The Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988
# THE PROHIBITION OF BENAMI PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS ACT, 1988

 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

SECTIONS

1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Definitions.

CHAPTER II

PROHIBITION OF BENAMI TRANSACTIONS

3. Prohibition of benami transactions.
4. Prohibition of the right to recover property held benami.
5. Property held benami liable to confiscation.
6. Prohibition on re-transfer of property by benamidar.

CHAPTER III

AUTHORITIES

7. Adjudicating Authority.
8. [Omitted].

9. [Omitted].
10. [Omitted].
11. [Omitted].
12. [Omitted].
13. [Omitted].
14. [Omitted].
15. [Omitted].
16. [Omitted].
17. [Omitted].
18. Authorities and jurisdiction.
19. Powers of authorities.
20. Certain officers to assist in inquiry, etc.
21. Power to call for information.
22. Power of authority to impound documents.
23. Power of authority to conduct inquiry, etc.

CHAPTER IV

ATTACHMENT, ADJUDICATION AND CONFISCATION

24. Notice and attachment of property involved in benami transaction.
25. Manner of service of notice.
26. Adjudication of benami property.
27. Confiscation and vesting of benami property.
28. Management of properties confiscated.
29. Possession of the property.


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SECTIONS


CHAPTER V

APPELLATE TRIBUNAL


30. Establishment of Appellate Tribunal.
31. Composition, etc., of Appellate Tribunal.
32. Qualifications for appointment of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal.
33. Terms and conditions of services of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal.
34. Term of office of Chairperson and Members.
35. Removal of Chairperson and Member from office in certain circumstances.
36. Vacancies etc., not to invalidate proceedings of Appellate Tribunal.
37. Resignation and removal.
38. Member to act as Chairperson in certain circumstances.
39. Staff of Appellate Tribunal.
40. Procedure and powers of Appellate Tribunal.
41. Distribution of business amongst Benches of Appellate Tribunal.
42. Power of Chairperson of Appellate Tribunal to transfer cases.
43. Decision to be by majority.
44. Members, etc., to be public servants.
45. Bar of jurisdiction of civil courts.
46. Appeals to Appellate Tribunal.
47. Rectification of mistakes.
48. Right to representation.
49. Appeal to High Court.

CHAPTER VI

SPECIAL COURTS

50. Special Courts.

51. Application of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 to proceedings before Special Court.
52. Appeal and revision.

CHAPTER VII

OFFENCES AND PROSECUTION

53. Penalty for benami transaction.
54. Penalty for false information.
54A. Penalty for failure to comply with notices or furnish information.
54B. Proof of entries in records or documents.
55. Previous sanction.
55A. Power to tender Immunity from prosecution

CHAPTER VIII

MISCELLANEOUS

56. Repeal of provisions of certain Acts.
57. Certain transfers to be null and void.
58. Exemption.
59. Power of Central Government to issue directions, etc.
60. Application of other laws not barred.
61. Offences to be non-cognizable.
62. Offences by companies.


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SECTIONS

63. Notice, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds.
64. Protection of action taken in good faith.
65. Transfer of pending cases.
66. Proceedings, etc., against legal representative.
67. Act to have overriding effect.
68. Power to make rules.
69. Laying of rules and notifications before Parliament.
70. Power to remove difficulties.
71. Transitional provision.
72. Repeal and saving.


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# THE PROHIBITION OF BENAMI PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS ACT, 1988 

 ACT NO. 45 OF 1988

[5th September, 1988.]

# An Act to prohibit benami transactions and the right to recover property held benami and for
 matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—

1[CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY]

**1. Short title, extent and commencement.—[2][(1) This Act may be called the Prohibition of Benami**

Property Transactions Act, 1988.]

(2) It extends to the whole of India [3]***.

(3) The provisions of sections 3, 5 and 8 shall come into force at once, and the remaining provisions of

this Act shall be deemed to have come into force on the 19th day of May, 1988.

4[2. Definitions.— In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(1) “Adjudicating Authority” means the Adjudicating Authority [5][referred to in] section 7;

(2) “Administrator” means an Income-tax Officer as defined in clause (25) of section 2 of the

Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);

(3) “Appellate Tribunal” means the Appellate Tribunal established under section 30;

(4) “Approving Authority” means an Additional Commissioner or a Joint Commissioner as

defined in clauses (1C) and (28C) respectively of section 2 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);

(5) “attachment” means the prohibition of transfer, conversion, disposition or movement of

property, by an order issued under this Act;

(6) “authority” means an authority referred to in sub-section (1) of section 18;

(7) “banking company” means a company to which the provisions of the Banking Regulation Act,

1949 (10 of 1949), applies and includes any bank or banking institution referred to in section 51 of that
Act;

(8) “benami property” means any property which is the subject matter of a benami transaction and

also includes the proceeds from such property;

(9) “benami transaction” means,—

(A) a transaction or an arrangement—

(a) where a property is transferred to, or is held by, a person, and the consideration for

such property has been provided, or paid by, another person; and

(b) the property is held for the immediate or future benefit, direct or indirect, of the person

who has provided the consideration,

except when the property is held by—

(i) a Karta, or a member of a Hindu undivided family, as the case may be, and the property is

held for his benefit or benefit of other members in the family and the consideration for such

1. Ins. by Act 43 of 2016, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
2. Subs. by s. 3, ibid., for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
3. The words “except the State of Jammu and Kashmir” omitted by Act 34 of 2019, s. 95 and the Fifth Schedule
(w.e.f. 31-10- 2019).
4. Subs. by Act 43 of 2016, s. 4, for section 2 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
5. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 154, for “appointed under” (w.e.f. 1-7-2021).


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property has been provided or paid out of the known sources of the Hindu undivided family;

(ii) a person standing in a fiduciary capacity for the benefit of another person towards whom

he stands in such capacity and includes a trustee, executor, partner, director of a company, a
depository or a participant as an agent of a depository under the Depositories Act, 1996 (22 of
1996) and any other person as may be notified by the Central Government for this purpose;

(iii) any person being an individual in the name of his spouse or in the name of any child of

such individual and the consideration for such property has been provided or paid out of the known
sources of the individual;

(iv) any person in the name of his brother or sister or lineal ascendant or descendant, where the

names of brother or sister or lineal ascendant or descendant and the individual appear as jointowners in any document, and the consideration for such property has been provided or paid out of
the known sources of the individual; or

(B) a transaction or an arrangement in respect of a property carried out or made in a

fictitious name; or

(C) a transaction or an arrangement in respect of a property where the owner of the

property is not aware of, or, denies knowledge of, such ownership;

(D) a transaction or an arrangement in respect of a property where the person providing the

consideration is not traceable or is fictitious;

_Explanation.—For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that_ _benami transaction shall_

not include any transaction involving the allowing of possession of any property to be taken or
retained in part performance of a contract referred to  in  section  53A  of  the  Transfer  of
Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), if, under any law for the time being in force,—

(i) consideration for such property has been provided by the person to whom possession of

property has been allowed but the person who has granted possession thereof continues to hold
ownership of such property;

(ii) stamp duty on such transaction or arrangement has been paid; and

(iii) the contract has been registered.

