northaliporphine can be found within the u . s . pat . no . 4 , 202 , 980 , norglaucine can be found within the u . s . pat . no . 4 , 120 , 964 , boldine , thaliporphine , glaucine , laurolitsine , can be employed as the starting material to generate the aporphine derivatives of the general formula ( i ). the boldine is available from the market , the thaliporphine and the glaucine can be synthesized according to u . s . pat . no . no . 6 , 313 , 134 b1 , and the norglaucine , the northaliporphine and the laurolitsine can be synthesized according to u . s . pat . no . 7 , 294 , 715 b2 . an acylation or alkylation reaction may be involved in the preparation of the aporphine derivatives . these various aporphine derivatives can be achieved by various approaches ( eg . acylation by acyl halide , acyl anhydride , or mixed anhydride ; alkylation from a suitable alkylating agent , reductive amination from a suitable aldehyde and hydrogenation from a suitable imine , etc .). by using the above preparation processes , the general formula ( i ) can be synthesized . in addition , theses above - mentioned exemplary compounds 1 - 7 can be obtained by the following synthesis schemes 1 - 7 , respectively . northaliporphine ( 380 mg , 1 . 16 mmol ), methanol ( meoh , 10 ml ) and 2 -[( 2 - methoxy - phenox ) methyl ] oxirane ( 167 mg , 0 . 92 mmol ) were added into a 50 ml round bottom flask and stirred at 70 ° c . for 16 hours . the mixture was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 70 - 230 mesh 30 g , mobile phase : 2 % meoh / ch 2 cl 2 , v / v ) to obtain compound 1 , r f 0 . 15 ( 2 % meoh / ch 2 cl 2 , v / v ); physical data were as follows : mp : 63 - 68 ° c . ( ch 2 cl 2 ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 3500 , 2931 , 1605 , 1506 , 1464 , 1253 , 1112 cm − 1 ; 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 500 mhz ): δ 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 98 - 6 . 88 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 75 and 6 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 12 ( brs , 1h ), 4 . 24 - 4 . 07 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 90 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 88 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 85 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 79 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 39 - 2 . 53 ( m , 9h ); eims ( 70 ev ): m / z (%) 507 [ m ] + , 339 ( 100 ). northaliporphine ( 260 mg , 0 . 794 mmol ), meoh ( 10 ml ) and 2 - chloro - n -( 2 , 6 - dimethyl - phenyl ) acetamide ( 187 mg , 0 . 946 mmol ) were added into a 50 ml two - necked round bottom flask . then triethylamine ( et 3 n , 0 . 5 ml , 3 . 55 mmol ) was dropped into the mixture , and the reaction was allowed to proceed at 60 ° c . for two days . the mixture was evaporated to dryness . the residue was partitioned with water ( 50 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 50 ml × 3 ), and the organic layers were collected . the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 70 - 230 mesh 30 g , mobile phase : 2 % meoh / ch 2 c 2 , v / v ) to obtain compound 2 , r f 0 . 58 ( 2 % meoh / ch 2 cl 2 , v / v ); physical data were as follows : mp : 205 - 207 ° c . ( ch 2 cl 2 ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 3312 , 2945 , 1663 , 1604 , 1511 , 1477 , 1258 , 1087 cm − 1 ; 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 500 mhz ): δ 8 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 10 ( s , 3h ), 6 . 76 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 56 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 12 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 91 ( s , 9h ), 3 . 77 - 3 . 11 ( m , 5h ), 2 . 98 - 2 . 86 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 75 - 2 . 69 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 25 ( s , 6h ); eims ( 70 ev ): m / z (%) 488 [ m ] + , 326 ( 100 ). norglaucine ( 300 mg , 0 . 88 mmol ), mgso 4 ( 1 g ), meoh ( 7 ml ), 2 - thiophenecarboxaldehyde ( 0 . 14 ml , 1 . 5 mmol ) and acoh ( 0 . 5 ml , 8 . 88 mmol ) were added into a 100 ml two - necked round bottom flask and stirred at room temperature . sodium cyanoborohydride ( nabh 3 cn , 100 mg , 1 . 58 mmol ) was added into the mixture after 1 hour , and the reaction was allowed to proceed at 70 ° c . for 4 hours . the mixture was evaporated to dryness . the residue was partitioned with water ( 50 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 50 ml × 2 ), and the organic layers were collected . the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 230 - 400 mesh 30 g , mobile phase : ea / hex = 1 / 2 , v / v ) to obtain compound 3 , r f 0 . 77 ( ea / hex = 1 / 1 , v / v ); physical data were as follows : mp : 143 - 148 ° c . ( ch 2 cl 2 ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 2958 , 1578 , 1514 , 1466 , 1110 cm − 1 ; 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ): δ8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 22 - 7 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 96 - 6 . 