the present invention relates to dna encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase which appears to localize to focal adhesions . in particular , it relates to ptph 1 , which in one segment is homologous to the protein tyrosine phosphatases ( ptpases ) and in another segment is homologous to a family of proteins which are located at the interface between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton . the present invention also relates to the encoded ptph 1 protein , rna encoding the ptph 1 protein , antibodies specific for ptph 1 protein and methods of using the dna encoding ptph 1 and the ptph 1 protein . dna encoding ptph 1 can be used to prevent or reverse phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins which have been phosphorylated by a protein tyrosine kinase . as described herein , a protein which is a homologue of the protein tyrosine phosphatases has been identified by means of amplification of ptpase - related cdnas . in addition , the deduced amino acid sequence of ptph 1 has been compared with the amino acid sequences of other proteins with known activities . as a result , ptph 1 has been shown to have three segments . as described below , the characteristics of at least two of these regions make it reasonable to expect that ptph 1 localizes to the focal adhesions and has intrinsic phosphatase activity . the following is a summary of aspects of cytoskeletal components and maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity and description of the identification of ptph 1 . also described are the possible role of ptph 1 in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity and preventing or reversing tyrosyl phosphorylation and a method of preventing or reversing malignant transformation of mammalian cells . in the method of preventing or reversing malignant transformation , dna or rna encoding ptph 1 or a ptph 1 functional equivalent is introduced into cells and expressed in sufficient quantities to prevent or reverse abnormal tyrosyl phosphorylation , resulting in prevention of transformation of the cells or reversal of the malignant phenotype . the actin stress fibers are a component of the cytoskeleton that are important for the determination of cell shape and also for attachment to the substratum . these actin cables interact with the cell membrane at regions described as focal contacts , focal adhesions or adhesion plaques . fibronectin is an extracellular glycoprotein that is arranged in immobilized fibrillar arrays across the surface of many cells , forming network that interconnects cells with each other . the receptors for fibronectin on the cell surface are termed integrins . integrins are also localized to focal adhesions and provide the transmembrane link between components of the extracellular matrix , such as fibronectin and vitronectin , and the cytoskeleton . progress has been made in identifying the components of the focal adhesions that provide the link between the integrins and the actin fibers ; however , the picture is not yet complete . at present it is thought that the integrins interact indirectly with actin cables through a multiprotein complex . talin interacts with the cytoplasmic segment of the integrin β chain and also binds to vinculin . vinculin has been shown to interact with α actinin , which can bind actin directly . of these components , vinculin , talin and the β subunit of the integrins are phosphorylated on tyrosyl residues . a correlation has yet to be established between such phosphorylation and the appearance of the transformed phenotype . however , this picture is undoubtedly imcomplete . other substrates of tyrosine phosphorylation , including two focal adhesion associated proteins , paxillin and ezrin , have also been identified . furthermore , microtubules and intermediate filaments may also terminate at focal adhesions but the nature of the proteins that facilitate this interaction is unknown . thus , additional focal adhesion associated proteins remain to be characterized and their function established . protein and cdna sequence analysis has defined a family of proteins that include talin ( rees , d . j . g . et al ., nature , 347 : 685 - 689 ( 1990 )), ezrin ( turunen , o . et al ., j . biol . chem ., 264 : 16727 - 16732 ( 1989 ); gould , k . l . et al ., embo j ., 8 : 4133 - 4142 ( 1989 )) and band 4 . 1 , ( conboy , j . et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 83 : 9512 - 9516 ( 1986 )) which participate in the interaction between the membrane and cytoskeleton . they possess a homologous n - terminal domain that appears to associate with protein components in the plasma membrane . in band 4 . 