TeX in the GLAMP world
Veytsman, Boris
Akhmadeeva, Leyla
The acronym glamp is used to denote a combination of GNU Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl, Python or PHP, which now is one of the most common technologies for dynamic creation of Web pages. In this talk we describe the use of this technology for automatic creation of medical pedigrees.
 Okay, yeah, actually there are some printed pedigree for you to keep. They were all made by the students of Layla, but we'll talk about it later. But first, I would like to thank Michael because he actually saved a lot of time in this lecture. He explained a lot of things I wanted to explain so we can spend some more time on demo. But let me remind you what LAMP is. LAMP is a combination of new Linux. So that's why G here is not pronounced. It's silent. Apache web server, MySQL database, and P used to be pure. But right now some people prefer Python and some people prefer PHP. And one of the common themes of many talks today is how to make them all friends with our beloved tech. There are several examples we have seen today and we'll see more. But before I start with my main talk, I wanted to show you another example. This is something we discussed in 2006, actually, as practical tech. It was an application which did automatic report generation with tech. The idea was it was a big server for a company which had a lot of customers. And some of the customers like NASA, like the Department of Defense wanted to have exact report, what people do and how do people work every day. So engineers would log in, they would put the log of their daily work in the MySQL database, and then we had tech as a back end to processes and to give well-typed set reports. This thing works for eight years with zero administration and absolutely no problems. Okay, and now our main talk. And as Klaus said, if you are missing pedigrees, here are some for you. Pedigrees are very nice charts. When I started working with Layla about genetic pedigrees, I thought I will do it in half a year or couple of years, but it's now like six years, and we still have a lot of things to do and a lot of things to cover in this. So here is a timeline in tech time in the sense that I just listed some tech conferences. We discussed what we did. We created some main algorithms. It turned out that standard tree making algorithms, tree drawing algorithms would not work with pedigrees. We cleaned the interface. We cleaned the typography. And at the conference, at tech users group conference in the last year, we discussed the thing that the only interface we could make was very much like covers, first interface before he started to talk with real programmers. It was more or less a spreadsheet with spreadsheet data, and people would just fill this and then get pedigrees with charts like this. And not many people are happy feeling spreadsheets. So we discussed this a lot, and then Carl said that this is not a problem, because instead of reinventing bicycles, why don't you make a web browser, and why don't you do this slide? So what we did, we did a web browser. Now I wanted to show you the interface, and this slide is for the case that we don't have connection, but I hope we do have connection. So this is a site of pedigree.varfi.com, and it still has spreadsheet like thing, but it's probably easy to do. So let me create a very simple pedigree of myself. Okay, my father, and as far as he is, obviously, male, and he was born in 1940, sorry, 1940, and my mother, Ida, female, 1941, and he is me, and I think I'm male, 1964, and let me put also my little brother. Let me put my brother, he was born in 1972. Okay, now I want to say that my brother and I are sons of my father, and he is my mother. So I want to say that my brother is a zero. Let me see, sorry, sorry, thank you. It's A1, it's A1, it's A0. Would your program detect that? Well, I thought about this, but then I thought that there are sex changes and so on, so I don't have any checks for this, and I am pro-bun, so when... And this is, we don't need this problem. Okay, unfortunately, the screen is small, but you can see that we have this like this, and I need to say that, okay, I put name on the chart, and I need to agree, and I will talk about this, that I basically do it on my own risk. So I hope this will work. If not, we will return to my slides with pedigrees of royal family of England, but okay, it says here's your pedigree, and you can do this as a tech file, post-script file, give of PNG, let's take PNG file. I hope it will... Oh, yes, he is Boris, my brother. This thing means that I am a pro-bend, that is the person who started the pedigree, and he is my father and my mother. Yes, very simple interface. I hope that anybody is able to understand this. He is a little bit more complicated interface. This is the royal family of England, it has several generations. I spent about 40 minutes pulling the data from Vicky and putting it into this, but I got very nice pedigree. Okay, some challenges. Most security challenges, I want to discuss them, but Michael discussed them, so I just mentioned that tech is too powerful to run on a server unchecked. And he is the same reference that Michael gave us, this famous paper in Eusenix about tech-based viruses. Actually, tech is a great language, because for any other languages, the time between birth of the language and the first viruses is about a couple of weeks. For tech, it was 32 years, which means that it's very difficult to program in tech. So, okay, our solution was very simple. The solution was we don't run unchecked tech code on the server. We run it only, the code we create ourselves, and so it's security through. It might change in the next versions, but right now, we just circumvented any security problem. There is another problem that Michael did not have, and we have, and this is a legal problem. And legal problem is this. In the U.S., there are some, and not only in the U.S., now in Europe, now in Russia, too, and everywhere, there are some very strict laws about what you can and what you cannot put about diseases, about medical history, and so on on the web. And if we really wanted physicians to use real names of their patients, we should spend probably a lot of money just safeguarding this information, and we don't have this kind of money, and we didn't want to bother. So, we talked to lawyers, and they said, okay, here's what you should put on your site, and they basically say that whoever does this does it in his or her own risk and would not ask anything. And if you don't check this box trying to make a pedigree, that's what you will get. You will get the same gentle reminder. You must check it, and it will not create your pedigree unless you identify us. And I spent some time programming that there will be no shortcuts, and in any way you want to make a pedigree or create a pedigree, you would make this legal challenge. I'm not sure it will survive real legal challenges, but I hope. Okay, a little bit about what's going on under the hood. It's very simple. You have user input, you have PURL, which takes it and creates a tag file, and we have chart in any format. And if you remember what lamp is, it's no Linux, a patch, MySQL, PURL, you will say, where is M here because there is no MySQL? There is no MySQL because we didn't need a database, but we didn't want to cheat you out of M, so that's... Okay, so what we did. Let me remind you what we do. We have a tag file from tag we do DVI, from DVI we do PostScript, and then we can do PDF or GIF or PNG. And since we didn't want to overload the server, of course, since we have our own tag, we don't have denial of service... Okay, we don't have as strong denial of service as my probably would have, but still I didn't want to overload the server, so I wanted to say I want to create only those files that are required. If a user wants PDF, I don't want to create GIF, and if a user wants PNG, I don't want to create PDF. How can you do this? And here is M for you. This great Unix utility makefile, which is really smart. You can tell makefile what do you want and how to make it, and makefile what does our program do. It creates a special subdirectory, it puts there a tag file, which says that if you want DVI, you'll attach your tag file, if you want PostScript, you do DVIPS, if you want PNG, you do it from PostScript and so on. So there is still M, and it's very fortunate that MAKE has the same first letter as my SQL. By the way, one little trick which I did not know when I started working with Pdgrease, and now I know I'm very embarrassing, because many, okay, all of you probably would say that they knew it from the beginning, I did not know what to do when a Pdgrease chart was too big for standard paper. And then I found out that if you call DVIPS, this calculated width and height, you can actually say up to, I think, 5 meters by 5 meters, or 100 meters, I think, Pdgrease. And what I do, I calculate Pdgrease dimensions in Perl, and then supply it to the makefile. It's a very neat trick, and sorry, I didn't know, I would probably, it would save me a lot of time if I knew it in the beginning. And we have another friend, by the way, because if you look at our makefile, here, if you look at this line, ps2img, ps2img, ps2img is a very nice script from GhostScript distribution. So we have another friend, GhostScript, which does all image