in the various figures , some portions of the machine have been omitted for clarity , such as the structure , or basement , of the machine ; moreover , always with the aim to give a clear and concise description , the annexed drawings do not include structural , common elements , nor any mechanism that may be considered known and / or intuitive for a technician . in the various figures the same alphanumeric references indicate the same parts or elements . by referring to fig1 and 2 , numeral 1 generally denotes the feeder , numeral 2 indicates the manipulator transferring the fruit , numeral 3 the turntable that includes four stations , numeral 4 the reader of the fruit diameter and of the thickness of the peel and mesocarp , numeral 5 the peeling device , and numeral 6 the end - cutting device . by reference to fig3 and 4 , note that the feeder is characterized by chain means 7 of a known kind , or by any other known mechanism insuring a synchronism of the horizontal motion , to which there is attached a plurality of cups or caps 8 , into each of which a respective fruit is manually put with its symmetry axis horizontally and perpendicularly disposed with respect to the advancement direction of said chain means . the chain means are intermittently moved with a constant translation pitch , in synchronism with the other devices that make up the machine , and this motion is performed by means of any kind of known device suited to transmit an intermittent motion . the driving shaft 9 may receive the motion through a chain 10 or any other known means that insures the maintenance of the timing , e . g . : a toothed belt , a cardan shaft , etc . by referring to fig5 and 6 , these specifically show ( in fig5 ) the manipulator with the pliers and its control mechanisms , all located in a position suited to pick up the fruit 11 from the feeder , and ( in fig6 ) the pliers taken individually and seen in the pick - up position “ a ” and in the position “ b ” coinciding with the axis 12 of the loading station where the fruit is loaded on the rotatable turntable 3 . the manipulator is characterized by pliers 13 , which are actuated by a pneumatic actuator 14 , and these pliers grasp the fruit 11 located on the feeder ( fig5 ) and displace it from the pick - up position ( fig6 “ a ”) to the wait position ( fig6 “ b ”) that coincides with the fruit clamping station of the turntable 3 ; the displacement is performed through the rotation of the cam 15 , which is of a positive kind , that is , it has a slot 16 inside which a roller 17 is inserted , whose pin 18 is integral with a lever 19 , and the latter , by means of a connecting rod 20 and a lever 21 , acts on and displaces the transmission element 22 . this movement — starting from the rotation of the cam 15 — is synchronized with the feeder 1 and with the rotatable turntable 3 . the rotatable turntable , denoted by 3 in fig1 is shown in more detail in fig7 ; it includes four processing stations , or work stations , located at 90 ° with respect to each other , which are illustrated in fig5 wherein : numeral 12 indicates the fruit loading station , numeral 23 the measuring ( reading ) station of the fruit diameter and of the thickness of the peel and mesocarp , numeral 24 denotes the peeling station , and finally , numeral 25 indicates the end - cutting station where the processed fruit is discharged ( released ). from fig7 we observe that the rotatable turntable 3 is characterized by two circular plates 26 / a - 26 / b that face each other at a mutual distance and which are integral with a shaft 27 , the latter being intermittently rotated by means of a known mechanism ( not shown ). in radial positions and on the same circumference , at 90 ° to each other , identically formed pairs of spindles are located on said plates along the axes 12 , 23 , 24 , 25 indicated in fig5 ; these spindles have the following structure : on one circular plate , for instance the circular plate 26 / a , each mandrel or spindle is characterized by a rotatable head 28 idly mounted on a respective shaft 29 , which is axially slidable inside the bushing 30 , the latter being integral with the circular plate 26 / a so that , by axially displacing the shaft 29 the rotatable head 28 is displaced at the same time ; on the other hand , the mandrels or spindles mounted on the circular plate 26 / b are characterized by a rotatable head 31 which is integral with the sleeve 32 , the latter being idle on the small shaft 33 ; moreover , the sleeve 32 can axially slide inside the bushing 34 which is integrally formed on the circular plate 26 / b . a toothed pinion 35 is fixed on the outer side of the sleeve 32 and on the opposite side of the circular plate 26 / b with respect to the small head 31 ; by axially displacing the small shaft 33 , the sleeve 32 and the respective pinion 35 and small head 31 are moved at the same time . the two small heads 28 and 31 are located at a certain distance to each other , and this distance may be shortened by a concentric movement effected by means of a rod and a rocker arm , which operate as follows : the small