an analysis of typical helmets used in orthotic cranioplasty reveals that the main reason excessive sweating occurs is a lack of air vents . this lack of ventilation hinders heat dissipation and sweat evaporation . fig2 shows one current helmet 1 , in which it can be seen that the entire rear portion 2 of an infant &# 39 ; s head is fully covered by the helmet 1 so that outside air cannot directly contact the head . fig3 illustrates an exemplary helmet 4 incorporating an array of ventilation holes 6 according to the disclosed design . the design is simple in appearance and does not require additional expensive materials when compared to current helmets . customization of the array of ventilation holes 6 for a particular patient may achieve optimal anti - sweat performance for that patient . specifically , the ventilation design should be adaptive to the physiology of the individual infant &# 39 ; s head , and may be guided by one or more of the following four factors : ( 1 ) the size of ventilation holes , ( 2 ) the distance between neighboring holes , ( 3 ) the pattern of the array , and ( 4 ) the distribution range of the array on the helmet . it will be appreciated that each factor may lead to a different anti - sweat effect . for example , larger holes may allow more air to pass through and thus achieve better cooling effect . however , overly - large holes may affect stability of the portion of the helmet in which the holes are placed , and thereby may adversely affect the treatment effect . fig4 a - c illustrate several exemplary ventilation hole array patterns that could be employed on one or more portions of a patient helmet . the pattern of fig4 a is a generally square arrangement of holes 8 , the pattern of fig4 b is a generally circular arrangement of holes 10 ; the pattern of fig4 c is an asymmetric arrangement of holes 12 , 14 , while the pattern of fig4 d shows a triangular arrangement of holes 16 , 18 . as can be seen , the patterns of fig4 a , 4 b incorporate holes 8 , 10 of a single size . by contrast , the patterns of fig4 c , 4 d incorporate multiple different - sized holes 12 , 14 ; 16 , 18 . in addition , with the fig4 c , 4 d designs , the holes are not all spaced at equal intervals , but are placed at discrete and different intervals according to the needs of a particular patient . it will be appreciated that the illustrated patterns are merely several examples of possible array designs for ventilation holes , and that a wide variety of other arrangements are also contemplated . the different array patterns and combinations of hole sizes may be employed to generate different anti - sweat effects . for instance , if a particular region of an infant patient &# 39 ; s head is found to be overly susceptible to sweating , then an asymmetric shape such as that shown in fig4 c may be used so that a larger number of small holes are positioned to service that “ high - sweat ” region , while a smaller number of holes are positioned to service the regions of the head that are not so susceptible to sweating . in order to achieve such a customized design , a variety of individual parameters relating to the patient may be obtained and analyzed in combination . a non - limited list of such parameters including the patient &# 39 ; s age , head size , relative amount of sweat , average diameter and length of hair , range in which sweating is or is expected to occur , symmetry of the head , and the like . table 1 below lists the input measurements of patient &# 39 ; s information . with respect to the “ amount of sweat ,” “ diameter of patient &# 39 ; s hair ,” and “ average length of patient &# 39 ; s hair ,” a scale on the order of 0 - 10 may be used similar to pain indices used in hospitals . the practitioner will simply input a unit value corresponding to the patient &# 39 ; s observed condition . of course , it will be appreciated that a 0 - 10 scale is only one example , and others can also be used . table 2 below presents the main factors used in the automatic algorithm . the “ distance between holes ” provides minimum and maximum values between holes , while the “ distribution range ” provides a measure of the helmet area over which the user wishes to deploy the holes . h min is a constant h max = ƒ 1 ( l t ) ƒ 2 ( s a ) h = ƒ 3 ( l t ) ƒ 4 ( s a ) ƒ 5 ( h d ) ƒ 6 ( h l ) ƒ 1 , . . . , ƒ 6 are different functions . for example , where k h1 , . . . , k h6 , σ h1 , . . . , σ h6 are constants . for example , σ h1 = 1 , σ h2 = 2 . 7 , σ h3 = 1 , σ h4 = 2 . 7 , σ h5 = 2 . 1 , σ h6 = 2 . 1 , k h1 = 4 . 12 , k h2 = 3 . 86 , k h3 = 4 . 12 , k h4 = 3 . 86 , k h5 = 3 . 63 , k h6 = 3 . 63 . d min = p 1 ( l t ) p 2 ( h max ) p 1 , . . . , p 3 are different functions . for example , where k d1 , . . . , k d3 , σ d1 , σ d2 are constants . for example , k d1 = 0 . 