referring first to fig1 of the drawings , a schematic illustration of a direct blood pressure measuring system 10 shows a pressure transducer 12 connected to an infusion manifold 14 , which in turn in clamped to an iv pole 16 . the transducer is connected by means of an output cable 18 to a monitor 20 which provides an amplifier - display function and normally provides both numerical and waveform data . the manifold is shown having three valves 22 , 24 and 26 for regulating fluid flow to and from a fluid resevoir 28 , an irrigation syringe 30 and an arterial catheter stopcock 32 , respectively . the valves 22 , 24 and 26 are three - way valves which are open to fluid flow in the direction of arrows marked on the upper surface of each valve . a fluid flow line or pressure communication line 34 connects the stopcock 32 with a connection 36 to valve 26 . a flow line 38 interconnects the bottom of resevoir 28 with an input connection 40 to valve 22 . these flow lines 34 and 38 are typically constructed of small diameter , transparent plastic tubing made from materials such as polycarbonates , polyacrylates or clear pvc , for example . the syringe 30 is connected to a manifold input to valve 24 . the transducer 12 has a dome 42 on its upper end , with the dome having two tubular passageways 44 and 46 ( fig2 ), extending outwardly from the dome and having fluid - tight threaded connectors 48 , 50 , respectively , or the like . connector 50 connects the transducer 12 to an input to valve 26 on the manifold 14 . connector 48 is connected to a three - way stopcock 52 for flushing the dome 42 . referring now to fig2 of the drawings , the transducer 12 includes a first housing member 53 which is coupled to the dome 42 , and a second housing member 54 in which is mounted the electronic system to convert the movement of a strain gage element 55 into a usable electrical signal for transmittal by means of cable 18 to the monitor 20 . the first and second housing members 53 and 54 combine to provide a chamber for containing the strain gage and related electronics and the dome 42 provides another chamber 56 for accumulating transmitter fluid . a silastic diaphragm 57 is mounted across the chamber 56 of the dome 42 . the silastic diaphragm 57 has an o - ring like rim portion 58 molded on its outer peripheral edge and received within an annular groove 59 formed in the lower face of the dome 42 . this rim portion 58 provides a seal between the dome 42 and the first housing member 53 to prevent the passage of fluid from one side of the diaphragm 57 to the other . as shown in fig2 the radially interior annular surface portion of the groove 59 is tapered to form an annular wedge 59a , which acts on the rim 58 to tend to stretch the diaphragm 57 radially outwardly as the rim is forced into the groove by the first housing member 53 being received by the dome 42 , as described hereinafter . the wedging effect of the surface portion 59a acting on the rim 58 may be enhanced by providing the rim with a tapered radially interior annular surface 58a to abut and slide along the groove surface 59a . the passageways 44 and 46 communicate with the interior cavity 56 of the dome 42 above the diaphragm 57 . the bottom of the diaphragm 57 contacts the strain gage element 55 . the first housing member 53 of the transducer 12 is arranged to matingly assemble with the dome 42 . the top surface 63 of the housing member 53 is sized for reception within an annular shoulder portion 64 extending downwardly from the outer cylindrical wall portion 65 of the dome 42 . the housing member 53 has an energy director in the form of a low annular ridge or bead ( not shown ) on the outer rim of the upper surface 63 which becomes molten when subjected to ultrasonic welding techniques to bond the surface 63 with the bottom face of the dome 42 and thereby secure the assembly of the dome 42 and the first housing member 53 . an annular land or ridge 63a protrudes from the surface 63 and underlies the diaphragm rim 58 to compress the rim into the dome groove 59 and insure the anchoring and sealing of the diaphragm 57 between the dome and the housing member 53 . exterior threads 66 on the outer wall surface of first housing member 53 are arranged to receive interior mating threads on the second housing member 54 to thereby attach the member 54 to the member 53 . a transducer body 67 with the strain gage element 55 mounted thereon is mounted within the second housing member 54 and received within the first housing member 53 as the two housing members are threaded together . a beveled shoulder surface 68 on the transducer body 67 is arranged to engage a complementary beveled surface 69 formed on the bottom end of housing member 53 to insure that the strain gage element 55 will be positioned relative to the diaphragm 57 to receive communication thereby of pressure fluctuations in the fluid contained within the dome cavity 56 . the transducer body 67 includes the strain gage and electronics for converting movement of the strain