the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel helicoil interference fixation system for attaching a graft ligament to a bone or other tissue . for convenience , the present invention will hereinafter be discussed in the context of its use for an acl tibial and / or femoral fixation ; however , it should be appreciated that the present invention may also be used for the fixation of other graft ligaments to the tibia and / or the femur ; and / or the fixation of other graft ligaments to other bones or to other tissue such as organs . looking first at fig1 - 7 , there is shown a novel helicoil interference fixation system 5 for securing a graft ligament to a bone . helicoil interference fixation system 5 generally comprises a helicoil 10 for disposition in a bone tunnel so as to hold the graft ligament in position while bone - to - ligament in - growth occurs . helicoil interference fixation system 5 also comprises an inserter 15 for deploying helicoil 10 in the bone tunnel . more particularly , and looking now at fig1 - 6 , and particularly at fig5 , helicoil 10 generally comprises a helical body 20 terminating in a distal end 25 and a proximal end 30 . helical body 20 is constructed so that there are substantial spaces or gaps 35 between the turns 40 of the helical body . spaces or gaps 35 facilitate bone - to - ligament in - growth , i . e ., by providing large openings through the helical body . these large openings facilitate the flow of cell - and nutrient - bearing fluids through the helicoil , and permit the in - growth of tissue across the helicoil , so as to enhance bone - to - ligament in - growth . one or more struts 45 are disposed within the interior of helical body 20 , with the one or more struts 45 being secured to the interior surfaces 50 of helical body 20 . the one or more struts 45 provide a means for turning helicoil 10 during deployment within the body , as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail . in addition , the one or more struts 45 can provide structural support for the turns 40 of helical body 20 . the one or more struts 45 may be formed integral with helical body 20 ( e . g ., by a molding process ), or they may be formed separately from helical body 20 and then attached to helical body 20 in a separate manufacturing process ( e . g ., by welding ). where the one or more struts 45 are formed integral with helical body 20 , the one or more struts 45 can be used to help flow melt into position . in one preferred form of the invention , the one or more struts 45 comprise helical structures . and in one particularly preferred form of the invention , the one or more struts 45 comprise helical structures which spiral in the opposite direction from the spiral of helical body 20 , and the one or more struts 45 have a pitch which is substantially greater than the pitch of helical body 20 . see fig5 . preferably , the number of struts 45 , and their size , are selected so as to close off an insignificant portion of the spaces or gaps 35 between the turns 40 of helical body 20 , whereby to substantially not impede the passage of fluids and tissue through the helicoil . at the same time , however , the number of struts 45 , their size , and composition , are selected so as to provide an adequate means for turning helicoil 10 during deployment , and to provide any necessary support for the turns 40 of helical body 20 . in one preferred form of the present invention , one strut 45 is provided . in another preferred form of the present invention , a plurality of struts 45 ( e . g ., two , three , four or more struts ) are provided . and in one preferred form of the present invention , the struts 45 collectively close off less than fifty percent ( 50 %) of the spaces or gaps 35 between the turns 40 of helical body 20 . and in one particularly preferred form of the present invention , the struts 45 collectively close off less than twenty percent ( 20 %) of the spaces or gaps 35 between the turns 40 of helical body 20 . helicoil 10 is formed out of one or more biocompatible materials . these biocompatible materials may be non - absorbable ( e . g ., stainless steel or plastic ) or absorbable ( e . g ., a bioabsorbable polymer ). in one preferred form of the present invention , helicoil 10 preferably comprises a bioabsorbable polymer such as polylactic acid ( pla ), polyglycolic acid ( pga ), etc . in any case , however , helicoil 10 comprises a material which is capable of providing the strength needed to set the fixation device into position and to hold the graft ligament in position while bone - to - ligament in - growth occurs . inserter 15 is shown