1 , which promotes association of actin and spectrin in erythrocytes , this domain interacts with the transmembrane protein glycophorin ( bennett , v ., biochem . biophys . acta ., 988 : 107 - 121 ( 1989 )). a similar model has been proposed for the interaction of talin with integrin ( rees , d . j . g . et al ., nature , 347 : 685 - 689 ( 1990 )). in the case of ezrin , which displays a submembranous localization in brush border cells , the details of its interaction with other proteins remain to be established . identification of the complement of protein tyrosine phosphatases in hela cells was carried out as described in detail in example 1 . briefly , protein tyrosine phosphatase - related cdnas were amplified in the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using primers corresponding to conserved segments within the catalytic domains . the pcr reaction products ( approximately 0 . 25 kb ) were subcloned into puc118 ; of 77 independent subclones sequenced , 15 corresponded to a novel ptpase isoform termed ptph 1 . a total of 4 . 2 × 10 6 phage plaques from the same hela cell cdna library were probed with the pcr product and 10 positive clones were identified . the sequence of the longest clone ( 3984 bp ) is presented in fig1 . it has a 5 ′- noncoding segment of 23 bp followed by an open reading frame , from the first available atg , of 2739 bp . this open reading frame would encode a protein of 913 amino acids with a predicted mr of approximately 104 k . although the sequence surrounding the putative initiator does not conform well to the kozak consensus sequence ( kozak , m ., j . cell . biol ., 108 : 229 - 241 ( 1989 )), there is a purine at position − 3 which is an important requirement for an initiation site . furthermore , translation of rna , synthesized from ptph 1 cdna , in a reticulocyte lysate yielded a protein of approximately 120 kda , close to the expected size . there is a 3 ′ non - translated segment of 1222 bp , but the cdna does not contain a consensus polyadenylation signal or a poly a tail . a transcript encoding ptph 1 was detected by northern blot analysis of hela cell polya + mrna as a low abundance message of approximately 4 . 3 kb ( fig2 ). the slightly larger size of the mrna may be explained in part by the absence of a poly a tail in the cdna . the sequence of ptph 1 can be described in terms of 3 segments , as summarized in fig3 . the alignment of amino acid residues of ptph 1 and the conserved domains in related proteins was also assessed . the results are represented in fig4 . in fig4 a , the sequence of the n - terminal segment of ptph 1 is compared with the homologous domain in 4 . 1 , ezrin and talin . as shown in fig4 a , the n - terminal segment of ptph 1 is homologous to the domains in band 4 . 1 , ezrin and talin that have been proposed to function in localizing these proteins to the interface between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton ( rees , d . j . g . et al ., nature , 347 : 685 - 689 ( 1990 )). in fig4 b , the sequence of the protein tyrosine phosphatase - related domain of ptph 1 is compared with the catalytic domains of two low mr ptpases ( ptp 1 b and tcptp ) and a receptor - linked form ( cd45 ). the c - terminal segment displays homology to the catalytic domain of the ptpases ( fig4 b ). as shown in fig1 the central segment contains sequences that suggest potential phosphorylation sites for casein kinase ii and p34 cdc2 . while the dephosphorylation of tyrosyl residues in proteins by ptph 1 remains to be demonstrated , it should be noted that in cd45 ( tonks , n . k ., et al ., biochemistry , 27 : 8695 - 8701 ( 1988 ))) and lar ( sreuli , m et al ., embo j ., 9 : 2399 - 2407 ( 1990 )), which share comparable levels of sequence identity to ptp 1 b as displayed by ptph 1 , intrinsic activity has been confirmed . the ptpases comprise a rapidly expanding family of enzymes and it is anticipated that the various isoforms will have specific functions in vivo . the structure of ptph 1 may illustrate a general theme among the ptpases ; within the protein , distinct structural motifs may , at least in part , control specificity by restricting intracellular localization . it is proposed that ptph 1 acts at the junction between the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane and plays a role in controlling cytoskeletal integrity . the occurrence of a signal peptide sequence and a transmembrane domain in cd45 directs it to span the membrane . the c - terminal , non - catalytic segment of the low mr , cytoplasmic ptpases also appears to direct association with the particulate fraction of cell extracts . in addition such structural motifs may determine how the activity of the catalytic domain is controlled . thus for the receptor - like forms the binding of ligands to the extracellular segments may modulate activity . the c - terminal segment of the low mr ptpase appears to repress the activity of the catalytic domain . if ptph 1 is localized to focal adhesions it should also be regulated to permit normal tyrosine phosphorylation at such sites in non - transformed cells . phosphorylation of ser / thr residues in the central segment of the protein ( fig1 ) may directly modulate activity . in addition , by analogy with band 4 . 