Which planets have abundant amounts of photoluminiscent matter? Which planets have abundant amounts of photoluminiscent matter? Photoluminiscent or chemoluminiscent whatever the glow-in-the-dark stuff it may be. Planets or bodies which have good enough the photoluminiscence(light absorb and then release) property.
Sorry, but none of the planets have substantial amounts of phosphorescent chemicals.

Perhaps the closest to what you are thinking is the aurora, which can be seen on all the planets with atmospheres (to a greater or lesser degree) notably on the Gas Giants and on Earth. However, while the mechanism of aurora is similar to florescence, it is not phosphorescence.  

No planets outside of the solar system have been directly imaged beyond a dim dot, so there is no information about exoplanets.