the present invention i . a . aims at providing a system based on a chemically bonded ceramic material ( cbc material ), for in vivo for improved anchoring of an implant to bone tissue , especially to low quality bone tissue , and also for re - anchoring of implants to a biological tissue due to e . g . periimplantitis . the inventive paste can be used for anchoring in bone tissue an implant to be implanted into said tissue . the paste may be applied to a surface of the implant , which surface is to be in contact with the bone tissue . the application can be carried out by e . g . dipping the surface into the paste . thereafter , the thus coated implant is implanted into the bone tissue . typically , the implant is inserted into a matching pre - drilled hole in the bone tissue . accordingly , the paste may alternatively be filled into said hole , such as by injection , before inserting the un - coated implant into said hole . it is of course also possible to use a combination thereof , i . e . to apply some of the paste to the surface of the implant and to fill some of the paste into the hole . in a preferred embodiment the surface of the implant to which surface the paste is to be applied is treated with an aqueous solution of c 3 s , cao and / or c 3 a before applying the paste to said surface . by doing so , the surface will be cleaned , and the treatment will also serve to transitionally boost the initial ph - value . thereby , the desired anti - inflammatory and antibacterial effects , as well as the anchoring to the surrounding bone tissue will be enhanced . any surplus aqueous solution is preferably removed from the surface , before applying the paste to said surface . the pre - drilled hole also be treated with an aqueous solution of c 3 s , cao and / or c 3 a before filling the paste into said hole . these very active ca - phases are believed to be able to destroy any undesired biofilms on the implant surface . accordingly , by virtue of the anti - inflammatory and anti - bacterial properties of the inventive paste upon hydration thereof , an implant to be implanted , which has been coated with the inventive paste , can be used for preventing an implant related illness , such as periimplantitis , in a subject in the need of the implant . the inventive paste can also be used for re - stabilization , or re - anchoring in situ an existing implant in bone tissue in a subject . in this case the paste is applied to a surface of the implant to be re - stabilized or re - anchored , which surface is to be in contact with the surrounding bone tissue . the application of the paste to the surface can be carried out e . g . by injection . in a preferred embodiment of the method the surface of the implant to which surface the paste is to be applied is treated with an aqueous solution of c 3 s , cao and / or c 3 a before applying the paste to said surface . by doing so , the surface will be cleaned , and the treatment will also serve to transitionally boost the initial ph - value . thereby , the desired anti - inflammatory and antibacterial effects , as well as the anchoring to the surrounding bone tissue will be enhanced . any surplus aqueous solution is preferably removed , e . g . by wiping with a tissue , before applying the paste to said surface . accordingly , by virtue of the anti - inflammatory and anti - bacterial properties of the inventive paste upon hydration thereof , this method can be used for the in situ treatment of an implant - related illness , such as periimplantitis , in a subject in need of re - stabilization , or re - anchoring of an existing implant , especially a dental implant . the use of a paste of the present invention allows for enhanced contact of the ceramic material with the bone tissue , and also of the ceramic material with an implant , as compared to e . g . a powder coating . thereby , a more fully contact will be established . the inventive paste will effectively fill voids surrounding the in situ implant , such as the gap between the implant and the biological tissue , and any vacuoles or cavities in the surface of the bone tissue . this property of the inventive paste will make it well suited for use with bone tissue of poor or low quality . the use of the paste of the invention also provides for a reduced time required for anchoring and stabilization of the implant , i . e . an early anchoring and stabilization . the mechanisms underlying the anchoring of the cbc - paste to the implant , as well as to the bone tissue , occur by precipitation of nanosize hydrates of the system cao — al 2 o 3 — p 2 o 5 — co 2 — h 2 o , i . e . the phases formed of calcium aluminate in water containing hydro - phosphates and hydrocarbonate . the inventive paste will produce a controlled ph increase during initial curing , and a controlled temperature increase during the initial hydration . the ph and temperature changes will also be controlled in terms of time ( i . e . onset and duration ). preferably , the ph interval during hydration is controlled to be within the interval of 8 . 5 - 12 . 