the invention is a dual microcontroller - driven subcutaneous liquid infusion system for use in biomedical applications . the infusion system ( sometimes referred to as micro - inserter ) of the present invention is shown schematically in fig1 . the system 100 consists of a dual microcontroller assembly 110 that controls operation of a micromotor 120 to drive a precision screw 130 . the microcontrollers are nanowatt , cmos devices with built - in cpu , clock , memory and user interface . rotation of precision screw 130 causes the airtight liquid container 140 to discharge the drug through flexible delivery tube 141 and injector 142 . a removable threaded cap nut 143 facilitates snug fitting of the liquid holder directly into the micro - inserter . the micromotor is driven by the main battery 150 , while the microcontroller assembly is energized by lithium battery 151 . alarm conditions are signaled by a buzzer 152 and the microcontrollers can be connected to an external data source such as a computer or other system through any number of compatible data exchange ports , particularly a usb interface 160 . one microcontroller of the micro - inserter orchestrates the liquid delivery and is henceforth referred to as the driver 210 ( fig2 ). the second microcontroller 220 , henceforth called as monitor , continuously monitors the accuracy of the functions of the driver . the micro - inserter has three optical position sensors that define the start , stop and the movement in between of the injection piston . the start optical sensor 231 triggers the transmission of a signal simultaneously to both the driver and the monitor upon a well defined physical condition — when the drug cartridge is full . the stop optical sensor 232 triggers the transmission of a signal simultaneously to both the driver and the monitor upon the second well defined physical condition — when the drug cartridge is empty . the movement optical sensor 233 triggers the transmission of a signal simultaneously to both the driver and the monitor upon the third well defined physical condition — rotation of the precision screw 130 . automatic indication of the liquid level in the drug cartridge is thus achieved based on the data received from the sensors . the drive mechanism for discharging the drug from the liquid holder is shown in fig3 . movement of the precision screw 130 is transmitted to a precision nut 310 and vertical micro - lever 320 , which pushes plunger 330 , stem 331 and piston 340 against the drug cartridge fitted inside the cylinder 140 . the precision nut can be caused to disengage from the precision screw 310 , by a counter clockwise 30 degree manual rotation of a horizontal micro - lever 311 using a micro - knob 312 that protrudes outside the system . the rotation of the micromotor 120 is designed to be unidirectional , which prevents backward movement of the stem , thereby preventing negative pressure build - up and undesirable reverse inflow of fluids back into the liquid holder . the drug cartridge loading and delivery mechanism is shown in fig4 . the drug cartridge 410 , fitted with needle cap 420 , is inserted into the airtight cylinder 140 and turning the threaded cap nut 143 causes the needle 421 to pierce the cartridge cap 411 and the rubber separator or septum 422 . the drug delivery tube 141 is connected to the threaded needle cap using a luer - lock fitting 430 . to replace the drug cartridge when empty , referring to fig3 , the new cartridge is inserted into the cylinder 140 after disengaging the precision nut 310 from the precision screw 130 using the horizontal micro - lever 311 . this automatically pushes the entire assembly comprising piston 340 , vertical micro - lever 320 and precision nut 310 back to the starting position . using the vertical micro - lever 320 to disengage the precision nut 310 from the precision screw enables movement of the precision nut to the starting point of the piston movement , which happens automatically when the new liquid cartridge is inserted into the holder . reverse movement of the motor to move the nut is thus avoided , saving battery power . another aspect of the infusion system is its ability to withstand exposure to moisture and water . the single block casing , with one or more sealing o - rings , makes the system water - proof or at least water - resistant . the usb interface 160 ( fig5 ) achieves data transfer to / from the micro controller via signal conversion to optical / electrical through pairs of infrared transceiver ports , one external ( 510 ) and the other internal ( 520 ), with a transparent fluid proof screen 521 between them , rendering the usb port watertight . the detachable external ir port 510 extends to a standard usb interface connector 530 that can be connected to a pc or any other data exchange device . data entry and readout are also facilitated by a large format lcd screen 610 ( fig6 ) and data entry keys 620 provided on the face of the device . data entry could also be performed using a touch screen . the dosing parameters are stored in an electrical erasable programmable memory ( eprom ) and displayed through a low power lcd module . to inject a required quantity of the drug , the driver transmits a signal to a micromotor , which in turn causes a precision screw to rotate by a pre - specified angular value . a vertical micro - lever nut engaged with the precision screw causes the stem of the piston to move linearly by a pre - specified length in response to the pre - specified angular rotation of the precision screw . the pre - specified linear movement of the stem pushes the piston of the liquid holder resulting in pre - defined unit discharge of the liquid and the movement sensor transmits a signal to both the driver and the monitor . the dosing parameters could include a basal level infusion