- Photina Jaeyun Jang, Alexander Hauptmann. 1998. Hierarchical cluster language modeling with statistical rule extraction for rescoring n-best hypotheses during speech decoding. Abstract: We propose an unsupervised learning algorithm that learns hierar- chical patterns of word sequences in spoken language utterances. It extracts cluster rules from training data based on high n-gram prob- abilities to cluster words or segment a sentence. Cluster trees, simi-lar to parse trees, are constructed from the learned cluster rules. Through hierarchical clustering we are adding grammatical structure onto the traditional trigram language model. The learned clus- ter rules are used to improve the n-best utterance hypothesis list which is output by the Sphinx III speech recognizer. Our hierarchi- cal cluster language model is used to rescore and filter these n-best utterance hypotheses. It assigns confidence scores to segments of hypotheses that can be clustered hierarchically with the learned cluster rules. Rescoring the original n-best hypothesis list, which is based on acoustic and trigram language model scores, with our hierarchical cluster language model results in a set of hypotheses with lower word error rate. Our cluster language model was trained on TREC broadcast news data from 1995 and 1996, and tested on the HUB-4 ‘97 development test broadcast news data. Compared to manually created grammar rules, the cluster trees more accurately reflect the speech data since their cluster rules are automatically learned based on empirical n-gram probabilities from the training data, whereas manually written grammar rules can introduce human bias, and are expensive to develop. Prior symbolic knowledge in the form of rules can also be incorporated by simply applying the rules to the training data before the earliest applicable learning iteration. Our algorithm is also able to learn clusters reflecting various styles of data: whether the language is formal, strictly grammatical or loose conversational speech.