(10) “benamidar” means a person or a fictitious person, as the case may be, in whose name the

_benami property is transferred or held and includes a person who lends his name;_

(11) “Bench” means a Bench of the Adjudicating Authority or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case

may be;

(12) “beneficial owner” means a person, whether his identity is known or not, for whose benefit the

_benami property is held by a benamidar;_

(13) “Board” means the Central Board of Direct Taxes constituted under the Central Boards of

Revenue Act, 1963 (54 of 1963);

(14) “director” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (34) of section 2 of the

Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

(15) “executor” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (c) of section 2 of the Indian

Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925);

(16) “fair market value”, in relation to a property, means—

(i) the price that the property would ordinarily fetch on sale in the open market on the date of

the transaction; and

(ii) where the price referred to in sub-clause (i) is not ascertainable, such price as may be

determined in accordance with such manner as may be prescribed;

(17) “firm” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act,

1932 (9 of 1932) and shall include a limited liability partnership as defined in the Limited Liability
Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009);


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(18) “High Court” means—

(i) the High Court within the jurisdiction of which the aggrieved party ordinarily resides or

carries on business or personally works for gain; [1]***

(ii) where the Government is the aggrieved party, the High Court within the jurisdiction of

which the respondent, or in a case where there are more than one respondent, any of the
respondents, ordinarily resides or carries on business or personally works for gain; [2][and]

2[(iii) the High Court within the jurisdiction of which the office of the Initiating Officer is

located,—

(a) where the aggrieved party does not ordinarily reside or carry on business or personally

work for gain in the jurisdiction of any High Court;

(b) where the Government is the aggrieved party and any of the respondents do not

ordinarily reside or carry on business or personally work for gain in the jurisdiction of any
High Court;]

(19) “Initiating Officer” means an Assistant Commissioner or a Deputy Commissioner as defined

in clauses (9A) and (19A) respectively of section 2 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);

(20) “Member” means the Chairperson or the Member of the Adjudicating Authority or the

Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be;

(21) “notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette and the expression

“notified” shall be construed accordingly;

(22) “partner” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 4 of the Indian Partnership

Act, 1932 (9 of 1932), and shall include,—

(a) any person who, being a minor, has been admitted to the benefits of partnership; and
(b) a partner of a limited liability partnership formed and registered under the Limited Liability

Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009);
(23) “partnership” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 4 of the Indian

Partnership Act, 1932 (9 of 1932), and shall include a limited liability partnership formed and registered
under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009);

(24) “person” shall include—
(i) an individual;

(ii) a Hindu undivided family;

(iii) a company;

(iv) a firm;

(v) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not;

(vi) every artificial juridical person, not falling under sub-clauses (i) to (v);

(25) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(26) “property” means assets of any kind, whether movable or immovable, tangible or intangible,

corporeal or incorporeal and includes any right or interest or legal documents or instruments evidencing
title to or interest in the property and where the property is capable of conversion into some other form,
then the property in the converted form and also includes the proceeds from the property;

(27) “public financial institution” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (72) of

section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

(28) “Special Court” means a Court of Session designated as Special Court under sub-section (1) of

section 50;

(29) “transfer” includes sale, purchase or any other form of transfer of right, title, possession or lien;
(30) “trustee” means the trustee as defined in the section 3 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 (2 of

1882);

(31) words and expressions used herein and not defined in this Act but defined in the Indian Trusts

1. The word “and” omitted by Act 8 of 2023, s. 171 (w.e.f. 1-4-2023).
2. Ins. by s. 171, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-4-2023).


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Act, 1882 (2 of 1882), the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925), the Indian Partnership Act, 1932
(9 of 1932), the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), the Depositories Act, 1996 (22 of 1996), the
Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002 (15 of 2003), the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
(6 of 2009) and the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013), shall have the same meanings respectively
assigned to them in those Acts.]

1[CHAPTER II

PROHIBITION OF BENAMI TRANSACTIONS]

**3.** **Prohibition of benami transactions.—(1) No person shall enter into any benami transaction.**

2*    -    -    -    
3[(2)] Whoever enters into any benami transaction shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term

which may extend to three years or with fine or with both.

4[(3) Whoever enters into any _benami_ transaction on and after the date of commencement of the

_Benami_ Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 (43 of 2016) shall, notwithstanding anything
contained in sub-section (2), be punishable in accordance with the provisions contained in Chapter VII.]

5*    -    -    -    
**4.** **Prohibition of the right to recover property held** **_benami.—(1) No suit, claim or action to_**

enforce any right in respect of any property held benami against the person in whose name the property is
held or against any other person shall lie by or on behalf of a person claiming to be the real owner of such
property.

(2) No defence based on any right in respect of any property held benami, whether against the person

in whose name the property is held or against any other person, shall be allowed in any suit, claim or
action by or on behalf of a person claiming to be the real owner of such property.

6*    -    -    -    
**7[5. Property held benami liable to confiscation.—Any property, which is subject matter of benami**

transaction, shall be liable to be confiscated by the Central Government.

**6.** **Prohibition on re-transfer of property by benamidar.—(1) No person, being a benamidar shall**

re-transfer the _benami_ property held by him to the beneficial owner or any other person acting on his
behalf.

_(2)_ Where any property is re-transferred in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1), the

transaction of such property shall be deemed to be null and void.

_(3)_ The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall not apply to a transfer made in accordance with

the provisions of section 190 of the Finance Act, 2016 (28 of 2016).]

8[CHAPTER III

AUTHORITIES

**9[7. Adjudicating Authority.—The competent authority authorised under sub-section (1) of section 5**

of the Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976 (13 of 1976) shall
be the Adjudicating Authority to exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred by or under this
Act.]

**8. [Composition of Authority].—Omitted by Act 13 of 2021, s. 156 (w.e.f. 01-07-2021).**

1. Ins. by Act 43 of 2016, s. 5 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
2. Omitted by s. 6, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).

3. Sub-section (3) renumbered as sub-section (2) thereof by s. 6, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
4. Ins. by s. 6, ibid (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
5. Omitted by s. 6, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
6. Omitted by s. 7, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
7. Subs. by s. 8, ibid., for sections 5 and 6 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
8. Ins. by s. 9, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
9. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 155, for section 7 (w.e.f. 1-7-2021).


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**9. [Qualifications for appointment of Chairperson and Members].—Omitted by Act 13 of 2021, s.**

156 (w.e.f. 01-07-2021).

**10. [Constitution of Benches of Adjudicating Authority].—Omitted by** _ibid, s. 156 (w.e.f. 01-07-_

2021).

**11. [Power of Adjudicating Authority to regulate its own procedure].— Omitted by** _ibid, s. 156_

(w.e.f. 01-07-2021).

**12. [Term of office of Chairperson and Members of Adjudicating Authority].—Omitted by ibid, s.**

156 (w.e.f. 01-07-2021).

**13. [Terms and conditions of services of Chairperson and Members of Adjudicating**

**Authority].—Omitted by ibid, s. 156 (w.e.f. 01-07-2021).**

**14. [Removal of Chairperson and Members of Adjudicating Authority].—Omitted by ibid, s. 156**

(w.e.f. 01-07-2021).

**15. [Member to act as Chairperson in certain circumstances].—Omitted by ibid, s. 156 (w.e.f. 01-**

07-2021).

**16. [Vacancies, etc., not to invalidate proceedings of Adjudicating Authority].—Omitted by ibid, s.**

156 (w.e.f. 01-07-2021).

