fig1 shows a schematic diagram of the equipment used to produce the water - in - oil cocoa butter emulsion . a heated cocoa butter and polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier ( pgpr ) mixture 10 is added to the heated aqueous phase comprising water and hydrocolloid 11 and then stirred using an overhead stirrer 12 for a period of approximately 5 minutes until the mixture is homogeneous . the cocoa butter and pgpr mixture was heated using a water bath ( not shown ) to a temperature of 60 ° c . in order to melt all six forms of cocoa butter crystals and this temperature was maintained during mixing with the aqueous phase . this pre - emulsion mixture is then pumped through the margarine line 13 . the margarine line 13 comprises a scrape surface heat exchanger ( a unit ) and pin stirrer ( c unit ). the margarine line is a continuous process in which the temperature of the two jackets can be manipulated so that tempering can occur during the emulsification stage through the control of shear and temperature . the scrape surface heat exchanger was kept at 20 degrees c ., which allowed the cocoa butter to cool to approximately 25 degrees c ., allowing crystal types iv and v to form . the pin stirrer is kept at 30 degrees c . to melt any type iv crystals , leaving just type v crystals . both the scrape surface heat exchanger and pin stirrer are fitted with water baths ( not shown ) so the temperature can be altered to optimise the resulting chocolate product that is tempered . the resulting water - in - oil cocoa butter emulsion 14 then has sugar or other further ingredients added for the production of chocolate . these further ingredients are added by a suitable stirring process and can include but are not limited to sugar , milk powder and cocoa powder . in certain varieties of chocolate additional ingredients might be required , such as sweeteners , flavourings , fruit , nuts and / or biscuit particles . the sweeteners and flavourings can be added to the aqueous phase and / or the cocoa butter emulsion and / or the chocolate mixture . the chocolate mixture is then poured into the required shapes before cooling , removal from the mould and wrapping for storage and retail distribution . alternatively , the mixture can be transferred to a sealable storage container in which it can be cooled and stored under refrigerated conditions for later use . if necessary , the chocolate can be maintained at a temperature below the melting point of the cocoa butter fat crystals for transportation without any deterioration in the stability of the water - in - oil emulsion . the sugar , milk powder and cocoa powder are selected with a particle size that gives the required texture in the chocolate . if the particle sizes are too large the chocolate will have a gritty texture . smaller particle sizes result in a smoother texture . cocoa butter is known to have at least five crystal forms , each of which have different melting points . although the thermodynamically stable form is form vi , consumers find form v ( β 2 ) the most attractive , as it melts between 32 and 34 ° c . ( mouth temperature ). furthermore , the form v fat crystal network allows chocolate to snap , and provides the glossy appearance preferred by consumers . scanning electron microscope images ( fig3 ) showing fat crystal shells in a chocolate product . the fat crystal shells surround the water and hydrocolloid to retain the water inside the shell 21 , thereby osmotically separating the water from other ingredients in the chocolate . firstly a cocoa butter emulsion was made comprising 20 % aqueous phase ( made up of 10 % gelatine and 90 % water ) and 80 % lipid phase ( made up of 96 % cocoa butter and 4 % polyglycerol polyricinoleate ( pgpr )). the water used to make up the aqueous phase was distilled water . the source of the gelatine was porcine skin ( fluka ) and was a high gel strength grade ( 250 g bloom ). the cocoa butter used was a commercial grade . the pgpr was supplied by kerry bio - science . the cocoa butter and pgpr were heated together using a water bath to a temperature of 60 degrees c ., in order to melt all six forms of cocoa butter crystals . the gelatine was dissolved in the water using a magnetic heater - stirrer . the aqueous phase was then added to the cocoa butter and pgpr mixture and stirred for 5 minutes using an over - head stirrer fitted with an anchor head until the mixture looked homogeneous . this pre - emulsion was then pumped through a bench - top margarine line comprising a scrape surface heat exchanger followed by a pin stirrer . both the scrape surface heat exchanger and pin stirrer units are fitted with water baths so temperature of each unit can be altered to result in a chocolate product that is tempered . further ingredients required for the chocolate were then added to the emulsion and mixed by stirring to give a homogeneous mixture with the following composition : the ingredients selected for this example were readily available commercial products . the sugar was silver spoon icing sugar ( ingredients icing sugar and tricalcium phosphate ) from silver spoon ltd . uk . the milk powder was marvel original dried skimmed milk powder ( ingredients dried skimmed milk 99 . 