21 , k d2 = 2 . 51 , k d3 = 1 , σ d1 = 1 , σ d2 = 1 . r = g 1 ( r s ) g 2 ( l d ) g 3 ( a a ) g 1 , . . . , g 3 are different functions . for example , where k rx , r ry , σ rx , σ ry are constants . for example k rs = 14 . 18 , k ry = 14 . 18 , σ rx = 32 , σ ry = 32 . fig5 shows the pattern design workflow utilizing the above algorithm . as can be seen , in the user input module 20 , the user inputs the patient &# 39 ; s information at step 22 such as helmet diameter , thickness , amount of sweat , etc ., and selects a desired grid pattern at step 24 from the grid pattern database 26 . the user also registers the patient &# 39 ; s other information ( e . g ., patient &# 39 ; s name , gender , address and the like ) into the computer database . the patient &# 39 ; s parameters are fed into the algorithm at step 30 , which automatically estimates the algorithm factors at step 32 for the patient in the manner described above . at step 34 algorithm determines whether the calculation is successful . for example , if h min ≦ h ≦ h max , d min ≦ d ≦ d max , are both satisfied , then the design is considered successful and at step 36 the selected factors will be applied to the selected pattern and at step 38 will further generate the pattern design . if h min ≦ h ≦ h max , d min ≦ d ≦ d max , are not both satisfied , the system will ask the user to adjust the input parameters at step 40 . this process is continued until a successful calculation is achieved , indicating that the hole array design is appropriate for the patient based on the input factors provided by the user . at step 42 , the “ approved ” hole - grid structure is saved in a database 44 for later application and is also used to implement the hole drilling at step 46 . as will be described in greater detail later , this hole drilling can be manually applied to a pre - cast helmet , or it can be performed in an automated fashion by a computer controlled drilling machine . it will be appreciated that the holes could also be molded into the helmet as part of the overall helmet molding process . the helmet is then ready for use with the patient . typically the user will wear the helmet for a period of about three months for a patient less than one year hold . during this period the shape of the patient &# 39 ; s head will change to approximate a desired shape based on the characteristics of the prosthesis . thus , in many cases it may be desired to adjust the original ventilation hole array pattern to maintain optimal sweat and temperature control . this adjustment can be achieved in the manner shown in fig6 . at the user input module 50 , the user may input the adjustment parameters into the system at step 52 . these adjustment parameters may include a proposed revised hole size , revised distance between holes , and revised hole range . at step 54 the adjustment parameters are input to the algorithm described in relation to fig5 , and the system determines at step 56 whether the new designed ventilation array design is acceptable based on the new parameters . at step 58 the patient &# 39 ; s previously used pattern can be retrieved from the patient information database 44 and compared with the new design . at step 60 the system can then drive a plastic injection molding machine or the hole drilling machine to change the hole structure on the helmet by either filling , drilling , or a combination of both . in one example , where a hole is no longer needed , the computer may drive a nozzle of the plastic injection molding machine 76 ( see fig7 ) to locate and fill the appropriate hole . a system 70 for implementing the above method will now be described in relation to fig7 . the system 70 may be used to perform both the hole drilling process and the hole filling process . in the hole drilling process , the clinician firstly inputs parameters of the infant patient into a computer 72 that is running ( or has stored in removable or permanent media ) the algorithm described in relation to fig5 and 6 . the computer 72 , running the algorithm , determines whether the user proposed ventilation hole array meets the prescribed criteria ( e . g ., h min ≦ h ≦ h max , d min ≦ d ≦ d max ). as previously noted , if the array does not meet the prescribed criteria , then a revised design is input and the algorithm determines whether the revised design is acceptable . this process continues until the criteria are met . once the optimal ventilation hole array design is achieved , the design is electronically transferred into a digital hole drilling machine 74 to drill the individual holes in the helmet according to the input design . the hole drilling machine 74 can be any of