a first embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formulae i and ii as described above , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient . in one embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formula iii : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , where a , y , x and g are as defined in the previous embodiment . in one example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , and substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , where each — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , and substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl independently contains 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s , or n . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still another example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , and substituted heteroaryl . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g is — nhso 2 - r 3 , where r 3 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still yet another example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , and substituted heteroaryl . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , and substituted heteroaryl . a is — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl or substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl . g is — nhso 2 - r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 — c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formula iv : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , where a , y , x and g are as defined in the first embodiment . in one example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkyny , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , and substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , where each — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , and substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl independently contains 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s , or n . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still another example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , and substituted heteroaryl . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still yet another example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , and substituted heteroaryl . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another example , x and y are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , and substituted heteroaryl . a is — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl or substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in one embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formula v : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , wherein r 7 is independently selected at each occurrence from : ( i ) hydrogen ; halogen ; — no 2 ; — cn ; ( ii ) — m — r 4 , m is o , s , nh ; ( iii ) nr 4 r 5 ; ( iv ) — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s , or n ; substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s or n ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl ; ( v ) aryl ; substituted aryl ; heteroaryl ; substituted heteroaryl ; and ( vi ) heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl ; a , g , r 4 and r 5 are are as defined in the first embodiment . in one example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined immediately above . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still another example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still yet another example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl or substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in one embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formula vi : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , wherein r 7 is independently selected at each occurrence from : ( i ) hydrogen ; halogen ; — no 2 ; — cn ; ( ii ) — m — r 4 , m is o , s , nh ; ( iii ) nr 4 r 5 ; ( iv ) — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s , or n ; substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s or n ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl ; ( v ) aryl ; substituted aryl ; heteroaryl ; substituted heteroaryl ; and ( vi ) heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl ; a , g , r 4 and r 5 are are as defined in the first embodiment . in one example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as defined immediately above . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , - c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still another example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still yet another example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another example , where x 1 - x 4 are independently selected from — cr 7 and n , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl or substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in one embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formula vii : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected selected from cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , wherein r 7 is independently selected at each occurrence from : ( i ) hydrogen ; halogen ; — no 2 ; — cn ; ( ii ) — m — r 4 , m is o , s , nh ; ( iii ) nr 4 r 5 ; ( iv ) — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s , or n ; substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s or n ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl ; ( v ) aryl ; substituted aryl ; heteroaryl ; substituted heteroaryl ; and ( vi ) heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl ; a , g , r 4 and r 5 are are as defined in the first embodiment . in one example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined immediately above . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still another example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still yet another example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl or substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in one embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by formula vii : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester or prodrug thereof , alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected selected from cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , wherein r 7 is independently selected at each occurrence from : ( i ) hydrogen ; halogen ; — no 2 ; — cn ; ( ii ) — m — r 4 , m is o , s , nh ; ( iii ) nr 4 r 5 ; ( iv ) — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s , or n ; substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , or substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl each containing 0 , 1 , 2 , or 3 heteroatoms selected from o , s or n ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl ; — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl ; ( v ) aryl ; substituted aryl ; heteroaryl ; substituted heteroaryl ; and ( vi ) heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl ; a , g , r 4 and r 5 are are as defined in the first embodiment . in one example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is defined immediately above . a is selected from the group consisting of — c ( o )— r 1 , — c ( o )— o — r 1 and — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g can be — nh — so 2 — nr 4 r 5 or — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , and r 4 and r 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen , — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still another example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 or — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , substituted — c 1 alkyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkenyl , substituted — c 2 - c 8 alkynyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from aryl , substituted aryl , heteroaryl , substituted heteroaryl , heterocyclic , substituted heterocyclic , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl , substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl , or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkenyl . in still yet another example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— o — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . in another example , where y 1 - y 3 are independently selected from — cr 7 , n , nr 7 , s and o , where r 7 is as previously defined above . a is — c ( o )— nh — r 1 , where r 1 is — c 1 - c 8 alkyl or substituted — c 1 - c 8 alkyl . g is — nhso 2 — r 3 , where r 3 is selected from — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl or substituted — c 3 - c 12 cycloalkyl . representative compounds of the invention include , but are not limited to , the following compounds ( table 1 ) according to formula ix : according to an alternate embodiment , the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may further contain other anti - hcv agents . examples of anti - hcv agents include , but are not limited to , interferon ( e . g ., alpha - interferon , beta - interferon , consensus interferon , pegylated interferon , or albumin or other conjugated interferon ), ribavirin , and amantadine . for further details see s . tan , a . pause , y . shi , n . sonenberg , hepatitis c therapeutics : current status and emerging strategies , nature rev . drug discov ., 1 , 867 - 881 ( 2002 ); wo 00 / 59929 ( 2000 ); wo 99 / 07733 ( 1999 ); wo 00 / 09543 ( 2000 ); wo 99 / 50230 ( 1999 ); u . s . pat . no . 