the present method for making a solid pharmaceutical and / or nutritional dosage form , which is suitable for oral administration , is now described . initially , prescribed amounts of one or more active ingredients ( which ingredients may be in the form of granules , powders , and , in small quantities , oily liquids ) are identified for administration to a user in the form of an oral dose . the active ingredients are then combined with powdered or granulated lecithin , which , as will be known to those skilled in the art , is a solid nutrient that is characterized by the mechanical properties of cohesiveness and plasticity . the active ingredients are blended with the lecithin by any suitable process , and the resulting combination is kneaded into a homogeneous mixture having a plastic consistency . lecithin is a nutrient and , therefore , can also be considered as an active substance . however , and in accordance with the present method , the lecithin is primarily used herein for its cohesive and plastic mechanical properties , which properties are retained when the lecithin is mixed with other active substances . accordingly , by virtue of its cohesive and plastic characteristics , the function of lecithin in the present method is primarily that of acting as a base or carrier for the purpose of providing a deformable , solid structure for a dosage form that is suitable for oral administration . it is to be understood that the term &# 34 ; active substance &# 34 ; will subsequently be used herein to describe pharmaceutical and nutritional substances other than lecithin which are to be shaped into a solid dosage form . the mixture of lecithin and active ingredients is shaped into any suitable mass . in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention , a suitable shaping technique includes the step of extruding the plastic mass into one or more elongated rods . by way of example , a commercially available extruder that may be used herein for shaping the plastic mixture is extruder model 417 manufactured by manley company of kansas city , mo . the extruded or otherwise formed shape is then sliced by a knife edge into small tablet or capsule - shaped units of uniform size and shape , depending upon the dosage of the active substance to be consumed by the user . the dosage units may be coated with any of a variety of tablet coating materials to minimize the penetration therein of moisture and to provide the unit with a finished appearance . because lecithin is hydroscopic , the production steps , as just described , should preferably be undertaken in a relatively dry atmosphere in order to minimize the acquisition of moisture . although the presently disclosed method permits most unwanted additives , except for some coating materials , to be eliminated from the dosage units , small percentages of certain additives may be necessary for fabricating a unit which is easily digestible . more particularly , relatively small quantities ( typically between 1 % to 3 % by weight ) of such additives as granulating agents and disintegrants may become necessary , depending upon the composition of the dosage units . however , natural substances , such as cellulose and defatted soy polysaccharides are available as suitable granulating agents and disintegrants . in practice , the decision to include a granulating agent and / or disintegrant depends upon certain considerations . the blend of lecithin and active substances may become brittle ( that is , lose its plasticity ) if the proportion of lecithin relative to active substances is too low . lecithin can form a relatively low percentage of the blend ( i . e . sometimes as low as 20 %), if the active substance is in granular rather than powder form . thus , the blend may contain relatively more granular active substance per unit weight . granulating agents are frequently employed in the production of granules by the well - known technique of wet granulation . pure lecithin in the size and shape of a commercially available tablet distintegrates too slowly in the digestive system for adequate absorption . when combined with soluble active ingredients , the disintegration time of the blend will often be sufficiently rapid , so as to eliminate the need for added disintegrants . however , when the percentage of lecithin in the blend is relatively high or , in the case of compositions which do not distintegrate quickly , a disintegrant should be added to the blend to enhance the speed of disintegration . by way of example , an available , suitable natural disintegrant is that known by the trademark avicel , manufactured by fmc corporation . it has been discovered that lecithin can be blended with relatively large amounts of virtually any vitamin , mineral , or pharmaceutical substance , while retaining its plastic mechanical characteristic . by way of example , it has been found that a blend of lecithin and active substances will retain its plastic characteristic when the weight of the active substances , in either powdered or granular form , is 2 to 4 times greater than the weight of lecithin . more particularly , blends have been produced which exhibit suitable plasticity even though the blend consisted of as much as 77 %, by weight , of vitamins in granular form and only 23 % of lecithin . it has been found that the plasticity of the blend can be increased by the addition thereto of a relatively small amount of oil ( e . g . such as , for example , vegetable oil ), typically in the range of between 0 . 