The Carriage by Air Act, 1972
# THE CARRIAGE BY AIR ACT, 1972
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 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
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SECTIONS

1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Definitions.
3. Application of Convention to India.
4. Application of amended Convention to India.

4A. Application of Montreal Convention to India.

5. Liability in case of death.
6. Conversion of frances.
6A. Conversion of Special Drawing Rights.
7. Provisions regarding suits against High Contracting Parties who undertake carriage by air.
8. Application of Act to carriage by air which is not international.

8A. Power to make rules.

9. [Repealed.]

THE FIRST SCHEDULE.

THE SECOND SCHEDULE.

THE THIRD SCHEDUELE.


ANNEXURE


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# THE CARRIAGE BY AIR ACT, 1972

 ACT NO. 69 OF 1972

[19th December, 1972.]

An Act to give effect to the Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to international

carriage by air signed at Warsaw on the 12th day of October, 1929 and to the said Convention as
amended by the Hague Protocol on the 28th day of September, 1955 [1][and also to the Montreal
Convention signed on the 28th day of May, 1999 and to make provision for] applying the rules
contained in the said Convention in its original form and in the amended form (subject to exceptions,
adaptations and modifications) to non-international carriage by air and for matters connected
therewith.

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:—

**1. Short title, extent and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Carriage by Air Act,**

1972.

(2) It extends to the whole of India.

(3) It shall come into force on such date[2] as the Central Government may, by notification in the

Official Gazette, appoint.

**2. Definitions.—In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—**

(i) “amended Convention” means the Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol on the 28th

day of September, 1955;

(ii) “Convention” means the Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to

international carriage by air signed at Warsaw on the 12th day of October, 1929.

3[(iii) “Montreal Convention” means the Convention for the unification of certain rules for

international carriage by air signed at Montreal on the 28th day of May, 1999;

(iv) “Annexure” means the Annexure to this Act.]

**3. Application of Convention to India.—(1) The rules contained in the First Schedule, being the**

provisions of the Convention relating to the rights and liabilities of carriers, passengers, consignors,
consignees and other persons, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have the force of law in India in
relation to any carriage by air to which those rules apply, irrespective of the nationality of the aircraft
performing the carriage.

4[(2) For the purpose of this Act, the High Contracting Parties to the Convention and the date of

enforcement of the said Convention shall be such as are included in Part I of the Annexure.]

(3) Any reference in the First Schedule to the territory of any High Contracting Party to the

Convention shall be construed as a reference to all the territories in respect of which he is a party.

(4) Any reference in the First Schedule to agents of the carrier shall be construed as including a

reference to servants of the carrier.

5[(5) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of this Act, and if it considers

necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or, as the case may be,
omit from, Part I of the Annexure, any High Contracting Party and on such addition, or as the case may
be, omission, such High Contracting Party shall be or shall cease to be, a High Contracting Party.]

1. Subs. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 2, for “and to make provision for” (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
2. 15th May, 1973, _vide_ notification No. S.O. 170(E), dated 23rd March, 1973, _see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,_

sec. 3(ii).

3. Ins. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
4. Subs. by s. 4,ibid., for sub-section (2) (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
5. Subs. by s. 4, ibid., for sub-section (5) (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).

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**4. Application of amended Convention to India.—(1) The rules contained in the Second Schedule,**

being the provisions of the amended Convention relating to the rights and liabilities of carriers,
passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have the
force of law in India in relation to any carriage by air to which those rules apply, irrespective of the
nationality of the aircraft performing the carriage.

1[(2) For the purpose of this Act, the High Contracting Parties to the amended Convention and the

date of enforcement of the said amended Convention shall be such as are included in Part II of the
Annexure.

(2A) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of this Act, and if it considers

necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or, as the case may be,
omit from, Part II of the Annexure, any High Contracting Party and on such addition, or, as the case may
be, omission, such High Contracting Party shall be or shall cease to be, a High Contracting Party.]

(3) Any reference in the Second Schedule to the territory of any High Contracting Party to the

amended Convention shall be construed as a reference to all the territories in respect of which he is a
party.

(4) Any reference in the Second Schedule to agents of the carrier shall be construed as including a

reference to servants of the carrier.

2[4A. Application of Montreal Convention to India.—(1) The rules contained in the Third

Schedule, being the provisions of the Montreal Convention relating to the rights and liabilities of carriers,
passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have the
force of law in India in relation to any carriage by air to which those rules apply, irrespective of the
nationality of the aircraft performing the carriage.

(2) For the purpose of this Act, the State Parties to the Montreal Convention and the date of

enforcement of the said Montreal Convention shall be such as are included in Part III of the Annexure.

(3) Any reference in the Third Schedule to the territory of any State Party to the Montreal Convention

shall be construed as a reference to all the territories in respect of which he is party.

(4) Any reference in the Third Schedule to agents of the carrier shall be construed as including a

reference to servants of the carrier.

(5) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of this Act, and if it considers

necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or, as the case may be,
omit from, Part III of the Annexure, any State Party and on such addition, or, as the case may be,
omission, such State Party shall be or shall cease to be, a State Party.]

3[(6) The Central Government may, having regard to the objects of the Act, and if it considers

necessary or expedient so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, give effect to the limits of liability,
revised by the depository under rule 24 of Chapter III of the Third Schedule to this Act, for the purposes
of determining the liabilities of the carriers and extent of compensation for damages under the said
Chapter of that Schedule.]

**5. Liability in case of death.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Fatal Accidents Act,**

1855 (13 of 1855) or any other enactment or rule of law in force in any part of India, the rules contained
in [4][the First Schedule, the Second Schedule and the Third Schedule] shall, in all cases to which those
rules apply, determine the liability of a carrier in respect of the death of a passenger.

(2) The liability shall be enforceable for the benefit of such of the members of the passengers family

as sustained damage by reason of his death.

1. Subs. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 5, for sub-section (2) (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
2. Ins. by s. 6, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
3. Ins. by Act 12 of 2016, s. 2 (w.e.f. 21-3-2016).
4. Subs. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 7, for “the First Schedule and in the Second Schedule” (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).

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_Explanation.—In this sub-section, the expression “member of a family” means wife or husband,_

parent, step-parent, grand-parent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, child, step-child and grandchild:

Provided that in deducing any such relationship as aforesaid any illegitimate person and any adopted

person shall be treated or being, or as having been, the legitimate child of his mother and reputed father
or, as the case may be, of his adopters.

(3) An action to enforce the liability may be brought by the personal representative of the passenger

or by any person for whose benefit the liability is under sub-section (2) enforceable, but only one action
shall be brought in India in respect of the death of any one passenger, and every such action by
whomsoever brought shall be for the benefit of all such persons so entitled as aforesaid as either are
domiciled in India or not being domiciled there express a desire to take the benefit of the action.

(4) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (5), the amount recovered in any such action, after

deducting any costs not recovered from the defendant, shall be divided between the persons entitled in
such proportion as the Court may direct.

(5) The Court before which any such action is brought may, at any stage of the proceedings, make

any such order as appears to the Court to be just and equitable in view of the provisions of [1][the First
Schedule or of the Second Schedule or the Third Schedule], as the case may be, limiting the liability of a
carrier and of any proceedings which have been or are likely to be commenced outside India in respect of
the death of the passenger in question.

**6. Conversion of frances.—Any sum in francs mentioned in rule 22 of the First Schedule or of the**

Second Schedule, as the case may be, shall, for the purpose of any action against a carrier, be converted
into rupees at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date on which the amount of damages to be paid by
the carrier is ascertained by the Court.

**2[6A. Conversion of Special Drawing Rights.—Any sum in Special Drawing Rights mentioned in**

rules 21 and 22 of the Third Schedule shall, for the purpose of any action against a carrier, be converted
into rupees at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date on which the amount of damages to be paid by
the carrier is ascertained by the Court in accordance with the provisions of rule 23 of the said Third
Schedule.]

**7. Provisions regarding suits against High Contracting Parties who undertake carriage by**

**air.—(1) Every High Contracting Party to the Convention or the amended Convention, as the case may**
be, who has not availed himself of the provisions of the Additional Protocol thereto, shall, for the
purposes of any suit brought in a Court in India in accordance with the provisions of rule 28 of the First
Schedule, or of the Second Schedule, as the case may be, to enforce a claim in respect of carriage
undertaken by him, be deemed to have submitted to the jurisdiction of that Court and to be a person for
the purposes of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).

(2) The High Court may make rules of procedure providing for all matters which may be expedient to

enable such suits to be instituted and carried on.

(3) Nothing in this section shall authorise any Court to attach or sell any property of a High

Contracting Party to the Convention or to the amended Convention.