**17. [Officers and employees of Adjudicating Authority].—Omitted by** _ibid, s. 156 (w.e.f. 01-07-_

2021).

**18. Authorities and jurisdiction.—(1) The following shall be the authorities for the purposes of this**

Act, namely:—

(a) the Initiating Officer;

(b) the Approving Authority;

(c) the Administrator; and

(d) the Adjudicating Authority.

(2) The authorities shall exercise all or any of the powers and perform all or any of the functions

conferred on, or, assigned, as the case may be, to it under this Act or in accordance with such rules as may
be prescribed.

**19. Powers of authorities.—(1) The authorities shall, for the purposes of this Act, have the same**

powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), while trying a
suit in respect of the following matters, namely:—

(a) discovery and inspection;

(b) enforcing the attendance of any person, including any official of a banking company or a public

financial institution or any other intermediary or reporting entity, and examining him on oath;

(c) compelling the production of books of account and other documents;

(d) issuing commissions;

(e) receiving evidence on affidavits; and

(f) any other matter which may be prescribed.

_(2) All the persons summoned under sub-section (1) shall be bound to attend in person or through_

authorised agents, as any authority under this Act may direct, and shall be bound to state the truth upon
any subject respecting which they are examined or make statements, and produce such documents as may
be required.

_(3) Every proceeding under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be a judicial_

proceeding within the meaning of section 193 and section 228 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).

_(4) For the purposes of this Act, any authority under this Act may requisition the service of any police_

officer or of any officer of the Central Government or State Government or of both to assist him for all or
any of the purposes specified in sub-section (1), and it shall be the duty of every such officer to comply
with the requisition or direction.


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_(5) For the purposes of this section, “reporting entity” means any intermediary or any authority or of_

the Central or the State Government or any other person as may be notified in this behalf.

_Explanation.—For the purposes of sub-section (5), “intermediary” shall have the same meaning as_

assigned to it in clause (n) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Prevention of Money-Laundering
Act, 2002 (15 of 2003).

**20. Certain officers to assist in inquiry, etc.—The following officers shall assist the authorities in the**

enforcement of this Act, namely:—

(a) income-tax authorities appointed under sub-section (1) of section 117 of the Income-tax Act,

1961 (43 of 1961);

(b) officers of the Customs and Central Excise Departments;

(c) officers appointed under sub-section (1) of section 5 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic

Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985);

(d) officers of the stock exchange recognised under section 4 of the Securities Contracts

(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956);

(e) officers of the Reserve Bank of India constituted under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the

Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934);

(f) police;
(g) officers of enforcement appointed under sub-section (1) of section 36 of the Foreign Exchange

Management Act, 1999 (40 of 1999);

(h) officers of the Securities and Exchange Board of India established under section 3 of the

Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

(i) officers of any other body corporate constituted or established under a Central or a State Act;

And

(j) such other officers of the Central Government, State Government, local authorities or banking

companies as the Central Government may, by notification, specify, in this behalf.

**21. Power to call for information.—(1) The Initiating Officer or the Approving Authority or the**

Adjudicating Authority shall have power to require any officer of the Central Government or State
Government or a local body or any person or officer who is responsible for registering and maintaining
books of account or other documents containing a record of any transaction relating to any property or any
other person to furnish any information in relation to any person, point or matter as in his opinion shall be
useful for or relevant for the purposes of this Act.

(2) Without prejudice to sub-section (1), every officer or person referred to in sub-section (1) shall

furnish such information to any authority under this Act in such form and manner as may be prescribed.

**22. Power of authority to impound documents.—(1) Where any books of account or other**

documents are produced before the authority in any proceedings under this Act and the authority in this
behalf has reason to believe that any of the books of account or other documents are required to be
impounded and retained for any inquiry under this Act, it may impound and retain the books of account or
other documents for a period not exceeding three months from the date of order of attachment made by the
Adjudicating Authority under sub-section (3) of section 26:

Provided that the period for retention of the books of account or other documents may be extended

beyond a period exceeding three months from the date of order of attachment made by the Adjudicating
Authority under sub-section (3) of section 26 where the authority records in writing the reasons for
extending the same.

_(2)_ Where the authority impounding and retaining the books of account or other documents, under

sub-section (1) is the Initiating Officer, he shall obtain approval of the Approving Authority within a
period of fifteen days from the date of initial impounding and seek further approval of the Approving
Authority for extending the period of initial retention, before the expiry of the period of initial retention, if
so required.

_(3)_ The period of retention of the books of account or other documents under sub-section (1) shall in

no case exceed a period of thirty days from the date of conclusion of all the proceedings under this Act.


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_(4)_ The person, from whom the books of account or other documents were impounded under

sub-section (1), shall be entitled to obtain copies thereof.

_(5)_ On the expiry of the period specified under sub-section (1), the books of account or other

documents shall be returned to the person from whom such books of account or other documents were
impounded unless the Approving Authority or the Adjudicating Authority permits their release to any
other person.

**23. Power of authority to conduct inquiry, etc.—The Initiating Officer, after obtaining prior**

approval of the Approving Authority, shall have power to conduct or cause to be conducted any inquiry or
investigation in respect of any person, place, property, assets, documents, books of account or other
documents, in respect of any other relevant matters under this Act.

1[Explanation.—For the removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that nothing contained in this section

shall apply and shall be deemed to have ever applied where a notice under sub-section (1) of section 24 has
been issued by the Initiating Officer.]

CHAPTER IV

ATTACHMENT, ADJUDICATION AND CONFISCATION

**24. Notice and attachment of property involved in benami transaction.—(1) Where the Initiating**

Officer, on the basis of material in his possession, has reason to believe that any person is a benamidar in
respect of a property, he may, after recording reasons in writing, issue a notice to the person to show cause
within such time as may be specified in the notice why the property should not be treated as _benami_
property.

_(2)_ Where a notice under sub-section (1) specifies any property as being held by a benamidar referred

to in that sub-section, a copy of the notice shall also be issued to the beneficial owner if his identity is
known.

2[(2A) The benamidar, to whom a notice has been issued under sub-section (1), or the beneficial owner
to whom a copy of such notice has been issued under sub-section (2), shall furnish the explanation or
submissions, if any, within the period specified in the said notice or such period as may be extended by
the Initiating Officer, not exceeding three months from the end of the month in which the said notice is
issued.]

_(3)_ Where the Initiating Officer is of the opinion that the person in possession of the property held

_benami_ may alienate the property during the period specified in the notice, he may, with the previous
approval of the Approving Authority, by order in writing, attach provisionally the property in the manner
as may be prescribed, for a period not exceeding [3][four months] [4][from the last day of the month in which
the notice under sub-section (1) is issued.]

