Figure 2 , which encodes a passive lexical rule like the one presented by Pollard and Sag ( 1987 , 215 ) in terms of the setup of Pollard and Sag ( 1994 , ch . 9 ) .", "section_number": 2, "section_title": null, "intent": 0, "cite_marker_offset": [175, 197], "sents_before": [[{"index": 1, "word": "Consider", "characterOffsetEnd": 148, "after": "", "pos": "VB", "is_root": true, "lemma": "consider", "segment_span": [0, 12], "tense": "B", "characterOffsetBegin": 140, "originalText": "Consider", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 2, "word": ",", "lemma": ",", "after": " ", "pos": ",", "characterOffsetEnd": 149, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 148, "originalText": ",", "ArgType": null, "before": ""}, {"index": 3, "word": "for", "lemma": "for", "after": " ", "pos": "IN", "characterOffsetEnd": 153, "segment_span": [0, 12], "characterOffsetBegin": 150, "originalText": "for", "ArgType": null, "before": " "}, {"index": 4, 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{"text": "This result is consistent with other works using this model with these features ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ) .", "citing_paper_id": "D13-1115", "cited_paper_id": "External_32478", "citing_paper_year": 2013, "cited_paper_year": 2009, "citing_paper_title": "a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining", "cited_paper_title": "integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations", "cited_author_ids": ["Mark Andrews", "Gabriella Vigliocco", "David Vinson"], "citing_author_ids": null, "extended_context": "The 2D models employing feature norms and association norms do significantly better than the text-only model ( two-tailed t-test ) . This result is consistent with other works using this model with these features ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ) . 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