the invention provides methods of using trehalose to increase the cooked yield of beef products compared to such products without trehalose . the present invention also provides beef products comprising trehalose , which beef products exhibit an increase in cooked yield relative to similar beef products without trehalose . trehalose ( alpha - d - glucopyranosyl - alpha - d - glycopyranoside ) is a disaccharide . it is a gras ( generally regarded as safe ) food ingredient , typically found in mushrooms , honey , lobster , shrimp , and baker &# 39 ; s yeast . the inventors have discovered that addition of trehalose to beef can increase the cooked yield of beef . without being bound by theory , the inventors believe that the increase in cooked yield corresponds in part to an increase in liquid retention . trehalose was evaluated for its impact on cooked yield over a broad range of beef product categories , including ground beef patties , restructured beef roasts , and whole muscle beef roasts . in each category , loss of liquid during cooking and the associated shrinkage were evaluated . loss of liquid reflects loss of water and liquid fat — collectively making up juice . the loss of juice during cooking is called juice cookout . shrinkage during cooking reflects loss of liquid , and can be measured by weight loss of the meat . in each product category , trehalose reduced juice cookout and increased yields by about 1 % to about 2 %. yield is understood to mean the ratio of the cooked weight to the pre - cooked weight . this was demonstrated using trehalose at low inclusion levels ( from about 0 . 5 % to about 2 %). it should be understood that the percent of inclusion ( for example of trehalose or other additives ) is a weight percent based on the weight of the uncooked beef . in other words , a trehalose inclusion level of 0 . 5 % means an amount of trehalose was added equal to 0 . 5 % of the weight of the uncooked beef . it was also discovered that adding trehalose to beef can be done without having substantial alteration on the appearance , flavor , juiciness , or texture of the cooked product . such trehalose functionality can have economic implications to meat processors such as : 1 ) reduced formulation costs due to substitution of beef with trehalose or water ; and , 2 ) reduced raw material inputs to cooking processes due to higher yields . although trehalose was tested and found effective at inclusion levels from about 0 . 3 % to about 2 . 0 %, including levels of about 0 . 5 %, 1 . 6 % and 1 . 8 %, the inventors believe that similar benefits can be obtained at lower levels . similarly the inventors believe similar benefits can be obtained at higher levels , such as at 3 %, 5 %, and even higher levels . the potential of trehalose to increase the yield of cooked meat was evaluated in ground beef patties , restructured beef roasts , and whole muscle beef roasts . all - meat patties containing trehalose ( 2 . 0 %) were 1 . 8 % heavier after frying than control patties . the increase occurred even though the patties contained 2 . 0 % less meat to retain juice . a mass balance analysis of the juice expelled showed that the trehalose patties had a disproportionately lower juice loss ( 35 . 8 g / 100 g potential juice ) than the control patties ( 37 . 8 g / 100 g potential juice ). cooked patties , held for 20 minutes at 175 deg f . to simulate food service preparation , retained the incremental weight gained until the patties were served . although trehalose is a disaccharide , the cooked patties exhibited only a hint of sweetness , and the overall cooked flavor was desirable . the juice retention with trehalose was compared to the juice retention with starch ( breadcrumbs ). the starch & amp ; meat patty displayed superior juice retention over the all - meat patty and the trehalose & amp ; meat patty as the patty yield increased by 6 . 4 % and 4 . 6 % respectively . however , combining starch with trehalose reduced the yield by 2 . 8 % relative to starch alone . further studies indicated that the order of addition of ingredients may impact the yield , and where the order was reversed the yield of patties having starch alone was the same as patties having starch and trehalose . although the addition of trehalose did not increase the juice retention of the starch & amp ; meat patty , as described in the previous paragraph , adding trehalose alone increased the liquid retention of the all - meat patty . the ability of trehalose to improve cooked yield was also evaluated in restructured beef roasts . when trehalose ( 2 . 0 %) was added to a commercial formula containing salt and sodium phosphate , the weight of the cooked product increased by 0 . 9 %. a sensory panel was unable to distinguish between the appearance , flavor , juiciness , and texture of a commercial roast containing trehalose . therefore , trehalose has the potential to increase the yield of restructured roasts and maintain acceptable sensory characteristics . trehalose was also used in the solution injected into whole muscle beef roasts . although when used alone , trehalose did not increase the weight of cooked roasts , when combined with salt and sodium phosphate in the commercial formula , trehalose ( 1 . 6 %- 1 . 8 %) increased cook yield by up to 2 . 