processing for us, and again, we are very lucky because GhostScript starts with G, so we don't need to change G. Well, it's silent anyway. Okay, that's what's under the hood. I will answer questions, but again, thanks to Mike, we have a lot of time to discuss how do users work with this, and now I want to, I want Leila to take over and explain what we did with this. If you want, actually, maybe probably, you probably would be better near the mic. If cover wishes. He will be happy. He can sit somewhere. Okay, so as you know, I'm not a computer person, not a mathematical person, I'm a medical doctor, and I work at Beskir State Medical University, which is in Ufa City in Russia, and we did this pilot preliminary study and decided to ask our students if they like the software and the program that we made for them and for the doctors. It was a really small pilot study, and 33 students from our university participated. Participated in this pilot study, and our population of students was quite diverse. We had Russian speaking students and English speaking students, those who study in English language and in Russian language, and we have students from different years of study. We had students from the first year of study, and we had students from the fourth year of study. Most of them answered these questionnaires when they were studying either neurology or genetics or biology as subjects. So we made a questionnaire, and we asked them several simple questions, and they had either to tick the box or to write something in hand. Several questions that we would like to share with you are here. So the first question we asked was if our student was able to manage to create a pedigree using this online tool himself. Most of our students managed to do that, so almost 84% didn't need any help and managed to do this themselves, which is very nice, I guess. 16% of our students mentioned that they needed someone's help and that they managed anyway, but they needed someone's help. So the second question was if they planned to use this online tool or while they studied at our medical university for different subjects. And we're also very pleased to know that almost 94% of our students answered yes, and they were willing to use this software for different subjects, and they mentioned different disciplines that I guess will be there in the slide later. The third question that we asked was even more important for me as a clinician and as someone who teaches neurology is if they plan to use this program in their future work, all of them are becoming physicians, so if it is a useful tool for medical doctors. And almost 2 thirds, actually 3 fourths, yeah, 76% of our students answered yes, they will be happy to use this product when they work as medical doctors. 21% was not sure and 3% were sure that they are not happy to use this when they are medical doctors. So here we put the list of classes that our students mentioned. It was an open question and we asked them if you say yes, if you say that I am happy to use this software when I am a medical student, we asked them to specify the disciplines, the subjects. Most of them of course specified the subjects which were the subjects that we learned already and the subjects when we presented them this pedigree making software. But on the top of the list we had biology, genetics and neurology. Also some students mentioned other disciplines and one student mentioned that this software is useful for any clinical discipline he or she can study. Then we asked to classical questions what you liked and what you didn't like about this software and here are the most frequent answers. Most of our students, you might remember that we had 33 students here in this pilot study, answered that the best thing they like about it is that it is really easy to use, it is fast, it is functional. Some students mentioned that it is very nice that it is free so far. Several students mentioned, six students mentioned that we can get beautiful results and that the chart looks beautiful when we have it done. Among the things that my students did not like, the current first position was that this software is English only. But as you saw in the previous slide all of them managed to how to do that, although not everybody in Russia talks English. There were some other things that my students did not like but some of them were corrected already and now we have downloadable version of this software. Now we can save the input so Boris did his best to make this happen. Then we asked our students how much time did they use for creating their first pedigree. I know that this is a kind of silly question because some pedigrees were very big and some pedigrees were really small but still my students mentioned that minimum it was two minutes and for maximum they mentioned 40 minutes. The average that we calculated was about 19 minutes for one pedigree. There were written comments that it is the fastest they can do in the medical students' life and they didn't do anything better and more beautiful without using this software before. We asked them to rate the easiness of using this software and their general impression. We gave them the possibility to rate it from 0 to 10 when 0 was miserable, bad, impossible to manage. I did not manage up to 10 which is no problem at all. I am happy, it is outstanding, it is great, I really liked it. Our question was how easy it was to start using. The average was 8.9 which means that our students were really smart, not that dumb as they look like. For general impression, also the average was 8.9 which is quite high and we were very happy with that. But something that made Boris very happy was the thing that all of them liked the result. So that is probably what I should tell here and I give a floor to Boris. Some of you got charts with 5 degrees, you can keep them, they are all copies of the 5 degrees our students created. They give the informed consent that you can leave them. Yes, we asked them to use them and they said surely you can. They are actually families of our students. Some of them are really nice, here is another one, here is another one. This is a big one. Yes, there were several so big that we couldn't print them on the paper. Well, if you remember last year we were able to print huge p-degrees which was something like 10 feet or maybe 15 feet wide. We put it on a wall in Korg, not Radam. Not Radam. Yes, thank you. We did not do this but we had huge p-degrees probably from those who took 40 minutes to create them. What was the reality of that? Yes, yes, yes. Well, everybody has big families but in India they remember who are their ancestors, who are their siblings and so on. They could just sit down and write it down and put it down there and the nice thing about our software is that you can have as many rows as many entries as you can. There is another new feature. Yes, this is a new feature. I started with making kids with, I think, 25 rows and then Laila wrote me that I am crazy, not enough because any self-respected medical doctor would make this much more than this. So I said, okay, let it be as much as you can. Okay, so our main conclusion is that we now have a nice good company with a lot of nice good participants and as long as your security are aware, they behave nicely with each other. Let me remind you about the site, the site is pedigree.varphi.com. I really want to show you the phrase which in the beginning of the site eats from Pearson and those of you who studied statistics probably know this name. Yeah, and we tried to do this really easily produced work of art. We wanted to be not a work of a great labor because computers should work, people should think, but we wanted to preserve art as much as possible. The site is absolutely free. Well, it has some advertising, but to say the truth, it was a big flop because for three months of advertising, we got exactly $5.63. People come to our site, but they like it so much, they don't click on the advertising slicks. Yeah, lots of it. And this is free, you can use it, you can tell people about this, and if you write to Leila and me and tell me what we should do, we have a lot of plans to improve this, we probably would be very happy. Okay? So you have lots of time for questions. Pearson? Yeah. Yeah, it's actually from one of his papers, he wrote a lot of papers about pedigrees, and he created his own system of pedigree nomenklaccha. In the last year, we discussed the history of pedigree nomenklaccha and Pearson's papers about this, and it's in the tugboat. So I don't remember exact reference, but if you look at the tugboat with the results of the Notre Dame conference, you will find the reference. And actually, a lot of people we all know from different areas like Gautam, like Pearson and so on, a lot of people actually spend time working with pedigrees, with genetics, with genetic statistics, and if you look at the reference, you will, mathematicians probably find a lot of familiar names there. So the square for a male and the circle for a female is Pearson? No, no, he had a different, it was, I think it was, I forgot, I thought about this, I forgot, but he had a different system. There were lots of systems, the first system used, by the way, musical notation, they used half notes and full notes because the printer had musical fonts but didn't have anything else. And the modern notation is, I think, it's American