can moon rise before sun and set after it in the same day I found it mentioned in ancient Arabic astronomic book Kitāb al-Amwāl by Ibn Qutaybah (889 AD)

Cresent can't be seen in the morning in the east in front of the sun and in the evening i the west behind the sun in the same day


ولا يمكن  أن يرى الهلال بالغداة فى المشرق بين يدى الشمس، وبالعشىّ فى المغرب خلف الشمس فى يوم واحد.

Is this information valid for all locations and dates
Sun and Moon have very near orbits and both daily apparent motion (east-west) but moon has apparent retarding motion (west-east) could this retarding motion make the sun catch the moon in the first day of lunar month?
could this happen in normal (non polar) latitudes?
It's possible, but it's not very impressive.
This month (August 2020 New Moon) from, say central Asia (I used Aral for my simulation on Stellarium) The moon rises at 05:48 local time (UTC+5) and the sun a few minutes later at 06:01
Of course you can't see the moon rise, it is the day of the new moon and it is invisible.
Then in the evening, the sun sets at 19:51 and the moon sets at 20:28.  Again, it is not visible at this time.  (I've not accounted for atmospheric refraction here, which will change the times but not the example.)
This doesn't happen from all locations every month, it just depends on whether the sun passes the moon during the day or during the night, I'd venture a guess that in any particular month, half the world will have the moon rise before, and set after the sun on the date of the new moon. 
So this isn't valid for all locations.  If you were in America, then the moon would pass the sun during the night: on one day the moon would rise and set before the sun, the next day it would rise and set after the sun.
Its is also not valid for all dates at a single location.  It is possible that the New moon in September might pass the sun during the day when viewed from America, but not from Asia (though I haven't checked)