in one arrangement of the present invention , as shown in fig1 , a device 10 is provided for determining human limb position for , but not limited to , virtual and augmented reality , motion capture for animation , gaming , interactive media , medical , military , and general user - interface applications . in the arrangement described , device 10 is for motion capture associated with a limb having two primary segments , typically an arm or leg . multiple devices 10 may be used , one for each limb . however , for the purposes of illustration , only one device 10 is shown , in the below examples , for use in motion capture for the movements of a wearer &# 39 ; s arm ( as shown in fig1 ). as shown in fig1 , device 10 employs at least one sensor array 12 , mounted on a limb segment . it is noted that additional sensor arrays 12 may be added to device 10 for additional accuracy . however , for the purposes of illustration , device 10 employs a single primary sensor array 12 . as shown in fig2 , sensor array 12 includes a multi - axis accelerometer 14 , and either a two - or three - axis gyroscopic sensor 16 . accelerometer 14 is preferably used to determine the orientation ( pitch and roll ) of the limb segment on which sensor array 12 has been positioned . rotation of the limb segment , on which sensor array 12 is mounted , about the shoulder or pelvic joint , is determined by means of readings from sensors 14 and 50 as well as gyroscopic sensor 16 . in one arrangement , readings from gyroscopic sensor 16 and accelerometer 14 are preferably processed through a kalman filter for jitter - elimination by means of covariance matrix , and for automatic un - biasing of gyroscopic sensors 16 . basic averaging filters may also be used within device 12 . a calibration routine may be included to provide for the un - biasing of gyroscopic sensors 16 . as described below sensor 50 is intended to extend from sensor array 12 out over the flexible joint to the adjacent limb section . this flexible sensor may be a typical flex sensor , rotary potentiometer or other form of sensor that is capable of measuring the flex of bendable joint . in one arrangement , as shown in fig2 , an integrated or external power source 18 may be included within sensor array 12 for powering the various components . also provided within sensor array 12 are programmable micro - controller or fixed - logic processor 20 , analog - to - digital signal converter ( s ) 22 , wired or wireless means of data relay to a cpu 40 , such as external bus port / serial bus / usb converter 24 . in one arrangement , an additional wired or wireless means of connecting other sensors or devices , such as i2c bus 26 or other connection format , may be included for relaying data stream or for interaction with sensor array 12 . fig3 shows an illustration of the relative positions of internal components of sensor array 12 . ideally , all of the components , of sensor array 12 are housed within a single structure , with the exception of flexible sensor 50 . in one arrangement as show in fig4 , device 10 may be implemented into a single circuit board 60 . the labeled items in circuit diagram fig5 relate to the components of sensor array 12 as shown in fig1 . in one arrangement , printed circuit 60 may employ an optional integrated means of wireless communication such as zigbee wireless module with the chipset ( s ), antenna , and battery necessary for its implementation . such an arrangement would allow wireless communication of the sensor signals from accelerometer 14 , gyroscopic sensor 16 and sensor 50 . in one arrangement , as shown in fig1 and 5 , a glove 30 may be connected to i2c bus 26 of sensor array 12 in order to further include finger movements to augment the motion capture data collected by device 10 . as illustrated in fig3 , glove 30 may employ the typical glove motion capture components of an accelerometer 31 , flex sensors 32 , analog - digital channels 33 , analog multiplexer 34 , controller 35 and multiplexer - control channels 36 . in one exemplary arrangement , as shown in fig1 , sensor array 12 is mounted on the upper or lower segment of a two - segment limb ( shown mounted to lower segment ), in proximity to the central joint of the limb . extending from sensor array 12 , one or more flex or stretch sensors 50 may extend from array 12 over the adjacent bending joint on the limb and onto at least a portion of the adjacent limb section . flexible or stretch sensor ( s ) 50 is ( are ) oriented across the central joint of the limb such that it measures the angle of flex of said joint . in one arrangement , the flexible / stretch sensor ( s ) 50 may employ an averaging filter to reduce signal noise ensure that . both sensor array 12 and flexible sensor 50 may be worn or mounted by any number of means , including through integration into a garment , velcro ™ straps or a brace - like sleeve or cuff to be worn around the joint . turning to the mathematical computation of limb position , utilizing the device 10 as set forth above , the calculation may be done either by onboard microcontroller 20 , or the sensor values ( from sensors 14 , 16 and 50 ) may be returned by means of the relay 24 to computer 40 or other device where those calculations are made . in one arrangement , the limb position calculations may be made by a combination of both microcontroller 20 and external computer 40 . for the purposes of the following discussion regarding limb position calculation , references to the limb segment directly jointed to the users body center are referred to as “ segment a ” ( or upper arm segment ), and that jointed to said segment a and the hand or foot as “ segment b ” ( or lower arm segment ). in accordance with one embodiment , many different formulations may be used for determining limb position using the combined sensors 14 , 16 and 50 readings described above . in a first formula the limb position is determined by several steps : 1 . assuming that the hand is positioned directly in front of the shoulder , determine length and angle of a line drawn directly from the hand to the shoulder . 2 . using the tilt of the limb segment ( sensor array 12 positioned on segment b ) measured on the axis perpendicular to the axial plane of limb flex , determine rotation of elbow about the line described in step 1 . 