5 % and vitamins a & amp ; d ) from premier foods ltd . the cocoa powder used was cadbury bournville cocoa ( ingredients cocoa powder ) from cadbury ltd . bournville , birmingham , uk . after mixing the bulk of the chocolate mixture was transferred to a sealable storage container for storage in a refrigerator . after a period of 2 months the chocolate showed no sign of bloom formation , indicating that no migration of the water content had taken place . a sample of the chocolate was taken for melting point determination using differential scanning calorimetry ( dsc ). the results for the dsc test are shown in fig2 and indicate that the example chocolate with gelatine had a melting point close to that of a popular commercial brand (“ cadbury dairy milk , cadbury ltd . bourneville , birmingham , uk ), an important feature for mouth feel in such products . a low calorie chocolate was made by first making a water in cocoa butter emulsion with a water content of 20 % to make the water in cocoa butter emulsion an aqueous phase was made by adding 2 % gelatin to 98 g of distilled water . the distilled water was heated to 60 ° c . and the gelatin was dissolved in the water using a magnetic heater - stirrer and slowly adding the gelatin while the mixture was stirred . the source of the gelatin was porcine skin ( fluka ) and was a high gel strength grade ( 250 g bloom ) a fat phase was made up of cocoa liquor ( 52 % cocoa butter and 48 % cocoa solids ) and 1 % polyglycerol polyricinoleate ( pgpr ) dispersed through the mixture . this fat phase was heated to 60 ° c . using a water bath and a cocoa butter emulsion was prepared by adding the aqueous phase to the fat phase mixture and stirred for 5 minutes to produce a pre - emulsion using an over - head stirrer fitted with an anchor head until the mixture looked homogeneous . the pre - emulsion was then emulsified in a high shear mixer ( silverson l4rt , 5000 rpm , 5 mins ) to produce a fine water - in - oil emulsion with water droplets with a size of approximately 3 μm . the emulsion mixture was then mixed with sugar at 27 ° c . to produce a full chocolate and cooled to room temperature or 5 ° c . the sample was checked using a dsc and was found to be tempered with a form v fat crystal network structure for the cocoa butter corresponding to a melting point of 32 ° c . for an acceptable mouth feel . the resulting chocolate was found to have a glossy surface appearance and snapped as expected for a dark chocolate . example 2 was repeated but the emulsification process was carried out in a scrape surface heat exchanger ( sshe ) and a pin stirrer at temperatures of 20 ° c . and 27 ° c . respectively . this resulted in a water droplet size of 2 μm to 3 μm . the resulting emulsion was then mixed with icing sugar at 27 ° c . in a 50 : 50 ratio by weight to produce a full chocolate before cooling to room temperature . the resulting dark chocolate was glossy and snapped , with an effective 12 % calorie reduction . example 3 was repeated with a ratio of water to cocoa liquor of 40 % to 60 %. the droplet size obtained was in the range 3 μm to 4 μm . the resulting emulsion was mixed with milled sugar in a 50 : 50 mixture to produce a full chocolate . the mixture was cooled to room temperature or 5 ° c . again , the desired form v fat crystal network structure with a melting temperature of 32 c was produced and the chocolate was glossy and snapped . the resulting dark chocolate was glossy and snapped , with an effective 24 to 36 % calorie reduction . example 2 was repeated but instead of using gelatin in the aqueous phase no hydrocolloid was added . it was found that the resulting chocolate was glossy but did not snap as well as the samples containing a hydrocolloid . example 2 was repeated with the aqueous phase containing 0 . 5 % kappa carrageenan as a replacement for the gelatin . macro and micro structural properties were similar to that of example 2 . example 6 was repeated with the aqueous phase containing 0 . 5 % iota carrageenan as a replacement for the kappa carrageenan . macro and micro structural properties were similar to that of example 2 . example 3 was repeated in which the gelatin in the aqueous phase was replaced with 0 . 5 % kappa carrageenan . macro and micro structural properties were similar to that of example 3 .
the application describes comestible products comprising a water - in - oil emulsion , the water - in - oil emulsion comprising cocoa butter and a fat - crystal stabilised aqueous phase dispersed substantially through the cocoa butter continuous phase and optionally one or more additional ingredients of chocolate . hydrocolloids , such as gelative or carrageenan are typically used to stabilise the aqueous phase . methods of making comestible products are also provided .