the present invention is based , at least in part , on the unexpected discovery that calcifications of the type that are present in breast tissues and that can be used to screen for cancer can be detected using optical imaging ( e . g ., transillumination ) wherein time and / or space gating is used to preferentially select the ballistic and / or snake components , as opposed to the diffuse components , of the light emergent from the illuminated tissue . diffuse light can also be used in a limited way to see calcifications with some resolution . as noted above , calcifications have previously been detected using x - ray techniques ; however , prior to the present invention , optical imaging techniques , such as transillumination ( with or without gating ), had not been investigated to detect calcifications . we teach that calcification regions are highly scattering and even these small regions will be apparent on a transillumination shadowgram . these images can be found by time - resolved or frequency modulation methods since the two methods are connected by a fourier transform ( time ⃡ frequency ). time domain profiles give all frequencies necessary to form a range . referring now to fig1 there is shown a schematic view of an experimental system that may be used , in accordance with the teachings of the present invention , to optically image a turbid medium , such as a breast tissue , containing one or more calcifications , the system being represented generally by reference numeral 11 . system 11 comprises a mode - locked laser 13 for emitting a series of laser pulses . the laser pulses have a peak power of 5 × 10 8 w , a duration time of 8 ps and a wavelength of 1054 nm . the pulse energy is ˜ 8 mj . the beam of 1054 nm pulses is sent through a kdp crystal 15 to produce the second harmonic at 527 nm . a dichroic beam - splitter 19 reflects the 1054 nm beam component and transmits the 527 nm beam component . the 1054 nm component is transmitted through a delay unit 21 , reflected off a pair of mirrors 23 - 1 and 23 - 2 and used to illuminate a turbid medium tm containing one or more calcifications . system 11 also includes a 4f imaging system ( see also fig2 ) for imaging the light emergent from the opposite side of the turbid medium tm . the 4f imaging system comprises a focusing lens 25 positioned at 1f , a kerr gate comprising a polarizer 27 , a kerr cell 29 positioned at 2f and an analyzer 31 , an imaging lens 33 positioned at 3f and a ccd camera 35 positioned at 4f . the typical transmission efficiency of the kerr gate is about 5 %. ccd camera 35 is coupled to a monitor or other display ( not shown ) for use in displaying the image of light detected by ccd camera 35 . a time - gated image intensifier ( not shown ) coupled to a ccd camera can also be used to measure 2d images at various time slices to obtain images of calcification regions , and tumors of the breast . the 527 nm beam component , which is reflected off a mirror 34 and arrives at kerr cell 29 synchronously with the arrival of the ballistic and snake - like components of the emergent light from the turbid medium tm , is used to pump only that portion of kerr cell 29 located at the 2f focal point . in this manner , an induced aperture is effectively created in the kerr cell 29 , which temporally and spatially gates the light emergent from the turbid medium tm . referring now to fig3 ( a ) through 3 ( d ), there are shown various images obtained using the system of fig1 of samples of ( a ) clear water containing calcium particles derived from calcium pills , ( b ) 2 % diluted intralipid stock solution containing calcium particles derived from calcium pills , ( c ) clear water containing calcium carbonate particles , and ( d ) 2 % diluted intralipid stock solution containing calcium carbonate particles , respectively , each sample being contained within a 5 - cm thick cell , the calcium particles ranging in size from about 0 . 1 to 0 . 5 mm . ( the transport mean free path of 2 % diluted intralipid solution is about 2 mm at 530 nm and is similar to that for human breast tissues .) the dark shadow regions in the figures represent the calcium particles . the light shadow regions were caused by glue which was used to fix calcium particles on a transparent glass slide . the ccd camera used to detect the images was a cooled ccd camera system with 16 bit resolution controlled by a mac iici from photometrics inc . the minimum detectability of the time gated signal level was about 3 counts per pixel above the dark current level . this allowed about 10 - attenuation of the incident 1054 nm laser beam intensity through the intralipid solution . due to light scattering , the measured transport mean free path of 2 % intralipid solution at 1054 nm was about 4 . 5 mm which is approximately twice longer than that from the 527 nm . the use of infrared illumination can penetrate more than twice the thickness of the turbid media than the use of visible light source . as can be seen , there are several important aspects , observations , applications , advantages and / or comments relating to the present invention , the following being illustrative thereof : ( a ) to use optical techniques to find regions and image calcification regions of size about 0 . 