in the described embodiments of the present invention , reference is made to the subject from which electrical potentials are being detected , measured and analysed . the subject illustrated in some of the figures is illustrated as the head of a human . it is to be noted that other subject areas ( i . e ., other portions of a human ) or other animals could equally be a subject for which the current invention could be employed to detect electrical potentials referencing fig1 , an electrical potential system 10 is illustrated . electrical potential system 10 includes a reference electrode module 12 ( which , as is described below includes an amplifier component 38 , not shown in fig1 ) electrically coupled to two or more conventional electrodes 14 . in fig1 , two signal electrodes 14 ( also referred to herein as simply “ electrodes 14 ”) are illustrated — a first electrode 14 a is illustrated in the foreground while a second electrode 14 b ( shown in dotted line ) is in the background . electrodes 14 a , 14 b are electrically coupled to reference electrode module 12 by lead wires 20 a , 20 b , respectively . reference electrode module 12 is also electrically coupled to signal processing device 18 by way of connector 16 . reference electrode module 12 and electrodes 14 are affixed or mounted to subject 22 through known adhesives or other fixation methods or mechanisms . additionally , a conductive substance such as electrode gel , for example , may be used to enhance or ensure electrical conduction between the skin of subject 22 and electrodes 12 , 14 . lead wires 20 a and 20 b are preferably selected to be taut when electrodes 12 and 14 have been affixed to subject 22 . when lead wires 20 a , 20 b are taut the chance of differential motion artefacts resulting from lead wire 20 a moving in a manner different from lead wire 20 b is significantly reduced . connector 16 is preferably a conventional shielded wire allowing amplified electrical potential signals to be transmitted from reference electrode module 12 to signal - processing device 18 . signal - processing device 18 operates to receive and process signals received from reference electrode module 12 via connector 16 . as will be apparent from the description below , signal - processing device 18 is a conventional signal - processing device that has been adapted to receive amplified electrical potential signals rather than electrical potentials that have yet to be amplified . signal - processing device 18 may include , for example , a visual display for displaying the received amplified signals , a signal recorder component for recording the signal received for later review and analysis , and various signal - processing circuits and software for processing any amplified signals received . such signal processing may include circuitry and software for further reducing any noise contained in the received amplified signals . in alternative embodiments , which are described in greater detail below , reference electrode module 12 and signal processing device 18 are adapted to assist an operator of system 10 to determine if an electrode 14 has been poorly affixed to subject 22 . referencing fig2 , electrical potential system 10 is illustrated in a top view of subject 22 . as noted above , lead wires 20 a , 20 b are tautly and electrically connect electrodes 14 a , 14 b to reference electrode module 12 . reference electrode module 12 is illustrated in greater in fig3 . in the exemplary embodiment , reference electrode module 12 includes a conventional electrode that has been adapted to include amplifier component 38 . accordingly , reference electrode module 12 includes adhesive pad 34 that is used to affix electrode 12 to subject 22 and conductive pad 36 mounted to adhesive pad 34 for electrically connecting electrode 12 to subject 22 . in some embodiments reference electrode module 12 may include or be used in conjunction with a conventional conductive substance such as gel 32 , for example , to assist in forming an electrical connection between the skin of subject 22 and conductive pad 36 . as known to those of ordinary skill in the art , conductive pad 36 , which is typically composed of silver , silver - plated tin , silver - chloride , gold or other conductive materials , is adapted to provide an electrical connection between the subject 22 and , ultimately , signal processing device 18 ( not shown in fig3 ). electrically connected to conductive pad 36 is amplifier component 38 . amplifier component 38 is also adapted to be electrically connected to lead wires 20 a , 20 b and connector 16 . reference electrode module 12 also acts as the reference electrical ground for electrodes 14 a and 14 b . resulting from the inclusion of amplifier component 38 in reference electrode module 12 , electrical potentials detected by electrodes 14 will be passed into amplifier component 38 for signal amplification . the use of short lead wires 20 ( usually less than 15 - 20 cm in length on an adult human &# 39 ; s head and even shorter on an infant &# 39 ; s or small animal &# 39 ; s head ) results in far less noise being inductively or capacitively coupled to the lead wires that carries the signal from electrodes 14 to the amplifier component 38 than conventional electrode - lead and wire - amplifier arrangements . additionally , since lead wires 20 are preferably taut , motion artifacts that induce noise in the lead wires 20 as they move through static ( i . e ., time invariant ) electromagnetic fields are significantly reduced . the motion artifact noise is