notation of 1920s. In England, they still have a different, well, they had it up to 70s, they had a different notation. So there was a lecture, Leila did a lecture about this, but the problem is that after this lecture I forgot it. But you can read it. Can I download the Royal Family degree? Yes, yes, you can download the Royal Family degree. It's somewhere in my, yes, in my screenshots. You can go to the screen, ah, yes, you're right, you're absolutely right. If you go to, yeah, if you go to screenshots here, yes, you can find, actually, Leila tells me there are two degrees here, there is Leila's degree and there is a degree of the Royal Family. Here it is, let me, ah, yeah, it's, yes, it's here and it's huge. Carl wants to know why it's built in. Why are some of these circles built in? It's medical thing, ah, the degrees are medical too, they used to see how certain hereditary disorders go into families. So it's not just who is the father of whom. So filled circles are people who have this disease, or filled symbols. Symbols with a dot is somebody who is a carrier, there are asymptotic and so on. It's a lot of medical information and this degree actually shows hemophilia in the children and grandchildren of Queen Victoria. So filled circle is hemophilia. Right here, but anyway, if something is filled, this means that this subject has this feature. It could be a disease, it could be the color of your eyes, it could be the color of your hair, anything, but it shouldn't be a disease for sure. Yeah, yeah, it's, okay, it's somebody who has this feature in the phenotype, because it could be in genotype, but not in phenotype, it's a different notation. Yes? Um, actually this question is probably a little bit more for Leila. I'm curious, as a medical professional, professional who runs into various ethical issues, do you foresee a time where, for example, you know, maybe insurance companies will make you and Boris a multimillionaire by buying this and forcing all of their clients to fill out these pedigree charts and then, you know, raise and cancel people's insurance on the basis of medical histories and so forth. I'm just curious what your thoughts are about the abuse of some of what you've developed. So Boris made a very good job telling you and making these terms and condition things. And actually here, if you wish to do something for a publication, for a medical publication, for a medical journal, it's not necessarily to put in the names. You can just put some symbols, you can use acronyms, and Boris didn't show it to you because we didn't have enough time, but you can click either you wish the name to be saved and to be printed or just the symbol or just the number or the year of birth. It is manageable. We can really protect information, especially because we told our users that this is on web and this is really your responsibility as a medical professional to keep your patients' rights safe. Do you think that maybe an insurance company might decide to buy the software and then force anybody who wants to get insurance to fill out one of these things? I don't really think so, but they really can't do this without this chart. If you are asking about pre-existing conditions and things like that, when somebody buys an insurance, he or she has to mention if he or she knows something about inherited disorders that he or she had in the family. So I don't think that this will make it better or worse for the customers. Wouldn't this tool, Idris, be used to price insurance more accurately and therefore it wouldn't. It's not an abuse. It's like everybody's got their cards on the table and this is how much it should cost. It's an advance, not an abuse. So I don't know if my question is addressed to you. I'm not a medical professional, but if I'm allowed to, about this. I think the question about this is not question for physicians or programmers. It's a question for the law givers. It's a question for the government. In many countries, they now have laws that companies cannot use this information in their decisions about giving you insurance or pricing the insurance. And this is probably a good thing. What we do, we do tools which help physicians, which help researchers and so on. And it's probably a job of the government to make this not to be abused because everything would be abused. Yeah, and I should just confirm that this is a tool and you can use it as, you know, in medicine we have a kind of proverb that you can use a knife for different purposes. You can use a knife for saving a person's life or you can use a knife for killing a person. So it's the same tool. And as for medical professionals, I see really two great, great, great advantages of this software. It can help me make pedigrees beautiful and it can make me, and it can help me to make them printable nice and I can do it quickly now. Because I deal a lot with medical pedigrees for 15 years of my life and each pedigree is really an art. So it took me hours to make a simple pedigree that looks okay. But these ones are really beautiful. You talk about the pedigrees looking beautiful and I know that automating something like this is often much more complicated than what the output looks like. Can you comment on the complexities of the algorithm? Okay, again, there is a paper in Tuckbot. Very quickly because we are running out of time, there is a classical algorithm of making rooted trees. Rooted trees when you have root and go back. When we started doing this, we understood that pedigrees are not rooted trees. You can have several roots. So we created an algorithm. The problem, okay, now it works. The problem with this algorithm is that we have constant winning marriages and it means that graph is not necessarily a tree from the mathematical point of view. It could be any graph. And if you know mathematics, graph theory, it means that you can make a pedigree that it's impossible to draw without self-intersections. Right now, I have a hack inside this program which makes constant winning marriages in, okay, let me say 80 or 90% cases. Somehow I can improve it. I have some ideas how to make it better, some better algorithms. So in many cases, yes, but because people sometimes marry their relatives, my life is difficult. Okay, thank you again.
 Okay, yeah, actually there are some printed pedigree for you to keep.  They were all made by the students of Layla, but we'll talk about it later.  But first, I would like to thank Michael because he actually saved a lot of time in this lecture.  He explained a lot of things I wanted to explain so we can spend some more time on demo.  But let me remind you what LAMP is. LAMP is a combination of new Linux.  So that's why G here is not pronounced. It's silent.  Apache web server, MySQL database, and P used to be pure.  But right now some people prefer Python and some people prefer PHP.  And one of the common themes of many talks today is how to make them all friends with our beloved tech.  There are several examples we have seen today and we'll see more.  But before I start with my main talk, I wanted to show you another example.  This is something we discussed in 2006, actually, as practical tech.  It was an application which did automatic report generation with tech.  The idea was it was a big server for a company which had a lot of customers.  And some of the customers like NASA, like the Department of Defense wanted to have exact report,  what people do and how do people work every day.  So engineers would log in, they would put the log of their daily work in the MySQL database,  and then we had tech as a back end to processes and to give well-typed set reports.  This thing works for eight years with zero administration and absolutely no problems.  Okay, and now our main talk.  And as Klaus said, if you are missing pedigrees, here are some for you.  Pedigrees are very nice charts.  When I started working with Layla about genetic pedigrees,  I thought I will do it in half a year or couple of years, but it's now like six years,  and we still have a lot of things to do and a lot of things to cover in this.  So here is a timeline in tech time in the sense that I just listed some tech conferences.  We discussed what we did.  We created some main algorithms.  It turned out that standard tree making algorithms,  tree drawing algorithms would not work with pedigrees.  We cleaned the interface.  We cleaned the typography.  And at the conference, at tech users group conference in the last year,  we discussed the thing that the only interface we could make was very much like covers,  first interface before he started to talk with real programmers.  It was more or less a spreadsheet with spreadsheet data,  and people would just fill this and then get pedigrees with charts like this.  And not many people are happy feeling spreadsheets.  So we discussed this a lot, and then Carl said that this is not a problem,  because instead of reinventing bicycles, why don't you make a web browser,  and why don't you do this slide?  So what we did, we did a web browser.  Now I wanted to show you the interface,  and this slide is for the case that we don't have connection,  but I hope we do have connection.  So this is a site of pedigree.varfi.com,  and it still has spreadsheet like thing,  but it's probably easy to do.  So let me create a very simple pedigree of myself.  