the entire content of provisional u . s . application ser . no . 60 / 840 , 642 , filed aug . 28 , 2006 , and u . s . application ser . no . 11 / 846 , 142 , filed aug . 28 , 2007 , is hereby incorporated by reference . fig1 shows the general environment of an embodiment of implantable medical device 20 . implantable neurological stimulator 22 is shown , but other embodiments such as pacemakers and defibrillators and the like are also applicable . implantable neurological stimulator 22 is implanted subcutaneously in side 28 of patient 30 , generally at a depth of between 1 . 0 and 2 . 5 centimeters , dependent on factors such as the patient &# 39 ; s physiology and the nature of the therapy to be delivered . lead 24 is operatively coupled to implantable neurological stimulator 22 at header 26 . lead 24 is positioned along spinal cord 31 of patient 30 . controller 32 , also called a patient programmer , may become transcutaneously coupled to implantable neurological stimulator 22 via an inductive communication link through the tissue of patient 30 through antenna 34 when antenna 34 is placed in proximity to implantable neurological stimulator 22 . though the precise maximum range for establishing an inductive communication link will vary depending on such factors as available battery power and the physical characteristics of coil 70 ( fig4 ), antenna 34 should generally be placed within six ( 6 ) centimeters of implantable medical device 22 . if an inductive communication link has been established then communication may proceed until the communication is ended either by controller 32 , or by breaking the communication link , commonly by increasing the distance between antenna 34 and implantable neurological stimulator 22 beyond the range at which communication may occur . in an embodiment , controller 32 is small enough to be held comfortably in the hand of a typical adult , where it may be easily manipulated either with that hand or the user &# 39 ; s other hand . controller 32 may be durable enough to be sterilized and brought within a sterile field environment and durable enough to be dropped without becoming non - functional . fig2 shows a closer view of implantable neurological stimulator 22 and lead 24 , operatively coupled by optional extender 36 . electrodes 38 are mounted on distal end 37 of lead 24 . electrodes 38 are comprised of a conductive material , in an embodiment , metal , that come into direct contact with tissue of patient 30 . electrodes 38 are operatively coupled with implantable neurological stimulator 22 via header 26 through wires comprised of conductive material that pass through the interior of lead 24 and are operatively coupled with conductive wires in the interior of extender 36 . a cutaway of implantable neurological stimulator 22 shows secondary coil 23 which may create an inductive communication link with primary coil 70 ( fig4 ). the number of leads 24 associated with implantable neurological stimulator 22 , and the number of electrodes 38 associated with each lead 24 , may depend on the nature and location of the therapy implantable neurological stimulator 22 is intended to deliver . the configuration of eight electrodes 38 per lead 24 may commonly be utilized in spinal cord stimulation applications which may typically include two such eight - electrode 38 leads 24 . such a configuration may be common in applications based around the electrical stimulation of comparatively long , narrow regions of patient 30 . by contrast , applications which require the stimulation of regions comparatively planar or spread out , such as deep - brain stimulation , may utilize up to four leads 24 of in four - electrode 38 per lead 24 configuration . commonly , each lead 24 associated with implantable neurological stimulator 22 may be identical to each other lead 24 . in order to facilitate programming and testing , electrodes 38 are commonly assigned a unique alpha - numeric identifier , commonly a unique integer starting with “ 0 ” and proceeding up . in an embodiment with sixteen electrodes 38 , then , each electrode 38 would be assigned an integer identifier from “ 0 ” through “ 15 ”. in this embodiment , the proximal electrode 38 on one of leads 24 may be assigned the identifier “ 0 ”, the next most - proximate electrode 38 “ 1 ”, and so on , from proximate to distal along the lead . when all of electrodes 38 on lead 24 have been assigned an identifier , another lead 24 is selected and the proximal - to - distal assignment of identifiers continues until all electrodes 38 on all leads 24 have been assigned an identifier . in an embodiment , to further facilitate organization and testing of electrodes 38 and leads 24 , electrodes 38 are then organized into groups of four electrodes 38 . electrodes 38 assigned identifiers “ 0 ” through “ 3 ” would be assigned to a first group , electrodes 38 assigned identifiers “ 4 ” through “ 7 ” would be assigned to a second group , and so on until all electrodes 38 have been assigned to a group . in an embodiment , four groups may be created . additionally , embodiments of the present invention are envisioned for applications that substitute other types of implantable medical devices for implantable neurological stimulator 22 , such as pacemakers and defibrillators . in these embodiments , leads 24 may be of significantly different configuration from those utilized by implantable neurological stimulator 22 . in an embodiment utilizing an implantable defibrillator , leads may include pacing leads 24 with a pair of pacing electrodes 38 as well as defibrillation leads 24 , potentially including both defibrillation and pacing electrodes 38 . fig3 a shows controller 32 . display 52 displays both text and graphical presentations of data and menus to a user to allow the user to control , in some respects , implantable neurological stimulator 22 , and to obtain various types of information from implantable neurological stimulator 22 . buttons 54 may provide the primary interface for the user to control the functionality of controller 32 and implantable medical device 22 . in various embodiments the number , positioning and nature of buttons 54 differs dependent on the nature of implantable medical device 22 and the therapy implantable medical device 22 is configured to deliver . for example , in the embodiment depicted in fig3 a , primarily utilized for deep brain stimulation , it may be undesirable to allow a user very much control over the