it has been experimentally determined that the amount of resistant starch that can be added to a product varies greatly depending on the type ( rs - iii , rs - ii , or rs - iv ) of the resistant starch being utilized . in extensive experiments it was found that : when rs - iii was used , then when the percentage of the final food product which is resistant to digestion (“ pffprd ”) was above around 11 %, creation of a product acceptable in organoleptic evaluation was unable to be made . somewhat acceptable results were obtained at around 7 % pffprd . when rs - ii was used , then when the pffprd was above around 20 % creation of a product acceptable in organoleptic evaluation was unable to be made . somewhat acceptable results were obtained at around 14 % pffprd . surprisingly when rs - iv was used , then even when the pffprd was as high as 60 % a product acceptable in organoleptic evaluation was readily obtained . another way at looking at this is seeing the percentage of the flour - component which is resistant (“ pfcr ”) to digestion as compared to the total flour component ( column d ). this percentage is stated in a different way in the prior art patents in table 2 , which typically give the percentage of the starch which is resistant to digestion ( second column ) and percentage of the flour - component which was replaced with starch ( third column ). these two factors were taken and multiplied to arrive at the percentage of the flour - component which is resistant to digestion ( fourth column ). in all the experiments cited in the existing patent literature , the pfcr was at most 23 . 5 %. when rs - iii was used , then when the pfcr was 30 %, creating a product acceptable in organoleptic evaluation was not possible . somewhat acceptable results were obtained at 15 % pfcr . when rs - ii was used , then when the pfcr was 60 % creating a product acceptable in organoleptic evaluation was not possible . somewhat acceptable results were obtained at 30 % pfcr . when rs - iv was used , then even when pfcr was 80 %, creation of a product acceptable in organoleptic evaluation was readily possible . the rationale behind this discovery seems to be that since rs - iii &# 39 ; s retrogradation destroys its granular structure : a ) rs - iii has a higher level of water absorption which makes it difficult to form into a dough , with textural issues when creating a dry product and not allowing the granules to fully swell ; and b ) the particles of rs - iii are irregular and amorphous , with no definite size or shape , resulting in a grainy texture in finished products in contrast , rs - ii maintains more of the granular structure , and therefore performs better in formulations . but since its granular structure is unprotected , it is often broken down to an extent in processing , resulting in similar negative effects to those observed in rs - iii . rs - iv has cross - links which provide a protective barrier not only against digestive enzymes ( amylase ), but also of the granular structure . this makes it the most workable and acceptable form for the products claimed in this patent . consequently , in accordance with the present invention and included there are all products utilizing rs - iv with a pffrd from 14 - 60 %, and / or a pfcr from 25 - 80 %. additionally , all products utilizing rs - ii with a pffrd from 14 - 20 % and / or a pfcr from 25 - 30 % are within the scope of the present invention . the resistant starches which were used for these experiments fit into three of the resistant starch categories described above , namely types ii , iii , and iv . fibersym 70 and fibersym 80 are type iv resistant starches derived from wheat and potato starches , with 70 % and 80 % resistant starch content , respectively , and are supplied by mgp ingredients , inc . gemstar r70 is also a type iv resistant starch derived from wheat starch with 70 % resistant starch content . it is manufactured by manildra group usa using an undisclosed process , which the manufacturer claims is not identical to that employed in the fibersym starches . novelose 260 is a type ii resistant starch with 60 % resistant starch , and novelose 330 is a type iii resistant starch with 30 % resistant starch . both of the novelose starches are derived from corn starch , and are supplied by national starch and chemical company . actistar 11700 is a type iii resistant starch derived from tapioca starch ( maltodextrin ), with 50 % resistant starch content , and is supplied by cargill inc . other non - resistant starches used as controls in the experiments include unmodified potato and corn starches . unmodified potato and corn starches exhibit low water binding capacity , of about 91 % and 95 % their weight in water , respectively . these starches also leach significant quantities of amylose , and to a higher degree in corn starch than in potato . the chemical treatment undergone by fibersym 70 and fibersym 80 to become partially resistant to digestion allows the granular structure of the starch to remain intact , except for some minor shrinkage , resulting in the maintenance of a low water binding capacity , of about 70 % and 80 % their weight in water , for fibersym 70 and fibersym 80 respectively . additionally , the processing reduces the amount of amylose leakage from the granules . the gemstar r70 performs similarly to the fibersym . novelose 260 ( rs type ii ) is considered a “ natural ” resistant starch , and its granular structure is unaffected during the processing . its water binding capacity is somewhat elevated , however , since it is able to bind 115 % of its weight . by contrast , in novelose 330 ( rs type iii ) the entire starch , even the enzyme - susceptible component , is altered during processing through thermal retrogradation , and the entire granular structure is lost . its water binding capacity increases to 200 % of its weight . actistar 11700 performs similar to the novelose 330 . olean is an indigestible oil ( sucrose polyester ) supplied by the procter & amp ; gamble company , and approved by the fda for use in fried snack products , such as the crisp experiments described below . these experiments were conducted by combining and blending the dry ingredients thoroughly , in the order given below . the wet ingredients were then combined in the order given below and added to the dry ingredients . water was added until it formed an acceptable batter . in cases where too much water was added , additional starch was added to compensate , as recorded below . the dough was then formed into 10 flattened circular cookies 1 . 5 - inches in diameter ( similar to standard “ nilla ” wafers ), placed onto a greased cookie sheet , and baked at 375 fahrenheit until lightly browned . the exact baking time is recorded below . some experiments employed quantities of standard unbleached all - purpose wheat flour in addition to the starch . those experiments , and the quantities of flour used , are indicated in the flour quantity column . all material units are in grams and times are in minutes . summary : using the fibersym 80 product , which contains the highest percentage of resistant starch , and provides a very acceptable product , the final product provides 2 . 