The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). The major leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: ���), Wenxiang (Chinese: ��), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: ���), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: ���), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: ���), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: ���) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: ���). However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally.