referring to fig1 a , a prosthetic stomach 30 is illustrated attached to the upper portion 201 of the stomach 200 at the orad end portion 33 of the prosthetic stomach 30 and to the duodenum 202 at the aborad end portion 34 of the prosthetic stomach 30 . an implantable pump system 40 ( fig1 b - 1 ) and electronics unit 50 ( fig1 b - 1 ) are contained in a housing 80 coupled to the prosthetic stomach 30 . the pump system 40 and electronics unit control the inflation and deflation of inflatable members 36 a - g ( fig1 b ) that are inflated and deflated according to a desired protocol , to actuate the stomach prosthesis 30 . a bladder 49 of the pump system 40 is located externally of the housing , within the patient &# 39 ; s soft tissue . a schematic of the prosthesis of one embodiment is illustrated in fig1 a - 1j . the prosthesis includes a prosthetic stomach 30 , a hermetically sealed pump system 40 and a hermetically sealed electronics unit 50 including a controller 51 for controlling the pump system 40 . the pump system 40 and electronics unit 50 may be contained in the same housing 80 illustrated in fig1 a or may alternatively be separate . the prosthetic stomach 30 includes an outer support member 31 , a series of inflatable member sections 36 a - g , and an inner member 32 . the inflatable member sections 36 a - g each comprise a plurality of opposing inflatable members that when inflated act to close together and squeeze the inner member 32 . each inflation member section 36 a - f corresponds to a particular section a - f of the prosthetic stomach 30 . in this particular embodiment , inflatable member sections 36 a - d each comprise three inflatable members where the prosthetic stomach 30 is larger ( see fig1 c ), and inflatable member sections 36 e - g each comprise two inflatable members where the prosthetic stomach 30 is narrow ( see fig1 d ). the outer support member 31 comprises a flexible , relatively inelastic material such as , for example , polyethylene or polyurethane , and provides structural support for the prosthetic stomach 30 ( alternatively an elastic material may be used ). the prosthesis sections a - f and inflatable member sections 36 a - f form an antrum portion 37 of the stomach . section g and inflatable member section 36 g form a prosthetic pyloric valve 38 at the aborad end portion 34 of the stomach prosthesis 30 . the inner member 32 comprises a thin - walled , non - elastic flexible material such as polyethylene or polyurethane . the inside of the inner member 32 may be coated with an antibiotic surface , such as a silver coating , to reduce bacterial growth . the inner member 32 is attached to the outer support member 31 at the orad end portion 33 and the aborad end portion 34 of the prosthetic stomach 30 ( for example , by welding ) to provide an isolated cavity where material is mixed , broken down and passed through the pyloric valve 38 . the orad end portion 33 of the outer support member 31 includes an extended portion for suturing the outer support member 31 to the upper portion of the stomach 201 , the inflatable member sections 36 a - g , are located between the outer support member 31 and the inner member 32 . the inner member 32 floats relatively loosely within the outer support member 31 so as to permit movement including the inflation and deflation of the inflatable member sections 36 a - g . although sections 36 a - g are illustrated , the number of inflation member sections depend on a selected prosthesis size , the size of the patient or the amount of the stomach to be replaced . each of the inflation members of a section converge together when inflated , to churn or move material in the prosthetic stomach 30 . each inflatable member section 36 a - g is coupled to and is in fluid communication with a corresponding one of conduits 39 a - g , respectively . conduits 39 a - g are used to selectively deliver inflation medium to and from inflatable members 36 a - g by an implanted pump system 40 . as illustrated in fig1 b , a controller 51 of an electronics unit 50 controls the implantable pump system 40 to selectively inflate and deflate inflatable member sections 36 a - g . the pump system 40 includes a bi - directional hydraulic pump 411 having an intake 47 coupled - to a fluid reservoir 49 and an output 44 in fluid communication with a header 45 having fluid ports 45 a - g . the bi - directional pump 41 may be configured in a number of ways to provide pumping in two directions , for example , by controlling a series of valves that direct fluid into or out of the reservoir 49 or by providing a dc powered reversible pump . the fluid reservoir 49 contains a sterile , radiopaque inflation medium sufficient to inflate two sections of inflation members 36 a - g or a combination thereof at a given time . the fluid reservoir 49 may be implanted at a location adjacent to or away from the pump system 40 ( e . g . in soft tissue ) or