Finding the suns position in the sky anywhere at any time What am I looking for?

from any point Latitude, Longitude and date D 

I want to know where the sun is in the sky at any given time anywhere on our planet. I even don't know what the outcome will be for this calculation. I Imagine an angle and a height.

Can someone send me on the right path for doing this? 

I am not looking for a quick formula that let's me calculate this bur rather understand the components :)
There are many resources that will let you compute the position of the Sun in a coordinate system with its center at the center of the Earth. The answer will be an angle above or below the equator, an angle eastward from the vernal equinox (first point of Aries, and a distance. Books such as Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed. by Jean Meeus have information on how to transform such a position to a horizon system centered at an observer on the surface of the Earth. The answer will be an angle from the north, an angle above the horizon, and the distance. Wikipedia has articles about software libraries that will do this kind of calculation, such as "SOFA (astronomy)" and "Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines". These subroutines are quite complicated because they are meant to be suitable for the most critical work, with angles accurate to a few milliarcseconds. The Meeus formulas are much simpler.