**8. Application of Act to carriage by air which is not international.—(1) The Central Government**

may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the rules contained in the First Schedule and any
provision of section 3 or section 5 or section 6 to such carriage by air, not being international carriage by
air as defined in the First Schedule, as may be specified in the notification, subject, however, to such
exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so specified.

(2) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the rules contained in

the Second Schedule and any provision of section 4 or section 5 or section 6 to such carriage by air, not
being international carriage by air as defined in the Second Schedule, as may be specified in the

1. Subs. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 7, for “the First Schedule or of the Second Schedule”(w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
2. Ins. by s. 8, ibid(w.e.f. 1-7-2009).

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notification, subject, however, to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so
specified.

1[(3) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the rules contained

in the Third Schedule and any provision of section 4A or section 5 or section 6A to such carriage by air,
not being international carriage by air as defined in the Third Schedule, as may be specified in the
notification, subject, however, to such exceptions, adaptations and modifications, if any, as may be so
specified.]

2[8A. Power to make rules.—(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official

Gazette, make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.

(2) Every rule made and every notification issued under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after

it is made or issued, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty
days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the
expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses
agree in making any modification in the rule or the notification or both Houses agree that the rule or
notification should not be made or issued, the rule or notification shall thereafter have effect only in such
modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or
annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or
notification.]

**9. [Repeal.]** _Rep. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1978 (38_ _of 1978),_ _s. 2_ _and First Schedule_

(w.e.f. 26-11-1978).

1. Subs. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 9, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
2. Ins. by Act 12 of 2016, s. 3 (w.e.f. 21-3-2016).

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THE FIRST SCHEDULE

(See section 3)

CHAPTER I

RULES

SCOPE—DEFINITIONS

1. (1) These rules apply to all international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by

aircraft for reward. They apply also to such carriage when performed gratuitously by an air transport
undertaking.

(2) In these rules, “High Contracting Party” means a High Contracting Party to the Convention.

(3) For the purposes of these rules, the expression “international carriage” means any carriage in

which according to the contract made by the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,
whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories
of two High Contracting Parties, or within the territory of a single High Contracting Party, if there is an
agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of
another Power, even though that Power is not a party to the Convention. A carriage without such an
agreed stopping place between territories subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of
the same High Contracting Party is not deemed to be international for the purposes of these rules.

(4) A carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers is deemed, for the purposes of these

rules, to be one undivided carriage, if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it
has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it does not lose its
international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely
within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of the same High
Contracting Party.

2. (1) These rules apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public bodies

provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.

(2) These rules do not apply to carriage performed under the terms of any international postal

Convention.

CHAPTER II

DOCUMENTS OFCARRIAGE

_PartI.—Passenger ticket_

3. (1) For the carriage of passengers the carrier must deliver a passenger ticket which shall contain the

following particulars:—

(a) the place and date of issue;

(b) the place of departure and of destination;

(c) the agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping

places in case of necessity, and that if he exercised that right, the alteration shall not have the effect of
depriving the carriage of its international character;

(d) the name and address of the carrier or carriers;

(e) a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability contained in this

Schedule.

(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of the passenger ticket does not affect the existence or the

validity of the contract of carriage, which shall nonetheless be subject to these rules. Nevertheless, if the
carrier accepts a passenger without a passenger ticket having been delivered he shall not be entitled to
avail himself of those provisions of this Schedule which exclude or limit his liability.

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_Part II.—Luggage ticket_

4. (1) For the carriage of luggage, other than small personal objects of which the passenger takes

charge himself, the carrier must deliver a luggage ticket.

(2) The luggage ticket shall be made out in duplicate, one part for the passenger and the other part for

the carrier.

(3) The luggage ticket shall contain the following particulars:—

(a) the place and date of issue;

(b) the place of departure and of destination;

(c) the name and address of the carrier or carriers;

(d) thenumber of the passenger ticket;

(e) a statement that delivery of the luggage will be made to the bearer of the luggage ticket;

(f) the number and weight of the packages;

(g) the amount of the value declared in accordance with rule 22(2);

(h) a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability contained in this

Schedule.

(4) The absence, irregularity or loss of the luggage ticket does not affect the existence or the validity

of the contract of carriage, which shall none the less be subject to these rules. Nevertheless, if the carrier
accepts luggage without a luggage ticket having been delivered, or if the luggage ticket does not contain
the particulars set out at (d), (f) and (h) of sub-rule (3), the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of
those provisions of this Schedule which exclude or limit his liability.

_Part III.—Air consignment note_

5. (1) Every carrier of goods has the right to require the consignor to make out and hand over to him a

document called an “air consignment note”; every consignor has the right to require the carrier to accept
this document.

(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of this document does not affect the existence or the validity of

the contract of carriage which shall, subject to the provisions of rule 9, be nonetheless governed by these
rules.

6. (1) The air consignment note shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts and be

handed over with the goods.

(2) The first part shall be marked “for the carrier” and shall be signed by the consignor. The second

part shall be marked “for the consignee”; it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier and shall
accompany the goods. The third part shall be signed by the carrier and handed by him to the consignor
after the goods have been accepted.

(3) The carrier shall sign an acceptance of the goods.

(4) The signature of the carrier may be stamped; that of the consignor may be printed or stamped.

(5) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air consignment note, he shall be

deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.

7. The carrier of goods has the right to require the consignor to make out separate consignment notes

when there is more than one package.

8. The air consignment note shall contain the following particulars:—

(a) the place and date of its execution;

(b) the place of departure and of destination;

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(c) the agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping

places in case of necessity, and that if he exercises that right the alteration shall not have the effect of
depriving the carriage of its international character;

(d) the name and address of the consignor;

(e) the name and address of the first carrier;

(f) the name and address of the consignee, if the case so requires;

(g) the nature of the goods;

(h) the number of the packages, the method of packing and the particular marks or numbers upon

them;

(i) the weight, the quantity and the volume or dimensions of the goods;

(j) the apparent condition of the goods and of the packing;

(k) the freight, if it has been agreed upon, the date and place of payment, and the person who is to

pay it;

(l) if the goods are sent for payment on delivery, the price of the goods, and if the case so

requires, the amount of the expenses incurred;

(m) the amount of the value declared in accordance with rule 22(2);

(n) the number of parts of the air consignment note;

(o) the documents handed to the carrier to accompany the air consignment note;

(p) the time fixed for the completion of the carriage and a brief note of the route to be followed, if

these matters have been agreed upon;

(q) a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability contained in this

Schedule.

9. If the carrier accepts goods without an air consignment note having been made out, or if the air

consignment note does not contain all the particulars set out in rule 8 (a) to (i) inclusive and (q), the
carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this Schedule which exclude or limit his
liability.

10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to

the goods which he inserts in the air consignment note.

(2) The consignor will be liable for all damage suffered by the carrier or any other person by reason

of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the said particulars and statements.

11. (1) The air consignment note is _prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the_

receipt of the goods and of the conditions of carriage.

(2) The statements in the air consignment note relating to the weight, dimensions and packing of the

goods, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are _prima facie evidence of the facts stated;_
those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the goods do not constitute evidence against the
carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air consignment note to have been,
checked by him in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent condition of the goods.

12. (1) Subject to his liability to carry out all his obligations under the contract of carriage, the

consignor has the right to dispose of the goods by withdrawing them at the aerodrome of departure or
destination, or by stopping them in the course of the journey on any landing or, by calling for them to be
delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee
named in the air consignment note, or by requiring them to be returned to the aerodrome of departure. He
must not exercise the right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and
he must repay any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

(2) If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor the carrier must so inform him forthwith.

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(3) If the carrier obeys the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without requiring

the production of the part of the air consignment note delivered to the latter, he will be liable, without
prejudice to his right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any
person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air consignment note.

(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in

accordance with rule13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the consignment note or the
goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his rights of dispositions.

13. (1) Except in the circumstances set out in rule 12, the consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods

at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air consignment note and to
deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage
set out in the air consignment note.

(2) Uuless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as

the goods arrive.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the goods, or if the goods have not arrived at the expiration of

seven days after the date on which they ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to put into force
against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

14. The consignor and the consignee can respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12

and 13, each in his own name, whether he is acting in his own interest or in the interest of another,
provided that he carries out the obligations imposed by the contract.

15. (1) Rules 12, 13 and 14 do not affect either the relations of the consignor or the consignee, with

each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from the consignor or
from the consignee.

(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 can only be varied by express provision in the air

consignment note.

16. (1) The consignor must furnish such information and attach to the air consignment note such

documents as are necessary to meet the formalities of customs, octroi or police before the goods can be
delivered to the consignee. The consignor is liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the
absence, insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to
the fault of the carrier or his agents.