_(4)_ The Initiating Officer, after making such inquires and calling for such reports or evidence as he

deems fit and taking into account all relevant materials, shall, within a period of [5][four months] [6][from the
last day of the month in which the notice under sub-section (1) is issued],—

_(a)_ where the provisional attachment has been made under sub-section (3),—

_(i)_ pass an order continuing the provisional attachment of the property with the prior approval

of the Approving Authority, till the passing of the order by the Adjudicating Authority under
sub-section (3) of section 26; or

_(ii)_ revoke the provisional attachment of the property with the prior approval of the

Approving Authority;
_(b)_ where provisional attachment has not been made under sub-section (3),—

_(i)_ pass an order provisionally attaching the property with the prior approval of the Approving

Authority, till the passing of the order by the Adjudicating Authority under sub-section (3) of
section 26; or

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 173 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).
2. Ins. by Act 15 of 2024, s. 158 (w.e.f. 1-10-2024).
3. Subs. by s. 158, ibid., for “ninety days” (w.e.f. 1-10-2024).
4. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 174, for “from the date of issue of notice under sub-section (1)” (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
5. Subs. by Act 15 of 2024, s. 158, for “ninety days” (w.e.f. 1-10-2024).
6. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 174, for “from the date of issue of notice under sub-section (1)” (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).


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_(ii)_ decide not to attach the property as specified in the notice, with the prior approval of the

Approving Authority.

1[Explanation.— For the purposes of this section, in computing the period of limitation, the period

during which the proceeding is stayed by an order or injunction of any court shall be excluded:

Provided that where immediately after the exclusion of the aforesaid period, the period of limitation

referred to in sub-section (4) available to the Initiating Officer for passing order of attachment is less than
thirty days, such remaining period shall be deemed to be extended to thirty days:

Provided further that where immediately after the exclusion of the aforesaid period, the period of

limitation referred to in sub-section (5) available to the Initiating Officer to refer the order of attachment to
Adjudicating Authority is less than seven days, such remaining period shall be deemed to be extended to
seven days.]

_(5)_ Where the Initiating Officer passes an order continuing the provisional attachment of the property

under sub-clause (i) of clause (a) of sub-section (4) or passes an order provisionally attaching the property
under sub-clause (i) of clause (b) of that sub-section, he shall, within [2][one month from the end of the
month in which the said order has been passed], draw up a statement of the case and refer it to the
Adjudicating Authority.

**25. Manner of service of notice.—(1) A notice under sub-section (1) of section 24 may be served on**

the person named therein either by post or as if it were a summons issued by a Court under the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).

_(2)_ Any notice referred to in sub-section (1) may be addressed—

_(i)_ in case of an individual, to such individual;
_(ii)_ in the case of a firm, to the managing partner or the manager of the firm;

_(iii)_ in the case of a Hindu undivided family, to Karta or any member of such family;

_(iv)_ in the case of a company, to the principal officer thereof;

_(v)_ in the case of any other association or body of individuals, to the principal officer or any

member thereof;

_(vi)_ in the case of any other person (not being an individual), to the person who manages or

controls his affairs.

**26. Adjudication of** **_benami_** **property.—(1) On receipt of a reference under sub-section (5) of**

section 24, the Adjudicating Authority shall issue notice, to furnish such documents, particulars or
evidence as is considered necessary on a date to be specified therein, on the following persons, namely:—

(a) the person specified as a benamidar therein;

(b) any person referred to as the beneficial owner therein or identified as such;

(c) any interested party, including a banking company;

(d) any person who has made a claim in respect of the property:

Provided that the Adjudicating Authority shall issue notice within a period of thirty days from the

date on which a reference has been received:

Provided further that the notice shall provide a period of not less than thirty days to the person to

whom the notice is issued to furnish the information sought.

_(2)_ Where the property is held jointly by more than one person, the Adjudicating Authority shall

make all endeavours to serve notice to all persons holding the property:

Provided that where the notice is served on anyone of the persons, the service of notice shall not be

invalid on the ground that the said notice was not served to all the persons holding the property.

_(3)_ The Adjudicating Authority shall, after—

(a) considering the reply, if any, to the notice issued under sub-section (1);
(b) making or causing to be made such inquiries and calling for such reports or evidence as it

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 174 (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
2. Subs. by Act 15 of 2024, s. 158, for “fifteen days from the date of the attachment” (w.e.f. 1-10-2024).


-----

deems fit; and

(c) taking into account all relevant materials,

provide an opportunity of being heard to the person specified as a _benamidar_ therein, the Initiating
Officer, and any other person who claims to be the owner of the property, and, thereafter, pass an order—

_(i)_ holding the property not to be a benami property and revoking the attachment order; or

_(ii)_ holding the property to be a benami property and confirming the attachment order, in all

other cases.

_(4)_ Where the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that some part of the properties in respect of which

reference has been made to him is benami property, but is not able to specifically identify such part, he
shall record a finding to the best of his judgment as to which part of the properties is held benami.

_(5)_ Where in the course of proceedings before it, the Adjudicating Authority has reason to believe that

a property, other than a property referred to it by the Initiating Officer is _benami_ property, it shall
provisionally attach the property and the property shall be deemed to be a property referred to it on the
date of receipt of the reference under sub-section (5) of section 24.

_(6)_ The Adjudicating Authority may, at any stage of the proceedings, either on the application of any

party, or _suo motu, strike out the name of any party improperly joined or add the name of any person_
whose presence before the Adjudicating Authority may be necessary to enable him to adjudicate upon and
settle all the questions involved in the reference.

_(7)_ No order under sub-section (3) shall be passed after the expiry of one year from the end of the

month in which the reference under sub-section (5) of section 24 was received.

1[Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, in computing the period of limitation, the period

during which the proceeding is stayed by an order or injunction of any court shall be excluded:

Provided that where immediately after the exclusion of the aforesaid period, the period of limitation

available to the Adjudicating Authority for passing order is less than sixty days, such remaining period shall

be deemed to be extended to sixty days.]

2[Provided that where the time limit for passing order under this sub-section expires during the period

beginning from the 1st day of July, 2021 and ending on the 29th day of September, 2021, the time limit for

passing such order shall be extended to the 30th day of September, 2021.]

_(8)_ The benamidar or any other person who claims to be the owner of the property may either appear

in person or take the assistance of an authorised representative of his choice to present his case.

_Explanation.—For the purposes of sub-section (8), authorised representative means a person_

authorised in writing, being—

_(i)_ a person related to the _benamidar_ or such other person in any manner, or a person regularly

employed by the benamidar or such other person as the case may be; or

_(ii)_ any officer of a scheduled bank with which the _benamidar_ or such other person maintains an

account or has other regular dealings; or

_(iii)_ any legal practitioner who is entitled to practice in any civil court in India; or

_(iv)_ any person who has passed any accountancy examination recognised in this behalf by the Board;

or

_(v)_ any person who has acquired such educational qualifications as the Board may prescribe for this

purpose.

**27. Confiscation and vesting of benami property.—(1) Where an order is passed in respect of any**

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 175 (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
2. Ins. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 157 (w.e.f. 1-7-2021).


-----

property under sub-section (3) of section 26 holding such property to be a _benami_ property, the
Adjudicating Authority shall, after giving an opportunity of being heard to the person concerned, make an
order confiscating the property held to be a benami property:

Provided that where an appeal has been filed against the order of the Adjudicating Authority, the

confiscation of property shall be made subject to the order passed by the Appellate Tribunal under
section 46:

Provided further that the confiscation of the property shall be made in accordance with such

procedure as may be prescribed.

_(2)_ Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to a property held or acquired by a person from the

_benamidar_ for adequate consideration, prior to the issue of notice under sub-section (1) of section 24
without his having knowledge of the benami transaction.