1 % ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ). further dosage work suggested it may be possible to reduce trehalose levels to 1 % or less and create comparable yield gains while maintaining acceptable sensory characteristics . without being bound by theory , the inventor believes that salt and sodium phosphate enhance the roast &# 39 ; s ability to retain trehalose . in other words , adding trehalose alone to the roast did not show an increase in cooked yield because the trehalose was not incorporated into the roast . however , addition of trehalose along with salt and sodium phosphate enabled incorporation of trehalose into the roast , and consequently an increase in cooked yield . salt is used in the examples contained herein at levels ranging from about 0 . 7 % to about 1 . 5 %. however the inventors believe that the specific amount of salt is not critical , and similar benefits can be obtained at lower levels and at higher levels of salt . similarly , sodium phosphate is used in the examples contained herein at levels ranging from about 0 . 24 % to about 0 . 48 %. however the inventors believe that the specific amount of sodium phosphate is not critical , and similar benefits can be obtained at lower levels and at higher levels of sodium phosphate . a brief summary of improvements , which may offered by the inclusion of trehalose in meat , one or more of which may be present in various embodiments according to the invention , includes the following : the shrinkage of meat during cooking is consistently reduced by the addition of trehalose . the shrinkage of meat during cooking is consistently reduced by the addition of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate . the shrinkage meat , with salt and sodium phosphate , during cooking is consistently reduced by the addition of trehalose . the reduction of meat shrinkage which occurs in the presence of trehalose does not require the addition of starch . the liquid retention of meat during cooking is consistently increased by the addition of trehalose . the liquid retention of meat during cooking is consistently increased by the addition of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate . the liquid retention of meat , with salt and sodium phosphate , during cooking is consistently increased by the addition of trehalose . the increased liquid retention of meat which occurs in the presence of trehalose does not require the addition of starch . as used herein , “ consistently ” means occurring sufficiently often under certain conditions to represent a meaningful conclusion under such conditions . the above brief summary of improvements will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the following examples . the examples are intended to illustrate the spirit of the invention and certain embodiments of the invention , but not to restrict the invention . one of ordinary skill in the art , after reading the present disclosure of the invention , will be able to envision additional embodiments . it is the intent of the inventors that all such embodiments are included in the invention . example 1 provides a non - limiting example of trehalose - containing ground beef patties and the increased cooked yield exhibited by such patties . example 2 provides a non - limiting example of the effect on the cooked yield on beef patties by a trehalose breadcrumb combination . example 3 provides a non - limiting example of trehalose - containing restructured deli beef roasts and the increased cooked yield exhibited by such roasts . example 4 illustrates the desirability of adding ingredients such as sodium phosphate and salt to aid in incorporation of trehalose into certain beef products such that the beef retains a sufficient amount of trehalose to obtain an increased cooked yield . example 5 provides a non - limiting example of trehalose - containing beef top rounds and the increased cooked yield exhibited by such top rounds . example 6 illustrates the cooked yield increase for varying inclusion levels of trehalose in beef whole muscle roasts . example 7 provides a non - limiting example of the change in mass composition resulting from a variety of inclusion levels of trehalose in beef top rounds . example 8 provides a non - limiting example of the changes in mass composition of trehalose - containing ground beef at different cooking times . example 9 provides another non - limiting example of increased yield exhibited by beef top rounds containing trehalose . sodium chloride , sodium phosphate , and dextrose were obtained from a cargill , inc . meat plant . trehalose dehydrate was obtained from hayashibara international ( japan ). trehalose dihydrate when placed in water forms a solution of free trehalose . cook yield data analyses within the following examples were performed using standard statistical methodology , including standard statistical t tests , paired t tests , and analysis of variance ( anova ). ground beef patties were prepared at a cargill , inc . meat plant . course ground beef ( about ⅜ ″ grind size ) was formulated by grinding 90 % lean beef with 50 % lean beef to obtain a fat content of about 25 %. trehalose ( 2 . 0 %) was mixed with water ( 2 . 