fig1 illustrates one embodiment of a newborn pulse oximeter device . in this embodiment , device 5 has a tubular body with an open front end . the tubular body defines hollow space or chamber 10 sized to accommodate at least a portion of a newborn &# 39 ; s foot ( toes first ) for signal acquisition . opposite the open front end of case 16 of device 5 , in this embodiment , the case has a closed back end . as illustrated , in one embodiment , the closed back end has a dome shape . it is appreciated that other shapes are possible ( e . g ., flat , pyramidal , etc .). in another embodiment , the closed back end may be open or partially open . it is further appreciated that , although case 16 of device 5 is shown having a tubular shape , other shapes are possible , so long as a portion of a newborn &# 39 ; s foot can fit inside . details of device 5 are further illustrated in fig2 , 3 and 6 . fig2 shows a top side surface of device 5 . in one embodiment , case 16 of device 5 is made of a cellulose - based plastic . a top surface of case 16 contains components to control an operation of the device and provide information . two main components of the top surface are power button 15 and display 14 . in display 14 , signals representative of one or more of spo 2 ( oxygen saturation ), heart rate , and arterial pulse waveforms may be displayed . referring to display 14 of fig2 , the signals are displayed in panel 11 as spo 2 , panel 12 as heart rate , and panel 13 as arterial pulse waveforms . display 14 is , for example , a liquid crystal display ( lcd ). in one embodiment , there are two indicator lights ( 41 and 42 ). indicator light 41 displays the quality and strength of the pulse signals , using , for example , a green color indicator for good signal quality , an amber color as questionable or borderline signal quality , and a red color as poor signal quality . indicator 42 provides a pass / fail indication for a congenital heart disease . when , for example , a newborn &# 39 ; s foot is placed in device 5 and there are greater than 10 seconds of a green color signal on indicator 41 , and the spo 2 reading on panel 11 is equal or greater than 95 percent , indicator 42 will display a green color light to indicate that the newborn has passed the screening test . when there are greater than 10 seconds of a green color signal on indicator 41 , and the spo 2 reading on panel 11 is lower than 95 percent , indicator 42 will display a red color light to indicate that the newborn has failed the screening test . in one embodiment , port 17 in the back side of the oximeter is used for connecting to an external pulse oximeter probe which can be the conventional finger clip on probe or existing infant probes with adhesive tapes for wrapping around the foot . fig3 shows an under side surface of newborn pulse oximeter device 5 . in one embodiment , device 5 is battery - operated . accordingly , an under side surface of device 5 includes a battery compartment 18 with a removable cover . in one embodiment , the batteries are standard aaa or aa batteries that can be replaceable when needed . in another embodiment , the batteries are lithium based rechargeable batteries . an under side surface of device 5 also includes , in this embodiment , connector 19 that is used for plugging device 5 to an ac adaptor for battery charging or as a separate power source for device 5 . fig4 is an anatomical illustration of the arterial blood supply of the foot . the two major arteries to the foot are anterior tibial artery 51 and posterior tibial artery 52 . anterior tibial artery 51 branches to dorsalis pedis artery 53 which courses through the dorsal side of the foot to the first toe . posterior tibial artery 52 courses through the ventral side of the foot and becomes plantar arch artery 54 . fig5 is an illustration of the positions of light emitters and receptors associated with device 5 . in one embodiment , the light emitters and detectors are connected to device 5 , such as connected ( adhered ) to case 16 in chamber 10 to emit light and receive light in chamber 10 . in one embodiment , there are three pairs of light emitters 21 , 22 , 23 and receivers ( 31 , 32 , 33 ) of device 5 . it is appreciated that there can be more or less than three pairs of light emitters and detectors . the illustration is a view from an under side surface of device 5 and the ventral surface of foot 50 , therefore , receivers 31 , 32 , 33 are shown , but emitters 21 , 22 , 23 are , on the other side of foot 50 , are not shown in the illustration of fig5 . the pair of emitter / receiver 21 / 31 are separately connected to case 16 and positioned inside chamber 10 to detect the pulse signals from dorsalis pedis artery 53 of the first toe when the infant &# 39 ; s right foot is placed inside the chamber 10 of device 5 . the pair of emitter / receiver 23 / 33 are separately connected to case 16 and positioned inside chamber 10 to detect the pulse signals from dorsalis pedis artery 53 of the first toe when the infant &# 39 ; s left foot is placed inside the chamber 10 . the pair of emitter / receiver 22 / 32 are separately connected to case 16 and positioned inside chamber 10 to detect the pulse signals from plantar arch artery 54 of the foot when either the right foot or left foot is placed inside chamber 10 . in one embodiment , each emitter emits a light at red ( 660 nanometers ( nm )) and a light at infrared ( 940 nm ), possibly modulated , to pass through a newborn &# 39 ; s foot and be detected by the corresponding detector . each emitter 21 , 22 , 23 is electrically connected to a processor and instruction logic in the processor directs the emission of light ( red and infrared ) from each emitter . likewise , each receiver 31 , 32 , 33 is electrically connected to the processor and transmits received signals to the processor . a receiver produces an electrical signal corresponding to the red and infrared light energy attenuated from transmission through a newborn &# 39 ; s foot . pulse oximetry uses the differential light absorption of oxygenated hemoglobin hbo 2 , and deoxygenated hemoglobin , hb , to compute their relative concentrations in the arterial blood . the arterial saturation of hemoglobin , spo 2 , may then be calculated as spo 2 = 100 c hbo2 /( c hb + c hbo2 ). fig6 is an illustration of a longitudinal sectional view of pulse oximeter device 5 with a newborn &# 