_(3)_ Where an order of confiscation has been made under sub-section (1), all the rights and title in such

property shall vest absolutely in the Central Government free of all encumbrances and no compensation
shall be payable in respect of such confiscation.

_(4)_ Any right of any third person created in such property with a view to defeat the purposes of this

Act shall be null and void.

_(5)_ Where no order of confiscation is made upon the proceedings under this Act attaining finality, no

claim shall lie against the Government.

**28. Management of properties confiscated.—(1) The Administrator shall have the power to receive**

and manage the property, in relation to which an order of confiscation under sub-section (1) of section 27
has been made, in such manner and subject to such conditions, as may be prescribed.

_(2)_ The Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, notify as many of its

officers as it thinks fit, to perform the functions of Administrators.

_(3)_ The Administrator shall also take such measures, as the Central Government may direct, to

dispose of the property which is vested in the Central Government under sub-section (3) of section 27, in
such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.

**29. Possession of the property.—(1) Where an order of confiscation in respect of a property under**

sub-section (1) of section 27, has been made, the Administrator shall proceed to take the possession of the
property.

_(2)_ The Administrator shall,—

_(a)_ by notice in writing, order within seven days of the date of the service of notice to any person,

who may be in possession of the _benami_ property, to surrender or deliver possession thereof to the
Administrator or any other person duly authorised in writing by him in this behalf;

_(b)_ in the event of non-compliance of the order referred to in clause (a), or if in his opinion,

taking over of immediate possession is warranted, for the purpose of forcibly taking over possession,
requisition the service of any police officer to assist him and it shall be the duty of the officer to
comply with the requisition.

CHAPTER V

APPELLATE TRIBUNAL

**30. Establishment of Appellate Tribunal.—The Central Government shall, by notification, establish**

an Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against the orders of [1][any authority] under this Act.

**31. Composition etc., of Appellate Tribunal.—(1) The Appellate Tribunal shall consist of a**

Chairperson and at least two other Members of which one shall be a Judicial Member and other shall be an
Administrative Member.

_(2)_ Subject to the provisions of this Act,—

_(a)_ the jurisdiction of the Appellate Tribunal may be exercised by Benches thereof;

1. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 176, for “the Adjudicating Authority” (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).


-----

_(b)_ a Bench may be constituted by the Chairperson with two Members as the Chairperson may

deem fit;

_(c)_ the Benches of the Appellate Tribunal shall ordinarily sit in the National Capital Territory of

Delhi and at such other places as the Central Government may, in consultation with the Chairperson,
by notification, specify;

_(d)_ the Central Government shall, by notification, specify the areas in relation to which each

Bench of the Appellate Tribunal may exercise its jurisdiction.

_(3)Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the Chairperson may transfer a Member_

from one Bench to another Bench.

**32. Qualifications for appointment of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal.—(1) A**

person shall not be qualified for appointment as Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal unless he is a sitting
or retired Judge of a High Court, who has completed not less than five years’ of service.

_(2)_ A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Member unless he—

_(a)_ in the case of a Judicial Member, has been a Member of the Indian Legal Service and has held

the post of Additional Secretary or equivalent post in that Service;

_(b)_ in the case of an Administrative Member, has been a Member of the Indian Revenue Service

and has held the post of Chief Commissioner of Income tax or equivalent post in that Service.

_(3)_ No sitting Judge of a High Court shall be appointed under this section except after consultation

with the Chief Justice of the High Court.

_(4)_ The Chairperson or a Member holding a post as such in any other Tribunal, established under any

law for the time being in force, in addition to his being the Chairperson or a Member of that Tribunal,
may be appointed as the Chairperson or a Member, as the case may be, of the Appellate Tribunal under
this Act.

**33. Terms and conditions of services of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal.—(1)**

The salary and allowances payable to, and the other terms and conditions of service of the Chairperson and
other Members shall be such as may be prescribed and shall not be varied to their disadvantage during
their tenure.

(2) Any vacancy caused to the office of the Chairperson or any other Member shall be filled up within

a period of three months from the date on which such vacancy occurs.

**34. Term of office of Chairperson and Members.—The Chairperson and Members of the Appellate**

Tribunal shall hold office for a term not exceeding five years from the date on which they enter upon their
office, or until they attain the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier and shall not be eligible for
reappointment.

**35. Removal of Chairperson and Member from office in certain circumstances.—(1) The Central**

Government may, in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court, remove from office of the
Chairperson or any Member, who—

(a) has been adjudged as an insolvent; or

(b) has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central Government involves

moral turpitude; or

(c) has become physically or mentally incapable; or

(d) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions; or

(e) has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public interest.

_(2)_ The Chairperson or Judicial Member shall not be removed from his office except by an order

made by the Central Government after an inquiry made by Chief Justice of the High Court in which the
Chairperson or Judicial Member has been informed of the charges against him and given a reasonable
opportunity of being heard in respect of those charges.

_(3)_ The Central Government may suspend from office the Chairperson or Judicial Member in respect


-----

of whom a reference of conducting an inquiry has been made to the Chief Justice of the High Court under
sub-section (2), until the Central Government passes an order on receipt of the report of inquiry made by
Chief Justice of the High Court on the reference.

_(4)_ The Central Government may regulate the procedure for inquiry referred to in sub-section (2) in

the manner as may be prescribed.

_(5)_ The Administrative Member may be removed from his office by an order of the Central

Government on the grounds specified in sub-section (1) and in accordance with the procedure notified by
the Central Government:

Provided that the Administrative Member shall not be removed unless he has been given an

opportunity of being heard in the matter.

**36. Vacancies, etc., not to invalidate proceedings of Appellate Tribunal.—No act or proceeding of**

the Appellate Tribunal shall be invalid merely by reason of—

(a) any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of the Tribunal; or

(b) any defect in the appointment of a person acting as a Member of the Tribunal; or

(c) any irregularity in the procedure of the Tribunal not affecting the merits of the case.

**37. Resignation and removal.—The Chairperson or any other Member may, by notice in writing**

under his hand addressed to the Central Government, resign his office:

Provided that the Chairperson or any other Member shall, unless he is permitted by the Central

Government to relinquish his office sooner, continue to hold office until the expiry of three months from
the date of receipt of the notice or until a person duly appointed as his successor enters upon his office or
until the expiry of his term of office, whichever is earlier.

**38. Member to act as Chairperson in certain circumstances.—(1) In the event of the occurrence of**

any vacancy in the office of the Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal by reason of his death, resignation
or otherwise, the senior-most Member shall act as the Chairperson until the date on which a new
Chairperson, appointed in accordance with the provisions of this Act to fill such vacancy, enters upon his
office.

(2) When the Chairperson is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or any other

cause, the senior-most Member shall discharge the functions of the Chairperson until the date on which
the Chairperson resumes his duties.

**39. Staff of Appellate Tribunal.—(1) The Central Government shall provide the Appellate Tribunal**

with such officers and employees as it may thinks fit.

_(2)_ The officers and employees of the Appellate Tribunal shall discharge their functions under the

general superintendence of the Chairperson.

_(3)_ The salaries and allowances and other conditions of service of the officers and employees of the

Appellate Tribunal shall be such, as may be prescribed.

