certain embodiments described herein are intended for implementation in association with a motor such as , but not limited to , a hobby servo motor , or more simply stated , a hobby servo . fig1 is a perspective view of one example of a suitable hobby servo 100 . hobby servo 100 can be any type of hobby servo and is not limited in terms of its style , capacity , motor speed , or load carrying capability . hobby servo 100 is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the claimed subject matter . neither should hobby servo 100 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of illustrated components . hobby servo 100 includes a rotatable splined output shaft 12 , rotable splined shaft output top 13 , threaded orifice 14 , circular planar surface 15 , a pair of flanges 18 , mounting screws 20 , and an electrical cable 22 . splined output shaft 12 has teeth ( or ridges ) distributed around the outside surface of the output shaft . this configuration is described as a “ male ” spline configuration . standard configurations of hobby servos have 23 , 24 , or 25 teeth . threaded orifice 14 extends into splined output shaft 12 and is adapted to receive an attachment screw ( not shown ). flanges 18 are adapted to receive mounting screws 20 . flanges 18 and screws 20 are adapted to work in combination to mount hobby servo 100 in an operating environment . electrical cable 22 is attached to the hobby servo 100 and provides electrical power and / or electrical signals to cause the output shaft 12 to rotate in a counter - clockwise or clockwise direction . fig2 is a side view of an embodiment of a hobby servo shaft attachment mechanism 200 ( hereinafter “ hsam 200 ”). hsam 200 includes a top surface 202 , a bottom surface 204 , an attachment surface 206 , and an output shaft attachment housing 208 . in an embodiment , attachment surface 206 provides a cylindrical surface that receives attachment items that include a bore . the diameter of the cylindrical surface of hsam 200 is manufactured to any desired value . for example , the bore is made to accommodate ¼ ″ or ⅜ ″ bored attachment items . attachment surface 206 need not be a cylindrical area . embodiments of attachment surface 206 include every shape and size . fig3 is a top view of an embodiment of hsam 200 . hsam 200 includes top surface 202 , output shaft attachment housing 208 , and attachment mechanism orifice 210 ( hereinafter “ amo 210 ”). in an embodiment , amo 210 provides an opening that extends from top surface 202 to bottom surface 204 ( shown in fig2 ). in an embodiment , amo 210 receives an attachment mechanism such that hsam 200 is secured to hobby servo 100 . in one embodiment , amo 210 receives a screw that has a head with a larger diameter than amo 210 such that the head of the screw rests on top surface 202 . in that embodiment , the screw extends through amo 210 and threads into the standard engagement inside servo output shaft orifice 14 . it is worth noting that in certain embodiments , hsam 200 and output shaft 12 are in - line with each other , meaning that hsam 200 and output shaft 12 share a common axis that they rotate around . fig4 is a bottom view of an embodiment of hsam 200 . hsam 200 includes bottom surface 204 , amo 210 , spline receiving surface 212 , and top receiving surface 214 . in an embodiment , spline receiving surface 212 includes a plurality of surfaces ( e . g ., teeth ) that are configured to engage the teeth ( or ridges ) of the rotable splined output shaft 12 . other embodiments include top receiving surface 214 flushly engaging rotable splined shaft output top 13 and bottom surface 204 flushly engaging circular planar surface 15 . embodiments of spline receiving surface 212 , bottom surface 204 , and top receiving surface 214 include any number of surfaces and any surface shapes that engage or flushly engage any embodiments of rotable splined output shaft 12 and / or circular planar surface 15 . fig5 is a side view of an embodiment of hsam 200 that highlights internal features with dotted lines . hsam 200 includes top surface 202 , attachment mechanism orifice 210 , attachment surface 206 , output shaft attachment housing 208 , top receiving surface 214 , spline receiving surface 212 , and bottom surface 204 . embodiments of hsam 200 include any desired dimensions . embodiments of hsam 200 are made from every material . examples of materials include rigid materials such as 6061 t6 aluminum . fig6 is a side view of an embodiment of hsam 200 that includes an inner output shaft housing 250 ( hereinafter “ iosh 250 ”), and fig7 is a bottom view of an embodiment of hsam 200 that includes iosh 250 . iosh 250 include a bottom surface 252 , an outer circumferential surface 254 , a top surface 256 , and a spline receiving surface 258 . in an embodiment , spline receiving surface 258 includes a plurality of surfaces that securely engage the teeth ( or ridges ) of the rotable splined output shaft 12 . embodiments of spline receiving surface 258 include any number of surfaces and any surface shapes . embodiments of outer circumferential surface 254 include any number of sides such as six . in some embodiments the sides come