Public Access to the Dissertations in Russia
Balashova, Yuliya B.
In the modern Russia as a part of the global world, scientific communications are developing quite actively. Their growth is caused, among other things, by the task of wide audience familiarizing with the scientific thought achievements. New popular science media are being created, as well as aggregators of scientific news, scientific festivals are held, science promoted through the social networks. However, in the general scientific context, status of dissertations (thesis) themselves remains not completely clear. Accordingly, the public discussion on these issues seems problematic. This state of affairs is due primarily to the publishing status of the dissertations, as well as the author’s abstracts to them. They are published “on the rights of the manuscript”, in other words, they are not formally copyright subject. In addition, in order to have a scientific career, the Russian scientist has to defend not one, but two dissertations. The first thesis – “candidate”, corresponding to the accepted Ph.D., and the second thesis defended for a doctoral degree and correspond to the title existing in a number of countries – “habilitated doctor”. Thus, scientists in Russia write, as a rule, two dissertations and two abstracts. At present, a special process for acquainting the scientific community with the research results has been adopted. For this, several months before the defense, the author’s thesis and author’s abstract are published: 1) on the website of the organization where the work is prepared, 2) on the website of the “Higher Attestation Commission” of the Russian Federation. Reviews for the thesis are also published on the website of the organization where the thesis is being defended. The defense itself has a public character in the way of broadcast live. After defense, the volume of the dissertation is sent to the Russian State Library, the main scientific library in the country. There it is stored both in paper and electronic form. The author’s abstracts of dissertations are also sent to the main scientific libraries of Russia. This information is open and accessible to all interested. But the mass audience is mainly acquainted with scientific theses in a specific way: mostly on the path of scandals, covered in the media. The main source of exposing falsified dissertations is the network resource “Dissernet”. It was thanks to its efforts that a scandal with the thesis of the Minister of Culture V. Medinsky received considerable coverage. Thus, both the mass and specialized audience for the first time received such wide access to the theses. The next urgent task is to integrate the achieved result into the international scientific community. Note: The study is supported by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation (grant 16-03-50128). The author specializes in theoretical understanding and practical implementation issues relating to the interaction between science and society.
 Thank you so much. It's my pleasure to speak here in the old-time city and to speak on the topic that seems to me very perspective and very constructive. So to date, a highly constructive situation has developed in the Russian public sphere in terms of access to dissertations. It affects the efforts of official authorities. The procedure for defending dissertations becomes so public for the first time after a long period. At the same time, increasing publicity contributed by the consolidatory activities of city and representatives of the scientific community. Accordingly, open access resources containing information about dissertation phases and its author are affiliated with official and commercial and public organizations. However, we must keep in mind that the system of training scientific staff and awarding academic degrees in Russia is still poorly integrated into the world community. The problem is that the system is hybrid, combining Soviet and modern Western properties. From the Soviet times, a complex two-level system of academic degrees has been existed in Russia. In the USSR, science was respected partly in the ancient magical... on one hand from the state and on the other hand from society. Obtaining a scientific degree opened many social possibilities. The Russian degree of candidate of sciences corresponds to the general accepted PhD. This degree is considered as the third level of a multi-level system of high education and is awarded as a result of mastering the doctoral educational program accepted in the West, which in Russia is called Graduate School. In some European... awarded the highest scientific degree named Dr. Habilitatels, Habitated Doctor, it gives them the right to occupy a professorship at the university and corresponds to the Russian degree of the Doctor of Sciences. In order to count on a scientific career in Russia, it's necessary to defend not one but two dissertations, not including master graduate paper. In different countries, the state has a different power in meeting the procedure for a wide academic degrees and accredited doctoral PhD programs. In such European and not European countries as France, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, New Zealand, state and authorities or authority to the state structures play a crucial role in this process. In the USA and Canada, in many ways existing in this in the civil space, this role belongs to the social professional organizations. Finally, in the Netherlands, the Academy of Sciences has the right to make decisions. The right to assign academic degrees is different too. In Russia and post-Soviet countries, this right is a result for the state, in the rest of the world for the universities themselves. Accordingly, in different the information support of the dissertations defense and public access to them are formed by the various in the various ways. In Russia, the main role of this process belongs to the state. Obligatory stages of the dissertations publicity before defense. The first step is publication of the website of the organization where the work was prepared. They are published the full text of the dissertation, the authors as to abstract of the dissertation, information about official opponents and the legal organization, preparing review for the dissertation as well as the place in time of dissertations defense. Then the publication of the website of high attestation commission on the education and science of the Russian Federation. Since 2006, high attestation commission published on the website the same information only in a reduced amount and with reference to the organization's website. The main results of the dissertation research should be published in the form of articles, papers, scientific papers in the list of pre-reviewed scientific journal. High attestation commission on a regular basis revise this list. There are some obligatory stage stages of the dissertations publicity after defense. First of all, obligatory dispatch of the dissertation abstract to the leading libraries of Russia and also national library of Belarus because we formally have United States. Then the full writing text of the dissertation is sent to the Russian state library. The main library of the country provides public access to the digitized abstracts and thesis themselves. Site navigation is available in English. A mandatory copy of both the thesis and the author's abstract is sent by the regular main to the Russian book chamber. In accordance with law, a certain number of copies of any printed publications, books, brochures, periodicals, dissertations, musical notes, geographical maps and so on must be sent to the Russian book chamber. Another online channel for dissertation distribution. First of all, there are some official resources. The most important is scientific electronic library. Materials placed in this electronic library included into the Russian scientific citation index. This index is a national bibliographic database of scientific citations accumulating more than 12 million publications of Russian scientists as well as information of citing this publication from the more than 5,000 Russian journals. Another resource having a printed version is a network in the Wikipedia. This is a biographical data of scientists, a project of the Russian Academy of Natural History. It also published the main results of the dissertation researches. And then there are a number of commercial resources. To such belongs, for example, library of dissertations. It provides both free and paid access to the thesis text, published information about upcoming dissertation defense. At the same time, monetary deductions to all this of dissertations are declared, but actually they do not work. We can give another example. Cyber Leninka. It positions itself as a scientific open access electronic library. The main task which is a popularization of science and scientific activity, the development of interdisciplinary research, the modern institute of scientific review and the increasing citation of Russian scientists. Cyber Leninka is built on the basis of the open science paradigm. And the fundamental problem is that thesis and abstracts both are published on the rights of the manuscript. In other words, they don't formally have copyright subject. So private distributors don't pay any money to the authors and they violate in this way the norms of morality, but not the law. And finally, I have to mention a very interesting resource provided by the public organization, not profit organization. The resource is DissertNet. They are exposing falsified dissertations and positions themselves as a free network of experts, researchers and reporters who dedicate their work to exposing more than 10,000 dissertations have been analyzed by DissertNet for the last four years. Based on DissertNet's requirements, high education commission made a decision on deep academic degrees. The latest scandal was a very huge, very famous, I can say, scandal with our ministry of culture. His name is Vladimir Medinsky. He is also a honorary scouser at Venice University. And several years ago it was the last meeting of the high education commission and they decided to find to consult his academic degree. In spite of the fact that dissertation was very, very strange. The most positive effect of the current situation is that nearly before science in Russia has been so public, this result was achieved due to the efforts both of the state, its scientific policy and society. Will be integration of this openness into the western system. But in the present time, the procedure for a wide academic degrees begins to change. A number of leading Russian universities and scientific organizations will receive the right to self-evade scientific degrees. On the one hand, thus, Russian universities become more integrated into the western system. The supervising role of the state will be cancelled. The defenses will take place in English and so the university councils will assume the PhD degree directly. But such innovation costs a lot of criticism. It's believed that in a democratic society, decentralization is extremely constructive. In the scientific policy of modern Russia, this kind of decentralization causes great concern. First of all, about maintaining a high level of publicity. Actually, this is a return to the close of the system of leading universities. So, Grazie mille.
