Matthew Charlton (15 March 1866 – 8 December 1948) was an Australian politician. He served as the leader of the Australian Labor Party and the Leader of the Opposition from January 1922 to March 1928. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1910 to 1928. He also served two terms as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (1903–1904, 1904–1910).