75 %) and then mixed with chilled ( about 30 deg f .) ground beef for about 1 minute . the meat was then reground to about ⅛ ″ grind size before patty formation . as a control , water ( 2 . 75 %) minus trehalose was mixed with ground beef prior to forming patties . therefore , patties containing trehalose had 2 . 0 % less meat than the control patties . the present example illustrates comminuted meat , wherein comminuted meat is pre - rigor or post - rigor animal muscle tissue whose structure has been physically rearranged to fine pieces or particles . patties were formed using a formax 6 pilot - scale patty maker . a homestyle mold was used to form patties that were 0 . 5 ″ thick and weighed about 4 . 75 ounces . the mold was filled using the tenderform fill operating between 150 and 200 psi . both sides of the patties were perforated using a knife or waffle perforation to speed the cooking process and reduce surface crusting . patties were frozen immediately by conveying through an iqf ( individually quick frozen ) freezer tunnel . frozen patties were packaged in boxes and stored frozen until cooked . a total of 100 pounds of example 1 patties and 100 pounds of example 2 patties were produced . a portion of each set were control patties . frozen patties ( at about 4 deg f .) were selected randomly from each batch for cooking . the patties were cooked on a commercial - style flat griddle ( at about 350 deg f ) to a final internal temperature of about 160 deg f . to achieve the desired temperature , patties were cooked for 6 . 5 minutes on one side , then flipped and cooked another 2 . 5 minutes on the other side . patties were flipped again and cooked about 5 seconds to displace any surface juice . starch patties of example 2 were cooked similarly except that an additional 0 . 5 minutes per side was needed to reach 160 deg f . cook yield was then determined based on the weight differences between the frozen and cooked patty . thus , yield was calculated by dividing cooked weight by frozen weight and multiplying by 100 . to simulate conditions that exist inside a foodservice hot box , patties were placed in a small cake pan and covered with aluminum foil . the patty was then placed inside a convection oven ( at 175 deg f .) for 20 minutes , removed , and reweighed . the holding yield was then calculated by dividing the holding weight by the frozen weight and multiplying by 100 . trehalose was evaluated in all - meat beef patties to study its impact on cooking and holding yields ( fig1 ). trehalose increased cook yield by an average of 1 . 8 % ( 70 . 3 % vs 68 . 5 %). the increase in juice retention occurred even though the patties contained 2 . 0 % less meat . finally , the patties with trehalose exhibited only a hint of sweetness and the overall cooked flavor was desirable . the trehalose patties contained less moisture and fat ( potential juice ) prior to cooking . however , the amount of expelled juice was disproportionately lower from the trehalose patty ( 35 . 8 g / 100 g potential juice ) than the control ( 37 . 3 g / 100 g potential juice ). holding the patties an additional 20 minutes at 175 deg f . to simulate a foodservice hot box reduced patty weight a similar amount ( 4 . 3 %). thus trehalose did not alter the relative juice retention during holding , and the incremental weight gained during cooking was maintained until the patty would be served . trehalose was added to ground beef patties that contained starch . course ground beef was prepared as described above except for the following changes . dry breadcrumbs ( 0 . 75 %) were added to the meat first and mixed about 30 seconds . trehalose ( 2 . 0 %) was then mixed with water ( 2 . 75 %) followed by the addition of seasoning ( 1 . 0 %) and more breadcrumbs ( 0 . 75 %). this mixture was added to the meat , mixed for 1 minute , and then reground to about 1 / 8 ” grind size before forming patties . to make the starch patty control , trehalose was omitted and the amount of ground beef was increased by 2 . 0 %. patties were formed and cook yield was determined using the procedures described for example 1 . similarly to example 1 , the present example also illustrates comminuted meat . as mentioned earlier , it is generally believed that the starch from breadcrumbs improves juiciness by improving water and fat retention . hence , ground beef patties containing starch were chosen as an example to compare the functionality of trehalose with that of starch . [ 0064 ] fig2 plots the cook yield of the starch patty and compares it to the cook yield of the all - meat patty of example 1 . the figure shows that starch increased the yield ( from 68 . 5 % to 74 . 9 %), and that starch also provided better juice retention than trehalose ( 74 . 9 % to 70 . 3 ). in addition , the figure shows that starch alone provided better juice retention than trehalose and starch together ( 74 . 9 % to 72 . 