in fig1 - 4 and 7 . inserter 15 generally comprises a shaft 55 having a distal end 60 and a proximal end 65 . one or more grooves 70 are formed on the distal end of shaft 55 . grooves 70 receive the one or more struts 45 of helicoil 10 , in order that helicoil 10 may be mounted on the distal end of shaft 55 and rotated by rotation of shaft 55 . a tapered seat - forming thread 75 ( e . g ., a tapered cutting thread , a tapered opening or dilating thread , etc .) is formed in shaft 55 distal to grooves 70 . tapered seat - forming thread 75 serves to precede helicoil 10 into the space between the graft ligament and the wall of the bone tunnel , and then to form a lead - in or opening in the graft ligament and the wall of the bone tunnel for receiving the turns 40 of helical body 20 , in much the same manner as a tap that creates the thread form , as will hereinafter be discussed in further detail . a handle 80 is mounted on the proximal end of shaft 55 in order to facilitate rotation of shaft 55 by the surgeon . it should be appreciated that tapered seat - forming thread 75 is matched to helicoil 10 so that when helicoil 10 is mounted on inserter 15 , tapered seat - forming thread 75 provides the proper lead - in for helicoil 10 . preferably , interior surfaces 50 of helical body 20 and distal end 60 of inserter 15 are tapered , expanding outwardly in the proximal direction , so that helicoil 10 and inserter 15 form a positive seat such that the interior surface of the helicoil is in direct contact with the tapered body diameter of the inserter . thus it will be seen that , when helicoil 10 is mounted on the distal end of shaft 55 , inserter 15 may be used to advance the helicoil to a surgical site and , via rotation of handle 80 , turn helicoil 10 into the gap between a graft ligament and the wall of a bone tunnel , whereby to create an interference fixation of the graft ligament in the bone tunnel . significantly , inasmuch as inserter 15 has a tapered seat - forming thread 75 formed on its distal end in advance of helicoil 10 , the tapered seat - forming thread can form a seat into the tissue in advance of helicoil 10 , whereby to permit the helicoil to advance easily into the tissue and create the desired interference fixation . accordingly , helicoil 10 does not need to have any penetrating point on its distal end in order to penetrate the tissue . if desired , inserter 15 may be cannulated so that the inserter and helicoil 10 may be deployed over a guidewire , as will hereinafter be discussed . fig8 - 13 show another helicoil interference fixation system 5 , wherein helicoil 10 comprises two struts 45 and inserter 15 comprises two grooves 70 . the use of two struts 45 , rather than one strut 45 , may be advantageous since it may distribute the load imposed during rotation over a larger surface area . this may be important where helicoil 10 is formed out of a bioabsorbable polymer . helicoil interference fixation system 5 may be utilized in a manner generally similar to that of a conventional interference screw system in order to attach a graft ligament to a bone . more particularly , and looking now at fig1 - 25 , there are shown various aspects of an acl reconstruction effected using helicoil interference fixation system 5 . fig1 shows a typical knee joint 205 , with the joint having been prepared for an acl reconstruction , i . e ., with the natural acl having been removed , and with a tibial bone tunnel 210 having been formed in tibia 215 , and with a femoral bone tunnel 220 having been formed in femur 225 . fig1 is a view similar to that of fig1 , except that a graft ligament 230 has been positioned in femoral bone tunnel 220 and tibial bone tunnel 210 in accordance with ways well known in the art . by way of example , graft ligament 230 may be “ towed ” up through tibial bone tunnel 210 and into femoral bone tunnel 220 using a tow suture 235 . fig1 and 17 show graft ligament 230 being made fast in femoral tunnel 220 using helicoil interference fixation system 5 . more particularly , in accordance with the present invention , helicoil 10 is mounted on the distal end of inserter 15 by fitting the struts 45 of helicoil 10 into the grooves 70 of the inserter . then the inserter is used to advance helicoil 10 through tibial tunnel 210 , across the interior of knee joint 205 , and up into the femoral tunnel 220 . if desired , inserter 15 may be cannulated , so that the inserter and helicoil are advanced over a guidewire of the sort well known in the art . as the distal tip of the inserter is advanced , the tapered seat - forming thread 75 first finds its way into the space between the graft ligament 230 and the side wall of femoral bone tunnel 220 . then , as the inserter is turned , tapered seat - forming thread 75 forms a seat into the tissue in advance of helicoil 10 , and helicoil 10 is advanced into the tissue so that the turns of helical body 20 seat themselves in the seat formed by seat - forming thread 75 . as this occurs , the graft ligament is driven laterally , into engagement with the opposing side wall of the bone tunnel . this action sets helicoil 10 between the side wall of femoral bone tunnel 220 and graft ligament 230 , thereby securing the interference fit between graft ligament 230 and the side wall of the bone tunnel , whereby to secure graft ligament 230 to the bone . thereafter , and looking now at fig1 and 19 , inserter 15 is withdrawn , leaving helicoil 10 lodged in position between the graft ligament and the side wall of the bone tunnel . as seen in fig2 , helicoil 10 maintains the interference fit established between graft ligament 220 and the side wall of the bone tunnel , thereby securing the graft ligament to the bone . if desired , helicoil interference fixation system 5 can then be used in a similar manner to form a tibial fixation . see fig2 - 25 . significantly , forming the fixation device in the form of an open helical coil has proven particularly advantageous , inasmuch as the open helical coil provides the strength needed to set the fixation device into position , and hold the graft ligament in position while bone - to - ligament in - growth occurs , while still providing extraordinary access through the body of the fixation device . thus , cell - and nutrient - bearing fluids can move substantially unimpeded through the body of helicoil 10 , and tissue in - growth can occur across the body of helicoil 10 . furthermore , it has been found that when the graft ligament thereafter imposes axial loads on the interference fit , struts 45 help maintain the structural integrity of turns 40 of helical body 20 , whereby to ensure the integrity of the interference fit . in fig1 - 24 , graft ligament 230 is shown to include bone blocks at the ends of the ligament , e . g ., graft ligament 10 may be a patella tendon with bone blocks attached . however , as seen in fig2 - 28 , graft ligament 230 can also constitute only soft tissue , e . g ., graft ligament 230 may comprise a semitendinosus tendon and / or a gracilis tendon , and / or a synthetic device . in fig5 and 11 , the one or more struts 45 are shown as having a helical structure . however , the one or more struts 45 may also be formed with a straight configuration . see , for example , fig2 - 30 , which show a helicoil 10 with a single straight strut 45 , and fig3 which shows a helicoil 10 with multiple straight struts 45 . furthermore , as seen in fig3 , the one or more struts 45 may be interrupted between turns 40 or , as seen in fig3 , the one or more struts 45 may be selectively interrupted between turns 40 . it should also be appreciated that an interference fit may be formed using a plurality of helicoils 10 . thus , as seen in fig3 - 36 , a plurality of helicoils 10 may be loaded on an inserter 15 and used for a collective interference fit . if desired , and looking now at fig3 , the one or more struts 45 may be replaced with recesses 45 a . in this case , grooves 70 on inserter 15 are replaced by corresponding ribs ( not shown ), whereby to permit inserter 15 to rotatably drive helicoil 10 . as seen in fig3 , the period of turns 40 may change along the length of helicoil 10 . additionally , if desired , helicoil 10 can be tapered between its distal end 25 and its proximal end 30 . it will be appreciated that still further embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure . it is to be understood that the present invention is by no means limited to the particular constructions and method steps herein disclosed and / or shown in the drawings , but also comprises any modifications or equivalents within the scope of the invention .
a helicoil interference fixation system comprising : a helicoil comprising a helical body comprising a plurality of turns separated by spaces therebetween , the helical body terminating in a proximal end and a distal end , and at least one internal strut extending between at least two turns of the helical body ; and an inserter for turning the helicoil , the inserter comprising at least one groove for receiving the at least one strut ; the helicoil being mounted on the inserter such that the at least one strut of the helicoil is mounted in the at least one groove of the inserter , such that rotation of the inserter causes rotation of the helicoil .