shaft 33 is integral at one of its ends to a bracket 36 which , at its opposite end is rigidly connected to said rod 37 , whose axis is parallel to the axis of the small shaft 33 ; moreover , said rod 37 freely passes through both circular plates 26 / a - b , and supports at its other extremity a connecting rod 38 connected to a rocker arm 39 , which in turn is linked to a second connecting rod 40 identical to the former one ( 38 ); the connecting rod 40 is connected to the small shaft 29 which supports the rotatable small head 28 . the system is realized and arranged in such a way , that by axially pushing the bracket 36 by means of a linear actuator 41 , both rotatable small heads 28 - 31 approach each other concentrically and clamp the fruit , and the latter is always disposed in the same spatial position independently of its size . in order to preserve the clamping action , and in order to rotate the fruit when required , the following means are provided : the small heads 28 and 31 are frontally provided with thorns 42 that stick into the peel of the fruit , while the rotation — required in station no . 3 ( peeling ) and station no . 4 ( end - cutting )— is rendered possible by the fact that in these stations the above mentioned pinion engages respective toothed wheels ( not shown ), and the latter are suitably arranged and sized and are driven by any known means . once the fruit is clamped between the small heads 28 , 31 in consequence of the pushing action of the actuator 41 , and in order to maintain this clamping action in all ( four ) stations , the rod / rocking arm system is locked by means of pliers 43 or by any other known and appropriate device , which may be pneumatic or mechanical , and which locks the rod 37 by preventing any axial movement of the same . obviously , the body of the pliers 43 is integral with the machine structure , and specifically , the support 44 that sustains the rocker arm 39 is rigidly connected to the plate 26 / a . if the pliers 43 that lock the rod 37 are pneumatically actuated , then it is self - evident that the shaft 27 which rotates the turntable 3 , must be connected to the main driving shaft 45 by the interposition of a rotatable pneumatic coupling 46 , which is realized in the usual manner and serves for distributing and for discharging compressed air according to the specific needs . after having described the rotatable turntable , we next describe the mechanisms that operate in each station . in the first station ( position 12 in fig5 ) the fruit is only clamped by the already described system “ rod / rocker arm ”. in the second station ( position 23 in fig5 ), as shown in fig8 an already known laser device 4 measures the fruit diameter in addition to the thickness of the peel and mesocarp , and it sends a proportional signal to a step motor ; the latter , through an encoder and a respective electronic circuitry ( not shown and already known ) spatially positions the peeling device and its mill — in station no . 3 —, which will perform fruit peeling said peeling device ( generally identified by reference numeral 5 in fig2 ) is shown in fig9 - 9 / bis and 10 , and is known per se ; see for instance the italian patent application no . mo2000a000167 filed in modena in jul . 31 , 2000 , titled “ macchina automatica per la pelatura e la separazione in due o più parti delle pere ”, issued to abl s . r . l . ( applicant ). the only difference between these two versions concerns the information relating to the data required to determine the path of the mill , which , in the present version , are detected by a laser beam and are electronically processed , whereas only a mechanical feeler or tracer point is used in the previous version , even though the latter could also be used in the present machine . in the fourth ( and last ) station , the machine performs the end - cutting of the fruit , consisting — see fig1 — in the removal of the small discs 48 - 49 which have not been subjected to peeling because they were covered by the small heads ( spindles ) 28 , 31 that support the fruit 11 , whereas the remaining part of the external surface 11 / a of the fruit has already been peeled . this “ end - cutting ” is obtained ( fig1 ) while the fruit is set in rotation , and by the intervention of two cutting blades that cut the fruit along the two discontinuous lines 52 - 53 of fig1 . these blades are arranged on a mechanism , including a rod 54 and a rocker arm 55 , similar to the one already described in relation to the rotatable heads 28 , 31 , but which is supported by the fixed structure or basement 56 of the machine . this mechanism insures that the blades 6 are always in a position matching the position of the small heads 28 , 31 ; a cam 57 allows the intervention of the blades at the right moment , that is , after termination of the peeling operation and at the time the mill 47 is in its rest position . after cutting , the blades 6 move out and apart , so that the fruit , that has been peeled and cut at its ends , can fall on an inclined plane 58 ( fig2 ). to prevent the discs ( calottes ) 48 , 49 