an integral criterion for recognizing an impedance minimum is described first , which is used or can be used with an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention and / or of the device according to the invention . to this end , the behavior of biological tissue during a treatment with high - frequency alternating current of e . g . 300 khz to 1 mhz is described first , which is a customary practice in an hf treatment ( hf stands for high frequency ). the tissue to be treated may also be a non - biological type . in this context , the temperatures , the impedance behavior and tissue modifications are looked at in order to illustrate peculiarities of a thermal treatment method by means of high frequency or of a fusion process . in general , the heating of biological or also non - biological tissue , for instance with the aid of electric current , results in a characteristic behavior of the impedance as is exemplarily shown in fig2 . the ordinate of the diagram according to fig2 shows the impedance z , whereas the abscissa shows the time t . the impedance curve is provided with the reference symbol 21 . in fig2 , the heating phase is marked with the reference symbol 22 , whereas the keeping phase is provided with the reference numeral 23 . first , the impedance drops as a rule , which may be attributed to the fact that a biological tissue is an ion conductor having a negative temperature coefficient . in such case , the impedance is reduced till that point where the tissue liquids begin to evaporate . this is usually the lowermost point 24 of the impedance curve 21 which is shown in fig2 and also referred to as a bathtub curve , which is reached for instance at a tissue temperature of approximately 90 ° c . in case of further heating the tissue , the impedance z continually increases as a rule . this results from the fact that the water vapor generated through the evaporation has a poor conductivity and the conductive water is expelled out of the tissue , so that there is a desiccation phase . these two phases may be referred to as a heating phase 22 and keeping phase 23 , for example . accordingly , the heating of the tissue up to the point of evaporation of the water occurs in the heating phase 22 , whereupon in the following keeping phase 23 the temperature is maintained or only slightly increased . the moment 24 of the transition from the heating phase 22 to the keeping phase 23 is a critical point during controlling and regulating an hf treatment process . at this moment 24 , the boiling temperature of the tissue water is reached , so that it transitions very fast from the liquid phase into the vapor phase . it was realized that abruptly escaping vapor may result in bursting tissue , if the hf power ( high frequency power ) is not reduced in due time at that moment . during bursting , there is an exponential increase of the impedance as an electric characteristic . an excessively rapid transition from the heating phase 22 into the keeping phase 23 may additionally entail the danger of increased thermal damages (“ thermal spread ”), since rapidly escaping water vapor may thermally damage surrounding tissue . as can be seen from fig2 , the impedance z first drops in the heating phase 22 ( phase 1 ), reaches its minimum and in many cases abruptly increases again in the keeping phase 23 ( phase 2 ). due to the fact that different ways of controlling and regulating may be used in the heating phase 22 ( phase 1 ) and in the keeping phase 23 ( phase 2 ), it is intended in the exemplary embodiments described here to precisely recognize the transition point 24 from phase 1 to phase 2 , in order to be able to change between the two control programs or techniques or to carry out a corresponding switchover of the control method . basically , it has turned out that the recognition of the transition point 24 is problematic , as there may be very different modes of behavior determined by the type of the tissue , the amount of the tissue , the humidity of the electrodes and so on . an erroneous recognition results in undesired effects in the process progress , wherein a distinction can be made between a premature and a delayed switchover of the process . with a premature switchover , a switchover to the second control phase ( phase 2 ) occurs for instance in the event of a supposed recognition of an impedance minimum , in which a closed - loop control of the impedance course can be carried out . in the event of a premature switchover , the closed - loop control expects an increase in the impedance with an increase of the power input , for instance by increasing the current and / or the voltage and / or the treatment intervals . however , as the impedance continues to drop with an incorrect assessment of the impedance minimum despite a higher power input , the deviation between the actually desired target trajectory of the impedance course and the really existing actual trajectory of the impedance course becomes increasingly larger . this results in an excessive power input which may bring about tissue damages . on the other hand , a delayed switchover means that the switchover to the next control phase ( phase 2 ) does not occur yet although the impedance minimum has already been passed and the impedance increases again ( in some cases even in abrupt fashion ), because not all conditions for the switchover are fulfilled , for example . such a situation involves the danger that the tissue bursts because of the undiminished power , as the water is abruptly evaporated and / or expelled . as a consequence , there may be tissue damages in the form of burst tissue as well as heavy thermal spread and denaturized tissue , which cannot be sealed any more because of the missing liquid or humidity . thus , the disadvantages of such a premature or delayed switchover between the control phases may be tissue damages in the form of burst tissue , carbonized tissue , denaturized / desiccated tissue , a tissue adherence on electrodes and a heavy thermal spread . an undesired , incorrect switchover between the control phases may be brought about by various problems or errors . by way of example , a burst in the tissue may result in a rapid increase in the impedance , after which the impedance decays again as in phase 1 . this skip in the impedance , however , forms the basis of the danger of an incorrect premature recognition and an assessment as a minimum upon switching over the control . furthermore , there may occur the situation that the tissue passes several minima , which may happen for instance with those types of tissue that consist of two or more layers which are structurally different . by way of example , tissues of the esophagus or parts of the colon frequently exhibit two or more impedance intermediate minima in phase 1 . in such a case , the impedance generally runs through the first minimum , then rises again for several seconds and again drops below the first minimum . the ratios of the minima and their temporal intervals may vary widely depending on the tissue . also in such a case , there is the danger of a premature switchover into phase 2 , although phase 1 is de facto not completed yet . a further incident may occur in the form of a sudden impedance change , in which the impedance course in the sense of the impedance curve 21 according to fig2 increases abruptly in many cases , in particular when treating a small amount of tissue . this is reflected by a sudden impedance change . in terms of control technology , however , such an occurrence could be identified as a tissue burst in the sense mentioned above and the switchover might be delayed through this . fig1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention in the form of a block diagram which illustrates a process control and process regulation that avoid such errors . thus , fig1 shows a block diagram of the process control / closed - loop control . the exemplary embodiment according to fig1 comprises a process controller 1 , a regulator 3 , a high - frequency output stage 5 and a schematically indicated instrument 7 as well as a measuring device 9 . the process controller 1 delivers input variables to the regulator 3 via a signal connection 2 , for instance in the form of a line or a wireless communication . in one or more of the described exemplary embodiments , the process controller 1 and the u , i , p regulator 3 may be accommodated in a microprocessor . the input variables may be , for instance , one or more target values for the voltage u , the current i and / or the power p . the regulator 3 may act for example as a voltage regulator and / or current regulator and / or power regulator and supplies its output signal ( s ) via a signal connection 4 , for instance in the form of a line or a wireless communication , to the high - frequency output stage 5 which outputs the drive signals for the instrument 7 via a signal connection 6 e . g . in the form of a wire or a wireless communication route . the signals which are output by the hf output stage 5 and are to be applied to the instrument 7 and / or the signals received by the instrument 7 are applied via a signal connection 8 , for instance in the form of a line or a wireless communication link , to the measuring device 9 ( hf measurement ), which measures the signals applied to the instrument 7 and / or delivered by it and , at its output side , outputs the currently measured actual values of the voltage u and / or of the current i and / or of the power p and / or of the impedance z via the signal connection 10 , for instance in the form of a line or a wireless communication route , to a signal connection 11 connected to an input of the regulator 3 and implemented e . g . in the form of a line or a wireless communication , and applies them via the latter to an input of the regulator 3 as well as an input 12 of the process controller 1 . this means that both the process controller 1 and the regulator 3 receive information on the prevailing values of the actual values of the current applied to the instrument 7 or measured there and / or of the voltage and / or power and / or impedance . in the illustrated exemplary embodiment , the prevailing voltages , currents , the power and the tissue impedance are detected by the hf measuring device 9 which is located between the hf output stage 5 and the instrument 7 or the patient , and are passed on to the process controller 1 . the process controller 1 acts as a power controller or as an impedance regulator in different process phases ( phase 1 , i . e . 22 , and phase 2 , i . e . 23 ). the process controller 1 delivers the default values for voltage , current and power of the u , i , p regulator 3 which regulates the hf output stage 5 such that none of the default values for the voltage , the current and / or the power is exceeded . this means that the process controller 1 and the regulator 3 can act as a cascaded control loop in which the process controller 1 forms the regulator of the external control loop , whereas the u , i , p regulator 3 forms the regulator of the internal control loop . in the following , the operating principle of exemplary embodiments of the device according to the invention and / or of the method according to the invention will be exemplarily described on the basis of fig4 . fig4 shows a typical course of a sealing process for the power p , see curve 45 a , 45 b ; for the current i , see curve 46 a , 46 b ; for the voltage u , see curve 47 a , 47 b ; and for the tissue impedance z , see curve 48 a , 48 b . these variables are linked with each other , so that they cannot be varied independently of one another . this is why the variables used for the closed - loop control are drawn in fig4 with lines 45 a , 48 b , whereas the variables resulting therefrom are depicted with lines 45 b , 46 a , 46 b , 47 a , 47 b , 48 a . in the heating phase 41 , the power p is regulated ( curve 45 a ) and the impedance z is observed ( curve 48 a ), whereas in the keeping phase 42 , 43 the impedance z ( curve 48 b ) is regulated while using the voltage u ( curve 47 b ) as a control variable . an embodiment of a method according to the invention which can be carried out with the exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention illustrated in fig1 will be explained in more detail below . in an optional first step , a short - term detection is carried out which may also be referred to as a detection phase or sensing phase . the initial tissue impedance is measured during this first phase . the measurement can be carried out within a very short term of for instance only a few milliseconds such as 1 to 500 milliseconds . the power p during this first step is chosen here to be so small that no thermal tissue effect is brought about . the power may amount to approximately 0 . 