functionality of implantable medical device 22 . because the user is given relatively little means for impacting implantable medical device 22 performance , there may be relatively little need for many interface buttons 54 . thus , buttons 54 are limited only to two at the top of the screen , utilized for accessing functions , and the four arrow buttons 54 at the bottom of controller 32 , used for scrolling among menus , as well as a power button . by contrast , in an embodiment depicted in fig3 b , in some applications it may be desirable for the user to exert more control over the function of implantable neurological stimulator 22 , and thus buttons 54 on the side of controller 32 are provided . an example of such a situation where increased user control may include spinal stimulation , as illustrated in fig1 . the extra buttons 54 may allow a user added control over the amount of electrical stimulation delivered by implantable neurological stimulator 22 . fig3 c depicts a screenshot 55 of controller 32 to begin conducting a lead connection check , or “ lcc ”. in an embodiment , the screen 55 may be arrived at by pressing and holding both top buttons 54 for three seconds . once screen 55 is arrived at , the user may commence the lcc by pressing one or more of buttons 54 , depending on the various embodiments of controller 32 . in an embodiment , graphic 57 on display 52 indicates to the user which button to press . in an embodiment illustrated in fig3 c graphic 57 indicates that the user should press the sync button ( see fig3 b ) in order to commence the lcc . fig3 d depicts a screenshot 59 of the results display from a recently conducted lcc . in the illustrated embodiment , the display identifies that the lcc test had just occurred , as well as a qualitative indication of the result of the lcc , in this case illustrated as a textual indicia of the number of electrodes 38 that had passed the test ( see fig5 ). in alternative embodiments , results may report the number of electrodes that failed to pass , or may provide graphical indicia of the result of the lcc test . such graphical indicia may include a mark corresponding to each electrode , the mark indicating either a pass or a fail , or charts , such as a pie chart or a bar with a length corresponding to the number of electrodes 38 that had passed the test . in an embodiment , a characteristic of the above described embodiment is the distinction these embodiments make between indicia that indicate a qualitative result , rather than indicating a quantitative result corresponding to the actual measure of impedance between each pair of electrodes 38 . the above - described embodiments provide the advantage of a simple to understand result , compared with a quantitative result that must be interpreted against the predetermined range for passage of the various impedance tests . a qualitative representation provides a diagnostic tool that may suffice in all but the most complicated of diagnostic situations , such as situations in which a user is attempting to characterize and understand a major fault in the system . however , as reliability in electrodes 38 and leads 24 tends to be very high , a simple qualitative representation may , in the overwhelming majority of situations in which there is no issue with electrodes 38 or leads 24 , provide the best and most useful data to a user , indicating either that everything is ok , or that there may be issues that need to be followed up on with a quantitative diagnostic with quantitative representations . in the case of the embodiment depicted in fig3 d , the qualitative representation is a binary representation , as it simply shows the number of electrodes 38 that are “ ok ”, with the remainder of electrodes 38 not indicated as being “ ok ” being bad . various contemplated embodiments flip the binary representations , with “ bad ” being displayed on display 52 along with the number of “ bad ” electrodes . additionally , alternative , largely - synonymous terminology is also contemplated , for instance substituting “ good ” or “ functional ” for “ ok ”. further embodiments utilizing trinary qualitative representations are likewise contemplated , which may , for instance , include fig4 depicts a block diagram of controller 32 . primary coil 70 enables controller 32 to establish an inductive communication link with implantable neurological stimulator 22 via secondary coil 23 when primary coil 70 is placed in proximity of secondary coil 23 ( in an embodiment , within 6 . 0 centimeters ). battery 74 provides direct current power to electronics 72 . in various embodiments , battery 74 may be rechargeable or disposable , as batteries may improve patient safety by foreclosing the possibility of electrical failure creating an open circuit between patient 30 and a wall outlet . alternatively , battery 74 may be substituted with power supplied by an outside source , either including a power converter as a component of controller 32 , allowing controller 32 to run off of ac power directly from a standard outlet , or an embodiment may require input power be converted to suitable properties prior to arriving at controller 32 . controller 32 additionally includes various electronics 72 . electronics 72 include various modules , including control module 76 which , in an embodiment , comprises , at least in part , off - the - shelf hardware components such as a processor and a memory module , as well as custom - designed componentry used in controlling the various components of controller 32 , as well as conducting electrode impedance tests . interface module 78 may be operatively coupled to coil 70 and control module 76 and include componentry for sending and receiving information via coil 70 , including transmit and receive circuits known in the art . electronics 72 are likewise operatively coupled to battery 74 , display 52 and input buttons 54 . fig5 shows a flowchart depicting the function of controller 32 . when a medical professional commences ( 100 ) a lead impedance test via input buttons 54 , control module 76 determines if an inductive link has been established ( 102 ) between coil 70 and implantable neurological stimulator 24 . if an inductive link has not been established , control module 76 may wait ( 104 ) and periodically check if an inductive link has been established ( 102 ), repeating as necessary until a timeout condition occurs . if an inductive link has been established , control module