- Zheng Wang, Juncheng Billy Li, Shuhui Qu, Florian Metze, Emma Strubell. 2022. Error-aware Quantization through Noise Tempering. Abstract: Quantization has become a predominant approach for model compression, enabling deployment of large models trained on GPUs onto smaller form-factor devices for inference. Quantization-aware training (QAT) optimizes model parameters with respect to the end task while simulating quantization error, leading to better performance than post-training quantization. Approximation of gradients through the non-differentiable quantization operator is typically achieved using the straight-through estimator (STE) or additive noise. However, STE-based methods suffer from instability due to biased gradients, whereas existing noise-based methods cannot reduce the resulting variance. In this work, we incorporate exponentially decaying quantization-error-aware noise together with a learnable scale of task loss gradient to approximate the effect of a quantization operator. We show this method combines gradient scale and quantization noise in a better optimized way, providing ﬁner-grained estimation of gradients at each weight and activation layer’s quantizer bin size. Our controlled noise also contains an implicit curvature term that could encourage ﬂatter minima, which we show is indeed the case in our experiments. Experiments training ResNet architectures on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet benchmarks show that our method obtains state-of-the-art top-1 classiﬁcation accuracy for uniform (non mixed-precision) quantization, out-performing previous methods by 0.5-1.2% absolute.
