as required , a detailed illustrative embodiment of the present invention is disclosed herein . however , techniques , systems , compositions and operating structures in accordance with the present invention may be embodied in a wide variety of sizes , shapes , forms and modes , some of which may be quite different from those in the disclosed embodiment . consequently , the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative , yet in that regard , they are deemed to afford the best embodiment for purposes of disclosure and to provide a basis for the claims herein which define the scope of the present invention . reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments of the invention that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings . wherever possible , same or similar reference numerals are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts or steps . the drawings are in simplified form and are not to precise scale . for purposes of convenience and clarity only , directional terms , such as top , bottom , up , down , over , above , and below may be used with respect to the drawings . turning first to fig1 , shown are different types of plasmonic and infrared excitable nanoparticles that may be used in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention . as depicted , the nanoparticles may consist of a variety of subtypes that are excitable by electromagnetic radiation . the simplest variety of these are the metallic , plasmonic nanosphere 1 which may be made out of any metal that exhibits plasmonic resonance in the visible and infrared regimes . such metals include silver ( ag ), gold ( au ), platinum ( pt ) and copper ( cu ). varying the size of these nanospheres , from a few to tens and hundreds of nanometers alters the resonance frequency of these structures ( with a preferred size lying between 1 - 200 nm ). a second subset of nanoparticles are core - shell structures that consist of a metallic shell 3 of varying thickness coating the internal , dielectric central core 2 . varying the thickness of the shell 3 alters the resonance frequency of the core - shell structure . a nanotube 4 , typically consisting of the carbon nanotube variety , preferably having a diameter of 1 to 5 nanometers ( nm ), and lengths from tens of nanometers to several hundred microns ( with a preferred length of less than 1 micron ) is another type of nanoparticle that can be electromagnetically excited , typically with either infrared , or radio - frequency radiation . altering the diameter and type of nanotube may alter the resonant frequency for infrared excitation , whereas radiofrequency excitation is less affected by structural alteration of the nanotube . finally , an asymmetric nanorod 5 that has an ellongated axis providing one resonant frequency , and a shorter axis providing a second resonant frequency may be used in accordance with the present invention . altering the aspect ratio and size of these nanorods ( or nanowires ) alters their respective resonant frequencies . in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , electromagnetic radiation , consisting of impinging monochromatic , filtered , or even broadband frequencies 6 , may be used to excite nanoparticles 7 . the type of radiation used depends on the specific resonance , or resonance sets of the nanoparticle 7 . when excited at resonance , the metallic nanoparticle 7 exhibits a plasmonic response due to the oscillation of the electrons in the metal , thereby causing excess heat buildup in the nanoparticle , which is then emitted as thermal radiation 8 that is local to the environment . the preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig2 . here , shown is an external electromagnetic ( em ) radiation source 9 , which may include a lamp , laser , light emitting diode ( led ), microwave or radio - frequency ( rf ) source ( hereby defined as ‘ source ’) positioned external to the body 11 such that it is in a non - invasive manner . the device in accord with the invention is preferably used in conjunction with a nanoparticle coated stent 14 lying within an internal section of the body , for example within a blood vessel 13 . since em source 9 is external to the body , the distance between em source 9 and stent 14 may be quite large 12 ( e . g ., in the range of a few millimeters to several centimeters ). this range is a limiting factor of the device ( e . g ., the stent and nanoparticles ), and is dependent upon the wavelength 10 used to excite nanoparticles 15 , due to the low penetration depth of most visible light within tissue . the nanoparticles in this embodiment are illuminated isotropically , with no selectivity , such that all the nanoparticles 15 are equally excited , which then emit thermal radiation thereby thermally heat the vessel walls 13 adjacent to the device to cause ablation of the targeted tissue . this pptt process is a local reaction , causing only cellular material of the tissue in the direct vicinity of the excited nanoparticles to be ablated due to the thermal