95 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 77 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 57 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( d , j = 14 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 92 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 88 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 86 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 85 ( d , j = 14 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 62 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 36 - 3 . 33 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 15 - 3 . 09 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 05 - 3 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 71 - 2 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 51 - 2 . 44 ( m , 1h ); eims ( 70 ev ): m / z (%) 437 [ m ] + , 97 ( 100 ). 2 - aminopyridine ( 2 g , 21 . 3 mmol ), chloroacetyl chloride ( 2 . 5 ml , 31 . 4 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 4 . 4 ml , 31 . 8 mmol ) were dissolved in dichloromethane ( ch 2 cl 2 , 100 ml ). the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours , after which the organic phase was washed with an aqueous solution of nahco 3 ( 10 %, w / v ). the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified using flash chromatography ( ch 2 cl 2 ), yielding 2 . 46 g ( 68 %) of 2 -( chloroacetyl ) amidopyridine . norglaucine ( 0 . 3 g , 0 . 88 mmol ), 2 -( chloroacetyl ) amidopyridine ( 0 . 15 g , 0 . 88 mmol ) and potassium carbonate ( k 2 co 3 , 0 . 3 g , 1 . 8 mmol ) in acetonitrile ( ch 3 cn , 7 ml ) was stirred at 80 ° c . for 16 hours . the mixture was evaporated to dryness . the residue was partitioned with water ( 50 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 50 ml × 2 ). the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 230 - 400 mesh 30 g , mobile phase : ea / hex = 1 : 1 , v / v ) to obtain compound 4 , r f 0 . 75 ( 100 % ea ); physical data were as follows : mp : 43 - 46 ° c . ( ch 2 cl 2 ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 3300 , 2933 , 1693 , 1578 , 1513 , 1434 , 1257 , 1091 cm − 1 ; 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400 mhz ): δ 9 . 87 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 29 - 8 . 24 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 73 - 7 . 69 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 04 - 7 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 70 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 61 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 89 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 87 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 63 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 61 ( d , j = 17 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 46 - 3 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 30 - 3 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 13 - 3 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 92 - 2 . 68 ( m , 4h ); esi - ms ( 30 v ): m / z (%) 476 [ m + h ] + ( 100 ). norglaucine ( 500 mg , 1 . 47 mmol ), chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 35 ml , 4 . 4 mmol ) and ch 2 cl 2 ( 7 ml ) were added into a 100 ml round bottom flask . then 0 . 6 ml of et 3 n was dropped into a round bottom flask at room temperature for 1 hour . the reaction solution was poured into 50 ml water , and the mixture was stirred and adjusted with ammonia water to ph 8 . 0 . the mixture was extracted two times with dichloromethane , and the organic layers were collected . the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 230 - 400 mesh 30 g , mobile phase : ea / hex = 1 / 1 , v / v ) to obtain chloroacetamide a , r f 0 . 46 ( ea / hex = 1 / 1 , v / v ). chloroacetamide a ( 300 mg , 0 . 719 mmol ) and piperidine ( 0 . 5 ml ) in ch 3 cn ( 7 ml ) was stirred at 80 ° c . for 16 hours and the reaction progress was monitored by silica tlc . the mixture was evaporated to dryness . the residue was partitioned with water ( 50 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 50 ml × 2 ), and the organic layers were collected . the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 230 - 400 mesh 20 g , mobile phase : ea / hex = 1 : 1 , v / v ) to obtain compound 5 , r f 0 . 33 ( 100 % ea ); physical data were as follows : mp : 108 - 110 ° c . ( ch 2 cl 2 ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 2934 , 1640 , 1514 , 1451 , 1254 , 1102 cm − 1 ; 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400mhz ): δ 8 . 12 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 76 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 62 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 00 - 4 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 89 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 88 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 65 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 33 - 2 . 