(2) The carrier is under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such

information or documents.

CHAPTER III

LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER

17. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or

any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained
took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.

18. (1) The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or of

damage to, any registered luggage or any goods, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained
took place during the carriage by air.

(2) The carriage by air within the meaning of sub-rule (1) comprises the period during which the

luggage or goods are in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft or, in the
case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.

(3) The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river

performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract
for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed, subject
to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.

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19. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, luggage

or goods.

20. (1) The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his agents have taken all necessary measures

to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.

(2) In the carriage of goods and luggage the carrier is not liable if he proves that the damage was

occasioned by negligent pilotage or negligence in the handling of the aircraft or in navigation and that, in
all other respects, he and his agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage.

21. If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the

injured person the Court may exonerate the carrier wholly or partly from his liability.

22. (1) In the carriage of passengers the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum

of 1,25,000 francs. Where damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments, the equivalent
capital value of the said payments shall not exceed 1,25,000 francs. Nevertheless, by special contract the
carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability.

(2) In the carriage of registered luggage and of goods, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum of

250 francs per kilogramme, unless the consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed
over to the carrier, a special declaration of the value at delivery and has paid a supplementary sum if the
case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless
he proves that that sum is greater than the actual value to the consignor at delivery.

(3) As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself the liability of the carrier is

limited to 5,000 francs per passenger.

(4) The sums mentioned in this rule shall be deemed to refer to the French franc consisting of sixty
five and a half milligrammes gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred.

23. (1) Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit then that which is

laid down in these rules shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the
nullity of the whole contract which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Schedule.

24. (1) In the cases covered by rules 18 and 19 any action for damages, however founded, can only

brought subject to the conditions and limits set out in this Schedule.

(2) In the cases covered by rule 17, the provisions of sub-rule (1) also apply, without prejudice to the

questions as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights.

25. (1) The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this Schedule which

exclude or limit his liability, if the damage is caused by his wilful misconduct or by such default on his
part as is in the opinion of the Court equivalent to wilful misconduct.

(2) Similarly the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the said provisions, if the damage is

caused as aforesaid by any agent of the carrier acting within the scope of his employment.

26. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of luggage or goods without complaint is _prima_

_facie evidence that the same have been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document_
of carriage.

(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after

the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within three days from the date of receipt in the case of
luggage and seven days from the date of receipt in the case of goods. In the case of delay the complaint
must be made at the latest within fourteen days from the date on which the luggage or goods have been
placed at his disposal.

(3) Every complaint must be made in writing upon the document of carriage or by separate notice in

writing despatched within the times aforesaid.

(4) Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case

of fraud on his part.

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27. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with these

rules against those legally representing his estate.

28. An action for damages must be brought at the option of the plaintiff, either before the Court

having jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business, or has an
establishment by which the contract has been made or before the Court having jurisdiction at the place of
destination.

29. The right of damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years, reckoned

from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or
from the date on which the carriage stopped.

30. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the

definition set out in sub-rule (4) of rule 1, each carrier who accepts passengers, luggage or goods is
subjected to the rules set out in this Schedule, and is deemed to be one of the contracting parties to the
contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under
his supervision.

(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or his representative can take action only

against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in
the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.

(3) As regards luggage or goods, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the

first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against
the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the carriage during
which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable
to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

CHAPTER IV

PROVISIONS RELATING TO COMBINED CARRIAGE

31. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of

carriage, the provisions of this Schedule apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air
falls within the terms of rule 1.

(2) Nothing in this Schedule shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting

in the document of air carriage conditions ralating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions
of this Schedule are observed as regards the carriage by air.

CHAPTER V

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS

32. Any clause contained in the contract and all special agreements entered into before the damage

occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this Schedule, whether by
deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.
Nevertheless for the carriage of goods arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to these rules, if the
arbitration is to take place in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties within one of the
jurisdiction referred to in rule 28.

33. Nothing contained in this Schedule shall prevent the carrier either from refusing to enter into any

contract of carriage, or from making regulations which do not conflict with the provisions of this
Schedule.

34. This Schedule does not apply to international carriage by air performed by way of experimental

trial by air navigation undertakings with the view to the establishment of a regular line of air navigation,
nor does it apply to carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of an
aircarrier’s business.

35. The expression “days” when used in these rules means current days, not working days.

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36. When a High Contracting Party has declared at the time of ratification of or of accession to the

Convention that sub-rule (1) of rule 2 of these rules shall not apply to international carriage by air
performed directly by the State, its colonies, protectorates or mandated territories or by any other territory
under its sovereignty suzerainty or authority, these rules shall not apply to international carriage by air so
performed.

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THE SECOND SCHEDULE

(See section 4)

**RULES**

CHAPTER I

SCOPE-DEFINITIONS

1. (1) These rules apply to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by

aircraft for reward. They apply equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport
undertaking.

(2) In these rules, “High Contracting Party” means a High Contracting Party to the amended

Convention.

(3) for the purposes of these rules, the expression “International carriage” means any carriage in

which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,
whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories
of two High Contracting Parties or within the territory of a single High Contracting Party if there is an
agreed stopping place within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a High Contracting
Party. Carriage between two points within the territory of a single High Contracting Party without an
agreed stopping place within the territory of another State is not international carriage for the purposes of
these rules.

(4) Carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers is deemed, for the purposes of these

rules, to be one undivided carriage if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it
had been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it does not lose
its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely
within the territory of the same State.

2. (1) These rules apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public bodies

provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.

(2) These rules shall not apply to carriage of mail and postal packages.

CHAPTER II

DOCUMENTS OF CARRIAGE

_Part I.—Passenger ticket_

3. (1) In respect of the carriage of passengers a ticket shall be delivered containing:

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting

Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of
at least one such stopping place;

(c) a notice to the effect that, if the passenger’s journey involves an ultimate destination or stop in

a country other than the country of departure, the amended Convention may be applicable and that the
amended Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers for death or personal
injury and in respect of loss, or damage to, baggage.

(2) The passenger ticket shall constitute prima facie evidence of the conclusion and conditions of the

contract of carriage. The absence, irregularity or loss of the passenger ticket does not affect the existence
or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall, nonetheless,be subject to these rules. Nevertheless,
if, with the consent of the carrier, the passenger embarks without a passenger ticket having been
delivered, or if the ticket does not include the notice required by sub-rule (1) (c) of this rule, the carrier
shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of rule 22.

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_Part II.—Baggage check_

4. (1) In respect of the carriage of registered baggage, a baggage check shall be delivered, which,

unless combined with or incorporated in a passenger ticket which complies with the provisions of subrule (1) of rule 3 shall contain:

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting

Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of
at least one such stopping place;

(c) a notice to the effect that, if the carriage involves an ultimate destination or stop in a country

other than the country of departure, the amended Convention may be applicable and that the amended
Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers in respect of loss of, or damage
to, baggage.

(2) The baggage check shall constitute prima facie evidence of the registration of the baggage and of

the conditions of the contract of carriage. The absence, irregularity or loss of the baggage check does not
affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these
rules. Nevertheless, if the carrier takes charge of the baggage without a baggage check having been
delivered or if the baggage check [unless combined with or incorporated in the passenger ticket which
complies with the provisions of sub-rule (1) (c) of rule 3] does not include the notice required by sub-rule
(1) (c) of this rule, he shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of sub-rule (2) of rule 22.

_Part III.—Air waybill_

5. (1) Every carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out and hand over to him a

document called an “air waybill”; every consignor has the right to require the carrier to accept this
document.

(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of this document does not affect the existence or the validity of

the contract of carriage which shall, subject to the provisions of rule 9, be nonetheless governed by these
rules.

6. (1) The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts and be handed over

with the cargo.

(2) The first part shall be marked “for the carrier”, and shall be signed by the consignor. The second

part shall be marked “for the consignee”; it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier and shall
accompany the cargo. The third part shall be signed by the carrier and handed by him to the consignor
after the cargo has been accepted.

(3) The carrier shall sign prior to the loading of the cargo or board the aircraft.
(4) The signature of the carrier may be stamped; that of the consignor may be printed or stamped.
(5) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, he shall be deemed,

subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.

7. The carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out separate waybills when there

is more than one package.

8. The air waybill shall contain:

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;
(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting

Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of
at least one such stopping place;

(c) a notice to the consignor to the effect that, if the carriage involves an ultimate destination or

stop in a country other than the country of departure, the amended Convention may by applicable and
that the amended Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers in respect of
loss of, or damage to, cargo.

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9. If, with the consent of the carrier, cargo is loaded on board the aircraft without an air waybill

having been made out, or if the air waybill does not include the notice required by rule 8(c), the carrier
shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of sub-rule (2) of rule 22.