gage element 55 into electronic signals to be displayed by the monitor 20 . concerning the operation of the blood pressure measuring system described above , reference is again made to fig1 . a catheter ( not shown ) is inserted into an artery or vein to the point of pressure measurement , with the other end of the catheter connecting with a flow line leading to the stopcock 32 . in order to make pressure measurements , a sterile solution , such as 5 % dextrose in water or normal saline , is introduced into the catheter so that the fluid pressure can be transmitted directly from the cardiovascular system through the sterile solution / blood interface to the transducer 12 . the resevoir 28 supplies the sterile solution to the system , with the manifold 14 , the syringe 30 and the valves 22 , 24 and 26 being used to first draw the solution from the resevoir and connect same with the flow line 34 to fill the pressure measuring system with the sterile solution or transmitting fluid . the transducer 12 is placed at the same height as the point of pressure measurement in the cardiovascular system by adjusting the position of the manifold 14 on the iv pole 16 . this procedure reduces error due to differences in hydrostatic pressure . the transducer 12 is connected with the flow line 34 by the valve 26 . any changes in blood flow pressure will thus be transmitted through the transmitting fluid to the transducer dome 42 and thence converted by the strain gage element 55 and transducer electronics 67 to an electrical signal which is converted to useful data by the monitor 20 . an alternative direct blood pressure measuring system employing a transducer 12 , including a pressure dome 42 , involves connecting the flow line 34 from the cardiovascular system directly to one of the dome passages 44 and 46 , and connecting the flow line 38 from the reservoir 28 directly to the other of the dome passages 44 or 46 . then , the flow lines 38 and 34 as well as the dome cavity 56 are filled with a transmitter fluid from the reservoir 28 before the catheter introduced into the cardiovascular system is connected to the flow line 34 . the stopcock 32 may be utilized to clear the pressure measuring system of bubbles before the system is connected to the cardiovascular system of the patient . pressure fluctuations are transmitted to the dome 42 by means of one of the passages 44 or 46 whether or not the manifold 14 is included in the system . such changes in pressure cause the diaphragm 57 to move , and the strain gage element 55 is arranged to follow such diaphragm movement . the strain gage element 55 , when moved , changes the resistance in wires ( not shown ) included in the strain gage and electronics 67 , such resistance changes being proportional to diaphragm movement which in turn is proportional to blood pressure changes . the resistance wires in the strain gage are connected in a bridge circuit which in turn is also connected with the monitor 20 by the cable 18 . the monitor 20 has an amplifier function connecting with the bridge circuit . when the bridge is balanced at zero gauge pressure , voltages proportional to pressure fluctuations applied to the transducer 12 will appear at the monitor which converts the voltages to the data readout modes . in the system just described pressure measurement depends upon the direct transmission of pressure changes through the fluid system to the transducer 12 . the accuracy of such a system assumes the non - compressibility of the transmitting fluid . it is readily seen that should air bubbles be entrained in the system , such non - compressibility does not in fact exist . bubbles in the system , therefore , boost or attenuate the pressure transmitted to the transducer 12 . in one aspect , a bubble may absorb an increase in pressure being seen by the transmitting fluid . this phenomenon is known as damping , which may reduce or distort the readout , especially a waveform , to a point where completely erroneous conclusions would be drawn . this in turn could critically affect diagnosis and patient care . bubbles in the system also pose the threat of air embolization , which , even in amounts of less than 0 . 5 cc , can be lethal in certain circumstances . a remedy to remove bubbles or other obstructions from the fluid flow system includes using the syringe 30 on the manifold 14 to clear the lines by flushing the system with a small amount of solution , and then resuming the pressure measuring operation . generally , the dome 42 of the transducer is particularly susceptible of bubble formation and , therefore , one of the passages 44 or 46 on the dome usually has a three - way stopcock 52 positioned thereon for flushing this part of the system . the stopcock 52 can also be used for withdrawal of blood samples and administration of drugs . if the transducer is connected directly to the fluid reservoir 28 and the stopcock 32 , the system must be open to clear bubbles therefrom by means of the stopcock , for example . important features of the present