This second - order collective action problem is especially pressing for surfers as the face - to - face sanctions used by surfers are very costly .
They risk provoking a violent response. 30 Surfer localism may provide a solution to this problem .
This second - order collective action problem is especially pressing for surfers as the face - to - face sanctions used by surfers are very costly because they risk provoking a violent response. 30 Surfer localism may provide a solution to this problem .