Okay, my father, and as far as he is, obviously, male,  and he was born in 1940,  sorry, 1940,  and my mother, Ida, female, 1941,  and he is me, and I think I'm male, 1964,  and let me put also my little brother.  Let me put my brother, he was born in 1972.  Okay, now I want to say that my brother and I are sons of my father,  and he is my mother.  So I want to say that my brother is a zero.  Let me see, sorry, sorry, thank you.  It's A1, it's A1, it's A0.  Would your program detect that?  Well, I thought about this,  but then I thought that there are sex changes and so on,  so I don't have any checks for this,  and I am pro-bun, so when...  And this is, we don't need this problem.  Okay, unfortunately, the screen is small,  but you can see that we have this like this,  and I need to say that, okay, I put name on the chart,  and I need to agree, and I will talk about this,  that I basically do it on my own risk.  So I hope this will work.  If not, we will return to my slides with pedigrees of royal family of England,  but okay, it says here's your pedigree,  and you can do this as a tech file, post-script file,  give of PNG, let's take PNG file.  I hope it will...  Oh, yes, he is Boris, my brother.  This thing means that I am a pro-bend,  that is the person who started the pedigree,  and he is my father and my mother.  Yes, very simple interface.  I hope that anybody is able to understand this.  He is a little bit more complicated interface.  This is the royal family of England,  it has several generations.  I spent about 40 minutes pulling the data from Vicky  and putting it into this, but I got very nice pedigree.  Okay, some challenges.  Most security challenges, I want to discuss them,  but Michael discussed them, so I just mentioned that  tech is too powerful to run on a server unchecked.  And he is the same reference that Michael gave us,  this famous paper in Eusenix about tech-based viruses.  Actually, tech is a great language, because for any other languages,  the time between birth of the language and the first viruses  is about a couple of weeks.  For tech, it was 32 years, which means that it's very difficult  to program in tech.  So, okay, our solution was very simple.  The solution was we don't run unchecked tech code on the server.  We run it only, the code we create ourselves,  and so it's security through.  It might change in the next versions, but right now,  we just circumvented any security problem.  There is another problem that Michael did not have,  and we have, and this is a legal problem.  And legal problem is this.  In the U.S., there are some, and not only in the U.S.,  now in Europe, now in Russia, too, and everywhere,  there are some very strict laws about what you can  and what you cannot put about diseases,  about medical history, and so on on the web.  And if we really wanted physicians to use real names of their patients,  we should spend probably a lot of money just safeguarding this information,  and we don't have this kind of money, and we didn't want to bother.  So, we talked to lawyers, and they said,  okay, here's what you should put on your site,  and they basically say that whoever does this  does it in his or her own risk and would not ask anything.  And if you don't check this box trying to make a pedigree,  that's what you will get.  You will get the same gentle reminder.  You must check it, and it will not create your pedigree  unless you identify us.  And I spent some time programming that there will be no shortcuts,  and in any way you want to make a pedigree or create a pedigree,  you would make this legal challenge.  I'm not sure it will survive real legal challenges, but I hope.  Okay, a little bit about what's going on under the hood.  It's very simple. You have user input, you have PURL,  which takes it and creates a tag file,  and we have chart in any format.  And if you remember what lamp is, it's no Linux,  a patch, MySQL, PURL, you will say,  where is M here because there is no MySQL?  There is no MySQL because we didn't need a database,  but we didn't want to cheat you out of M, so that's...  Okay, so what we did.  Let me remind you what we do.  We have a tag file from tag we do DVI, from DVI we do PostScript,  and then we can do PDF or GIF or PNG.  And since we didn't want to overload the server,  of course, since we have our own tag, we don't have denial of service...  Okay, we don't have as strong denial of service as my probably would have,  but still I didn't want to overload the server,  so I wanted to say I want to create only those files that are required.  If a user wants PDF, I don't want to create GIF,  and if a user wants PNG, I don't want to create PDF.  How can you do this?  And here is M for you.  This great Unix utility makefile, which is really smart.  You can tell makefile what do you want and how to make it,  and makefile what does our program do.  It creates a special subdirectory, it puts there a tag file,  which says that if you want DVI, you'll attach your tag file,  if you want PostScript, you do DVIPS,  if you want PNG, you do it from PostScript and so on.  So there is still M, and it's very fortunate  that MAKE has the same first letter as my SQL.  By the way, one little trick which I did not know  when I started working with Pdgrease,  and now I know I'm very embarrassing, because many,  okay, all of you probably would say that they knew it from the beginning,  I did not know what to do when a Pdgrease chart was too big for standard paper.  And then I found out that if you call DVIPS,  this calculated width and height, you can actually say up to,  I think, 5 meters by 5 meters, or 100 meters, I think, Pdgrease.  And what I do, I calculate Pdgrease dimensions in Perl,  and then supply it to the makefile.  It's a very neat trick, and sorry, I didn't know,  I would probably, it would save me a lot of time if I knew it in the beginning.  And we have another friend, by the way, because if you look at our makefile,  here, if you look at this line, ps2img, ps2img, ps2img is a very nice script  from GhostScript distribution.  So we have another friend, GhostScript, which does all image processing for us,  and again, we are very lucky because GhostScript starts with G,  so we don't need to change G.  Well, it's silent anyway.  Okay, that's what's under the hood.  I will answer questions, but again, thanks to Mike,  we have a lot of time to discuss how do users work with this,  and now I want to, I want Leila to take over  and explain what we did with this.  If you want, actually, maybe probably, you probably would be better near the mic.  If cover wishes.  He will be happy.  He can sit somewhere.  Okay, so as you know, I'm not a computer person, not a mathematical person,  I'm a medical doctor, and I work at Beskir State Medical University,  which is in Ufa City in Russia,  and we did this pilot preliminary study  and decided to ask our students if they like the software  and the program that we made for them and for the doctors.  It was a really small pilot study,  and 33 students from our university participated.  Participated in this pilot study, and our population of students was quite diverse.  We had Russian speaking students and English speaking students,  those who study in English language and in Russian language,  and we have students from different years of study.  We had students from the first year of study,  and we had students from the fourth year of study.  Most of them answered these questionnaires  when they were studying either neurology or genetics or biology as subjects.  So we made a questionnaire,  and we asked them several simple questions,  and they had either to tick the box or to write something in hand.  Several questions that we would like to share with you are here.  So the first question we asked was  if our student was able to manage to create a pedigree using this online tool himself.  Most of our students managed to do that,  so almost 84% didn't need any help and managed to do this themselves,  which is very nice, I guess.  16% of our students mentioned that they needed someone's help  and that they managed anyway, but they needed someone's help.  So the second question was if they planned to use this online tool  or while they studied at our medical university for different subjects.  And we're also very pleased to know that almost 94% of our students answered yes,  and they were willing to use this software for different subjects,  and they mentioned different disciplines that I guess will be there in the slide later.  The third question that we asked was even more important for me as a clinician  and as someone who teaches neurology is if they plan to use this program in their future work,  all of them are becoming physicians, so if it is a useful tool for medical doctors.  And almost 2 thirds, actually 3 fourths, yeah, 76% of our students answered yes,  they will be happy to use this product when they work as medical doctors.  21% was not sure and 3% were sure that they are not happy to use this when they are medical doctors.  So here we put the list of classes that our students mentioned.  It was an open question and we asked them if you say yes,  if you say that I am happy to use this software when I am a medical student,  we asked them to specify the disciplines, the subjects.  Most of them of course specified the subjects which were the subjects that we learned already  and the subjects when we presented them this pedigree making software.  