1 whose affinity for glycophorin is regulated by phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate , it is possible that the localization of ptph 1 may alter with phosphatidylinositol turnover . considering the apparent correlation between rsv induced transformation and the cytoskeletal association of pp60 src ( burr , j . g . et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 77 : 3484 - 3488 ( 1980 ); shriver , k . and l . r . rohrschneider , cold spring harbor conference cell proliferation , 8 : protein phosphorylation , 1247 - 1262 ( 1981 ); hamaguchi , m . and hanafusa , h ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 84 : 2312 - 2316 ( 1987 ); tapley , p . et al ., oncogene , 4 : 325 - 333 ( 1989 ); glenney , j . r ., jr . and zokas , l ., j . cell biol ., 108 : 2401 - 2408 ( 1989 ) ptph 1 is an excellent candidate ptpase with which to achieve a reversion of src - induced transformation and furthermore to delineate the precise role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the morphological changes induced by src . in addition , it clearly has potential to function as growth suppressor ; the inactivation or deletion of the ptph 1 could conceivably in itself be sufficient to generate a transformed phenotype . it has been known for some time that viral transformation , for instance by rous sarcoma virus ( rsv ), brings about a decrease in cell adhesion that is associated with a rounding up of the cells , a reduction in the number of stress fibers and a loss of fibronectin - integrin association . in rsv transformed cells the number of focal adhesions is dramatically decreased and those that remain are altered in architecture . the transforming protein tyrosine kinase of rsv , pp60 v - src , is localized to the adhesion plaques ; this is associated with an increased level of phosphotyrosine in these structures . in fact , the level of phosphotyrosine in the focal adhesions correlates with the density of actin stress fibers . that is , the higher the level of phosphotyrosine , the less intact is the cytoskeleton . therefore , it appears that the association of pp60 v - src with the focal adhesions and the phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues in proteins within this structure are intimately involved in the disruption of the cytoskeleton . transforming genes , oncogenes , are mutated forms of normal cellular genes , termed proto - oncogenes . malignant transformation can be described as a disruption of the normal modes of growth control , that is , transformed cells can divide in the absence of specific growth stimulatory factors or fail to respond to growth inhibitory signals . in other words , transformation may often result from the disruption of a normal cellular process . in this regard , it is interesting to note that in the normal process of mitosis , the cells round up and there is a transient disruption of focal contacts . antibodies to phosphotyrosine have indicated that tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion ( maher , p . a . et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 82 : 6576 - 6580 ( 1985 )) and apical junction ( takata , k . and s . j . singer , j . cell biol ., 106 : 1757 - 1764 ( 1988 )) proteins also occurs in non - transformed cells , suggesting the action of a ptk at these sites in normal cell function . however , the kinases involved have yet to be identified . in view of the potentially disastrous effects of aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation one would anticipate that the action of such ptks would be tightly controlled . the localization of a ptpase to these structures is one means by which such regulation could be achieved . the protein tyrosine phosphatases have been shown to constitute a family of both cytoplasmic , low - mr and trans - membrane receptor - linked forms . the work described herein has resulted in identification of a novel homologue of the protein tyrosine phosphatases in epithelial cells , specifically hela cells , which are a model system for the study of the cell cycle . as described , this protein tyrosine phosphatase ( ptph 1 ) has homology with the talin family of proteins and , therefore , can be expected to localize to the interface between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton , such as at focal adhesions , which are a major site of action of oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases . such a protein tyrosine phosphatase is referred to herein as one which localizes to the interface between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton . overexpression of ptph 1 can be used to counter the effects of protein tyrosine kinases , such as v - src . as a result of the findings described herein , a protein tyrosine phosphatase which appears to localize to focal adhesions , which is a major site of action for oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases is available , as are dna and rna encoding the protein . the ability of