fig1 shows how an arcuate osteotomy is made . the bone 10 has an angular deformity , as indicated by its crook or bend . to correct this , an arcuate cut 11 is made which extends partially across the width of bone 10 ( i . e ., from left to right in the figure ). the arc extends from one side ( the left side in fig1 ) across about 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 the width of the bone . alternatively , the arc can be centrally located in the bone , and extend from a separate cut to the left side of the bone as shown in fig1 and 12b of my previous u . s . pat . no . 4 , 502 , 474 . a wedge 12 of the bone is cut , adjacent the arc 11 and extending to the other ( right ) side of the bone , along two wedge - forming cuts 14 and 15 . ( the width of the kerf in the bone is exaggerated in the drawings for purposes of illustration .) the second wedge - forming cut 15 not yet made , is indicated by the parallel phantom lines . after wedge 12 has been removed , the two segments of bone ( the portions above and below the cut in fig1 ), are realigned by closing the gap left by removal of the wedge so that the faces of the cuts 14 and 15 are facially engaged with one another , and the bone is permitted to knit in this new orientation for correcting the angular deformation . the amount of deformation to be removed depends , of course , on the extent of the deformation in the particular case . it can be seen by reference to fig1 that the apex angle 16 of the wedge - shaped piece 12 directly controls the degree of realignment of the bone segments . in practice , the physician measures the degree of deformation of the bone , e . g . 7 °, and cuts out a wedge - shaped piece having that same angularity , as nearly as possible . the apex angle 16 of the wedge - shaped piece 12 should correspond closely to the amount of deformation it is desired to remove . thus it is important to determine the angulation of the wedge in advance , and to make the cuts 14 and 15 so that they exactly form a wedge of that angle . once arc 11 and cut 14 have been made , the bone is severed , which would make it difficult to position the second cut 15 exactly . the guide 18 of this invention , shown in fig2 and 3 , makes it possible to make the cuts more accurately . the guide 18 , called an x - guide because of the x shape that is formed by two intersecting slots , comprises a body 19 having a pivot leg 20 , an arm 21 extending from leg 20 , and a cross arm 22 which extends transversely across arm 21 , roughly at its midpoint . a slot 24 in cross arm 22 is a main , arcuate slot ; in the embodiment shown , the slot 26 in arm 21 is a second , straight slot . as shown in fig1 and 14 , the second slot can if desired be an arcuate slot , in order to form &# 34 ; wedges &# 34 ; having arcuate rather than straight sides , as in fig1 . as used herein , the word wedge is intended to mean the excised section of bone whether or not its sides converge . the arcuate main slot 24 is used to guide a saw blade to form arcuate cut 11 ; the second slot 26 is used to guide a saw blade in making the first and second wedge - forming cuts 14 and 15 . arcuate slot 24 is formed at a specific radius of curvature about a pivot opening 29 in pivot leg 20 . thus each guide is specific for making a cut of given radius of curvature . different sizes of guides must be used to make arcs of different radii . a scale 28 , which may be calibrated in degrees , is provided on cross arm 22 to indicate the angular distance about pivot point 29 , from slot 26 to points along cross slot 24 . fig3 illustrates the manner in which the x - guide 18 is used to perform an arcuate osteotomy . the guide 18 is positioned on bone 10 and a bone pin 30 is inserted through pivot opening 29 so that the guide will swing about that point , and arcuate slot 24 overlies the position at which the arcuate cut is to be made . ( a cap or stop , not shown , may be provided on the bone pin to prevent the guide from jumping off the pin .) the blade used to make the arcuate cut may be an oscillating saw of the type known per se , or a thin straight saw of the type known per se , or preferably a curved saw having cutting teeth along its leading edge as best shown in fig5 and 9 and described hereinafter . the blade is passed through the arcuate slot 24 , and the saw is engaged with the bone to cut it . this cut may be made completely through the bone . after the arcuate cut has been formed to the desired circumferential length , the cut is stopped and the blade removed . the first wedge cut 14 is made using second slot 26 . if this slot and cut are straight as in the fig3 embodiment , a straight or planar blade will be used for the straight cut . for this purpose the saw blade is guided along straight slot 14 , from the side of the bone opposite arcuate cut 11 , into that cut . to make this first wedge - forming cut it is desirable that the saw not cut completely through the bone to sever it , that is , that the