But on the top of the list we had biology, genetics and neurology.  Also some students mentioned other disciplines and one student mentioned that this software is useful  for any clinical discipline he or she can study.  Then we asked to classical questions what you liked and what you didn't like about this software  and here are the most frequent answers.  Most of our students, you might remember that we had 33 students here in this pilot study,  answered that the best thing they like about it is that it is really easy to use,  it is fast, it is functional.  Some students mentioned that it is very nice that it is free so far.  Several students mentioned, six students mentioned that we can get beautiful results  and that the chart looks beautiful when we have it done.  Among the things that my students did not like, the current first position was that this software is English only.  But as you saw in the previous slide all of them managed to how to do that,  although not everybody in Russia talks English.  There were some other things that my students did not like but some of them were corrected already  and now we have downloadable version of this software.  Now we can save the input so Boris did his best to make this happen.  Then we asked our students how much time did they use for creating their first pedigree.  I know that this is a kind of silly question because some pedigrees were very big  and some pedigrees were really small but still my students mentioned that minimum it was two minutes  and for maximum they mentioned 40 minutes.  The average that we calculated was about 19 minutes for one pedigree.  There were written comments that it is the fastest they can do in the medical students' life  and they didn't do anything better and more beautiful without using this software before.  We asked them to rate the easiness of using this software and their general impression.  We gave them the possibility to rate it from 0 to 10 when 0 was miserable, bad, impossible to manage.  I did not manage up to 10 which is no problem at all.  I am happy, it is outstanding, it is great, I really liked it.  Our question was how easy it was to start using.  The average was 8.9 which means that our students were really smart, not that dumb as they look like.  For general impression, also the average was 8.9 which is quite high and we were very happy with that.  But something that made Boris very happy was the thing that all of them liked the result.  So that is probably what I should tell here and I give a floor to Boris.  Some of you got charts with 5 degrees, you can keep them, they are all copies of the 5 degrees our students created.  They give the informed consent that you can leave them.  Yes, we asked them to use them and they said surely you can.  They are actually families of our students.  Some of them are really nice, here is another one, here is another one.  This is a big one.  Yes, there were several so big that we couldn't print them on the paper.  Well, if you remember last year we were able to print huge p-degrees which was something like 10 feet or maybe 15 feet wide.  We put it on a wall in Korg, not Radam.  Not Radam.  Yes, thank you.  We did not do this but we had huge p-degrees probably from those who took 40 minutes to create them.  What was the reality of that?  Yes, yes, yes.  Well, everybody has big families but in India they remember who are their ancestors, who are their siblings and so on.  They could just sit down and write it down and put it down there and the nice thing about our software is that you can have as many rows as many entries as you can.  There is another new feature.  Yes, this is a new feature.  I started with making kids with, I think, 25 rows and then Laila wrote me that I am crazy, not enough because any self-respected medical doctor  would make this much more than this.  So I said, okay, let it be as much as you can.  Okay, so our main conclusion is that we now have a nice good company with a lot of nice good participants and as long as your security are aware,  they behave nicely with each other.  Let me remind you about the site, the site is pedigree.varphi.com.  I really want to show you the phrase which in the beginning of the site eats from Pearson and those of you who studied statistics probably know this name.  Yeah, and we tried to do this really easily produced work of art.  We wanted to be not a work of a great labor because computers should work, people should think, but we wanted to preserve art as much as possible.  The site is absolutely free.  Well, it has some advertising, but to say the truth, it was a big flop because for three months of advertising, we got exactly $5.63.  People come to our site, but they like it so much, they don't click on the advertising slicks.  Yeah, lots of it.  And this is free, you can use it, you can tell people about this, and if you write to Leila and me and tell me what we should do, we have a lot of plans to improve this,  we probably would be very happy.  Okay?  So you have lots of time for questions.  Pearson?  Yeah.  Yeah, it's actually from one of his papers, he wrote a lot of papers about pedigrees, and he created his own system of pedigree nomenklaccha.  In the last year, we discussed the history of pedigree nomenklaccha and Pearson's papers about this, and it's in the tugboat.  So I don't remember exact reference, but if you look at the tugboat with the results of the Notre Dame conference, you will find the reference.  And actually, a lot of people we all know from different areas like Gautam, like Pearson and so on, a lot of people actually spend time working with pedigrees,  with genetics, with genetic statistics, and if you look at the reference, you will, mathematicians probably find a lot of familiar names there.  So the square for a male and the circle for a female is Pearson?  No, no, he had a different, it was, I think it was, I forgot, I thought about this, I forgot, but he had a different system.  There were lots of systems, the first system used, by the way, musical notation, they used half notes and full notes because the printer had musical fonts but didn't have anything else.  And the modern notation is, I think, it's American notation of 1920s.  In England, they still have a different, well, they had it up to 70s, they had a different notation.  So there was a lecture, Leila did a lecture about this, but the problem is that after this lecture I forgot it.  But you can read it.  Can I download the Royal Family degree?  Yes, yes, you can download the Royal Family degree.  It's somewhere in my, yes, in my screenshots.  You can go to the screen, ah, yes, you're right, you're absolutely right.  If you go to, yeah, if you go to screenshots here, yes, you can find, actually, Leila tells me there are two degrees here, there is Leila's degree and there is a degree of the Royal Family.  Here it is, let me, ah, yeah, it's, yes, it's here and it's huge.  Carl wants to know why it's built in.  Why are some of these circles built in?  It's medical thing, ah, the degrees are medical too, they used to see how certain hereditary disorders go into families.  So it's not just who is the father of whom.  So filled circles are people who have this disease, or filled symbols.  Symbols with a dot is somebody who is a carrier, there are asymptotic and so on.  It's a lot of medical information and this degree actually shows hemophilia in the children and grandchildren of Queen Victoria.  So filled circle is hemophilia.  Right here, but anyway, if something is filled, this means that this subject has this feature.  It could be a disease, it could be the color of your eyes, it could be the color of your hair, anything, but it shouldn't be a disease for sure.  Yeah, yeah, it's, okay, it's somebody who has this feature in the phenotype, because it could be in genotype, but not in phenotype, it's a different notation.  Yes?  Um, actually this question is probably a little bit more for Leila.  I'm curious, as a medical professional, professional who runs into various ethical issues, do you foresee a time where, for example, you know, maybe insurance companies will make you and Boris a multimillionaire by buying this and forcing all of their clients to fill out these pedigree charts  and then, you know, raise and cancel people's insurance on the basis of medical histories and so forth.  I'm just curious what your thoughts are about the abuse of some of what you've developed.  So Boris made a very good job telling you and making these terms and condition things.  And actually here, if you wish to do something for a publication, for a medical publication, for a medical journal, it's not necessarily to put in the names.  You can just put some symbols, you can use acronyms, and Boris didn't show it to you because we didn't have enough time, but you can click either you wish the name to be saved and to be printed or just the symbol or just the number or the year of birth.  It is manageable. We can really protect information, especially because we told our users that this is on web and this is really your responsibility as a medical professional to keep your patients' rights safe.  Do you think that maybe an insurance company might decide to buy the software and then force anybody who wants to get insurance to fill out one of these things?  