ptph 1 or a functional equivalent to reverse malignant transformation of cells can be assessed using known methods . for example , this can be carried out as follows : briefly , cells , for instance chicken embryo fibroblasts or nih 3t3 cells , which are transformed by introduction of a viral oncogene such as v - src , display a change in morphology relative to the non - transformed controls . they will grow in soft agar and induce tumor formation in nude mice . transformed cells are transfected with the ptph 1 dna using an appropriate expression vector . the ability of ptph 1 dna or its functional equivalent to have the desired effect is assessed by determining whether the transformed phenotype is maintained or reversed after ptph 1 dna or its functional equivalent is introduced into the transformed cells . reversal of the phenotype is indicative of the ability of the introduced dna to counter the effects of the kinase . these effects can also be examined at the level of changes in the phosphorylation state of tyrosyl residues in intracellular proteins . transformed cells are transfected with the ptph 1 dna using an appropriate expression vector . the ability of ptph 1 dna or its functional equivalent to have the desired effect is assessed by determining whether the transformed phenotype is maintained or reversed . reversal of the phenotype is indicative of the ability of the introduced dna to counter the effects of the kinase . thus , an agent and a method for preventing or reversing the malignant transformation of cells associated with or caused by the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase are now available . the agent can be dna or rna encoding ptph 1 or its functional equivalent . a functional equivalent of ptph 1 has substantially the same sequence as that shown in fig1 and can catalyze dephosphorylation of tyrosyl residues phosphorylated through the action of a protein tyrosine kinase . as used herein , the term ptph 1 includes the protein whose amino acid sequence is represented in fig1 and its functional equivalents , as defined above . modified or mutated ptph 1 - encoding dna ( i . e ., dna which differs from the ptph 1 dna of fig1 by at least one addition , deletion or substitution ) can also be used . in the method of the present invention , dna encoding ptph 1 or its functional equivalent is introduced into an individual in whom its effects are desired . it is introduced in a recombinant vehicle , such as , but not limited to , retrovirus or vaccinia virus . all or a portion of the ptph 1 dna or rna can be used , provided that it is sufficient to express in host cells a protein or peptide with the ptpase activity . ptph 1 - encoding dna can be introduced into a retroviral vector , such as those described in the literature , using known methods ( see , for example , yu et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci usa , 83 : 3194 - 3198 ( 1986 ); markowitz et al ., j . virol ., 62 : 1120 - 1124 ( 1988 ); cepko et al ., cell , 37 : 1053 - 1062 ( 1984 ); mann et al ., cell , 33 : 153 - 159 ( 1983 ); cone et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 81 : 6349 - 6353 ( 1984 )). alternatively , it can be introduced into vaccinia virus , using known methods . the resulting recombinant gene transfer vehicle , which contains all or a portion of the ptph 1 dna ( or rna ), is introduced into an individual in sufficient quantities to prevent malignant transformation associated with phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues in proteins via a protein tyrosine kinase - catalyzed reaction . the ptph 1 dna - containing vehicle can be introduced by a variety of routes ( e . g ., intraperitoneally , intramuscularly , intravascularly ) and will generally be introduced in combination with a carrier ( e . g ., physiological saline or suitable buffer ). this method is useful in the treatment or prevention of a variety of malignancies , including breast cancer and leukemia . oligonucleotide primers were synthesized based on the conserved sequences kcaqywp (# 1 , equivalent to residues 120 - 126 in ptp 1 b ) and hcsagig (# 2 , equivalent to residues 214 - 220 in ptp 1 b ). the degeneracy of the first primer was 64 fold and that of the second 96 fold . phage dna of a hela cell cdna library ( stratagene ) isolated by the plate lysate method ( sambrook , j . et al ., molecular cloning : a lab manual , 2d ( 1989 )) was used as template . primers were phosphorylated with t4 polynucleotide kinase ( new england biolabs ) prior to pcr and were added at a final concentration of 1 μm to a mixture containing 10 mm tris - hcl ( ph8 . 4 ), 50 mm kcl , 1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 01 % gelatin , 20 mm dntps , 2 . 5 units of taq polymerase ( perkin - elmer / cetus ) and 2 μg phage dna . thirty cycles of the pcr reaction were performed ; each was carried out at 94 ° c . for 1 min , 50 ° c . for 1 min and 72 ° c . for 2 min . the pcr products were analyzed on a 1 % agarose gel and dna fragments of approximately 0 . 