resonance response 16 . an alternative embodiment is shown in fig3 , whereby em source 17 is external to the vessel 18 , but is within the layer of the outer tissue 19 ( i . e ., inside the body but outside the vessel ). this embodiment requires a relatively benign invasive process of inserting the source 17 through the outer tissue ( e . g ., the skin ) in a small puncture 20 such that the relative distance between the source and device 21 is lessened . by lessening the distance 21 between source 17 and stent 22 , the penetration depth of the radiation is improved , allowing better excitation of the nanoparticles on stent 22 . in this iteration , the excitation is isotropic and uniform over the length of the stent 22 such that all the nanoparticles 23 are equally excited , thereby inducing the pptt . still another alternative embodiment of the invention is shown in fig4 . shown is catheter 25 inserted in an existing stent 27 lying within a vessel 24 . an example of when this can occur is during the insertion of the stent itself , or at a later stage , when thrombosis is detected . the catheter 25 may be inserted such that an end 26 of an optical fiber ( e . g ., via catheter 25 ) reaches the full length of the stent 27 and illuminates 28 the stent 27 from within in an isotropic and uniform manner , thus exciting the nanoparticles 29 on the stent 27 . another embodiment of the device in accordance with the invention is shown in fig5 . as shown , stent 33 lies within a vessel 30 , and a optical source on a catheter 31 is inserted into the stent 33 , with a directional head 32 . in this embodiment , the em excitation 34 emitted from the head 32 is directional , such that only nanoparticles 35 in a local section of the stent 33 are excited . the remainder of the nanoparticles 36 on stent 33 remain inert . in this embodiment , the catheter 31 may be moved along the length of the stent 33 and thereby create a pptt response in specific desired local regions of the stent 33 . in this embodiment , the entire stent 33 can be excited via the source in or on catheter 31 , or only a local region of the stent 33 can be excited , thereby limiting the ablation damage to healthy regions of the vessel 30 . still another embodiment of this device of the invention is shown in fig6 . here , shown is an inflatable balloon 37 that is placed on a catheter 38 to inflate a vessel 39 . preferably , the catheter 38 is placed in the required , damaged region such that the balloon 40 is lined up with the desired section . the catheter 38 / balloon 40 device is inflated from both ends 41 , 42 of the catheter 38 , thereby distending the balloon 40 the required amount of distance to touch the walls of vessel 39 . the catheter 38 is preferably fitted with an external source 43 that is coupled via optical fiber 44 into the catheter 38 that uniformly and isotropically illuminates the nanoparticles 45 with em radiation 46 on the outer edges of the balloon 40 . these nanoparticles 45 on the external section of the balloon 40 will thereby induce the pptt . in a similar embodiment to that shown in fig6 shown in fig7 is catheter 47 placed within a vessel 48 to the desired location , and the balloon 49 is inflated to the desired volume . the balloon 49 is held in place by seals 50 , 51 at both ends of balloon 49 . in this embodiment , an em radiation source 52 having a directional head 52 is placed on catheter 47 such that directional head 52 may illuminate and excite nanoparticles 55 in a spatial and local fashion as indicated at 54 . only those nanoparticles 55 directly illuminated with energy 54 by the directional head source 50 are excited , and the remainder of nanoparticles 56 remain inert . in this embodiment , the entire balloon 49 can be excited via the catheter source 52 , or only a local region of the balloon 55 can be excited , thereby limiting the ablation damage to healthy regions of the vessel . in another embodiment of this device , shown in fig8 , a procedure similar to the stretta procedure for the treatment of gerd is shown . here , the gastro - esophageal junction 57 is slightly inflated using balloon 61 placed on tube 58 and inserted within the esophagus . the balloon 61 is attached to an open end 62 of tube 58 and held in place by a ring 63 . the balloon 61 is preferably coated externally with nanoparticles 66 . a catheter or similar device 59 is inserted within tube 58 preferably with a directional head source 60 . this source 60 locally and spatially illuminates with energy 64 specific regions of the balloon 61 , thereby exciting only specific nanoparticles 65 , leaving the remainder of the nanoparticles 66 inert . in this embodiment , the directional source 60 may be rotated and aligned to create patterns of ablation regions along the surface area of the balloon 61 . in this embodiment , there is no need to uniformly excite the nanoparticles on the balloon 61 , however , this can be done as well if desired . alternatively , for atrial fibrillation ablation the target area is typically the forward part