cut be only a partial cut and the bone remain joined rigidly by a web of bone below or at the inner end of the cut . once the first wedge cut partially through the bone has been performed , the guide is then swung the desired angular distance ( number of degrees ) around pin 30 , so that slot 26 overlies the position intended for cut 15 , and that second wedge cut is made . in order to position the second cut exactly , it is preferred to use a zero locator pin of the type shown in fig4 . the zero locator consists of an elongated locator pin 35 which has a flag 36 projecting from it . the flag may be planar , curved or flexible to be received in the first wedge cut 14 . the lower end 37 of pin 35 is inserted through the intersection of the two cuts , through slots 24 and 26 , and into the end of the first wedge cut 14 , as shown in fig3 . flag 36 is elevated either above or below the guide so that the pin can track in slot 24 as the guide is swung past it . the flag thus indicates the position of the end of the first cut ( which otherwise might not be visible ). as the guide is rotated about pin 30 , the angular movement of slot 26 relative to the first wedge - forming cut is indicated on scale 28 . the guide is clamped , pinned , or held in this position and the second wedge - forming cut 15 is made by guiding the saw blade along slot 26 . unlike the first wedge - forming cut , this second cut can be a through cut ( if the first cut had been a through cut the bone would have been cut in two and it would be much more difficult to lay out and cut a wedge of predetermined angle ). once the second wedge cut 15 has been made , the guide can then be removed , the saw reinserted in the partially sawn first cut 14 , that cut completed through the bone , and the wedge 12 removed . the two bone segments on opposite sides of the cut are then repositioned for knitting in accordance with known techniques . conventional arcuate osteotomy blades are toothed along the curved lower edge , and cut downwardly into the bone . while the method and guide described above do not require the use of a particular type of blade , i have also invented a blade which is especially convenient for making an arcuate cut such as that shown at 11 in fig1 . this blade 40 , shown in fig5 includes an elongated shank 41 for gripping by a linearly reciprocating saw 50 ( fig9 ), and a thin , arcuately curved blade 42 . blade 42 is cylindrically curved and has a radius of curvature which is perpendicular to its curved surface . the teeth of the blade are formed along the leading edge as designated at 43 , that is , parallel to the axis of blade curvature . this configuration is especially effective because the reciprocating movement of the blade lifts chips out of the cut , moreover , the cutting action and the arc of the cut itself is readily visible to the surgeon , yet the blade tracks accurately in the cut . referring to fig5 it should be noted that the shank 41 is positioned directly in line with the toothed leading edge 43 . the driving force of the saw motor , applied through shank 41 , is thus directly in line with the teeth . this untoothed shank portion is preferred because it provides better rigidity and minimizes the tendency of the blade to bend , twist or buckle in cutting , although the shank can alternatively be circumferentially offset from leading edge 43 . the shank can be set rearwardly of the blade , for example at the midpoint of the upper edge 46 . as mentioned previously , the blade is passed through the arcuate slot of the guide to make the cut 11 . the engagement of the saw teeth and the saw guide would of course tend to cut or at least abrade the guide as well as the bone . for that purpose it is desirable that there be an untoothed portion 48 along the leading edge , between the shank 41 and the teeth 43 , wherein the blade will pass through the guide without cutting . the amplitude of blade reciprocation is small , e . g ., about 0 . 10 - 0 . 13 inches . reciprocating motor drives specifically made for osteotomies , as designated at 50 in fig9 are available commercially , having a stroke with this approximate range . the toothless blade portion 48 should be slightly greater than the amplitude of the reciprocation . in order to provide a positive indication as to where the teeth are in relation to the guide and to avoid abrasion of the guide , a stop or limit 51 is preferably secured to or provided on the blade just below the guide . this may comprise a stop in the form of a u - shaped clamp 51 which is secured onto the blade over the cutting edge , or a band of resilient material ( such as an elastic ), placed on the blade once the blade has been inserted through the arcuate slot 24 . alternatively , the stop may be a crimp , detent or bump formed in the blade or shank . fig6 shows another aspect of the invention , in which a reciprocating saw blade ( which may be but is not necessarily , of the type designated by 40 in fig5 ) is held at