25 kb were excised , eluted from the gel , subcloned into the smal site of puc118 and sequenced . the same hela edna library was probed with the 0 . 25 kb ptph 1 product of pcr obtained above . plaques were transferred to nitrocellulose filters ( schleicher & amp ; schuell ) and screened by hybridization at 65 ° c . in a solution containing 2 × ssc ( ssc = 0 . 15 m nacl , 0 . 015 m trisodium citrate ), 5 × denhardt &# 39 ; s , 0 . 1 % sds , 25 mm sodium phosphate , 1 % sodium pyrophosphate , 10 % dextran sulfate and 12 . 5 μg / ml denatured calf thymus dna . the filters were washed successively at the same temperature in a series of solutions containing 0 . 1 % sds with 4 × ssc , 2 × ssc , 1 × ssc and finally 0 . 1 × ssc . hybridizing phage were plaque purified , dna was prepared and cdna inserts were isolated and subcloned using standard techniques ( sambrook , j . et al ., molecular cloning : a lab manual , 2d ( 1989 )). dna sequencing was carried out by the dideoxynucleotide chain - termination procedure ( sanger , f . et al ., proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 74 : 5463 - 5467 ( 1977 )) using either manufacturer &# 39 ; s primers ( united states biochemical corporation ) or synthetic oligonucleotides derived from the existing sequences . the genbank database of sequence information was searched with the fasta program of pearson and lipman to identify proteins with amino acid sequence similar to that of ptph 1 . the nucleotide sequence of the cdna designated ptph 1 and the predicted amino acid sequence are represented in fig1 . the open box delineates the segment of homology to the n - terminal domain of band 4 . 1 , ezrin and talin . the shaded box defines the segment homologous to the catalytic domains of the ptpases . in the intervening segment , seryl and threonyl residues located in sequences bearing features of sites of casein kinase ii phosphorylation sites are underlined . the primary structure requirements for casein kinase ii phosphorylation include the presence of surrounding acidic residues . an asp or glu three residues to the c - terminus of the phosphate acceptor site is particularly critical ( kuenzel , e . a . et al ., j . biol . chem ., 262 : 9136 - 9140 ( 1987 )). the presence of prolyl residues preceeding the phosphorylation site is also common . in addition , seryl residues 372 and 381 display some features of potential sites of phosphorylation by p34 cdc2 ( moreno , s . and p . nurse , cell 61 : 549 - 551 ( 1990 )). northern analysis of ptph 1 mrna was also carried out . total rna was extracted from hela cells and poly ( a )+ rna was selected by oligo ( dt )- cellulose chromatography as described by sambrook , j . et al . ( sambrook , j . et al ., molecular cloning : a lab manual , 2d ( 1989 )). after electrophoresis on a formaldehyde - agarose ( 1 %) gel , the rna was transferred to a gene screen plus membrane and hybridized with the 4 kb insert of ptph 1 . the hybridization and washing conditions were the same as described above , except that sds was included at 1 %. results are shown in fig2 . numbers on the right indicate the size of rna markers ( brl ). the relationship of the structure of ptph 1 was assessed and compared with that of other proteins . this assessment showed that ptph 1 comprises three segments , as represented in fig3 : an n - terminal segment ( shaded ) with homology to the membrane localization domains in band 4 . 1 , ezrin and talin , a putative regulatory segment in the middle of the protein ( open ) and a c - terminal ptpase related segment ( black ). tm denotes the transmembrane domain in cd45 . the length of each protein is shown in proportion to its molecular weight . the homology among domains is indicated by their percentage identity expressed as the number of identities out of possible matches between residues in the aligned sequences . in addition the numbers in parentheses are alignment scores , which express the similarity of segments in units of standard deviation from the average background scores of 100 randomly generated sequences . the alignments were optimised using the align programme from the national biomedical research foundation , the mutation data matrix and a gap penalty of 10 . scores of & gt ; 5 suggest homology . residues 3 - 357 in ptph 1 were compared pairwise with 2 - 323 in band 4 . 