**40. Procedure and powers of Appellate Tribunal.—(1) The Appellate Tribunal shall not be bound**

by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), but shall be guided by the
principles of natural justice and, subject to the other provisions of this Act, the Appellate Tribunal shall
have powers to regulate its own procedure.

_(2)_ The Appellate Tribunal shall, for the purposes of discharging its functions under this Act, have the

same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) while
trying a suit, in respect of the following matters, namely:—

_(a)_ summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;

_(b)_ requiring the discovery and production of documents;

_(c)_ receiving evidence on affidavits;

_(d)_ subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

(1 of 1872), requisitioning any public record or document or copy of such record or document from


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any office;

_(e)_ issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;

_(f)_ reviewing its decisions;

_(g)_ dismissing a representation for default or deciding it ex parte;

_(h)_ setting aside any order of dismissal of any representation for default or any order passed by it

_ex parte; and_

_(i)_ any other matter, which may be, prescribed by the Central Government.

_(3) An order made by the Appellate Tribunal under this Act shall be executable by it as a decree of_

civil court and, for this purpose, the Appellate Tribunal shall have all the powers of a civil court.

_(4)_ Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), the Appellate Tribunal may transmit any

order made by it to a civil court having jurisdiction and the civil court shall execute the order as if it were
a decree made by that court.

_(5)_ All proceedings before the Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within

the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) and the Appellate Tribunal
shall be deemed to be a civil court for the purposes of sections 345 and 346 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).

**41. Distribution of business amongst Benches of Appellate Tribunal.—Where any Benches are**

constituted, the Chairperson may, from time to time, by notification, make provision as to the distribution
of the business of the Appellate Tribunal amongst the Benches and also provide for the matters which may
be dealt with by each Bench.

**42. Power of Chairperson of Appellate Tribunal to transfer cases.—On the application of any of**

the parties and notice to the parties, and after hearing them, or on his own motion without any notice, the
Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal may transfer any case pending before one Bench, for disposal, to
any other Bench.

**43. Decision to be by majority.—If the Members of a Bench consisting of two Members differ in**

opinion on any point, they shall state the point or points on which they differ, and make a reference to the
Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal who shall either hear the point or points himself or refer the case for
hearing on the point or points by one or more of the other Members and the point or points shall be
decided according to the opinion of the majority of the Members of the Appellate Tribunal who have heard
the case, including those who first heard it.

**44. Members, etc., to be public servants.—The Chairperson, Members and other officers and**

employees of the Appellate Tribunal, the Adjudicating Authority, Approving Authority, Initiating Officer,
Administrator and the officers subordinate to all of them shall be deemed to be public servants within the
meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).

**45. Bar of jurisdiction of civil courts.—No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or**

proceeding in respect of any matter which any of the authorities, an Adjudicating Authority or the
Appellate Tribunal is empowered by or under this Act to determine, and no injunction shall be granted by
any court or other forum in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred
by or under this Act.

**46. Appeals to Appellate Tribunal.—(1) Any person, including the Initiating Officer, aggrieved by**

an order of the Adjudicating Authority may prefer an appeal in such form and along with such fees, as may
be prescribed, to the Appellate Tribunal against the order passed by the Adjudicating Authority under
sub-section (3) of section 26, within a period of forty-five days from the date [1][on which such order is
received by the Initiating Officer or received by such person.]

2[(1A) Any person aggrieved by an order passed by the authority under section 54A may prefer an

appeal in such form along with such fees, as may be prescribed, to the Appellate Tribunal against the said
order within a period of forty-five days from the date [3][on which such order is received by such person.]

_(2)_ The Appellate Tribunal may entertain any appeal after the said period of forty-five days, if it is

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 171, for “of the order” (w.e.f. 1-4-2023).
2. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 177 (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
3. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 171, for “of that order” (w.e.f. 1-4-2023).


-----

satisfied that the appellant was prevented, by sufficient cause, from filing the appeal in time.

_(3)_ On receipt of an appeal under sub-section (1), [2][or sub-section (1A)] the Appellate Tribunal may,

after giving the parties to the appeal an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders thereon as it thinks
fit.

_(4)_ An Appellate Tribunal while deciding the appeal shall have the power—

_(a)_ to determine a case finally, where the evidence on record is sufficient;

_(b)_ to take additional evidence or to require any evidence to be taken by the Adjudicating

Authority, where the Adjudicating Authority has refused to admit evidence, which ought to have been
admitted;

_(c)_ to require any document to be produced or any witness to be examined for the purposes of

proceeding before it;

_(d)_ to frame issues which appear to the Appellate Tribunal essential for adjudication of the case

and refer them to the Adjudicating Authority for determination;

_(e)_ to pass final order and affirm, vary or reverse an order of adjudication passed by the

Adjudicating Authority and pass such other order or orders as may be necessary to meet the ends of
justice.

_(5)_ The Appellate Tribunal, as far as possible, may hear and finally decide the appeal within a period

of one year from the last date of the month in which the appeal is filed.

**47. Rectification of mistakes.—[1][(1) The Appellate Tribunal or any authority may, in order to rectify**

any mistake apparent on the face of the record, amend any order passed by it under the provisions of this
Act, within a period of one year from the end of the month in which such order was passed.]

(2) No amendment shall be made under sub-section (1), if the amendment is likely to affect any person

prejudicially, unless he has been given notice of intention to do so and has been given an opportunity of
being heard.

**48. Right to representation.—(1) A person preferring an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal under this**

Act may either appear in person or take the assistance of an authorised representative of his choice to
present his case before the Appellate Tribunal.

_(2)_ The Central Government may authorise one or more of its officers to act as presenting officers on

its behalf, and every person so authorised may present the case with respect to any appeal before the
Appellate Tribunal.

_Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “authorised representative” means a person authorised_

by the appellant in writing to appear on his behalf, being—

_(i)_ a person related to the appellant in any manner, or a person regularly employed by the

appellant; or

_(ii)_ any officer of a scheduled bank with which the appellant maintains an account or has other

regular dealings; or

_(iii)_ any legal practitioner who is entitled to practice in any civil court in India; or

_(iv)_ any person who has passed any accountancy examination recognised in this behalf by the

Board; or

_(v)_ any person who has acquired such educational qualifications as the Board may prescribe for

this purpose.

**49. Appeal to High Court.—(1) Any party aggrieved by any decision or order of the Appellate**

Tribunal may file an appeal to the High Court within a period of sixty days from the date of
communication of the decision or order of the Appellate Tribunal to him on any question of law arising out
of such order.

1. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s.178, for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).


-----

_(2)_ The High Court may entertain any appeal after the said period of sixty days, if it is satisfied that

the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the period specified in
sub-section (1).

_(3)_ Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any case, it shall

formulate that question.

_(4)_ The appeal shall be heard only on the question so formulated, and the respondents shall, at the

hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not involve such question.

_(5)_ Nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the power of the court to hear,

for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question of law not formulated by it, if it is
satisfied that the case involves such question.

_(6)_ The High Court shall decide the question of law so formulated and deliver the judgment thereon

containing the grounds on which any decision is founded and may award any cost as it deems fit.

_(7)_ The High Court may determine any issue which—

_(a)_ has not been determined by the Appellate Tribunal; or

_(b)_ has been wrongly determined by the Appellate Tribunal, by reason of a decision on such

question of law as is referred to in sub-section (1).

