Bothersome Mean/Variance Analysis I'm currently writing my thesis in which I compare a series of ESG General Equilibrium models. I fell over this proof in Pastor, Stambaugh, Taylor Sustainable Investing in Equilibrium (2019) page 42. Here, they prove going from a given utility function to the models portfolio weights. These are the calculations of which I simply don't understand how they start on the second line and arrive at the third:
\begin{align}
\mathbb{E}( V(\tilde{W}_{1i},X_i)) &amp;=\mathbb{E}(-e^{-A_i(W_{0i}(1+r_f+X'_i \tilde{r})-b'_iX_i)}
\\&amp;= -e^{a_i(1+r_f)} \mathbb{E}( e^{-a_i X_i'(\tilde{r}+\frac{1}{a_i} b_i)})\\
&amp;= -e^{a_i(1+r_f)} ( e^{-a_i X_i'(\mathbb{E}(\tilde{r})+\frac{1}{a_i} b_i)+\frac{1}{2}a^2_i X'_i\Sigma X_i})
\end{align}
We've previously defined $\tilde{r}\sim(\mu,\Sigma) $.
I've been staring at this for hours. I hope somebody can help me out with a hint on what is happening between these two steps.
The equality in question follows from the expression for expectation of a log-normal distribution.
For example, if $X \stackrel{d}{\sim} N(\mu, \sigma^2)$, then
$$
E[e^{a X}] = e^{a \mu + \frac12 a^2 \sigma^2}.
$$
This is the reason that CARA/normal or CRRA/log-normal (agent utility/asset return distribution pair) set-ups reduce to the mean-variance case, up to certainty equivalence.