66 ( m , 7h ), 2 . 43 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 57 - 1 . 56 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 42 ( m , 2h ); eims ( 70 ev ): m / z (%) 466 [ m ] + , 381 ( 100 ). nicotinic acid ( 0 . 1 g , 0 . 86 mmol ) was heated under reflux with thionyl chloride ( 1 . 0 ml , 12 . 4 mmol ) for 1 hour . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure . an off - white solid was formed and the product was used immediately for the next step . norglaucine ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 58 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 0 . 23 ml , 1 . 56 mmol ) were dissolved in ch 3 cn ( 1 ml ). the mixture was reacted with nicotinoyl chloride in ch 3 cn ( 1 ml ) by adding it drop by drop at room temperature . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour , and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure . the residue was partitioned with water ( 10 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 10 ml ), and the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 230 - 400 mesh 15 g , mobile phase : ea / hex = 1 : 1 , v / v ) to obtain compound 6 , r f 0 . 3 ( 100 % ea ); physical data were as follows : mp : 178 - 181 ° c . ( ch 2 cl 2 ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 2947 , 1632 , 1514 , 1466 , 1265 , 1099 cm − 1 ; − 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 , 400mhz ): δ 8 . 70 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 67 ( brd , j = 4 . 1 hz , 1h ), 8 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 78 ( brd , j = 7 . 7 hz , 1h ), 7 . 39 - 7 . 36 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 78 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 62 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 90 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 88 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 66 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 72 - 2 . 64 ( m , 6h ); eims ( 70 ev ): m / z (%) 446 [ m ] + ( 100 ). nicotinic acid ( 865 mg , 7 mmol ) was heated under reflux with thionyl chloride ( 3 . 5 ml , 48 . 5 mmol ) for 1 hour . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure . an off - white solid was formed and the product was used immediately for the next step . boldine ( 1 g , 3 . 1 mmol ), nicotinoyl chloride ( 1 g , 7 . 1 mmol ), et 3 n ( 1 . 3 ml , 9 . 3 mmol ) and toluene ( 12 ml ) were added into a 100 ml round bottom flask . the mixture was stirred at 80 ° c . for 17 hours and the reaction progress was monitored by silica tlc . after removing the salt by filtration , the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was partitioned with water ( 75 ml ) and dichloromethane ( 75 ml × 3 ), and the organic layers were collected . the organic layer was dried with anhydrous mgso 4 and then filtered . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel : 230 - 400 mesh 50 g , mobile phase : meoh / ch 2 cl 2 = 1 / 8 , v / v ) to obtain compound 7 , r f 0 . 58 ( meoh / ch 2 cl 2 = 1 / 6 , v / v ); physical data were as follows : mp : 110 - 113 ° c . ( meoh ); ir ( kbr ) v max : 2955 , 1744 , 1589 , 1421 , 1273 , 1096 cm − 1 ; 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od , 400 mhz ): δ9 . 25 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 9 . 19 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 77 ( dd , j = 5 . 1 , 1 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 74 ( dd , j = 5 . 0 , 1 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 53 - 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 47 - 8 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 60 - 7 . 54 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 73 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 52 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 15 - 2 . 46 ( m , 7h ); esi - ms ( 30 v ): m / z (%) 538 [ m + h ] + , 106 ( 100 ). an ethanolic solution of the stable nitrogen centered free radical 1 , 1 - diphenyl - 2 - picrylhydrazyl ( dpph , 100 μm ) was incubated with the test compounds ( 10 − 8 - 10 − 4 m ) in 94 - well plates , and then mixed thoroughly in a light - proof environment at room temperature . after 30 min , the absorbance ( o . d .) was monitored spectrophotometrically at 517 nm . the activity in inhibiting free radical dpph results in the decrease of absorbance . the experimental results show that the test compounds 1 - 2 exhibit activity in free radical scavenging of dpph at a concentration larger than about 10 − 5 m , as shown in fig1 . the assay was executed with reference to the method described in biochem biophys res commun . 