all major color code designations are by reference to the r . h . s . colour chart ( 2001 ) provided by the royal horticultural society of great britain . eight to ten year - old trees grown in the ground were examined to prepare the description in this and the following paragraph . tree shape ( see fig2 ) is approximately sphereoid , rather similar to that of orange trees . the trees have not been noted as particularly susceptible to any diseases and , based on a freeze in 1999 , appeared only slightly more cold hardy than oranges of similar age . leaves are simple , brevipetiolate , lanceolate , with entire or slightly sinuate margins ( fig2 ). the petiole shape is narrow and linear in shape . in comparison with most old - line citrus cultivars , trees of tde3 are fairly thorny , with normal branches having short length ( 6 mm ) thorns at about 13 % of the nodes , and vigorous sprouts having long ( 27 mm ) thorns at about 63 % of nodes . thorniness will probably decrease as the cultivar ages . flowers of tde3 are typically hermaphroditic , with white ( green - white 157d , r . h . s . colour chart ) petals and yellow ( yellow 13b , r . h . s . colour chart ) anthers ( fig2 ). trees flower from early april into may at most locations . pollen is somewhat sparse , with 11 % viability estimated in an in vitro germination test . pollen tube growth is also less vigorous than that of other mandarins with high fertility . many fruit are born inside the canopy , which limits sunburn . the height and spread of a mature ( 27 years old ) tde3 tree is as follows : tree height = 5 . 5 m ; width = 5 . 7 m . trunk diameter of a 27 year old tree was 22 . 3 cm when measured 38 cm above the ground . trunk color using the r . h . s . colour chart is grey - brown n199a . trunk diameter increases for the life of the tree . leaf shape .— ovate . blade length .— 91 . 4 mm . blade width .— 43 . 6 mm . apex description .— acute with weak emargination . base description .— convex . abaxial color ( r . h . s . chart ).— yellow green 146a . adaxial color ( r . h . s . chart ).— yellow green 147a . petiole length .— 13 . 0 mm . petiole width .— 2 . 0 mm . petiole color ( r . h . s . chart ).— yellow green 147a . if sufficient fruit was available , 10 - fruit samples were collected from each location two or three times each year beginning in 1997 or 1998 . generally samples were collected from two or three trees on each sampling date . these fruit were evaluated in riverside for a range of traits as summarized in table 1 . d subjective rating of ease of peeling a single fruit ; 1 = very difficult , 10 = a fruit with completely separated rind and segments . fruit with ratings of 7 or higher would be relatively easy to peel . based on this data , tde3 fruit are oblate in shape ( fig3 ). the fruit base ( stalk end ) is convex , with some fruit having a small neck , and the apex ( stylar end ) is depressed ( fig3 ). the stylar scar is typically small and closed . the average fruit size is medium - large for a mandarin ( classed as jumbo by california state standards ). rind color of mature fruit is orange - red n30c ( r . h . s . chart ). the rind texture is variable , depending on tree age and crop . for older trees with a moderate to heavy crop , rind texture is papillate , with fairly conspicuous oil glands ( fig3 ). the rind of fruit from trees with very light crops is often excessively rough or bumpy . the rind is of medium thickness and easy to peel when fruit are mature , but can be much more adherent early in the season . adherence of rind to pulp is medium or moderate . the fruit flesh color using the r . h . s . chart is orange - red n30d . flesh thickness is about 59 mm . albedo color is orange - white 159a . albedo thickness is about 2 . 