_(8)_ Save as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

(5 of 1908), relating to appeals to the High Court shall, as far as may be, apply in the case of appeals
under this section.

CHAPTER VI

SPECIAL COURTS

**50. Special Courts.—(1) The Central Government, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High**

Court, shall, for trial of an offence punishable under this Act, by notification, designate one or more Courts
of Session as Special Court or Special Courts for such area or areas or for such case or class or group of
cases as may be specified in the notification.

_(2)_ While trying an offence under this Act, a Special Court shall also try an offence other than an

offence referred to in sub-section (1), with which the accused may, under the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973 (2 of 1974), be charged at the same trial.

_(3)_ The Special Court shall not take cognizance of any offence punishable under this Act except upon

a complaint in writing made by—

_(i)_ the authority; or

_(ii)_ any officer of the Central Government or State Government authorised in writing by that

Government by a general or special order made in this behalf.

_(4)_ Every trial under this section shall be conducted as expeditiously as possible and every endeavour

shall be made by the Special Court to conclude the trial within six months from the date of filing of the
complaint.

**51. Application of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 to proceedings before Special Court.—(1)**

Save as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
(2 of 1974), shall apply to the proceedings before a Special Court and the persons conducting the
prosecution before the Special Court, shall be deemed to be Public Prosecutors:

Provided that the Central Government may also appoint for any case or class or group of cases, a

Special Public Prosecutor.

_(2)_ A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Public Prosecutor or a Special Public

Prosecutor under this section unless, the Public Prosecutor has been in practice as an advocate for not less
than seven years, and the Special Public Prosecutor has been in practice as an advocate for not less than
ten years in any court.

_(3)_ Every person appointed as a Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor under this section


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shall be deemed to be a Public Prosecutor within the meaning of clause (u) of section 2 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) and the provisions of that Code shall have effect accordingly.

**52. Appeal and revision.—The High Court may exercise, so far as may be applicable, all the powers**

conferred by Chapter XXIX or Chapter XXX of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), on a
High Court, as if a Special Court within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the High Court were a Court
of Session trying cases within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the High Court.

CHAPTER VII

OFFENCES AND PROSECUTION

**53. Penalty for benami transaction.—(1) Where any person enters into a benami transaction in order**

to defeat the provisions of any law or to avoid payment of statutory dues or to avoid payment to creditors,
the beneficial owner, benamidar and any other person who abets or induces any person to enter into the
_benami transaction, shall be guilty of the offence of benami transaction._

(2) Whoever is found guilty of the offence of benami transaction referred to in sub-section (1) shall be

punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year, but which may
extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to twenty-five per cent. of the fair
market value of the property.

**54. Penalty for false information.—Any person who is required to furnish information under this Act**

knowingly gives false information to any authority or furnishes any false document in any proceeding
under this Act, shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six
months but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to ten per
cent. of the fair market value of the property.

1[54A. Penalty for failure to comply with notices or furnish information.—(1) Any person who fails

to, —

(i) comply with summons issued under sub-section (1) of section 19; or

(ii) furnish information as required under section 21, shall be liable to pay penalty of twenty-five

thousand rupees for each such failure.


(2) The penalty under sub-section (1) shall be imposed by the authority who had issued the summons or

called for the information.

(3) No order under sub-section (2) shall be passed by the authority unless the person on whom the

penalty is to be imposed has been given an opportunity of being heard:

Provided that no penalty shall be imposed if, such person proves that there were good and sufficient

reasons which prevented him from complying with the summons or furnishing information.

**54B. Proof of entries in records or documents.--The entries in the records or other documents in the**

custody of an authority shall be admitted in evidence in any proceedings for the prosecution of any person
for an offence under section 3 or this Chapter, as the case may be, and all such entries may be proved either
by—

(i) the production of the records or other documents in the custody of the authority containing such

entries; or

(ii) the production of a copy of the entries certified by the authority having custody of the records or

other documents under its signature stating that it is a true copy of the original entries and that such
original entries are contained in the records or other documents in its custody.]

**55. Previous sanction.—No prosecution shall be instituted against any person in respect of any**

offence under sections 3, 53 or section 54 without the previous sanction of the [2][competent authority].]

3[Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “competent authority” means a Commissioner, a

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 179 (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
2. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 180, for “Board” (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
3. Ins. by s. 180, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).


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Director, a Principal Commissioner of Income-tax or a Principal Director of Income-tax as defined in
clause (16), clause (21), clause (34B) and clause (34C), respectively, of section 2 of the Income-tax Act,
1961 (43 of 1961).]

1[55A. Power to tender Immunity from prosecution.—(1) The Initiating Officer may, with a view to

obtaining the evidence of the _benamidar or any other person as referred to in section 53, other than the_
beneficial owner, tender immunity from prosecution for any offence under the said section to the
_benamidar or such other person, with the previous sanction of the competent authority as referred to in_
section 55, on the condition that the benamidar or such other person makes a full and true disclosure of the
whole circumstances relating to the benami transaction.

(2) The tender of immunity made to, and accepted by, the benamidar or such other person, shall, to the

extent to which the immunity extends, render him immune from prosecution for the offence in respect of
which the tender was made and from the imposition of any penalty under section 53.

(3) If it appears to the Initiating Officer that any person to whom immunity has been tendered under

this section has not complied with the conditions subject to which the tender was made, or is wilfully
concealing anything, or is giving false evidence, the Initiating Officer may record a finding to that effect,
and with the previous sanction of the competent authority as referred to in section 55, withdraw the
immunity tendered.

(4) Any person against whom the immunity tendered is withdrawn in accordance with sub-section (3),

may be tried for the offence in respect of which the tender of immunity was made or for any other offence
of which he appears to have committed in connection with the same transaction and shall also be liable to
any penalty under this Act to which he would otherwise have been liable.]

2[CHAPTER VIII

MISCELLANEOUS

**56. Repeal of provisions of certain Acts.—(1) Sections 81, 82 and 94 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882**

(2 of 1882), section 66 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) and section 281A of the Incometax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), are hereby repealed.

(2) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that nothing in sub-section (1) shall affect the

continued operation of section 281A of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) in the State of Jammu and
Kashmir.

**57. Certain transfers to be null and void.—Notwithstanding anything contained in the Transfer of**

the Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882) or any other law for the time being in force, where, after the issue of a
notice under section 24, any property referred to in the said notice is transferred by any mode whatsoever,
the transfer shall, for the purposes of the proceedings under this Act, be ignored and if the property is
subsequently confiscated by the Central Government under section 27, then, the transfer of the property
shall be deemed to be null and void.

**58. Exemption.—(1) The Central Government may, by notification, exempt any property relating to**

charitable or religious trusts from the operation of this Act.

(2) Every notification issued under sub-section (1) shall be laid before each House of Parliament.

**59. Power of Central Government to issue directions, etc.—(1) The Central Government may, from**

time to time, issue such orders, instructions or directions to the authorities or require any person to furnish
information as it may deem fit for the proper administration of this Act and such authorities and all other
persons employed in execution of this Act shall observe and follow the orders, instructions and directions
of the Central Government.