I don't really think so, but they really can't do this without this chart. If you are asking about pre-existing conditions and things like that, when somebody buys an insurance, he or she has to mention if he or she knows something about inherited disorders that he or she had in the family.  So I don't think that this will make it better or worse for the customers.  Wouldn't this tool, Idris, be used to price insurance more accurately and therefore it wouldn't. It's not an abuse. It's like everybody's got their cards on the table and this is how much it should cost.  It's an advance, not an abuse. So I don't know if my question is addressed to you.  I'm not a medical professional, but if I'm allowed to, about this. I think the question about this is not question for physicians or programmers. It's a question for the law givers.  It's a question for the government. In many countries, they now have laws that companies cannot use this information in their decisions about giving you insurance or pricing the insurance.  And this is probably a good thing. What we do, we do tools which help physicians, which help researchers and so on.  And it's probably a job of the government to make this not to be abused because everything would be abused.  Yeah, and I should just confirm that this is a tool and you can use it as, you know, in medicine we have a kind of proverb that you can use a knife for different purposes.  You can use a knife for saving a person's life or you can use a knife for killing a person. So it's the same tool.  And as for medical professionals, I see really two great, great, great advantages of this software. It can help me make pedigrees beautiful and it can make me, and it can help me to make them printable nice and I can do it quickly now.  Because I deal a lot with medical pedigrees for 15 years of my life and each pedigree is really an art. So it took me hours to make a simple pedigree that looks okay.  But these ones are really beautiful.  You talk about the pedigrees looking beautiful and I know that automating something like this is often much more complicated than what the output looks like.  Can you comment on the complexities of the algorithm?  Okay, again, there is a paper in Tuckbot. Very quickly because we are running out of time, there is a classical algorithm of making rooted trees.  Rooted trees when you have root and go back. When we started doing this, we understood that pedigrees are not rooted trees.  You can have several roots. So we created an algorithm. The problem, okay, now it works. The problem with this algorithm is that we have constant winning marriages and it means that graph is not necessarily a tree from the mathematical point of view.  It could be any graph. And if you know mathematics, graph theory, it means that you can make a pedigree that it's impossible to draw without self-intersections.  Right now, I have a hack inside this program which makes constant winning marriages in, okay, let me say 80 or 90% cases.  Somehow I can improve it. I have some ideas how to make it better, some better algorithms.  So in many cases, yes, but because people sometimes marry their relatives, my life is difficult.  Okay, thank you again.
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Okay, yeah, actually there are some printed pedigree for you to keep. They were all made by the students of Layla, but we'll talk about it later. But first, I would like to thank Michael because he actually saved a lot of time in this lecture. He explained a lot of things I wanted to explain so we can spend some more time on demo. But let me remind you what LAMP is. LAMP is a combination of new Linux. So that's why G here is not pronounced. It's silent. Apache web server, MySQL database, and P used to be pure. But right now some people prefer Python and some people prefer PHP. And one of the common themes of many talks today is how to make them all friends with our beloved tech. There are several examples we have seen today and we'll see more. But before I start with my main talk, I wanted to show you another example. This is something we discussed in 2006, actually, as practical tech. It was an application which did automatic report generation with tech. The idea was it was a big server for a company which had a lot of customers. And some of the customers like NASA, like the Department of Defense wanted to have exact report, what people do and how do people work every day. So engineers would log in, they would put the log of their daily work in the MySQL database, and then we had tech as a back end to processes and to give well-typed set reports. This thing works for eight years with zero administration and absolutely no problems. Okay, and now our main talk. And as Klaus said, if you are missing pedigrees, here are some for you. Pedigrees are very nice charts. When I started working with Layla about genetic pedigrees, I thought I will do it in half a year or couple of years, but it's now like six years, and we still have a lot of things to do and a lot of things to cover in this. So here is a timeline in tech time in the sense that I just listed some tech conferences. We discussed what we did. We created some main algorithms. It turned out that standard tree making algorithms, tree drawing algorithms would not work with pedigrees. We cleaned the interface. We cleaned the typography. And at the conference, at tech users group conference in the last year, we discussed the thing that the only interface we could make was very much like covers, first interface before he started to talk with real programmers. It was more or less a spreadsheet with spreadsheet data, and people would just fill this and then get pedigrees with charts like this. And not many people are happy feeling spreadsheets. So we discussed this a lot, and then Carl said that this is not a problem, because instead of reinventing bicycles, why don't you make a web browser, and why don't you do this slide? So what we did, we did a web browser. Now I wanted to show you the interface, and this slide is for the case that we don't have connection, but I hope we do have connection. So this is a site of pedigree.varfi.com, and it still has spreadsheet like thing, but it's probably easy to do. So let me create a very simple pedigree of myself. Okay, my father, and as far as he is, obviously, male, and he was born in 1940, sorry, 1940, and my mother, Ida, female, 1941, and he is me, and I think I'm male, 1964, and let me put also my little brother. Let me put my brother, he was born in 1972. Okay, now I want to say that my brother and I are sons of my father, and he is my mother. So I want to say that my brother is a zero. Let me see, sorry, sorry, thank you. It's A1, it's A1, it's A0. Would your program detect that? Well, I thought about this, but then I thought that there are sex changes and so on, so I don't have any checks for this, and I am pro-bun, so when... And this is, we don't need this problem. Okay, unfortunately, the screen is small, but you can see that we have this like this, and I need to say that, okay, I put name on the chart, and I need to agree, and I will talk about this, that I basically do it on my own risk. So I hope this will work. If not, we will return to my slides with pedigrees of royal family of England, but okay, it says here's your pedigree, and you can do this as a tech file, post-script file, give of PNG, let's take PNG file. I hope it will... Oh, yes, he is Boris, my brother. This thing means that I am a pro-bend, that is the person who started the pedigree, and he is my father and my mother. Yes, very simple interface. I hope that anybody is able to understand this. He is a little bit more complicated interface. This is the royal family of England, it has several generations. I spent about 40 minutes pulling the data from Vicky and putting it into this, but I got very nice pedigree. Okay, some challenges. Most security challenges, I want to discuss them, but Michael discussed them, so I just mentioned that tech is too powerful to run on a server unchecked. And he is the same reference that Michael gave us, this famous paper in Eusenix about tech-based viruses. Actually, tech is a great language, because for any other languages, the time between birth of the language and the first viruses is about a couple of weeks. For tech, it was 32 years, which means that it's very difficult to program in tech. So, okay, our solution was very simple. The solution was we don't run unchecked tech code on the server. We run it only, the code we create ourselves, and so it's security through. It might change in the next versions, but right now, we just circumvented any security problem. There is another problem that Michael did not have, and we have, and this is a legal problem. And legal problem is this. In the U.S., there are some, and not only in the U.S., now in Europe, now in Russia, too, and everywhere, there are some very strict laws about what you can and what you cannot put about diseases, about medical history, and so on on the web. And if we really wanted physicians to use real names of their patients, we should spend probably a lot of money just safeguarding this information, and we don't have this kind of money, and we didn't want to bother. So, we talked to lawyers, and they said, okay, here's what you should put on your site, and they basically say that whoever does this does it in his or her own risk and would not ask anything. And if you don't check this box trying to make a