● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that: was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_); was in bold by is enclosed by “equal” signs (=bold=). ○ The use of a caret (^) before a letter, or letters, shows that the following letter or letters was intended to be a superscript, as in S^t Bartholomew or 10^{th} Century. ○ Superscripts are used to indicate numbers raised to a power. In this plain text document, they are represented by characters like this: “P^3” or “10^{18}”, i.e. P cubed or 10 to the 18th power. ○ Variables in formulæ sometimes use subscripts, which look like this: “A_{0}”. This would be read “A sub 0”.