Would a comet break up during a close pass of the Earth Would a short-period comet, with a 2-mile nucleus, be able to come within 200,000 miles of Earth without breaking up?
It wouldn't break up.

As my Granddad used to say "Close is only good in horseshoes". If the comet doesn't impact the Earth will be able to pass by unchanged. 200000 miles is a long way, about the distance of the moon from Earth. Asteroids have come this close before (eg 2011 XC2). 

Comets can be broken up by close encounters with the sun, but the sun is rather hotter than the Earth [citation needed]. 200000 miles is also well outside the Roche limit for the Earth-comet system, and at the speed that comets travel relative to the Earth, tidal effects won't have enough time to act.

So the comet will pass the Earth quite happily. It is a rather small comet, and even the comet's coma won't interact with the Earth. After closest approach it is possible that the Earth could pass through the comet's tail, which would cause a meteor storm.

Even at 100000 miles, there is not much effect on satellites nearly all of which orbit at 22000 miles or less (22000 is geostationary orbit) It is plausible that they could be damaged by meteoroids. 

The dust that comes of comets is all quite small. If you are looking for a "near miss that still causes damage" try this. The comet makes a close pass of Jupiter that causes it to split into two parts. The larger part misses Earth by 100000 miles but the smaller part (a 300m chunk that wasn't noticed until too late because story) hits Merchtem 10km outside Brussels