 Thank you so much. It's my pleasure to speak here in the old-time city and to speak on  the topic that seems to me very perspective and very constructive.  So to date, a highly constructive situation has developed in the Russian public sphere  in terms of access to dissertations. It affects the efforts of official authorities.  The procedure for defending dissertations becomes so public for the first time after  a long period. At the same time, increasing publicity contributed by the consolidatory  activities of city and representatives of the scientific community.  Accordingly, open access resources containing information about dissertation phases and  its author are affiliated with official and commercial and public organizations.  However, we must keep in mind that the system of training scientific staff and awarding  academic degrees in Russia is still poorly integrated into the world community.  The problem is that the system is hybrid, combining Soviet and modern Western properties.  From the Soviet times, a complex two-level system of academic degrees has been existed  in Russia. In the USSR, science was respected partly in the ancient magical...  on one hand from the state and on the other hand from society. Obtaining a scientific  degree opened many social possibilities. The Russian degree of candidate of sciences  corresponds to the general accepted PhD. This degree is considered as the third level  of a multi-level system of high education and is awarded as a result of mastering the  doctoral educational program accepted in the West, which in Russia is called Graduate School.  In some European... awarded the highest scientific degree named Dr. Habilitatels, Habitated Doctor,  it gives them the right to occupy a professorship at the university and corresponds to the Russian  degree of the Doctor of Sciences. In order to count on a scientific career in Russia,  it's necessary to defend not one but two dissertations, not including master graduate paper.  In different countries, the state has a different power in meeting the procedure for a wide  academic degrees and accredited doctoral PhD programs. In such European and not European  countries as France, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, New Zealand, state and authorities  or authority to the state structures play a crucial role in this process. In the USA and  Canada, in many ways existing in this in the civil space, this role belongs to the social  professional organizations. Finally, in the Netherlands, the Academy of Sciences has the  right to make decisions. The right to assign academic degrees is different too. In Russia  and post-Soviet countries, this right is a result for the state, in the rest of the world  for the universities themselves. Accordingly, in different the information support of the  dissertations defense and public access to them are formed by the various in the various  ways. In Russia, the main role of this process belongs to the state. Obligatory stages of  the dissertations publicity before defense. The first step is publication of the website  of the organization where the work was prepared. They are published the full text of the dissertation,  the authors as to abstract of the dissertation, information about official opponents and the  legal organization, preparing review for the dissertation as well as the place in time  of dissertations defense. Then the publication of the website of high attestation commission  on the education and science of the Russian Federation. Since 2006, high attestation commission  published on the website the same information only in a reduced amount and with reference  to the organization's website. The main results of the dissertation research should be published  in the form of articles, papers, scientific papers in the list of pre-reviewed scientific  journal. High attestation commission on a regular basis revise this list. There are some obligatory  stage stages of the dissertations publicity after defense. First of all, obligatory dispatch  of the dissertation abstract to the leading libraries of Russia and also national library  of Belarus because we formally have United States. Then the full writing text of the  dissertation is sent to the Russian state library. The main library of the country provides  public access to the digitized abstracts and thesis themselves. Site navigation is available  in English. A mandatory copy of both the thesis and the author's abstract is sent by the regular  main to the Russian book chamber. In accordance with law, a certain number of copies of any  printed publications, books, brochures, periodicals, dissertations, musical notes, geographical  maps and so on must be sent to the Russian book chamber. Another online channel for dissertation  distribution. First of all, there are some official resources. The most important is scientific  electronic library. Materials placed in this electronic library included into the Russian  scientific citation index. This index is a national bibliographic database of scientific  citations accumulating more than 12 million publications of Russian scientists as well  as information of citing this publication from the more than 5,000 Russian journals.  Another resource having a printed version is a network in the Wikipedia. This is a biographical  data of scientists, a project of the Russian Academy of Natural History. It also published  the main results of the dissertation researches. And then there are a number of commercial  resources. To such belongs, for example, library of dissertations. It provides both free and  paid access to the thesis text, published information about upcoming dissertation defense.  