alternatively may be included with the pump system . each fluid port 45 a - g is coupled to a respective valve 46 a - g , which is coupled to a respective conduit 39 a - g . each conduit 39 a - g is coupled to a corresponding inflation member pair 36 a - g . the valves 46 a - g are controlled by a valve actuating device 300 which operation is controlled by the controller 51 of the electronics unit 50 . the valves 46 a - g in this particular embodiment are controlled by a electromechanical device described in more detail with reference to fig4 - 6f . alternative valve actuating mechanisms are also contemplated , for example , individually operated bistable solenoid valves may be used . a pressure transducer 48 is located between the output 44 of the pump 41 and the header 45 . the pressure transducer 48 senses the pressure of the fluid of a particular section of inflation members when the corresponding solenoid valve of the corresponding port is in an open position . the pressure transducer 48 is coupled to the controller 51 , which controls the pump 41 in response to a sensed pressure . sensors 53 and 54 are located on opposing ends of the inflation member section 36 g ( forming the pyloric valve 38 ) between the outer support member 31 and the inner member 32 . sensor 54 is located on the antrurn side while sensor 54 is location on the duodenum side . the sensors 53 , 54 are coupled to the electronics unit 50 by leads . the sensors 53 , 54 are used to sense pressure on either side of the valve 38 . when the pressure increases or reaches a threshold level on the stomach side of the valve 38 , the pyloric valve is relaxed by partially deflating the inflation member section 36 g . when the pressure increases or reaches a threshold level on the duodenum side of the valve 38 , the valve 38 is tightened to prevent backflow into the stomach . the pressure sensors 53 , 54 are coupled to a controller which can compare the pressures sensed by each of the sensors 53 , 54 and provide a control signal that will control the resulting desired inflation or deflation of the valve 38 based on the sensed pressures or pressure differentials . the relative pressure on each side of the valve 38 as compared to the other side of the valve 38 may he used to control the valve 38 as well . the electronics unit 50 includes a controller 51 and a battery 52 powering the controller 51 . the controller 51 is programmed to control the action of the various elements of the prosthesis and to respond to various sensed conditions . the controller 51 is coupled to the pump system 40 and controls when and in which direction the pump 41 is actuated . the controller 51 is also coupled to a valve - actuating device 300 that opens arid closes the valves 46 a - g according to a program stored in the controller 51 , thereby sequentially inflating and deflating inflation member sections 36 a - g . according to one embodiment , only one valve is open at a time . the controller 51 also includes a telemetry coil 59 for communicating information to and receiving information from an external device . the external device may be used to program operation parameters into the controller 51 . the external device may also receive signals from the controller 51 or electronics unit 50 representative of various sensed conditions , e . g ., pressure or system leaks . the external device may program or reprogram the controller 51 based on sensed parameters or other patient conditions . an external device may also power the pump 41 and the valve - actuating device 300 through an electronics unit 70 comprising an electromagnetic coil 71 for inductively receiving power from an external source . the electromagnetic coil 71 is coupled to the electronics unit 50 , which includes a voltage regulating circuit . the electronics unit 50 and controller 51 control the pump 41 by powering the pump and controlling the valve actuating device 300 . the voltage regulating circuit of the electronics unit 50 operates to convert a high frequency ac signal to a regulated voltage signal that pmvers the pump 41 and valve actuating mechanism 300 . alternatively , coil 59 may be used for both powering the pump and electronics unit 50 and for bi - directional telemetry communication . the prosthetic stomach 30 also further includes wires 55 a - f ( fig1 b - 2 ) embedded in the prosthetic stomach 30 along its length and communicating with the electronic circuit 50 . the wires 55 a and 55 d are located in the outer tube 31 each between layers 31 i and 310 and on opposing sides along the prosthetic stomach 30 . wires 55 b and 55 e are exposed between the inflation member pairs 36 a - e and the outer tube 31 on opposing sides along the prosthetic bowel 30 . wires 55 c and 55 f are located in the inner tube 32 along the stomach 30 between layer 32 i and 32 o . wire pairs 55 . a and 55 d form an open circuit as do wire pairs 55 b and 55 e , and wire pairs 55 c