However , the efficient integration of 2D functional layers with three - dimensional ( 3D ) systems remains a significant challenge , limiting device performance and circuit design .
Layered combinations of different 2D materials are generally called van der Waals heterostructures .
The efficient integration of 2D functional layers with three - dimensional ( 3D ) systems remains a significant challenge , limiting device performance and circuit design .
Layered combinations of different 2D materials are generally called van der Waals heterostructures .