3 . accounting for the lateral rotation of segment b about the joint , cumulatively determine rotation of limb about shoulder using lateral component of combined gyro axis readings as determined using the tilt measured in step 2 . by the above described calculation steps device 10 is able to determine the lateral circular paths ( diameter and relative vertical position ), about the shoulder joint , on which the elbow and hand are located , and their rotational position on these paths . in the implementation of this formula , it may be assumed that the limb segments are of approximately equal length , though the formula can be adjusted to account for deviations . according to the above arrangement , device 10 by the inclusion of a sensor ( s ) for the measurement of joint flex for tracking of limb position , half of the inertial sensors otherwise needed are eliminated . by this arrangement , only one primary sensor array 12 is required for tracking both segments of the limb and the spatial positioning of the hand or foot relative to the point at which the limb segment a is joined to the body . thus , motion capture device 10 described above provides for the determination and tracking of human limb position with its functional components connected to , or mounted on , one or more printed circuit boards in sensor array 12 . data interpretation , display , and rendering software on a computer , including custom mathematical methods may be used for the determination of limb positions from the values read from sensors 14 , 16 and 50 as described above . in another embodiment , a method for the interpretation of the data collected by the sensing device 10 is employed where the 3d coordinates of the central joint and the wrist or ankle joint , relative to the joint connecting the limb to the body , is derived . the following is an exemplary summary of the use of the data from accelerometer 14 , gyroscopic sensor 16 and flex sensor 50 for determining arm positioning and movement . in this exemplary method , it is assumed that the z - axis of accelerometer 14 is parallel to the length of the forearm ( segment b lower arm ), that the y - axis is parallel to the axis of flex of the elbow , and the x - axis is perpendicular to the z - and y - axes . another assumption is that the length of the upper - arm and the length of the forearm are approximately equal lengths a . the reading from flexible sensor 50 across the elbow gives us its angle of flex θ . the accelerometer axis are read and interpreted as tilt values using the standard formula : as shown in fig6 , the length of a line h drawn between the shoulder and the wrist is equal to : the distance r from the elbow to the line h is equal to : thus , an angle psi of a line can be determined , relative to the horizontal plane , drawn between the shoulder and the wrist , by the following formula : the distance f from the elbow to a horizontal plane rotated around the axis perpendicular to the line drawn between the shoulder and wrist , so as to lay parallel to this line , is equal to : the distance v from the shoulder to the hand , on the y - z plane of the environment ( disregarding lateral displacement along the x - axis ) is equal to : such measurements may be used to find the location of limb , for example with in a two dimensional plane . the y - axis in the coding environment is inverted , with positive values descending from shoulder level . thus the above arrangement utilizes the accelerometer 14 and flexible sensor 50 to begin the initial three dimensional calculations . once the two dimensional is determined as above , the three dimensional aspect may be calculated using such data from the accelerometer ( x , y , z tilt ) and from the flex sensor ( θ ), supplemented by gyroscopic data input in at least the 2 dimensions perpendicular to the length of the forearm member . for example , in the above code , raw sensor input is remapped from the range defined by the gyro sensor 16 calibrated to zero ( ie . the voltage it returns when there is no angular velocity across that axis ) and gyro &# 39 ; s scale factor ( ie . the voltage that the gyro returns when rotating approximately 90 °/ second about that axis ) to the range between 0 °/ second and 90 °/ second , and then converting it to radians . in another arrangement , the measurements could be directly converted to radians . the map ( ) function also projects outside of the specified range so that , for instance , a gxraw of gxzero + 2 * gyroscalex results in a value of 180 °/ second . these additional inputs may be used in conjunction with the other measurements as follows : in this arrangement , the above conditional prevents the use of a negative angle when computing gxgytheta . gxgytheta is the angle , relative to the gx axis of measurement here , the magnitude of the lateral component of gxgy , which is the cosine of the compound vector , gxgy , is calculated and multiplied by the difference between gxgytheta and the ytilt value derived from the accelerometer 14 data . that calculation is then multiplied by the time elapsed between readings ( converted from milliseconds to seconds by converting the timedelta , which is an integer value in milliseconds , to a floating - point number and dividing it by 1000 ) to arrive at the value that should be added or subtracted to the cumulative rotation of the total arm assembly about the shoulder . while only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein , many modifications , substitutions , changes or equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art . it is therefore , to be understood that this application is intended to cover all such modifications and changes that fall within the true spirit of the invention .
a motion capture device provided for capturing motion of a limb having two sections , connected by a flexing joint . a sensor array is mounted to a first section of a limb , having at least one gyroscopic sensor element and at least one accelerometer . a sensor for attachment across the flexible joint is coupled to the sensor array and extends away from the sensor array across the flexing joint to a second section of the limb , where the location and motion of the limb is captured by a combination of data obtained from the at least one gyroscopic sensor element and at least one accelerometer of the sensor array and the sensor for said flexible joint .