this invention relates to a system for fasting during a prolonged period without hunger pangs and without becoming very tired or unable to move and exercise . the system also prevents the loss of muscle tissue while losing a significant amount of body weight which includes fat and water , on a daily basis , typically in the range of half to one pound . the present invention employs a unique approach during juice fasting that provides benefits to the person undergoing the procedure . it was surprisingly found that the degree of hunger perceived during juice fasting is dependent on numerous brain hunger sensing functions . the brain tissue has very little storage of glucose or glycogen or adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) molecules and requires a continuous supply of glucose for functioning of the brain at about 5 mm or 90 mg / dl . as a primary sensing mechanism , the hypothalamus and brain stem monitors very closely the blood glucose or glycogen levels and provides strong hunger sensations when the blood glucose or glycogen levels are low , creating a strong urge to eat . if the glucose or glycogen levels are not replenished , the brain commands the muscles and liver to release stored glycogen into the blood stream . if this stored glycogen is unavailable the brain commands the liver to degrade muscles to produce glucose simulant at the expense of normally unused muscle tissue . again , when the blood glucose or glycogen levels are high the insulin release is triggered converting the glucose or glycogen in the blood to be combined to form triglycerides which are transferred for storage as adipose tissue . in addition , the fat release mechanism is immediately stopped when blood glucose concentration is too high . thus the key to hunger free fasting is to provide an adequate amount of blood glucose or glycogen levels to satisfy the brain &# 39 ; s need for glucose without exceeding glucose levels that trigger a release of insulin resulting in the formation of triglycerides . also , when high blood glucose levels are present , the release mechanism from fat storage is halted . the second key hunger sensing mechanism used by the brain is the detection of digestible material in the stomach and intestine promoting release of digestive enzymes as detailed in the article at “ brain glucose sensing , counterregulation , and energy homeostasis ” by nell marty , michel dallaporta and bernard thorens published in physiology 22 : 241 - 251 , 2007 available at http :// physiologyonline . physiology . org / content / 22 / 4 / 241 . this requires the stomach and intestines to be free from solid material preventing hunger response and corresponding release of digestion hormones . the reference 78 , mei n . vagal ‘ glucoreceptors in the small intestine of the cat ’. j physiol 282 : 485 - 506 , 1978 relates to solids available at the intestines . thus the strategies for hunger free fasting involve drinking cooked vegetable soup that is filtered of all solid material and 8 to 12 ounce of juice every 2 to 4 waking hours . breakfast and pre - bedtime meal is essentially the vegetable filtered soup . the overall calories contained in the juice and vegetable soup is only in the range of 800 to 1200 calories leaving a calorie deficit of about 600 to 1400 calories for a person normally consuming 1800 - 2400 calories per day . the body requires these calories for the functioning of essential body functions including breathing , supporting the liver , heart and lung function as well as maintaining body temperature . this calorie deficiency has to be made up by use of body fat since fat is the primary fuel used by the body for all aerobic muscles , which contain fat burning brown muscle fibers interlaced with capillaries supplying blood oxygen rich blood . all cells and muscles performing steady work such as heart muscles and muscles that provide body stability are all aerobic muscles of this type . the next aspect of the present invention is to facilitate the release of fat in the form of tri - glycerides or mono - glycerides from lipid storage . the food consumed , whether in the form of carbohydrates or sugars , converts to glucose in the blood stream either rapidly or slowly depending on the glycemic index of the food consumed . proteins are more slowly digested and also convert to glucose in the blood stream . fats take a very long time to digest and enter the intestinal walls after enzyme action that breaks down fat into tri or mono glycerides . fats do not convert to glucose in the blood stream . since the amount of food in the stomach and intestine is reduced the ability to eliminate waste is minimized . enemas or suppositories may be