in embodiments disclosed herein , there is disclosed an apparatus , a system , and a method for delivering drugs to an animal by insufflation . in an exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig1 - 7 , there is disclosed an insufflation apparatus with an interactive system and methods for administering intratracheal aerosols to small animals , including mice and rats . the apparatus 10 can be used to deliver aerosols in dry powder , suspension , or in liquid form . in one embodiment , the apparatus 10 can be used to insufflate , for example , mice , or sprague - dawley rats with dry powder aerosols for delivering test drug formulations in research and development , and for use in small animal practice in veterinary medicine , including , dogs , cats , guinea pigs , hamsters , monkeys , and the like . in this embodiment and illustrated in fig1 , the insufflation apparatus 10 comprises a stand , a platform 14 ( fig2 a and 2b ) for positioning an animal , including a mouse or a rat , a movable adjustable retainer 9 , a data acquisition system ( not shown ), a strap 13 comprising a sensor 15 such as an accelerometer and / or microphone , a solenoid 17 adapted to a small volume air pump 16 ( fig3 ), and a unit - dose reusable insufflation device ( fig5 ) to disperse pre - metered masses of powder from a powder reservoir adapted with a cannula 28 . in this embodiment , the apparatus comprises a sensor 18 such as microphone and an accelerometer 19 to monitor breathing signals , including , sound signals , air flow , chest or diaphragm distention signals , and the like . in some embodiments , the apparatus may comprise a single sensor or multiple sensors , which can be used to detect different types of signals from the animal and include , but are not limited to , transducers , strain gauges , pressure gauges , or thermistors . fig4 is a schematic representation of an embodiment herewith , and illustrates an example of the physical and / or electronic interactions between various components of apparatus 10 , wherein apparatus 10 comprises two sensors , a first sensor which can be an accelerometer 19 for detecting distension of the abdomen , and a second sensor , for example , a miniature microphone 19 for detecting breathing sounds generated from the breathing cycles of an animal . in this embodiment , both types of signals generated from the first sensor 18 and second sensor 19 are relayed to a data acquisition board 22 , which receives the different types of signals and streams them to a software interface comprising real - time breathing monitoring analysis and processing capabilities of an animal &# 39 ; s breathing cycles . apparatus 10 is controlled with software algorithms to correlate characteristic electrical signals from the sensors to the animal &# 39 ; s breathing . fig4 also shows that output signals from data acquisition board 22 are sent to an automated pump controller 26 to actuate solenoid 17 adapted to syringe pump 16 to automatically actuate the solenoid when an insufflation maneuver is needed to administer a dose during a test or treatment procedure . in this and other embodiments , the actuation of the air pump 16 by solenoid 17 can also be controlled to exert constant or varying force levels based on selection of hardware and software algorithm features . in one embodiment , the trigger of the automated air pump 16 is controlled by an executable algorithm and can then be actuated at any point in the breathing cycle . this will allow for triggering of the pump offset from a feature within the breathing cycle or in a manner predictive of inhale , exhale , or other marker in the breathing cycle . in this embodiment , the optimal actuation is expected to be upon start of an animal &# 39 ; s inhalation period . in one embodiment , aerosol delivery will occur in a single or multiple short bursts and during a single , or multiple consecutive , or non - consecutive inhalations depending on the dose and the animal . in an exemplary embodiment as disclosed in fig1 through 5 , fig1 illustrates an animal stand 12 , 14 , and a solenoid 17 driven hand pump 16 . fig2 provides a close - up of the animal stand pictured in fig1 comprising : platform 14 , an animal retaining adjustable bar device 9 and animal strap 13 comprising sensor 19 . in this particular embodiment , animal stand 14 comprises a microphone slide 20 and bracket 21 , microphone 18 , hanging wire and neck support post 9 , adjustable strap 13 mounts and the strap with accelerometer 19 mounted to it . in this embodiment , the rat is meant to hang from wire 9 by its incisors , and the neck post provides support and alignment for the rear of the animal &# 39 ; s neck . the strap 13 and accelerometer 19 are designed to be positioned over the diaphragm on the chest - abdomen area to detect the animal &# 39 ; s breathing cycles . microphone 18 is positioned near the animal &# 39 ; s nose , to be able to monitor its breathing cycles . data is collected from microphone 18 and accelerometer 19 by analog ports on data acquisition board 22 , and an executable algorithm is run which converts both the accelerometer and microphone signals into information describing