Elites observed the rise of trade unionism , socialism , and other protest movements during an era of mass society both in Europe and later in North America .
Elites sought to use imperial jingoism to co-opt the support of part of the industrial working class .
Observing the rise of trade unionism , socialism , and other protest movements during an era of mass society both in Europe and later in North America , elites sought to use imperial jingoism to co-opt the support of part of the industrial working class .