1986 ; 135 ( 3 ): 1015 - 1021 . the assay conditions are shown as follows , and the results are shown in table 1 . ( f ) incubation buffer : 0 . 25 m potassium phosphate , ph 7 . 4 , 0 . 1 mm edta in order to evaluate the effect of test compounds in scavenging hydrophilic peroxy radical , the experiment was executed with reference to the method described by tsuchiya et al . ( methods enzymol 1992 ; 213 : 460 - 472 ). in the experiment , peroxides will react with fluorescent substances and thus inflect observed fluorescence intensity . thereby , the effect of test compounds in free radical scavenging can be evaluated by measuring the variation of the fluorescence intensity after the addition of test compounds . first , to a silicate tube was added a phosphate solution ( 2 ml , ph 7 . 4 ), followed by the addition of β - phycoerythrin ( 5 nm ) to increase relative fluorescence intensity . after 5 minutes , 2 , 2 ′- azobis ( 2 - amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride ( 25 mm , aaph ) was added therein . subsequently , through a fluorescent spectrometry ( shimadzu rf - 5301pc , japan ), the fluorescence intensity of β - phycoerythrin was measured by excitation at 540 nm and emission at 570 nm . then , the test compounds ( 5 × 10 − 6 m ) was further added therein to observe the variation of the fluorescence intensity , in which 0 . 1 % dmso was taken as a control group . the results are shown in fig2 . the experimental results show that the test compounds 1 - 2 can protect β - phycoerythin from peroxy radical aaph — induced damage , and thus delay β - phycoerythin fluorescence degradation . thereby , it can be confirmed that the test compounds 1 - 2 exhibit activity in free radical scavenging of apph . the vascular smooth muscle cells of rats ( 2 × 10 4 cells / ml × 1 ml ) were quantitatively seeded in 24 - well plates , and cultured in dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle medium ( dmem ) with 10 % fetal bovine serum ( fbs ) for 24 hours to achieve cell adhesion . after cell adhesion , the dmem medium with 10 % fetal bovine serum was replaced with a fresh dmem medium with 0 . 1 % fetal bovine serum to perform cell culture for 48 hours . next , the test compounds were added in the cultures ( final concentration : 0 . 1 , 1 , 10 μm ). after 30 minutes , h 2 o 2 ( 200 μm ) was added therein to perform reaction for 24 hours in an incubator . subsequently , in a light - proof environment , mtt ( 100 μl ) was added into each well to perform reaction at 37 ° c . for 3 hours . the supernatant liquor was removed and then isopropanol ( 500 μl ) was added , followed by shaking for 10 minutes . after standing for 10 minutes , supernatant liquor ( 200 μl ) was transferred into 96 - well plates . finally , the absorbance values ( o . d .) were monitored at 540 nm ( od540 ) and 630 nm ( od630 ). based on the measured absorbance values ( od540 - od630 ), the effect of these test compounds on cell growth can be evaluated , as shown in fig3 . after h 2 o 2 of various concentration and vascular smooth muscle cells of rats were maintained in the incubator to perform reaction for 24 hours at 37 ° c ., concentration - dependent cytotoxicity by h 2 o 2 was observed , in which h 2 o 2 of a concentration larger than 100 μm resulted in cell death . after these test compounds of various concentration ( compounds 1 and 2 ) reacted with vascular smooth muscle cells of rats for 30 minutes followed by adding h 2 o 2 ( 200 μm ) to perform reaction for 24 hours , it can be found that h 2 o 2 ( 200 μm ) significantly caused the decrease of cell number (# p & lt ; 0 . 05 ), the test compound 2 ( 10 μm ) can slightly inhibit h 2 o 2 to damage vascular smooth muscle cells and the test compound 1 ( 10 μm ) can significantly inhibit h 2 o 2 to damage vascular smooth muscle cells and thereby increase cells survival rate (** p & lt ; 0 . 01 ). in view of the results of test examples 1 - 4 , it can be confirmed that the compounds provided by the present invention are effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidase , exerting the free radical scavenging activities and protecting blood vessel smooth muscle cells and thus can reduce the oxidative stress that contribute to hypercholesterolemia , atherosclerosis , hypertension , diabetes , and heart failure etc ., and ischemic cerebral diseases , including ischemic cerebral thrombosis , ischemic cerebral embolism , hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy etc . although the present invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment , it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed .
the present invention discloses novel aporphine derivatives . also , the present invention discloses that these novel aporphine derivatives can be used for treating oxidative stress induced diseases such as cardiovascular disease , diabetes , aging , alzheimer &# 39 ; s disease , kidney disease , cancer or brain ischemic disease etc .