1 %). although combining breadcrumbs with trehalose had a negative effect on patty yield , as compared to patties with breadcrumbs done , as shown in fig1 trehalose enhances patty yield without using starch . restructured deli beef roasts were manufactured at a cargill , inc . meat plant . the roasts were prepared by grinding chilled ( 40 - 45 deg f .) xxx grade fresh beef into chunks using a 1 ¼ ″ plate . an aqueous brine solution was prepared by dissolving sodium phosphate in water followed by sodium chloride ( salt ). trehalose was added after the salt and then the brine was kept cold ( 40 - 45 deg f .) prior to use . in addition , an aqueous solution was similarly prepared of trehalose alone . further , a control aqueous bath having substantially only water was similarly prepared . as used herein , the term “ brine ” collectively describes the aqueous bath and the various aqueous solutions described in this paragraph . beef chunks and the various brine solutions were mixed for about 20 minutes to impregnate the meat with the various solutions and to extract surface proteins which promotes binding of the restructured roast . the meat and brine mixture was then transferred to clear plastic bags ( to weights of 10 . 0 pounds ), purged of excess air , and then heat sealed . the roasts were then kept cold overnight to promote additional protein extraction before cooking . a total of three replicates of each roast formula were prepared . roasts mixed with the solution of trehalose alone such that the resultant roasts contained 2 . 0 % trehalose . roasts mixed with the solution of salt and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 1 . 5 % salt and 0 . 48 % sodium phosphate . roasts mixed with the solution of trehalose , salt and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 2 . 0 % trehalose , 0 . 75 % salt and 0 . 24 % sodium phosphate . roasts mixed with the solution of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 2 . 0 % trehalose , 1 . 5 % salt , and 0 . 48 % sodium phosphate . the roasts were cooked in a smokehouse set at 175 deg f . and 90 % relative humidity to core temperatures of 155 deg f . cooked roasts were then chilled to about 40 deg f ., stored for four days , and then the bags and exudate were discarded . the roasts were then weighed to determine the cook yield by dividing cooked weight by uncooked weight and multiplying by 100 . following the yield measurements , one roast from each treatment was sliced in half and evaluated by an 8 - member sensory panel . the panel consisted of meat scientists who have extensive experience evaluating the quality of meat products . the roasts were scored based on appearance , flavor , juiciness , texture , and overall acceptability using an 8 - point hedonic scale ranging from 1 ( extremely undesirable ) to 8 ( extremely desirable ). the identity of each roast was unknown to the panelists until the evaluation concluded . the present example illustrates restructured meat , wherein restructured meat includes muscle pieces , muscle trimmings , or comminuted muscle particles that are combined to resemble whole muscle products . restructured meat includes parts of muscle , fat , and other materials normally associated with muscle . restructured roasts contain lower value beef trimmings that are reformed to resemble intact , whole muscle . they have firm textures that permit thin slicing for sandwiches , entree ingredients , and deli trays . their assembly relies heavily on salt and sodium phosphate to extract the proteins for binding the pieces together when cooked . the present interest in restructured roasts centered on the potential liquid retention functionality of trehalose and whether trehalose could be used with salt and sodium phosphate to increase cook yields . during the mixing and bagging of raw ingredients , it was learned that salt and sodium phosphate appear to aid the absorption of water and trehalose . this was most apparent in the absence of salt and sodium phosphate , or when their levels were halved , as the meat had a watery exudate . in contrast , meat mixed with the full levels of salt and sodium phosphate had no watery exudate and exhibited a creamy texture . the yield results for restructured roasts are plotted in fig3 . eliminating or halving the levels of salt and sodium phosphate lowered the yields substantially . roasts with no salt or sodium phosphate gave the lowest yields ( control 64 . 0 % and trehalose 65 . 1 %). adding salt and sodium phosphate increased yields to 73 . 7 % and 92 . 1 % for half and full salt and sodium phosphate levels , respectively . when trehalose was combined with salt and sodium phosphate , it raised the yield about 1 % ( from 91 . 2 % to 92 . 1 %). a sensory panel evaluated the quality of each roast after chilling for four days ( table 1 ). quality was scored using an 8 - point hedonic scale ranging from 1 , for an extremely undesirable response , to 8 for an extremely desirable response . thus , higher scores were indicative of higher quality . overall , roasts containing salt and sodium phosphate were preferred over roasts with water or trehalose alone . however , when trehalose was combined with salt and sodium phosphate , the roast appearance , flavor , juiciness , and texture were virtually indistinguishable . therefore , trehalose has the potential to increase the cook yield or restructured roasts about 1 % without altering the sensory quality . injected whole muscle beef roasts were manufactured at a cargill , inc . meat plant . the roasts were prepared using fresh ute cap - off top rounds . a brine solution was prepared by mixing sodium phosphate with water followed by dextrose , salt , seasoning , and trehalose . in addition , an aqueous solution was prepared of trehalose alone . further , a control aqueous bath having substantially only water was prepared . again , as used herein , the term “ brine ” collectively describes the aqueous bath or the various aqueous solutions described in this paragraph . the roasts were injected with the various brine solutions to increase their weight by 30 % ( 30 % over green weight ). after each injection the solution was substantially distributed throughout the injected roast . the injected roasts were then tumbled at 5 rpm for 60 minutes at 40 deg f . under vacuum ( about minus 0 . 