0 mm . the number of segments per fruit is 11 - 12 . the fruit is typically very juicy . important determinants of maturity date for citrus fruit are the solids : acid ratio and juice content . although the overall juice content was high (& gt ; 40 %) in most samples , juice content was negatively correlated with sampling date at all 6 locations , and significantly so at cvars and lindcove . drying of fruit was particularly evident in samples collected after early march at most locations . at cvars , juice content declined between november and december in all three years for which samples were analyzed . solids : acids ratio ( fig4 ) was significantly correlated with sampling date at all locations except valley center , where the range of sampling dates weas somewhat narrower . using these regressions , the estimated dates on which fruit reached an 8 : 1 solids : acid ratio was november 1 for cvars , december 15 for valley center and ojai , january 8 for orange cove , january 12 for lindcove , and january 20 for santa paula . yield of tde3 was evaluated from visual ratings of crop relative to tree size at each location from 1998 - 99 to 2001 - 2002 . the rating scale ranged from 0 ( no crop ) to 5 ( very heavy crop ). the topworked trees in valley center showed the highest and most consistent crops , ranging between 2 and 4 . 5 over the 4 years studied . crops at ojai were also good , being 1 . 5 or greater in all years . at lindcove , orange cove , and santa paula , crop ratings indicated alternate bearing , with values of about 3 , 0 . 5 , and 1 . 5 - 4 in the last 3 years . yield at lindcove in 2000 and 2001 was 53 and 4 . 6 kg tree − 1 , while at orange cove it was 63 and 0 kg tree − 1 . trees that were screened to exclude bees during flowering produced very few fruit for two consecutive years , but it is possible that tde3 is self - fertile but requires pollination for fruit set . as discussed above , tree fruit is set in april and may . first and last harvest dates for riverside , calif . are estimated as january 15 and march 30 . two siblings of tde3 , “ tde2 ” and “ tde4 ,” were compared to tde3 . tde3 is distinct from these cultivars in having the earliest maturity date , a less oblate shape , and distinctive flavor . the rind color of tde4 is usually deeper orange than that of tde3 . trees of fruit of tde3 can be distinguished from those of other mandarins , including tde2 and tde4 , using simple sequence repeat ( ssr ) dna markers . using tde3 dna as template , pcr primer set cac15 ( f = taaatctccactctgcaaaagc , r = gataggaagcgtcgtagaccc ) amplified a band of 158 bp , while tde2 and tde4 both had two bands of 149 and 158 bp . bands amplified with taa15 ( f = gaaagggttacttgaccaggc , r = cttcccagctgcacaagc ) combined with those amplified with cac15 , taa33 ( f = ggtactgatagtactgcggcg , r = gctaatcgctacgtcttcgc ) and taa03 ( f = agagaagaaacatttgcggagc , r = gagatgggacttggttcatcacg ) distinguished tde3 from the following cultivars : dancy ( unpatented ), temple ( unpatented ), encore ( unpatented ), king ( unpatented ), willowleaf ( unpatented ), wilking ( unpatented ), gold nugget ( unpatented ), pixie ( unpatented ), w . murcott afourer ( unpatented ), ellendale ( unpatented ), hernandina clementine ( unpatented ), fortune ( unpatented ), kara ( unpatented ), kinnow ( unpatented ), murcott ( unpatented ), nova ( unpatented ), and ponkan ( unpatented ). this paragraph and the following paragraph provide a comparison of tde3 and its parental cultivars , 4n ( temple × 4n dancy ) and ‘ encore ’. the seed ( female ) parent of tde3 is a tetraploid hybrid between a ‘ temple ’ tangor and a tetraploid tree of ‘ dancy ’ mandarin . the tetraploid ( temple × 4n dancy ) parent ( referred to below as 4n - td ) was never released by the university of california and only two trees of this variety exist . tde3 is distinct from this variety in having less than 1 seed per fruit while 4n - td averages 10 seeds per fruit . fruit of 4n - td have an aspect ratio of about 0 . 88 , mature in december - january and hold on the tree for about 1 month , while those of tde3 have an aspect ratio of about 0 . 85 , mature in late january and hold on the tree for 2 months . fruit of 4n - td have thicker rinds ( 5 . 5 mm ) than those of tde3 . trees of 4n - td are somewhat smaller ( 3 . 8 m tall ) than those of tde3 ( 5 . 5 m tall ). the pollen ( male ) parent of tde3 is ‘ encore ’ mandarin . tde3 differs from ‘ encore ’ in that ‘ encore ’ fruit average about 20 seeds per fruit while fruit of tde3 have less than 1 seed per fruit . ‘ encore ’ fruit mature in march - april , about 2 months later than those of tde3 . encore fruit always have a distinctive green or dark brown spot or blotch on the rind which is absent on tde3 fruit . the average size of tde3 fruit is larger than that of encore . encore fruit have an aspect ratio of 0 . 71 and much thinner rinds ( 2 . 0 mm ) while those of tde3 have an aspect ratio of 0 . 85 and rinds 3 . 5 mm thick . encore fruit hold extremely well on the tree ( 4 - 6 months ). the height of mature ( 35 year old ) ‘ encore ’ trees is about 4 . 