within each group is given, with added noise of up to 5kmin each direction. Individual household locations are with-held to preserve anonymity. In addition, each household hasa binary poverty label based on expenditure data from thesurvey. We use the majority poverty classiﬁcation of house-holds in each group as the overall location group povertylabel. For a given group, we sample approximately 1001km× 1km images tiling a 10km ×10km area centered at