together at sharp angles . in other embodiments the sides come together at rounded corners . in yet other embodiments , outer surface 254 is cylindrical and includes no sides . embodiments of iosh 250 have dimensions and are shaped such that they fit flushly within embodiments of output shaft attachment housing 208 including top receiving surface 214 . embodiments of iosh 250 are made of every material . some embodiments are made of plastic , rubber , and metal . in one embodiment , the iosh 250 material is chosen based at least partially upon the type of material or shape of output shaft 12 . in another embodiment , iosh 250 is laser cut from plastic and press - fit into output shaft attachment housing 208 . in yet another embodiment , iosh 250 and housing 208 are engaged such that rotation from output shaft 12 is transferred from iosh 250 to attachment surface 206 . fig8 is a perspective view of an embodiment of hsam 200 attached to an exemplary hobby servo 100 . in an embodiment , hsam 200 is securely and functionally engaged to output shaft 12 ( shown in fig1 ), and hsam 200 bottom surfaces 204 and / or 252 are flushly engaged with circular planar surface 15 ( also shown in fig1 ). in an embodiment , hsam 200 is securely attached to hobby servo 100 using screw 302 . in other embodiments , attachment mechanisms other than screws are used . the attachment of hsam 200 to hobby servo 100 provides many useful features . hsam 200 provides enhanced performance such as increased strength and durability . hsam 200 supports greater side - loads on the servo than the servo could support alone . hsam 200 also allows for items that cannot be directly attached to a hobby servo to be indirectly attached . fig9 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a coupler 304 attached to hsam 200 . coupler 304 connects to items such as , but not limited to , axles and gears , and rotates the items utilizing the output from hobby servo 100 . coupler 304 and hsam 200 allow items to be connected that otherwise could not be connected to hobby servo 100 . they also provide a more durable connection . for example , hsam 200 reduces the chances that splined output shaft 12 ( not shown ) will be stripped during operation . fig1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a universal joint 306 attached to hsam 200 . hsam 200 enables universal joint 306 to be powered by hobby servo 100 . hsam 200 also enables greater performance than if universal joint 306 was attached directly to hobby servo 100 . fig9 and 10 are only examples of the many items that hsam 200 allows to be indirectly connected to hobby servo 100 . other items include gears , sprockets , and robot arms . these items and others , achieve improved performance such as increased strength , durability , and reduced slippage . fig1 - 14 are side views of additional illustrative embodiments of hobby servo attachment mechanisms . the embodiments shown in fig1 - 14 optionally include elongated shafts with textured outer surfaces ( e . g . threaded surfaces ). the embodiments shown in fig1 - 14 optionally include one or more of the features included within hobby servo attachment mechanism 200 shown in fig2 - 10 . similarly , hobby servo attachment mechanism 200 may optionally include one or more of the features shown in fig1 - 14 . embodiments are not limited to any particular combination of features and may include any feature or combination of features described in this disclosure . fig1 is a side view of hobby servo attachment mechanism (“ hsam ”) 1100 . hsam 1100 illustratively includes many of the same or similar features as hsam 200 shown in fig2 - 10 . for instance , hsam 1100 optionally includes a top surface 1102 , a bottom surface 1104 , and an output shaft attachment housing 1108 . in addition to those features , hsam 1100 also optionally includes a threaded outer surface 1106 . threaded surface 1106 illustratively includes any type of threaded surface such as screw threading or worm screw threading . in one embodiment , threaded surface 1106 engages with a threaded surface of another object and rotates or otherwise transfers motion to the other object . for instance , in one embodiment , threaded surface 1106 includes screw threading that is engaged with the screw threading of another object . as threaded surface 1106 is rotated , the engaged screw threading of the other object is rotated . the other screw threading and / or object may for instance be moved along an axis of rotation that is parallel to the axis of rotation of hsam 1100 . in another embodiment , threaded surface 1106 includes worm screw threading that is engaged with a worm gear . threaded surface 1106 and the worm gear thus form a worm drive , and threaded surface 1106 rotates the worm gear about an axis of rotation that is different than the axis of rotation of hsam 1100 . for instance , threaded surface 1106 illustratively rotates a worm gear about an axis of rotation that is ninety degrees different than the axis of rotation of hsam 1100 . fig1 is a side view of a hobby servo attachment mechanism ( hsam ) 1200 . hsam 1200 also illustratively includes a top surface 1202 , a bottom surface 