10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to

the cargo which he inserts in the air waybill.

(2) The consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damage suffered by him, or by any other

person to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the
particulars and statements furnished by the consignor.

11. (1) The air waybill is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the receipt of the

cargo and of the conditions of carriage.

(2) The statements in the air waybill relating to the weight, dimensions and packing of the cargo, as

well as those relating to the number of packages, are _prima facie evidence of the facts stated; those_
relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute evidence against the carrier
except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill to have been, checked by him in the
presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent condition of the cargo.

12. (1) Subject to his liability to carry out all his obligations under the contract of carriage, the

consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the aerodrome of departure or
destination, or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be
delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee
named in the air waybill, or by requiring it to be returned to the aerodrome of departure. He must not
exercise this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and he must
repay any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

(2) If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor the carrier must so inform him forthwith.

(3) If the carrier obeys the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring

the production of the part of the air waybill delivered to the latter, he will be liable, without prejudice to
his right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any person who
is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill.

(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in

accordance with rule.

13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the waybill or the cargo, or if he cannot be

communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition.

13. (1) Except in the circumstances set out in the preceding rule, the consignee is entitled on arrival of

the cargo at the place of destination to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver
the cargo to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out
in the air waybill.

(2) Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as

the cargo arrives.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven

days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to put into force against the
carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

14. The consignor and the consignee can respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12

and 13, each in his own name, whether he is acting in his own interest or in the interest of another,
provided that he carries out the obligations imposed by the contract.

15. (1) Rules 12, 13 and 14 do not affect either the relations of the consignor or the consignee with

each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from the consignor or
from the consignee.

(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 can only be varied by express provision in the air waybill.

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(3) Nothing in these rules prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill.

16. (1) The consignor must furnish such information and attach to the air waybill such documents as

are necessary to meet the formalities of customs, octroi or police before the cargo can be delivered to the
consignee. The consignor is liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence, insufficiency
or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault of the carrier
or his servants or agents.

(2) The carrier is under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such

information or documents.

CHAPTER III

LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER

17. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or

a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage
so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or
disembarking.

18. (1) The carrier is liabile for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or of

damage to, any registered baggage or any cargo, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained
took place during the carriage by air.

(2) The carriage by air within the meaning of the preceding sub-rule comprises the period during

which the baggage or cargo is in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft,
or, in the case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.

(3) The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river

performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract
for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed, subject
to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.

19. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage

or cargo.

20. The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his servants or agents have taken all necessary

measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.

21. If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the

injured person the Court may, in accordance with the provisions of its own law, exonerate the carrier
wholly or partly from his liability.

22. (1) In the carriage of persons the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum of

2,50,000 francs. Where, in accordance with the law of the Court seized of the case, damages may be
awarded in the form of periodical payments the equivalent capital value of the said payments shall not
exceed 2,50,000 francs. Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a
higher limit of liability.

(2) (a) In the carriage of registered baggage and of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum

of 250 francs per kilogramme, unless the passenger or consignor has made, at the time when the package
was handed over to the carrier, a special delaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a
supplementary sum if the case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not
exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that that sum is greater than the passenger’s or consignor’s
actual interest in delivery at destination.

(b) In the case of loss, damage or delay of part of registered baggage or cargo, or of any object

contained therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the
carrier's liability is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned.
Nevertheless, when the loss, damage or delay of a part of the registered baggage or cargo, or of an object
contained therein, affects the value of other packages covered by the same baggage check or the same air

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waybill, the total weight of such package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in
determining the limit of liability.

(3) As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself the liability of the carrier is

limited to 5,00 francs per passenger.

(4) The limits prescribed in this rule shall not prevent the Court from awarding, in accordance with its

own law, in addition, the whole or part of the Court costs and of the other expenses of the litigation
incurred by the plaintiff. The foregoing provision shall not apply if the amount of the damages awarded,
excluding Court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not exceed the sum which the carrier has
offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from the date of the occurrence causing
the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.

(5) The sums mentioned in francs in this rule shall be deemed to refer to a currency unit consisting of

sixty-five and a half milligrammes of gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred. This sums may be
converted into national currencies in round figures. Conversion of the sums into national currencies other
than gold shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made according to the gold value of such currencies of
the date of judgment.

23. (1) Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is

laid down in these rules shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the
nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of these rules.

(2) Sub-rule (1) of this rule shall not apply to provisions governing loss or damage resulting from the

inherent defect, quality or vice of the cargo carried.

24. (1) In the cases covered by rules 18 and 19 any action for damages, however founded, can only be

brought subject to the conditions and limits set out in these rules.

(2) In the cases covered by rule 17, the provisions of the preceding sub-rule also apply, without

prejudice to the questions as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their
respective rights.

25. The limits of liability specified in rule 22 shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted

from an act or omission of the carrier, his servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or
recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result; provided that, in the case of such act
or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that he was acting within the scope of his employment.

26. (1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which

these rules relate, such servant or agent, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment,
shall be entitled to avail himself of the limits of liability which that carrier himself is entitled to invoke
under rule 22.

(2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, his servants and agents, in that case,

shall not exceed the said limits.

(3) The provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) of this rule shall not apply if it is proved that the damage

resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly
and with knowledge that damage would probably result.

27. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of baggage or cargo without complaint is _prima_

_facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of_
carriage.

(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after

the discovery of the damage, and at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt in the case of
baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case of delay the complaint
must be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been
placed at his disposal.

(3) Every complaint must be made in writing upon the document of carriage or by separate notice in

writing despatched within the times aforesaid.

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(4) Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case

of fraud on his part.

28. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with the

terms of these rules against those legally representing his estate.

29. (1) An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of

the High Contracting Parties, either before the Court having jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinarily
resident, or has his principal place of business, or has an estabilishment by which the contract has been
made or before the Court having jurisdiction at the place of destination.

(2) Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the Court seized of the case.

30. (1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years,

reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have
arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.

(2) The method of calculating the period of limitation shall be determined by the law of the Court

seized of the case.

31. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the

definition set out in sub- rule (3) of rule 1, each carrier who accepts passengers, baggage or cargo is
subjected to the rules set out in this Schedule, and is deemed to be one of the contracting parties to the
contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under
his supervision.

(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or his representative can take action only

against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in
the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.

(3) As regards baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the

first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against
the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the carriage during
which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable
to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

CHAPTER IV

PROVISIONS RELATING TO COMBINED CARRIAGE

32. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of

carriage, the provisions of this Schedule apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air
falls within the terms of rule 1.

(2) Nothing in this Schedule shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting

in the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions
of this Schedule are observed as regards the carriage by air.

CHAPTER V

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS

33. Any clause contained in the contract and all special agreements entered into before the damage

occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this Schedule, whether by
deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.
Nevertheless for the carriage of cargo arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to these rules, if the
arbitration is to take place within one of the jurisdictions referred to in sub-rule (1) of rule 29.

34. Nothing contained in this Schedule shall prevent the carrier either from refusing to enter into any

contract of carriage, or from making regulations which do not conflict with the provisions of this
Schedule.

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35. The provisions of rules 3 to 9 (inclusive) relating to documents of carriage shall not apply in the

case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of an air carrier’s
business.

36. The expression “days” when used in these rules means current days, not working days.

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1[THE THIRD SCHEDULE


(See section 4A)


**RULES**


CHAPTER I


SCOPE OF APPLICATION


1. (1) These rules shall apply to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by

aircraft for reward. They shall apply also to such carriage when performed gratuitously by an air transport
undertaking.


(2) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—


(a) “baggage” means both checked baggage and unchecked baggage;


(b) “days” means calendar days and not working days;


(c) “depository” means the International Civil AviationOrganisation;


(d) “State Party” means a signatory or acceding State to the Montreal Convention whose

instrument of ratification or accession has been deposited with the depository.

(3) For the purposes of these rules, the expression “international carriage” means any carriage in

which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,
whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories
of two State Parties, or within the territory of a single State Party if there is an agreed stopping place
within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a State Party. A carriage between two points
within the territory of a single State Party without an agreed stopping place within the territory of another
State shall not be deemed to be international carriage for the purposes of these rules.

(4) A carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers shall be deemed for the purposes of

these rules, to be one undivided carriage if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation,
whether it has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it shall
not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed
entirely within the territory of the same State.

(5) These rules shall apply also to carriage as set out in Chapter V, subject to the terms contained

therein.

2. (1) These rules shall apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public

bodies provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.

(2) In the carriage of postal items, the carrier shall be liable only to the relevant postal administration

in accordance with the rules applicable to the relationship between the carriers and the postal
administration.