vertically spaced positions by parallel swing arms , to swing along an arcuate path . this arrangement can be used instead of an x - guide 18 , for cutting an arc to a specific radius . the guide 55 comprises a main body post 56 from which vertically spaced arms 57 and 58 project parallel to one another , to provide upper and lower guides . ( the guides can alternatively be provided in a continuous body rather than on spaced arms .) post 56 has a socket 59 in which the head 62 of bone pin 30 is seated and secured as by a set screw 63 , or the post 56 can have an elongated axial bore to accommodate a long bone pin 30 . the saw blade used in this embodiment should have a rectangular or other non - circular shaft portion at 64 ( see fig7 ) which is received and guided in correspondingly shaped sleeve bearings in the arms 57 and 58 . the non - circular shape of the blade shaft portion 64 prevents the curved blade from turning in the arms . the distance between the pin 30 and the blade 40 should correspond to the radius of curvature of blade 40 . the provision of spaced bearings or guides maintains the blade in a constant vertical position so that a vertical , uniform curved cut such as arcuate cut 11 in fig1 can be formed , which will provide closely mating faces for bone regrowth . fig8 shows a related type of guide for forming arcuate cuts , which has &# 34 ; starter &# 34 ; slots for forming straight wedge - forming cuts at predetermined angles in relation to the arcuate cut . the guide 68 in fig8 has a pivot hole 69 for bone pin , a straight main slot 70 , and non - circular cutouts 71 ( in this instance , triangular in cross section ) for receiving non - circular shaft of a saw blade . wedge - forming cut locator slots 72 project angularly at each shaft guide . this guide does not guide the blade along the entire length of the wedge - forming slots , but rather merely indicates their orientation with respect to the arcuate cut around pivot 69 . alternately , one can use a reciprocating saw motor 50 mounted on a swing arm 75 which at its opposite or fixed end is secured to a bone pin 30 . as shown , the motor is fitted with an arcuate blade 40 , having a triangularly sectioned shaft 76 . the arc is formed as the blade swings around pin 30 . if using the x - guide 18 , the angular displacement between the first and second wedge - forming cuts 14 and 15 is measured , for example by reference to scale 28 on the guide ( fig2 ). it is also contemplated that the angular displacement can be measured electronically and digitized or displayed on a screen . this can be done by use of a potentiometer 80 or similar transducer having a rotatable shaft 81 which is mounted coaxially with bone pin 30 at pivot point 30 in fig1 as described in my u . s . pat . no . 4 , 664 , 102 . an end 83 of locator pin 35 is secured to the body of the potentiometer as by a strap or band 85 . the radial distance between the center of potentiometer shaft 81 and the center of locator pin 35 proportionately corresponds to the radius of arcuate slot 24 . fig1 and 12 show diagrammatically how a conventional wedge osteotomy ( having no arcuate cut ) is formed by use of the x - guide 18 . the pivot 29 of the guide is fixed to the bone as at pivot point 88 by means of a bone pin , and a first cut is made to demarcate one side 90 of a wedge by guiding a saw blade along the slot 26 of the guide . this cut can be made completely through the bone , with a thin portion or web 89 of bone at the inner end of the cut to hold the bone together against separating . the guide is then pivoted the desired number of degrees around point 88 , as indicated by a zero locator , and a second side 91 of the wedge is cut . the two cuts intersect at an apex 93 , thereby freeing a wedge - shaped piece 94 which is removed . it should be noted that the apex 93 is offset from pivot point 88 ; this is desirable because the hole for bone pin 30 does not tend to undercut or further weaker the bone at the apex , an area that tends to fracture on closing the gap made by wedge removal . fig1 illustrates the position of the guide for making the first cut in the wedge osteotomy of fig1 . as already noted , the wedge - forming cuts can be arcuate rather than straight . fig1 and 14 show the formation of such a wedge . for this purpose the second slot 95 of the guide is arcuate , as is the first slot 24 . the first cut 11 preferably is extended so that it begins to return toward the left side of the bone 10 , as seen in fig1 , thereby forming an undercut as at 97 . this tends to prevent bone separation during regrowth . at least one of the wedge - forming cuts extends to the end of the undercut on arc 11 .
a bone saw guide apparatus and method for positioning sequential saw cuts facilitates the cutting of a wedge of bone , in the correction of an angular bone deformity . an arcuate saw blade having a shaft which is parallel to its cutting edge provides greater blade strength and better control of the cut .