the animal &# 39 ; s breathing pattern . fig2 b is the embodiment of fig2 a comprising an adaptor for in vitro studies of the insufflation apparatus and comprising a balloon positioned in the center of the adaptor and connected to an air pump which inflates the balloon at predetermine intervals to simulate breathing patterns of a small animal . in one embodiment , the air pump is automatically controlled by a computer program . fig3 is a drawing of an embodiment , which provides a close - up or more detailed view of the automated pump embodiment in fig1 . the automated air pump assembly 16 comprises an adjustable spring return hand pump , a solenoid mounting cylinder 17 and a solenoid 24 . in one embodiment , the discharge volume of hand pump 16 can be adjusted to volumes less than the animal &# 39 ; s regular or tidal breathing volume to reduce over - pressurizing the animal &# 39 ; s lung during an insufflation procedure . for a small animal , the air pump can discharge volumes less than 5 ml , less than 3 ml , less than 2 ml , or less than 1 ml , depending on the animal to be insufflated . in one embodiment , the volume of pressurized air delivered by syringe pump 16 is from about 0 . 25 ml to about 1 . 5 ml , or from about 1 to 1 . 5 ml . in some embodiments , larger volumes greater than 3 ml of air can be delivered depending on the animal and the size of the dose to be administered . in one embodiment , the syringe pump is driven by solenoid assembly , which generates results in a repeatable manner and consistent force profile , since force is applied in a consistent manner . the automated air pump assembly in use provides a reduction in air volume required in typical insufflators to deliver the contents of a dose from the insufflation device , thus limiting dose content blow back post insufflation . fig4 specificaly depicts a block diagram showing the sequence required for automation . in this embodiment , the apparatus 10 can be activated by pushing the run button on the software interface . the actuation trigger of apparatus 10 begins the collection of signals from both the accelerometer 19 and microphone 18 . the analog signal from accelerometer 19 is processed before data acquisition board 22 . analog signals from each sensor 18 , 19 are transmitted to the data acquisition board 22 , which then transmits the signals to the software in a computer or plc for additional processing and real time analysis . using the software set of instructions , the signals from each sensor 18 and 19 are converted into signals describing the breathing pattern of the animal with relevant parameters , for example , duration of inhale , duration of exhale , breaths per minute , change in breathing rate , tidal volume , and the like . the computer software 29 instructions enables the rapid identification of the start of the animal &# 39 ; s inhalation maneuver , and thus allows for the actuation of the pump and discharge of the drug liquid , suspension or powder prior to the end of a single inhalation . in some embodiments , if the quantity of drug exceeds a volume that can be administered in one inhalation , it is possible to administer the drug by a predetermined number of consecutive inhalations , or at predetermine intervals that can skip one or more inhalations . as previously stated , the insufflation system can be used to administer liquids , suspensions and dry powders by intratracheal insufflation . fig5 depicts an embodiment of a single dose reusable insufflation device 30 , which can be adapted to apparatus 10 in series with air pump 16 for use with a small animal such as a rodent insufflation system . in this embodiment , the insufflation device 30 can be designed to administer various types of composition , including dry powders and comprises a substantially cylindrical body in the form of a syringe 30 . in one embodiment , insufflation device 30 can connect to automated air pump 16 by a short tube 17 a . the device can be made of materials , including metal to alleviate static effects on the drug composition being insufflated . the insufflation device 30 further comprises a chamber 15 with one or more valves for containing a powder composition . in alternate embodiments , the chamber 15 can comprise a reservoir for liquids or suspensions for use in instillations . the tip of the insufflation device 30 comprises a blunt cannula 28 , which is used to directly intubate an anesthetized animal . once the animal is intubated , the blunt end of the cannula is for positioning through the animal &# 39 ; s mouth until it reaches near the carina of the tracheal region of the respiratory tract to ensure lung deposition of the drug composition to be insufflated . fig5 also illustrates the insufflation device 30 further comprising an air inlet port 32 for allowing air into the pump upon retraction of the piston of the syringe pump 16 ; and one or more valves ( not shown ) to regulate air intake and powder containment in chamber 15 prior to delivery . moreover , chamber 15 can be remove from the short tube 17 a with or without cannula 28 to provide replacement of individual dosing units . in an alternate embodiment , the insufflation