At the same time, monetary deductions to all this of dissertations are declared, but actually  they do not work. We can give another example. Cyber Leninka. It positions itself as a scientific  open access electronic library. The main task which is a popularization of science and scientific  activity, the development of interdisciplinary research, the modern institute of scientific  review and the increasing citation of Russian scientists. Cyber Leninka is built on the  basis of the open science paradigm. And the fundamental problem is that thesis and abstracts  both are published on the rights of the manuscript. In other words, they don't formally have copyright  subject. So private distributors don't pay any money to the authors and they violate in  this way the norms of morality, but not the law. And finally, I have to mention a very  interesting resource provided by the public organization, not profit organization. The  resource is DissertNet. They are exposing falsified dissertations and positions themselves  as a free network of experts, researchers and reporters who dedicate their work to exposing  more than 10,000 dissertations have been analyzed by DissertNet for the last four years. Based  on DissertNet's requirements, high education commission made a decision on deep academic  degrees. The latest scandal was a very huge, very famous, I can say, scandal with our ministry  of culture. His name is Vladimir Medinsky. He is also a honorary scouser at Venice University.  And several years ago it was the last meeting of the high education commission and they decided  to find to consult his academic degree. In spite of the fact that dissertation was very,  very strange. The most positive effect of the current situation is that nearly before  science in Russia has been so public, this result was achieved due to the efforts both  of the state, its scientific policy and society. Will be integration of this openness into  the western system. But in the present time, the procedure for a wide academic degrees  begins to change. A number of leading Russian universities and scientific organizations  will receive the right to self-evade scientific degrees. On the one hand, thus, Russian universities  become more integrated into the western system. The supervising role of the state will be  cancelled. The defenses will take place in English and so the university councils will  assume the PhD degree directly. But such innovation costs a lot of criticism. It's believed that  in a democratic society, decentralization is extremely constructive. In the scientific  policy of modern Russia, this kind of decentralization causes great concern. First of all, about  maintaining a high level of publicity. Actually, this is a return to the close of the system  of leading universities.  So, Grazie mille.
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Thank you so much. It's my pleasure to speak here in the old-time city and to speak on the topic that seems to me very perspective and very constructive. So to date, a highly constructive situation has developed in the Russian public sphere in terms of access to dissertations. It affects the efforts of official authorities. The procedure for defending dissertations becomes so public for the first time after a long period. At the same time, increasing publicity contributed by the consolidatory activities of city and representatives of the scientific community. Accordingly, open access resources containing information about dissertation phases and its author are affiliated with official and commercial and public organizations. However, we must keep in mind that the system of training scientific staff and awarding academic degrees in Russia is still poorly integrated into the world community. The problem is that the system is hybrid, combining Soviet and modern Western properties. From the Soviet times, a complex two-level system of academic degrees has been existed in Russia. In the USSR, science was respected partly in the ancient magical... on one hand from the state and on the other hand from society. Obtaining a scientific degree opened many social possibilities. The Russian degree of candidate of sciences corresponds to the general accepted PhD. This degree is considered as the third level of a multi-level system of high education and is awarded as a result of mastering the doctoral educational program accepted in the West, which in Russia is called Graduate School. In some European... awarded the highest scientific degree named Dr. Habilitatels, Habitated Doctor, it gives them the right to occupy a professorship at the university and corresponds to the Russian degree of the Doctor of Sciences. In order to count on a scientific career in Russia, it's necessary to defend not one but two dissertations, not including master graduate paper. In different countries, the state has a different power in meeting the procedure for a wide academic degrees and accredited doctoral PhD programs. In such European and not European countries as France, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, New Zealand, state and authorities or authority to the state structures play a crucial role in this process. In the USA and Canada, in many ways existing in this in the civil space, this role belongs to the social professional organizations. Finally, in the Netherlands, the Academy of Sciences has the right to make decisions. The right to assign academic degrees is different too. In Russia and post-Soviet countries, this right is a result for the state, in the rest of the world for the universities themselves. Accordingly, in different the information support of the dissertations defense and public access to them are formed by the various in the various ways. In Russia, the main role of this process belongs to the state. Obligatory stages of the dissertations publicity before defense. The first step is publication of the website of the organization where the work was prepared. They are published the full text of the dissertation, the authors as to abstract of the dissertation, information about official opponents and the legal organization, preparing review for the dissertation as well as the place in time of dissertations defense. Then the publication of the website of high attestation commission on the education and science of the Russian Federation. Since 2006, high attestation commission published on the website the same information only in a reduced amount and with reference to the organization's website. The main results of the dissertation research should be published in the form of articles, papers, scientific papers in the list of pre-reviewed scientific journal. High attestation commission on a regular basis revise this list. There are some obligatory stage stages of the dissertations publicity after defense. First of all, obligatory dispatch of the dissertation abstract to the leading libraries of Russia