1204 , and an output shaft attachment housing 1208 . additionally , hsam 1200 optionally includes a threaded surface 1206 . threaded surface 1206 illustratively includes gear teeth . for example , in the embodiment shown in fig1 , threaded surface 1206 includes vertically oriented gear teeth . in an embodiment , threaded surface 1206 engages with a threaded surface of another object and rotates or otherwise transfers motion to the object . for instance , in one embodiment , threaded surface 1206 includes gear teeth that are engaged with the gear teeth of another object . as threaded surface 1206 is rotated , the engaged gear teeth of the other object are rotated . fig1 is a side view of a hobby servo attachment mechanism ( hsam ) 1300 . hsam 1300 also illustratively includes a top surface 1302 , a bottom surface 1304 , and an output shaft attachment housing 1308 . additionally , hsam 1300 optionally includes two or more different surfaces along the rotatable shaft . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , hsam 1300 includes a first threaded surface 1320 and a second threaded surface 1322 . first threaded surface 1320 may for instance include screw , worm screw , gear , or any other type of threading . second surface 13220 may also illustratively include screw , gear , or any other type of threading . in one embodiment , first and second threaded surfaces 1320 and 1322 include different types of threading ( e . g . one includes screw threading and the other gear threading ), or alternatively , both surfaces 1320 and 1322 may include the same type of threading . in another embodiment , one or more of surfaces 1320 or 1322 may instead include a non - textured surface ( e . g . a smooth outer surface such as that shown in fig2 - 8 ). additionally , embodiments of hsam 1300 are not limited to only including two surfaces along the rotatable shaft . embodiments of hsam 1300 optionally include any number of surfaces along the rotatable shaft . for instance , hsam 1300 may include three different surfaces instead of the two shown in fig1 with one surface having screw threading , one gear threading , and the other surface being smooth . fig1 is a side view of an embodiment of a hobby servo attachment mechanism ( hsam ) 1400 . the view shown in fig1 highlights internal features with dotted lines . hsam 1400 includes top surface 1402 , attachment mechanism orifice 1410 , outer surface 1406 , output shaft attachment housing 1408 , top receiving surface 1414 , spline receiving surface 1412 , and bottom surface 1404 . when hsam 1400 is engaged to a hobby servo motor , top receiving surface 1414 is illustratively flushly engaged to a top surface ( e . g . surface 13 in fig1 ) of an output shaft of a hobby servo motor , and spline receiving surface 1412 is illustratively engaged with the splined surface ( e . g . surface 12 in fig1 ) of an output shaft of a hobby servo motor . additionally , bottom surface 1404 is illustratively flushly engaged to a circular planar surface ( e . g . surface 15 in fig1 ) of a hobby servo motor . fig1 also shows that hsam 1400 optionally includes an inner ledge 1420 and an inner aperture 1422 within attachment mechanism orifice 1410 . in one embodiment , an attachment mechanism ( e . g . a screw or a bolt ) fits through inner aperture 1422 and extends to the threaded orifice of a hobby servo motor ( e . g . orifice 14 in fig1 ) to attach or otherwise secure hsam 1400 to a hobby servo motor . a portion of the attachment mechanism ( e . g . a head of a screw or a bolt ) is illustratively wider than a circumference of inner aperture 1422 such that the portion of the attachment mechanism rests on or is supported by inner ledge 1420 . other embodiments of hobby servo attachment mechanisms ( e . g . hsam 200 in fig2 - 10 , hsam 1100 in fig1 , hsam 1200 in fig1 , and hsam 1300 in fig1 ) may optionally include an attachment mechanism orifice 1410 , an inner ledge 1420 , and an inner aperture 1422 . embodiments of hsam &# 39 ; s are not however limited to any particular method or devices for attachment to a hobby servo motor and optionally include any methods or devices for attachment . although the hobby servo shaft attachment mechanism has been described with reference to particular embodiments , workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .
an apparatus for enhancing an operational capacity of a hobby servo motor having a splined output shaft is disclosed . an apparatus illustratively includes a spline receiving portion . the spline receiving portion includes a plurality of circumferentially distributed protrusions sized and dispersed so as to support a functional engagement of the apparatus to the splined rotatable output shaft . the spline receiving portion optionally includes a top receiving surface . when the spline receiving portion is functionally engaged to the splined rotatable output shaft , the top receiving surface is positioned proximate to and flushly engages a top surface of the splined rotatable output shaft . an apparatus may further include an elongated shaft . the elongated shaft has an outer surface and at least a portion of the outer surface is textured .