apparatus comprises a platform 40 for use with animals that may not need to be strapped or restrained . in this embodiment shown in fig8 and 9 , platform 40 is mounted on a stand 42 comprising base 44 , support beams 46 , 46 ′ adapted with hinge 48 configured to hold platform 40 and a shaft 45 to hold and support an air pump ; solenoid and insufflation device . in this embodiment , platform 40 supported by a stand 43 configured on base 44 and it is designed to comprise an adjustable stage assembly 50 comprising a cantilevered arm 52 that can be moved to different positions depending on the size of the animal to be insufflated . in one embodiment , arm - like structure 52 is connected to platform 40 through a joint to pivot , rotate and or extend , and can be placed over the abdomen of the animal . fig9 is a modified top view of a portion of the apparatus illustrated in fig1 adapted with a platform as shown in fig8 and 9 . as seen in fig8 and 9 , sensor 54 comprises a transducer in particular , linear sensor pin 54 , including , pin 56 ; wire posts 58 , 58 ′; wire 60 for holding , for example , a rat by its incisor teeth ; and screw 62 for adjusting or moving the stage to position and adjust the sensor on an animal . in this embodiment , screw 62 moves the cantilevered arm up and down on a vertical plane . in some embodiments , platform 40 can be adapted with a robotic arm comprising a plurality of sensors , including sensor 54 , microphones , thermistors , transducers , or an accelerometer . in some embodiments , platform 40 can further include a nose cone 57 that can removably attach to the top end of the platform . nose cone 57 can serve as a mount allowing tubing to be passed through in order to keep an animal anesthetized . in an alternate embodiment , the sensor on the cantilevered arm can comprise an accelerometer or other types of sensing device . the sensor 54 can be placed at the distal end of the arm for monitoring breathing signals from the animal . fig8 depicts an embodiment with the swivel arm - like component of the insufflation apparatus . in an alternate embodiment , platform 40 comprises a robotic arm comprising an accelerometer . fig1 is schematic representation of the functional components of one operating system of the drug delivery apparatus . as indicated in fig1 , input signal 70 generated from an animal is detected by sensor 74 once the program has been initiated to position the sensor 72 . this signal is transmitted from the sensor to a data acquisition board and processed in a computer . if the sensor 76 is determined to have proper position , the signals are processed and as output as baseline breathing data 78 . if the sensor is not properly placed on the animal , the sensor is adjusted 79 until acceptable baseline signals are obtained . when baseline breathing signals are properly detected , dosing can begin 80 . sensor output is detected 81 by on board system 82 and determines if the signals indicate the start of inhalation . if the signals are not from an inhalation the system continues monitoring until it detects an inhalation upon which the system can trigger actuation of the solenoid to activate the air pump 84 . in one embodiment , the insufflation system can be set for a single dose delivery 86 . if multiple dosing or repeated doses are to be administered , the system queries if it is the last trigger 86 . if it is not the last trigger , the system will continue to detect inhalation signals until all doses are delivered and the output data 88 is displayed on a screen , printed , or saved in the microprocessor or computer system . fig1 is a schematic representation of the hardware communication system of an embodiment of the claimed apparatus . sensor 90 which can be a microphone , accelerometer , thermistor , or transducer sends signals to a data acquisition board 91 , which can be part of a microprocessor or a computer module . signals from the data acquisition board 91 are processed and analyzed using a processing algorithm 92 , which detects positioning of the sensor and / or dosing , and also communicates output regarding the breathing patterns of the animal and about proper positioning of sensor and to computer 95 . processing algorithm 92 also analyzes the inhalation information 94 from the animal and if an inhalation is detected , it directs the information to the data acquisition board 96 for further action . the data acquisition board determines if a trigger of an insufflation is required and if so it directs the relay board 97 to actuate the solenoid 98 and activate the air pump to initiate an insufflation as the animal begins an inhalation . fig1 is schematic representation which summarizes the sequence of steps that are needed to performing an insufflation study using an example embodiment apparatus for use with an experimental small animal , for example , a rat or a mouse . the preceding disclosures are illustrative embodiments . it should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed herein elucidate representative techniques that function well in the practice of the present disclosure . however , those of skill in the art should , in light of the present disclosure , appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . the photographs in fig6 a and 6b depict an actual apparatus set up intended for use with a small animal , in this example , the apparatus was designed for use with rodent such as a rat or a mouse . fig6 a depicts the insufflation system prototype consisting of a plexiglass and metal stand and a platform . as shown in fig6 a and 6b a portion of the stand is visible , consisting of a lucite platform attached to a mounting means having supports for holding the platform . for testing purposes , the insufflation apparatus herewith is illustrated using a balloon which was mounted underneath the accelerometer strap to simulate the displacement motion of the abdomen / thorax of a rat or mice during breathing . the balloon is secured to the platform and for undergoing a simulation insufflation procedure . the balloon has been positioned in the same location as the abdomen of the animal that would be in the process of being insufflated . this configuration is to serve as a test which allows to assess the signal captured by the accelerometer mounted at the center of the strap . the balloon is connected to a pressurized air source and a three way valve and can thus be inflated and deflated periodically to mimic the breathing pattern of a small animal . the screenshot in fig7 acquired from an experiment with a balloon shows the control interface with a plot of the data collected from the accelerometer and displayed on a screen . the signal is characterized by a baseline when the balloon is at rest . upon rapid inflation and deflation of the balloon , the accelerometer measures a rapid changing oscillating signal . the system is then set to actuate the solenoid in the second device , an air pump ( not shown ) pressurizes the syringe pump to discharge a powder from the powder reservoir at a predetermine interval during a simulated inhalation . sprague - dawley rats were used in these experiments . rats were anesthetized , intubated and monitored using the insufflation assembly shown in fig5 and 8 , using the method as described in fig1 and 5 mg of dry powder compositions per kilogram of weight of rat . administration of the dose to each rat was triggered by the system during natural inhalation as detected by the system . data collected from these experiments show that the process for intubation and insufflation was achievable for the delivery of doses of neutron activated cerium dioxide ( nm - 212 , specific activity = 5 . 7 μci of 141 ce / mg ceo 2 ) to the rats during inhalations in a consistent manner data not shown ). table 1 illustrate data obtained from this study . the data in table 1 shows that the breathing cycles detected by the apparatus herein are greater than 0 . 5 seconds . specifically , the data shows the rats breathing cycles detected indicated that the rats were breathing at intervals between 0 . 68 and 1 . 52 seconds with inhalations lasting from about 62 to about 300 milliseconds . fig1 is a computer screenshot showing an output signal generated from data obtained from an insufflation study with an embodiment apparatus in use during an insufflation of a sprague dawley rat describe herewith . as seen in fig1 , each breathing cycle for the rat is shown from valley to valley in a real - time plot of the data collected with a linear position sensor as described in fig8 and 9 . the preceding disclosures are illustrative embodiments . it should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed herein elucidate representative techniques that function well in the practice of the present disclosure . however , those of skill in the art should , in light of the present disclosure , appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients , properties such as molecular weight , reaction conditions , and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about .” accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms “ a ,” “ an ,” “ the ” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., “ such as ”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are described herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . furthermore , numerous references have been made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification . each of the above - cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety . specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language . when used in the claims , whether as filed or added per amendment , the transition term “ consisting of ” excludes any element , step , or ingredient not specified in the claims . the transition term “ consisting essentially of ” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic ( s ). embodiments of the invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described .
an insufflation apparatus and methods for using same are disclosed . the apparatus is equipped with an interactive system for administering reproducible intratracheal aerosols in a consistent automated manner . the insufflation system is useful , in particular for use with experimental animals , including mice and rats and also for treating small animals via the pulmonary route in veterinary medicinal practice .