What exactly is the difference between coffee and coffee extract? One company lists its product ingredients as, "coffee (filtered water, coffee extract), natural flavor (with natural coffee flavor)." The extract's "97% Arabica by volume" and "starts with coffee beans"? 

Moreover, why would coffee need "natural coffee flavor?"

How does "coffee extract's" caffeine content differ from "coffee's"?

Could someone break this down for a neophyte? Thanks,
As clear an answer as likely there is:

Extraction is everything that the water takes from the coffee.

So a cup of coffee is coffee extract. A shot of espresso is coffee extract.

As far as natural coffee flavor, it's just marketing geek talk, maybe trying to distance themselves from products like the following:


  It is hardest for people to understand how we can use coffee flavor without having any coffee in the product. The components of coffee flavor can be extracted from a number of natural ingredients that include coffee, chicory and even, believe it not, garlic! It’s hard to imagine that coffee and garlic share the same flavor component, but they do. The expertise of flavor chemists allows them to derive flavors by isolating them from other compounds that don’t contribute to flavor.
  Thus it is possible to produce coffee flavor without caffeine.


So maybe your coffee product is emphasizing that it is made from actual coffee. It's like saying "meat (with natural meat flavor)