fig1 shows , in cross section , a nerve passing over a bone , for example in the forearm . a force applied to the skin over the nerve compresses the nerve against the bone , causing a mechanical injury and ischemia . the pressure transducer measures a force on the skin , which corresponds to the force on the nerve . in typical surgical procedures , there may be little choice but to have the patient &# 39 ; s limbs support at least their own weight , and often to support additional weight of the torso . further , the nerves at issue , except possibly the ulnar nerve , generally are believed to have a moderate resistance to pressure injury . thus , the alarm thresholds may be set relatively high , e . g ., in excess of systolic pressure less 10 - 20 mm hg for greater than five minutes . this compromise is necessary in order to avoid unnecessarily disturbing a surgeon during a procedure . on the other hand , where danger of nerve damage is imminent , this may be addressed by alerting the anesthesiologist or automatically relieving the force . as shown in fig1 a cross section of a forearm 100 shows an outer layer of skin 101 , which overlies subcutaneous tissue 102 , having varying thickness . bones 103 , support the forearm 100 . the cross section also shows various muscles 105 , and blood vessels 106 , 107 . the nerve 108 , in this case the ulnar nerve , overlies the bone 103 , in this case the ulna , and is relatively unprotected by other tissues . thus , it is particularly subject to external mechanical effects . a transducer , including a bladder 104 , is connected by a hose 110 to an electromechanical pressure transducer 111 . the bladder is adhered to the skin with an adhesive strip 109 . the electromechanical pressure transducer 111 , in turn , is connected to a monitor 113 , hailing a visual display 114 of the pressure , an audio alert 115 , an optionally , a control for an actuator 116 , which acts , for example , as a servo to drive a mechanical system 117 , 118 , and relieve the pressure on the nerve 108 . fig2 shows an intraocular pressure monitor . this monitor covers the eye , and thus any external pressure applied to the eye must pass through the sensor system . any pressure in excess of diastolic pressure will tend to impair blood flow to the eye and thus cause an alarm state . this monitor is particularly useful during procedures performed in the prone position , wherein blindness is most likely to occur with a combination of external pressure and low blood pressure . it is noted that , during a procedure , no external pressure generally need be applied to the eye , and , other than maxillofacial surgery , the eye is often readily accessible to the anesthesiologist without substantially disturbing the surgeon . therefore , the sensor may be designed to generate an alarm condition , for example , if the applied pressure exceeds the diastolic pressure for more than ten seconds continuous , and / or greater than diastolic pressure for more than 20 % over a five minute interval , and / or an average applied pressure of greater than diastolic pressure over a five minute interval . predetermined thresholds may also be applied , in addition to the adaptive thresholds based on blood pressure or other factors . in fig2 the eye 201 is surrounded by a bony socket 205 , 206 forming the orbit , with a rear aperture , through which the optic nerve 211 and retinal artery enter the eye 201 . the retinal artery 208 has branches 209 , which supply blood the retina 207 . a bladder 210 , overlies the upper eyelid 204 , which is closed during a procedure . the lower eyelid 203 may also be covered . the bladder 210 leads to a monitor similar to that shown in fig 1 . fig3 shows a monitor according to the present invention . the pressure monitor includes one or more pressure inputs , for example fluid - filled tubes or electronic inputs . the fluid filled tubes interface with pressure transducers , which produce electrical signals . the electrical signals are analyzed by a computerized monitor , which provides a simple threshold for alarm , a time and pressure threshold for alarm , and a more complex model for damage to the nerve . the alarm is , for example , an audio , visual , or tactile alert to the anesthesiologist . the monitor 301 shown in fig3 provides four pressure transducer inputs 305 , which are processed to produce an estimated pressure , which is displayed . control switches 303 , 304 , allow the user to select a particular transducer 303 , or to scan all the channels 304 . the monitor 301 also includes a pulse oximeter 308 with a display , and a separate input . this pulse oximeter may be used to determine various general physiological conditions of the patient to set thresholds , or to determine site - specific ischemia . in the later case , the pulse oximetry input would be of reduced value with respect to other anatomical locations . an electronic strip pressure transducer is shown in fig4 . this transducer estimates the pressure based on a force applied to the transducer itself . a multisegmented transducer allows relatively imprecise placement of the transducer patch , with alarms based on the maximum pressures detected , or a subsequent determination of the location of the nerve , for example by a nerve conduction study . the strip transducer is provided as a sheet 401 with a self - adhesive backing . the sheet is conductive , and provides a common ground 404 for the sensing elements . the sensing elements form a regular array , for example of hexagonal elements 402 , each sensitive to an applied force normal to the surface of the sheet 401 . each element 402 is connected at a connection point 403 by a separate conductor 405 to a monitor ( not shown ), through a cable 406 . fig5 shows a method for operating a pressure monitor according to the present invention . the anesthesiologist places a transducer proximate to a nerve of interest . the during the procedure , the patient is anesthetized and immobilized . the pressure is monitored , and compared against one or more patterns of likely injury . thus , if the pressure at any time exceeds a peak pressure , for example 350 mm hg , an alarm is sounded . using a simple model , if the pressure time product exceeds a threshold , an alarm is also sounded . for example , a pressure product in excess or ( systolic pressure - 20 * 5 ) mm hg × minutes , with a rolling average over 8 minutes , might be a typical threshold . finally , a more subtle model may be provided which includes much more information about the patient &# 39 ; s susceptibility to neuropathy may be provided as the basis for the alarm , possibly integrating minutes or hours of data . if any alarm condition exists , the anesthesiologist is alerted to take corrective action . in general , transients may be suppressed as being noise or of little relevance , in favor or prolonged measurements . as shown in fig5 at the start 501 , an external transducer is placed proximate to a nerve 502 . the transducer output is then used to measure a mechanical effect over time 503 . a control system predicts damage to the nerve 504 , either at present or into the future under comparable conditions . where significant damage is occurring or is imminent 505 , an alarm is produced 506 . the patient ( or object in contact with the patient ) is moved 507 , to relieve the force causing the pressure on the patient . the movement may be automated or manual . a closed loop control may be implemented , using the transducer to determine whether the executed movement was sufficient 508 . if not , the patient may again be moved 507 , until the force is alleviated . fig6 shows a telemetric pressure sensing system . a compliant closed bladder 601 , containing a gas or liquid , is provided in contact with the area to be measured , providing a spatial averaging of the applied pressure over the area of the bladder . the gas or liquid is in communication with a pressure transducer 602 , which is , for example , a piezoresistive silicon sensor . a signal conditioning module 603 , which is , for example , a micropower operational amplifier , conditions the signal and filters noise . a microcontroller 604 , having analog to digital conversion capabilities , receives the conditioned signals and generates an encoded data stream , which , for example , includes redundancy as well as error detection and / or correction codes . the encoded stream is fed to a radio frequency modulator 605 , which , in turn , feeds an antenna 606 . the microcontroller 604 controls a power supply 607 , in order to limit power dissipation . the power supply 607 may include , for example , a lithium button cell . the operation of the system may be modulated , for example , to transmit data once per second or once per 10 seconds . in the later case , especially , the transmission preferably includes data relating to a plurality of pressure measurements . there has thus been shown and described a novel system and method which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor . many changes , modifications , variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention , will , however , become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose the preferred embodiments thereof . all such changes , modifications , variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention , which is limited only by the claims which follow .
a method for predicting peripheral nerve damage comprising the steps of placing a pressure transducer on the skin of a patient proximate to a peripheral nerve ; measuring the pressure with the pressure transducer over time ; and estimating a damage to the nerve based on the pressure and duration of application and a nerve damage model .