referring to fig1 - 2 , a representative satisfactory embodiment of the subject head and neck support and restraint system 10 of the invention comprises football helmet 22 and shoulder pads 24 that can be releasably interconnected by dynamic connector 20 . it should be understood , however , that football helmet 22 and shoulder pads 24 are merely illustrative of the many other types and varieties of protective headwear and articles such as vests , jackets , harnesses ( collectively , “ body wraps ”) that can be worn by a user and that can be assembled using a dynamic connector 20 to configure a satisfactory embodiment of the head and neck support and restraint system 10 of the invention . such protective headwear and body wraps can be constructed using a wide variety of polymeric , metallic materials and fabric materials known by those of ordinary skill in the art to be suitable for use in such applications . of particular interest in relation to the embodiment of the invention depicted in fig1 and 2 , the top end of dynamic connector 20 plugs into a socket 12 ( best seen in fig2 ) that is molded or otherwise provided in the back of helmet 22 to facilitate releasable attachment of the two . also , it will be observed upon reading this disclosure that bracket 26 is provided for the releasable attachment of dynamic connector 20 to shoulder pads 24 . although conventional football shoulder pads rest on the shoulders of the user , they are “ worn ” by the user in the sense that they are often laced in front around the upper chest of the user , and thereby also constitute a “ body wrap ” that constricts around the back and trunk portion of the body of the user . many conventional attachment systems and devices are available that can be readily used or modified for use with particular headwear and body wraps . desirably , head and neck support and restraint system 10 of the invention can be designed , fabricated and tailored to a particular activity and user demographic so that it will not be burdensome to wear when a user is participating in normal , routine performance of an activity where there is some risk of being subjected occasionally to a concussive force but where the user is more often interested in being able to move relatively freely and without undue constriction . for activities involving higher risk of physiological injury due to concussive forces , the subject invention will understandably be configured to be more durable and may provide somewhat greater limitations to a user &# 39 ; s ability to move naturally while wearing the apparatus . because the weight of helmet 22 is primarily supported by dynamic connector 20 , the combined weight of the head and helmet are not supported by the neck as with conventional protective headwear , and helmet 22 does not contribute to the dynamic load transmitted to and through the neck either during normal use or when helmet 22 is subjected to a concussive force . referring to fig1 - 3 , dynamic connector 20 is desirably attached to helmet 22 and shoulder pads 24 by a spring - loaded , quick - release connector pin 14 ( fig2 ) and connector bracket 26 ( fig1 ), respectively . referring to fig3 , dynamic connector 20 desirably further comprises at least one , and preferably two or more rotation dampers 40 . in the embodiment shown , rotation dampers 40 are spaced apart near the upper and lower ends of dynamic connector 20 , with a plurality of tilt dampers 46 disposed between them . flexible shaft 42 extends through the coaxially aligned rotation dampers 40 and tilt dampers 46 to facilitate tilting movement of helmet 22 in relation to the longitudinal axis through the center of elongation - compression damper 50 . as used in this disclosure in relation to the presently described embodiment of the invention , “ tilt ” and “ tilting ” should be understood to include movement of the head and neck of the user in any direction away from a longitudinal axis through the center of the coaxially aligned elements of elongation - compression damper 50 of dynamic connector 20 . when dynamic connector 20 is vertically disposed as shown in fig2 , “ tilt ” or “ tilting ” refers to movement of helmet 22 in a direction that tips or leans forward , backward , left , right , or in any other intermediate direction from the longitudinal axis through elongation - compression damper 50 ( fig3 ). when dynamic connector 20 is horizontally disposed , as might occur for example when the upper body of a football player is parallel to the ground , “ tilt ” or “ tilting ” is still movement of helmet 20 in any direction away from the longitudinal axis through elongation - compression damper 50 . “ tilting ” is distinguished from “ rotation ” of helmet 22 relative to shoulder pads 24 in that “ rotation ” refers to movement of helmet 22 around the longitudinal axis . elongation - compression damper 50 of dynamic connector 20 controls and limits the rate and range of response when dynamic connector 20 is subjected to elongation or compression due to concussive forces imparted to helmet 22 . elongation - compression damper 50 is useful in damping concussive forces that are imparted to helmet 20 from any direction having a component force vector along the longitudinal axis through the device . a significant advantage of the present invention is that the rotation dampers 40 , tilt dampers 46 , and elongation - compression