fig1 through 5 illustrate the prior art treatment of a blood vessel occlusion such as a cto using a conventional micro guiding catheter , as discussed in the background section above . fig1 illustrates the diversion of the wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device into the natural micro - channels located within the occlusion . fig2 shows the effects of the application of a forward axial force on an unsupported wire “ without support ”, and on a wire that is supported by a micro guiding catheter “ with support ”. fig3 and 4 show the dislodgement of the micro guiding catheter from the treatment site by virtue of the law of action - reaction , and fig5 shows the resulting buckling of the wire in the vicinity of the dislodgement . with reference to fig6 and 7 , there is illustrated a generalized embodiment of a vacuum anchoring tip for temporarily adhering the tip of a catheter to an occlusion site . the vacuum may be externally generated or self generated , and may be controlled mechanically or by way of an electronic signal . fig8 and 9 schematically illustrate in cross - section a vacuum anchoring catheter tip wherein the vacuum is created and controlled by an externally generated vacuum . the catheter is dimensioned to deliver a conventional guidewire , stiff wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device through a firmly anchored tip to a blood vessel occlusion , and relies on a vacuum to secure the tip at the site of the vessel occlusion while allowing a free passage for the wire . the tip 100 is preferably formed from a single piece of a flexible material that can be manufactured by injection molding , by two piece mold assembly methods , or by machining . in preferred embodiments , the outer surface geometry of tip 100 has seven distinct areas , as follows : sealing ring 1 , sealing ring recess 2 , contact chamber wall 3 , vacuum chamber wall 4 , chambers divider recess 5 , vacuum chamber recess 6 , and tail wall 7 . the inner surface geometry of tip 100 also has , in preferred embodiments , seven distinct areas , as follows : secondary sealing ring 8 , chambers divider septum 9 , guiding cone 10 , tail 11 , vacuum chamber 12 , chambers divider lumen 14 , and contact chamber 14 . the sealing ring 1 serves as the primary contact zone for adhering the tip to the occlusion site to create an initial seal and thus to allow vacuum to be built up in the tip 100 . associated sealing ring recess 2 facilitates the sealing of the sealing ring 1 by enhancing the flexibility thereof vis - à - vis the occlusion site . as vacuum is built up within tip 100 , contact chamber 14 becomes the main interface between the tip 100 and the target surface of the occlusion site . secondary sealing ring 8 is optional , and in embodiments that include it enhances further sealing ability of the contact chamber 14 by providing additional reinforcement . as is best seen in fig1 , the contact chamber 14 maintains a selected degree of vacuum during use , and is able to stretch to fit the topography of the target surface area whether it has rough , bumpy or smooth areas . to facilitate this , the wall 3 of contact chamber 14 may be thinner compared to other areas of the tip 100 to enhance the ability thereof to stretch , expand and generally accommodate for the target surface topography . the wall 3 of contact chamber 14 may also be manufactured from a lower durometer material to further assist in achieving these attributes . with reference now to fig1 , the vacuum chamber 12 of tip 100 maintains vacuum during use , and provides a reservoir of vacuum for the contact chamber 14 . the wall thickness 4 of vacuum chamber 12 is preferably thicker than the wall 3 of contact chamber 14 to enhance its ability to withstand constant vacuum without collapsing . the wall 4 of vacuum chamber 12 may also be manufactured from a higher durometer material to further assist achieving this attribute . the chambers divider lumen 13 connects the vacuum chamber 12 and contact chamber 14 , and is suitably constructed and dimensioned to permit the free passage therethrough of a wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device during use ( see fig1 ). in some embodiments , an additional lumen 18 may optionally be provided to run through the entire length of the catheter and extend all the way to the level of the distal tip for additional support of the wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device 19 . the chambers divider recess 5 facilitates flexibility between the vacuum chamber 12 and contact chamber 14 , thereby providing contact chamber 14 with additional degrees of freedom to bend and thus to better fit to the topography of the target surface without breaking vacuum , and also to minimize the effect of bending of the catheter shaft 16 . the vacuum chamber recess 6 provides a secondary flexibility zone , but also guides the tip 100 into its delivery sleeve prior to the procedure ( see fig2 ). the tail 11 provides an interface between the flexible tip 100 and the catheter shaft 16 , and it &# 39 ; s the thickness and shape of the tail wall 7 are optimized for various known bonding or fusing techniques , including lamination , in which case tail wall 7 could be placed in between the layers that comprise a conventional catheter shaft 16 . guiding cone 10 is dimensioned to guide the wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device through the center of the tip 100 , and reduces the risk of damage to the inner structure of tip 100 in embodiments where a stiff wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device is being used ( see fig1 ). referring now to fig1 , the twin - chamber construction of tip 100 enables the more efficient maintenance of a stable level of vacuum as compared to prior known devices . contact chamber 14 creates a robust sealing area , while the vacuum chamber 12 buffers and delivers a constant under - pressure “ delta p ” to maintain the adhering force “ f ”. in addition , as best seen in fig1 , the twin - chamber construction of tip 100 and the hinge - like action of divider recess 5 enhances the ability of tip 100 to maintain