and 55 f . the electronic circuit 50 is configured to sense a large drop in impedance in one or more of the pairs wires 55 a - f , where a fluid closes the circuit of one or more of the wire pairs indicating potential leakage of fluid into , out of or within the stomach 30 , e . g from material external the prosthetic stomach 30 , material within the inner member 32 of the stomach 30 or from an inflation member , or otherwise . in particular , a low impedance may be detected by the controller 51 , which is configured to sense impedance changes in the wires 55 a - f . the impedance of the pairs of wires 55 a - f is periodically monitored by the controller 51 . if a leak is detected a patient alarm may be triggered , e . g ., by telemetrically delivering an alarm signal from the electronics unit 50 to an external device . furthermore , the location or cause of the leak may be determined by which wires 55 a - f have changed impedances . the wire pairs may be placed in different configurations within layers 31 i , 31 o , 32 i , 32 o or between the inner 32 and outer members 31 , for example , they may be is parallel spiraled configurations to maximize the sensing of potential leaks . the prosthetic stomach 30 also includes a conduit 56 through the prosthetic bowel 30 , into a port 57 inside the inner member 32 for delivery a digestive enzyme , antibiotic material , or the like from a reservoir 58 . the reservoir 58 is coupled to the controller 51 and may include a pump controlled by the controller 51 that provides a periodic or otherwise actuated ( e . g . by a patient ) injection of a material into the inner member 32 . the reservoir 58 may also be implanted in soft tissue or may he included with the housing 180 . the prosthetic stomach 30 is illustrated in fig1 b in an inactive position in which a patient may ingest food and food may move from the fundus into the antrum portion 37 of the prosthetic stomach 30 . in this position the pyloric valve 38 at the aborad end portion 34 is in a closed position with inflation member section 36 e inflated , the inflation member sections 36 a - f of the antrum portion 37 are relaxed and deflated . fig1 e - 1j illustrate a sequence of mixing food and emptying the prosthetic stomach 30 of one embodiment of the invention . in fig1 e the valve 46 a is opened and the pump 41 pumps inflation medium from the reservoir 49 into the inflation member section 36 a through the conduit 39 a . the inflation member section 36 a is inflated to a predetermined pressure as sensed by pressure transducer 48 or alternatively as sensed by the motor . once the inflation member section 36 a is inflated , the valve 46 a is closed by the valve actuating mechanism 60 ( fig1 b ), inflation of the inflation member section 36 a closes the orad end portion 33 of the prosthetic stomach 30 from the upper portion of the stomach 201 . material within the prosthetic stomach 30 is thus contained in the antrum portion 37 . next , as shown in fig1 f , inflation member section 36 b is inflated to grind material in the prosthetic stomach 30 . the inflation member section 36 b is inflated by opening the valve 46 b and inflating by pumping fluid from the reservoir 49 into inflation member section 36 b through conduit 39 b . thus , the materials remain in the antrum portion 37 without allowing them to move back in the direction of the inflation member pair 36 a . the valve 46 h is then closed . the inflation member section 3 db may then be deflated and other inflation member sections 36 c - 36 f may be inflated and deflated according to a predetermined sequence to mix material in the antrum portion 37 . as shown in fig1 e and 1f , the pyloric valve 38 is only slightly open , permitting fluids or small particles to pass through . after some mixing has occurred , as illustrated in fig1 g , the pyloric valve 38 may be further relaxed by partially deflating inflation member section 36 g . thus as inflation members are inflated inan aborad direction , material that is sufficiently broken down may pass through the pyloric valve 38 . in fig1 , inflation member section 36 b is inflated . the inflation member 36 a has been deflated from a inflated position similar to that of fig1 f by selecting valve 46 a , reversing the pump direction , pumping the inflation medium out of the inflation member section 36 a back to the reservoir 49 and closing the valve 46 a . as shown in fig1 h , inflation member section 36 c is next inflated to advance material further through the prosthetic stomach 30 before the adjacent inflation member section 36 b is deflated , the inflation member section 36 c is inflated by opening the valve 46 c and by pumping fluid from the reservoir 49 into inflation member section 36 c through conduit 39 c . thus , any materials are advanced further toward the pyloric valve 38 . the valve 46 c is then closed . referring to fig1 i , inflation member section 36 b has been deflated