_(2)_ In issuing the directions or orders referred to in sub-section (1), the Central Government may have

regard to anyone or more of the following criteria, namely:—

_(a)_ territorial area;

1. Ins. by Act 15 of 2024, s. 158 (w.e.f. 1-10-2024).
2. Subs. by Act 43 of 2016, s. 10, for sections 7 and 8 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).


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_(b)_ classes of persons;

_(c)_ classes of cases; and

_(d)_ any other criterion that may be specified by the Central Government in this behalf.

_(3)_ No orders, instructions or directions under sub-section (1) shall be issued so as to—

_(a)_ require any authority to decide a particular case in a particular manner; or

_(b)_ interfere with the discretion of the Adjudicating Authority in the discharge of its functions.

**60.** **Application of other laws not barred.—The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and**

not, save as hereinafter expressly provided, in derogation of any other law for the time being in force.

**61.** **Offences to be non-cognizable.—Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal**

Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), an offence under this Act shall be non-cognizable.

**62.** **Offences by companies.—(1) Where a person committing contravention of any of the provisions**

of this Act or of any rule, direction or order made thereunder is a company, every person who, at the time
the contravention was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company, for the conduct
of the business of the company as well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the contravention
and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

_(2)_ Nothing contained in sub-section (1), shall render any person liable to punishment if he proves

that the contravention took place without his knowledge.

_(3)_ Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where a contravention of any of the

provisions of this Act or of any rule, direction or order made thereunder has been committed by a
company and it is proved that the contravention has taken place with the consent or connivance of, or is
attributable to any neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company,
the director, manager, secretary or other officer shal1 also be deemed to be guilty of the contravention and
shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

_Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,—_

_(a)_ “company” means a body corporate, and includes—

_(i)_ a firm; and

_(ii)_ an association of persons or a body of individuals whether incorporated or not; and

_(b)_ “director”, in relation to—

_(i)_ a firm, means a partner in the firm;

_(ii)_ any association of persons or a body of individuals, means any member controlling the

affairs thereof.

**63.** **Notice, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds.—No notice, summons, order, document or**

other proceeding, furnished or made or issued or taken or purported to have been furnished or made or
issued or taken in pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act shall be invalid, or shall be deemed to be
invalid merely by reason of any mistake, defect or omission in the notice, summons, order, document or
other proceeding if the notice, summons, order, document or other proceeding is in substance and effect
in conformity with or according to the intent and purpose of this Act.

**64.** **Protection of action taken in good faith.—No prosecution, suit or other proceeding shall lie**

against the Government or any officer of the Government or the Appellate Tribunal or the Adjudicating
Authority established under this Act, for anything done or intended to be done in good faith under this
Act.

**65.** **Transfer of pending cases.—(1) Every suit or proceeding in respect of a** _benami_ transaction

pending in any Court (other than a High Court) or Tribunal or before any forum on the date of the
commencement of this Act shall stand transferred to the Adjudicating Authority or the Appellate
Tribunal, as the case may be, having jurisdiction in the matter.

_(2)_ Where any suit, or other proceeding stands transferred to the Adjudicating Authority or the

Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1),—


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_(a)_ the court, Tribunal or other forum shall, as soon as may be, after the transfer, forward the

records of the suit, or other proceeding to the Adjudicating Authority or the Appellate Tribunal, as the
case may be;

_(b)_ the Adjudicating Authority may, on receipt of the records, proceed to deal with the suit, or

other proceeding, so far as may be, in the same manner as in the case of a reference made under subsection (5) of section 24, from the stage which was reached before the transfer or from any earlier
stage or de novo as the Adjudicating Authority may deem fit.

**66.** **Proceedings, etc., against legal representative.—(1) Where a person dies during the course of**

any proceeding under this Act, any proceeding taken against the deceased before his death shall be
deemed to have been taken against the legal representative and may be continued against the legal
representative from the stage at which it stood on the date of the death of the deceased.

_(2)_ Any proceeding which could have been taken against the deceased if he had survived may be

taken against the legal representative and all the provisions of this Act, except sub-section (2) of section 3
and the provisions of Chapter VII, shall apply accordingly.

_(3)_ Where any property of a person has been held benami under sub-section (3) of section 26, then, it

shall be lawful for the legal representative of the person to prefer an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal, in
place of the person and the provisions of section 46 shall, so far as may be, apply, or continue to apply, to
the appeal.

**67.** **Act to have overriding effect.—The provisions of this Act shall have effect, notwithstanding**

anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force.

**68.** **Power to make rules.—(1) The Central Government may, by notification, make rules for**

carrying out the provisions of this Act.

_(2)_ In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may

provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—

(a) manner of ascertaining the fair market value under clause 16 of section 2;

1*      -      -      -      
(d) the powers and functions of the authorities under sub-section (2) of section 18;

(e) other powers of the authorities under clause (f) of sub-section (1) of section 19;

(f) the form and manner of furnishing any information to the authority under sub-section (2) of

section 21;

(g) the manner of provisional attachment of property under sub-section (3) of section 24;

(h) the procedure for confiscation of _benami property under the second proviso to sub-section_

(1) of section 27;

(i) the manner and conditions to receive and manage the property under sub-section (1) of

section 28;

(j) the manner and conditions of disposal of property vested in the Central Government under

sub-section (3) of section 28;

(k) the salaries and allowances payable to and the other terms and conditions of service of the

Chairperson and other Members of the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) of section 33;

(l) the manner of prescribing procedure for removal of Chairperson or Member under

sub-section (4) of section 35;

(m) the salaries and allowances payable to and the other terms and conditions of service of the

officers and employees of the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (3) of section 39;

(n) any power of the Appellate Tribunal under clause (i) of sub-section (2) of section 40;

(o) the form in which appeal shall be filed and the fee for filing the appeal under sub-section (1)

of section 46;

1. Clauses (b) and (c) omitted by Act 13 of 2021, s. 158 (w.e.f. 1-7-2021).


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(p) any other matter which is to be, or may be, prescribed, or in respect of which provision is to

be made, by rules.

**69.** **Laying of rules and notifications before Parliament.—Every rule made and notification issued**

under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made or issued, before each House of Parliament,
while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or
more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the
successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rules or notifications,
as the case may be, both Houses agree that the rules or notifications, as the case may be, should not be
made or issued, the rule or notification, as the case may be, shall thereafter have effect only in such
modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or
annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or
notification, as the case may be.

**70.** **Power to remove difficulties.—(1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of**

this Act, the Central Government may, by order, published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions
not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act as may appear to be necessary for removing the difficulty.

_(2)_ No order shall be made under this section after the expiry of two years from the commencement

of this Act.

_(3)_ Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each

House of Parliament.

**71.** **Transitional provision.—The Central Government may, by notification, provide that until the**

Adjudicating Authorities are appointed and the Appellate Tribunal is established under this Act, the
Adjudicating Authority appointed under sub-section (1) of section 6 of the Money-Laundering Act, 2002
(15 of 2003) and the Appellate Tribunal established under section 25 of that Act may discharge the
functions of the Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal, respectively, under this Act.]

**1[72.] Repeal and saving.—(1) The** _Benami_ Transactions (Prohibition of the Right to Recover

Property) Ordinance, 1988 (Ord. 2 of 1988) is hereby repealed.

(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, anything done or any action taken under the said Ordinance shall be

deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act.

1. Section 9 renumbered as section 72 thereof by Act 43 of 2016, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-11-2016).


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