(3) Except as provided in sub-rule (2), these rules shall not apply to the carriage of postal items.


CHAPTER II


DOCUMENTATION AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES RELATING TO THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE

AND CARGO

3. (1) In respect of carriage of passengers, an individual or collective document of carriage shall be

delivered containing—


(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;


(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or

more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one of
such stopping places.

1. Ins. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).

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(2) Any other means which preserves the information indicated in sub-rule (1) may be substituted for

the delivery of the document referred to in that sub-rule. If any such other means is used, the carrier shall
offer to deliver to the passenger a written statement of the information so preserved.

(3) The carrier shall deliver to the passenger a baggage identification tag for each piece of checked

baggage.

(4) The passenger shall be given written notice to the effect that where these rules are applicable it

governs and may limit the liability of carriers in respect of death or injury and for destruction or loss of,
or damage to, baggage, and for delay.

(5) Non-compliance with the provisions of sub-rules (1), (2) and (3) shall not affect the existence or

the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these rules including those
relating to limitation of liability.


4. (1) In respect of the carriage of cargo, an air waybill shall be delivered.


(2) Any other means which preserves a record of the carriage to be performed may be substituted for

the delivery of an air waybill. If such other means are used, the carrier shall, if so requested by the
consignor, deliver to the consignor a cargo receipt permitting identification of the consignment and access
to the information contained in the record preserved by such other means.


5. The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall include—


(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;


(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or

more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one of
such stopping places; and


(c) an indication of the weight of the consignment.


6. The consignor may be required, if necessary to meet the formalities of customs, police and similar

public authorities, to deliver a document indicating the nature of the cargo. This provision shall not create
for the carrier any duty, obligation or liability resulting therefrom.

7. (1) The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts. The first part shall be

marked “for the carrier” and it shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked “for the
consignee” and it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier. The third part shall be signed by the
carrier who shall hand it to the consignor after the cargo has been accepted.


(2) The signature of the carrier and of the consignor may be printed or stamped.


(3) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, the carrier shall be

deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.


8. When there is more than one package—


(a) the carrier has the right to require the consignor to make out separate air waybills;


(b) the consignor has the right to require the carrier to deliver separate cargo receipts when the

other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 4 are used.

9. Non-compliance with the provisions of rules 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall not affect the existence or the

validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these rules including those
relating to limitation of liability.

10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to

the cargo inserted by it or on its behalf in the air waybill or furnished by it or on its behalf to the carrier
for insertion in the cargo receipt or for insertion in the record preserved by the other means referred to in
sub-rule (2) of rule 4. The foregoing shall also apply where the person acting on behalf of the consignor is
also the agent of the carrier.

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(2) The consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damage suffered by it, or by any other person

to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the
particulars and statements furnished by the consignor or on its behalf.

(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2), the carrier shall indemnify the consignor against

all damages suffered by it, or by any other person to whom the consignor is liable, by reason of the
irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements inserted by the carrier or on
its behalf in the cargo receipt or in the record preserved by the other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of
rule 4.

11. (1) The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall be _prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the_

contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage mentioned therein.

(2) Any statements in the air waybill or the cargo receipt relating to the weight, dimensions and

packing of the cargo, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the
facts stated therein; those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute
evidence against the carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill or the
cargo receipt to have been, checked by it in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent
condition of the cargo.

12. (1) Subject to its liability to carry out all its obligations under the contract of carriage, the

consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the airport of departure or destination,
or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be delivered at the
place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee originally
designated, or by requiring it to be returned to the airport of departure. The consignor shall not exercise
this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and shall reimburse
any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

(2) If it is impossible to carry out the instructions of the consignor, the carrier shall so inform the

consignor forthwith.

(3) If the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without

requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt delivered to the latter, the carrier
shall be liable, without prejudice to its right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may
be caused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo
receipt.

(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in

accordance with rule 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the cargo, or cannot be
communicated with, the consignor shall resume its right of disposition.

13. (1) Except when the consignor has exercised its right under rule 12, the consignee shall be

entitled, on arrival of the cargo at the place of destination, to require the carrier to deliver the cargo to it,
on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage.

(2) Unless it is otherwise agreed, it shall be the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as

soon as the cargo arrives.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven

days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee shall be entitled to enforce against the
carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

14. The consignor and the consignee may respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12

and 13, each in its own name, whether it is acting in its own interest or in the interest of another, provided
that it carries out the obligations imposed by the contract of carriage.

15. (1) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 shall not affect either the relations of the consignor and

the consignee with each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from
the consignor or from the consignee.

(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 shall be varied only by express provision in the air waybill

or the cargo receipt.

22


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16. (1) The consignor shall furnish such information and such documents as are necessary to meet the

formalities of customs, police and any other public authorities before the cargo can be delivered to the
consignee. The consignor shall be liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence,
insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault
of the carrier, its servants or agents.

(2) The carrier shall be under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such

information or documents.


CHAPTER III


LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER AND EXTENT OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES


17. (1) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in case of death or bodily injury of a

passenger upon condition only that the accident which caused the death or injury took place on board the
aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.

(2) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in case of destruction or loss of, or of damage to

checked baggage upon condition only that the event which caused the destruction, loss or damage took
place on board the aircraft or during any period within which the checked baggage was in the charge of
the carrier. However, the carrier shall not be liable if and to the extent that the damage resulted from the
inherent defect, quality or vice of the baggage. In the case of unchecked baggage, including personal
items, the carrier is liable if the damage has resulted from its fault or that of its servants or agents.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the checked baggage, or if the checked baggage has not arrived at

the expiration of twenty-one days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the passenger shall be
entitled to enforce against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

18. (1) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or

damage to, cargo upon condition only that the event which caused the damage so sustained took place
during the carriage by air.

(2) However, the carrier shall not be liable if and to the extent it proves that the destruction, or loss of,

or damage to, the cargo resulted from one or more of the following:—


(a) inherent defect, quality or vice of that cargo;


(b) defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other than the carrier or its servants or

agents;


(c) an act of war or an armed conflict; and


(d) an act of public authority carried out in connection with the entry, exit or transit of the cargo.


(3) The carriage by air within the meaning of sub-rule (1) comprises the period during which the

cargo is in charge of the carrier.

(4) The period of the carriage by air shall not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland

waterway performed outside an airport. If, however, such carriage takes place in the performance of a
contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed,
subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage
by air. If a carrier, without the consent of the consignor, substitutes carriage by another mode of transport
for the whole or part of a carriage intended by the agreement between the parties to be carriage by air,
such carriage by another mode of transport is deemed to be within the period of carriage by air.

19. The carrier shall be liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers,

baggage or cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves
that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage
or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures.

20. If the carrier proves that the damages was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other

wrongful act or omission of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he or she
derives his or her rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the claimant

23


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to the extent that such negligence or wrongful act or omission caused or contributed to the damage. When
by reason of death or injury of a passenger compensation is claimed by a person other than the passenger,
the carrier shall likewise be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the extent that it proves that
the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of that
passenger. This rule applies to all the liability provisions of these rules, including sub-rule (1) of rule 21.

21. (1) For damages arising under sub-rule (1) of rule 17 not exceeding one lakh Special Drawing

Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability.

(2) The carrier shall not be liable for damages arising under sub-rule (1) of rule 17 to the extent that

they exceed for each passenger one lakh Special Drawing Rights if the carrier proves that—

(a) such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or

its servants or agents; or

(b) such damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third

party.


22. (1) In the case of damage caused by delay as specified in rule 19 in the carriage of persons, the

liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to four thousand one hundred and fifty Special
Drawing Rights.

(2) In the carriage of baggage, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or

delay shall be limited to one thousand Special Drawing Rights for each passenger unless the passenger
has made, at the time when the checked baggage was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of
interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum, if so required. In that case, the
carrier shall be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater
than the passenger's actual interest in delivery at destination.

(3) In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay

is limited to a sum of seventeen Special Drawing Rights per kilogramme, unless the consignor has made,
at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at
destination and has paid a supplementary sum, if so required. In that case, the carrier shall be liable to pay
a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater than the consignor's actual
interest in delivery at destination.

(4) In the case of delay, destruction, loss or damage of part of the cargo, or of any object contained

therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the carrier's liability
is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned. Nevertheless, when the
delay, destruction, loss or damage of a part of the cargo, or of an object contained therein, affects the
value of other packages covered by the same air waybill, or the same receipt or, if they were not issued,
by the same record preserved by other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 4, the total weight of such
package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in determining the limit of liability.

(5) The provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from

an act or omission of the carrier, its servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and
with knowledge that damage would probably result:

Provided that, in the case of such act or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that such

servant or agent was acting within the scope of its employment.