1 to 5 watt , for example . in general , the power p ( n )= p m in this phase ( nεn ) is chosen so as to have a correspondingly small value . the impedance value measured in this phase can be used for the further course of the process . this phase is carried out for a predefined measuring duration of e . g . 1 to 500 ms , i . e . for the predefined measuring duration . with this , said first phase , i . e . the first step is completed . in a second step , a heating phase 22 as the second phase is carried out , wherein the method may also directly start with this second phase , i . e . with the heating phase , without carrying out the first phase . starting from the measured power p m applied with the first step or applied at the beginning of the heating phase , the high frequency power ( which in the following is designated in abbreviated form as hf power and applied to the instrument ) is increased until an impedance minimum is achieved . this procedure of increasing may occur in linear fashion , but in other cases also in a non - linear manner . this results in the following formulaic relation : p ( n )= p m + α pr t s * n . in the afore - mentioned equation , the factor α pr represents the power increase , whereas t s represents the sampling time . in this phase , particular attention is paid to the already mentioned , critical point 24 of the phase transition , as there is an increased danger of tissue damages in this process phase , i . e . the heating phase . in this phase , i . e . in the second step , an increasing hf power is used , as the tissue amount that has been gripped with the instrument 7 is not known at the starting time . in contrast to a constant power , this increasing hf power prevents the heating phase from lasting for a very long time , if the power adjustment is too small . this would entail the danger of tissue adherences . simultaneously , the increasing hf power also prevents the heating phase from being completed too fast , for instance in split seconds , and prevents the tissue from bursting , in case the high frequency power ( with constant power ) has been chosen such that it is too high . this approach provided in the exemplary embodiment allows to seek and find the correct power adjustment so to speak in an automatic fashion . in order to prevent the already described sudden impedance change , provision is made in one or more exemplary embodiments of the invention that the procedure of increasing the high frequency power is not continued any more if the yet decreasing tissue impedance rises again or has not taken a new minimum value for a predefined time of e . g . t p rise . for detecting the temporal duration since the impedance minimum detected most recently , a variable t lastzmin is provided . accordingly , the following equation arises as a formula for controlling the hf power : thus , the hf power is kept constant and does not increase further if no new smaller minimum impedance has been measured for a defined time interval t p rise , which means that the impedance has remained the same or has even increased again . in this case , it can be assumed that the process is near the “ critical phase transition ”. fig3 shows an exemplary example for the power control during the heating phase ( phase 2 , or 22 in fig2 ). as can be taken from fig3 with the curved line 31 indicating the power , the power increase which increases at first essentially in linear fashion is switched over to a constant value which in the illustrated exemplary embodiment corresponds to the power value achieved so far ; in deviation to this , said value may also be lower or higher . the moment of switching over to keeping constant the power p which is fed into the instrument 7 , see curved line 31 , occurs after the point in time of the last detection of a minimum by the predefined time interval t p rise illustrated by the reference symbol 33 , after which the impedance z illustrated by the curved line 32 does not decrease further , but on the contrary even increases again in the illustrated exemplary embodiment . in the exemplary embodiment according to fig3 , the power increase provided during the heating phase is suspended then and the achieved power is kept constant . in fig3 , the reference symbols 31 to 34 designate the first , second , third and fourth phase of the power controller , respectively . the curve 35 indicates the controlled course of the power , whereas the curve 36 represents the impedance course z . the ordinate shows the power p and the impedance z , whereas the abscissa shows the time . in the optional phase 31 , the initial impedance z is measured while keeping the power constant for a short term , whereupon after expiration of the predefined period of time , or in another exemplary embodiment immediately at the start of the treatment , a linear power increase is provided in phase 2 designated with the reference symbol 32 . the transition into the third phase designated with the reference symbol 33 and exhibiting a further increasing power p is characterized by the detection of the impedance minimum z min ; thereupon , the third phase 33 is used for awaiting and checking if indeed no new , still deeper minimum is reached . after expiration of the phase 33 , the switchover to keeping the power p constant occurs in the fourth phase 34 . an integral criterion capable of reacting to very fast and also slow impedance changes or impedance alterations serves for terminating the phase 32 , 33 . is the temporal integral over the impedance increase with respect to the smallest impedance z min that has been measured in a process at the time of n * ts . the heating phase is finished as soon as zs ( n ) reaches a threshold value . zs ( n ) will be 0 if a new minimum impedance is reached in a process . this means that zs ( n ) cannot reach the predefined threshold value in this case . in above equation , it is not yet taken into consideration that a sealing process may take place at different impedance levels depending on the type of the tissue , its condition , its size and also depending on the instrument etc . for considering these circumstances , above equation may be rewritten into now , zs ( n ) is obtained from the quotient of said integral and z min . this achieves a standardization on the respective impedance level where the process proceeds . when the process has changed over from the heating phase ( second phase ) or phase 41 in fig4 to the keeping phase 42 , 43 , the hf power will first be lowered in phase 42 by a specific factor ( cf . fig4 ) of e . g . 