9 bar ) to distribute brine evenly throughout the muscle . tumbled roasts were then weighed into clear plastic bags , vacuum sealed , and chilled overnight prior to cooking . a total of four replicates of each roast were prepared . roasts injected with the solution of trehalose alone such that the resultant roasts contained 1 . 1 % to 1 . 6 % trehalose . roasts injected with the solution of salt and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 0 . 7 % salt and 0 . 35 % sodium phosphate . roasts injected with the solution of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 1 . 1 % to 1 . 6 % trehalose , 0 . 7 % salt , and 0 . 35 % sodium phosphate . the roasts were submerged in hot water ( 160 deg f .) and cooked to an internal temperature of 145 deg f . cooked roasts were chilled to about 40 deg f . for four days and then the bags and exudate were discarded . the roasts were weighed to determine the cook yield by dividing cooked weight by uncooked weight and multiplying by 100 . after weighing , one roast from each group was sliced in half and evaluated by an 8 - member panel of meat scientists . the panelists judged the appearance , flavor , juiciness , texture , and overall acceptability using an 8 point hedonic scale ranging from 1 ( extremely undesirable ) to 8 ( extremely desirable ). the identity of each roast was unknown to the panelists until the evaluation concluded . injected whole muscle beef roasts are another type of delicatessen meat . they are typically injected with water , salt , and sodium phosphate to increase juiciness and yield . the present interest in this product was to compare the yield produced by injection with trehalose to that produced by injection with water alone and to that produced by injection with salt and sodium phosphate . once the roasts were injected and bagged they were weighed to determine the actual brine retention . roasts injected with water ( control ), or with trehalose , retained less brine ( about 15 %) than roasts injected with salt and sodium phosphate , or with trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate ( about 22 %). therefore , salt and sodium phosphate improved trehalose uptake by the meat tissue during the injection phase . the cook yields for each roast are plotted in fig4 . as expected , addition of water produced a significantly lower yield ( 67 . 5 %) than roasts containing salt and sodium phosphate ( 83 . 4 %). trehalose alone did not increase the yield ( 65 . 3 %), but when combined with salt and sodium phosphate , it raised the yield by 1 . 6 % ( from 83 . 4 % to 85 . 0 %). although trehalose alone did not increase the yield , it is believed that with further study methods might be found for trehalose alone to enhance the yield of whole muscle beef roasts . a sensory panel again evaluated the quality of each roast for appearance , flavor , juiciness , and texture . the results of the evaluation are shown in table 2 . as can be seen , the sensory panel preferred the appearance , flavor , and juiciness of roasts containing salt and sodium phosphate . however , when trehalose and salt and sodium phosphate were used together , the roast appearance , flavor , and juiciness were virtually indistinguishable from the results for salt and sodium phosphate without trehalose . however with the trehalose , the meat texture was tighter , providing visual evidence that trehalose was affecting the meat structure . an analysis of the cooking data revealed that the size of the roasts could have influenced the yields since larger roasts tended to have higher yields than smaller roasts . this seemed logical as the cook times were the same for every roast . cooking was stopped once the temperature of a single , intermediate - sized roast reached 145 deg f . so the temperature at the center of larger roasts would be lower than the temperature of smaller roasts . the higher temperatures would cause smaller roasts to experience more protein denaturation , loss of protein solubility , and less liquid retention than larger roasts . the roasts were sourced from multiple beef cows so genetic differences were another variable . it is well recognized that protein solubility and liquid retention can vary widely between cows . in our study , a single cow provided two roasts so a minimum of eight cows were needed to provide sixteen roasts for the control , the trehalose alone , the salt + sodium phosphate , and the trehalose + salt + sodium phosphate treatments . because an attempt was not made to segregate the roasts from the same group of eight cows , it is possible the genetic variations spanned up to eight cows . to control for the variation in animal genetics and roast size , another study was designed . pairs of top rounds from single cows were segregated such that one roast from each pair served as a control ( containing salt + sodium phosphate ), and the second roast of each pair served as a treated roast ( salt + sodium phosphate + trehalose ). a total of six roast pairs were obtained to strengthen the statistical validity of the results . the pairs of roasts were then trimmed such that each roast was within 0 . 