Therefore , the operando reaction method must involve in situ spectroscopic measurement techniques , but under true catalytic kinetic conditions .
Several spectroscopic techniques require liquid helium temperatures , making them inappropriate for real - world studies of catalytic processes .
The operando reaction method must involve in situ spectroscopic measurement techniques , but under true catalytic kinetic conditions .
Several spectroscopic techniques require liquid helium temperatures , making them inappropriate for real - world studies of catalytic processes .