in fig1 the relevant parts of an umbrella shaft in accordance with the invention are shown . it is in two parts , a lower part 1 and an upper part 2 pivoting on the lower about an axis 3 . at the top of the upper part 2 , though not shown , there is the usual head with ribs extending radially and supporting a cover . on the lower shaft part there is a slider or runner 4 from which extend , likewise radially and corresponding in number to the ribs , stretchers 5 meeting the ribs somewhere along their length so as to hold them extended with the cover taut when the umbrella is in use , i . e . with the runner in the uppermost position as shown . to fold the umbrella the runner 4 is slid down the lower shaft part 1 in the usual way , after releasing a catch . the tilt action of the upper shaft is effected by an actuator including a lever 7 extending from an attachment point near the base of the upper shaft part 2 downwards alongside the lower shaft part 1 to a cranked connecting rod 6 . the lever 7 is pivoted near its upper end on a pin 8 located parallel to , and at approximately the same height as , the pivot 3 in a suitably shaped base portion 9 of the upper shaft 2 . the axes 3 and 8 lie on opposite sides of the central shaft axis . the other end of the lever 7 is attached by a suitable means to the uppermost end of the rod 6 . the lower shaft part 1 is in fact made in two sections , the upper or hinge section 1 a and the lower section 1 b , providing the main length of the shaft . this allows the main length to be made of simple metal tube , while the top of the hinge section 1 a is moulded in plastics to provide the more complex hinge and runner - catch portions . the hinge section 1 a of the lower shaft part 1 is sufficiently long to accommodate the lever 7 , say about 20 cm long , and has an end portion with ridges for insertion into the lower section or pole 1 b . at its top end , in the vicinity of and to one side of the hinge , the shaft section 1 a has a boss 10 extending outwards , in which is a groove constituting a guide for a cord , not shown , used to raise the runner . on the opposite side to the hinge , i . e . to the axis 3 , the upper section 1 a has a slot through which the uppermost end of the rod 6 protrudes , as can be seen in fig1 . this end of the rod 6 is connected to the lever 7 . the rod 6 extends inside the lower shaft part 1 , bypassing the runner , from the slot in the upper hinge section 1 a to a second aperture or slot located in the lower section 1 b in a position that is convenient for the user . if an auxiliary mechanism , such as a cord and crank , is present for raising the runner , this position can be close to that of the auxiliary mechanism , e . g . the crank . the lowermost end of the rod 6 extends as far as the second slot and is attached to a means for applying upward force to the rod 6 , which in this embodiment is another lever 11 . the rod is entirely independent of the runner and preferably does not touch it . the operating lever is pivoted on a pin 12 attached to the lower section 1 b of the lower shaft part at the second slot . the runner 4 could be of conventional construction , though in embodiments where the actuator is entirely outside the shaft there has to be some provision for a rod or other connector to pass through or past the runner . if the runner is designed to be raised manually it would have a descending sleeve adapted to the grip of an operator . in terms of materials , both shaft parts 1 , 2 , the rod and the lever 7 can be made for instance of wood , a plastics material , a composite , a metal , or any suitable alloy , the latter particularly in the case of the shaft . typically the hinge section 1 a of the lower shaft part 1 can be made of a plastics material such as acetals or nylon , the pole of metal such as aluminium or steel , and the upper shaft section 2 of nylon . the levers 7 , 11 can be made of acetals , while one or both parts of the runner 4 can be made of a cheaper plastics material such as hdpe ( high - density polyethylene ). operation of the umbrella from the folded state is as follows . the runner is first raised , by hand or by a mechanism such as a crank - operated cord passing up through the shaft , returning round the guide 10 and down to the runner 4 , until the runner is raised sufficiently far for the ribs and stretchers 5 to be extended and the cover taut . at this point the runner is in its uppermost position . if the umbrella is to stay straight this is the end of the operation . if the user wants to tilt the umbrella he simply pushes the lower lever 11 down , which results in the rod 6 moving upwards along the axis of the lower shaft part 1 , and the upper lever 7 concomitantly travelling upwards and exerting a torque , via its attachment point 8 , on the base portion 9 , around the hinge 3 on the upper shaft part 2 , thereby tilting the upper shaft part 2 . the design of this embodiment of the invention is such that the tilt action is well counterbalanced , providing the additional benefit that only moderate force need be applied to the lower lever 11 . during the tilt movement the runner does not move . for the reverse operation the lower lever 11 is moved in the opposite direction . in this regard , it is advantageous that the rod 6 can also be used to pull the upper lever 7 downwards , because this allows a positive “ untilting ” operation as well as the tilting . according to another embodiment of the invention the lowermost end of the actuator rod 6 extends through the second slot in the lower section 1 b and simply has a handle or knob 13 attached to its end on the outside of the shaft , as shown in fig2 . in this embodiment , the user drives the actuator rod 6 directly up the shaft . fig3 shows an embodiment of the invention in which the “ handle ” of the actuator comprises a sleeve 14 surrounding the shaft with an internal recess in the form of a helical groove 15 . in this example the sleeve has lugs 16 , which engage under a casing 17 surrounding a connector body 22 . the connector body 22 has a circumferential groove 24 in which the lugs 16 are retained so that the sleeve 14 can rotate without axial movement . the connector body houses a mechanism for raising and lowering the runner ( not shown ) and also acts to connect the shaft 1 to a base shaft , not shown . a handle ( not shown ) may be inserted in the hole 18 in the casing 17 . fig4 a and 4 b show the actuator of fig3 in position on the shaft of the umbrella . the actuator rod 6 emerges from within the shaft and the protruding lower end of the actuator rod 6 engages in the helical screw thread 15 and is raised or lowered by rotating the sleeve 14 . this has the advantage that it is , or can be made , self - locking . the lugs 16 can be seen under the casing 17 . a handle 19 attached to the casing 17 is shown ; this handle operates the mechanism for unfurling the umbrella , which is not shown . fig4 b also shows the ledge or catch 23 moulded on the upper section 1 a , on which the runner rests in its upper position ; it also remains there during the tilting procedure . fig5 shows an exploded view of the umbrella shaft shown in cross section in fig4 a and 4 b . in the assembled shaft the actuator rod 6 passes through a first slot 20 in the upper portion 1 a of the lower shaft part . the rod 6 then passes through the lower portion 1 b of the lower shaft part and emerges from a slot 21 in the lower portion . the sleeve 14 fits over the lower portion 1 b so that the end of the actuator rod 6 emerging from the slot 21 engages with the screw thread 15 . the casing 17 then fits over the connector body 22 and the sleeve 14 as shown in fig4 a and 4 b . this fitting must hold the sleeve so as to prevent longitudinal movement while allowing it to rotate freely . the axial extent of the sleeve determines the longitudinal movement of the rod , and hence the amount of tilt of the upper shaft part 2 .
an umbrella frame includes an upper shaft part 2 and a lower shaft part 1 , the two parts being connected by a tilting joint to enable the upper part to tilt with respect to the lower , a runner 4 sliding on the lower shaft part 1 , for spreading a cover on the umbrella frame into its unfurled configuration when slid upwardly , and an actuator connected to the upper shaft part 2 and passing down the shaft , through or past the runner 4 when in its upper position with the umbrella open , to an operating location on the lower shaft part 1 , the actuator being accessible at its lower end to allow an operator to tilt the upper shaft part 2 .