a variety of known designs , such as a laser - based machine or a mechanical drilling machine . the electronic transfer of the design could be achieved by hardwire or wireless connection between the computer 72 and the hole drilling machine . alternatively , the electronic transfer could take place over a network ( intranet , internet , etc . ), or the design could be downloaded to removable media and physically transferred to the hole drilling machine 74 . it will also be appreciated that the drilling could be performed manually , by printing a template or otherwise transferring a physical representation of the hole array , applying the template / representation to a helmet “ blank ” and then manually drilling the holes at the desired locations . as previously noted , the it may be desirable to modify the size or placement of the ventilation holes as the patient &# 39 ; s treatment progresses . thus , as described in relation to fig6 a revised ventilation hole array design may be selected and “ approved ” using the aforementioned algorithm . since the same helmet 4 will continue to be used , the revised ventilation hole array design may require the filling of certain holes and / or the drilling of new holes . where holes are required to be filled , the design may be electronically transferred into a digital hole filling machine 76 , such as a plastic injection molding machine . as with the hole drilling process , the electronic transfer of the design for the hole filling process may be achieved by hardwire or wireless connection between the computer 72 and the hole filling machine 76 . alternatively , the electronic transfer could take place over a network ( intranet , internet , etc . ), or the design could be downloaded to removable media and physically transferred to the hole filling machine 76 . it will also be appreciated that the filling could be performed manually using known filling techniques . once the filling / drilling processes are completed , manual polishing of the helmet may be performed to result in a smooth surface . this disclosed system and method presents an effective temperature and sweat control solution for dynamic orthotic cranioplasty in the treatment of positional plagiocephaly of infants &# 39 ; heads . the system and method can result in a helmet that decreases patient sweating by providing more open air to the occluded head range . moreover , the system and method is adaptive to provide a customized design that addresses different infants &# 39 ; individual physical parameters . it will be appreciated that while the disclosed system and method may be appropriate for designing helmets used to treat positional plagiocephaly of infants , that the system and method may also be used in other applications where the reduction of sweating is desirable , such as any of a variety of sporting helmets , safety helmets , neck pads , chest protectors , and the like . the system and technique described herein may be automated by , for example , tangibly embodying a program of instructions upon a computer readable storage media , capable of being read by machine capable of executing the instructions . a general purpose computer is one example of such a machine . examples of appropriate storage media are well known in the art and would include such devices as a readable or writeable cd , flash memory chips ( e . g ., thumb drive ), various magnetic storage media , and the like . the features of the system and technique have been disclosed , and further variations will be apparent to persons skilled in the art . all such variations are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims . reference should be made to the appended claims , rather than the foregoing specification , as indicating the true scope of the subject system and technique .
a system and method are disclosed for providing a ventilated orthotic cranioplasty helmet for treating positional plagiocephaly in infants . specifically , a system and method are disclosed in which patient - specific parameters such as head size , patient age , degree of patient sweating , diameter of patient &# 39 ; s hair , average length of patient &# 39 ; s hair , and sweat range are input into a computer implemented algorithm along with a user - proposed ventilation hole array to determine an optimal ventilation hole arrangement . the computer may be connected either directly or indirectly to an automated hole drilling machine to drill the hole array in the specified portion of the helmet . the same computer implemented algorithm can be used to revise the ventilation hole array to accommodate changes in patient physiology during treatment to thereby achieve an optimal ventilation hole design throughout the treatment process .