1 pounds of its mate before injection . this equalized the weights to improve heat transfer and develop more uniform cooking temperatures . the roasts were injected in a manner similar to that described in example 4 . using this procedure , roasts were prepared in the following categories : control roasts injected with the solution of salt and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 0 . 7 % salt and 0 . 35 % sodium phosphate . roasts injected with the solution of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 1 . 6 % to 1 . 8 % trehalose , 0 . 7 % salt , and 0 . 35 % sodium phosphate . roasts injected with the solution of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 0 . 9 % trehalose , 0 . 7 % salt , and 0 . 35 % sodium phosphate . roasts injected with the solution of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate such that the resultant roasts contained 0 . 5 % trehalose , 0 . 7 % salt , and 0 . 35 % sodium phosphate . the yield results for each roast pair are tabulated in table 3 . trehalose increased the yield in 5 of the 6 pairs by an average of 2 . 1 % ( 90 . 1 % vs 88 . 0 %). initially , the work focused on studying trehalose at a single dosage ( 1 . 6 - 1 . 8 %). the study was then continued at lower concentrations to evaluate the response at lower concentrations . also , there was an incentive to see if lower levels might alleviate the tight texture . the strategy was to inject two roasts from a single cow with 0 . 5 % trehalose and two more roasts from a second cow with 0 . 9 % trehalose . we cooked the roasts together with the roasts from table 3 and compared their yields . roasts containing 0 . 5 % and 0 . 9 % trehalose had similar yields as roasts containing 1 . 6 %- 1 . 8 % trehalose ( 89 . 8 %, 89 . 7 %, and 89 . 9 %, respectively ). this translated to an average yield increase of 1 . 5 % over the controls . lowering the trehalose levels also tended to reduce the tight texture and improve the overall sensory quality ( table 4 ). the sensory panel was unable to distinguish between the roasts when the trehalose levels were reduced to less than 1 %. the cooked yield experiment detailed in example 5 was repeated for varying inclusion levels of trehalose in beef whole muscle roasts . the yield increase was plotted against trehalose inclusion levels and the results are provided in table 5 below . cooked top rounds were prepared according to the procedure having 1 %, 2 % and 3 % trehalose inclusion levels , and the mass composition of each of those cooked top rounds was compared to a control ( cooked top round with no trehalose ). ingredients . most of the ingredients were obtained from emmpak food &# 39 ; s milwaukee , wis . ingredient inventory . they comprised utility grade beef inside top rounds , sodium chloride ( salt ), and sodium phosphate ( stp ). trehalose was purchased from hayashibara ( japan ). all meat samples were sourced from the same animal to equalize genetics and post - mortem aging conditions across all treatments . meat preparation . a brine solution was prepared first by dissolving stp , salt , and trehalose in water . the top rounds were sectioned into about 1 pound samples and then mechanically tenderized using a needle - style tenderizer . the samples were injected with brine using a syringe - type meat injector to increase the weight by 30 % ( 30 % over green weight ). this added about 0 . 8 % salt , 0 . 35 % stp , and up to 3 . 0 % trehalose , by weight , to the raw meat . the samples were then tumbled at 5 rpm for 30 minutes at 40 ° f . under vacuum ( 25 inhg ) to help distribute the brine . tumbled samples were then weighed into polyethylene bags , vacuum - sealed , and chilled overnight prior to cooking . duplicate samples were prepared at each trehalose treatment level . cooking procedure and yield determination . the samples were submerged in hot water ( 145 ° f .) for 100 minutes until the internal center temperature reached about 145 ° f . cooked samples were chilled to about 40 ° f . for 1 day and then removed from the bags to determine the cook yield . cook yield was calculated by dividing cooked weight by uncooked weight and multiplying by 100 . the juice was then analyzed for moisture , fat , protein , and trehalose to facilitate the mass balance analysis . changes in the mass composition of cooked meat . changes in the mass of water , fat , protein , and trehalose were determined by mass balance analysis . the mass composition of cooked meat was determined by subtracting the mass composition of the juice from the mass composition of the uncooked meat . the mass composition of the uncooked meat was calculated from the amount of ingredients used to prepare the samples . the mass composition of the juice was determined from the amount of juice and its analysis . results of the study are provided in fig5 and 6 . ground beef patties were prepared with about 1 . 