various embodiments will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings . such embodiments should not be construed as limiting . for example , one or more aspects can be utilized in other embodiments and even other types of systems and methodologies . referring to the drawings in general , it will be understood that the illustrations are for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and are not intended to be limiting . a technique now being developed for the management of severe depression and other brain disorders is the use of deep brain stimulation ( dbs ), or neuromodulation , using electrodes inserted precisely into specific brain regions . consequently , there is also a need for imaging capability to identify and localize small and inconspicuous structures such as the habenulae , either as targets for dbs or as landmarks that permit the more precise localization and targeting of neighboring brain structures . for neurologic and psychiatric disorders , interest is focused on the susceptibility as a function of position within the brain . characterization of brain iron ( fe ) and myelin content has been achieved by measuring changes in transverse relaxation times ( t2 and t2 *) in magnitude mr images , particularly at higher magnetic field strengths . they have also been quantified in high - pass filtered phase images in the technique of susceptibility - modulated imaging . these techniques , however , have not been sufficiently sensitive to identify and characterize very small but iron - containing regions such as the small habenulae structures ; let alone having any capability to provide clear - cut characterizations of habenulae location or properties . that is , because deconvolution with the a dipole kernel to transform the phase image into a susceptibility map eliminates the blurring due to blooming of fe - rich regions in the phase and magnitude images , it yields a sharper ( more conspicuous ) representation of small structures such as the habenula . embodiments of the invention herein disclosed are related to imaging techniques to provide capabilities to enhance the effectiveness and safety of deep brain stimulation ( dbs ): ( i ) insertion of electrodes directly into the habenulae ( or nearby structures localized by their proximity to the habenula ) for treatment of certain diseases aided by the imaging techniques ; and ( ii ) the designation of the precise location of the habenulae to provide landmarks permitting an improved localization of neighboring structures that have been selected for dbs . the invention disclosed herein is the application of mri quantitative susceptibility mapping ( qsm ) to the location and characterization of the habenulae of the brain for the diagnosis , monitoring , stratification and treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases . the human habenulae are two very small ( a few cubic millimeters each ) structures deep in the brain . despite their small size and inconspicuous appearance , the habenulae are believed to be major determinants of human activities such decision making , response to stress and sleep as well as health issues such as depression and drug addiction . because of their relation to the limbic system , the habenulae are being proposed to play a role in human thought and emotion . embodiments of the invention utilize a recently developed mri technique , quantitative susceptibility mapping ( qsm ), to localize and characterize the habenulae . it has been realized that these small structures can have a strong bearing on human mood and thought disorders , for example , in the very common disorder mdd ( major depressive disorder ), schizophrenia and so on . as such , embodiments of the invention address a major unmet medical need for objective biomarker measures of such disorders for purposes of diagnosis , monitoring of therapy , and stratification of disease severity . various embodiments of the invention also provide improved precision for visualization and location of internal body structures , such as in the brain , for exemplary purposes and not limitation . as shown in fig1 , the human brain 100 is imaged using 3 tesla qsm at low magnification . each habenulae 102 are identified by this imaging technique . the improved visualization and localization of these brain structures permits the accurate placement of neuromodulating electrodes for use in deep brain stimulation therapy of severe depression and related disorders . by use of the recently developed technique of qsm , the habenulae can be detected , located and characterized in a conspicuous fashion not provided by alternative imaging methodologies . the image contrast that demonstrates the location , volume and status of the habenulae is attributed to the presence of iron oxides and the presence of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve cells which differentiate these regions from the surrounding tissues . these contrast mechanisms are present in other brain regions but have not previously been demonstrated so evidently in the human habenulae . fig2 depicts the identification of the habenulae 102 and other brain structures in a 3 t qsm image of a human brain at medium magnification . the habenular commissure 104 is identified as well as pulvinar 106 . fig3 illustrates the habenulae 102 and habenular commissure 104 at high magnification in a 3 t qsm image . the intensity of the pixels correlate to the iron quantification in the structure . in one embodiment of the present invention , the technique involves placing the patient being studied within an mri scanner operating at 3 tesla ( 3 t ). both higher and lower fields may be used , as desired , to achieve advantages of cost , accessibility , contrast and / or resolution . in one approach to this study , qsm images of the brain are acquired using axial slices with a slice thickness on the order of 1 - 3 mm . for a slice thickness of approximately 2 mm , the habenulae can be identified as very small regions of strong paramagnetism ( relative to water ). this is done by using as landmarks neighboring , but larger , brain structures that are prominent on qsm images . these structures include the third ventricle , the pulvinar of the thalamus , the internal capsule , the putamen , the globus pallidus and the caudate nucleus . in one aspect , the habenulae are localized mainly to one or two adjacent axial slices containing the above landmark structures with possibly some presence in a slice immediately above or below these central slices . once the habenulae have been identified , the image information can be used in a variety of ways to improve the management of the patient &# 39 ; s disease . for exemplary purposes , the following studies have been coordinated : ( i ) spatial coordinates of the habenulae are available from the image and can be used to direct the insertion of treatment probes with a greater degree of accuracy and safety than currently possible . ( ii ) the volume of the habenulae can be established by determining the number of voxels exhibiting increased paramagnetism . this has proved useful where studies of postmortem brains have indicated that the volume of the habenulae is decreased in patients with depression . ( iii ) measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of the habenulae provide information on its iron oxide and myelin composition . by analogy with other brain disorders , this provides an objective measure of disease presence and progression . ( iv ) the results of the qsm imaging of the habenula can be combined with other