- David R. Mortensen. 2014. Hmong-Mien Languages. Abstract: in the United States, and Barbara Niederer in France. However, while some issues in Hmong-Mien historical linguistics have been settled, others remain open. The following discussion is divided into five categories: the still-unsettled question of the relationship of Hmong-Mien to other language families, the more settled but still developing question of how the languages that are classified as Hmong-Mien relate to one another (internal subclassification), the substantial literature on the reconstruction of Proto-Hmong-Mien, the history of grammatical features of Hmong-Mien languages