from remaining attached to the heads 28 , 31 , a rod 59 is inserted inside the small shafts 29 , 33 ( see fig1 ), to act as an ejector ( knockout ) actuated by an actuator 60 . in the preceding description , no illustration and explanation have been given as to what means is used to bring about the intermittent motion , because this motion may be obtained by means of any known device , e . g . a maltese cross or a more sophisticated device known in the art ; moreover , no mention has been made of the transmission members between one shaft and the other , since even in this case these members may be selected amongst those insuring the preservation of the timing and could be chains , toothed wheels , cardan joints , angular transmissions , bevel gear pairs , etc . in addition , the aforementioned known linear actuators may be of the pneumatic kind , but also oil - operated actuators , electromechanical actuators , etc . also , the laser device ( known per se ) that has been indicated by numeral 4 in fig8 and which is used to detect the diameter of the fruit together with the thickness of the peel and the mesocarp , may be replaced by a feeler or tracer point allowing the mill to follow the outer profile of the fruit ( whatever its shape ) and to set a fixed value for the thickness of the layer ( peel plus mesocarp ) to be removed . therefore , the solutions to this problem may range from the just mentioned simple one , to the most sophisticated ( known ) solutions , which nowadays correspond to the laser device provided for in the previous embodiment . according to the illustrated and described embodiment , the small heads that retain the fruit in stations no . 3 and 4 are motorized on one side only , but it goes without saying that the small heads forming each pair of spindles could both be driven by a motor , and this is particularly important if delicate fruits or other products are to be peeled . we also mention the fact that the peeling machine may comprise several modules , as shown in fig1 , in order to increase productivity . in the illustrated version the feeder forms a single entity and is provided transversally with respect to the advancement direction of each peeling line , even though this is not necessarily the case ; in fact , each peeling line could be associated to a respective feeder , as obtained by laterally aligning several single peeling machines like the one already illustrated and described . the operation of the machine according to the present invention will be described next . the fruits are individually and manually put in the respective cups of the feeder , with their symmetry axes directed horizontally and perpendicularly to the advancement direction of the feeder . the pliers pick up a respective fruit from a cup and transfer it to a position between two mandrels of the first work station of the four - station turntable ; the fruit is arranged in such a way that its symmetry axis is parallel and concentric to the axis of the spindles ( mandrels ). the fruit is clamped between the spindles and rotated towards and into the second work station . in this second station , a laser device measures the diameter of the fruit , together with the thickness of the layer formed by the peel and mesocarp , which must be removed . the measured data are used to position the peeling mill and to govern its movement . thereafter , the fruit is rotated towards and into the third station , where it is spun around its axis in order to peel it . the peel is generally removed in the form of a single , spiral - like strip , and it falls onto an inclined plane and is guided towards an appropriate container . then , the fruit is rotated towards the fourth station , it is spun around its axis , and at the same time the blades perform the cutting of the ends on the two sides adjacent to the spindles . the cutting blades and the spindles open to permit the discharge of the fruit onto an inclined plane , which conveys it towards an appropriate container . the knockouts insure the discharge of the small discs ( calottes ) of the peel separated during end - cutting . this cycle is repeated for the following fruits . as apparent from the above description of preferred embodiments , the invention is not limited to the above examples , which were only presented for illustrative purposes ; on the contrary , it must be borne in mind that other steps , examples , components , and processes are intuitive for a skilled person that has taken cognizance of present disclosure , and that therefore , they should not be considered to depart from the scope of the invention as claimed .
the invention relates to a machine used for the industrial peeling of citrus fruits and specifically oranges . the only manual operation to be performed corresponds to the loading , since the orange must be oriented . the machine has a high productivity , and does not lead to production reject , since even the peel is recoverable . the machine can be realized in a form that includes a single production line , or in one which includes several simultaneously operating production lines .