5 , the temperature is controlled to be within the interval of 37 - 60 ° c ., and the hydration time is controlled to be within the range of 5 - 60 minutes . the ph , temperature and hydration time ranges are obtained by using the claimed paste . for a hydration time of & gt ; 10 minutes , the presence of a retarder will be required . the retarder is also being referred to herein as a ca 2 + scavenging chelating agent . the retarder may be selected from any retarders conventionally used in cbc biomaterials , such as citric acid , citrates , tartrates , and edta in an amount from 0 . 2 - 2 % by weight based on the total weight of the hydration liquid . the retarder may be added in dry form to the powder , or may be dissolved directly in the aqueous hydration liquid . preferably , the liquid comprises 0 . 4 - 1 . 5 wt -% of a ca 2 + scavenging chelating agent , and preferably the agent is a tartrate . by virtue of the above controlled ph and temperature increase , the paste will produce an anti - inflammatory and antibacterial effect during setting and curing . the volume of the paste to be inserted / injected and / or applied to a surface of the implant does preferably not exceed 0 . 8 cm 3 , and more preferably does not exceed 0 . 5 cm 3 . the paste exhibits exothermal reacting properties and , according to the invention , these are controlled by the ca phases selected , the original particle size of the powder , the amount of liquid , and also by the paste volume selected . in a preferred embodiment , the powdered material to be used in the paste has a mean particle size of 3 to 4 μm . this will further improve the time for establishing the required anchoring and stabilization of the implant . all the particles will be hydrated in a short time with the desired properties ( ph , temperature and reaction time ) according to the invention . according to the invention the ph upon initial setting and curing is preferably controlled so as to be within the interval of 12 . 5 - 8 . 5 for a duration of less than 10 minutes following implantation , and more preferably within the interval of 11 - 9 during the first 20 minutes after injection / insertion . according to the invention the elevated temperature during hydration / curing is preferably controlled so as to be within the interval of 40 - 60 ° c . for a duration of less than 20 minutes following implantation . the implant may be made of a ceramic , metallic or polymeric material , and preferably a material chosen from the group consisting of titanium , stainless steels , alumina , zirconia and medical grade plastics . the hydration liquid preferably comprises 10 - 200 mm of licl , and deionised water to 100 %. the powder to liquid ratio ( 2 . 0 : 1 - 5 . 0 : 1 ) varies mainly due to the presence of filler particles in the powder , and more specifically the amount and density thereof , and should preferably be selected so that the water to cement ratio by weight is within the interval close to complete dissolution of the calcium aluminate phases , which is approximately in the interval of 0 . 40 to 0 . 46 . the density of the filler particles may typically vary from about 2 . 5 to about 6 g / cm 3 . the amount of calcium aluminate phases in the powder also varies mainly depending on the density of the filler particles used and the amount thereof , but will typically be within the range of 30 % to 70 % by weight of the powder . suitable inert filler materials are inert oxides or glasses , preferably oxides of elements of density above 5 g / cm 3 ( such as zr , zn etc ). glasses or glass - ceramics or hydrated calcium aluminate ( all containing elements of density above 5 g / cm 3 ) could also be used . the ca phases of the calcium aluminate powder used in the present invention can be in crystalline or amorphous state . the calcium aluminate phases used in the inventive paste will be based on either of ca and c 12 a 7 , or a combination thereof . both of these phases , alone or in combination , will provide a paste having curing and setting properties which can be closely regulated . c 3 a and / or c 3 s , being highly reactive , may be included in minor amounts if a higher temperature upon hydration is desired . the total amount of any c 3 a and / or c 3 s present should not exceed 10 % by weight of the cement powder . to the calcium aluminate based paste an organic constituent may be added , such as tartaric acid , poly acrylic acid in order to obtain desired properties in terms of rheological properties , a low w / c ratio , or to work as a complementary binding system . this phase also endows the system with a more visco - elastic behaviour with an increased strength of the end product the healing or growing process of the bone is favoured by an early fixation ( less micromotion leading to less fibrous tissue ) and by the supply of calcium and phosphate and carbonate from the cement - body liquid system . the dissolutionprecipitation of the calcium aluminate based system process is able to fill large gaps ( mm size ). the paste of the invention should be sterile . the powder of the invention should be kept dry and sterile . accordingly , the powder should e . g . be sterilized and transferred to a suitable sterile container , which thereafter is sealed under sterile conditions , and stored dry . similarly , the liquid should also be sterilized before mixing with the powder . in order for the invention to be more fully understood the following examples are provided . the calcium aluminate used for this material is synthesised using high purity al 2 o 3 and either of cao and caco 3 . the correct amount of the raw materials are weighed in to a suitable container ( i . e . 