used to improve evacuation . the utilization and conversion of glucose and fats into adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) through different initial pathways as detailed in fig1 a - 1 , 1 - a - 2 , 1 b - 1 and 1 b - 2 are shown . the tca cycle is illustrated in fig2 which produces atp in aerobic conditions . fig1 illustrates a block diagram of the features of the subject invention . when the fasting person consumes a sugar rich and or carbohydrate rich juice or soup , the brain detection of hunger is satiated . this blood glucose is processed by glycolysis , which produces two pyruvic acid molecules and two atp molecules per molecule of glucose . the pyruvic acid reacts with coenzyme a aided by atp to produce acetyl coa , which enters the mitochondria and undergoes tca cycle producing a number of atp molecules powering the cell operation . since the amount of calories consumed by this juice and soup diet is smaller than that is required for the sustenance of the body , the deficient calories are obtained from fats . hormone sensitive lipase is released at the fat reserves as mono and triglycerides and carried by the blood bound to serum albumen and delivered at the extramitochondrial portion of the cell . the released fat in the extramitochondrial region of the cell reacts with coenzyme a assisted by energy rich atp molecule to form acyl coa which enters the inner barrier of mitochondria assisted by carnitine . within the mitochondria the acyl coa converts to acetyl coa , by the process known as beta oxidation , which is passed on to the tca cycle producing a large number of atp molecules . the key feature of the invention is making atp available at all times due to consumption of sugar and carbohydrate rich juices and or soups every two to 4 hours while at the same time limiting the total caloric intake so as to force the body to release fat from storage . the fat arrives at the extramitochondrial portion of the cell and is again processed due to the presence of atp at this location . the fasting person does not feel hungry even after fasting for a number of days and the fat is drawn from fat reserves and used as calories , improving the weight and bmi of the person . the muscles of the fasting person are not degraded during fasting . fig2 a - 1 and 2a - 2 illustrates the preparatory phase of glycolysis where two atp molecules are consumed as shown in steps 1 and 3 . a large number of enzymes are involved in steps 1 through 5 of the preparatory phase each performing a specific function . fig2 b - 1 and 2b - 2 illustrates the pay - off phase of glycolysis where four atp molecules are produced as shown in steps 7 and 10 . thus the glycolysis , which is a combination of steps 1 through 10 produce two excess molecules of atp . a large number of enzymes are involved both in the preparatory and payoff phases each performing a specific function . glycolysis is an anaerobic metabolic pathway that has a sequence of 10 steps all of which are enzyme catalyzed . accordingly , the sequence of these reactions converts glucose into pyruvate , producing two additional atp molecules from each glucose molecule . this metabolic process produces high - energy compounds of atp ( adenosine triphosphate ) and nadh ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ). this process is an anaerobic reaction ; the presence or absence of oxygen does not alter the reaction . the process of glycolysis happens in the extramitochondrial portion of the cell , often referred to as the emp pathway . glucose undergoes partial oxidation to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid , which is the starting point of the tri - carboxylic acid cycle ( tca cycle ), which is also known as the citric acid cycle or kreb cycle . the tca cycle takes place aerobically within the mitochondria portion of the cell . all these processes of glycolysis and the tca cycle require a large number of enzymes which are all synthesized by the cells and liver . fig3 illustrates the beta oxidation of fatty acids taken from slide number 29 of web page http :// www . authorstream . com / presentation / asguest38680 - 330425 - beta - oxidation - lipids - education - ppt - powerpoint . beta oxidation of fatty acids is shown in this figure . long chain acyl - coa is cycled through reactions 2 through 5 . acyl - coa is split off by thiolase as shown at reaction 5 . atp is needed for the first step of the beta oxidation process outside the inner mitochondrial membrane as shown . carnatine is needed for the entry of acyl - coa into the inner mitochondrial membrane . the fatty acid is degraded to acetyl coa and enters the citric acid cycle as shown . all the enzymes used outside