fig7 and 8 show an intraocular lens comprising the lens proper ( the “ optic ”) 50 and a pair of haptics 52 . the optic is a lamina , i . e . roughly plate - shaped , so that its diameter ( assuming a circular profile ) is much greater than its thickness , especially at the edges . extending from each haptic at a point part - way along its length is a lug 54 . the lugs are configured in this example as shown in , e . g ., fig9 ( a ) and have a neck 56 and a head 58 and are of one piece with the respective haptics . the lugs extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane 53 of the lamina . in one example of its use , the lens is inserted into the capsule of the eye through a capsulotomy previous made in the eye and is secured to the capsule by inserting each lug through a void made in the capsule by suitable means . in this respect convenient use can be made of the modern femtosecond pulsed laser technique , which enables voids of very accurate size and location to be made in the capsule by laser - pulse photoablation along a predetermined boundary . this means that the lens can be produced as a standard item with the lugs 54 disposed at a standard distance apart from each other and from the optical centre of the optic , leaving it up to the surgeon to form voids of the correct location and size in the capsule to suit this standard distance . the head 58 of the lugs is preferably , but not necessarily , mushroom - shaped ( see fig9 ( a ) ), which facilitates the insertion of the lug into the void made in the capsule . by contrast the surface 60 of the head behind the mushroom surface is desirably linear , to discourage the lug from coming out of the void of its own accord . thus , the void will normally be a through - hole of a diameter approximately equal to that of the neck of the lug . in addition , the neck of the lug will normally be of a length approximately the same as , but preferably somewhat greater than the anticipated thickness of the capsule wall ( which is approximately 20 micrometers ). a typical range of values for the length of the neck is 30 to 50 micrometers and for the diameter of the neck is 100 to 500 micrometers . the profile of the lugs may be other than mushroom - shaped , provided it allows relatively easy insertion of the lugs into the voids in the capsule wall . thus , the lug may have a “ t ”- shaped cross - section , as shown in fig9 ( b ) . a preferred variant of this “ t ” profile is fig9 ( c ) , in which the outer edge is chamfered , making it easier to insert . also , while the inclusion of a head is to be preferred , for the reason given in the preceding paragraph , it is not absolutely essential . thus , the invention also envisages the use of a lug as shown in fig9 ( d ) or fig9 ( e ) . in fig9 ( d ) the lug consists of just the neck , which has a square top . a variant of this , similar to that shown in fig9 ( c ) , is a rounded - top version illustrated in fig9 ( e ) . where the lug is headless , it may be expedient to ensure a fairly tight fit between the lug and the capsule void , in order to discourage migration of the implant away from the capsule . as regards the profile of the lugs in plan view ( view orthogonal to the sectional view of fig9 ), this is preferably circular , though other profiles may also be suitable . a second embodiment of the implant in accordance with the invention is illustrated in fig1 and 11 . here the implant has no haptics , but consists of the optic 70 plus a peripheral section 72 , which is a simple extension of the edge of the optic 70 . the radial width of the extension will be at least sufficient to accommodate the lugs and to ensure that the voids made in the capsule are reasonably remote from the lip of the capsulotomy . four lugs 74 protrude from , and are of one piece with , the peripheral section , being substantially equidistantly spaced around the peripheral section . the lugs 74 are configured as in the first embodiment ( see fig9 ). this implant is smaller than that of the first embodiment , since no haptics are present . this means that the incision to be made in the eye , in order to introduce the implant into the eye , can be made smaller , with a smaller wound and leading to a faster recovery of the patient and less induced astigmatism . when the implant is located adjacent to the inside of a capsulotomy made in the anterior part of the capsule ( an “ anterior capsulotomy ”)— this location is called the “ bag fixated ” location — the lugs will face toward the front of the eye . this situation applies to the first embodiment , since it assumes the use of haptics , and also to the second embodiment . in addition the lugs can be placed on the posterior side of the device and be fixated in the bag using posterior facing lugs and voids in the posterior capsule . there may or may not be a posterior capsulotomy separate from the voids to receive the lugs . in addition , where the implant of the second embodiment is located adjacent to the outside of the anterior capsulotomy ( the “ sulcus fixated ” location ), the lugs will be facing toward the back of the eye . the reverse will apply where the implant is located adjacent the inside or outside of a posterior capsulotomy . examples of the above - described first and second embodiments are shown in fig1 - 19 . fig1 shows a side view of a lens without haptics located within a capsular bag . the lugs 80 are anterior - facing , i . e . facing toward the front of the eye , and are engaged with holes 82 created in the anterior wall of the bag 84 . an anterior capsulotomy 86 can also be seen . fig1 shows a front view of this arrangement , though with a somewhat wider capsulotomy 86 than that shown in fig1 . a similar configuration , but involving a lens with haptics , is shown in fig1 and 15 . the lens itself is shown in fig1 , while the lens in the bag is shown in fig1 . this time the lugs 90 are situated further away from the centre of the lens 92 and therefore engage with holes 94 located further away from the anterior capsulotomy 96 . fig1 depicts a side view of a lens 100 with haptics 102 and posterior - facing lugs 104 , which engage with holes 106 made in the posterior wall 108 of the bag . also shown is an anterior capsulotomy 110 . fig1 and 18 are top and front views , respectively , of a lens 120 located in the capsular bag 122 , in which the lens has haptics 124 and posterior - facing lugs 126 