39 ; s foot in chamber 10 . in this view , light emitters 21 , 22 , 23 are located on the top side of the chamber , and the paired receivers 31 , 32 , 33 located on the bottom side directly opposite the paired emitters . when the newborn &# 39 ; s foot 50 is inside chamber 10 , the paired emitter and receiver are on either side of foot 50 in order to have the infrared and red lights traverse through dorsalis pedis artery 53 or plantar arch artery 54 . power button 15 and lcd display 14 are on the top surface of the oximeter as viewed . fig6 also shows processor 6 and memory 7 in or on case 16 on a top side of device 5 as viewed . processor 6 is electrically connected to emitters 21 , 22 , 23 ; to receivers 31 , 32 , 33 ; and to port 17 . battery compartment 18 and charging port 19 are located on the under side of the oximeter . in one embodiment , a single use interior cover for pulse oximeter device 5 will be used to protect a newborn &# 39 ; s skin , prevent infection and enhance signal acquisition . fig7 shows disposable cover 70 shaped to fit within the interior of device 5 ( in chamber 10 ) before placing a newborn &# 39 ; s foot into chamber 10 . representatively , cover 70 is made of a thin polyurethane membrane and shaped to fit the interior of the device . the membrane may be translucent or is translucent in the six locations ( shown are three locations 71 , 72 , 73 ) that correspond to the locations of the three pairs of light emitters 21 , 22 , 23 and their respective receivers 31 , 32 , 33 in the device . by using a design where only the six locations of the membrane are translucent , there is a reduction in potential “ noise ” and the chance of optical detector saturation from ambient lights . it will also minimize light scattering from the interior of the unit from emitters in one channel to the receiver of another channel . as shown in fig7 , in one embodiment , cover 70 includes plastic ring 75 at the end opening of cover 70 to provide a shape of the cover similar to a shape of chamber 10 of device 5 . an applicator may be used for easy placement of cover 70 into device 5 . a membrane of cover 70 may be impermeable to micro - organisms and pre - sterilized to protect against infection . no adhesives need to be applied to the side of the membrane with skin contact to avoid irritation . polyurethane is commonly used in surgical implants and is the material in tegaderm ® ( 3m ), which has been used extensively in neonates with very low rate of skin irritation or allergy . fig8 is a diagram showing the electrical and signal connections of the receivers 31 , 32 , 33 to signal processor 45 of pulse oximeter device 5 . receiver 40 is an optional external oximeter probe connected to the oximeter via port 17 ( see fig2 ). signal processor 45 receives signals from receivers 31 , 32 , 33 and 40 and processes the signals based on the algorithm stored in a memory associated with signal processor 45 in device 5 . in one embodiment , signal processor contains program instructions in machine readable form to receive from receiver ( s ) emitted signals from the emitter ( s ) directly connected to the device ( emitters 21 , 22 , 23 ) or from an external receiver ( e . g ., receiver 40 ) and determine the best quality signal ( s ). signal processor 45 also contains instructions to perform a machine readable method to determine spo 2 and pulse rate based on received signals from receivers directly connected to the device ( 31 , 32 , 33 ) or external to it and to make a determination of congenital heart disease if , for example , an spo 2 reading is below 95 percent for a period of time . signal processor 45 performs its program instructions ( e . g ., a machine readable method ) and displays data and results at display 14 and indicator lights 41 and 42 . fig9 shows algorithm 60 for signal processing and power management of pulse oximeter device 5 . when an operator pushes power button 15 to turn device 5 on ( block 61 ), signal processor 45 will first search signals from external receivers ( e . g ., receiver 40 , fig8 ) ( block 62 ). if signal ( s ) are found from external receiver ( s ), signal processor 45 will search signals from internal receivers 31 , 32 , 33 ( block 63 ). if signal ( s ) are found , signal processor 45 can interpret both internal ( e . g ., lower extremity ( foot )) and external ( e . g ., upper extremity ) signals ( block 64 ). processor 45 will then identify the best quality internal signals ( block 65 ), and display the results of the internal and external signals on display 14 ( see fig2 ) ( block 66 ). the quality of the signals will be shown by indicator light 41 ( see fig2 ). if no signals are found in receivers 31 , 32 or 33 , processor 45 will read only the signal ( s ) from external receiver ( s ) and display signals from the external receiver ( s ) ( blocks 67 and 68 ). if no signals from external receiver ( s ) are found initially ( block 62 ), processor 45 will search for signals from internal receivers 31 , 32 , 33 ( block 69 ). if signals are found from internal receivers 31 , 32 , 33 , processor 45 will read such signals ( block 70 ) and select the best quality signal ( block 71 ). the best quality signal ( from receivers 31 , 32 , 33 ) will be processed and displayed on display 14 ( block 72 ). if no signals from internal receivers 31 , 32 , 33 are found , the power will be turned off ( block 73 ). as will be understood by those skilled in the art , the current invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof . the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative , but not limiting , of the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims .
a method including placing a portion of a foot of a newborn in a device , the device including a light emitter and a corresponding receiver coupled on opposite sides of the device , the device further including a processor for processing data from the light emitter and receiver ; and determining a presence of congenital heart disease . an apparatus including a body including a chamber of a size to accommodate a portion of a newborn &# 39 ; s foot ; at least one light emitter and a corresponding detector coupled on opposite sides of the body , the emitter configured to emit light of a prescribed wavelength into the chamber ; and a processor coupled to the body and configured to receive a signal from the at least one detector .