The _red_ or _kipáya towns_, to which C. Swan in 1791 refers as being already a thing of the past, were governed by _warriors only_. The term _red_ refers to the warlike disposition of these towns, but does not correspond to our adjective _bloody_; it depicts the wrath or anger animating the warriors when out on the war-path. The posts of their cabin in the public square were painted red on one side.