5 , 861 , 297 ( 1999 ); and us2002 / 0037998 ( 2002 ) which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety . according to an additional embodiment , the pharmaceutical compositions of the 1 5 present invention may further contain other hcv protease inhibitors . according to yet another embodiment , the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may further comprise inhibitor ( s ) of other targets in the hcv life cycle , including , but not limited to , helicase , polymerase , metalloprotease , and internal ribosome entry site ( ires ). according to another embodiment , the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may further comprise another anti - viral , anti - bacterial , anti - fungal or anti - cancer agent , or an immune modulator , or another thearapeutic agent . according to still another embodiment , the present invention includes methods of treating hepatitis c infections in a subject in need of such treatment by administering to said subject an anti - hcv virally effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , ester , or prodrug thereof . according to a further embodiment , the present invention includes methods of treating hepatitis c infections in a subject in need of such treatment by administering to said subject an anti - hcv virally effective amount or an inhibitory amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention . an additional embodiment of the present invention includes methods of treating biological samples by contacting the biological samples with the compounds of the present invention . yet a further aspect of the present invention is a process of making any of the compounds delineated herein employing any of the synthetic means delineated herein . listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this invention . these definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims , unless otherwise limited in specific instances , either individually or as part of a larger group . the term “ c 1 - c 6 alkyl ,” or “ c 1 - c 8 alkyl ,” as used herein , refer to saturated , straight - or branched - chain hydrocarbon radicals containing between one and six , or one and eight carbon atoms , respectively . examples of c 1 - c 6 alkyl radicals include , but are not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , tert - butyl , neopentyl , n - hexyl radicals ; and examples of c 1 - c 8 alkyl radicals include , but are not limited to , methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , tert - butyl , neopentyl , n - hexyl , heptyl , octyl radicals . the term “ c 2 - c 6 alkenyl ,” or “ c 2 - c 8 alkenyl ,” as used herein , denote a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety by the removal of a single hydrogen atom wherein the hydrocarbon moiety has at least one carbon - carbon double bond and contains from two to six , or two to eight carbon atoms , respectively . alkenyl groups include , but are not limited to , for example , ethenyl , propenyl , butenyl , 1 - methyl - 2 - buten - 1 - yl , heptenyl , octenyl and the like . the term “ c 2 - c 6 alkynyl ,” or “ c 2 - c 8 alkynyl ,” as used herein , denote a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety by the removal of a single hydrogen atom wherein the hydrocarbon moiety has at least one carbon - carbon triple bond and contains from two to six , or two to eight carbon atoms , respectively . representative alkynyl groups include , but are not limited to , for example , ethynyl , 1 - propynyl , 1 - butynyl , heptynyl , octynyl and the like . the term “ c 3 - c 8 - cycloalkyl ”, or “ c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl ,” as used herein , denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound by the removal of a single hydrogen atom where the saturated carbocyclic ring compound has from 3 ot 8 , or from 3 to 12 , ring atoms , respectively . examples of c 3 - c 8 - cycloalkyl include , but not limited to , cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , cyclopentyl and cyclooctyl ; and examples of c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl include , but not limited to , cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 ] heptyl , and bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 2 ] octyl . the term “ c 3 - c 8 - cycloalkenyl ”, or “ c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkenyl ” as used herein , denote a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring compound having at least one carbon - carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom where the carbocyclic ring compound has from 3 ot 8 , or from 3 to 12 , ring atoms , respectively . examples of c 3 - c 8 - cycloalkenyl include , but not limited to , cyclopropenyl , cyclobutenyl , cyclopentenyl , cyclohexenyl , cycloheptenyl , cyclooctenyl , and the like ; and examples of c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkenyl include , but not limited to , cyclopropenyl , cyclobutenyl , cyclopentenyl , cyclohexenyl , cycloheptenyl , cyclooctenyl , and the like . the term “ aryl ,” as used herein , refers to a mono - or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or two aromatic rings including , but not limited to , phenyl , naphthyl , tetrahydronaphthyl , indanyl , idenyl and the like . the term “ arylalkyl ,” as used herein , refers to a c 1 - c 3 alkyl or c 1 - c 6 alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring . examples include , but are not limited to , benzyl , phenethyl and the like . the term “ heteroaryl ,” as used herein , refers to a mono -, bi -, or tri - cyclic aromatic radical or ring having from five to ten ring atoms of which at least one ring atom is selected from s , o and n ; wherein any n or s contained within the ring may be optionally oxidized . heteroaryl includes , but is not limited to , pyridinyl , pyrazinyl , pyrimidinyl , pyrrolyl , pyrazolyl , imidazolyl , thiazolyl , oxazolyl , isooxazolyl , thiadiazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiophenyl , furanyl , quinolinyl , isoquinolinyl , benzimidazolyl , benzooxazolyl , quinoxalinyl , and the like . the term “ heteroarylalkyl ,” as used herein , refers to a c 1 - c 3 alkyl or c 1 - c 6 alkyl residue residue attached to a heteroaryl ring . examples include , but are not limited to , pyridinylmethyl , pyrimidinylethyl and the like . the terms “ heterocyclic ” and “ heterocycloalkyl ,” can be used interchangeably , and refer to a non - aromatic 3 -, 4 -, 5 -, 6 - or 7 - membered ring or a bi - or tri - cyclic group fused system , where ( i ) each ring contains between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen , ( ii ) each 5 - membered ring has 0 to 1 double bonds and each 6 - membered ring has 0 to 2 double bonds , ( iii ) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized , ( iv ) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized , and ( iv ) any of the above rings may be fused to a benzene ring . representative heterocycloalkyl groups include , but are not limited to , [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolane , pyrrolidinyl , pyrazolinyl , pyrazolidinyl , imidazolinyl , imidazolidinyl , piperidinyl , piperazinyl , oxazolidinyl , isoxazolidinyl , morpholinyl , thiazolidinyl , isothiazolidinyl , and tetrahydrofuryl . such heterocycloalkyl groups may be further substituted to give substituted heterocycloalkyl . the term “ substituted ” as used herein , refers to independent replacement of one , two , or three or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including , but not limited to , — f , — cl , — br , — i , — oh , protected hydroxy , — no 2 , — cn , — nh 2 , protected amino , — nh — c 1 c 12 - alkyl , — nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nh - aryl , — nh - heteroaryl , — nh - heterocycloalkyl , - dialkylamino , - diarylamino , - diheteroarylamino , — o — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — o — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — o — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — o — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — o - aryl , — o - heteroaryl , — o - heterocycloalkyl , — c ( o )— c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — c ( o )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — c ( o )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — c ( o )— c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — c ( o )- aryl , — c ( o )- heteroaryl , — c ( o )- heterocycloalkyl , — conh 2 , — conh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — conh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — conh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — conh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — conh - aryl , — conh - heteroaryl , — conh - heterocycloalkyl , — oco 2 — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — oco 2 — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — oco 2 — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — oco 2 - c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — oco 2 - aryl , — oco 2 - heteroaryl — oco 2 - heterocycloalkyl , — oconh 2 , — oconh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — oconh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — oconh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — oconh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — oconh - aryl , — oconh - heteroaryl , — oconh - heterocycloalkyl , — nhc ( o )— c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhc ( o )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( o )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( o )— c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhc ( o )- aryl , — nhc ( o )- heteroaryl , — nhc ( o )- heterocycloalkyl , — nhco 2 — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhco 2 — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhco 2 — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhco 2 — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhco 2 - aryl ,— nhco 2 - heteroaryl , — nhco 2 - heterocycloalkyl , — nhc ( o ) nh 2 , — nhc ( o ) nh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhc ( o ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( o ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( o ) nh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhc ( o ) nh - aryl , — nhc ( o ) nh - heteroaryl , — nhc ( o ) nh - heterocycloalkyl , nhc ( s ) nh 2 , — nhc ( s ) nh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhc ( s ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( s ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( s ) nh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhc ( s ) nh - aryl , — nhc ( s ) nh - heteroaryl , — nhc ( s ) nh - heterocycloalkyl , — nhc ( nh ) nh 2 — nhc ( nh ) nh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhc ( nh ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( nh ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( nh ) nh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhc ( nh ) nh - aryl , — nhc ( nh ) nh - heteroaryl , — nhc ( nh ) nh - heterocycloalkyl , — nhc ( nh )— c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhc ( nh )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( nh )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhc ( nh )— c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhc ( nh )- aryl , — nhc ( nh )- heteroaryl , — nhc ( nh )- heterocycloalkyl , — c ( nh ) nh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — c ( nh ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — c ( nh ) nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — c ( nh ) nh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — c ( nh ) nh - aryl , — c ( nh ) nh - heteroaryl , — c ( nh ) nh - heterocycloalkyl , — s ( o )— c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — s ( o )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — s ( o )— c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — s ( o )— c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — s ( o )- aryl , — s ( o )- heteroaryl , — s ( o )- heterocycloalkyl — so 2 nh 2 , — so 2 nh — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , - so 2 nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — so 2 nh — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — so 2 nh — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — so 2 nh - aryl , — so 2 nh - heteroaryl , — so 2 nh - heterocycloalkyl , — nhso 2 - c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — nhso 2 - c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhso 2 — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — nhso 2 — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — nhso 2 - aryl , — nhso 2 - heteroaryl , — nhso 2 - heterocycloalkyl , — ch 2 nh 2 , — ch 2 so 2 ch 3 , - aryl , - arylalkyl , - heteroaryl , - heteroarylalkyl , - heterocycloalkyl , — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , polyalkoxyalkyl , polyalkoxy , - methoxymethoxy , - methoxyethoxy , — sh , — s — c 1 - c 12 - alkyl , — s — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — s — c 2 - c 12 - alkenyl , — s — c 3 - c 12 - cycloalkyl , — s - aryl , — s - heteroaryl , — s - heterocycloalkyl , or methylthiomethyl . it is understood that the aryls , heteroaryls , alkyls , and the like can be further substituted . in some cases , each substituent in a substituted moiety is additionally optionally substituted with one or more groups , each group being independently selected from — f , — cl , — br , — i , — oh , — no 2 , — cn , or — nh 2 . in accordance with the invention , any of the aryls , substituted aryls , heteroaryls and substituted heteroaryls described herein , can be any aromatic group . aromatic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted . it is understood that any alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein can also be an aliphatic group , an alicyclic group or a heterocyclic group . an “ aliphatic group ” is non - aromatic moiety that may contain any combination of carbon atoms , hydrogen atoms , halogen atoms , oxygen , nitrogen or other atoms , and optionally contain one or more units of unsaturation , e . g ., double and / or triple bonds . an aliphatic group may be straight chained , branched or cyclic and preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 carbon atoms , more typically between about 1 and about 12 carbon atoms . in addition to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups , aliphatic groups include , for example , polyalkoxyalkyls , such as polyalkylene glycols , polyamines , and polyimines , for example . such aliphatic groups may be further substituted . it is understood that aliphatic groups may be used in place of the alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , alkylene , alkenylene , and alkynylene groups described herein . the term “ alicyclic ,” as used herein , denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound by the removal of a single hydrogen atom . examples include , but not limited to , cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 ] heptyl , and bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 2 ] octyl . such alicyclic groups may be further substituted . it will be apparent that in various embodiments of the invention , the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , cycloalkyl , cycloalkenyl , cycloalkynyl , arylalkyl , heteroarylalkyl , and heterocycloalkyl are intended to be monovalent or divalent . thus , alkylene , alkenylene , and alkynylene , cycloaklylene , cycloalkenylene , cycloalkynylene , arylalkylene , hetoerarylalkylene and heterocycloalkylene groups are to be included in the above definitions , and are applicable to provide the formulas herein with proper valency . the term “ hydroxy activating group ”, as used herein , refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to activate a hydroxy group so that it will depart during synthetic procedures such as in a substitution or elimination reactions . examples of hydroxy activating group include , but not limited to , mesylate , tosylate , triflate , p - nitrobenzoate , phosphonate and the like . the term “ activated hydroxy ”, as used herein , refers to a hydroxy group activated with a hydroxy activating group , as defined above , including mesylate , tosylate , triflate , p - nitrobenzoate , phosphonate groups , for example . the term “ protected hydroxy ,” as used herein , refers to a hydroxy group protected with a hydroxy protecting group , as defined above , including benzoyl , acetyl , trimethylsilyl , triethylsilyl , methoxymethyl groups , for example . the terms “ halo ” and “ halogen ,” as used herein , refer to an atom selected from fluorine , chlorine , bromine and iodine . the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers , diastereomers , and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined , in terms of absolute stereochemistry , as ( r )— or ( s )—, or as ( d )- or ( l )- for amino acids . the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers , as well as their racemic and optically pure forms . optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above , or by resolving the racemic mixtures . the resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent , by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques which are known to those skilled in the art . further details regarding resolutions can be found in jacques , et al ., enantiomers , racemates , and resolutions ( john wiley & amp ; sons , 1981 ). when the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry , and unless specified otherwise , it is intended that the compounds include both e and z geometric isomers . likewise , all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included . the configuration of any carbon - carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states ; thus a carbon - carbon double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis , trans , or a mixture of the two in any proportion . the term “ subject ” as used herein refers to a mammal . a subject therefore refers to , for example , dogs , cats , horses , cows , pigs , guinea pigs , and the like . preferably the subject is a human . when the subject is a human , the subject may be referred to herein as a patient . as used herein , the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” refers to those salts of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which are , within the scope of sound medical judgment , suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity , irritation , allergic response and the like , and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio . pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art . berge , et al . describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in j . pharmaceutical sciences , 66 : 1 - 19 ( 1977 ). the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention , or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid . examples of pharmaceutically acceptable include , but are not limited to , nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , phosphoric acid , sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid , maleic acid , tartaric acid , citric acid , succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange . other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include , but are not limited to , adipate , alginate , ascorbate , aspartate , benzenesulfonate , benzoate , bisulfate , borate , butyrate , camphorate , camphorsulfonate , citrate , cyclopentanepropionate , digluconate , dodecylsulfate , ethanesulfonate , formate , fumarate , glucoheptonate , glycerophosphate , gluconate , hemisulfate , heptanoate , hexanoate , hydroiodide , 2 - hydroxy - ethanesulfonate , lactobionate , lactate , laurate , lauryl sulfate , malate , maleate , malonate , methanesulfonate , 2 - naphthalenesulfonate , nicotinate , nitrate , oleate , oxalate , palmitate , pamoate , pectinate , persulfate , 3 - phenylpropionate , phosphate , picrate , pivalate , propionate , stearate , succinate , sulfate , tartrate , thiocyanate , p - toluenesulfonate , undecanoate , valerate salts , and the like . representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium , lithium , potassium , calcium , magnesium , and the like . further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include , when appropriate , nontoxic ammonium , quaternary ammonium , and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide , hydroxide , carboxylate , sulfate , phosphate , nitrate , alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms , sulfonate and aryl sulfonate . the term “ hydroxy protecting group ,” as used herein , refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a hydroxy group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures . after said synthetic procedure ( s ) the hydroxy protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed . hydroxy protecting groups as known in the are described generally in t . h . greene and p . g ., s . wuts , protective groups in organic synthesis , 3rd edition , john