1 , 4 - 339 in ezrin and 120 - 455 in talin . residues 669 - 913 in ptph 1 were compared pairwise with 40 - 289 in ptp 1 b , 42 - 273 in tcptpase , 491 - 738 in cd45 domain i and 782 - 1054 in cd45 domain ii . those skilled in the art will recognize , or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation , many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein . such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims . ctgcaggtta ttcagcgata gtt atg acc tcc cgg tta cgt gcg ttg ggt gga 53 aga att aat aat ata cgc acc tcg gag tta ccc aaa gag aaa act cga 101 tca gaa gtc att tgc agc atc cac ttt tta gat ggc gtg gta cag acc 149 ser glu val ile cys ser ile his phe leu asp gly val val gln thr ttt aaa gtt act aaa caa gac act ggc cag gtt ctt ctg gat atg gtg 197 cac aac cac ctg ggt gtg act gaa aag gaa tat ttt ggt tta cag cat 245 his asn his leu gly val thr glu lys glu tyr phe gly leu gln his gat gac gac tcc gtg gac tct cct aga tgg ctg gaa gca agc aaa ccc 293 atc agg aag cag tta aaa gga ggt ttc ccc tgt acc ctg cat ttt cga 341 ile arg lys gln leu lys gly gly phe pro cys thr leu his phe arg gta aga ttt ttt ata cct gat ccc aac aca ctg cag caa gaa caa acc 389 val arg phe phe ile pro asp pro asn thr leu gln gln glu gln thr agg cac ttg tat ttc tta caa ctg aag atg gat att tgc gaa gga agg 437 arg his leu tyr phe leu gln leu lys met asp ile cys glu gly arg tta acc tgc cct ctt aac tca gca gtg gtt cta gcg tcc tat gcc gta 485 caa tct cat ttt gga gac tat aat tct tcc ata cat cat cca ggc tat 533 ctt tcc gat agt cac ttt ata ccc gat caa aat gag gac ttt tta aca 581 leu ser asp ser his phe ile pro asp gln asn glu asp phe leu thr aaa gtc gaa tct ctg cat gag cag cac agt ggg cta aaa caa tca gaa 629 gca gaa tcc tgc tat atc aac ata gcg cgg acc ctc gac ttc tat gga 677 ala glu ser cys tyr ile asn ile ala arg thr leu asp phe tyr gly gta gaa ctg cac agt ggt agg gat ctg cac aat tta gac cta atg att 725 val glu leu his ser gly arg asp leu his asn leu asp leu met ile gga att gct tcc gcg ggt gtt gct gtg tac cga aaa tac att tgc aca 773 agt ttc tat cct tgg gtg aac att ctc aaa att tct ttc aaa agg aaa 821 ser phe tyr pro trp val asn ile leu lys ile ser phe lys arg lys aag ttc ttc ata cat cag cga cag aaa cag gct gaa tcc agg gaa cat 869 att gtg gcc ttc aac atg ctg aat tac cga tct tgc aaa aac ttg tgg 917 ile val ala phe asn met leu asn tyr arg ser cys lys asn leu trp aaa tcc tgt gtt gag cac cat acg ttc ttt cag gca aag aag cta cta 965 lys ser cys val glu his his thr phe phe gln ala lys lys leu leu cct cag gaa aag aat gtt ctg tct cag tac tgg act atg ggc tct cgg 1013 pro gln glu lys asn val leu ser gln tyr trp thr met gly ser arg aac acc aaa aag tcg gta aat aac caa tat tgc aaa aag gtg att ggc 1061 ggg atg gtg tgg aac cca gcc atg cgg aga tcc tta tca gtg gag cac 1109 gly met val trp asn pro ala met arg arg ser leu ser val glu his tta gaa acc aag agt ctg cct tct cgt tcc cct ccc att act ccc aac 1157 tgg cga agt cct cgg ctc cgg cac gaa atc cga aag cca cgc cac tct 1205 tct gca gat aac ctt gca aat gaa atg acc tac atc acg gaa acg gaa 1253 gat gta ttt tac acg tac aag ggc tct ctg gcc cct caa gac agc gat 1301 asp val phe tyr thr tyr lys gly ser leu ala pro gln asp ser asp tct gaa gtt tct cag aac cga agc ccg cac caa gag agt tta tcc gag 1349 aac aat ccg gca caa agc tac ctg acc cag aag tca tcc agt tct gtg 1397 tct cca tct tca aat gct cca ggc tcc tgc tca cct gac ggc gtt gat 1445 cag cag ctc tta gat gac ttc cac agg gtg acc aaa ggg ggc tcc acc 1493 gln gln leu leu asp asp phe his arg val thr lys gly gly ser thr gag gac gcc agc cag tac tac tgt gac aag aat gat aat ggt gac agc 1541 tac tta gtc ttg atc cgt atc aca cca gat gaa gat gga aaa ttt gga 1589 tyr leu val leu ile arg ile thr pro asp glu asp gly lys phe gly ttt aat ctt aag gga gga gtg gat caa aag atg cct ctt gtg gta tca 1637 phe asn leu lys gly gly val asp gln lys met pro leu val val ser agg ata aac cca gag tca cct gcg gac acc tgc att cct aag ctg aac 1685 arg ile asn pro glu ser pro ala asp thr cys ile pro lys leu asn gaa ggg gat caa atc gtg tta atc aat ggc cgg gac atc tca gaa cac 1733 glu gly asp gln ile val leu ile asn gly arg asp ile ser glu his acg cat gac caa gtg gtg atg ttc atc aaa gcc agc cgg gag tcc cac 1781 thr his asp gln val val met phe ile lys ala ser arg glu ser his tca cgg gag ctg gcc ctg gtg atc agg agg aga gct gtc cgc tca ttt 1829 gct gac ttc aag tct gaa gat gaa ctg aac cag ctt ttc ccc gaa gcc 1877 att ttc ccc atg tgt ccg gag ggt ggg gac act ttg gag gga tcc atg 1925 ile phe pro met cys pro glu gly gly asp thr leu glu gly ser met gca cag cta aag aag ggc ctc gaa agc ggg acg gtg ctg atc cag ttt 1973 ala gln leu lys lys gly leu glu ser gly thr val leu ile gln phe gag caa ctc tac aga aaa aag cca ggt ttg gcc atc acg ttt gca aag 2021 glu gln leu tyr arg lys lys pro gly leu ala ile thr phe ala lys ctg cct caa aat ttg gac aaa aac cga tat aaa gat gtg ctg cct tat 2069 gac acc acc cgg gta tta ttg cag gga aat gaa gat tat att aat gca 2117 asp thr thr arg val leu leu gln gly asn glu asp tyr ile asn ala agt tac gtg aac atg gaa att cct gct gct aac ctt gtg aac aag tac 2165 ser tyr val asn met glu ile pro ala ala asn leu val asn lys tyr atc gcc act cag ggg ccc ctg ccg cat acc tgt gca cag ttt tgg cag 2213 ile ala thr gln gly pro leu pro his thr cys ala gln phe trp gln gtt gtc tgg gat cag aag ttg tca ctc att gtc atg ttg acg act ctc 2261 aca gaa cga ggg cgg acc aaa tgt cac cag tac tgg cca gat ccc ccc 2309 thr glu arg gly arg thr lys cys his gln tyr trp pro asp pro pro gac gtc atg aac cac ggc ggc ttt cac atc cag tgt cag tca gag gac 2357 asp val met asn his gly gly phe his ile gln cys gln ser glu asp tgc