to understand the present invention and its operation in the removal of hair , a minimal understanding of the physical structure of the skin and structure surrounding the hair is desirable . thus , referring to fig1 , an exemplary embodiment of an electroporating hair removal apparatus 10 in accord with the present invention is shown in an operative placement relative generally to a patient and more specifically to a hair 20 of the patient whose removal is desired . generally speaking , hair 20 includes a hair shaft 20 and a root 24 . hair 20 grows from a hair follicle 26 , which extends from subcutaneous fat layer 28 , through the dermis 30 , the epidermis 32 and the outer surface layer of the skin , the stratum corneum , 34 . the follicle 26 includes a bulb 36 from which the hair 20 grows and a sebaceous gland 38 that provides oil to lubricate the hair and skin . hair removal in accord with the present invention is accomplished by the application of an electroporating electric field of predetermined amplitude to preselected hairs . to determine the correct amplitude and pulse duration , consideration should be given to the electrical properties of the cells of interest , that is , the hairs and their associated cells , and how these cells , as well as surrounding cells that will experience the electric fields , respond to the application of such electric fields . the electrical resistances of the outermost layer of the skin 34 , the stratum corneum , and the inside lining 40 of the hair follicle are high and non linear . as the electric field applied to the skin increases , pores in the skin cell membranes are induced , which opens additional channels through the stratum corneum cells , dropping their resistance drops about four orders of magnitude . when a high voltage pulse is applied to the electrode contacting a hair follicle , the cell lining the inside surface of the follicle decrease its resistance first , becoming substantially more conductive . the conductive narrow channel of the follicle acts as an elongated extension of the central electrode , thus enhancing the electric field at the bottom of the follicle where the hair bulb is located . if the voltage applied to the electrode creates an electric field encompassing the bulb above the upper electroporation limit for the local cells , the cells of the bulb will die . thus the task of the killing the cells that grow the hair will be accomplished . it will be understood that the foregoing description of hair , skin , and subcutaneous layers is intended to be quite general in nature and that detailed descriptions of the nature , function , and interrelationship of all of the foregoing mentioned structures can be found in numerous textbooks , treatises , and medical journals the world over . the apparatus 10 includes a high voltage pulse generator 50 and an applicator 52 connected thereto by an electrical connector 54 comprising electrical connectors 54 a and 54 b . generator 50 is provided to generate and supply to applicator 52 high voltage electrical pulses in the range of 50 - 1000 volts . the pulse duration can be ultrashort , that is , in the range of about 0 . 1 nanosecond to one microsecond or they can be longer than microsecond . applicator 52 may take the form of a handheld device with a handle 56 . applicator 52 includes a pair of electrodes that engages the outer skin layer 34 and hair follicle 26 . thus , as illustrated , applicator 52 may include an electrode 58 electrically connected to generator 50 by connector 54 b . electrode 58 is illustrated as a substantially flat ring or annular electrode in the figure that engages the outer skin layer 34 . applicator 52 may also include an electrode 60 electrically connected to generator 50 by connector 54 b . electrode 60 is illustrated as a rod - like electrode that engages the follicle 26 . electrode 58 substantially surrounds the rod - like electrode 60 . that is , when electrode 60 engages a follicle as shown in the figure , electrode 58 will contact an area of the patient &# 39 ; s skin substantially , and preferably continuously , surrounding the electrode 60 . as shown , the electrode 58 has a substantially flat surface for engaging the patient &# 39 ; s skin , but other surfaces may be utilized as desired for particular applications so long as the appropriate and desired electric field can be generated in the vicinity of the hair follicle . if desired or otherwise deemed advisable , electrical contact between the electrode 60 and follicle 26 may be improved by application of the appropriate conductive gel to the electrode 60 . application of a high voltage electroporation pulse to the electrodes 58 and 60 creates a highly concentrated electric field 62 in the general vicinity of follicle bulb 36 . to kill the cells responsible for hair growth , the amplitude of the pulses , that is , the voltage , should be selected to provide an electric field 62 having a strength above the upper electroporation limit for those cells . to significantly reduce or completely eliminate any unpleasant feelings of the patient undergoing an electroporation procedure for hair removal a tens system may be utilized in conjunction with the electroporation apparatus to provide some degree of electro - analgesic narcosis . a tens system 70 useful in accord with the present invention is shown in fig1 . tens system 70 includes a tens generator 72 connected via connector 74 , which includes connector wires 74 a and 74 b connected to connectors 54 a and 54 b , respectively , to the output of the electroporation generator 50 . generator 72 sends electrical pulses to the electrodes 58 and 50 with a predetermined waveform providing electro - analgesia to the treated area . connector 76 carries tens signals from generator 72 to a synchronizing circuit 78 . circuit 78 is provided to synchronize the application of the tens and electroporation signals so as create an analgesic effect prior to the application of the electroporation pulses . thus , circuit 78 , in response to a predetermined number of tens pulses generates a signal delayed for approximately 0 . 