invention pertain to the problem of bubble formation and retention in the system . as shown in fig2 of the drawings , the dome cavity 56 of dome 42 has a convex downwardly projecting portion 70 formed on the upper interior face 71 of the cavity . the convex portion 70 acts as a dispersing surface to fluids flowing across the top face 71 of the cavity 56 , thus causing fluid flow to extend radially outwardly from the generally circularly shaped convex portion 70 . additionally , the upper face 71 of the dome cavity 56 does not contain any concave pockets whereby bubbles might become entrapped . in addition to the problem of bubble formation in the system , the previously discussed problem concerning the occurrence of standing waves in the fluid dynamic system is also treated by the structure of fig2 . in addition to the top face 71 , the dome cavity 56 is defined in part by peripheral surfaces such as 72 and 74 including the entrances to the passages 46 and 44 , respectively . the surfaces 72 and 74 are sloped at different acute angles relative to the face 71 and to the diaphragm 57 , as shown . in similar fashion , the interior walls about the periphery of the chamber 56 are all sloped relative to the face 71 and diaphragm 57 , and are mutually non - parallel . the non - parallel interior side walls such as the sloping surfaces 72 and 74 help prevent the symmetrical or parallel side wall configuration which might cause bouncing of waves back and forth in the cavity 56 . thus , a resonant cavity situation is avoided in this respect . additionally , the upper interior surface or face 71 of the cavity 56 is sloped upwardly from the port to the passage 46 to that of the passage 44 . the dome top face 71 is thus also not parallel to the diaphragm 57 , which closes the cavity 56 , to further deviate from a possible resonant cavity configuration . thus , the cavity 56 is defined by interior dome surfaces which are generally mutually non - parallel , and generally disposed at varying angles relative to the diaphragm 57 in its relaxed configuration disposed across the opening of the cavity at the bottom face thereof . it is also noted that the entrance port to the passage 44 is thus farther from the diaphragm 57 than the entrance to passage 46 , which can be a further factor in eliminating bubble formation . in addition to the features described above , the problem of impedance mismatch can also be aggravated by the relative volumes of the cavity 56 and passages 44 , 46 . in order to minimize any impedance effect in this respect the passages 44 , 46 are tapered in their construction from a larger diameter at their respective outer ends 76 to a smaller diameter where the passages intersect the cavity face 71 along the sloping side portions 74 and 72 , respectively . in this way , the cross sectional area of the dome cavity 56 is insured as larger than the intersections of the passages with the cavity , thereby providing a minimized impedance change for pressure pulses entering the cavity from a passage and traversing the cavity toward a passage . the diameter of each such intersecting opening into the cavity 56 may be less than 0 . 080 inches and preferably about 0 . 050 inches to provide this feature . the present invention thus provides a pressure dome which minimizes or avoids entirely problems and hazards which characterize prior art pressure domes utilized in the direct measurement of cardiovascular fluid pressure . standing waves in the transmitter fluid are avoided by the asymmetrical arrangement of the walls and the diaphragm defining and closing the fluid accumulator cavity , respectively . the sloped , concave roof of the cavity disperses the fluid flow therethrough to the periphery of the asymmetrical walls to avoid the formation of bubbles in the transmitter fluid . inaccuracies in the communication of cardiovascular pressure to the dome interior are further alleviated by the general truncated cone shape given to the passageways leading to and from the cavity to enhance impedance matching between the fluid flow lines and the cavity . the foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof , and various changes in the size , shape and materials as well as in the details of the illustrated construction may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention .
a pressure transducer for use in a direct blood pressure measuring system includes a domed portion which is connected to a line interposed in a patient &# 39 ; s blood supply system . a sterile solution serves to interface the patient &# 39 ; s blood system and the pressuring measuring apparatus . an asymmetrical configuration of the interior cavity in the domed portion of the transducer , which cavity is in the fluid flow path , as well as a convex surface formed on the top face of the cavity improve the reliability of the transducer by avoiding standing waves and bubbles in the fluid in the cavity . flow lines intersecting the cavity are tapered to improve impedance matching with the cavity .