significantly reduced compared to known arrangements since lead wires 20 a and 20 b are likely to move through very similar paths and remain fixed relative to each other through these time - invariant electromagnetic fields . consequently , there is likely to be only very small differential potentials resulting from these differential motion artifacts that will be detected by amplifier component 38 . a schematic of the elements included in amplifier component 38 is shown in detail in fig4 . amplifier component 38 includes , in the present exemplary embodiment , a power supply 42 , gain - setting resistor 48 and amplifier 44 . power supply 42 and gain - setting resistor 48 are both electrically connected to amplifier 44 . additionally , amplifier 44 is electrically connected to connector 16 ( which also connects to signal - processing device 18 — not shown in fig4 ) and lead wires 20 a and 20 b ( which are also electrically connected to electrodes 14 a and 14 b , respectively and not shown in fig4 ). amplifier component 38 may also include optional protective coating 50 to provide physical protection and additional electrical isolation of the various components . epoxy or silicone resins known in the art may be appropriate for such a protective coating . in the exemplary embodiment , amplifier 44 is an ad620 instrumentation amplifier available from analog devices of norwood , mass ., usa ( the data sheet for which is available from analog devices ′ web site at http :// www . analog . com / uploaded files / data_sheets / 37793330023930ad620_e . pdf , the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference ). alternative embodiments may employ different amplifiers . for example , it is believed that the ina128 or ina129 amplifier from the burr - brown corporation ( part of texas instruments ) of tucson , ariz ., usa may be appropriate in some circumstances . as persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate , other amplifiers that could be employed in alternative embodiments will have different pin - outs resulting in slightly differing wiring from that illustrated in fig4 . in the exemplary embodiment , the ad620 amplifier ( amplifier 44 ) has its gain adjusted through use of different levels of resistance ( r g ) between pins 1 and 8 . a single resistor 48 connected between these pins can be used to set the level of gain ( g ) of amplifier 44 . in the exemplary embodiment , gain is determined in accordance with equation ( 1 ) ( where r i is internal resistance of amplifier 44 and is approximately 49 . 4 kω for the ad620 amplifier ): resistor 48 may be a variable resistor or circuitry allowing for an operator to vary the level of resistance presented to amplifier 44 thus allowing for the modification of the level of gain applied to any differential potentials detected by amplifier 44 . typically , many operating environments will require a level of gain ( g ) exceeding 100 and preferably closer to 1000 ( the maximum level of gain offered by the ad620 amplifier ). accordingly , resistor 48 would , in the exemplary embodiment , require a level of resistance between approximately 499 . 0 ω and 49 . 5 ω . power supply 42 , which can be provided through use of a conventional ( although preferably small ) battery and any required and related circuitry known to those of ordinary skill in the art , is electrically connected to pins 4 and 6 of amplifier 44 . lead wires 20 a and 20 b are electrically connected to pins 2 and 3 of amplifier 44 . pin 8 of amplifier 44 is electrically connected to conductive pad 36 ( fig3 ) of reference electrode module 12 . as a result of the electrical connection between amplifier 44 and conductive pad 36 ( which , in turn , is connected to subject 22 during use ), amplifier 44 will be provided with a reference electrical ground . referencing fig1 - 4 , in operation of system 10 , an operator affixes reference electrode module 12 and electrodes 14 to a subject in the relevant areas of interest in a manner known to those of ordinary skill in the art . the operator also electrically connects , by way of a lead wire 20 , each electrode 14 to reference electrode module 12 . in the exemplary embodiment , electrode 14 a is connected to reference electrode module 12 by way of lead wire 20 a and electrode 14 b is connected to reference electrode module 12 by way of lead wire 20 b . lead wires 20 may be connected to electrodes 12 , 14 prior or after fixation to the subject . as noted above , it is preferable that once electrodes 12 , 14 have been affixed and lead wires 20 have been connected thereto , lead wires 20 are relatively taut . an operator also electrically connects reference electrode module 12 to signal processing device 18 by way of connector 16 . amplifier 44 , powered by power supply 42 , will begin to detect differential electrical potential signals presented by electrodes 14 a and 14 b . amplifier 44 then amplifies these detected signals by the set level of gain ( g )— where , as noted above , the level of gain ( g ) is determined by resistor 48 and the inner components of amplifier 44 . since lead wires 20 a , 20 b connecting electrodes 14 a , 14 b to amplifier 44 are considerably shorter than the lead wires in known arrangements ( i . e ., 20 cm vs . 