8 % trehalose and without trehalose according to the procedure outlined in example 1 . the patties were cooked at 160 degrees f ., and the difference in the mass composition between the 1 . 8 % trehalose - containing patty and control patty was determined at five minute intervals ranging from 0 minutes to 30 minutes . the result of the study is provided in fig7 . the ability of trehalose to increase the yield of roast beef top rounds was evaluated during commercial processing . two consecutive product runs of about 1800 pounds each were completed over a 4 - day period . the products were injected , tumbled , bagged , cooked , cooled , and eventually packaged using equipment and conditions that were held as constant as commercial circumstances would permit . the first run produced the current commercial product with dextrose ( 0 . 9 % by weight ) and served as the control . the second run substituted trehalose ( 1 . 0 % by weight ) for dextrose and served as the test . the cook yield was quantified by sacrificing 30 roasts per run and measuring their individual yields after cooking and cooling . this allowed the roast - to - roast variability to be determined and strengthened the statistical validity of the results . substituting trehalose for dextrose increased cook yield by 3 . 3 % and the difference was highly significant ( p = 0 . 01 ). the increase was confirmed by the packaged product data ( 3 . 6 % yield gain ) and meant that the products remained heavier through packaging . a mass balance analysis of the cooking process was completed and it showed that water retention accounted for ˜ 76 % of the weight gain . continued monitoring of the cooked product purge ( juice release ) for an additional 2 months confirmed that the extra juice was mostly retained throughout the product shelf - life . lastly , the yield benefits from trehalose were realized without adversely impacting the sensory acceptability of the products . ingredients . most ingredients were obtained from emmpak &# 39 ; s milwaukee , wis . ingredient inventory . they comprised utility grade cap - off inside top rounds , sodium chloride ( salt ), sodium phosphate ( stp ), dextrose , trehalose , hydrolyzed vegetable protein ( hvf - 53 ), beef flavoring , seasoning rub , and sodium lactate . trehalose was purchased from hayashibara ( japan ). composition of beef top rounds prior to cooking . the composition of top rounds from both runs following injection and tumbling are compared in table 6 . the ingredient levels are average values and were obtained from the plant records . both runs were injected similarly ( dextrose : 132 % of green weight , i . e . 100 lbs meat , 32 lbs brine ; trehalose : 131 % of green weight , i . e . 100 lbs meat , 31 lbs brine ;) so they received comparable salt , stp , flavoring , and preservative dosages . since the trehalose level was slightly higher than the dextrose level ( 0 . 99 % vs . 0 . 86 %), the trehalose brine contained less water to accommodate the extra carbohydrate . however , this did not significantly alter the moisture , fat , or protein content as shown in table 7 . [ 0119 ] table 7 average moisture , fat , and protein content of beef top rounds following injection and tumbling . a percent by weight composition dextrose roasts trehalose roasts moisture 74 . 7 74 . 6 fat 2 . 0 2 . 0 protein 16 . 6 16 . 7 plant manufacturing steps . top rounds were injected , tumbled , bagged , cooked , stripped , rebagged , post - pasteurized , chilled , and packaged using commercial equipment and procedures . a total of two production runs were completed ; the 1 st run comprised the current commercial formula ( 0 . 9 % dextrose ) and the 2 nd run replaced dextrose with trehalose ( 1 . 0 %). approximately 1800 pounds of cooked product ( about 145 pieces ) was produced . an outline of the manufacturing steps and their corresponding conditions are shown in table 8 . cook yield determination . to determine the cook yield , 30 roasts from each run were randomly chosen , individually weighed , and labeled prior to cooking . then the labeled roasts were cooked and cooled along with the unlabeled roasts . thus , the labeled and unlabeled groups received the same cooking and cooling treatments . after cooling , the 30 labeled roasts were located , stripped of their cook bags , and individually reweighed . the yield of each roast was then calculated by dividing its cooked weight by its uncooked weight and multiplying by 100 . changes in the mass composition of beef top rounds during cooking . changes in the mass of water , fat , protein , dextrose , and trehalose due to cooking were determined by mass balance analysis . the mass composition of cooked meat was determined by subtracting the mass composition of the juice from the mass composition of the uncooked meat . the uncooked meat composition was calculated using tables 1 and 2 and its weight prior to cooking . the juice composition was determined by weighing the juice that accumulated in the cook bags and analyzing its composition . cooked product purge during storage . purge was measured as the juice that accumulated during storage at about 