damper 50 of dynamic connector 20 are configured so as to limit both the rate and range of travel of helmet 22 relative to shoulder pads 24 when subjected to a high intensity concussive force . the structure and operation of one embodiment of each of rotation dampers 40 , tilt dampers 46 and elongation - compression damper 50 are further described and explained in relation to fig6 - 20 below . referring to fig3 - 5 , helmet mount fixture 30 is desirably configured to slidably engage and be releasably attachable to helmet 22 . base 38 of helmet mount fixture 30 is seated at the top of upper rotating damper 40 and contains a longitudinal bore through which flexible shaft 37 is insertable , passing downwardly sequentially through upper rotating damper 40 , a plurality of tilt dampers 46 , lower rotating damper 40 , and impact force indicator disc 45 ( fig3 ). although impact force indicator disc 45 is depicted here as being disposed between the lowest tilt damper 46 and the lower of two rotation dampers 40 , it can similarly be positioned anywhere along the stem of dynamic connector 20 for use in the invention . impact force indicator disc 45 can be made satisfactorily using metallic or polymeric materials appropriate to the intended use , or a combination thereof , and desirably includes one or more sensors that sense and transmit real - time impact data wirelessly to a receiver and recorder . flexible shaft 37 is desirably constructed of a durable , extrudable polymeric material that will flex but not fracture when subjected to the range of torsional , flexural , tensile and compression loadings likely to be encountered during use . flexible shaft 37 desirably has a non - circular cross - section that is engageable with an inwardly facing collar inside each rotation damper 46 as flexible shaft 37 is inserted through the aligned longitudinal bores of the constituent elements of dynamic connector 20 . a cylindrical packing 42 or functionally equivalent sealant layer is desirably provided where flexible shaft 37 passes through fluid - containing rotating dampers 40 and tilt dampers 46 . the upper end of flexible shaft 37 is desirably connected to helmet mounting fixture 30 by one or more pins 32 , 34 , 39 , with one or both of pins 32 , 34 also being available for use in attaching helmet mounting fixture 30 to helmet 22 . if desired , a locking key can also be provided to enable medical personnel to secure and immobilize helmet 22 and the head and neck of a user in an optimal position to allow transport of the user without movement of the head and neck relative to the shoulders following a concussion or other injury . such a locking key is desirably insertable through a longitudinally extending keyway that can be internal to and coaxially aligned with , or offset from , flexible shaft 37 . referring to the embodiment of the present invention that is shown in fig3 and 8 , elongation - compression damper 50 is disposed at the base of dynamic connector 20 . an elongation - compression damper 50 that is satisfactory for use in the invention comprises a mounting disk and coupling 68 near the uppermost end that attaches the lower end of flexible shaft 37 to the upper end of piston rod 48 . piston rod 48 is in turn coupled in fixed relation to piston 56 , which further comprises at least one fluid passageway 58 . piston 56 is desirably a double - acting piston disposed inside cylinder 60 , which also contains a predetermined volume of an oily or oil - like fluid 64 that does not completely fill the voids inside cylinder 60 and fluid passageway ( s ) 58 . fluid seal 56 is desirably disposed above cylinder 62 , and is maintained by keeper rings 52 , 54 . elongation - compression damper 50 is configured to damp forces imparted to dynamic connector 20 that have component forces acting in the longitudinal direction that act either to elongate or compress the connector . in the absence of the invention , a significant portion of an impact received on the crown of an item of protective headwear is transmitted through the cervical vertebrae to the spine . one purpose and intended function of dynamic connector 20 and , more particularly , of elongation - compression damper 50 is to take that load away from the neck and reduce the magnitude of the force before distributing it to the body through a worn article to which the lower end of dynamic connector 20 is attached . the force is dissipated by using a significant portion of the energy applied through piston rod 48 to drive double - acting piston 56 inside cylinder 60 while simultaneously displacing fluid 64 , preferably a medium viscosity oil , through one or more fluid passageways 58 in piston 56 to the other side of cylinder 60 . the maximum range of travel of piston rod 48 is determined by the overall length of cylinder 60 less the thickness of piston 56 . referring to fig9 - 13 , each rotation damper 40 preferably further comprises cap 70 and base 72 , each of which has a circular shape , with the outside diameter of cap 70 being slightly greater than the outside diameter of base 72 to facilitated fluid - tight slip - fit engagement between them . in the depicted embodiment , cap 70 comprises annular recess 78 into which annular rim 80 can slide into engagement when assembled as shown in fig9 . both cap 70 and base 72 also have centrally disposed longitudinal bores 74 , 76 , with the bore