1 m , shorter than that of mature ( 27 year old ) tde3 trees . during the 1999 - 2000 and 2000 - 01 seasons , fruit of tde3 and various other mandarin varieties were harvested and evaluated by a taste panel . in some cases , evaluations were done before and after storage at two different temperatures . fruit were rated on a 9 point scale , where a score of 1 is “ dislike extremely ”, 5 is “ neither dislike or like ”, and 9 is “ like extremely ”. vigor of tde3 trees has varied greatly across locations . at cvars , canopy volumes of 7 - year - old trees averaged 21 . 1 m 3 . in contrast , at the cooler santa paula and ojai locations , 7 - year - old trees averaged 6 . 2 and 3 . 6 m 3 . 7 - year - old trees at lindcove and orange cove averaged 9 . 9 and 7 . 3 m 3 . trees at cvars have had very small crops relative to tree size , perhaps contributing to greater vegetative growth . size of the topworked trees in valley center has not been measured since they are not comparable to trees in other locations , but in general the topworked trees are quite vigorous . trees on schaub rough lemon were larger than those on carrizo citrange or c35 citrange at santa paula and ojai . at lindcove and cvars , trees on rich 16 - 6 trifoliate and cleopatra were smaller than those on carrizo and c - 35 citranges . fruit from trees on schaub rough lemon generally have slightly lower solids and acid than those from trees on carrizo citrange , c35 citrange , or trifoliate orange , but this effect is less noticeable than with oranges . no evidence of stock - scion incompatibilities was evident . the most comparable mandarin is w . murcott afourer , which generally has a smoother rind than tde3 . however , when pollinizers are present , tde3 has fewer seeds than w . murcott afourer . for example , data from a mixed planting in riverside shows fruit of w . murcott afourer average 7 . 2 seeds per fruit , while those of tde3 average about 0 . 5 . storage and sensory evaluation of tde3 were performed . fruit were sampled from test plots at lindcove and orange cove , run over a packline at the university of california lindcove research and extension center and waxed on jan . 21 , 2000 . the fruit were stored 11 days at 68 ° f ., 12 days at 37 ° f . followed by 7 days at 55 ° f ., or 12 days at 41 ° f . followed by 7 days at 55 ° f . these samples represent early - season fruit of tde3 , the fruit from lindcove and orange cove having solids : acid ratios of 7 . 6 and 6 . 8 , respectively . their ratings were good for all traits before storage , and were slightly changed or improved by both cold storage treatments . storage at 68 ° f . reduced scores for visual appeal and peelability . overall , in comparison with the other cultivars sampled , later season samples generally were liked for taste or peelability by the panels . storage tests indicate that tde3 fruit can be stored at cold temperatures for at least 12 days without greatly affecting visual appeal or taste . tde3 can be propagated on many available citrus rootstocks by budding . to reduce thorniness , budwood should be selected from thornless , upper canopy branches . tree spacing in field plantings will depend on vigor of the rootstock . for carrizo citrange rootstocks , a recommended tree density is about 150 trees per acre . higher densities are possible , but will require more frequent pruning or hedging . care of young trees should be similar to that used for other mandarins or oranges . trees have performed best in locations with more moderate climates such as the inland valleys of southern california . trees can be grown with pollinizer cultivars such as minneola , valencia orange , or unrelated mandarins ( not temple , dancy , encore or other tde hybrids ) that produce viable pollen . optimal pruning practices have not yet been developed , but in many locations trees will perform well with relatively little pruning . maturity dates will vary with location , probably depending on the number of heat units and soil conditions . as in some other mandarins , sprays with gibberellic acid may increase fruit set when pollinizers and / or pollinators are inadequate .
a new mandarin hybrid called “ tde3 ” is distinguished by production of fruit that combine mid - season maturity , medium large fruit size , attractive deep orange rind color and virtual absence of seeds with rich fruit flavor .