the inner mitochondrial membrane have to be manufactured by liver and the cell . fig4 illustrates the tca cycle . this tca cycle is detailed at the web page http :// biology . tutorvista . com / cell / glycolysis . html . the citric acid cycle is a sequence of enzyme - catalyzed chemical reactions , which are used by all the aerobic organisms to produce energy . energy is generated through the oxidation of acetate that is derived from carbohydrates , fats and proteins into carbon dioxide . pyruvate molecules are created from glycolysis . in the presence of oxygen , pyruvate produces acetyl - coa by reaction with coenzyme a consuming one atp . the fats are also degraded to acetyl - coa and brought into the mitochondria . in the presence of oxygen , the acetyl - coa produced by glycolysis or fat degradation enters the citric acid cycle inside the matrix of the mitochondria and it gets oxidized to co 2 , and also at the same time reduces nad to nadh . h 2 o and co 2 are the waste products created during this cycle . the cycle consists of eight steps , which are catalyzed by eight different enzymes . the steps are detailed below . step 1 : synthesis of citric acid . this step of the krebs cycle is an aldol condensation reaction and it is an irreversible reaction . oxaloacetic acid and the acetyl coa condense to form citric acid in the presence of the enzyme citrate synthase . the net effect of this reaction is to join a two - carbon with a four - carbon molecule , which yields a six - carbon molecule which is the citric acid . this is called the synthesis of citric acid . step 2 : dehydration of citrate . it is a reversible reaction . under the action of the enzyme acotinase , citrate is isomerized to form isocitrate . step 3 : oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate . this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase . this is an irreversible reaction where isocitrate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation yielding three nadh molecules . these are first nadh molecules produced in the cycle and also co 2 . step 4 : oxidative , decarboxylation of α - ketoglutarate the enzyme α - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the conversion of α - ketoglutarate to succinyl coa . this reaction produces the second co 2 and also the second nadh of the cycle . the coenzymes that are required in the reaction are thiamine pyrophosphate , lipoic acid , fad , nad + and coa . step 5 : substrate level phosphorylation . this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme succinyl - coa synthetase . this reaction is exothermic and is gtp molecule , which is equivalent to atp is generated in this reaction . the product of this reaction is succinic acid and gtp . step 6 : oxidation . this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase . in this reaction the final electron acceptor is the fad coenzyme . this reaction yields two atp molecules from the electron transport chain . step 7 : hydration . the hydration reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase . the fumarate is hydrated to form l - malate . step 8 : oxidation . this is reversible reaction , catalyzed by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase . the malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetic acid . this is the final point of entry to the electron transport chain . this reaction generates the nadh and oxaloacetate . accordingly one pyruvic acid molecule yields one atp molecule and one gtp molecule , which is equivalent to atp . also , nadh is an energetic molecule capable of producing atp . as indicated in http :// en . wikipedia . org / wiki / beta_oxidation a fat molecule produces a large number of atp molecules . the atp yield for every oxidation cycle is theoretically at maximum yield of 17 , as nadh produces 3 atp , fadh 2 produces 2 and a full rotation of the citric acid cycle produces 12 . in practice it &# 39 ; s closer to 14 atp for a full oxidation cycle as in practice the theoretical yield isn &# 39 ; t attained , it &# 39 ; s generally closer to 2 . 5 atp per nadh molecule produced , 1 . 