by selecting the valve 46 b , reversing the pump direction and pumping the inflation medium out of the inflation member pair 36 b and closing the valve 46 . the inflation member section 36 d is inflated by selecting the valve 46 d and pumping inflation medium into the inflation member section 36 d . a number of inflation member sections may be provided in the prosthetic stomach 30 and the sequence of inflating and deflating the inflation members continues until the last inflation member sections 36 e and 36 f are inflated as illustrated in fig1 j . if the materials have riot been sufficiently broken down to pass through the pyloric valve 38 the mixing cycle may be repeated until they are sufficiently broken down . fig4 - 6f illustrate a valve - actuating device 300 according to an embodiment of the invention . the valve - actuating device 300 comprises a cylinder 310 having a length lc aligned parallel with the length lh of the header 45 of the pump 41 and adjacent the valves 46 a - g . the cylinder 310 includes a plurality of openings 320 a - g , spaced a defined distance along the length lc of the cylinder 310 with respect to the other openings so that each opening is aligned lengthwise with a corresponding one of the valves 46 a - g . each opening 320 a - g is also spaced a defined discrete distance circumferentially from the other openings . the cylinder 310 is coupled to a stepper motor 330 that rotates the cylinder 310 according to instructions from the controller 51 ( fig1 a ) into discrete circumferential positions to interfacingly align a selected opening with a corresponding selected valve . thus , the cylinder 310 may be rotated to discrete positions wherein in each position one of the openings 320 a - g is interfacing a corresponding one of the valves 46 a - g to be actuated . a valve is actuated by a peg extending out of an interfacing opening in the cylinder 310 to engage and move the valve into an open position . each opening 320 a - g in the cylinder 310 includes concentrically moveable peg 321 a - g respectively . each of the pegs 321 a - g is capable of being partially advanced in a circumferential direction out of the corresponding opening 320 a - g in the cylinder 310 , when interfacing with a corresponding valve 46 a - g , a corresponding peg 321 a - g may he advanced to engage and open the corresponding valve 46 a - g to open it . once a valve is selected and the controller 51 instructs the stepper motor 330 to rotatably position the cylinder 310 accordingly , an actuating rod 323 is advanced through the cylinder 310 to engage and advance the corresponding aligned , interfacing peg out of the cylinder 310 to open the corresponding valve . the actuating rod 323 slidably extends axially through an axial opening , 313 in the cylinder 310 . the rod 323 is coupled to a solenoid 328 that moves the rod 323 between two positions : a first resting position ( fig4 - 4a , fig6 - 6f ) and a second valve actuating position ( fig5 - 5a ). the solenoid 328 advances and retracts the rod 323 to and from a valve actuating position . the actuating rod 323 moves in a direction generally perpendicular to the circumferential sliding direction of the pegs 321 a - g . the actuating rod 323 includes a central rod 324 and a plurality of staggered fins 325 a - g having cainmed surfaces 326 a - g . in the first position , the fins 325 a - g are staggered in a lengthwise relationship between the valves 46 a - g and a second position , the fins 325 a - g are generally aligned in a lengthwise relationship with the valves 46 a - g . the cane ed surfaces 326 a - g are arranged so that when the rod 323 is advanced to the second position , a corresponding one of the cammed surfaces 326 a - g will engage a corresponding one of the pegs 321 a - g to move the corresponding one of the pegs 321 a - g circumferentially out of a corresponding one of the openings 320 a - g . the axial opening 313 through the cylinder 310 includes a central rod portion 314 for receiving the rod 323 and a fin portion 315 for receiving in the fins 325 a - g . the central rod portion 314 extends axially through the cylinder 310 . the fin portion 315 of the axial opening 313 includes open portions 316 a - g staggered in a lengthwise relationship between the valves 46 a - g . each open portion 316 a - g is open within the rod opening 313 about the circumference of the cylinder 310 so that when the rod 323 is in the first position , the cylinder 310 is free to rotate without interference of the fins 325 a - g . the fin portion 315 also includes a plurality of slits 317 - gcircumferentially spaced from the other slits , wherein each slit extends longitudinally through the cylinder , between each of the open portions 316 a - g and perpendicularly through a corresponding one of the openings 320 a - g . the fins 325 a - g are aligned in a position with the circumferentially extending top portions facing the header 