wiley & amp ; sons , new york ( 1999 ). examples of hydroxy protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl , 4 - nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl , 4 - bromobenzyloxycarbonyl , 4 - methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl , methoxycarbonyl , tert - butoxycarbonyl , isopropoxycarbonyl , diphenylmethoxycarbonyl , 2 , 2 , 2 - trichloroethoxycarbonyl , 2 -( trimethylsilyl ) ethoxycarbonyl , 2 - furfuryloxycarbonyl , allyloxycarbonyl , acetyl , formyl , chloroacetyl , trifluoroacetyl , methoxyacetyl , phenoxyacetyl , benzoyl , methyl , t - butyl , 2 , 2 , 2 - trichloroethyl , 2 - trimethylsilyl ethyl , 1 , 1 - dimethyl - 2 - propenyl , 3 - methyl - 3 - butenyl , allyl , benzyl , para - methoxybenzyldiphenylmethyl , triphenylmethyl ( trityl ), tetrahydrofuryl , methoxymethyl , methylthiomethyl , benzyloxymethyl , 2 , 2 , 2 - triehloroethoxymethyl , 2 -( trimethylsilyl ) ethoxymethyl , methanesulfonyl , para - toluenesulfonyl , trimethylsilyl , triethylsilyl , triisopropylsilyl , and the like . preferred hydroxy protecting groups for the present invention are acetyl ( ac or — c ( o ) ch 3 ), benzoyl ( bz or — c ( o ) c 6 h 5 ), and trimethylsilyl ( tms or — si ( ch 3 ) 3 ). the term “ amino protecting group ,” as used herein , refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect an amino group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures . after said synthetic procedure ( s ) the amino protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed . amino protecting groups as known in the are described generally in t . h . greene and p . g . m . wuts , protective groups in organic synthesis , 3rd edition , john wiley & amp ; sons , new york ( 1999 ). examples of amino protecting groups include , but are not limited to , t - butoxycarbonyl , 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl , benzyloxycarbonyl , and the like . as used herein , the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable ester ” refers to esters of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof . suitable ester groups include , for example , those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids , particularly alkanoic , alkenoic , cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids , in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms . examples of particular esters include , but are not limited to , formates , acetates , propionates , butyrates , acrylates and ethylsuccinates . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs ” as used herein refers to those prodrugs of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which are , within the scope of sound medical judgment , suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity , irritation , allergic response , and the like , commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio , and effective for their intended use , as well as the zwitterionic forms , where possible , of the compounds of the present invention . “ prodrug ”, as used herein means a compound which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means ( e . g . by hydrolysis ) to afford any compound delineated by the formulae of the instant invention . various forms of prodrugs are known in the art , for example , as discussed in bundgaard , ( ed . ), design of prodrugs , elsevier ( 1985 ); widder , et al . ( ed . ), methods in enzymology , vol . 4 , academic press ( 1985 ); krogsgaard - larsen , et al ., ( ed ). “ design and application of prodrugs , textbook of drug design and development , chapter 5 , 113 - 191 ( 1991 ); bundgaard , et al ., journal of drug deliver reviews , 8 : 1 - 38 ( 1992 ); bundgaard , j . of pharmaceutical sciences , 77 : 285 et seq . ( 1988 ); higuchi and stella ( eds .) prodrugs as novel drug delivery systems , american chemical society ( 1975 ); and bernard testa & amp ; joachim mayer , “ hydrolysis in drug and prodrug metabolism : chemistry , biochemistry and enzymology ,” john wiley and sons , ltd . ( 2002 ). the term “ acyl ” includes residues derived from acids , including but not limited to carboxylic acids , carbamic acids , carbonic acids , sulfonic acids , and phosphorous acids . examples include aliphatic carbonyls , aromatic carbonyls , aliphatic sulfonyls , aromatic sulfinyls , aliphatic sulfinyls , aromatic phosphates and aliphatic phosphates . examples of aliphatic carbonyls include , but are not limited to , acetyl , propionyl , 2 - fluoroacetyl , butyryl , 2 - hydroxy acetyl , and the like . the term “ aprotic solvent ,” as used herein , refers to a solvent that is relatively inert to proton activity , i . e ., not acting as a proton - donor . examples include , but are not limited to , hydrocarbons , such as hexane and toluene , for example , halogenated hydrocarbons , such as , for example , methylene chloride , ethylene chloride , chloroform , and the like , heterocyclic compounds , such as , for example , tetrahydrofuran and n - methylpyrrolidinone , and ethers such as diethyl ether , bis - methoxymethyl ether . such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art , and individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions , depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents , reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges , for example . further discussions of aprotic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs , for example : organic solvents physical properties and methods of purification , 4th ed ., edited by john a . riddick et al ., vol . ii , in the techniques of chemistry series , john wiley & amp ; sons , ny , 1986 . the terms “ protogenic organic solvent ,” or “ protic solvent ” as used herein , refer to a solvent that tends to provide protons , such as an alcohol , for example , methanol , ethanol , propanol , isopropanol , butanol , t - butanol , and the like . such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art , and individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions , depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents , reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges , for example . further discussions of protogenic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs , for example : organic solvents physical properties and methods of purification , 4th ed ., edited by john a . riddick et al , vol . ii , in the techniques of chemistry series , john wiley & amp ; sons , ny , 1986 . combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds . the term “ stable ”, as used herein , refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein ( e . g ., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject ). the synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography , high pressure liquid chromatography , or recrystallization . as can be appreciated by the skilled artisan , further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art . additionally , the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds . in addition , the solvents , temperatures , reaction durations , etc . delineated herein are for purposes of illustration only and one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that variation of the reaction conditions can produce the desired bridged macrocyclic products of the present invention . synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies ( protection and deprotection ) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include , for example , those such as described in r . larock , comprehensive organic transformations , vch publishers ( 1989 ); t . w . greene and p . g . m . wuts , protective groups in organic synthesis , 2d . e d ., john wiley and sons ( 1991 ); l . fieser and m . fieser , fieser and fieser &# 39 ; s reagents for organic synthesis , john wiley and sons ( 1994 ); and l . paquette , ed ., encyclopedia of reagents for organic synthesis , john wiley and sons ( 1995 ). the compounds of this invention may be modified by appending various functionalities via any synthetic means delineated herein to enhance selective biological properties . such modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system ( e . g ., blood , lymphatic system , central nervous system ), increase oral availability , increase solubility to allow administration by injection , alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion . the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers . as used herein , the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable carrier ” means a non - toxic , inert solid , semi - solid or liquid filler , diluent , encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type . some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose , glucose and sucrose ; starches such as corn starch and potato starch ; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose , ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate ; powdered tragacanth ; malt ; gelatin ; talc ; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes ; oils such as peanut oil , cottonseed oil ; safflower oil ; sesame oil ; olive oil ; corn oil and soybean oil ; glycols ; such a propylene glycol ; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate ; agar ; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide ; alginic acid ; pyrogen - free water ; isotonic saline ; ringer &# 39 ; s solution ; ethyl alcohol , and phosphate buffer solutions , as well as other non - toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate , as well as coloring agents , releasing agents , coating agents , sweetening , flavoring and perfuming agents , preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition , according to the judgment of the formulator . the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally , rectally , parenterally , intracisternally , intravaginally , intraperitoneally , topically ( as by powders , ointments , or drops ), buccally , or as an oral or nasal spray . the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally , parenterally , by inhalation spray , topically , rectally , nasally , buccally , vaginally or via an implanted reservoir , preferably by oral administration or administration