Is it possible to gain more body mass from a food than the mass of the food itself? Is there a some sort of food with such energy in it, that eating e.g. 100 grams of it will produce an increment of body mass greater than 100 grams?
Short answer - no.  Due to Conservation of Mass, your body cannot gain more grams of mass than it consumes.

Long answer - maybe.  Eating certain foods could cause you to retain more water, more unprocessed waste in your colon, etc.  However, if you account for all the mass from all sources, then it must always balance out.