(6) The limits prescribed in rule 21 and in this rule shall not prevent the court from awarding, in

accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of the other expenses of
the litigation incurred by the plaintiff, including interest. The foregoing provision shall not apply if the
amount of the damages awarded, excluding court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not
exceed the sum which the carrier has offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from
the date of the occurrence causing the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.

23. The sums mentioned in terms of Special Drawing Right in these rules shall be deemed to refer to

the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund and its conversion into national
currencies shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made in accordance with the method of valuation

24


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applied by the International Monetary Fund, in effect at the date of the judgment, for its operations and
transactions.

24. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of rule 25 and subject to sub-rule (2), the limits of liability

prescribed in rules 21, 22 and 23 shall be reviewed by the depository at five-year intervals, the first such
review to take place at the end of the fifth year following the date of coming into force of these rules. The
measure of the rate of inflation to be used in determining the inflation factor shall be the weighted average
of the annual rates of increase or decrease in the Consumer Price Indices of the States whose currencies
comprise the Special Drawing Right mentioned in rule 23.

(2) If the review referred to in sub-rule (1) concludes that the inflation factor has exceeded ten per

cent., the depositary shall notify State Parties of a revision of the limits of liability. Any such revision
shall become effective six months after its notification to the State Parties. If within three months after its
notification to the State Parties, a majority of the State Parties register their disapproval, the revision shall
not become effective and the depositary shall refer the matter to a meeting of the State Parties. The
depositary shall immediately notify all States Parties about the coming into force of any revision.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1), the procedure referred to in sub-rule (2) shall

be applied at any time provided that one-third of the State Parties express a desire to that effect and upon
condition that the inflation factor referred to in sub-rule (1) has exceeded thirty per cent.since the previous
revision or since the date of entry into force of the Montreal Convention if there has been no previous
revision. Subsequent reviews using the procedure specified in sub-rule (1) shall take place at five-year
intervals starting at the end of the fifth year following the date of the reviews under the provisions of this
sub-rule.

25. A carrier may stipulate that the contract of carriage shall be subject to higher limits of liability

than those provided for in these rules or to no limits of liability whatsover.

26. Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is

laid down in these rules shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the
nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of these rules.

27. Nothing contained in these rules shall prevent the carrier from refusing to enter into any contract

of carriage, from waiving any defence available in these rules, or from laying down conditions, which are
not contrary to the provisions of these rules.

28. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, where the

aircraft accident results in death or injury of passengers, the carrier shall make advance payments without
delay to a natural person or persons who are entitled to claim compensation in order to meet the
immediate economic needs of such persons. Such advance payments shall not constitute a recognition of
liability and may be offset against any amounts subsequently paid as damages by the carrier.

29. In the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo, any action for damages, however founded,

whether under these rules or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the
conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in these rules without prejudice to the question as to
who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights. In any such
action, punitive, exemplary or any other non-compensatory damages shall not be recoverable.

30. (1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which

these rules relate, such servant or agent, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their
employment, shall be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which the carrier
itself is entitled to invoke under these rules.

(2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, its servants and agents, in that case,

shall not exceed the said limits.

(3) Except in respect of the carriage of cargo, the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) shall not apply if

it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to
cause damage or recklessly and with the knowledge that damage would probably result.

25


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31. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of checked baggage or cargo without complaint is

_prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the_
document of carriage or with the record preserved by the other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 3
and sub-rule (2) of rule 4.

(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery shall make a complaint to the carrier

forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt
in the case of checked baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case
of delay, the complaint shall be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the
baggage or cargo have been placed at his disposal.

(3) Every complaint shall be made in writing and given or dispatched within the period specified in

sub-rule (2).

(4) If no complaint is made within the period specified in sub-rule (2), no action shall lie against the

carrier, except in the case of fraud committed by the carrier.

32. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with these

rules against those legally representing his or her estate.

33. (1) An action for damages shall be brought, at the option of the claimant of damages, in the

territory of one of the State Parties, either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of its principal
place of business, or where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made or before
the court at the place of destination.

(2) In respect of damage resulting from the death or injury of a passenger, an action may be brought

before one of the courts mentioned in sub-rule (1), or in the territory of a State Party in which at the time
of the accident the passenger has his or her principal and permanent residence and to or from which the
carrier operates services for the carriage of passengers by air, either on its own aircraft, or on another
carrier's aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which that carrier conducts its business of
carriage of passengers by air from premises leased or owned by the carrier itself or by another carrier with
which it has a commercial agreement.


(3) For the purposes of sub-rule (2)—


(a) “commercial agreement” means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made

between carriers and relating to the provision of their joint services for carriage of passengers by air;

(b) “principal and permanent residence” means the one fixed and permanent abode of the

passenger at the time of the accident. The nationality of the passenger shall not be the determining
factor in this regard.


(4) Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seized of the case.


34.(1) Subject to the provisions of this rule, the parties to the contract of carriage for cargo may

stipulate that any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under these rules shall be settled by
arbitration. Such agreement shall be in writing.

(2) The arbitration proceedings shall, at the option of the claimant, take place within one of the

jurisdictions referred to in rule 33.


(3) The arbitrator or arbitration tribunal shall apply the provisions of these rules.


(4) The provisions of sub-rules (2) and (3) shall be deemed to be part of every arbitration clause or

agreement, and any term of such clause or agreement which is inconsistent therewith shall be null and
void.

35. (1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two

years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to
have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.

(2) The method of calculating the period shall be determined by the law of the court seized of the

case.

26


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36. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the

definition set out in sub-rule (4) of rule 1, each carrier which accepts passengers, baggage or cargo shall
be subject to the provisions of these rules and shall be deemed to be one of the parties to the contract of
carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under its
supervision.

(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or any person entitled to compensation shall be

entitled to take action only against the carrier which performed the carriage during which the accident or
the delay occurred, except where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the
whole journey.

(3) In respect of baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor shall have a right of action against the

first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery shall have a right of action against
the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier which performed the carriage during
which the delay, destruction, loss or damage took place. These carriers shall be jointly and severally liable
to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

37. Nothing in these rules shall prejudicially affect the right of a person liable for damages to take

recourse against any other person.


CHAPTER IV


COMBINED CARRIAGE


38. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of

carriage, the provisions of these rules shall, subject to the provisions of sub-rule (4) of rule 18, apply only
to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air falls within the meaning of rule 1.

(2) Nothing in these rules shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting in

the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions of
these rules are observed with regard to carriage by air.


CHAPTER V


CARRIAGE BY AIR PERORMED BY A PERSON OTHER THAN THE CONTRACTING CARRIER


39. The provisions of this Chapter shall apply when a person (hereinafter referred to as the

contracting carrier) as a principal makes a contract of carriage under these rules with a passenger or
consignor or with a person acting on behalf of the passenger or consignor, and another person (hereinafter
referred to as the actual carrier) performs, by virtue of authority from the contracting carrier, the whole or
part of the carriage, but is not with respect to such part, a successive carrier within the meaning of these
rules. Such authority shall be presumed in the absence of proof to the contrary.

40. If an actual carrier performs the whole or part of carriage which, according to the contract referred

to in rule 39, is governed by these rules, both the contracting carrier and the actual carrier shall, except as
otherwise provided in this Chapter, be subject to the provisions of these rules, the former for the whole of
the carriage contemplated in the contract, the latter solely for the carriage which it performs.

41.(1) The acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the

scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to
be also those of the contracting carrier.

(2) The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the

scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to
be also those of the actual carrier. Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to
liability exceeding the amounts referred to in rules 21, 22, 23 and 24. Any special agreement under which
the contracting carrier assumes obligations not imposed by the provisions of these rules or any waiver of
rights or defences conferred by the provisions of these rules or any special declaration of interest in
delivery at destination contemplated in rule 22 shall not affect the actual carrier unless agreed to by it.

42. Any complaint to be made or instruction to be given under the provisions of these rules to the

carrier shall have the same effect whether addressed to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier.

27


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Nevertheless, instructions referred to in rule 12 shall only be effective if addressed to the contracting
carrier.

43. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of

the contracting carrier shall, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, be
entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which are applicable under the
provisions of these rules to the carrier whose servant or agent they are, unless it is proved that they acted
in a manner that prevents the limits of liability from being invoked in accordance with the provisions of
these rules.

44. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the amounts

recoverable from that carrier and the contracting carrier, and from their servants and agents acting within
the scope of their employment, shall not exceed the highest amount which shall be awarded against either
the contracting carrier or the actual carrier under the provisions of these rules, but none of the persons
mentioned shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit applicable to that person.

45. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, an action for damages may be brought,

at the option of the complainant, against that carrier or the contracting carrier, or against both together or
separately. If the action is brought against only one of these carriers, that carrier shall have the right to
require the other carrier to be joined in the proceedings, the procedure and effects being governed by the
law of the court seized of the case.

46. Any action for damages contemplated in rule 45 must be brought, at the option of the

complainant, in the territory of one of the State Parties, either before a court in which an action may be
brought against the contracting carrier, as provided under rule 33, or before the court having jurisdiction
at the place where the actual carrier has its domicile or its principal place of business.

47. Any contractual provision tending to relieve the contracting carrier or the actual carrier of liability

under this Chapter or to fix a lower limit than that which is applicable according to this Chapter shall be
null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract,
which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Chapter.

48. Except as provided in rule 45, nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the

carriers between themselves, including any right of recourse or indemnification.


CHAPTER VI


GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS


49. Any clause contained in the contract of carriage and all special agreements entered into before the

damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by these rules, whether by
deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.

50. State Parties shall require their carriers to maintain adequate insurance covering their liability

under the provisions of these rules. A carrier may be required to furnish evidence that it maintains
adequate insurance covering its liability under the provisions of these rules.

51. The provisions of rules 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 relating to the documentation of carriage shall not apply in

the case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of a carrier’s
business.


52. The expression “days” when used in this Schedule means calendar days and not working days.


28


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ANNEXURE



[See sub-section (2) of section 3, sub-section (2) of section 4 and sub-section (2) of section 4A]


PART-I


Sl.
No.


High Contracting
Parties to Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

1. Afghanistan 21st May, 1969

2. Algeria 31st August, 1964

3. Angola 8th June, 1998

4. Argentina 19th June, 1952

5. Armenia 23rd February, 1999

6. Australia 30th October, 1935

7. Austria 27th December, 1961

8. Azerbaijan 23rd April, 2000

9. Bahamas 10th July, 1973

10 Bahrain 10th June, 1998

11. Bangladesh 26th March, 1971

12. Barbados 30th November, 1966

13. Belarus 25th December, 1959

14. Belgium 11th October, 1936

15. Benin 1st August, 1960

16. Bolivia 29th March, 1999

17. Bosnia and Herzegovina 6th March, 1992

18. Botswana 30th September, 1966

19. Brazil 13th February, 1933

20. Brunei Darussalam 1st January, 1984

21. Bulgaria 23rd September, 1949

22. Burkina Faso 9th March, 1962

23. Cambodia 12th March, 1997

24. Cameroon 1st January, 1960

25. Canada 8th September, 1947

26. Cape Verde 8th May, 2002

27. Chile 31st May, 1979

28. China 18th October, 1958

29. Colombia 13th November, 1966

30. Comoros 9th September, 1991

29


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Sl.
No.


High Contracting
Parties to Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

31. Congo 15th August, 1960

32. Costa Rica 8th August, 1984

33. Cote d’Ivoire 7th August, 1960

34. Croatia 8th October, 1991

35. Cuba 19th October, 1964

36. Cyprus 16th August, 1960

37. Czech Republic 1st January, 1993

38. Democratic People’s 30th May, 1961

Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic of the
39. 30th June, 1960
Congo

40. Denmark 1st October, 1937

41. Dominican Republic 25th May, 1972

42. Ecuador 1st March, 1970

43. Egypt 5th December, 1955

44. El Salvador

45. Equatorial Guinea 19th March, 1989

46. Estonia 14th June, 1998

47. Ethiopia 12th November, 1950

48. Fiji 10th October, 1970

49. Finland 1st October, 1937

50. France 13th February, 1933

51. Gabon 16th May, 1969

52. Germany 29th December, 1933

53. Ghana 9th November, 1997

54. Greece 11th April, 1938

55. Grenada

56. Guatemala 4th May, 1997

57. Guinea 10th December, 1961

58. Honduras 25th September, 1994

59. Hungary 27th August, 1936

60. Iceland 19th November, 1948

61. India 15th August, 1947

30


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Sl.
No.


High Contracting
Parties to Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

62. Indonesia 17th August, 1945

63. Iran (Islamic Republic of) 6th October, 1975

64. Iraq 26th September, 1972

65. Ireland 19th December, 1935

66. Israel 6th January, 1950

67. Italy 15th May, 1933

68. Japan 18th August, 1953

69. Jordan 25th May, 1946

70. Kazakhstan

71. Kenya 12th December, 1963

72. Kuwait 9th November, 1975

73. Kyrgyzstan 9th May, 2000

Lao People’s Democratic
74. 19th July, 1949
Republic

75. Latvia 13th February, 1933

76. Lebanon 22nd November, 1943

77. Lesotho 4th October, 1966

78. Liberia 31st July, 1942

79. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 14th August, 1969

80. Liechtenstein 7th August, 1934

81. Lithuania

82. Luxembourg 5th January, 1950

83. Madagascar 26th June, 1960

84. Malawi 25th January, 1978

85. Malaysia 16th September, 1963

86. Maldives 11th January, 1996

87. Mali 26th April, 1961

88. Malta 21st September, 1964

89. Mauritania 4th November, 1962

90. Mauritius 15th January, 1990

91. Mexico 15th May, 1933

92. Monaco

93. Mongolia 29th July, 1962

31


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Sl.
No.


High Contracting
Parties to Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

94. Morocco 5th April, 1958

95. Myanmar 4th January, 1948

96. Nauru 31st January, 1968

97. Nepal 13th May, 1966

98. Netherlands 29th September, 1933

99. New Zealand 5th July, 1937

100. Niger 3rd August, 1960

101. Nigeria 1st October, 1960

102. Norway 1st October, 1937

103. Oman 4th November, 1976

104. Pakistan 14th August, 1947

105. Panama 10th February, 1997

106. Papua New Guinea 16th September, 1975

107. Paraguay 26th November, 1969

108. Peru 3rd October, 1998

109. Philippines 7th February, 1991

110. Poland 13th February, 1933

111. Portugal 18th June, 1947

112. Qatar 22nd March, 1987

113. Republic of Korea

114. Republic of Moldova 19th June, 1997

115. Romania 13th February, 1933

116. Russian Federation 18th November, 1934

117. Rwanda 1st July, 1962

Saint Vincent and the
118. 27th October, 1979

Grenadines

119. Samona 1st January, 1962

120. Saudi Arabia 27th April, 1969

121. Senegal 17th September, 1964

122. Serbia and Montenegro 27th April, 1992

123. Seychelles 22nd September, 1980

124. Sierra Leone 27th April, 1961

125. Singapore 3rd December, 1971

32


-----

Sl.
No.


High Contracting
Parties to Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

126. Slovakia 1st January, 1993

127. Slovenia 25th June, 1991

128. Solomon Islands 7th July, 1978

129. South Africa 22nd March, 1955

130. Spain 13th February, 1933

131. Sri lanka 4th February, 1948

132. Sudan 12th May, 1975

133. Suriname 28th September, 2003

134. Swaziland

135. Sweden 1st October, 1937

136. Switzerland 7th August, 1934

137. Syrian Arab Republic 2nd March, 1959

138. The former Yugoslav 17th September, 1991

Republic of Macedonia

139. Togo 30th September, 1980

140. Tonga 4th June, 1970

141. Trinidad and Tobago 31st August, 1962

142. Tunisia 13th February, 1964

143. Turkey 23rd June, 1978

144. Turkmenistan 20th March, 1995

145. Uganda 22nd October, 1963

146. Ukraine 12th November, 1959

147. United Arab Emirates 3rd July, 1986

148. United Kingdom 15th May, 1933

149. United Kingdom for the 3rd March, 1935

following territories:

      - Bermuda

       - British Antarctic

Territory

-Cayman, Turks, and

Calcos Islands

-Akrotiri and Dhekelia

-Falkland Islands and

Dependencies

-Hong Kong

-Monsserrat St. Helena and

Ascension

150. United Republic of Tanzania 6th July, 1965

151. United States 29th October, 1934

152. Uruguay 2nd October, 1979

33


-----

Sl.
No.