by injection . the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non - toxic pharmaceutically - acceptable carriers , adjuvants or vehicles . in some cases , the ph of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids , bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form . the term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous , intracutaneous , intravenous , intramuscular , intraarticular , intraarterial , intrasynovial , intrasternal , intrathecal , intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques . liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions , microemulsions , solutions , suspensions , syrups and elixirs . in addition to the active compounds , the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as , for example , water or other solvents , solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol , isopropyl alcohol , ethyl carbonate , ethyl acetate , benzyl alcohol , benzyl benzoate , propylene glycol , 1 , 3 - butylene glycol , dimethylformamide , oils ( in particular , cottonseed , groundnut , corn , germ , olive , castor , and sesame oils ), glycerol , tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol , polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan , and mixtures thereof . besides inert diluents , the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents , emulsifying and suspending agents , sweetening , flavoring , and perfuming agents . injectable preparations , for example , sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents . the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution , suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent , for example , as a solution in 1 , 3 - butanediol . among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water , ringer &# 39 ; s solution , u . s . p . and isotonic sodium chloride solution . in addition , sterile , fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium . for this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono - or diglycerides . in addition , fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables . the injectable formulations can be sterilized , for example , by filtration through a bacterial - retaining filter , or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use . in order to prolong the effect of a drug , it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection . this may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility . the rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which , in turn , may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form . alternatively , delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle . injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide - polyglycolide . depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed , the rate of drug release can be controlled . examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly ( orthoesters ) and poly ( anhydrides ). depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues . compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non - irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter , polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound . solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules , tablets , pills , powders , and granules . in such solid dosage forms , the active compound is mixed with at least one inert , pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and / or : a ) fillers or extenders such as starches , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , and silicic acid , b ) binders such as , for example , carboxymethylcellulose , alginates , gelatin , polyvinylpyrrolidinone , sucrose , and acacia , c ) humectants such as glycerol , d ) disintegrating agents such as agar - agar , calcium carbonate , potato or tapioca starch , alginic acid , certain silicates , and sodium carbonate , e ) solution retarding agents such as paraffin , f ) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds , g ) wetting agents such as , for example , cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate , h ) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay , and i ) lubricants such as talc , calcium stearate , magnesium stearate , solid polyethylene glycols , sodium lauryl sulfate , and mixtures thereof in the case of capsules , tablets and pills , the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents . solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard - filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like . the active compounds can also be in micro - encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above . the solid dosage forms of tablets , dragees , capsules , pills , and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings , release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art . in such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose , lactose or starch . such dosage forms may also comprise , as is normal practice , additional substances other than inert diluents , e . g ., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose . in the case of capsules , tablets and pills , the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents . they may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient ( s ) only , or preferentially , in a certain part of the intestinal tract , optionally , in a delayed manner . examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes . dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments , pastes , creams , lotions , gels , powders , solutions , sprays , inhalants or patches . the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required . ophthalmic formulation , ear drops , eye ointments , powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention . the ointments , pastes , creams and gels may contain , in addition to an active compound of this invention , excipients such as animal and vegetable fats , oils , waxes , paraffins , starch , tragacanth , cellulose derivatives , polyethylene glycols , silicones , bentonites , silicic acid , talc and zinc oxide , or mixtures thereof . powders and sprays can contain , in addition to the compounds of this invention , excipients such as lactose , talc , silicic acid , aluminum hydroxide , calcium silicates and polyamide powder , or mixtures of these substances . sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons . transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body . such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium . absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin . the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel . an inhibitory amount or dose of the compounds of the present invention may range from about 0 . 1 mg / kg to about 500 mg / kg , alternatively from about 1 to about 50 mg / kg . inhibitory amounts or doses will also vary depending on route of administration , as well as the possibility of co - usage with other agents . according to the methods of treatment of the present invention , viral infections are treated or prevented in a subject such as a human or lower mammal by administering to the subject an anti - hepatitis c virally effective amount or an inhibitory amount of a compound of the present invention , in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result . an additional method of the present invention is the treatment of biological samples with an inhibitory amount of a compound of composition of the present invention in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result . the term “ anti - hepatitis c virally effective amount ” of a compound of the invention , as used herein , mean a sufficient amount of the compound so as to decrease the viral load in a biological sample or in a subject . as well understood in the medical arts , an anti - hepatitis c virally effective amount of a compound of this invention will be at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment . lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required . specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors , including the activity of the specific compound employed , the age , body weight , general health status , sex , diet , time of administration , rate of excretion , drug combination , the severity and course of the disease , condition or symptoms , the patient &# 39 ; s disposition to the disease , condition or symptoms , and the judgment of the treating physician . the term “ inhibitory amount ” of a compound of the present invention means a sufficient amount to decrease the hepatitis c viral load in a biological sample or a subject . it is understood that when said inhibitory amount of a compound of the present invention is administered to a subject it will be at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment as determined by a physician . the term “ biological sample ( s ),” as used herein , means a substance of biological origin intended for administration to a subject . examples of biological samples include , but are not limited to , blood and components thereof such as plasma , platelets , subpopulations of blood cells and the like ; organs such as kidney , liver , heart , lung , and the like ; sperm and ova ; bone marrow and components thereof , or stem cells . thus , another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating a biological sample by contacting said biological sample with an inhibitory amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention . upon improvement of a subject &# 39 ; s condition , a maintenance dose of a compound , composition or combination of this invention may be administered , if necessary . subsequently , the dosage or frequency of administration , or both , may be reduced , as a function of the symptoms , to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level , treatment should cease . the subject may , however , require intermittent treatment on a long - term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms . an additional method of the present invention is the treatment of biological samples with an inhibitory amount of a compound of the present invention