several embodiments of the present invention are described and shown in the drawings . fig1 ( a ) shows a perinatal pulse oximetry probe 200 that includes light source 110 , detector 120 , and cord 140 . the probe can be made of acrylonitrile - co - butadiene - co - styrene ( abs ) plastic or any bio - compatible flexible or inflexible material . source 110 and detector - 20 are covered by light - transmissive bumps 100 . opaque surface 130 covers the probe 200 . fig1 ( b ) shows the clusters 220 of bumps 100 . cord 140 connects probe 200 to a power source . fig2 a - b is an enlarged view of clusters 220 of bumps 100 . these clusters cover source 110 and detector 120 of fig1 a - b . the bumps 100 are separated by spaces 150 . the spaces are non - raised areas of the probe &# 39 ; s surface . in fig2 ( a ) the distance 160 is identified as measured between the centers of any two adjacent bumps 100 . in one embodiment this distance is 0 . 053 inches . measurements 230 and 240 are the length and width , respectively , of the clusters . the size and shape of the source and detector can vary . in the preferred embodiment the source is covered by seven bumps and is 0 . 15 inches × 0 . 17 inches ; the detector is covered by thirteen bumps and is 0 . 165 inches × 0 . 30 inches . as is conventional in pulse oximetry , source 110 provides light of two different wavelengths ( red and infra - red ). to further intensify the signal , this particular embodiment uses a light source having three light - emitting diodes or &# 34 ; leds &# 34 ; ( two red leds 112 , one infrared led 114 ) that each generate the necessary red and infra - red wavelengths ( 660 and 900 nanometers , respectively ). the red wavelength especially is attenuated by darkly pigmented hair . the thickness of the hair also attenuates the signal . such interference can cause too great a variation in the ratio of red to infra - red signals . the applicants have observed red - to - infrared transmission ratios of 1 : 4 for lightly pigmented hair , and as little as 1 : 150 for darker pigments . using clusters of bumps to provide a relatively less obstructed path makes the ratio more consistent . in fig2 ( b ) measurement 170 is the height of each bump 100 ( its radius , if hemispherical ). one embodiment has bumps with a radius of curvature of 0 . 024 inches and an overall height of 0 . 033 inches . curve 180 is the arc , or radius of curvature , of each bump 100 . the bumps can be non - hemispheric , for example parabolic , conical , or domed . the bumps are shown as uniform , but their individual dimensions and shapes may vary . bumps with smaller aspect ratios ( width to height ) more effectively push the hair aside and penetrate the light - attenuating materials than do bumps with larger aspect ratios . as shown in fig2 ( a ), the size and placement of light - transmissive bumps 100 in cluster 220 allow for spaces between bumps 100 to receive the displaced substances . an alternative embodiment involves the use of spherical bumps that are undercut below opaque cover 130 . most of the sphere would protrude above the surface of the probe . this arrangement would better trap the substances beneath the &# 34 ; shelf &# 34 ; formed by each sphere &# 39 ; s equator . the light - transmissive bumps can be constructed in various ways . in the preferred embodiment , the bump cluster is cast in transparent uv - curable epoxy ( hysol uv6000 , for example ) in an aluminum or teflon mold . the same epoxy is then used to bond the cluster to the source and detector . other methods , including injection molding and transfer molding directly onto the opto - electronic substrate , are possible as well . fig3 ( a ) shows a perinatal pulse oximetry probe 210 that includes light source 110 , detector 120 , and cord 140 . light - transmissive bumps 100 are bordered by opaque bumps 190 . the opaque bumps may be of one piece with opaque surface 130 , as shown , or separate pieces attached to surface 130 . the opaque bumps may be shaped and sized differently from the light - transmissive bumps . fig3 ( b ), a top view , shows light - transmissive bumps 100 encircled by opaque bumps 190 . alternatively , opaque bumps 190 can be placed between light - transmissive bumps 100 without enclosing them . in one embodiment , the two facing rows of opaque bumps are staggered such that lines 250 drawn through their centers are diagonal to the edges 260 of the source and detector . the opaque bumps reduce the amount of light shunting between the source and detector , that is , diffusing sideways and bypassing the blood - perfused fetal tissue . shunting distorts the calibration of the pulse oximetry measurements . another alternative embodiment would use optical fibers , which pass light through a defined core . many short fibers could be arranged vertically on the surface of the probe , with small spaces between them . the spaces would receive the substances pushed aside by the tips of the fibers , the equivalent of the bumps in the preferred embodiment . these &# 34 ; light combs &# 34 ; would have the advantage of being both transmitter and barrier : they would pass the light signal in a confined path and thus reduce shunting . in one variation of this embodiment the optical fibers would extend outside the patient &# 39 ; s body to an external light source and detector , as in the prior application . fig4 shows that alternative embodiment , with cluster 200 comprised of optical fibers 330 . these fibers consist of an optical core 300 and cladding 310 . the fibers are surrounded by an opaque matrix 320 which further reduces shunting . the probe can be attached to the fetal tissue by any practical means including suction , compression , adhesives , or clips . fig5 a - b show another alternative embodiment where either only the light source 110 or the detector 120 is covered by light transmissive bumps 100 . fig5 a shows the probe 500 with only detector 120 having light transmissive bumps 100 as a cover , while fig5 b shows the probe 510 with only light source 110 having light transmissive bumps 100 as a cover . the invention , an improved perinatal pulse oximetry probe as illustrated above , is defined by the claims that follow .
a fetal pulse oximetry probe has clusters of light - transmissive bumps over the light source and the light detector on the surface of the probe . the probe is usually attached to the fetus &# 39 ; head . the clusters part the fetal hair and penetrate other light - attenuating organic materials on the head . the clusters thus transmit a more intense light signal . to reduce the amount of signal shunting between them , the clusters also may be separated by additional opaque bumps .