with the capability of a user - activated bolus infusion . the infusion device could , of course , be communicating with an external controller via wireless exchange . the external controller could be a cellular phone , pda or other such systems . the external controller could be also be used to act as the intermediary between the patient and the doctor , where the dosing parameters for the particular patient could be remotely communicated by the doctor to the external controller , which in turn could communicate with the infusion system through the data exchange ports . an important embodiment of the present invention is the dual microcontroller arrangement that enables independent monitoring of the functioning of the system and generate alarms when abnormal conditions are reached , as shown schematically in fig7 . the monitoring microcontroller receives inputs from the liquid level and motion sensors as to the start , stop and movement conditions of the injection piston 340 ( shown in fig3 ). the monitor also receives measurements of the drive current in the dc micromotor . an audible alarm and corresponding visual indication in the lcd screen are generated when pumping starts and when liquid in the cartridge is exhausted . during normal operation , liquid level is indicated by the lcd screen . monitoring of the drive current in the dc micromotor is carried out by the microcontroller 220 . during normal operation of the pump , the operating current of the dc motor is within a predetermined range . aberrant operation due to leakage in the tube or the connections is indicated by reduced current while blockage of the tube is indicated by a higher than normal current . the microcontroller 220 signals an audible alarm and appropriate signal in the lcd display to indicate either of these two conditions and the user accordingly can take corrective action . sensing of flow blockage by means of current sensing is instantaneous and accurate . the monitor continually compares the driver &# 39 ; s computational data output with pre - programmed values in its memory storage , any mismatch triggering an immediate halt of the driver , thereby causing stoppage of the stem movement and further liquid outflow . the halt signal results in an audible alarm . the software program to compute the dosing schedule can receive digital input directly from a sensor or a diagnostic system . the monitor also receives voltage signals from the drive battery 150 and the lithium battery 151 , enabling it to perceive a change in the battery voltage characteristics indicating end of life or exhaustion of charge and give alarm and display signals appropriately . the dual microcontroller system thereby provides a high level of reliability and enables robust functioning of the system . the programmable memory is capable of storing a plurality of schedules of dosing parameters , which are dynamically computed by a software program . the driver ( microcontroller ) reads the number of units by comparing the time of the day as per the stored schedule or computed schedule and transmits equal number of signals in succession to the micromotor . the stored schedules can be edited or altered using an interface such as a keyboard or a touchscreen . a multiple - language interface is provided for the lcd module , to enable interpretation . scrolling of the cursor is not required given the large sized lcd module . the stored schedules can be edited either through the data entry keys , touch screen or altered by voice input on the system . stored schedules or the software program itself can be transferred in and out of the micro controller via a plurality of data interfaces such as usb . to change the liquid cartridge when it is empty , manual intervention is required to disengage the nut from the precision screw facilitating the free backward movement of the nut and its attached stem upon reloading of a new drug cartridge into the micro - inserter . while the invention has been described with particular focus on insulin as the drug , it should be understood that any drug that could be delivered on a programmed or on - demand basis by the patient would be an appropriate drug choice to be delivered by the infusion system described here . the drugs could be painkillers such as codeine , morphine , demerol , oxycontin , etc ., drugs that are well known in the art to benefit from on - demand or programmed delivery to the patient . while the invention has been disclosed with reference to certain embodiments , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention . particularly , the dual microcontroller concept could be applied to several systems for delivery of medications to the body such as intravenous fluid pumps and the like . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope .
a highly reliable and robust functioning liquid infusion system for use in biomedical applications comprises a dual microcontroller system where the first microcontroller is configured to administer the liquid and the second microcontroller is configured to monitor the accurate functioning of the system and various performance parameters such as flow rate of liquid , presence of leaks or blocks in the liquid passage , level of drug in the cartridge and battery condition . the liquid injection portion comprises a cylindrical airtight liquid holder or drug cartridge with a movable internal piston that is in contact with a movable stem , and a micromotor , which controls the drug delivery . the system is programmable with a dosing system stored into the driver / monitor microcontrollers . a low power lcd module is used to display the operating parameters with multiple language interface and alarm conditions , if any . the system is also equipped with a system of sensors that trigger an alarm to indicate abnormal conditions .