in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to inhibit viral replication and / or reduce viral load . the term “ inhibitory amount ” means a sufficient amount to inhibit viral replication and / or decrease the hepatitis c viral load in a biological sample . the term “ biological sample ( s )” as used herein means a substance of biological origin intended for administration to a subject . examples of biological samples include , but are not limited to blood and components thereof such as plasma , platelets , subpopulations of blood cells and the like ; organs such as kidney , liver , heart , lung , and the like ; sperm and ova ; bone marrow and components thereof , or stem cells . thus another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating a biological sample by contacting said biological sample with an inhibitory amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention . it will be understood , however , that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment . the specific inhibitory dose for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder ; the activity of the specific compound employed ; the specific composition employed ; the age , body weight , general health , sex and diet of the patient ; the time of administration , route of administration , and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed ; the duration of the treatment ; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed ; and like factors well known in the medical arts . the total daily inhibitory dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a subject in single or in divided doses can be in amounts , for example , from 0 . 01 to 50 mg / kg body weight or more usually from 0 . 1 to 25 mg / kg body weight . single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose . in general , treatment regimens according to the present invention comprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound ( s ) of this invention per day in single or multiple doses . unless otherwise defined , all technical and scientific terms used herein are accorded the meaning commonly known to one with ordinary skill in the art . all publications , patents , published patent applications , and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of the schemes and the examples that follow are : acn for acetonitrile ; ac for acetyl ; boc for tert - butoxycarbonyl ; bz for benzoyl ; bn for benzyl ; cdi for carbonyldiimidazole ; dba for dibenzylidene acetone ; cdi for 1 , 1 ′- carbonyldiimidizole ; dbu for 1 , 8 - diazabicyclo [ 5 . 4 . 0 ] undec - 7 - ene ; dcm for dichloromethane ; diad for diisopropylazodicarboxylate ; dmap for dimethylaminopyridine ; dmf for dimethyl formamide ; dmso for dimethyl sulfoxide ; dppb for diphenylphosphino butane ; etoac for ethyl acetate ; hatu for 2 -( 7 - aza - 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate ; iproh for isopropanol ; nahmds for sodium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide ; nmo for n - methylmorpho line n - oxide ; meoh for methanol ; ph for phenyl ; popd for dihydrogen dichlorobis ( di - tert - butylphosphino ) palladium ( ii ); tbahs for tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate ; tea for triethylamine ; thf for tetrahydrofuran ; tpp for triphenylphosphine ; tris for tris ( hydroxymethyl ) aminomethane ; bme for 2 - mercaptoethanol ; bop for benzotriazol - 1 - yloxy - tris ( dimethylamino ) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate ; cod for cyclooctadiene ; dast for diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ; dabcyl for 6 -( n - 4 &# 39 ;- carboxy - 4 -( dimethylamino ) azobenzene )- aminohexyl - 1 - o -( 2 - cyanoethyl )-( n , n - diisopropyl )- phosphoramidite ; dcm for dichloromethane ; diad for diisopropyl azodicarboxylate ; dibal - h for diisobutylaluminum hydride ; diea for diisopropyl ethylamine ; dmap for n , n - dimethylaminopyridine ; dme for ethylene glycol dimethyl ether ; dmem for dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagles media ; dmf for n , n - dimethyl formamide ; dmso for dimethylsulfoxide ; duphos for the compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic schemes that illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared . scheme 1 describes the synthesis of intermediate ig . the cyclic peptide precursor ig was synthesized from boc - l - 2 - amino - 8 - nonenoic acid ia and cis - l - hydroxyproline methyl ester ib via steps a - d set forth generally in scheme 1 . for further details of the synthetic methods employed to produce the cyclic peptide precursor ig , see u . s . pat . no . 6 , 608 , 027 , which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . other amino acid derivatives containing a terminal alkene may be used in place of la in order to create varied macrocyclic structures ( for further details see wo / 0059929 ). ring closure methathesis with a ruthenium - based catalyst gave the desired key intermediate ig ( for further details on ring closing metathesis see recent reviews : grubbs et al ., acc . chem . res ., 1995 , 28 , 446 ; shrock et al ., tetrahedron 1999 , 55 , 8141 ; furstner , a . angew . chem . int . ed . 2000 , 39 , 3012 ; tmka et al ., acc . chem . res . 2001 , 34 , 18 ; and hoveyda et al ., chem . eur . j . 2001 , 7 , 945 ). scheme 2 illustrates the general synthetic method of triazole analogs . triazoles ( 2 - 2 ) were synthesized from alkynes ( 2 - 1 ) with tmsn 3 , but not limited to tmsn 3 . the alkynes ( 2 - 1 ) are commercially available or made by the sonogashira reaction with primary alkyne ( 2 - 8 ) and aryl halide ( 2 - 9 ). for further details of the sonogashira reaction see : sonogashira , comprehensive organic synthesis , volume 3 , chapters 2 , 4 and sonogashira , synthesis 1977 , 777 . intermediate ( 2 - 4 ) and ( 2 - 5 ) can be made through sn2 replacement of activated hydroxyl group by converting hydroxy intermediate ig to a suitable leaving group such as , but not limited to oms , ots , otf , bromide , or iodide . subsequent hydrolysis of the ester gives compounds of formula ( 2 - 6 ) or ( 2 - 7 ). intermediate ( 3 - 1 ) was synthesized under the conditions with macrocyclic mesylate ( 2 - 3 ) and triazoles ( 2 - 2 ) as described in scheme 2 . intermediate ( 3 - 1 ) may then undergo suzuki coupling reactions , sonogashira reactions , or stille couplings at the position occupied by the halide or otf for further details concerning the suzuki coupling reaction see : a . suzuki , pure appl . chem . 1991 , 63 , 419 - 422 and a . r . martin , y . yang , acta chem . scand . 1993 , 47 , 221 - 230 . for further details of the sonogashira reaction see : sonogashira , comprehensive organic synthesis , volume 3 , chapters 2 , 4 and sonogashira , synthesis 1977 , 777 . for further details of the stille coupling reaction see : j . k . stille , angew . chem . int . ed . 1986 , 25 , 508 - 524 , m . pereyre et al ., tin in organic synthesis ( butterworths , boston , 1987 ) pp 185 - 207 passim , and a review of synthetic applications in t . n . mitchell , synthesis 1992 , 803 - 815 . the buchwald reaction allows for the substitution of amines , both primary and secondary , as well as 1 h - nitrogen heterocycles at the aryl bromide . for further details of the buchwald reaction see j . f . hartwig , angew . chem . int . ed . 1998 , 37 , 2046 - 2067 . scheme 4 illustrates the modification of the n - terminal and c - teminal of the macrocycle . deprotection of the boc moiety with an acid , such as , but not limited to hydrochloric acid yields compounds of formula ( 4 - 2 ). the amino moiety of formula ( 4 - 2 ) can be alkylated or acylated with appropriate alkyl halide or acyl groups to give compounds of formula ( 4 - 3 ). compounds of formula ( 4 - 3 ) can be hydrolyzed with base such as lithium hydroxide to free up the acid moiety of formula ( 4 - 4 ). subsequent activation of the acid moiety followed by treatment with appropriate acyl or sulfonyl groups to provide compounds of formula ( 4 - 5 ). the sulfonamides ( 5 - 2 ) were prepared from the corresponding acids ( 5 - 1 ) by subjecting the acid to a coupling reagent ( i . e . cdi , hatu , dcc , edc and the like ) at rt or at elevated temperature , with the subsequent addition of the corresponding sulfonamide r 3 — s ( o ) 2 — nh 2 in the presence of base wherein r 3 is as previously defined . the compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples , which are intended as an illustration only and not to limit the scope of the invention . various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including , without limitation , those relating to the chemical structures , substituents , derivatives , formulations and / or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims . u . s . patent application publication no . 20050153877 also describes certain compounds where g = oh . 1a . to a solution of boc - l - 2 - amino - 8 - nonenoic acid 1a ( 1 . 36 g , 5 mol ) and the commercially available cis - l - hydroxyproline methyl ester 1b ( 1 . 09 g , 6 mmol ) in 15 ml dmf , was added diea ( 4 ml , 4eq .) and hatu ( 4 g , 2eq ). the coupling was carried out at 0 ° c . over a period of 1 hour . the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml etoac , and followed by washing with 5 % citric acid 2 × 20 ml , water 2 × 20 ml , 1m nahco 3 4 × 20 ml and brine 2 × 10 ml , respectively . the organic phase was dried over anhydrous na 2 so 4 and then was evaporated , affording the dipeptide 1c ( 1 . 91g , 95 . 8 %) that was identified by hplc ( retention time = 8 . 9 min , 30 - 70 %, 90 % b ), and ms ( found 421 . 37 , m + na + ). 1b . the dipeptide 1c ( 1 . 91 g ) was dissolved in 15 ml of dioxane and 15 ml of 1 n lioh aqueous solution and the hydrolysis reaction was carried out at rt for 4 hours . the reaction mixture was acidified by 5 % citric acid and extracted with 100 ml etoac , and followed by washing with water 2 × 20 ml , and brine 2 × 20 ml , respectively . the organic phase was dried over anhydrous na 2 so 4 and then removed in vacuum , yielding the free carboxylic acid compound 1d ( 1 . 79 g , 97 %), which was used for next step synthesis without need for further purification . 