the temperature indicating electrotherapy electrode applicator or coil applicator of this invention utilizes liquid crystals associated therewith . the liquid crystals indicate , for example , whether the electric / magnetic field dose is producing the expected physiological temperature response . the temperature indicating electrotherapy electrode applicator , or coil applicator also indicates the quality of contact between an applicator and the surface of the area being treated . the exemplary temperature electrode applicator uses a conductive film layer ( with an associated electrical connector ), having a liquid crystal film layer thereon ( preferably with a color - temperature reference coating as a border ) and carried by a clear plastic film layer with adhesive backing ( preferably including a release liner ). the conductive film layer is applied to the skin and serves both as an electrode applicator to deliver the electrical signal to the skin and as a substrate for the liquid crystal layer ( and its color - temperature reference layer ). typically , as shown in fig1 an electrode 40 , of relatively large area is utilized as an anode while a relatively smaller electrode 100 is applied near a desired treatment site ( so as to provide an increased physiologically significant electrical current density thereabout ) as a cathode electrode and connected to the signal source 30 by lead wire 50 . electrical signals are then conventionally applied to the electrodes so as to achieve desired treatment effects . in some applications , larger electrode 40 is utilized as a cathode while the smaller electrode 100 is the anode . furthermore , some signal sources e . g . transcutaneous , electrical nerve stimulators ( tens ), supply biphasic signals to the electrodes , i . e . alternating current or waveforms with both positive and negative components . the present invention can be used with a biphasic signal having the smaller electrode 100 relatively close to the treatment site and the larger electrode 40 at a more remote location . this arrangement insures a higher density at the treatment site and a lower , non - biologically stimulating , signal at the larger electrode 40 . electrode 100 is shown in more detail at fig2 and 3 . a conductive metal foil 102 constitutes the active electrode surface . in the exemplary embodiment , foil 102 is actually a very thin ( e . g ., 0 . 00035 inch ) layer of aluminum foil pre - laminated to a very thin ( e . g ., 0 . 00092 inch ) layer of polyester film ( laminated to the top of structure 102 as seen in fig2 ) so as to provide added structural strength . the top film layer 104 with its adhesive backing 104a on its lower surface is larger than the underlying layers so that a band of adhesive is exposed around the outside of the lower layers . this adhesive band holds the lower layers in place on the skin by adhering to the skin or body surface . the top film layer 104 with its adhesive backing 104a is clear to permit viewing of the liquid crystal layer 103 and color - temperature reference border 105 while adhering to and providing protection to the lower layers . the laminated aluminum foil / polyester film 102 may be cut from commerically available material ( e . g . part no . 1035 from lam - a - shield incorporated , cleveland , ohio ). the presently preferred adhesive - backed patch 104 also cut from commerically available material ( e . g . part no . 7350 from 3m corporation which comprises a thin ( e . g ., 0 . 002 inch ) insulating sheet of polypropylene with a thin ( e . g ., 0 . 0008 inch ) coating of acrylic adhesive 104 on one side . the liquid crystal film layer 103 is preferably sensitive to physiological temperature changes in the range of 26 ° c . to 36 ° c ., which includes the normal skin temperature range of 30 ° c . to 33 ° c . the liquid crystal layer 103 thus changes color with the changing skin temperature during application of the electrical signal or magnetic field to the skin via the conductive film layer . the border 105 is printed on foil 102 ( as shown in fig2 ). in an alternative embodiment , the border 105 is part of the liquid crystal film layer 103 . the border 105 is printed with a fixed color scale and related temperature values that correspond to the possible different liquid crystal colors . a set of snaps or other connectors is attached to the conductive film layer to provide electrical contact with the wires and the electric signal source , or the electrical signal source that drives the coil . the conventional snap - on type electrical connector comprising mated parts 106a and 106b is attached to a folded - over tab portion 108 of the laminated aluminum foil structure 102 . since it is folded over ( as indicated by arrow 110 ), a conductive aluminum foil surface is exposed on both the top and bottom of the thus double thickness tab portion 108 for increased structural support and electrical area connection with the snap - on devices 106a , 106b . the snap - on connector part 106a has a connector projection which extends backwardly ( i . e . upwardly in fig2 ) through an aperture 112 in the insulating patch 104 so as to be readily available for snap - on electrical connection to lead wire 50 ( as shown in fig2 ). the flexible electrode assembly of fig2 - 3 also includes a releasable liner layer 122 which is normally in place covering the otherwise exposed portions of the adhesive surface 104a until the intended time of usage . typically , the release liner 122 will include a break 124 so that the entire assembly may be slightly bent at the break to gain finger access to a free edge of the releasable liner 122 and thus facilitate its strippage from the adhesive layer 104a and ready the assembly for adhesive affixation to the desired body surface area . release liner 122 is shown as including aperture 128 . aperture 128 typically occurs because it permits