03 to 5 mm in breasts . ( b ) to use optical techniques to find regions and image calcification regions of size about 0 . 03 to 5 mm in breasts using wavelengths from about 700 to 1350 nm . ( c ) to use optical techniques to measure sizes of spatial distributions and patterns of calcifications in breast in order to determine if the region is cancerous or not . ( d ) to use optical techniques to measure sizes of spatial distributions and patterns of calcifications in breast in order to determine if the region is cancerous or not using wavelength between about 700 to 1350 nm . ( e ) the shape of calcification regions imaged by optical techniques in breasts can be used to diagnose tumors as being cancerous or benign . ( f ) the calcification regions appear as shadows with size of about 0 . 03 to 5 mm using optical techniques . ( g ) use ccd camera with time - gated image intensifier on 80 ps to 10 ns time scale . ( h ) use ultrafast time and the space gates from optical and electronic means in the time domain of about 10 - 10 to 10 - 14 seconds to image calcification regions in breasts . ( i ) use space gate to image calcification regions in breasts at wavelengths from about 700 to 1350 nm . ( j ) add column on time - gated image intensifier with ccd camera computer system to image . ultrafast optical gates including optical kerr gate , upper - conversion gate , electron gate include the time - gated image intensifier with ccd camera ( 80 ps to 10 ns ) or streak camera , phase - conjugation gate , and other nonlinear optical gates . electronic gates include image intensifier with ≧ 80 - ps and streak camera to image calcifications in breasts . ( k ) use optical fourier transformation and spatial aperture to modify spatial frequency at the fourier plane of the time - gate to further filter late diffusive noise of signal from breast to identify calcification regions in breasts . ( l ) place time - gate at the fourier plane to select and modify image spatial frequencies of the early ballistic / snake light . ( m ) use laser field induced optical apertures for a means of the spatial aperture made out of a small hole from a metal plate . ( n ) use continuous wave ( cw ) or pulsed laser light with wavelength in the region between about 700 to 1350 nm . ( o ) use two cascaded stage kerr gates to couple with two fourier spatial filters to image early ballistic / snake signals and remove later diffusive light of calcification regions in breast . ( p ) use multiple ( 2 or more ) time gates in sequences in conjunction with spatial filters to remove late diffusive noise . each time gate is placed at the 2f fourier places for time - space gating of ballistic / snake light of calcification in breasts . ( q ) use 4f fourier spatial filtering to improve the image quality . use zoom - lenses in the 4f fourier imaging system to compensate the thickness variation of the sample . ( r ) the 2d patterns of images of the calcification regions in breasts can be used to determine whether a shadow region is a cancerous region . ( s ) use cooled 2d video detectors to image ballistic / snake signals or diffusive light in the region between about 700 - nm to 1350 - nm of calcification regions in breast to diagnose cancer regions . ( t ) use single ray scanning method to reconstruct the 3 - d image from ballistic / snake signals of calcification regions in breasts . ( u ) use wavelength coding and time sequence coding to the single ray scanning 3d imaging to improve the accuracy . ( v ) use imaging disparity through angular displacement from two 2d ballistic / snake images to reconstruct 3d stereographic image of calcification regions in breasts . ( w ) use angular coding in sequence or in parallel to introduce image disparity for the 2d ballistic / snake images of calcification regions in breasts . ( x ) use either sequential or parallel polarization coding to display ballistic / snake 3d stereoscopic images of calcification in breasts . ( y ) use a fast processing / display (& lt ; 0 . 05 seconds ) and a slow processing / display (& gt ; 0 . 1 seconds ) video systems to image the ballistic / snake images of calcification in breast . the fast display video system will provide a fast and rough image for the alignment and safety monitoring . the slow display video system will provide a long signal average for better sensitivity and accuracy . these two ( slow and fast ) imaging systems will obtain the transmitted ballistic / snake signals using optical beam splitter , mechanical mirror in and out , or electronic spitting from a video camera system . ( z ) use high repetition rate and high scanning rate to reduce the photon fluence for safety radiation and to increase the signal averaging of calcification regions in breasts . ( aa ) use single coherent fiber bundle for single beam non - scanning illumination to acquire ballistic / snake images of calcification in breasts . ( bb ) use single beam and opt - mechanical scanning method for 2 - d mapped illumination to acquire ballistic / snake images of calcification in breasts . ( cc ) use multiple beam for 2d non - scanning illumination of calcification regions in breasts . ( dd ) use lasers spectra region between about 700 to 1350 nm to image calcification regions in breasts such as ti : sapphire , cr 4 + : forsterite , cr 4 + : yag , cr 4 + : caceo 3 , or semiconductor lasers . ( ee ) use grid filtering to collect time - gated signals of calcification regions in breasts . ( ff ) use collimator to collect time - gated signals of calcification regions in breasts . ( gg ) use video cassette recorder for massive analog 2d ballistic / snake image recording and storage of calcification regions in breasts . ( hh ) use 2d coherent - fiber - ccd assembly for direct 2d and 3d time - gated ballistic imaging of calcification regions in breasts . ( ii ) use color - filtered time - gated signals for computer aided medical analysis of calcification regions in breasts . ( jj ) identify malignant and benign tissues from calcifications and normal regions by examining size and structures of calcifications using shadowgram taken with the time - spatial gate imaging system . ( kk ) identify malignant and benign tissues from calcifications and normal regions by examining number of calcifications using shadowgrams taken with the time - spatial gate imaging system . ( ll ) identify malignant and benign tissues from calcifications and normal regions by examining 2d shape differences of calcifications using time - spatial gate imaging system . ( mm ) the shape of calcification patterns on image is in the form of shadow tree whether the tumor is malignant in breasts removed with optical gate . ( nn ) identify malignant and benign breast tissues from shape , size , and structures of calcifications and normal regions by examining attenuation caused by calcification density using time - spatial gate imaging system . ( oo ) identify malignant and benign breast tissues from calcifications and normal regions by examining 2d shadowgram pattern differences of calcifications using time - spatial gate imaging system . ( pp ) identify malignant and benign breast tissues from calcifications and normal regions by examining 2d shadowgram spatial distribution differences of calcifications using time - spatial gate imaging system . ( qq ) identify malignant and benign breast tissues from calcifications by examining fourier spatial spectrum differences caused by the differences of size , shape , distribution , pattern , and density of calcifications using time - spatial gate imaging system . ( rr ) identify malignant and benign breast tissues from calcifications and normal regions by using different spatial filter , aperture , and masks in fourier spectrum plane for different types of calcifications using time - spatial gate imaging system . ( ss ) a time - gate image intensifier ( of 80 ps to 5 nsec ) coupled to ccd camera can be used to obtain an image shadowgram to see calcification and breast tissue . ( tt ) spectral images at two or more wavelengths to get difference images of calcification region and tumor for better breast screening . wavelengths are selected at water , lipids , calcification absorption in 700 to 1350 nm region ( see f . marks article for lipids and water ). ( uu ) the regions of calcification are measured to determine whether growth should be biopsied or removed . ( vv ) optical transillumination shadowgram for calcification region in breasts is used as a diagnostic approach to diagnose breast cancer . ( ww ) optical imaging breast for calcification regions is used as a way for diagnosis or breast screening . the embodiments of the present invention recited herein are intended to be merely exemplary and those skilled in the art will be able to make numerous variations and modifications to it without departing from the spirit of the present invention . all such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims appended hereto .
a method for detecting the presence of one or more calcifications within a portion of a turbid medium , such as a breast tissue . according to one aspect , the method involves illuminating at least a portion of the turbid medium with light , whereby light emerges from the turbid medium consisting of a ballistic component , a snake - like component and a diffuse component , temporally and / or spatially gating the emergent light to preferentially pass the ballistic and / or snake - like components , using the temporally and / or spatially gated light to form an image of the illuminated portion of the turbid medium , and examining the image for the presence of one or more calcifications . wavelength difference images may also be used to highlight tumors and calcification regions . the foregoing method may be used to form optical images of breast tissues , with the presence in such images of calcifications suggestive of cancer being used to identify the corresponding breast tissues as good candidates for biopsy and screening for tumors .