35 ° f . in evacuated polyethylene bags . the products were removed after one month and reweighed to measure the weight loss . then they were repackaged and weighed again after two months . sensory analysis of cooked products . a triangle difference test was conducted using a 30 - member panel composed of emmpak employees . a single roast from the dextrose run and one from the trehalose run were sliced into 2 - 3 mm thick slices and served chilled . the panelists were given 3 samples ( 2 were identical and 1 was different ) and asked to identify which sample was different . then if a difference was detected , they were asked to identify which sample they preferred and why . cook yield . to design the trial , we needed to know the roast - to - roast yield variability that exists during commercial production . however , this number is not generally known because plants don &# 39 ; t monitor yield on an individual roast basis . therefore , we applied the data from our pilot plant studies and estimated that 30 roasts per run would be sufficient to detect a statistically significant yield gain of 1 . 1 % or more ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ). thus , this approach allowed us to distinguish between significant yield gains and process - related noise . the cook yields for the 30 roasts from each run are plotted in fig8 . each symbol represents a single roast so these were averaged to compare the runs . trehalose increased the average yield by 3 . 3 % ( 85 . 6 % vs . 82 . 3 %) and the gain was highly significant ( p = 0 . 01 ). the plant reported a similar yield gain of 3 . 6 % ( trehalose 82 . 3 %, dextrose 78 . 7 %) when they weighed the unlabeled roasts (˜ 115 from each run ). the plant values may be lower because they weighed the roasts when they were packaged . however , the plant data confirmed that the yield gains observed following cooking were maintained through packaging . a mass balance analysis of each run was conducted using the data in table 9 . the mass of moisture , fat , protein , dextrose , and trehalose in the cooked meat was determined by subtracting the mass composition of the meat juice from the mass composition of the uncooked meat . since the roasts with dextrose were heavier prior to cooking ( 15 . 3 lbs vs . 14 . 0 lbs ), the data from the trehalose roasts were normalized ( adjusted on an equivalent uncooked weight basis ) to allow direct comparison . using this method , we accounted for about 95 % of the change in mass during cooking and essentially closed the mass balance around each commercial run . on average , the roasts with trehalose were about 0 . 5 pounds heavier than roasts with dextrose ( 13 . 1 lbs vs . 12 . 6 lbs ). most of the weight gain ( 76 %) was due to moisture retention as the roasts averaged 0 . 38 lbs more water . the balance of the weight gain ( 24 %) was due to trehalose and protein retention ( 0 . 12 lbs ). thus , trehalose promoted water retention in cooked top rounds which resulted in heavier products . cooked product purge during storage . the loss of juice during product storage was evaluated by reweighing the roasts periodically ( table 10 ). this study was carried out for two months because it reflected the shelf - life of the product . the roasts containing trehalose tended to have slightly more purge ( about 0 . 4 % more ) than dextrose roasts but the differences were borderline significant ( one month ) or not significant ( two months ). therefore , roasts containing trehalose are expected to exhibit similar purge during storage and distribution as roasts containing dextrose . sensory analysis study . a triangle difference test was conducted using 30 emmpak employees to determine if sliced beef with trehalose was distinguishable from sliced beef containing dextrose . the panelists were served 3 samples ( 2 were the same and 1 was different ) and asked to identify which sample was different . over one - half of the panelists ( 16 of 30 ) correctly identified the odd sample , which means they could distinguish between the two roasts ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ). the panelists also were asked to choose which sample they preferred and the majority ( 57 %) preferred the roast with trehalose . the remaining panelists either preferred the dextrose roast ( 10 %) or had no preference ( 33 %). having illustrated and described the principles of the invention in multiple embodiments and examples , it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles . we claim all modifications coming within the spirit and scope of the following claims .
the invention provides improved methods using trehalose for preparing and cooking meat . more particularly , it provides for the addition of trehalose to uncooked meat to obtain decreased shrinkage during cooking . in addition , it provides for the addition of trehalose to increase the meat &# 39 ; s liquid retention during cooking . specific benefits include the ability to increase the meat &# 39 ; s water retention and fat retention during cooking . the invention provides certain levels of trehalose concentration . it also provides certain combinations of trehalose , salt , and sodium phosphate . furthermore , it provides for trehalose usage without the addition of starch .