acc atc gcc tat gtg tcc cga gaa atg ctg gtc aca aac acc cag 2405 cys thr ile ala tyr val ser arg glu met leu val thr asn thr gln acc ggg gaa gaa cac aca gtg aca cat ctc cag tac gtc gca tgg cct 2453 thr gly glu glu his thr val thr his leu gln tyr val ala trp pro gac cac ggt ata ccc gat gac tcc tcc gac ttt ctg gaa ttt gta aac 2501 asp his gly ile pro asp asp ser ser asp phe leu glu phe val asn tat gtg agg tct ctg aga gtg gac agc gag cct gtc cta gtt cac tgc 2549 agt gct gga ata ggt cga acc ggt gtg ttg gtc act atg gaa aca gcc 2597 atg tgc cta act gag agg aac ctg ccc att tac cca ctg gat att gtc 2645 met cys leu thr glu arg asn leu pro ile tyr pro leu asp ile val cga aaa atg cga gac cag cgc gcc atg atg gtg cag aca tca agc cag 2693 tac aag ttt gtg tgt gaa gcg att ctt cgt gtg tat gaa gaa ggt tta 2741 tyr lys phe val cys glu ala ile leu arg val tyr glu glu gly leu gtc caa atg ctg gat cct agt taa gacaactgtg aaaaagttca ttcctctttc 2795 thr glu lys glu tyr phe gly leu gln his asp asp asp ser val asp asp pro asn thr leu gln gln glu gln thr arg his leu tyr phe leu gln leu lys met asp ile cys glu gly arg leu thr cys pro leu asn ile pro asp gln asn glu asp phe leu thr lys val glu ser leu his glu gln his ser gly leu lys gln ser glu ala glu ser cys tyr ile asn ile ala arg thr leu asp phe tyr gly val glu leu his ser gly val ala val tyr arg lys tyr ile cys thr ser phe tyr pro trp val arg gln lys gln ala glu ser arg glu his ile val ala phe asn met leu asn tyr arg ser cys lys asn leu trp lys ser cys val glu his his thr phe phe gln ala lys lys leu leu pro gln glu lys asn val leu ser gln tyr trp thr met gly ser arg asn thr lys lys ser val asn asn gln tyr cys lys lys val ile gly gly met val trp asn pro arg his glu ile arg lys pro arg his ser ser ala asp asn leu ala lys gly ser leu ala pro gln asp ser asp ser glu val ser gln asn phe his arg val thr lys gly gly ser thr glu asp ala ser gln tyr tyr cys asp lys asn asp asn gly asp ser tyr leu val leu ile arg val asp gln lys met pro leu val val ser arg ile asn pro glu ser pro ala asp thr cys ile pro lys leu asn glu gly asp gln ile val leu ile asn gly arg asp ile ser glu his thr his asp gln val val asp glu leu asn gln leu phe pro glu ala ile phe pro met cys pro leu glu ser gly thr val leu ile gln phe glu gln leu tyr arg lys lys pro gly leu ala ile thr phe ala lys leu pro gln asn leu asp leu gln gly asn glu asp tyr ile asn ala ser tyr val asn met glu ile pro ala ala asn leu val asn lys tyr ile ala thr gln gly pro leu pro his thr cys ala gln phe trp gln val val trp asp gln lys lys cys his gln tyr trp pro asp pro pro asp val met asn his gly gly phe his ile gln cys gln ser glu asp cys thr ile ala tyr val ser arg glu met leu val thr asn thr gln thr gly glu glu his thr val thr his leu gln tyr val ala trp pro asp his gly ile pro asp val asp ser glu pro val leu val his cys ser ala gly ile gly arg asn leu pro ile tyr pro leu asp ile val arg lys met arg asp gln arg ala met met val gln thr ser ser gln tyr lys phe val cys glu ala ile leu arg val tyr glu glu gly leu val gln met leu asp pro ile cys ser ile his phe leu asp gly val val gln thr phe lys val leu gly val thr glu lys glu tyr phe gly leu gln his asp asp asp ser val asp ser pro arg trp leu glu ala ser lys pro ile arg lys gln leu lys gly gly phe pro cys thr leu his phe arg val arg phe phe ile pro asp pro asn thr leu gln gln glu gln thr arg his leu tyr phe leu gln leu lys met asp ile cys glu gly arg leu thr cys ser his phe ile pro asp gln asn glu asp phe leu thr lys val glu cys tyr ile asn ile ala arg thr leu asp phe tyr gly val glu leu ser ala gly val ala val tyr arg lys tyr ile cys thr ser phe tyr lys asn val leu ser gln tyr trp thr met gly ser arg asn thr lys glu lys his ala lys gly gln asp leu leu lys arg val cys glu his pro asp pro ala gln leu thr glu asp ile thr arg tyr tyr leu cys leu gln leu arg gln asp ile val ala gly arg leu pro cys ser phe asp tyr asp pro glu leu his gly val asp tyr val ser asp phe lys his lys ser tyr arg ser met thr pro ala gln ala asp leu glu phe leu glu asn ala lys lys leu ser met tyr gly val asp leu his lys gly leu leu val tyr lys asp lys leu arg ile asn arg phe pro trp ile arg pro gly glu gln glu gln tyr glu ser thr ile gly phe lys leu pro ser tyr arg ala ala lys lys leu trp lys val cys val glu ile asn val arg val thr thr met asp ala glu leu glu phe ala ile ile gly leu arg glu val trp tyr phe gly leu his tyr val asp asn lys gly phe pro thr trp leu lys leu asp lys lys val ser ala gln tyr pro glu asp val ala glu glu leu ile gln asp ile thr gln lys leu phe phe leu gln val lys glu gly ile leu ser asp glu ile tyr cys pro pro glu thr ala val leu leu gly ser tyr ala val gln ala lys phe gly asp tyr asn lys glu val his lys ser gly tyr leu ser ser glu arg leu ile pro gln arg val met asp gln his lys leu thr gly met leu lys asp asn ala met leu glu tyr leu lys ile ala gln glu lys asp asp lys leu thr pro lys ile gly phe pro trp ser glu asn lys arg ile leu gln leu cys met gly asn his glu leu tyr met arg arg arg lys pro asp thr ile glu val