100 - 250 cm ), the amount of electrical noise inductively or capacitively coupled to the lead wires is significantly reduced . accordingly , amplifier 44 is presented with electrical signals having a much greater ( i . e ., improved ) signal to noise ratio than in known arrangements . additionally , since lead wires 20 a , 20 b are substantially fixed relative to each other ( especially , if lead wires 20 a and 20 b are taut ), motion artifacts created by the movement of lead wires along different physical paths through electromagnetic fields ( a source of considerable noise in known systems ) are also significantly reduced . once electrical potentials detected by amplifier 44 have been amplified ( resulting in an amplified signal having considerably less noise than known systems ), the amplified signal is transmitted to signal processing device 18 via connector 16 . the amplified signal can then be further processed , recorded and analysed to provide the required diagnostic test being performed on subject 22 . as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art , the resulting significant reduction in noise presented to the amplifier of system 10 results in a reduction of signal processing that needs to be performed to eliminate or reduce noise in any signal detected as compared to known systems . consequently , time averaging techniques which are presently employed to reduce the effects of noise in a detected signal and which require multiple and / or lengthy tests to be conducted may be reduced in many cases . an exemplary simplified circuit diagram for system 10 is illustrated in fig5 and 6 . resulting from the arrangement and the selection of the components therein , system 10 can also be used to assist in determining if one of electrodes 14 a or 14 b , has become detached from subject 22 and , if so , provide assistance in determining which one of the electrodes has become so detached . system 10 includes an impedance detection that may be used whenever an amplifier with bipolar transistor inputs ( e . g ., the ad620 amplifier described above ) is used to detect the signal ( i . e ., the electrical potential generated by the subject ). as those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate , a bipolar transistor amplifier will introduce an input bias current into each of the differential signal inputs . these bias currents are an inherent property of the bipolar transistor inputs and result in an offset at the amplifier output that is proportional to the difference in impedance between the input leads ( e . g ., the impedance presented by the lead wire - electrode - subject arrangement ). adapting signal - processing device 18 to determine the polarity or phase of the common - mode signal , signal - processing device 18 can be used to determine which electrode contact is faulty thus reducing the time - consuming and painstaking process that afflicts current electrode arrangements . an operator would then be presented with some form of sensory feedback or signal indicating which one of the electrodes 14 has a faulty or poor connection to subject 22 . the sensory feedback presented to the operator may be one or more of the following : a visual signal or indicator ( e . g ., a text and / or graphical message ), an audible signal ( e . g ., a warning buzzer with , for example , different tones and / or volumes to indicate which electrode has a poor / faulty connection ), and / or a tactile or other sense of touch signal ( e . g ., a vibration generated by a device — such as , for example , a pager - like device — worn by operator , with different types of vibrations associated with each of electrodes 14 ). in the preferred embodiment , the sensory signal is a combination of an audible alarm or warning coupled with a visual signal output on a display screen forming part of signal - processing device 18 . the audible alarm provides an indication that one of the electrodes 14 has a poor or faulty connection to subject 22 and prompts the operator to review the display screen of signal - processing device 18 . the visual indicator displayed by signal - processing device 18 provides to the operator data ( text and / or graphics ) indicating which one of the electrodes 14 is the source of the problem . referring to fig6 , z 1 , represents the impedance presented to amplifier 44 by the connection between the subject 22 and electrode 14 a and z 2 represents the impedance presented to amplifier 44 by the connection between subject 22 and electrode 14 b . the bias current flowing through the subject - electrode connections is represented by i offset1 and i offset2 , respectively . the offset voltage ( v offset ) follows equation ( 2 ) set out below : (( i offset1 − i offset2 )( z 1 − z 2 ) g )= v offset ( 2 ) if the impedances of the subject - electrode connections are the same or similar ( i . e ., both are well adhered or affixed to the subject ) the second term of equation ( 2 ) will be zero or very small resulting in a very small offset voltage . if one of the two electrodes is poorly affixed to subject 22 ( or has become disconnected ), then the offset voltage will be relatively large . if electrode 14 a is disconnected v offset will be much greater than zero and this value can be displayed ( or some other signal generated ) to an operator of system 10 by signal processing device 18 . consequently , the operator of system 10 will be provided information identifying the electrode which has been poorly connected or affixed to subject 22 saving considerable time and effort that would otherwise be expended . similarly , if v offset is much less than zero , this value is indicative of electrode 14 b being disconnected or poorly connected to subject 22 and the operator can be informed of this situation . as a result of this operation of system 10 , an operator of system 10 can spend