5 for each fadh 2 molecule produced and this equates to 10 atp molecules per cycle of the tca ( according to the p / o ratio ). as detailed at http :// en . wikipedia . org / wiki / beta_oxidation , beta - oxidation is the process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl - coa , which enters the citric acid cycle , and nadh and fadh 2 , which are used by the electron transport chain . fatty acid catabolism involves three stages . the first stage of fatty acid catabolism is beta - oxidation . the second stage is acetyl coa oxidation to carbon dioxide . the third stage is electron transfer from electron carriers to the electron transfer chain . priming the fatty acid for oxidation is the ‘ carnitine shuttle ’. first acyl coa is transferred to the hydroxyl group of carnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 ( palmitoyltransferase ) located on the outer mitochondrial membrane . acylcarnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase . acylcarnitine is converted back to acyl coa by carnitine acyltransferase ( palmitoyltransferase ) located on the inner mitochondrial membrane . the liberated carnitine returns to the cytosol for further transport of fatty acid . once the fatty acid is inside the mitochondrial matrix , beta oxidation can begin . it has 4 steps . step 1 of beta - oxidation : long chain fatty acid is dehydrogenated to create a trans double bond between c2 and c3 . this is catalyzed by the fatty acyl coa dehydrogenase to produce trans - delta 2 - enoyl coa . it uses fad as an electron acceptor and it is reduced to fadh 2 . step 2of beta - oxidation ; trans - delta 2 - enoyl coa is hydrated at the double bond to produce l - b - hydroxyacyl coa . this is catalyzed by enoyl coa hydratase . step 3 of beta - oxidation : l - b - hydroxyacyl coa is dehydrogenated again to create b - ketoacyl coa by b - hydroxyacyl coa dehydrogenase . this enzyme uses nad as an electron acceptor . step 4 of beta - oxidation : thiolysis occurs between c2 and c3 ( alpha and beta carbons ) of b - ketoacyl coa . thiolase enzyme catalyzes the reaction when a new molecule of coenzyme a breaks the bond by nucleophilic attack on c3 . this releases the first two carbon units , as acetyl coa , and a fatty acyl coa minus two carbons . the process continues until all of the carbons in the fatty acid are turned into acetyl coa . acetyl coa is the starting point for the tca cycle as shown above . the following examples are presented to provide a more complete understanding of the invention . the specific techniques , conditions , materials , proportions and reported data set forth to illustrate the principles and practice of the invention are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention . the fasting program of the subject invention can be practiced for a long time without hunger pangs , loss of muscle as detailed in actual test case results . the first test subject is male 40 years old who conducted a fasting study by fasting for 11 weeks followed by monitoring the body for 12 additional weeks following the fast . the following table 1 details the results . the fast was started on jun . 8 , 2013 and terminated on aug . 17 2013 representing a weight loss of ( 84 - 68 ) or 16 kilograms or 35 pounds . the measured fat percentile , as measured at a professional gym , decreased from 18 % at the start of the fast to 5 % at the end of the 70 - day fast . having changed the eating habits due to this prolonged fast , the weight and body fat contained remained stable as shown in the table . the percent of muscle during fast did not decrease , but increased as shown due to loss of body weight and remained stable for the 12 weeks after ending the fast . a second subject is a 70 year old male that conducted a fasting study for 17 days . the daily weight data is shown in table 2 . the first three days represent the pre fast period and fasting is done for 8 days . the next three days were spent readjusting to a normal diet . even this short fast resulted in a weight loss of ( 171 - 158 . 8 ) or 12 . 2 pounds . during fasting it was clearly apparent that exercise could be done . having thus described the invention in rather full detail , it will be understood that such detail need not be strictly adhered to , but that additional changes and modifications may suggest themselves to one skilled in the art , all falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the subjoined claims .
the hunger minimized fasting system relies on providing a blood glucose level at all times in the range of 5 to 10 mm , satisfying glucose needs of the brain and metabolizing blood glucose through anaerobic glycolysis to release atp at the extramitocontrial portion of the cell . consuming only solid free nutrient liquids eliminates brain hunger response . liquids consumed during fasting include solid filtered vegetable soup and clear fruit juices of 8 to 12 ounces taken every 2 to four hours having calorie deficiency of 600 to 1400 as compared to minimal daily calorie requirements for an adult . fat released from storage is metabolized by atp produced by glycolysis at the extramitocontrial location and enters the interior of the mitochondria , enabling the tca cycle . weight loss observed during fasting is about one half to one pound per day .