of the balloon , rather than at or near the center circumference of the balloon . in this situation , the tip of the catheter is preferably used to locate and hold the catheter in position . importantly , since most ablations are done in a cath lab under fluoroscopic guidance , the openings to the pulmonary veins may not be seen . for larger vessels , however , the balloon may be elongated , or a second smaller balloon may be positioned forward to the primary balloon , which will hold the catheter in a substantially centered position . in accordance with the present invention , the nanoparticles may be embedded onto the devices described , being either stents , catheters , balloons , or other devices , using any number of techniques , including physical embedding , chemical binding , or electroplating . in all embodiments of the invention , more than a single type of nanoparticle may be used on the same device . for example , as shown in fig9 , multiple different types of nanoparticles ( e . g ., nanosphere 70 , core - shell nanosphere 71 , or nanorod 72 ) are embedded onto a surface of device 69 . in this type of device , a target tissue that is to be ablated 68 and a device 69 are in close proximity a source 67 , being external ( not shown ) or internal ( shown ), is used to excite the nanoparticles on the device . in the schematic of fig9 , three different types of nanoparticles are shown , nanospheres 70 , core - shell nanostructures 71 , and nanorods 69 . preferably , each of these nanoparticles has its own , distinct resonance frequency 73 , 74 , 75 at which they are excited and produce a pptt response 76 . for example , nanosphere 70 may have a resonant frequency hv 1 73 , core - shell nanosphere 71 may have a resonant frequency hv 2 74 , and nanorod 72 may have a resonant frequency hv 3 75 . in this multimodal response , the nanoparticles can optionally be of the same subset , but of different resonance frequencies . for example , only nanospheres 70 may be used having different diameters or nanorods 73 may be used having different aspect ratios . each nanoparticle is then excited only when the appropriate resonance frequency is used , leaving the other nanoparticles inert . in this type of multi - modal embodiment , different nanoparticles may optionally be placed at different segments of the device ( e . g ., stent , ballon , etc . ), thereby creating spatial functionality even when uniformly excited by a source 67 . in addition , different nanoparticles may optionally be excited at different times by illuminating them with the appropriate wavelength at different times , which could include separate procedures . this may be used in the event that some of the nanoparticles are destroyed or rendered inert in some other way , thereby extending the number of times the pptt may be implemented . in the claims , means or step - plus - function clauses are intended to cover the structures described or suggested herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures . thus , for example , although a nail , a screw , and a bolt may not be structural equivalents in that a nail relies on friction between a wooden part and a cylindrical surface , a screw &# 39 ; s helical surface positively engages the wooden part , and a bolt &# 39 ; s head and nut compress opposite sides of a wooden part , in the environment of fastening wooden parts , a nail , a screw , and a bolt may be readily understood by those skilled in the art as equivalent structures . having described at least one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely exemplary and that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments , and that various changes , modifications , and adaptations may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims . the scope of the invention , therefore , shall be defined solely by the following claims . further , it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention . it should be appreciated that the present invention is capable of being embodied in other forms without departing from its essential characteristics .
this invention relates to the targeting of specific tissue for destruction or modification using electromagnetic radiation coupled with nanoparticles to locally apply heat to the targeted tissue by concentrating the energy in a temporary or permanently placed medium . in general , this invention addresses the need to ablate , i . e ., to reduce , eliminate , or to impede growth in specific tissue ; and , to do so in a highly targeted and completely controllable implementation . specific examples are described , focusing on , but not limited to , the retardation , reduction , and / or elimination of obstructing material and tissue in vascular stents and gastro - esophageal valves . for illustrative purposes , other examples are mentioned . ablation is induced by the nano - plasmonic effect in metallic - based nanoparticles including , but not limited to , gold and gold coated nanoparticles ; a wide variety of alternate materials are equally suitable .