contact chamber 14 generally parallel to the target surface despite changes in the inclination of catheter shaft 16 . this further enhances the ability of the tip 100 to maintain a stable level of vacuum despite changes in the inclination of shaft 16 , and isolates the contact chamber 14 from perturbations to the proximal portions of the catheter shaft 16 . by way of comparison , fig1 illustrates the deleterious effects of bending on vacuum maintenance in a single chamber design . in such a single chamber design , if a bending force “ m ” is applied to the catheter shaft after vacuum has been built in single vacuum chamber 15 , then the contact area of chamber 15 will experience compression (+ t ) and tension (− t ) forces . since the compression force assist in adhering to the contact surface , it is the tension force that needs to be minimized to prevent the contact area seal to break . fig1 illustrates these effects in greater detail vis - à - vis both a single vacuum chamber design 15 and the dual chamber design of the presently disclosed subject matter . in the dual chamber design , stress isolating point 17 ( which , as described above , may comprise the twin - chamber construction of tip 100 and the hinge - like action of divider recess 5 of the present subject matter ) results in a lower tension force ( t 1 , t 2 ) to be transmitted to the contact surface ( sealing ring 1 and optionally also secondary sealing ring 8 of the present subject matter ) as a consequence of shaft bending increments ( m 1 , m 2 ). in a single chamber design , such force increment ( m 1 , m 2 ) has higher effect on the tension magnitude ( t 1 , t 2 ) as compared to a dual chamber design . @ m 1 : t 1 & lt ; t 1 ; @ m 2 : t 2 & lt ;& lt ; t 2 the difference in force reaction is converted through the isolating point to different angled force vector ( d 1 , d 2 ), that causes internal deformation of the chambers which do not affect the tension force ( t 1 , t 2 ). @ m 1 : t 1 + d 1 = t 1 ; @ m 2 : t 2 + d 2 = t 2 referring now to fig2 , tip 100 permits the maintenance of a stable vacuum while allowing a wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device to pass freely through lumen . additionally , tip 100 it will not impose high drag to the wire or device during its passage regardless of the amount of vacuum . this is achieved by cooperation of the chambers divider 9 with vacuum chamber 13 , such that radial deformation is minimized and compensated for by axial deformation upon vacuum actuation . this cooperative action keeps the chambers divider lumen 13 at an almost constant diameter regardless of the surrounding under - pressure , thereby permitting the free passage of the wire or device through to the target area . fig2 through 24 illustrate steps in the method of use of the vacuum anchoring catheter . since the vacuum anchoring catheter is a percutaneous device , it is normally introduced via a guiding catheter , so its flared tip 100 tip should be compressed to enable loading into the guiding catheter lumen . one design for loading is a sliding sleeve connected to an actuating knob at the hub . the sleeve is pushed forward to capture the flared tip and encapsulate it to fit a smaller diameter to allow the vacuum anchoring catheter to be introduced into the guiding catheter ( see fig2 ). once the vacuum anchoring catheter has reached the target occlusion , the sleeve using the knob is pulled back to expose the tip 100 to be ready for the occlusion penetrating procedure . once the tip 100 makes contact with the target area of the occlusion , a vacuum is applied through the catheter by the withdrawal and temporary locking of a piston at the proximal end of the catheter . when the occlusion penetrating procedure is concluded , the vacuum is released and the guiding catheter is withdrawn ( see fig2 ). fig2 through 27 illustrate alternate embodiments in which vacuum is self - generated and continuously built by the bending movement of the catheter . in these embodiments , tip 100 further includes embedded spring frame 20 generally encircling chambers dividing lumen 13 and extending into catheter shaft 16 . bending of shaft 16 causes the spring frame 20 to convert the bending movement of the shaft 16 into radial expansion / contraction of the vacuum chamber wall 4 , and thereby build vacuum by increasing / decreasing the volume of vacuum chamber 12 . in preferred embodiments , the frame 20 comprises radial spring 21 and two or more pairs of asymmetrical connecting struts 22 in communication with embedded actuation wires or struts 23 within the shaft 16 . the embedded actuation wires or struts 23 within the shaft 16 are preferably located in dedicated lumens 24 . in other embodiments , the frame may comprise an uneven number of connecting struts 22 and actuation wires or struts 23 . the present description includes the best presently contemplated mode of carrying out the subject matter disclosed and claimed herein . the description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the subject matter and not be taken in a limiting sense ; the subject matter can find utility in a variety of implementations without departing from the scope of the disclosure made , as will be apparent to those of skill in the art from an understanding of the principles that underlie the subject matter .
provided is a method for the treatment of blood vessel occlusions , comprising the localized anchoring of a catheter during the procedure by temporarily adhering its tip to the occlusion treatment site using a vacuum . also provided is a catheter with a vacuum anchoring tip controlled by an externally generated vacuum , a catheter with a vacuum anchoring tip controlled by a self - generated vacuum , and a catheter with a vacuum anchoring tip in which the vacuum is controlled by an electronic signal . the localized anchoring method utilizes a vacuum to secure the tip of the catheter in place while allowing a free passage for the wire or dedicated occlusion penetrating device , and thereby frees the operator from constantly monitoring the tip position and pushing the catheter to support the advancement of the wire .