referring now to the drawings , wherein like reference numerals are used to identify like components in the various views , fig1 is a simplified , perspective view of a system 10 for conducting a diagnostic or therapeutic function , which also includes a capability for measuring electrode acceleration . the illustrated system 10 includes a catheter 12 operably connected to a controller 14 , which may be an energy source . by way of example , and not of limitation , the catheter 12 may be an rf ablation catheter , and the controller 14 may be an rf ablation generator . controller 14 may be configured to facilitate the operation of catheter 12 , such as during ablation procedures , and may involve monitoring any number of chosen variables ( e . g ., temperature of an ablation electrode , ablation energy ), and providing a requisite energy source . additional components , such as visualization , mapping , and navigation components , may also be integrated into the system 10 . for example , an ensite electro anatomical mapping system 15 , commercially available from st . jude medical , inc ., and as also seen generally by reference to u . s . pat . no . 7 , 263 , 397 entitled “ method and apparatus for catheter navigation and location and mapping in the heart ” to hauck et al ., owned by the common assignee of the present invention , and hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . additionally , an electrophysiological monitor or display , such as an electrogram signal display 16 , or other system , may also be integrated into the system 10 . catheter 12 may include a cable connector portion or interface 18 , a handle 20 , and a shaft 22 having a proximal end 24 and a distal end 26 . in the illustrated embodiment , an electrode 28 is disposed on the shaft 22 , near the distal end 26 . though not illustrated in fig1 , the stiffness of distal end 26 may be non - uniform along the length thereof . for instance , distal end 26 may include an outermost portion ( i . e ., axially most remote from the handle ) which may have a relative stiffness that is less than the stiffness of contiguous but more proximal areas of the distal end 26 . in an embodiment , forces applied to a shaft 22 may not translate to an electrode 28 coupled to the flexible outermost portion , or may be attenuated at least in part by the relatively flexible outermost portion . shaft 22 may further include one or more additional electrodes ( not pictured ), such as ring electrodes , configured for intra - cardiac use . one or more electrodes , such as electrode 28 , may be used for any number of diagnostic and / or therapeutic purposes including , but not limited to , rf ablation , cardiac mapping , electrophysiological studies , and other procedures . accordingly , the present disclosure is not limited to any one type of catheter or catheter - based system or procedure . moreover , it should be understood that embodiments consistent with the present invention may include features not shown or described herein for the sake of brevity and clarity . for example , an ablation catheter may typically include additional electrodes ( and corresponding leads ), a temperature sensor ( and corresponding leads ), and other features , as known . catheter 12 , and controller 14 , may include structures and functions common to known catheter systems . for example , controller 14 may comprise conventional rf ablation apparatus , such as a commercially available unit sold under the model number ibi - 1500t rf cardiac ablation generator , available from irvine biomedical , inc . of course , controller 14 may also comprise various other known energy sources . in an ablation embodiment , controller 14 may include an ablation generator . in such an embodiment , electrode 28 may be configured to receive excitation energy from the ablation generator , and to output ablation energy to tissue within a treatment area , such as to heart tissue within a cardiac chamber . in such an embodiment , a patch 37 may be provided , which may act as an electrical return for an rf ablation signal . the patch 37 is formed of electrically conductive material to form an electrode , and is configured for affixation to the body of a patient . one or more accelerometers 30 ( as generally shown in fig1 ) may be coupled to the electrode 28 within the catheter shaft 22 . the accelerometer 30 may include one or more wires , which may be configured to provide power to the accelerometer 30 and / or to carry a signal indicative of sensed acceleration . acceleration signals may be provided to a suitable receiver , such as a receiver 17 . receiver 17 may be configured to receive signals from one or more devices within , or in communication with , catheter 12 . receiver 17 may include , or may be in communication with , one or more logic systems configured to receive and analyze the received signals . receiver 17 may be configured to receive a signal from accelerometer 30 , and to determine the acceleration of electrode 28 , or other parameters as will be described in detail below . for example , receiver 17 may also be configured to determine the force acting on the electrode 28 . force acting on the electrode may be determined by , for example , multiplying the acceleration of the electrode 28 by the mass of the electrode 28 , or by referencing a look - up table . in an embodiment , system 10 may include a plurality of accelerometers 30 coupled to electrode 28 . receiver 17 may be configured to receive respective acceleration signals from each of the accelerometers 30 , and to determine a vector representative of the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of electrode 28 . receiver 17 may be further configured to determine a corresponding force vector acting on the electrode 28 . the receiver may be a standalone unit , as illustrated in fig1 . receiver may also be incorporated with another piece of equipment , such as controller 14 , ensite navx system 15 , etc . accelerometer 30 may be any type of accelerometer 30 and may further take many different forms . by way of example , and not of limitation , accelerometer may be a piezoelectric sensor , a piezoresistive sensor , a capacitive sensor , an electromechanical sensor , a micro - electromechanical system , a nano - electromechanical system , a low impedance output field effect transistor , a strain - gauge , a magnetic induction sensor , an l - c tank sensor , an optical sensor , a laser sensor , or combinations thereof . fig2 is a partial section view of a shaft 222 of a catheter 212 , according to an embodiment . catheter 212 may be similar to catheter 12 illustrated in fig1 . an electrode 228 is coupled to a distal end 226 of catheter shaft 222 . an accelerometer 230 ( not illustrated ) may be coupled to a proximal end of electrode 228 . when forces act on electrode 228 , and electrode 228 is displaced , accelerometer 230 is similarly displaced . when displaced , accelerometer 230 may be configured to provide a signal indicative of the acceleration of electrode 228 to a receiver , such as receiver 17 ( best shown in fig1 ). the receiver 17 may be configured to receive the acceleration signals , and to determine at least one of the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of electrode 228 . accelerometer 230 may transmit signals to receiver 17 along a wire , such as wire 229 . fig3 is a partial perspective view of an electrode 328 , which may be similar to electrode 228 illustrated in fig2 . electrode 328 is coupled to the distal end 326 of the shaft 322 of a catheter . electrode 328 includes a proximal portion 334 defining a lumen 350 . lumen 350 may be centered about an axis a ′ defined through the center of electrode 328 . one or more accelerometers 330 may be coupled to electrode 328 . for example , in the illustrated embodiment , three accelerometers 330 are coupled to the electrode 328 along proximal portion 334 . the three accelerometers 330 may be equally spaced circumferentially around axis a ′ defined through the center of lumen 350 and may all be positioned approximately the same radial distance from axis a . accelerometers 330 may each be configured to provide a respective acceleration signal to a receiver , such as receiver 17 , when electrode 328 is subjected to an external force . an external force may be , for example , force from a beating heart with which an electrode 328 is in contact . receiver 17 may be configured to receive the acceleration signals from accelerometers 330 , and to determine a vector representative of the acceleration of electrode 328 . as described previously , receiver 17 may further be configured to determine forces acting on electrode 328 , and to determine whether electrode 328 is in contact with tissue . fig4 is a partial perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the invention , designated catheter 412 . catheter 412 includes an electrode 428 . electrode 428 is coupled to the distal end of a support structure 440 . support structure 440 is housed within a distal end 426 of a catheter 412 . distal end 426 of catheter 412 , which may include the portions of catheter 412 distal of line t , may be more flexible than the rest of catheter 412 , allowing for greater mobility of electrode 428 . the support structure 440 includes a distal base 442 having a outer surface 444 to which electrode 428 is coupled . support structure 440 further includes a plurality of proximally directed protrusions 446 . protrusions 446 are anchored to shaft 422 of catheter 412 . in an embodiment , protrusions 446 may traverse flexible distal end 426 and may be anchored to shaft 422 at a point proximal to line t . protrusions 446 may be equally spaced circumferentially about support structure 440 . one or more accelerometers 430 may be coupled to one or more of protrusions 446 . in the illustrated embodiment , three accelerometers 430 may be included , each coupled to a respective protrusion 446 . when a force is applied to electrode 428 , such as the force of a beating heart , electrode 428 is displaced . the displacement of electrode 428 may be resolved across the support structure 440 , causing a respective dynamic strain to be produced in one or more of the protrusions 446 . each accelerometers 430 coupled to a respective protrusions 446 generates an acceleration signal in response to the strain . acceleration signals may then be transmitted from the one or more accelerometers 430 to a receiver , such as receiver 17 , along wires 429 . received acceleration signals may then be used to determine the magnitude and / or direction of acceleration and / or orientation of electrode 428 . received signals may also be used to determine the force acting on electrode 428 , and may be used to determine whether electrode 428 is in contact with an external body , such as a heart wall . protrusions 446 of fig4 are generally illustrated as forming a tripod structure , and generally have an elongated shape . protrusions may take any of a myriad of shapes , including a c - shape , a laterally inverted c - shape , a u - shape , an inverted u - shape , an omega ( ω ) shape , an inverted omega shape , an l - shape , a coil shape , a transversely aligned coil , or any other suitable shape . fig5 a is a partial perspective view , with portions broken away , of a further catheter embodiment of the invention , designated catheter 512 , which includes an electrode 528 . a support structure 540 includes a cylindrical base 548 . a diaphragm 550 extends across at least a portion of an aperture defined by cylindrical base 548 , and is coupled to base 548 at various locations . a lever 552 is positioned along an axis a ″ defined through the center of support structure 540 . a proximal end of lever 552 may be coupled to a proximal face 553 ( see fig5 b ) of diaphragm 550 . a distal end of lever 552 is coupled to electrode 528 . one or more accelerometers 530 may be coupled to an outer face 555 of diaphragm 550 . cylindrical base 548 may be configured to be coupled to a shaft of catheter 512 . for example , base 548 may be coupled to shaft 522 at a point proximal to line t ′. a proximal end of electrode 528 may be coupled to flexible distal end 522 of catheter 512 . if a force is applied to electrode 528 , electrode 528 may be displaced , causing a corresponding strain on diaphragm 550 . accelerometers 530 may detect the strain on diaphragm 550 and generate signals in response thereto . signals may be transmitted to a receiver , such as receiver 17 , along wires 529 . receiver 17 may process the received signals and determine acceleration of electrode 528 , as well as forces acting on electrode 528 . this information may then be used to determine electrode contact with tissue . fig5 b is a partial cross - sectional view of electrode 528 and support structure 540 of fig5 a taken substantially along line 5 b - 5 b . lever 552 is coupled to electrode 528 at a