High Contracting
Parties to Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

153. Uzbekistan 28th May, 1997

154. Vanuatu 24th January, 1982

155. Venezuela 13th September, 1955

156. Vietnam 9th January, 1983

157. Yemen 4th August, 1982

158. Zambia 24th October, 1964

159. Zimbabwe 18th April, 1980


PART-II


Sl. No. High Contracting Parties to
Convention


Date of enforcement of

Convention


(1) (2) (3)

1. Afghanistan 21st May, 1969

2. Algeria 31st August, 1964

3. Angola 8th June, 1998

4. Argentina 10th September, 1969

5. Australia 1st August, 1963

6. Austria 24th June, 1971

7. Azerbaijan 23rd April, 2000

8. Bahamas 10th July, 1973

9. Bahrain 10th June, 1998

10. Bangladesh 26th March, 1971

11. Belarus 1st August, 1963

12. Belgium 25th November, 1963

13. Benin 1st August, 1963

14. Bosnia and herzegovina 6th March, 1992

15. Brazil 14th September, 1964

16. Bulgaria 13th March, 1964

17. Cambodia 12th March, 1997

18. Cameroon 1st August, 1963

19. Canada 17th July, 1964

20. Cape Verde 8th May, 2002

21. Chile 31st May, 1979

22. China 18th November, 1975

23. Colombia 13th November, 1966

24. Congo 1st August, 1963

25. Costa Rica 8th August, 1984

34


-----

Sl. No. High Contracting Parties to
Convention


Date of enforcement of
Convention


(1) (2) (3)

26. Cote d’Ivoire 1st August, 1963

27. Croatia 8th October, 1991

28. Cuba 28th November, 1965

29. Cyprus 21st October, 1970

30. Czech Republic 1st January, 1993


31. Democratic People's Republic of
Korea


2nd February, 1981


32. Denmark 1st August, 1963

33. Dominican Republic 25th May, 1972

34. Ecuador 1st March, 1970

35. Egypt 1st August, 1963

36. El Salvador 1st August, 1963

37. Estonia 14th June, 1998

38. Fiji 10th October, 1970

39. Finland 23rd August, 1977

40. France 1st August, 1963

41. Gabon 16th May, 1969

42. Germany 1st August, 1963

43. Ghana 9th November, 1997

44. Greece 21st September, 1965

45. Grenada 13th November, 1985

46. Guatemala 26th October, 1971

47. Guinea 7th January, 1991

48. Hungary 1st August, 1963

49. Iceland 1st August, 1963

50. India 15th May, 1973

51. Iran (Islamic Republic of) 6th October, 1975

52. Iraq 1st August, 1963

53. Ireland 1st August, 1963

54. Israel 3rd November, 1964

55. Italy 2nd August, 1963

56. Japan 8th November, 1967

57. Jordan 13th February, 1974

35


-----

Sl. No. High Contracting Parties to
Convention


Date of enforcement of
Convention


(1) (2) (3)

58. Kazakhstan 28th November, 2002

59. Kenya 4th October, 1999

60. Kuwait 9th November, 1975

61. Kyrgyzstan 9th May, 2000


62. Lao People’s Democratic

Republic


1st August, 1963


63. Latvia 31st December, 1998

64. Lebanon 8th August, 1978

65. Lesotho 15th January, 1976

66. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 14th August, 1969

67. Liechtenstein 3rd April, 1966

68. Lithuania 19th February, 1997

69. Luxembourg 1st August, 1963

70. Madagascar 1st August, 1963

71. Malawi 7th September, 1971

72. Malaysia 19th December, 1974

73. Maldives 11th January, 1996

74. Mali 29th March, 1964

75. Mauritius 15th January, 1990

76. Mexico 1st August, 1963

77. Monaco 8th July, 1979

78. Morocco 15th February, 1976

79. Nauru 31st January, 1968

80. Nepal 13th May, 1966

81. Netherlands 1st August, 1963

82. New Zealand 14th June, 1967

83. Niger 1st August, 1963

84. Nigeria 29th September, 1969

85. Norway 1st August, 1963

86. Oman 2nd November, 1987

87. Pakistan 1st August, 1963

88. Panama 10th February, 1997

89. Papua New Guinea 16th September, 1975

90. Paraguay 26th November, 1969

91. Peru 3rd October, 1988

36


-----

Sl. No. High Contracting Parties to
Convention


Date of enforcement of
Convention


(1) (2) (3)

Philippines 28th February, 1967
92.

Poland 1st August, 1963
93.

Portugal 15th December, 1963
94.

Qatar 22nd March, 1987
95.

Republic of Korea 11th October, 1967
96.

Republic of Moldova 19th June, 1997
97.

98. Romania 1st August, 1963

99. Russian Federation 1st August, 1963

100. Rwanda 27th March, 1991

101. Saint Vincent and 3rd March, 2002

the Grenadines

102 Samona 14th January, 1973

103. Saudi Arabia 27th April, 1969

104. Senegal 17th September, 1964

105. Serbia and Montenegro 27th April, 1992

106. Seychelles 22nd September, 1980

107. Singapore 4th February, 1968

108. Slovakia 1st January, 1993

109. Slovenia 25th June, 1991

110. Solomon Islands 7th July, 1978

111. South Africa 17th December, 1967

112. Spain 6th March, 1966

113. Sri Lanka 25th May, 1997

114. Sudan 12th May, 1975

115. Suriname 17th January, 2005

116. Swaziland 18th October, 1978

117. Sweden 1st August, 1963

118. Switzerland 1st August, 1963

119. Syrian Arab Republic 1st August, 1963

120. The former Yugoslav Republic 17th September, 1991
of Macedonia

121. Togo 30th September, 1980

122. Tonga 22nd May, 1977

123. Trinidad and Tobago 8th August, 1983

124. Tunisia 13th February, 1964

125. Turkey 23rd June, 1978

126. Ukraine 1st August, 1963

127. United Arab Emirates 16th January, 1994

128. United Kingdom 1st June, 1967

129. United Kingdom for the 1st June, 1967

following territories:

     - Bermuda

      - British Antarctic

Territory

      - Cayman, Turks,

and

Calcos Islands

37


-----

Sl. No. High Contracting Parties to
Convention


Date of enforcement of
Convention


(1) (2) (3)

130. United States 14th December, 2003

131. Uzbekistan 28th May, 1997

132. Vanuatu 24th January, 1982

133. Venezuela 1st August, 1963

134. Vietnam 9th January, 1983

135. Yemen 4th August, 1982

136. Zambia 23rd June, 1970

137. Zimbabwe 25th January, 1981


PART-III


Sl. No State Parties Date of enforcement

(1) (2) (3)

1. Albania 19th December, 2004

2. Austria 28th June, 2004

3. Bahrain 4th November, 2003

4. Barbados 4th November, 2003

5. Belgium 28th June, 2004

6. Belize 4th November, 2003

7. Benin 29th May, 2004

8. Botswana 4th November, 2003

9. Bulgaria 9th January, 2004

10. Cameroon 4th November, 2003

11. Canada 4th November, 2003

12. Cape Verde 22nd October, 2004

13. China 31st July, 2005

14. Colombia 4th November, 2003

15. Cuba 13th December, 2005

16. Cyprus 4th November, 2003

17. Czech Republic 4th November, 2003

18. Denmark 28th June, 2004

19. Egypt 25th April, 2005

20. Estonia 4th November, 2003

21. Finland 28th June, 2004

22. France 28th June, 2004

38


-----

Sl. No State Parties Date of enforcement

(1) (2) (3)

23. Gambia 9th May, 2004

24. Germany 28th June, 2004

25. Greece 4th November, 2003

26. Hungary 7th January, 2005

27. Iceland 16th August, 2004

28. Ireland 28th June, 2004

29. Italy 28th June, 2004

30. Japan 4th November, 2003

31. Jordan 4th November, 2003

32. Kenya 4th November, 2003

33. Kuwait 4th November, 2003

34. Latvia 15th February, 2005

35. Lebanon 14th May, 2005

36. Lithuania 29th January, 2005

37. Luxembourg 28th June, 2004

38. Maldives 30th December, 2005

39. Malta 4th July, 2004

40. Mexico 4th November, 2003

41. Monaco 17th October, 2004

42. Mongolia 4th December, 2004

43. Namibia 4th November, 2003

44. Netherlands 28th June, 2004

45. New Zealand 4th November, 2003

46. Nigeria 4th November, 2003

47. Norway 28th June, 2004

48. Panama 4th November, 2003

49. Paraguay 4th November, 2003

50. Peru 4th November, 2003

51. Portugal 4th November, 2003

52. Qatar 14th January, 2005

53. Romania 4th November, 2003


54. Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines


28th May, 2004


55. Saudi Arabia 14th December, 2003

56. Slovakia 4th November, 2003

39


-----

Sl. No State Parties Date of enforcement

(1) (2) (3)

57. Slovenia 4th November, 2003

58. Spain 28th June, 2004

59. Sweden 28th June, 2004

60. Switzerland 5th September, 2005

61. Syrian Arab Republic 4th November, 2003


62. The Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia


4th November, 2003


63. Tonga 19th January, 2004

64. United Arab Emirates 4th November, 2003

65. United Kingdom 28th June, 2004

66. United Republic of Tanzania 4th November, 2003

67. United States 4th November, 2003

68. Vanuatu 8th January, 2006

69. European Community 28th June, 2004.]

40


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