1 : 1 molar ratio for ca , and 12 : 7 for c 12 a 7 , and 3 : 1 for c 3 a ). the powders are intimately mixed by tumbling in excess isopropanol or tumbled dry using a dry powder mixer . if mixing in isopropanol is performed the next step will be removing the isopropanol , such as by evaporation of the solvent using an evaporator combining vacuum and heat and finally a heating oven . thereafter high purity al 2 o 3 crucibles are filled with the different calcium aluminate phases used , and the powders are heat treated at 1425 ° c . for 5 h in the case of ca , at 1360 ° c . for 5 h for c 12 a 7 , and at 1400 ° c . in the case of c 3 a . after the heat treatment the powder materials are crushed using a high energy crusher . in this example a roller crusher with alumina rollers was used . after crushing the calcium aluminate phase is milled to the specified particle size distribution with a d ( 99 ) v of & lt ; 10 μm . the final powder formulation was obtained as follows : all powder components were weighed in with high accuracy according to the composition in table 1 . the components are weighed into a glass beaker , and the beaker is thereafter placed in a dry mixer and the components mixed at medium speed for 3 hours . the next step after mixing is sieving through a 125 μm sieve in order to homogenise the powder and remove large agglomerates . after sieving the powder is transferred to a suitable container , sealed , sterilised and stored dry . the powder is now ready for use . the licl is first dried at 150 ° c . for at least 2 hours in order to remove physically bound water . the licl was weighed into a pe bottle so that the final composition after addition of the water will be 20 mm of licl . after the water has been added the bottle is shaken until all the salts have dissolved . the liquid is sterilised . thereafter it is ready for use . the powder and liquid described above were tested together in the below tests using a powder to liquid ( p : l ) ratio of 3 . 5 : 1 . the material is either mixed by hand using a spatula by bringing the required amount of powder and liquid on to a mixing pad and mixing them thoroughly for 35 seconds , or by means of a capsule system . in the later case the powder and liquid have been pre - filled , in correct amounts to generate the required p : l ratio . several different designs of such systems exist and anyone of these may be used . the capsule is first activated by bringing the powder and liquid together . the capsule is then transferred to a capsule mixing machine and mixed for a sufficient period of time . using a 3m / espe rotomix the time should be approximately 10 s with a 5 s centrifuge stage in the end . after mixing the ready material is dispensed using a therefore suited tool , into any desired sample mould or container . there is no significant difference in properties depending on whether the material is mixed by hand , or using a capsule system . the tests performed on the material are the tests shown in table 2 and the results thereof are also provided in the table . the results show that by producing an injectable paste according to the above description with a p : l ratio of 3 . 5 : 1 the above tests according to iso standard tests are fulfilled . the ph was measured during the first hour in phosphate buffer system , and the ph value showed a decrease according to table 3 . regarding the bioactivity , it has been shown by means of energy dispersive spectroscopy ( eds ), scanning electron microscopy ( sem ), transmission electron microscopy ( tem ), grazing incidence x - ray diffraction ( gi - xrd ) that a layer of crystallised hydroxyl apatite is formed on the surface of the material when submerged in phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) for a period of 7 days .
the present invention relates to a calcium aluminate based paste forming a chemically bonded biomaterial on hydration thereof for in vivo anchoring of new implants , or stabilizing of existing implants in situ to an adjacent bone tissue , which paste provides a controlled ph value and temperature as well as initial hardening time . by virtue of the ph value and temperature the paste exhibits antibacterial and / or bacteriostatic properties . the present invention also relates to a method of preparing implants to be implanted wherein the implant is coated with the paste , a method of implanting a coated implant , as well as methods of preventing and treating implant related conditions , such as periimplantitis , and kit for preparing the paste . the invention is especially intended for re - stabilization of dental implants , and implantation into low quality bone tissue .