5 % to 5 %, by weight . the ability to maximize the plasticity of the blend is especially advantageous when lecithin forms a relatively small percentage thereof . oil which is added to the blend to increase plasticity may also consist of an active additive substance . for example , both vitamin e and vitamin a ( e . g . beta - carotene ) are oily substances and may be utilized for the purpose of increasing the plasticity of the blend . thus , the oily additive may enhance the plasticity of the blend while , at the same time , provide a particular nutritional value ( such as in the case of vitamin e and / or vitamin a ). by way of one particular example , recited below are the processing steps for manufacturing a dosage form that is suitable for oral administration . ascorbic acid ( vitamin c ), in granular form , is mixed in a dry atmosphere with granular or powdered lecithin and avicel according to the ratio 67 % ascorbic acid ; to 30 % lecithin ; to 39 % avicel . the ingredients are placed into a suitable mixer , such as the double arm mixer manufactured by day mixing companying of cincinnati , ohio . the ingredients are thus mixed , blended and kneaded into a viscous , dough - like consistency . when the mix has attained the characteristic of a homogeneous dough , it is removed from the mixer and introduced into any one of a variety of available food or confectionary extruders ( such as the extruder which has been identified above ). the resulting blend is then extruded into a rod - like configuration , having a diameter of 0 . 220 inches . knife blades are used to cut the rod into individual segments , each segment having a length of approximately 7 / 8 inches . the individual segments or units are then tumbled in a conventional revolving tablet coating and polishing pan within a dry , warm atmosphere , so as to round off the sharp corners thereof . the units , which have a dosage suitable for oral consumption , are now in a final form ready to be bottled or bulk packaged for distribution to a user . as has been disclosed above , and in accordance with the present invention , it has been found that lecithin , a cohesive , plastic solid nutrient , can be loaded or mixed with proportionately large amounts of pharmaceutical powders and granules , such that the plastic characteristic of the resulting blend will be preserved . thus , the lecithin functions as a base , carrier , or mechanical structure for retaining one or more active substances during the manufacture of a pharmaceutic and / or nutritional dosage form . the lecithin advantageously eliminates the need for the conventional capsule , which forms an external shell or skeleton . therefore , and in accordance with the present method , lecithin may be considered as forming an inner skelton for binding together various active substances , whereby to provide the resultant pharmaceutical dosage form with mechanical stability while permitting the form to be worked into a variety of commercially acceptable and swallowable shapes . lecithin , as used herein , offers the further advantage in that it provides the user with a nutritional supplement in addition to those active substances that are combined in the pharmaceutical dosage form . yet another advantage of combining lecithin with the active substances to form a pharmaceutical dosage form is that lecithin is an antioxidant . hence , lecithin functions as a preservative to thereby stabilize the active ingredients against breakdown caused by oxidation . unesterified vitamin e also acts as an antioxidant , and , therefore , may be used in addition to the lecithin to further stabilize the dosage form , whenever appropriate . it will be apparent that while a preferred embodiment of the invention has been shown and described , various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention . it is to be recognized that lecithin is not necessarily the only substance which offers the cohesive and plastic properties that are essential to the production of a pharmaceutical form in accordance with the present method . however , few substances are known which advantageously have a nutritional value as well as the aforementioned mechanical characteristics that lend themselves to the formation and structure of the solid dosage form , as has been described above .
a method for making a solid pharmaceutical and / or nutritional dosage form that is suitable for oral administration . a prescribed dosage of a pharmaceutical or active substance is mixed with a carrier or base material comprising cohesive lecithin granules or powder . the resulting combination is blended into a substantially homogeneous mixture having a plastic consistency that is characteristic of the lecithin . the mixture is then shaped into a desired solid form by a conventional technique , such as , for example , that including either extruding , molding , or rolling . the shaped form is then cut into a plurality of convenient , swallowable dosage units ready for packaging and distribution . the dosage units may be coated , so as to be provided with a finished appearance and resistance to moisture .