66 calories per gram on a dry weight basis , well within the range of 1 to 3 . 25 calories per gram of the present invention . these experiments were conducted by combining and blending the dry ingredients thoroughly , in the order given below . the wet ingredients were then combined in the order given below and added to the dry ingredients . water was added until it formed an acceptable batter . the amount of water is variable , and is recorded below . the batter was then poured into a greased loaf pan , and baked at 350 degrees fahrenheit for at least 15 minutes . batter was too dry with 20 g water , so upped to was wet and gummy after 15 , so put back in for summary : using the fibersym 80 product , which contains the highest percentage of resistant starch , and provides a very acceptable product , the final product provides 2 . 39 calories per gram on a dry weight basis , within the range of 1 to 3 . 25 calories per gram of the present invention . these experiments were conducted by combining the starch and salt with 3 g of vital wheat gluten and 15 g of water . additional gluten and water were added in 1 g and 2 g increments ( respectively ) until the dough attained an appropriate machineable consistency . the dough was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to achieve a uniform thickness , cut into strips , baked for 12 minutes at 375 degrees fahrenheit , and fried in olean for 1 minute at 375 fahrenheit . these experiments were conducted by combining the starch and salt with 3 g of vital wheat gluten and 15 g of water . additional gluten and water were added in 1 g and 2 g increments ( respectively ) until the dough attained an appropriate machineable consistency . the dough was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to achieve a uniform thickness , cut into strips , baked for 10 minutes at 375 degrees fahrenheit , and fried in olean for 30 seconds at 375 fahrenheit . summary : using the fibersym 80 product , which contains the highest percentage of resistant starch , provides a very acceptable product , the product , prior to frying in olean , provides 1 . 15 calories per gram on a dry weight basis , within the range of 1 to 3 . 25 calories per gram of the present invention . since olean contributes no calories , but some weight , the final product would provide even fewer calories . the actual number is unknown , due to the difficulties inherent in estimating olean uptake , but it is estimated to be at least as low as 1 calorie per gram . all of the ingredients were combined and kneaded for 5 minutes . the dough was then formed into a ball and allowed to rest for 5 minutes . it was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to a uniform thickness , cut into strips , and hung to dry for 8 hours . finally the pasta was boiled in water for 5 - 10 minutes , until al dente . several unsuccessful attempts were then made to salvage the novelose 260 version all of the ingredients were combined and kneaded for 5 minutes . water was added as demanded by the consistency of the dough . the dough was then formed into a ball and allowed to rest for 5 minutes . it was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to a uniform thickness , cut into strips , and left to dry in the air for 10 minutes . finally the pasta was boiled in water for 5 - 10 minutes , until al dente . these experiments were conducted by combining the fibersym 80 and salt with 3 g of vital wheat gluten and 15 g of water . additional gluten and water were added in 1 g increments until the dough attained an appropriate machineable consistency . the dough was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to achieve a uniform thickness , cut into strips , baked for 10 minutes at 375 degrees fahrenheit , and fried in olean for 30 seconds at 375 fahrenheit . these experiments were conducted by combining the all of the ingredients except for the potato flakes ( when present in the experiment ) and an amount of water equal to the weight of the potato flakes called for in the experiment ( i . e ., 5 g of water for 5 g of flakes , 10 g of water for 10 g of flakes ). the dough was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to achieve a uniform thickness . at this point the potato flakes were lightly combined with the corresponding amount of water and worked into the dough . additional water was added in 0 . 5 g increments until the dough attained an appropriate machineable consistency . the dough was then cut into strips , baked for the specified number of minutes at 375 degrees fahrenheit , and fried in olean for 30 seconds at 375 fahrenheit . the most successful version of the standard pasta was adapted with flavoring , using the same procedures as above . all of the ingredients were combined and kneaded for 5 minutes . the dough was then formed into a ball and allowed to rest for 5 minutes . it was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to a uniform thickness , cut into strips , and hung to dry for 8 hours . finally the pasta was boiled in water for 5 - 10 minutes , until al dente . the dough in this experiment was rolled through a hand - operated double roller to achieve a uniform thickness , cut into strips , baked for 15 minutes at 325 degrees fahrenheit , turned over , and baked for an additional 3 minutes again at 325 degrees fahrenheit . all of the ingredients were combined and kneaded for 5 minutes . water was added as demanded by the consistency of the dough . the dough was then formed into a ball and allowed to rest for 5 minutes . it was then rolled through a hand - operated double roller to a uniform thickness and cut into thin strips . at this point , the experiment was optionally boiled in water for 2 . 5 minutes ( indicated in chart ). all experiments were then deep - fried in vegetable oil at 375 fahrenheit for 1 . 5 minutes . finally , the noodles were placed in styrofoam cup which was then filled with boiling water , covered , and allowed to sit for 5 minutes . it is understood that the above examples are illustrative of the present invention and that changes may be made may be made in ingredients , formulations , processing and the like without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims
a method of making a starch based food product selected from baked goods , breads , cakes , cereals , pasta , and pastries , and having 1 to 3 . 25 calories per gram , on a dry weight basis . the method comprises the step of mixing a type iv resistant starch with ingredients of the food product , in a sufficient amount wherein a total dietary fiber content of the prepared food product , arising from the type iv resistant starch , comprises 14 - 60 % of the prepared food product , by weight , after subsequent preparing of the prepared food product at the temperature of at least 100 ° c . the food product is prepared for consumption at the temperature of at least 100 ° c .