pedigree, that's what you will get. You will get the same gentle reminder. You must check it, and it will not create your pedigree unless you identify us. And I spent some time programming that there will be no shortcuts, and in any way you want to make a pedigree or create a pedigree, you would make this legal challenge. I'm not sure it will survive real legal challenges, but I hope. Okay, a little bit about what's going on under the hood. It's very simple. You have user input, you have PURL, which takes it and creates a tag file, and we have chart in any format. And if you remember what lamp is, it's no Linux, a patch, MySQL, PURL, you will say, where is M here because there is no MySQL? There is no MySQL because we didn't need a database, but we didn't want to cheat you out of M, so that's... Okay, so what we did. Let me remind you what we do. We have a tag file from tag we do DVI, from DVI we do PostScript, and then we can do PDF or GIF or PNG. And since we didn't want to overload the server, of course, since we have our own tag, we don't have denial of service... Okay, we don't have as strong denial of service as my probably would have, but still I didn't want to overload the server, so I wanted to say I want to create only those files that are required. If a user wants PDF, I don't want to create GIF, and if a user wants PNG, I don't want to create PDF. How can you do this? And here is M for you. This great Unix utility makefile, which is really smart. You can tell makefile what do you want and how to make it, and makefile what does our program do. It creates a special subdirectory, it puts there a tag file, which says that if you want DVI, you'll attach your tag file, if you want PostScript, you do DVIPS, if you want PNG, you do it from PostScript and so on. So there is still M, and it's very fortunate that MAKE has the same first letter as my SQL. By the way, one little trick which I did not know when I started working with Pdgrease, and now I know I'm very embarrassing, because many, okay, all of you probably would say that they knew it from the beginning, I did not know what to do when a Pdgrease chart was too big for standard paper. And then I found out that if you call DVIPS, this calculated width and height, you can actually say up to, I think, 5 meters by 5 meters, or 100 meters, I think, Pdgrease. And what I do, I calculate Pdgrease dimensions in Perl, and then supply it to the makefile. It's a very neat trick, and sorry, I didn't know, I would probably, it would save me a lot of time if I knew it in the beginning. And we have another friend, by the way, because if you look at our makefile, here, if you look at this line, ps2img, ps2img, ps2img is a very nice script from GhostScript distribution. So we have another friend, GhostScript, which does all image processing for us, and again, we are very lucky because GhostScript starts with G, so we don't need to change G. Well, it's silent anyway. Okay, that's what's under the hood. I will answer questions, but again, thanks to Mike, we have a lot of time to discuss how do users work with this, and now I want to, I want Leila to take over and explain what we did with this. If you want, actually, maybe probably, you probably would be better near the mic. If cover wishes. He will be happy. He can sit somewhere. Okay, so as you know, I'm not a computer person, not a mathematical person, I'm a medical doctor, and I work at Beskir State Medical University, which is in Ufa City in Russia, and we did this pilot preliminary study and decided to ask our students if they like the software and the program that we made for them and for the doctors. It was a really small pilot study, and 33 students from our university participated. Participated in this pilot study, and our population of students was quite diverse. We had Russian speaking students and English speaking students, those who study in English language and in Russian language, and we have students from different years of study. We had students from the first year of study, and we had students from the fourth year of study. Most of them answered these questionnaires when they were studying either neurology or genetics or biology as subjects. So we made a questionnaire, and we asked them several simple questions, and they had either to tick the box or to write something in hand. Several questions that we would like to share with you are here. So the first question we asked was if our student was able to manage to create a pedigree using this online tool himself. Most of our students managed to do that, so almost 84% didn't need any help and managed to do this themselves, which is very nice, I guess. 16% of our students mentioned that they needed someone's help and that they managed anyway, but they needed someone's help. So the second question was if they planned to use this online tool or while they studied at our medical university for different subjects. And we're also very pleased to know that almost 94% of our students answered yes, and they were willing to use this software for different subjects, and they mentioned different disciplines that I guess will be there in the slide later. The third question that we asked was even more important for me as a clinician and as someone who teaches neurology is if they plan to use this program in their future work, all of them are becoming physicians, so if it is a useful tool for medical doctors. And almost 2 thirds, actually 3 fourths, yeah, 76% of our students answered yes, they will be happy to use this product when they work as medical doctors. 21% was not sure and 3% were sure that they are not happy to use this when they are medical doctors. So here we put the list of classes that our students mentioned. It was an open question and we asked them if you say yes, if you say that I am happy to use this software when I am a medical student, we asked them to specify the disciplines, the subjects. Most of them of course specified the subjects which were the subjects that we learned already and the subjects when we presented them this pedigree making software. But on the top of the list we had biology, genetics and neurology. Also some students mentioned other disciplines and one student mentioned that this software is useful for any clinical discipline he or she can study. Then we asked to classical questions what you liked and what you didn't like about this software and here are the most frequent answers. Most of our students, you might remember that we had 33 students here in this pilot study, answered that the best thing they like about it is that it is really easy to use, it is fast, it is functional. Some students mentioned that it is very nice that it is free so far. Several students mentioned, six students mentioned that we can get beautiful results and that the chart looks beautiful when we have it done. Among the things that my students did not like, the current first position was that this software is English only. But as you saw in the previous slide all of them managed to how to do that, although not everybody in Russia talks English. There were some other things that my students did not like but some of them were corrected already and now we have downloadable version of this software. Now we can save the input so Boris did his best to make this happen. Then we asked our students how much time did they use for creating their first pedigree. I know that this is a kind of silly question because some pedigrees were very big and some pedigrees were really small but still my students mentioned that minimum it was two minutes and for maximum they mentioned 40 minutes. The average that we calculated was about 19 minutes for one pedigree. There were written comments that it is the fastest they can do in the medical students' life and they didn't do anything better and more beautiful without using this software before. We asked them to rate the easiness of using this software and their general impression. We gave them the possibility to rate it from 0 to 10 when 0 was miserable, bad, impossible to manage. I did not manage up to 10 which is no problem at all. I am happy, it is outstanding, it is great, I really liked it. Our question was how easy it was to start using. The average was 8.9 which means that our students were really smart, not that dumb as they look like. For general impression, also the average was 8.9 which is quite high and we were very happy with that. But something that made Boris very happy was the thing that all of them liked the result. So that is probably what I should tell here and I give a floor to Boris. Some of you got charts with 5 degrees, you can keep them, they are all copies of the 5 degrees our students created. They give the informed consent that you can leave them. Yes, we asked them to use them and they said surely you can. They are actually families of our students. Some of them are really nice, here is another one, here is another one. This is a big one. Yes, there were several so big that we couldn't print them on the paper. Well, if you remember last year we were able to print huge p-degrees which was something like 10 feet or maybe 15 feet wide. We put it on a wall in Korg, not Radam. Not Radam. Yes, thank you. We did not do this but we had huge p-degrees probably from those who took 40 minutes to create them. What was the reality of that? Yes, yes, yes. Well, everybody has big families but in India