inserted into posterior capsular voids . this time a capsulotomy 128 , 130 has been made in both the anterior and posterior walls of the capsule . incidentally , fig1 shows , for clarity , a copy of fig1 , but with reduced dimensions to align with the diameter of the capsular bag shown in fig1 . finally , an example of a hapticless lens 140 having posterior - facing lugs 142 engaging posterior voids is shown in fig1 . the capsular bag has an anterior capsulotomy 144 . the use of the lugs in these two embodiments has the following advantages : the implant can be reliably and repeatedly placed at a desired position in the x - y plane vis - à - vis the capsule ; the implant can be very securely attached to the capsule ; the implant can be fixed at a desired rotational orientation , which is required where the lens has an asymmetrical optic ( e . g . where there is variable optical power in the lens or where there is a toric optic ); since the implant can be held firmly against the capsule by the lugs ( via the mushroom head ), the implant can be made to have a well defined placement in the z - direction ( see fig8 ), which enables a reliable definition of the optical power of the implant to be obtained . instead of using only one lens as an implant , it may be necessary to employ a multi - lens design . examples of such a design are illustrated and discussed in us 2003 / 0130732 mentioned earlier , the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the multiple lens form a unit and are secured to the capsule via either anterior - facing or posterior - facing lugs . alternatively , both anterior and posterior facing lugs may be provided on respective front and back lenses , these lugs engaging with voids made in the anterior and posterior walls of the lens capsule . in another example embodiment of the invention , the implant is not a lens , but a plug , blank or bung . such an implant is not required to have any refractive power , but serves merely to close a fenestration or other aperture in the capsule . an example of this is shown in fig2 . indeed , fig2 shows two examples of different diameter , depending on the size of the fenestration to be closed . it can be seen that this implant is flat and therefore has no optical power . furthermore , the lugs in this situation are not required to accurately establish the rotational position of the implant ( which would be the case with an asymmetrical lens ), but merely to secure the plug to the capsule . the plug may or may not be opaque , depending on the location of the aperture being closed . a specific example of a plug in use with a capsule is not shown in the drawings . however , a typical scenario is as shown in fig1 , in which the lens was replaced by a plug such as shown in fig2 . the lugs engage with holes in one wall of the bag and block off an opening or fenestration , which might be larger than or smaller than the capsulotomy shown as item 86 in fig1 . fenestrations that might be closed off using the plug are , for example , fenestrations introduced into the capsule in order to facilitate the entry of an instrument for evacuating the lens material . in this respect , femtosecond lasers are often used to cut the lens into very small cubes or slices , so that they can be evacuated through a small - bore instrument or cannula . the cannula can be introduced into the capsule through such a fenestration . in addition , the plug can be used to provide tectonic support , in order to keep compartments in the eye physically separate . it is also useful as a means of preventing silicone oil from moving forward into the anterior segment of the eye . the plug may also be used to close or block a capsulotomy to inhibit vitreous prolapse . although a total of two lugs are shown in some embodiments and four in others , there may be as many lugs as there are haptics in the embodiment having haptics ( there may also be fewer lugs than haptics ), and fewer than , or more than , four lugs in the second . a criterion for selecting the number of lugs is to ensure a secure fixing of the implant to the capsule . also , it should be appreciated that the haptics shown in the example embodiment are representative only , and may take many other shapes . the lugs , though shown as being unitary with the haptics or the lens extension , may instead be separate items , which are attached by suitable means to the haptics or extension in order to allow the lens optic to move or flex for accommodating lens designs . for flexible extensions a common material is silicone . the lugs may be constructed from silicone or acrylic material , as is common with current intraocular lens implants as well as other materials . similarly , while the implant , apart from the haptics , has been shown in the drawings as being essentially circular in shape , it may take any shape corresponding to the capsule opening against which it is to be located . thus , where the implant is a lens , it may be oval or elliptical in shape , for example , instead of circular . although the use of the implant of the present invention has been described in connection with cataract surgery , alternative uses are envisaged . thus , the implant can be also be employed in surgical procedures for treating myopia , hyperopia , astigmatism or presbyopia ( refractive lens exchange surgery ) or used in procedures where the natural lens is left in place and an implant lens is also inserted . the foregoing description has been given by way of example only and it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention .
an intraocular implant for use in a surgical procedure such as a cataract operation , or in a refractive - lens exchange surgery procedure , has a main portion and a peripheral portion peripheral to the main portion . the main portion is plate - like in shape and may be a lens or a plug for closing an aperture in the capsule of the eye . the implant has two or more lugs extending from the peripheral portion in a direction substantially perpendicular to a plane of the main portion . the lugs extend either from haptics , which protrude from the main portion , or from a short extension of the edge of the main portion . a method for fixing the implant into the eye involves making two or more voids in the capsule wall , offering up the implant to the capsule , so that the lugs lie adjacent to the voids , and inserting the lugs into the voids .