establishes ( 106 ) pairs of electrodes 38 that will be tested for impedance . electrode 38 pairs may be created utilizing a variety of different methods , depending on the particular circumstances of the test . in an embodiment , each subject electrode 38 is included in a total of two pairs , with the other electrode in each pair being selected from any of the other electrodes 38 assigned to the same group of four as subject electrode 38 ( see fig2 ). in this embodiment , electrodes 38 are paired with electrodes 38 with adjacent identifier numbers , or , if electrode 38 is either the first or the last electrode 38 in a group , with the electrode 38 in the group that is adjacent as well as the other end electrode 38 in the group . in this embodiment , electrodes 38 are paired with only two other electrodes 38 . in an alternative embodiment , each electrode 38 is paired with each other electrode 38 in its group . the above described embodiment avoids potential issues commonly encountered in electrode impedance testing . in addition to simplifying the selection of electrode pairs , the grouping of electrodes automatically avoids certain potential hazards , such as testing for impedance between electrodes that are on opposite sides of a patient &# 39 ; s 30 brain , in an embodiment where implantable neurological stimulator is substituted for a deep brain stimulator . the above embodiment likewise helps with patient safety and comfort by ensuring that electrodes 38 that are tested as pairs are in close proximity of each other , thereby preventing long current paths over potentially sensitive area &# 39 ; s of patient &# 39 ; s 30 body . further , by only testing each electrode 38 twice , the above - described embodiments tend to reduce test time compared with impedance tests that test each electrode 38 with every other electrode 38 . these embodiments also tend to save on battery 74 power by reducing the amount of energy used to conduct the impedance testing . however , in spite of the savings of time and energy , these embodiments do not lead to any reduced accuracy in determining basic qualitative function of electrodes 38 . because each electrode 38 is tested against two other electrodes 38 further embodiments are envisioned where each electrode is tested only once , thereby further reducing the amount of time to conduct testing due to approximately halving the number of impedance tests conducted , as well as reducing and the amount of energy consumed . the information derived from such testing , however , may only be precise to indicate a failure in at least one of the two electrodes 38 tested , rather than a failure in a particular electrode 38 . however , in situations where a user is only concerned with whether the system as a whole may be experiencing any failures , rather than which , if any , individual electrodes 38 are experiencing failures , the decrease in precise qualitative information may be irrelevant , while still yielding the benefit of reduced test time and reduced energy consumption . after the electrode pairs have been selected , the first such pair is tested ( 108 ). using ohm &# 39 ; s law , control module 76 determines if the impedance between the electrode 38 pair is within ( 110 ) the predetermined allowable range by placing a voltage , or sending a current down , one of the electrodes 38 of the pair , measuring the voltage or current on the other electrode of the pair , and then utilizing ohm &# 39 ; s law to determine the impedance . if the measured impedance is within ( 110 ) a predetermined range then controller 32 records ( 112 ) a note indicating that the electrode pair passed . if the measured impedance is outside of the predetermined range then controller 32 records ( 114 ) a note that the electrode pair failed . in an embodiment , controller 32 records results from steps ( 112 ) and ( 114 ) in a memory module in electronics 72 . if all electrode pairs have not yet been tested ( 116 ) the next electrode pair is then tested ( 118 ). if all electrode pairs have been tested then controller 32 determines and displays ( 118 ) the results . results are determined by checking the results for each electrode 38 . in an embodiment , for each electrode that was part of one or no electrode pairs 38 that failed ( 114 ), a counter is incremented by one . for each electrode 38 that has two failures , the counter is not incremented . after all electrodes 38 have been accounted for , the value of the counter , which indicates the number of electrodes that have passed , may be displayed on display 52 , along with an indication that the number represents the number of electrodes 38 that have passed the impedance test . alternate embodiments could display the actual impedance value with the user scrolling the list of measurements , and use a variety of upper and lower limits for advanced troubleshooting , e . g ., greater than 3 , 600 ohms , greater than 5 , 000 ohms or greater than 10 , 000 ohms . however , as controller 32 may primarily be designed to be used in preliminary testing to either verify that all electrodes 38 are operable and adequately positioned , or to detect the existence of a fault condition , such an alternate embodiment may not commonly be available to a user . thus , embodiments of the controller for obtaining prescriptive analysis of functionality of implantable medical device leads , system and method therefore are disclosed . one skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced with embodiments other than those disclosed . the disclosed embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation , and the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow .
controller , system and method for an implantable medical device having a plurality of electrodes , said implantable device being capable of delivering a therapeutic stimulation to a patient . an electrode interface is operatively coupled between a plurality of electrodes and a control module . the control module uses an electrode interface to obtain a plurality of measurements of impedance values for a plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes . a user interface displays an indicia , indicative of operability of a group of at least one of said plurality of electrodes , based on a comparison of said plurality of measurements to a predetermined range , said indicia being a qualitative representation of operability of said group of at least one of said plurality of electrodes .