1 - 1 ms after a tens pulse to generator 50 via a connector 80 that triggers generator 50 to provide a high voltage electroporation pulse intended for electroporative killing the cells of the hair follicle . because of refractory state induced by the last tens pulse , the nerves in the area are unable to get excited and the electroporation pulse delivered to the treated follicle will cause significantly lower — if any — perception by the patient . in another implementation of the invention the tens pulses may be applied to electrode 60 and to an electrode 82 that covers a larger skin surface area than does electrode 58 . this version of the apparatus may be realized by including a switch 84 as shown , which enables the operator to switch the output signal of the tens generator from electrode 58 to electrode 82 via a connector 86 . as shown , electrode 82 may also be an annular electrode with a substantially planar configuration , though it may also adopt other configurations as desired to conform to the contours of the patient &# 39 ; s body at particular locations provided that the electro - analgesic effect of tens therapy is not lost by such reconfigurations . thus , as shown , the tens electrodes may form a different pair from the pair of electroporation electrodes of the applicator or they can be the same pair . in the first case it is preferred that the tens electrodes are placed around the applicator &# 39 ; s electrodes to cover a somewhat larger skin surface area than the electrodes of the electroporation applicator . in the second case the electrodes will cover of the same area , of course . in both cases the electroporation pulse is preceded by a sequence of tens pulses providing some initial electro - analgesia , with the subsequent electroporation pulse ( s ) being synchronized with a tens pulse in the sequence . ep pulses are delivered with a time delay of 1 to 1 . 5 ms . for the first 1 . 5 ms after a tens pulse all nerves excited by a tens pulse are in a refractory state and are unable to be excited and transmit a signal of pain or discomfort associated with the high voltage ep pulse . a time diagram of ep and tens pulses is shown in fig2 a and 2 b . fig2 a shows rectangular bipolar ep pulses , which is the preferred embodiment , and fig2 b shows unipolar pulses for both ep and tens pulses . regardless of the wave form utilized , it will be observed that an ep pulse follows a tens pulse by a time delay δt of approximately 1 to 1 . 5 ms and that the ep pulses are timed for delivery to the patient following the delivery of a plurality of tens pulses , thus hopefully ensuring that the nerves surrounding a particular hair follicle being treated are numbed so as to reduce if not eliminate any discomfort otherwise resulting from application of the ep pulses . a method of hair removal of present invention comprises providing a high voltage pulse generator and a hand held applicator having at least two electrodes , the geometry of which provides a highly concentrated electric field at the center electrode , applying this central electrode to a hair follicle and applying pulsed electric field to the hair follicle above the upper electroporation limit for the cells constituting the follicle and the bulb of the hair by providing high voltage electric pulses to the two electrodes . in one to two days after an electroporation treatment as described herein , the hair will fall off . in the succeeding days , the dead cells in the follicle will be cleared by macrophages . assuming the treatment is sufficient to kill all of the follicle cells , the hair will never grow again . the present invention has been described in language more or less specific as to the apparatus and method features . it is to be understood , however , that the present invention is not limited to the specific features described , since the apparatus and method herein disclosed comprise exemplary forms of putting the present invention into effect . for example , while the second or outer electrode 58 has been described as being ring or disk like , the electrode could take on other forms that would conform more closely to the particular body geometry where hair is being removed than would a substantially planar disk - like electrode . the invention is , therefore , claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalency and other applicable judicial doctrines .
the present invention provides method for removal of body hair using electroporation using an apparatus having a pulse generator capable of generating electrical pulses of the desired amplitude and duration to kill hair follicles and an applicator having a first electrode placed in contact with a hair follicle and a second electrode interacting with the first electrode to provide an electroporating field in the tissue volume surrounding a hair to be removed . the method utilize a tens system to provide patient relief from discomfort experienced by application of the electroporation pulses .