of cap 70 being smaller than that through base 72 . as seen in fig1 , bore 74 of cap 70 is configured in size and shape to receive flexible shaft 37 ( fig3 ) into slidable engagement with it , while bore 76 of base 72 is large enough to permit shaft 37 to spin inside it when cap 70 and base 72 are assembled as shown in fig9 . the rotation of cap 70 in either rotational direction relative to base 72 is indicated by arrow 90 of fig1 . fig1 and 11 further comprise diametrically opposed blades or paddles 82 , 84 that sweep through cooperatively configured interior chambers 86 , 88 of base 72 when cap 70 and base 72 are assembled as depicted in fig9 . when in use , rotation damper 40 will desirably contain an oily or oil - like fluid ( not shown ) that is disposed in chambers 86 , 88 of base 72 . it will also be appreciated that fluid seals ( not shown ) are desirably provided to prevent or control fluid leakage between cap 70 and base 72 , and around the bores 74 , 76 . referring to fig9 - 13 , when rotation damper 40 is subjected to rotational loading by the engagement of flexible shaft 37 ( fig3 ) with bore 74 as helmet 22 is rotated left or right relative to shoulder pads 24 ( fig3 ), paddles 84 , 84 force fluid disposed in chambers 86 , 88 of base 72 , forcing fluid through fluid passageways 92 , 94 , 96 , 98 as seen in fig1 and 13 . in each instance where dynamic loading of dynamic connector 20 produces relative motion that causes fluid inside rotation damper 40 or elongation - compression damper 50 to be pushed through fluid passageways , it will be appreciated that the magnitude of damping will vary according to factors such as , for example , the number , cross - sectional area and surface configuration of the associated fluid passageways , the molecular weight , viscosity and lubricity of the fluid used , and the rate of movement of the paddle 82 , 84 or piston 56 that is displacing the fluid . it will also be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure that those factors can be adjusted as needed in accordance with load factors likely to be encountered for a targeted activity , use environment and user demographic . referring to fig1 - 20 , each of a plurality of tilt dampers 46 as disclosed in relation to this embodiment of the invention further comprises cap 100 , base 102 that are cooperatively configured to be assembled into slip - fit engagement with each other , with a ring 104 of interconnected , impact - absorbing pouches 105 disposed between them . sufficient diametric clearance is desirably provided between cap 100 and base 102 of each tilt damper 46 that each cap 100 can tilt slightly in relation to the cooperatively engaged base 102 to permit some compression of a pouch 105 disposed between them in that portion of the circumference in which the tilting pressure is applied by flexure of flexible shaft 37 ( fig3 ) relative to a centrally disposed longitudinal axis through elongation - compression damper 50 ( fig3 ). referring to fig1 , cap 100 further comprises annular rim 108 that cooperates with a plurality of evenly spaced , radially extending ribs ( or spokes ) 115 to define the upper portion of a plurality of recesses 114 . transverse openings 110 are desirably provided in each rib 115 to provide clearance for connectors 128 between adjacent pouches 105 of pouch ring 104 ( fig1 and 19 - 20 ). referring to fig1 - 18 , base 102 further comprises an annular rim cooperatively configured to fit inside rim 108 of cap 100 ( fig1 ). base 102 further comprises a plurality of evenly spaced , radially extending ribs 118 that define recesses 116 that cooperate with recesses 114 of cap 100 to receive pouches 105 of pouch ring 104 when assembled as depicted in fig1 . centrally disposed axial bores 112 through cap 100 , 106 through base 102 and aperture 130 through pouch ring 104 are all desirably cooperatively aligned and are sized and configured to allow flexible shaft 37 ( fig3 ) to pass through them . an oily or oil - like fluid 109 is desirably confined inside pouch ring 104 to provide cushioning and resistance to a force applied downwardly through dynamic connector 20 or by flexure of shaft 37 relative to shoulder pads 24 ( fig3 ). those of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate upon reading this specification and the description of preferred embodiments herein that modifications and alterations to the apparatus and methods may be made within the scope of the invention and it is intended that the scope of the invention disclosed herein be limited only by the broadest interpretation of the appended claims to which the inventor is legally entitled .
a head and neck support and restraint system including protective headwear worn by a user ; an article worn about the shoulders , chest and back of the user ; and a dynamic connector that is disposed between and attached to the protective headwear and the worn article that dampens and distributes forces to which the head and neck are subjected during use . such forces can include forces experienced as a result of acceleration , deceleration , or impact during a collision between the user and another person or object . the dynamic connector also supports and limits the rate and range of motion permitted between the head and neck relative to the shoulders , chest and back of a user when the head or body of the user is subjected to such forces .