they remember who are their ancestors, who are their siblings and so on. They could just sit down and write it down and put it down there and the nice thing about our software is that you can have as many rows as many entries as you can. There is another new feature. Yes, this is a new feature. I started with making kids with, I think, 25 rows and then Laila wrote me that I am crazy, not enough because any self-respected medical doctor would make this much more than this. So I said, okay, let it be as much as you can. Okay, so our main conclusion is that we now have a nice good company with a lot of nice good participants and as long as your security are aware, they behave nicely with each other. Let me remind you about the site, the site is pedigree.varphi.com. I really want to show you the phrase which in the beginning of the site eats from Pearson and those of you who studied statistics probably know this name. Yeah, and we tried to do this really easily produced work of art. We wanted to be not a work of a great labor because computers should work, people should think, but we wanted to preserve art as much as possible. The site is absolutely free. Well, it has some advertising, but to say the truth, it was a big flop because for three months of advertising, we got exactly $5.63. People come to our site, but they like it so much, they don't click on the advertising slicks. Yeah, lots of it. And this is free, you can use it, you can tell people about this, and if you write to Leila and me and tell me what we should do, we have a lot of plans to improve this, we probably would be very happy. Okay? So you have lots of time for questions. Pearson? Yeah. Yeah, it's actually from one of his papers, he wrote a lot of papers about pedigrees, and he created his own system of pedigree nomenklaccha. In the last year, we discussed the history of pedigree nomenklaccha and Pearson's papers about this, and it's in the tugboat. So I don't remember exact reference, but if you look at the tugboat with the results of the Notre Dame conference, you will find the reference. And actually, a lot of people we all know from different areas like Gautam, like Pearson and so on, a lot of people actually spend time working with pedigrees, with genetics, with genetic statistics, and if you look at the reference, you will, mathematicians probably find a lot of familiar names there. So the square for a male and the circle for a female is Pearson? No, no, he had a different, it was, I think it was, I forgot, I thought about this, I forgot, but he had a different system. There were lots of systems, the first system used, by the way, musical notation, they used half notes and full notes because the printer had musical fonts but didn't have anything else. And the modern notation is, I think, it's American notation of 1920s. In England, they still have a different, well, they had it up to 70s, they had a different notation. So there was a lecture, Leila did a lecture about this, but the problem is that after this lecture I forgot it. But you can read it. Can I download the Royal Family degree? Yes, yes, you can download the Royal Family degree. It's somewhere in my, yes, in my screenshots. You can go to the screen, ah, yes, you're right, you're absolutely right. If you go to, yeah, if you go to screenshots here, yes, you can find, actually, Leila tells me there are two degrees here, there is Leila's degree and there is a degree of the Royal Family. Here it is, let me, ah, yeah, it's, yes, it's here and it's huge. Carl wants to know why it's built in. Why are some of these circles built in? It's medical thing, ah, the degrees are medical too, they used to see how certain hereditary disorders go into families. So it's not just who is the father of whom. So filled circles are people who have this disease, or filled symbols. Symbols with a dot is somebody who is a carrier, there are asymptotic and so on. It's a lot of medical information and this degree actually shows hemophilia in the children and grandchildren of Queen Victoria. So filled circle is hemophilia. Right here, but anyway, if something is filled, this means that this subject has this feature. It could be a disease, it could be the color of your eyes, it could be the color of your hair, anything, but it shouldn't be a disease for sure. Yeah, yeah, it's, okay, it's somebody who has this feature in the phenotype, because it could be in genotype, but not in phenotype, it's a different notation. Yes? Um, actually this question is probably a little bit more for Leila. I'm curious, as a medical professional, professional who runs into various ethical issues, do you foresee a time where, for example, you know, maybe insurance companies will make you and Boris a multimillionaire by buying this and forcing all of their clients to fill out these pedigree charts and then, you know, raise and cancel people's insurance on the basis of medical histories and so forth. I'm just curious what your thoughts are about the abuse of some of what you've developed. So Boris made a very good job telling you and making these terms and condition things. And actually here, if you wish to do something for a publication, for a medical publication, for a medical journal, it's not necessarily to put in the names. You can just put some symbols, you can use acronyms, and Boris didn't show it to you because we didn't have enough time, but you can click either you wish the name to be saved and to be printed or just the symbol or just the number or the year of birth. It is manageable. We can really protect information, especially because we told our users that this is on web and this is really your responsibility as a medical professional to keep your patients' rights safe. Do you think that maybe an insurance company might decide to buy the software and then force anybody who wants to get insurance to fill out one of these things? I don't really think so, but they really can't do this without this chart. If you are asking about pre-existing conditions and things like that, when somebody buys an insurance, he or she has to mention if he or she knows something about inherited disorders that he or she had in the family. So I don't think that this will make it better or worse for the customers. Wouldn't this tool, Idris, be used to price insurance more accurately and therefore it wouldn't. It's not an abuse. It's like everybody's got their cards on the table and this is how much it should cost. It's an advance, not an abuse. So I don't know if my question is addressed to you. I'm not a medical professional, but if I'm allowed to, about this. I think the question about this is not question for physicians or programmers. It's a question for the law givers. It's a question for the government. In many countries, they now have laws that companies cannot use this information in their decisions about giving you insurance or pricing the insurance. And this is probably a good thing. What we do, we do tools which help physicians, which help researchers and so on. And it's probably a job of the government to make this not to be abused because everything would be abused. Yeah, and I should just confirm that this is a tool and you can use it as, you know, in medicine we have a kind of proverb that you can use a knife for different purposes. You can use a knife for saving a person's life or you can use a knife for killing a person. So it's the same tool. And as for medical professionals, I see really two great, great, great advantages of this software. It can help me make pedigrees beautiful and it can make me, and it can help me to make them printable nice and I can do it quickly now. Because I deal a lot with medical pedigrees for 15 years of my life and each pedigree is really an art. So it took me hours to make a simple pedigree that looks okay. But these ones are really beautiful. You talk about the pedigrees looking beautiful and I know that automating something like this is often much more complicated than what the output looks like. Can you comment on the complexities of the algorithm? Okay, again, there is a paper in Tuckbot. Very quickly because we are running out of time, there is a classical algorithm of making rooted trees. Rooted trees when you have root and go back. When we started doing this, we understood that pedigrees are not rooted trees. You can have several roots. So we created an algorithm. The problem, okay, now it works. The problem with this algorithm is that we have constant winning marriages and it means that graph is not necessarily a tree from the mathematical point of view. It could be any graph. And if you know mathematics, graph theory, it means that you can make a pedigree that it's impossible to draw without self-intersections. Right now, I have a hack inside this program which makes constant winning marriages in, okay, let me say 80 or 90% cases. Somehow I can improve it. I have some ideas how to make it better, some better algorithms. So in many cases, yes, but because people sometimes marry their relatives, my life is difficult. Okay, thank you again.
combination of new Linux. So that's why G here is MySQL database, and P used to be pure. But right prefer PHP. And one of the common themes of many software and here are the most frequent answers. we have downloadable version of this software. It's a lot of medical information and this degree for the government. In many countries, they now