45 . the cylinder 310 may he rotated when the rod 323 and fins 325 a - g are in the first position . the cylinder when rotated to one of its discrete positions aligns a corresponding slit with the fins so that in the second position the fins advance through that slit . when the fins 325 a - g are moved into the second position , the fins 325 a - g extend through the slit corresponding to the opening that is positioned in alignment with a corresponding valve . in each discrete position the fins 325 a - g , are aligned with a slit permitting the corresponding fin to slide into the opening and engage the pin moving the pin out of the opening engaging the correspond valve with which it is aligned , this actuating the corresponding valve . each peg 321 a - g s biased by a corresponding spring ( 329 a only is shown ) into a position circumferentially into the opening so that when the fins are retracted ( e . g . fig6 ), the pin moves back into the opening . the controller 51 controls the tuning and actuation of the cylinder 310 rotation and the solenoid 328 posinoning . referring to fig4 , the cylinder 310 is rotated to a position in which none of the pegs are aligned with valve 36 a , the rod is in a first position in which the cylinder 310 may rotate freely . the cylinder 310 is then rotated as illustrated in fig5 so that the opening 321 a is aligned with the valve 46 a . the rod 323 is advanced so that the fins 325 a - g extend through the slit 317 a . fin 325 a extends into the opening 320 a that is aligned with the slit 325 a and the caromed surface 326 a of the fin 325 a engages the peg 321 a and advances it out of the opening 320 a to acuate valve 46 a . the valve 46 a is opened and the pump 41 pumps fluid from the reservoir 49 into the inflatable member pair 36 a . as illustrated in fig6 , the rod 323 is then retracted releasing the peg 321 a , which is biased by spring 329 a into the cylinder opening 320 a , and the valve 46 a is closed , leaving the inflation member pair 36 a inflated . referring to fig2 a - 2c another embodiment of the invention is illustrated . a prosthesis includes a prosthetic pylorus 130 and a housing 180 containing a pump system similar to the pump system 40 described above with reference to fig1 a - 1j . the prosthetic pylorus 130 includes an outer support member 131 , a series of inflatable member sections 136 a - b and an inner member 132 . the outer support member 131 comprises a flexible , relatively inelastic material such as , for example , polyethylene or polyurethane , and provides structural support for the pylorus ( elastic materials may be used as the inner member 132 comprises a thin - walled , non - elastic flexible material such as polyethylene or polyurethane . the inner member 132 may be coated with an antibiotic surface , such as a silver coating , to reduce bacterial growth , the inner member 132 is attached to the outer support member 131 at the orad end portion 133 and the aborad end portion 134 of the prosthetic pylorus 130 ( for example , by welding ) to provide an isolated conduit through which material may pass . the orad end portion 133 and aborad end portion 134 of the outer support member 131 include relatively thicker portions for suturing the orad end portion 133 of the outer support member 131 to the stomach 100 and aborad end portion 134 of the outer support member 131 to the small intestine 101 as shown in fig2 a . the inner member 132 defines a conduit through which material pass from the stomach 100 into the small intestine 101 . the inflatable member sections 136 a - b are located between the outer support member 131 and the inner member 132 with the inner member 132 floating relatively loosely within the outer support member 131 so as to permit the inflatable member sections 136 a - b to expand and contract . the prosthesis 130 is implanted to replace the pylorus of the stomach . the inflatable member sections 136 a - b and the inner member 132 . form a valve 138 . the inflatable members 136 a - b are attached to the inside of the outer support member 131 between the outer support member 131 and the inner member 132 along the length of the prosthesis 130 . according to this embodiment , the inflatable member section 136 a forms an orad inflatable member pair and the inflatable member section 136 b forms an aborad inflatable member pair . each section of inflatable members converges together when inflated , to close the valve 138 . the valve 138 is actuated by inflating sections 136 a - b , which causes the inner member 132 to squeeze together to seal the conduit closed . each section 136 a - b is coupled to and is fluid communication with a corresponding respective one of conduits 139 a , 139 b . conduits 139 a , 139 b are used to selectively deliver inflation medium to and from sections 136 a - b by an implanted pump system 140 ( and valve actuator ) and electronics unit 150 similar to the pump system 40 ( and valve actuator 300 ) and electronics unit 50 described above with reference to fig1 a - 1j and fig4 - 6f . referring now to fig3 a - 3c , a supplemental pyloric valve 230 is illustrated implanted adjacent a pylorus 205 and in the duodenum 206 . the supplemental pyloric valve 230 is coupled to an implanted housing 280 including a hermetically sealed pump 241 and controller 251 operating in a similar mariner as pump system 40 ( and valve actuator 300 ) and electronics unit 50 described above with reference to fig1 a - s and fig4 - 6f the supplemental pylorus 230 includes an outer support member 231 , a series of inflatable members sections 236 a - b and an inner member 232 . the outer support member 231 comprises a flexible , relatively inelastic material such as , for example , polyethylene or polyurethane , and provides structural support for the pylorus ( elastic materials may be used as well ). the inner member 232 comprises a thin - walled , non - elastic flexible material such as polyethylene or polyurethane . the inner member 232 may be coated with an antibiotic surface , such as a silver coating , to reduce bacterial growth . the inner member 232 is attached to the outer support member 231 at the orad end portion 233 and the aborad end portion 234 of the supplemental pyloric valve 230 ( for example , by welding ) to provide an isolated conduit through which material may pass . the orad end portion 233 of the support member 231 is sutured on to the inner wall 207 of the duodenum adjacent the pylorus 205 . the aborad end portion 234 of the outer support member 231 is sutured to duodenum 206 downstream of the orad end portion as shown in fig3 a . the inner member 232 defines a conduit through which material pass from the pylorus 205 into the small intestine 206 . the inflatable member sections 236 a - b are located between the outer support member 231 and the inner member 232 with the inner member 232 floating relatively loosely within the outer support member 231 so as to permit the inflatable member sections 236 a - b to expand and contract . the supplemental pyloric valve 230 is implanted to supplement the pylorus of the stomach by further controlling the exit of material from the stomach through the pylorus and into the duodenum , in one embodiment this is done to retain food in the stomach for a greater duration to treat obesity and / or dumping syndrome . the inflatable member sections 236 a - b acid the inner member 232 form a valve 238 . the inflatable members 236 a - b are attached to the inside of the outer support member 231 between the outer support member 231 and the inner member 232 along the length of the prosthesis 230 . according to this embodiment , the inflatable member section 236 a forms an orad inflatable member pair and the inflatable member section 236 b forms an aborad inflatable member pair . each pair of inflatable members converges together when inflated , to close the valve 238 . the valve 238 is actuated by inflating sections 236 a - b , which causes the inner member 232 to squeeze together to seal the conduit closed . each section 236 a - b is coupled to and is fluid communication with a corresponding respective one of conduits 239 a , 239 b . conduits 239 a , 239 b extend out of the duodenum and are coupled to the pump 241 . conduits 239 a , 239 b are used to selectively deliver inflation medturn to and from sections 236 a - b by art implanted pump and control controller similar to the pump system 40 and electronics unit 50 described above with reference to fig1 a - 1j and fig4 - 6f . while the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments , it will be understood to one skilled in the art that variations and modifications may he made m form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , the invention may be practiced replacing or augmenting all or part of a portion of the digestive tract such as the bowel or small intestine as described , for example in u . s . application entitled “ implantable digestive tract organ ” filed on even date herewith , incorporated herein by reference .
the invention relates to an implantable stomach prosthesis for surgically replacing or augmenting all or part of the antrum and / or pylorus of a stomach . the prosthesis controls the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine , the prosthesis may be configured to chum ingested material and release it from the stomach through a prosthetic pyloric valve . at least one expandable member is arranged to be expanded to control the passage of food and / or to mimic the churning action of a patient &# 39 ; s stomach . the prosthesis includes an outer support structure , a flexible inner member forming a conduit for the movement of material , and at least one expandable member located between the outer support structure and inner member . an implantable pump system is provided for inflating and deflating the expandable member .