proximal end 560 , and to a proximal face 553 of diaphragm 550 at a distal end 562 . diaphragm 550 extends across a distal end of cylindrical base 548 of support structure 540 . lever 552 is configured to interact with electrode 528 and with proximal face 553 of diaphragm 550 , such that displacement of electrode 528 causes lever 552 to create a force against proximal face 553 of diaphragm 550 . a plurality of accelerometers 530 are positioned along a distal face 555 of diaphragm 550 . lever 552 is thus configured to transfer forces applied to electrode 528 to diaphragm 550 , where they are detected by accelerometers 530 . fig6 is a schematic and block diagram overview of an embodiment of a system 610 . the system 610 includes a receiver 617 that is responsive to output signals provided by accelerometers 631 , 632 , 633 , which are configured to detect acceleration of an electrode 628 . receiver 617 includes , among other things , a processor 645 that is configured to process the received signals in a manner described below to produce one or more parameters of interest , such as acceleration , applied force , degree of electrode - to - tissue contact , and the like . the receiver may be further configured to display information , such as the computed parameters of interest , to a user , such as an electrophysiologist , on a display 650 . accelerometers 631 , 632 , 633 are coupled to electrode 628 . a force f is applied to electrode 628 causing electrode 628 to move . the movement of electrode 628 causes accelerometers 631 , 632 , 633 to sense acceleration and to output respective acceleration signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 . signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 are received by a receiver 617 at inputs 641 , 642 , 643 . inputs 641 , 642 , 643 are configured to receive acceleration signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 and to provide the signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 to a processor 645 . processor 645 may include hardware and / or software configured to receive the acceleration signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 , and to process the signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 to determine one or more of an acceleration vector , force associated with one or more of the acceleration signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 , a force vector , and whether there is contact between the electrode and a surface , such as a wall of a beating heart . processor 645 may determine the force acting on electrode 628 by multiplying acceleration values by the mass of electrode 628 . additionally , or alternatively , processor 645 may determine force directly from the sensed acceleration signals using a lookup table or other mechanism . contact may be determined by analyzing the forces applied to electrode 628 . for example , contact with a beating heart may be characterized by repeated acceleration in a first direction followed by acceleration in a second direction . the second direction may be opposite the first direction . receiver 617 may be configured to output resultant values , such as acceleration value os 1 , force value os 2 , and contact value os 3 , to one or more user interface devices , such as a display screen 650 . display screen 650 may be a dedicated screen for providing indications related to receiver outputs os 1 , os 2 , os 3 . display 650 may also be incorporated into one or more other devices such as an ensite navx ™ navigation and visualization system . acceleration signals , such as signals as 1 , as 2 , as 3 , may be used alone or in conjunction with one or more other signals , such as signals from force sensors , temperature sensors , etc ., to aid in electrophysiological procedures . for example , using acceleration signals in conjunction with force signals may allow detection of both static and dynamic forces . acceleration signals may be used , in part , to determine tilt , direction , orientation , or other directional attributes of electrode 28 , and may assist in providing a clear picture of electrode 28 interaction with an associated treatment area . signals may also be used in conjunction with one or more visualization systems to provide a more complete view of a treatment area , such as a cardiac chamber , as well as the position of an electrode , such as electrode 28 , relative to the treatment area . acceleration signals may be used to determine local health of cardiac tissue , such as by determining the force with which cardiac muscle displaces an electrode 28 in contact therewith . additionally , signals used to determine contact with tissue may , for example , increase the safety of ablation procedures by ensuring ablation energy is provided to an electrode only when the electrode is in contact with tissue . in addition to the foregoing , embodiment of the present invention may include catheters including additional features . for example , the present teachings may be included in an irrigated catheter . although embodiments of this invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity , those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention . all directional references ( e . g ., upper , lower , upward , downward , left , right , leftward , rightward , top , bottom , above , below , vertical , horizontal , clockwise , and counterclockwise ) are only used for identification purposes to aid the reader &# 39 ; s understanding of the present invention , and do not create limitations , particularly as to the position , orientation , or use of the invention . joinder references ( e . g ., attached , coupled , connected , and the like ) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a connection of elements and relative movement between elements . as such , joinder references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other . it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting . changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims .
a catheter system including an accelerometer - based sensing assembly is provided . in particular the present teachings relate to an accelerometer based assembly used to determine contact between a catheter and surrounding proximate tissue , such as cardiac tissue . an embodiment of such a system may , for example , be used for visualization , mapping , ablation , or other methods of diagnosis and treatment of tissue and / or surrounding areas .