imaging information such as mr diffusion - weighted imaging ( dwi ) to provide additional measures of disease . furthermore , the qsm image data is interpreted more readily in a quantitative fashion in terms of the direct iron and / or myelin content of the habenulae , as opposed to current methodologies . in comparison , other attempts to visualize the habenulae using mri have utilized postmortem tissues ( an obvious disadvantage ) and / or magnitude images rather than qsm images . the magnitude images are based on the reduced transverse relaxation times ( t2 or t2 *) associated with the iron oxide content of the habenulae . fig6 depicts t2 weighted images 601 and an r2 * map 602 , as compared to the qsm image 603 . for reference purposes , r2 is a relaxation rate . it is the inverse of t2 which is the spin - spin relaxation time ( i . e ., dephasing due to field perturbations caused by the magnetic nuclei in the sample ). r2 * is the inverse of t2 * which is relaxation caused by dephasing due to magnetic field perturbations from the environment , for example , from a magnetic source such as iron . the contrast on magnitude images is much less distinct and difficult to interpret than that provided by the qsm , as shown . using qsm , contrast of the habenulae is determined using 3 tesla scanners , much more widely available in clinical practice than are 7 tesla machines . the qsm technique can be combined with diffusion mri to provide combined information on iron and myelin status of the habenulae which is not available from magnitude images alone . the qsm images can be used to seed a fiber tract map in a diffusion dataset to identify nerve bundles attached to the habenulae . fig7 depicts an embodiment of a fiber tract map 700 using diffusion tractography obtained by seeding at the habenular nuclei 701 ; the habenular commissure 702 and the left stria medullaris 704 are identified as well . in addition , the qsm images are acquired in a relatively short ( approximately six minutes for the whole brain , or less than a minute for thin slab comprising the habenulae ) gradient - recalled - acquisition ( gre ) which is a standard mri clinical sequence . thus , the qsm study can be performed with a minimal or no increase in patient time within the scanner . embodiments encompass temporal variation as demonstrated by the images of fig4 . the susceptibility maps 400 of the habenulae 402 were acquired every 12 hrs over the course of a 24 hour period . the magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) is displayed in parts per million ( ppm ) relative to the average susceptibility of cerebral spinal fluid ( csf ) in the third ventricle . the intensity of the habenulae changes over time , specifically the magnetic susceptibility , as suggestive of the iron concentration in the habenulae , the intensity increasing from t = 0 to t = 24 hours . in one embodiment , the variations in volume or magnetic susceptibility of the habenulae are determined over time through multiple scanning sessions . these sessions may take place over the course of hours , days , weeks , or years . the change in volume or magnetic susceptibility , as attributed to iron concentration , can thus be monitored over time in order to study the progression of a neurological condition , a response to treatment , or natural variations due to neurological state ( mood , sleep , etc .). for exemplary purposes , and not limitation , fig5 is utilized to demonstrate that over time variations in both magnetic susceptibility and the relaxation rate of the red nuclei are consistent , which infers that temporal variation is real , and thus characteristic of the variation seen in the habenulae as well . as depicted , the relaxation rate and the susceptibility change together . this provides evidence that the observed variation is physiological . various embodiments of the invention may encompass any number of designs , shapes , sizes , dimensions , as well as various image acquisition methodologies , timing and scanning sequences , as discussed above . as described herein for exemplary purpose , the biomarker is the habenula . any iron - containing brain region , however , may be targeted , however , including the red nucleus , the substantia nigra , the globus pallidus , the putamen , the caudate nucleus , the hippocampus , the amygdala , the cortex and the nucleus basalis of meynert , among others . in addition , fe is characterized in the habenulae , but other materials such as the myelin and white matter may be characterized as well using qsm . while individual embodiments have been thus described , the individual embodiments of the mri methodology and the identification of biomarkers may be integrated and combined for use in the characterization of disease and further diagnosis and treatment planning . while previous efforts have attempted to link mri - detected changes in brain iron to diseases such as parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , these have assumed the observable changes over time periods of many months or years to become apparent . we have demonstrated these changes can occur in a matter of a few hours to days , and further represent brain changes of a different character , such as axoplasmic transport of iron or chemical processes such as the transition of iron atoms from the ferric ( fe +++ ) to the ferrous ( fe ++ ) state that modifies the magnetic properties of the iron atoms . embodiments of the invention may also be developed and validated using noninvasive objective biomarkers for psychiatric disorders such as mdd ( major depressive disorder ). also , other mri imaging protocols , such as diffusion - weighted mri , structural ( volumetric ) mri , functional mri ( fmri ) and other types of mri acquisitions could be adapted to provide such biomarkers in combination with the above methodologies to identify and quantify characteristics of the habenulae in relationship with various psychiatric disorders . other imaging techniques , ct and pet in particular , may be modified or adapted to provide information on brain disorders such as depression . the implemented attributes and techniques of embodiments of the present invention would enhance the sensitivity ( i . e . as in ct ) and improve the spatial resolution ( i . e . as in pet ) without ionizing radiation to provide clinically useful information on the habenulae . while the invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to a few exemplary embodiments only , it will be appreciated that it is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments only , since various modifications , omissions , additions and substitutions may be made to the disclosed embodiments without materially departing from the scope of the invention . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular situation or an installation , without departing from the essential scope of the invention . thus , it must be understood that the above invention has been described by way of illustration and not limitation . accordingly , it is intended to cover all modifications , omissions , additions , substitutions or the like , which may be comprised within the scope and the spirit of the invention as defined by the claims .
in embodiments of the invention , the habenulae have been identified and localized in normal volunteers . aspects of the invention determine the location , volume and magnetic susceptibility of the habenulae . furthermore , diagnosing and monitoring patient disorders are enabled using the herein disclosed methodologies and techniques .