in the manufacture of fillings , crowns and other dental restorations , composition materials or porcelain are often employed . a typical or standard dental porcelain powder from which such restorations may be made is sold under the trade mark of &# 34 ; air fired porcelain &# 34 ; by excelco corp . of deerfield beach , fla ., and is described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 052 , 982 . a similar material is sold by johnson and johnson under the name of &# 34 ; ceramco ii &# 34 ;. in accordance with the principles of this invention , a standard dental porcelain powder such as that identified above is mixed in roughly equal proportions by weight with a photonucleable , crystallizable , lithium silicate glass whose basic composition is described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 062 , 877 . such material is well known in the industry and is marketed by corning corp ., corning , ny , as corning code 8603 under the names &# 34 ; fotoform &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; fotoceram &# 34 ;. fotoform is described in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 628 , 160 and fotoceram is described in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 971 , 853 and both come within a class of glass described as photonucleable , crystallizable , lithium silicate glass . the porcelain and photonucleable material are mixed approximately in equal proportions by weight , and then the powdered mixture is formed into a ceramic restoration using conventional techniques for the porcelain alone , heated in an oven to its fusing point and then allowed to cool . after cooling , selected areas of the restoration exposed to light having an ultra - violet component in the range of 280 - 340 nm . wavelength . this exposure apparently establishes color centers or nuclei in the restoration . the restoration is then reheated and held for a particular period of time during which time the areas exposed to the light will gradually change color , apparently due to growth in the color centers resulting in color intensification . when the appropriate shade or color is reached , the restoration is allowed to cool under ambient conditions . a . a sheet of fotoform is ground into a fine powder . b . this powder is mixed in equal proportions by weight with the dental porcelain powder air fired porcelain described above . it has been found that the actual proportions of the mix are not critical . however , more subtle but natural final colors are achieved by increasing the proportion of standard dental porcelain powder , so long as the amount of the silicate powder is not so small that the particles are blocked from the light when exposed as will be described below . c . using the standard dental laboratory technique for dental porcelain powder .[. ajone .]. . iadd . alone . iaddend ., a ceramic restoration is formed from the mix . this can be on a metal matrix such as dental gold alloy , or non - precious dental alloy , or even platinum foil as is understood in the art . additionally , this mixture can be used on an investment model . in other words , this powder is used the way standard dental porcelain powders are used . d . once formed , the restoration is fired in an electric furnace to its fusing point which is approximately 871 deg c , and then allowed to bench cool . the rate or heat rise should be 45 to 60 deg . c . per minute depending upon the exact formulation of the porcelain mixture which is slow enough to allow penetration of the heat but fast enough to minimize the total heat time . this step does not differ from what the laboratory technician would perform were he using the standard dental porcelain alone . e . after cooling , the appearance of the finished restoration is the same as if the silicate material had not been used , except for a slight increased translucency . the areas of the restoration which will be visible after the restoration is installed in the patient and which needs to be altered are exposed to a 3500 watt mercury arc lamp with a parabolic reflector from a distance of 21 inches for an exposure of approximately one second . this produces an extremely bright light with a high ultra - violet ( uv ) component including the range around 280 - 340 nm wavelength . the areas which are not to be exposed to this light are masked by painting the surface with a opaque suitable material such as &# 34 ; separating liquid &# 34 ; which is available from whip mix co . of louisville , ky . any other suitable opaque material may be employed . the surface can also be masked with opaque tape or any other means which are available . f . the restoration is then placed back into the furnace . the temperature is raised relatively quickly to approximately 500 deg . c , and then raised to the fusing temperature at the rate of approximately 5 deg . c . per minute and no more than about 10 deg . c . per minute . at around 600 deg . c . the exposed areas take on a pink hue while the other areas remain unchanged . at around 700 deg . c . the pink hue disappears , and the areas become less intense in color ( ie , whiter ). as 800 deg . c . is approached , the exposed areas become grey and then black . the fusing temperature which is above 800 deg . c . when reached is then held for about 30 minutes during which time the color which develops in the areas intensifies . the exposed areas will take on the shade of an off white , or &# 34 ; dental brown &# 34 ;. the restoration is removed from the oven when the right shade ( that is , hue and intensity ) is present and bench cooled , and the restoration will retain that color . it has been found that by reducing the proportions of the silicate material in the initial mixture the effects or the temperature changes are less pronounced and more subtle . a . and b . the steps as described in the previous example are repeated . c . the resulting powder mixture is formed into a block by placing it into a mold made of investment material and then placed into a vacuum furnace . the temperature is raised to the fusing point of the mixture . the rate of temperature rise is approximately 55 deg . c . per minute . once the powder fuses into a solid block , the block is allowed to bench cool . d . the block of porcelain mixture is removed from the mold by breaking the mold and sandblasting any residue from the surface of the block . e . the block is then glued to an appropriately shaped metal stem so that it can be used in a milling machine . f . the block is milled to the shape of the desired dental restoration . g . once formed through the milling process , the change in color of selected areas is accomplished by following steps e - f in example 1 . these examples are the same as example 1 except that in place of fotoform , the material fotoceram is used . the result of this change is that the appearance after forming the restoration and before exposing to ultra - violet light is whiter and denser than that which would be expected using the pure dental ceramic alone . a . a mixture of finely ground fotoform glass and clear dental glaze in equal parts by weight is prepared . ( a dental porcelain stain may be added to the mixture or substituted for the glaze . the proportion is not critical when clear glaze is used .) note : when dense stains are being used , the proportion of fotoform must be increased . a reasonable proportion with the dense white stain titanium oxide is 4 parts fotoform to 1 part stain , by weight . b . this mixture is applied to the surface of a porcelain dental restoration by using a small wet brush . the standard technique for applying simple stains is employed . the restoration must be made from a dental porcelain with a fusing temperature above 700 deg . c . the mixture has a fusing temperature lower than that of the restoration . c . the restoration is warmed sufficiently to dry the stain in few minutes . typically this would be accomplished by placing the restoration at the door of the furnace . d . once thoroughly dry , the restoration is placed into the oven and air fired , the temperature being raised at a rate of about 55 deg . c . per minute until about 648 deg . c , the fusing temperature of the mixture , is reached . the oven is turned off and when the temperature drops back to 160 deg . c . the restoration is removed to allow it to bench cool . at this point the restoration looks as if it were stained and / or glued in the usual manner . e . selected areas of the restoration are exposed to a 3500 watt mercury arc lamp with a parabolic reflector from a distance of 21 inches for an exposure of approximately one second . this produces an extremely bright light with a high ultra - violet component including the range of around 280 - 340 nm wavelength . the areas not to be exposed are masked in the manner previously described . no change in color occurs during this exposure . f . the restoration is then placed back into the porcelain furnace for reheating . the temperature is quickly raised to approximately 500 deg . c , and then raised to 615 deg . c . at the rate of no more than about 5 deg . c . per minute . the temperature is held there for approximately 30 minutes . during this time , the areas of the restoration which were exposed to the light gradually take on a pink hue while the other areas remain unchanged . this pink hue will interact with original color of the glaze or stain put on the restoration described in step b to produce a greater intensity of the original hue if the original dominant hue was pink . if the original dominant hue was not pink , the new shade will exhibit less green and will have lowered value , ie , that is be more grey . by increasing the proportion of the fotoform to the stain / glaze material , the changes brought upon by the pink hue become more pronounced . in place of excelco &# 34 ; air fired porcelain &# 34 ;, the dental porcelain ceramco ii produced by johnson and johnson was used . all steps were the same as in example 1 except that initial firing of the restoration is performed in a vacuum furnace . this results in a denser and slightly more visually pleasing translucent result . all temperatures are the same , except that the first firing goes to 954 deg . c . the steps of example 1 are repeated , but with the substitutions described in example 6 . these are the same as examples 6 and 7 , respectively , except that fotoceram is used in place of fotoform . these are the same as examples 1 - 9 , respectively , except that a high powered ultra - violet laser is employed in place of the 3500 watt mercury arc lamp . this laser can be hand - guided or computer - guided . these are the same as examples 10 - 18 except that the reheating step is conducted using a high powered laser of significantly lower frequency below the ultra - violet spectrum to heat up the areas previously exposed to the first laser . while only certain preferred embodiments of this invention have been described , it is understood that many variations of this invention are possible without departing from the principles of this invention as defined in the claims which follow .
a method of effecting the coloration of a restoration to be mounted on a tooth including the steps of forming a mixture of powdered dental porcelain and a photonucleable silicate glass and shaping the mixture into a dental restoration . the dental restoration is heated in an oven to its fusing temperature and allowed to cool . selected areas of the restoration are exposed to ultra - violet light . the dental restoration is reexposed to high energy while the color of the selected areas changes .