A dissertation study by Howell Tapley ( 2007 ) involved a total of 278 participants from 26 dojos located in 13 different states across the continental US .
A dissertation study by Howell Tapley ( 2007 ) tested two hypothesizes concerning aikido as a spiritual practice .
A dissertation study by Howell Tapley ( 2007 ) involved a total of 278 participants from 26 dojos located in 13 different states across the continental US , and tested two hypothesizes concerning aikido as a spiritual practice .