and also national library of Belarus because we formally have United States. Then the full writing text of the dissertation is sent to the Russian state library. The main library of the country provides public access to the digitized abstracts and thesis themselves. Site navigation is available in English. A mandatory copy of both the thesis and the author's abstract is sent by the regular main to the Russian book chamber. In accordance with law, a certain number of copies of any printed publications, books, brochures, periodicals, dissertations, musical notes, geographical maps and so on must be sent to the Russian book chamber. Another online channel for dissertation distribution. First of all, there are some official resources. The most important is scientific electronic library. Materials placed in this electronic library included into the Russian scientific citation index. This index is a national bibliographic database of scientific citations accumulating more than 12 million publications of Russian scientists as well as information of citing this publication from the more than 5,000 Russian journals. Another resource having a printed version is a network in the Wikipedia. This is a biographical data of scientists, a project of the Russian Academy of Natural History. It also published the main results of the dissertation researches. And then there are a number of commercial resources. To such belongs, for example, library of dissertations. It provides both free and paid access to the thesis text, published information about upcoming dissertation defense. At the same time, monetary deductions to all this of dissertations are declared, but actually they do not work. We can give another example. Cyber Leninka. It positions itself as a scientific open access electronic library. The main task which is a popularization of science and scientific activity, the development of interdisciplinary research, the modern institute of scientific review and the increasing citation of Russian scientists. Cyber Leninka is built on the basis of the open science paradigm. And the fundamental problem is that thesis and abstracts both are published on the rights of the manuscript. In other words, they don't formally have copyright subject. So private distributors don't pay any money to the authors and they violate in this way the norms of morality, but not the law. And finally, I have to mention a very interesting resource provided by the public organization, not profit organization. The resource is DissertNet. They are exposing falsified dissertations and positions themselves as a free network of experts, researchers and reporters who dedicate their work to exposing more than 10,000 dissertations have been analyzed by DissertNet for the last four years. Based on DissertNet's requirements, high education commission made a decision on deep academic degrees. The latest scandal was a very huge, very famous, I can say, scandal with our ministry of culture. His name is Vladimir Medinsky. He is also a honorary scouser at Venice University. And several years ago it was the last meeting of the high education commission and they decided to find to consult his academic degree. In spite of the fact that dissertation was very, very strange. The most positive effect of the current situation is that nearly before science in Russia has been so public, this result was achieved due to the efforts both of the state, its scientific policy and society. Will be integration of this openness into the western system. But in the present time, the procedure for a wide academic degrees begins to change. A number of leading Russian universities and scientific organizations will receive the right to self-evade scientific degrees. On the one hand, thus, Russian universities become more integrated into the western system. The supervising role of the state will be cancelled. The defenses will take place in English and so the university councils will assume the PhD degree directly. But such innovation costs a lot of criticism. It's believed that in a democratic society, decentralization is extremely constructive. In the scientific policy of modern Russia, this kind of decentralization causes great concern. First of all, about maintaining a high level of publicity. Actually, this is a return to the close of the system of leading universities. So, Grazie mille.
public for the first time after a long period. At representatives of the scientific community. author are affiliated with official and candidate of sciences corresponds to the general accepted PhD. This degree is considered as the of Sciences. In order to count on a scientific career in Russia, it's necessary to defend not one but two dissertations, not including master graduate paper. In different countries, the state doctoral PhD programs. In such European and not the state, in the rest of the world for the universities themselves. Accordingly, in dissertations defense and public access to them publicity before defense. The first step is publication of the website of the organization where the work was prepared. They are published education and science of the Russian Federation. of the dissertations publicity after defense. dissertation abstract to the leading libraries of full writing text of the dissertation is sent to the Russian state library. The main library of the country provides public access to the digitized abstracts and thesis themselves. Site copy of both the thesis and the author's abstract scientists as well as information of citing this published the main results of the dissertation researches. And then there are a number of all this of dissertations are declared, but example. Cyber Leninka. It positions itself as a scientific open access electronic library. The interdisciplinary research, the modern institute both are published on the rights of the manuscript. In other words, they don't formally have copyright subject. So private distributors very interesting resource provided by the public resource is DissertNet. They are exposing falsified dissertations and positions themselves has been so public, this result was achieved due to the efforts both of the state, its scientific openness into the western system. But in the present time, the procedure for a wide academic believed that in a democratic society,