much less time making a determination of which of the electrodes needs to be re - attached or better attached to subject 22 . as will be appreciated , in alternative embodiments of the present invention having multiple pairs of electrodes 14 affixed to a subject , the assistance provided to an operator of system 10 in determining which electrodes 14 have been poorly attached to the subject will result in significant time and cost savings . this advantage of the present invention is suitable for applications where the signal of interest is a differential signal . beneficially , such an advantage requires no additional circuitry to generate , filter and detect the impedance signal and results in a reduction of the cost , size , complexity , and total noise of the system compared current arrangements . a further advantage of the impedance detection method and apparatus is that it is particularly well suited for use in a small space ; the type of physical environment in which electrodes are often employed . some alternatives to the exemplary embodiment illustrated as system 10 will now be described . in one alternative embodiment , system 10 is adapted to transmit amplified signals from the subject to signal processing device 18 using a wireless connection as illustrated by system 70 in fig7 . similar to system 10 ( fig1 ), system 70 includes a pair of conventional electrodes 14 a , 14 b electrically connected by way of lead wires 20 a , 20 b , respectively , to reference electrode module 12 . reference electrode module 12 , which also includes the amplifier component 38 described above , is electrically connected to connector 72 rather than connector 16 . connector 72 electrically connects reference electrode module 12 to signal transmitter 74 . signal transmitter 74 is adapted to receive the detected and amplified signals ( as described above ) processed by amplifier component mounted to reference electrode module 12 . however , rather than transmit the detected and amplified signal over a wire to signal - processing device 18 like system 10 of fig1 , signal transmitter 74 transmits the signal via radio waves to signal - processing device 18 . in turn , signal processing device 18 has been adapted to receive the transmitted radio signal by inclusion of radio - receiving device and antenna 76 . those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that signal transmitter 74 will modulate ( either in the amplitude or frequency domains , or both ) a radio signal of selected frequency and , thus , will include circuitry and power sources ( e . g ., a battery ) to perform this function . additionally , signal transmitter 74 may include some filtering circuitry to remove some of the unwanted ( although limited ) noise included in the amplified signal generated by reference electrode module 12 . in a further alternative , signal transmitter 74 may transmit a digital representation of the amplified signal generated by reference electrode module 12 . in this alternative embodiment , signal transmitter would include a conventional analog - to - digital processor ( a / d ). the digital representation could then be transmitted using known wireless transmission protocols ( e . g ., bluetooth , 802 . 11a , b or g , or the like ). in this instance , receiving device and antenna 76 would also require some modification so that the digitally transmitted signal can be received and processed as required . while the preferred embodiment includes the amplifier component mounted directly on the underlying electrode , a further alternative embodiment includes the amplifier component affixed to subject 22 and near to the underlying electrode ( i . e ., near to conductive pad 36 of reference electrode module 12 ). for example , amplifier component could be included in the circuitry of signal transmitter 74 ( fig7 ). in a still further alternative embodiment , the amplifier component is mounted on or near a signal electrode ( rather than mounting the amplifier component on or near the reference electrode ) to form an electrode module . in view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of this invention may be applied , it should be recognized that the embodiments described herein and shown in the drawing figures is meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of invention . for example , those of skill in the art will recognize that the elements of the illustrated embodiment can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the spirit of the invention . therefore , the invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof .
an apparatus , method and system for collection of physiological electrical potential signals . in one embodiment , an apparatus for use in measuring electrical potentials in a subject , having an amplifier being removably mountable to a ground electrode and electrically coupled to at least two signal electrodes , wherein the amplifier is configured to communicate with a signal processing device and indicate if one of the at least two signal electrodes is poorly affixed to , or detached from , said subject . in another embodiment , the at least two signal electrodes comprise a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode , and the amplifier is configured to detect differential electrical potential signals presented by the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode , amplify the differential electrical potential signals by a predetermined gain level to generate an amplified signal , and transmit the amplified signal to the signal processing device .