30 % to 70 %. this serves to compensate for the proceeding impedance change . the rapid lowering of the power also entails in most cases a small reduction of the impedance z . in this phase 42 , 43 of the process , a closed - loop control aiming at an impedance trajectory is carried out , which is subdivided according to fig4 in two sections : an impedance acceleration in phase 42 an impedance increase ( optionally with a constant gradient ) in phase 43 . in the phase 42 of the “ impedance acceleration ”, the gradient of the impedance z is linearly increased . this measure serves for minimizing the thermal spread which might occur if too much water is evaporated too fast here . the duration of the impedance acceleration is predefined in terms of time . the phase 42 is completed if a predefined impedance has been reached . the hf voltage u as a control variable serves for regulating the impedance . for calculating the hf output voltage a distinction is made whether the present impedance z ( n ) is above or below the target impedance zsoll . depending on this , the output voltage uhf is altered by a specific value the exemplary embodiment thus uses a power ramp in which the power is increased in a ramp - shaped fashion , i . e . increased with a constant gradient , wherein the power ramp is intermitted if no new minimum has been detected for a long time , whereupon a switchover occurs to constant power . thus , the power is linearly increased in the starting phase until the tissue is heated up , with the heating procedure being regarded as completed if the tissue impedance increases again after its minimum . the steepness of the power curve is selected such that neither tissue bursts nor thermal damages nor a sudden desiccation of the tissue will appear . in the exemplary embodiment , provision is made to increase the high frequency power p only as long as the tissue impedance is in the downward trend . to this end , a timer is used which detects the period of time since the last impedance minimum . the timer is again reset to zero upon detecting an impedance minimum in each case and then starts to count anew . the timer is adjusted to a specific time interval and — in case of its expiry without an interim reset , i . e . without an interim detection of a new impedance minimum — outputs an output signal at whose occurrence the control means terminates the ramp - shaped power increase . the linear power increase can be terminated upon achieving and / or exceeding a limit value . the limit value may be a temporal limit value , i . e . it may correspond to the time interval predefined by the timer , but it may also be a power - related limit value at the achievement of which the power increase is terminated or , if need be , continued to be carried out only with a considerably reduced gradient , i . e . in flatter fashion . in a further exemplary embodiment , provision can be made to detect the period of time between the occurrences of minima of the impedance during the still linearly increasing power . if it is detected that the period of time between the occurrences of impedance minima becomes larger , but does not yet achieve the period of time predefined by the timer , the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention may also reduce the gradient of the power curve in one or more exemplary embodiments . this achieves a more gentle approach to the switching point at which a final switchover to constant power occurs when the timer has actually expired , i . e . if no new impedance minimum has been detected during the predetermined time interval . as can be seen in fig4 , the closed - loop control of the power p is terminated ( first in a ramp - shaped manner , then in a constant fashion ) at the end of the heating phase , whereupon the power p does no longer represent the controlled variable in the following phases 42 with impedance acceleration and 43 with impedance increase . instead , a switchover to voltage control occurs at this moment , in which the voltage is the control variable and is specifically increased by the microprocessor with the course increasing in a step - shaped manner . however , immediately upon switching over from power control with the power p as a control variable to the following regulation of the voltage with the voltage u as a control variable , the voltage u is specifically lowered , as can be seen in the area of the transition between the curve branches 47 a , 47 b ( voltage u ). in phase 41 , only the power p is the control variable , as illustrated by the curved line 45 a , whereas the impedance z , voltage u and current i ensue as a consequence of the local conditions and the targeted power control , see curves 46 a ( i ), 47 a ( u ) and 48 a ( z ). during the phases 42 , 43 , only the voltage according to curve 47 b is specifically regulated , whereas the curves 45 b ( power p ), 46 b ( current i ) and 48 b ( impedance z ) ensue as a consequence hereof .
a method and device for controlling a treatment procedure includes a treatment tool , an energy source , and a controller . the controller controls the energy source such that in a first treatment phase , power fed into the material to be treated is controlled with an increasing course . an impedance detector determines the impedance course and / or the present impedance of the material to be treated , and recognizes the achievement of an impedance minimum . a timer is started upon recognition of an impedance minimum , and upon recognition of a further impedance minimum within the specific time interval , the timer is reset . if no new impedance minimum is detected within the specific time interval and the time interval expires , the controller switches the power control to constant power or to a power course with an altered gradient . upon fulfilling a specific criterion , there is a switchover from power control to voltage control .