gln gln met lys ala gln gly ile thr asn his asp glu tyr ser leu val arg glu leu met glu tyr val gln ala arg asp asp ile leu asn gly ser his pro val ser gly pro his asn glu gln lys his lys ala gly phe leu asp leu lys asp phe leu pro lys glu tyr val lys gln lys gly glu arg lys ile phe gln ala his lys asn cys gly gln met ser glu ile glu ala lys arg leu leu gly ile thr lys glu cys val met arg val asp glu lys thr lys glu val ile gln glu trp ser leu thr asn ile lys arg trp ala ala ser pro lys ser phe thr leu asp phe gly asp tyr gln asp gly lys val glu his gly ser val ala leu pro ala ile met arg ser arg val leu leu gln gly asn glu asp tyr ile asn ala ser tyr val asn met glu ile pro ala ala asn leu val asn lys tyr ile ala thr gln gly pro leu pro his thr cys ala gln phe trp gln val val trp asp gln lys leu ser leu ile val met leu thr thr leu thr glu arg gly arg thr lys cys his gln tyr trp pro asp pro pro asp val met asn his gly gly phe his ile gln cys gln ser glu asp cys thr ile ala tyr val ser arg glu met leu val thr asn thr gln thr gly glu glu his thr val thr his leu gln tyr val ala trp pro asp his gly ile pro asp asp ser ser asp phe leu glu phe val asn tyr val arg ser leu arg val asp ser glu pro val leu val his cys ser ala gly thr glu arg asn leu pro ile tyr pro leu asp ile val arg lys met arg asp gln arg ala met met val gln thr ser ser gln tyr lys phe val cys glu ala ile leu arg val tyr glu glu gly leu val gln met arg ile lys leu his gln glu asp asn asp tyr ile asn ala ser leu ile lys met glu glu ala gln arg ser tyr ile leu thr gln gly pro leu pro asn thr cys gly his phe trp glu met val trp glu gln lys lys cys ala gln tyr trp pro gln lys glu glu lys glu met ile phe thr arg glu ile leu his phe his tyr thr thr trp pro asp phe gly lys val leu leu glu met arg lys phe arg met gly leu ile gln thr ala asp gln leu arg phe ser tyr leu ala val ile glu gly ala lys arg val lys leu gln asn ala glu asn asp tyr ile asn ala ser leu val asp ile glu glu ala gln arg ser tyr ile leu thr gln gly pro leu pro asn thr cys cys his phe trp leu met val trp gln gln lys thr lys ala val val met leu asn arg ile val glu lys glu ser val lys cys ala gln tyr trp pro thr asp asp gln glu met leu phe lys tyr thr val his leu leu gln leu glu asn ile asn ser gly glu thr arg thr ile ser his phe his tyr thr thr trp pro asp phe gly val ser gly ser leu asn pro asp his gly pro ala val ile his cys ser ala gly ile gly arg ser gly thr phe ser leu val asp thr cys leu asn met arg lys tyr arg met gly leu ile gln thr pro asp gln leu arg phe ser tyr met ala ile ile glu gly ala lys cys ile lys gly arg val glu leu ser glu ile asn gly asp ala gly ser asn tyr ile asn ala ser tyr ile asp gly phe lys glu pro arg lys tyr ile ala ala gln gly pro arg asp glu thr val asp asp phe trp arg met ile trp glu gln lys ala thr val ile val met val thr arg cys glu glu gly asn arg asn lys cys ala glu tyr trp pro ser met glu glu gly thr arg ala phe gly asp val val val lys ile asn gln his lys arg cys pro asp tyr ile ile gln lys leu asn ile val asn lys lys glu lys ala thr gly arg glu val thr his ile gln phe thr ser trp pro gln tyr ile leu ile his gln ala leu val glu tyr asn gln arg gly lys tyr ile asn ala ser phe ile met ser tyr trp lys pro glu val met ile ala ala gln gly pro leu lys glu thr ile gly asp phe trp leu lys his gly asp gln glu ile cys ala gln tyr trp gly glu gly his lys ser thr pro leu leu ile his cys arg asp gly ser gln gln arg pro gly met val ser thr phe glu gln tyr gln phe leu tyr asp val ile ala ser thr tyr pro ala gln asn gly gln val lys lys asn
dna which encodes a protein homologous to the protein tyrosine phosphatases which catalyze the dephosphorylation of proteins in which tyrosyl residues have been phosphorylated through the action of a protein kinase . the protein , which appears as if it will localize to focal adhesions , is also the subject of the present invention . in particular , it relates to cdna encoding a protein , referred to as ptph 1 . overexpression of ptph 1 may be a powerful approach to countering the effects of oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases , such as those of transforming viruses , and interfering with or reversing cell transformation . this would provide a means of preventing or reversing abnormally high levels of phosphotyrosine associated with any disease or condition , such as preventing or reversing malignancy associated with the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase . in the present method , dna or rna encoding ptph 1 or a functional equivalent of ptph 1 is administered to an individual in an appropriate gene transfer vehicle which can infect mammalian cells and , once inside the mammalian cells , express and make available ptph 1 or its functional equivalent in sufficient quantities to overcome or counteract the protein tyrosine kinase activity . as a result , phosphorylation of tyrosine residues at abnormal levels is prevented or reversed , resulting in turn in prevention or reversal of malignancy of cells .