1c . to a solution of the free acid obtained above ( 1 . 77 , 4 . 64 mmol ) in 5 ml dmf , d - β - vinyl cyclopropane amino acid ethyl ester 1e ( 0 . 95 g , 5 mmol ), diea ( 4 ml , 4eq .) and hatu ( 4 g , 2eq ) were added . the coupling was carried out at 0 ° c . over a period of 5 hours . the reaction mixture was diluted with 80 ml etoac , and followed by washing with 5 % citric acid 2 × 20 ml , water 2 × 20 ml , im nahco 3 4 × 20 ml and brine 2 × 10 ml , respectively . the organic phase was dried over anhydrous na 2 so 4 and then evaporated . the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using different ratios of hexanes : etoac as elution phase ( 5 : 1 → 3 : 1 → 1 : 1 → 1 : 2 → 1 : 5 ). the linear tripeptide 1f was isolated as an oil after removal of the elution solvents ( 1 . 59 g , 65 . 4 %), identified by hplc ( retention time = 11 . 43 min ) and ms ( found 544 . 84 , m + na + ). 1d . ring closing metathesis ( rcm ). a solution of the linear tripeptide 1f ( 1 . 51 g , 2 . 89 mmol ) in 200 ml dry dcm was deoxygenated by bubbling n 2 . hoveyda &# 39 ; s 1 st generation catalyst ( 5 mol % eq .) was then added as solid . the reaction was refluxed under n 2 atmosphere 12 hours . the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using different ratios of hexanes : etoac as elution phase ( 9 : 1 → 5 : 1 → 3 : 1 → 1 : 1 → 1 : 2 → 1 : 5 ). the cyclic peptide precursor 1 was isolated as a white powder after removal of the elution solvents ( 1 . 24 g , 87 %), identified by hplc ( retention time = 7 . 84 min , 30 - 70 %, 90 % b ), and ms ( found 516 . 28 , m + na + ). for further details of the synthetic methods employed to produce the cyclic peptide precursor 1 , see u . s . pat . no . 6 , 608 , 027 , which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . 2a . to a solution of the macrocyclic peptide precursor 1 ( 500 mg , 1 . 01 mmol ) and diea ( 0 . 4 ml , 2 mmol ) in 2 . 0 ml dcm , mesylate chloride ( 0 . 1 ml ) was added slowly at 0 ° c . where the reaction was kept for 3 hours . 30 ml etoac was then added and followed by washing with 5 % citric acid 2 × 10 ml , water 2 × 10 ml , im nahco 3 2 × 10 ml and brine 2 × 10 ml , respectively . the organic phase was dried over anhydrous na 2 so 4 and evaporated , yielding the title compound mesylate that was used for next step synthesis without need for further purification . the alkyne of the current example , 2 -( 2 - thiazolyl )- 4 - methoxyphenylacetylene was prepared by adding to a degassed solution of 4 mmol of 4 - ethynylanisole , 4 mmol of 2 - bromothiazole , and 1 ml of triethylamine in 10 ml of acetonitrile , 140 mg ( 0 . 2 mmol ) of pdcl 2 ( pph 3 ) 2 and 19 mg ( 0 . 1mmol ) of cui . the mixture was degassed and stirred for 5 minutes at rt and heated to 90 ° c . for 12 hours . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica column to afford 0 . 61 g of brown liquid in a 70 % yield . 1hnmr ( cdcl 3 , 500 mhz ) δ7 . 765 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 472 ˜ 7 . 455 ( m , 2 h ), 7 . 277 ( d , j = 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 6 . 837 ˜ 6 . 820 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 768 ( s , 3h ). the 4 -( 2 - thiazolyl )- 5 -( p - methoxyphenyl ) triazole was prepared by adding to a pressure tube the compound ( 0 . 3 g ) from step 3a , 0 . 74 ml of trimethylsilyl azide , and 4 ml of xylenes and heating the mixture to 140 ° c . for 48 hours . the reaction mixture was directly separated by silica column to afford a brown liquid after purification ( 0 . 18 g , 50 %). 1hnmr ( dmso - d 6 ), 500 mhz ) δ8 . 016 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2 h ), 7 . 929 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 817 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 066 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 3 . 824 ( s , 3 h ). to a solution of 0 . 041 mmol of mesylate of macrocyclic precursor from example 2 and the compound ( 0 . 123 mmol ) from step 3b in 1 ml of dmf was added 0 . 246 mmol cesium carbonate the reaction mixture was atirred at 70 ° c . for 12 hours . the reaction mixture was extracted with etoac , washed with 1 m sodium bicarbonate ( 2 × 30 ml ) and water ( 2 × 30 ml ), and concentrated in vacuo to obtain ethyl ester . the title compound was prepared by dissolving the title compound from step 3 c in 2 ml of dioxane and 1 ml of 1 n lioh aqueous solution . the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 8 hours . the ph of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 3 with citric acid ; then the reaction mixture was extracted with etoac , and washed with brine and water . the organic solution was concentrated in vacuo for purification by hplc afforded a yellow powder after lyophilization ( 10 mg , yield 34 %). 1hnmr ( dmso - d 6 , 500 mhz ) δ12 . 283 ( s , broad , 1 h ), 8 . 750 ( s , broad , 1h ), 8 . 014 ( d , j = 9 hz , 2h ), 7 . 938 ( d , j = 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 852 ( d , j = 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 6 . 997 ( d , j = 8 hz , 2 h ), 6 . 927 ( d , j = 7 , 1h ), 5 . 555 ( s , broad , 1h ), 5 . 499 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 298 ( t , j = 18 hz and 9 hz , 4 . 643 ( t , j = 16 hz and 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 558 ( d , j = 11 . 5 hz , 1h ), 4 . 125 ˜ 4 . 093 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 802 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 890 ˜ 2 . 847 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 542 ˜ 2 . 497 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 123 ˜ 2 . 106 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 806 ( s , broad , 1h ), 1 . 701 ˜ 1 . 663 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 519 ( s , broad , 1h ), 1 . 460 ˜ 1 . 435 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 314 ˜ 1 . 074 ( m , 16h ). example 4 to example 21 were made with different triazoles following the similar procedures described in example 3 . to a solution of the compound ( 30 mg ) from step 3d of example 3 in dmf was added cdi ( 10 mg ). the reaction mixture was stirred at 40 ° c . for 1 h and then added cyclopropylsulfonamide ( 11 mg ) and dbu ( 12 μl ). the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 40 ° c . the reaction mixture was extracted with etoac . the organic extracts were washed with 1 m nahco 3 , brine , dried over na 2 so 4 , filtered and concentrated . the residue was purified by silica gel chromatograph to give desired product . example 23 to example 41 were made with different sulfonamides following the similar procedures described in example 22 . the solution of the compound from example 24 in 5 ml 4nhcl / dioxne was stirred at rt for 1 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum . the residue was evaporated twice with dcm . the desired product was carried out directly to the next step . to the solution of the compound from step 43a in 2 ml dcm was added diea ( 122 μl )) and cyclopentylchloroformate ( 0 . 216 mmol )). the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h . the reaction mixture was extracted with etoac . the organic layer was washed with 1 m nahco 3 , water , brine , dried over na 2 so 4 , filtered and concentrated . the residue was purified by hplc to give the desired product . 13 c ( cd3od ): 177 . 9 , 173 . 1 , 169 . 4 , 156 . 5 , 143 . 9 , 137 . 1 , 135 . 4 , 125 . 1 , 116 . 3 , 77 . 5 , 65 . 1 , 60 . 4 , 60 . 3 , 53 . 6 , 52 . 3 , 43 . 9 , 34 . 1 , 32 . 6 , 32 . 3 , 32 . 2 , 32 . 1 , 32 . 0 , 30 . 7 , 30 . 2 , 27 . 3 , 27 . 1 , 26 . 4 , 23 . 3 , 23 . 2 , 22 . 2 , 21 . 3 , 19 . 7 . example 44 to example 92 ( formula ix ) are made following the procedures described in examples 22 or 42 . the title compound was prepared using commercially available boc - cis - l - hydroxyproline and d - β - vinyl cyclopropane amine acid ethyl ester 1e via condition similar to those described in step 1c of example 1 . the title compound was prepared from boc - protected dipeptide 93a via conditions similar to those described in step 43a of example 43 . the title compound was prepared using ( s )- 2 -( cyclopentyloxycarbonyl )- amino - 8 - nonenoic acid ( organic process research and development ( 2007 ), 11 ( 1 ), 60 - 63 ) and dipeptide 93b via conditions similar to those described in step 1 a of example 1 . the title compound was prepared using diene 93c via conditions similar to those described in step id of example 1 . the title compound was prepared from macrocycle 93d and brosyl chloride via conditions similar to those described in example 2 . the title compound was prepared from brosylated macrocycle 93e and 4 - bromo - 5 - phenyl - 1 , 2 , 3 - triazole ( european j . of med . chem . ( 1983 ), 18 ( 5 ), 471 ) via conditions similar to those described in step 3c of example 3 . the title compound was prepared from ester 93f via conditions similar to those described in step 3d of example 3 . a mixture of bromotriazole 93 g ( 50 mg , 0 . 073 mmol ), quinolin - 8 - ylboronic acid ( 38 . 0 mg , 0 . 219 mmol ), potassium phosphate ( 46 . 6 mg , 0 . 219 mmol ), dicyclohexyl ( 2 ′, 4 ′, 6 ′- triisopropylbiphenyl - 2 - yl ) phosphine ( 3 . 00 mg , 6 . 29 μmol ), and pd 2 ( dba ) 3 ( 0 . 980 mg , 1 . 070 μmol ) was added to a microwave vial and diluted with acetonitrile ( 183 μl ) and butanol ( 100 μl ). the vial was irradiated for 15min @ 140 ° c . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ul of 4n hcl in dioxane and the solvent removed under a stream of nitrogen . the reaction mixture was purified by silica column to afford a white solid after purification ( 40 mg 74 %). the title compound was prepared from acid 93 g via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and 2 - fluoropyridin - 3 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 94a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and 2 - fluoropyridin - 4 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 95a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and phenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 96a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and thiophen - 2 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 97a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and naphthalen - 2 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 98a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and thiophen - 3 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 99a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and 2 - methoxypyrimidin - 5 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 100a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g and 4 - methoxyphenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in step 93h of example 93 . the title compound was prepared from acid 101a via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 93 g via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . a mixture of bromotriazole 101 ( 20 mg , 0 . 025 mmol ), 3 -( 4 - fluorophenylcarbamoyl ) phenylboronic acid ( 23 . 3 mg , 0 . 09 mmol ), fibrecat 1007 ( alfaaesar , 21 mg , 0 . 0075 mmol ), a 1 m solution of potassium carbonate ( 30 μl , 0 . 03 mmol ) and ethanol ( 1 ml ) was placed in a microwave tube and heat to 120 ° c . for 30 min under microwave conditions . the reaction mixture was filtered through a si - carbonate cartridge ( 2 g , 0 . 79 mmol / g ) and eluted with methanol . the solvent was reduced and the residue purified by reverse phase hplc to provide the title compound ( 3 . 5 mg , 15 % yield ). the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 3 -( furan - 2 - ylmethylcarbamoyl ) phenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 4 -( cyanomethyl ) phenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 6 - methoxypyridin - 3 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 6 -( trifluoromethoxy ) pyridin - 3 - ylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 3 - acetylphenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 3 -( morpholine - 4 - carbonyl ) phenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from bromotriazole 101 and 4 - phenoxyphenylboronic acid via conditions similar to those described in example 102 . the title compound was prepared from brosylated macrocycle 93e and commercially available 4 -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 2h - 1 , 2 , 3 - triazole via conditions similar to those described in step 3c of example 3 . the title compound was prepared using the compound of step 110a via conditions similar to those described in step 3d of example 3 . the title compound was prepared from acid 110b via conditions similar to those described in example 22 . the compounds of the present invention exhibit potent inhibitory properties against the hcv ns3 protease . the following examples describe assays in which the compounds of the present invention can be tested for anti - hcv effects . hcv protease activity and inhibition is assayed using an internally quenched fluorogenic substrate . a dabcyl and an edans group are attached to opposite ends of a short peptide . quenching of the edans fluorescence by the dabcyl group is relieved upon proteolytic cleavage . fluorescence is measured with a molecular devices fluoromax ( or equivalent ) using an excitation wavelength of 355 nm and an emission wavelength of 485 nm . the assay is run in corning white half - area 96 - well plates ( vwr 29444 - 312 [ corning 3693 ]) with full - length ns3 hcv protease 1b tethered with ns4a cofactor ( final enzyme concentration 1 to 15 nm ). the assay buffer is complemented with 10 μm ns4a cofactor pep 4a ( anaspec 25336 or in - house , mw 1424 . 8 ). ret s1 ( ac - asp - glu - asp ( edans )- glu - glu - abu -[ coo ] ala - ser - lys -( dabcyl )- nh 2 ,- anaspec 22991 , mw 1548 . 6 ) is used as the fluorogenic peptide substrate . the assay buffer contains 50 mm hepes at ph 7 . 5 , 30 mm nacl and 10 mm bme . the enzyme reaction is followed over a 30 minutes time course at room temperature in the absence and presence of inhibitors . the peptide inhibitors hcv inh 1 ( anaspec 25345 , mw 796 . 8 ) ac - asp - glu - met - glu - glu - cys - oh , [− 20 ° c .] and hcv inh 2 ( anaspec 25346 , mw 913 . 1 ) ac - asp - glu - dif - cha - cys - oh , are used as reference compounds . ic50 values are calculated using xlfit in activitybase ( idbs ) using equation 205 : y = a +(( b − a )/ 1 +(( c / x )̂ d ))) quantification of hcv replicon rna ( hcv cell based assay ) is accomplished using the huh 11 - 7 cell line ( lohmann , et al science 285 : 110 - 113 , 1999 ). cells are seeded at 4 × 10 3 cells / well in 96 well plates and fed media containing dmem ( high glucose ), 10 % fetal calf serum , penicillin - streptomycin and non - essential amino acids . cells are incubated in a 7 . 5 % co 2 incubator at 37 ° c . at the end of the incubation period , total rna is extracted and purified from cells using ambion rnaqueous 96 kit ( catalog no . am1812 ). to amplify the hcv rna so that sufficient material can be detected by an hcv specific probe ( below ), primers specific for hcv ( below ) mediate both the reverse transcription of the hcv rna and the amplification of the cdna by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the taqman one - step rt - pcr master mix kit ( applied biosystems catalog no . 4309169 ). the nucleotide sequences of the rt - pcr primers , which are located in the ns5b region of the hcv genome , are the following : detection of the rt - pcr product is accomplished using the applied biosystems ( abi ) prism 7500 sequence detection system ( sds ) that detects the fluorescence that is emitted when the probe , which is labeled with a fluorescence reporter dye and a quencher dye , is degraded during the pcr reaction . the increase in the amount of fluorescence is measured during each cycle of pcr and reflects the increasing amount of rt - pcr product . specifically , quantification is based on the threshold cycle , where the amplification plot crosses a defined fluorescence threshold . comparison of the threshold cycles of the sample with a known standard provides a highly sensitive measure of relative template concentration in different samples ( abi user bulletin # 2 dec . 11 , 1997 ). the data is analyzed using the abi sds program version 1 . 7 . the relative template concentration can be converted to rna copy numbers by employing a standard curve of hcv rna standards with known copy number ( abi user bulletin # 2 dec . 11 , 1997 ). the rt reaction is performed at 48 ° c . for 30 minutes followed by pcr . thermal cycler parameters used for the pcr reaction on the abi prism 7500 sequence detection system are : one cycle at 95 ° c ., 10 minutes followed by 40 cycles each of which include one incubation at 95 ° c . for 15 seconds and a second incubation for 60 ° c . for 1 minute . to normalize the data to an internal control molecule within the cellular rna , rt - pcr is performed on the cellular messenger rna glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ( gapdh ). the gapdh copy number is very stable in the cell lines used . gapdh rt - pcr is performed on the same rna sample from which the hcv copy number is determined . the gapdh primers and probesare contained in the abi pre - developed taqman assay kit ( catalog no . 4310884e ). the ratio of hcv / gapdh rna is used to calculate the activity of compounds evaluated for inhibition of hcv rna replication . activity of compounds as inhibitors of hcv replication ( cell based assay ) in replicon containing huh - 7 cell lines . the effect of a specific anti - viral compound on hcv replicon rna levels in huh - 11 - 7cells is determined by comparing the amount of hcv rna normalized to gapdh ( e . g . the ratio of hcv / gapdh ) in the cells exposed to compound versus cells exposed to the dmso vehicle ( negative control ). specifically , cells are seeded at 4 × 10 3 cells / well in a 96 well plate and are incubated either with : 1 ) media containing 1 % dmso ( 0 % inhibition control ), or 2 ) media / 1 % dmso containing a fixed concentration of compound . 96 well plates as described above are then incubated at 37 ° c . for 4 days ( ec50 determination ). percent inhibition is defined as : % inhibition = 100 − 100 * s / c1 where s = the ratio of hcv rna copy number / gapdh rna copy number in the sample ; c1 = the ratio of hcv rna copy number / gapdh rna copy number in the 0 % inhibition control ( media / 1 % dmso ). the dose - response curve of the inhibitor is generated by adding compound in serial , three - fold dilutions over three logs to wells starting with the highest concentration of a specific compound at 1 . 5 μm and ending with the lowest concentration of 0 . 23 nm . further dilution series ( 500 nm to 0 . 08 nm for example ) is performed if the ec50 value is not positioned well on the curve . ec50 is determined with the idbs activity base program “ xl fit ” using a 4 - paramater , non - linear regression fit ( model # 205 in version 4 . 2 . 1 , build 16 ). in the above assays , representative compounds of the present invention are found to have hcv replication inhibitory activity and hcv ns3 protease inhibitory activity . these compounds were also effective in inhibiting hcv ns3 proteases of different hcv genotypes including genotypes 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 . representative compounds were tested in the above assays ( example 111 and example 112 ). the representative compounds disclosed here were found to have activities in the ranges of ← 0 . 2 nm - 1000 nm in the ns3 / ns4a protease enzyme assay and ← 0 . 2 nm - 1000 nm in the cell - based replicon assay .
the present invention relates to compounds of formula i or ii , or pharmaceutically acceptable salts , esters or prodrugs thereof : which inhibit serine protease activity , particularly the activity of hepatitis c virus ns3 - ns4a protease . consequently , the compounds of the present invention interfere with the life cycle of the hepatitis c virus and are also useful as antiviral agents . the present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the aforementioned compounds for administration to a subject suffering from hcv infection . the invention also relates to methods of treating an hcv infection in a subject by administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention .