- Michael Heilman, Kevyn Collins-Thompson, Jamie Callan, M. Eskénazi. 2007. Combining Lexical and Grammatical Features to Improve Readability Measures for First and Second Language Texts. Abstract: This work evaluates a system that uses interpolated predictions of reading difficulty that are based on both vocabulary and grammatical features. The combined approach is compared to individual grammar- and language modeling-based approaches. While the vocabulary-based language modeling approach outperformed the grammar-based approach, grammar-based predictions can be combined using confidence scores with the vocabulary-based predictions to produce more accurate predictions of reading difficulty for both first and second language texts. The results also indicate that grammatical features may play a more important role in second language readability than in first language readability.