the assembly of snap - on connector 106a , 106b while the release liner 122 remains in place thus protecting the adhesive layer 104a during manufacturing processes . however , it will be appreciated that such apertures are not required since the release liner 122 is typically removed before the remainder of the electrode assembly shown in fig2 - 3 is adhesively affixed to a desired body surface site and used . fig4 depicts the electrode 100 of fig2 - 3 with the releasable liner 122 removed and the remainder of the assembly adhesively secured in place to a desired external body surface 20a of a living subject . typically , the treatment site 20a should be clean and the connector end of cable 50 may be snapped onto the snap connector 106a prior to installation of the electrode patch 100 onto the treatment site . once the protective releasable liner 122 has been removed so as to expose a boundary 130 of adhesive 104a ( extending all about the centrally located conductive patch 102 in the exemplary embodiment ), the assembly may be positioned as desired over site 20a and pressed firmly thereto so as to assure a good adhesive bond . as shown in the cross - sectional view of fig5 the boundary areas 130 will include an adhesively sealed and occluded area 130a which incorporates any contiguous body hair ( or fur ) so as to provide a substantially impervious seal between the external surface of living body 20 and the periphery of the conductive electrode 102 . when the electrode structure is to be used on horses , it has been experimentally determined that the border area 130 of adhesive available for affixation should probably be at least about 0 . 75 inches wide to insure good adhesive affixation . preferably , such adhesive is provided in a substantially continuous border 130 all about the conductive patch 102 . however , as should be appreciated , for some applications it may not be necessary to have such a continuous enclosure of the electrode / gel / skin interface . fig7 for example , depicts an alternate embodiment without such a continuous adhesive border . as should be appreciated , other electrode shapes may utilize the principles of this invention and , for example , an elongated rectangular electrode is depicted in fig6 . similarly , as earlier mentioned , for some applications it may not be necessary or even desirable to have a completely continuous adhesive border about the electrode 102 . accordingly , in such cases , the adhesive - backed flexible insulating patch 104 may have a considerably different shape from that of the electrode 102 as is , for example , depicted at fig7 . it will also be appreciated that the adhesive backing might in some cases be applied directly to the periphery or other desired portions of the conductive electrode structure itself . the conductive patch may also be formed by printing , painting or otherwise placing conductive ink on a suitable substrate . however , in the present exemplary embodiments , aluminum foil is preferred ( e . g ., it is conceivable that the ions which make an ink conductive might , over time , migrate under influence of the electrical treatment fields away from the printed ink itself thus deteriorating the overall electrode function ). in the present exemplary embodiment , the electrode 102 may be approximately 3 inches square ( exclusive of tab 108 ) while the insulating patch 104 may be approximately 5 × 51 / 2 inches in overall dimension . another embodiment of the subject invention , the temperature indicating electrotherapy coil applicator shown in fig8 utilizes a coil 107 in place of the electrode 102 of the previously described embodiments . the temperature indicating electrotherapy coil applicator is comprised of a coil 107 on the top side ( side opposite the body contact side ) of a flexible circuit 109 . the coil 107 may be copper , or conductive ink which is printed on the flexible circuit 109 . a connection terminal having parts 106d and 106f is connected to coil 107 . a plated or printed through hole 111 connects the coil 107 center to a single conductive track 107a on the opposite side of flexible circuit 109 . this track 107a runs towards the edge where it connects with the connection terminal having parts 106c and 106e . the track 107a need not be insulated from the skin or body . a liquid crystal film layer 103 , located over the coil 107 may have a color - temperature reference coating as a border 105 . the temperature indicating electrotherapy coil applicator may have a clear plastic film layer 104 with adhesive backing 104 a and release liner 122 . the temperature indicating electrotherapy coil applicator is applied to the skin and serves to induce an electromagnetic field into the underlying tissues . the liquid crystal layer 103 measures the temperature changes caused by the electromagnetic field . it will be understood that the electrode / coil apparatus and method may be utilized to achieve signal coupling with human subjects as well as animals . although this invention has been above - described only with respect to a few presently preferred exemplary embodiments , those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations and modifications may be made in these embodiments while yet retaining many of the novel features and advantages of this invention . the following claims are intended to cover all such variations and modifications .
apparatus for applying an electric or electromagnetic signal to the skin and tissue of a living body surface , and for measuring the physiological responses of the skin and tissue to the electric or electromagnetic signal is disclosed . the apparatus comprises a conductive patch electrode applicator , a temperature responsive liquid crystal layer applied to said conductive patch , and an adhesive boundary extending at least part way about the edges of the electrode applicator or coil applicator .