although those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize many alternative embodiments , especially in light of the illustrations provided herein , this detailed description is exemplary of the preferred embodiment of the present invention as well as alternate embodiments , the scope of which is limited only by the claims that may be drawn hereto . referring now to the drawings , the details of preferred embodiments of the present invention are graphically and schematically illustrated . like elements in the drawings are represented by like numbers , and any similar elements are represented by like numbers with a different lower case letter suffix . as illustrated in fig1 , the dermal tissue nano - grafting system 10 of the present invention comprises three main components : a tissue particle harvester assembly 20 for cutting tissue particles from dermal tissue ; a tissue particle collector 30 for receiving , separating and collecting the tissue particles ; and a nanograft cell 40 in the form of a chambered dressing for receiving the collected tissue particles and culturing the growth of a dermal tissue graft . the ideal size of the tissue collected is about 50 - 300 microns ; with the median particle size about 100 microns . the tissue particle harvester assembly 20 excises tissue particles of an appropriate size range from a dermal tissue source . the tissue particle collector 30 receives the harvested tissue particle , collects and holds them in a proper environment to maintain their viability prior to seeding the particles in the nanograft cell 40 . the nanograft cell 40 of the present invention is a type of tissue culture device for growing dermal graft tissue in situ on a skin graft site . exemplary devices that may be used for the nanograft cell 40 are described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 152 , 757 , issued on oct . 6 , 1992 to eriksson , entitled “ system for diagnosis and treatment of wounds ” and u . s . provisional patent application ser . no . 10 / 361 , 341 , entitled “ environmental control device for tissue treatment ” filed on feb . 11 , 2002 , by johnson , et al ., the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth . as illustrated in fig2 , the tissue particle harvester assembly 20 comprises a harvester housing 50 , a tissue cutting tool 90 and a drive means 160 . as exemplified in fig3 , the harvester housing 50 has a tissue opening 54 accessing an interior space 56 , into which a tissue - cutting tool 90 is received . as further exemplified in fig4 a and 4b , the harvester housing 50 interfaces with the dermal tissue source 14 from which tissue particles are to be harvested , and holds the tissue cutting tool 90 in a proper position relative to the dermal tissue 14 . the tissue opening 54 of harvester housing 50 serves as an orifice for pressing against and receiving a dermal tissue layer of the tissue source 14 . a proper position of the cutting tool 90 relative to the dermal tissue source 14 relates to the depth of penetration of the cutting tool 90 into the layers of the dermal tissue 14 . a proper positioning of the cutting tool 90 facilitates excising tissue particles of an appropriate size . the depth of penetration of the cutting tool 90 into the surface of the tissue 14 should range from about 0 . 01 mm to about 0 . 9 mm , and preferably should be about 0 . 1 mm +/− 0 . 05 mm , depending on the type of cutting tool 90 being used . the depth of penetration can be modified by any number of suitable means , including adjusting the proximity of the cutting tool to the tissue opening 54 in the housing 50 , and by adjusting the cutting aspect 118 ( see fig5 b ) of the cutting features 114 of the cutting tool 90 . the cutting aspect 118 of a cutting feature 114 is the reach of a cutting feature 114 beyond the cutting surface 94 of the tool 90 . the harvester housing 50 can include a depth adjustment means for adjusting the proximity of the cutting tool to the tissue opening 54 in the housing 50 . such adjustment means will be known to and practicable in the present harvester assembly 20 by the ordinary skilled artisan . for example , as in fig3 , such adjustment means 58 can be made by moving an edge of the tissue opening 54 closer to , or farther away , from the cutting tool 90 . as exemplified in fig5 a and 5b , a tissue cutting tool 90 has a cutting surface 94 and cutting features 114 which project from the cutting surface 94 and impinges on the tissue source 14 to cut or excise tissue particles of an appropriate size from the tissue 14 when the cutting tool 90 is rotated . a rotatable shaft 96 extends from the tool 90 along its axis of rotation 100 . the rotatable shaft 96 has a drive end 96 a for engaging a drive means and a tool end 96 b for mounting the cutting surface 94 . the cutting tool shaft drive end 96 a is receivable by a drive means 160 ( e . g ., see fig1 b and 18a & amp ; 18 b ) to impart rotation to the cutting tool 90 . the rotating drum type cutting tool 90 a shown in fig5 a and 5b has a tool end shaft 96 b that extending from the tool 90 along the axis of rotation 100 opposite the drive end 96 a . in fig5 a and 5b , the drum of the tool 90 has it axis disposed coaxially with the axis 100 of the rotatable shaft 96 . the cutting surface 94 of a rotating drum type cutting tool 90 a can be practiced with any of a variety of different cutting features 114 selectable by the ordinary skilled artisan . in fig5 a and 5b , the cutting features are a plurality of sharpened fingers 114 a , projecting from the cutting surface 94 spaced apart and in rows , forming a serrated blade 115 . examples of other types of cutting features 114 practicable on the drum - type cutting tool 90 a include : “ ti ” type cutting features 114 b on a rotary drum type cutting tool ( see fig6 ); “ scallop ” type cutting features 114 c with hypo - tubes on a rotary drum type cutting tool ( see fig7 a and 7b ); and “ square scallop ” type cutting features 114 d ( see fig8 ) and “ round scallop ” type cutting features 114 e ( see fig9 ), both useful for the cutting surface of a rotary drum type cutting tool 90 a . not all tissue - cutting tools 90 practicable in the present harvester assembly 20 are rotary drum type cutting tools 90 a . for example , rotating shaft cutting tools 90 b ( see fig1 - 14 ) may be used . as exemplified in fig1 a , a rotating shaft cutting tool 90 b comprises a rotatable shaft 120 having a drive end 122 for engaging the drive means 160 and a tool end 124 for mounting the tissue cutting surface 126 and cutting features 128 . fig1 a and 10b illustrate a rotating shaft - type tissue cutter tool 90 b and harvester housing 130 , and the rotating shaft - type tool 90 b installed in a type of tissue harvester assembly 20 b and connected to a drive means 160 . the tool 90 b has a side cutting bit feature 128 and is installable in a shear block type harvester housing 130 . other configurations of rotating shaft - type tissue cutter tools 90 b are practicable in the present harvester assembly 20 b . examples include : a fine scallop hypo - tube rotating shaft - type tissue cutter tool ( fig1 ); a course scallop hypo - tube rotating shaft - type tissue cutter tool ( fig1 ); a course scallop solid shaft - type tissue cutter tool ( fig1 ); and alternative side cutting bit shaft - type tissue cutter tools ( fig1 ). other types of cutting tools 90 such as an end mill type cutting tool 90 c ( see fig1 ) are also practicable in the present invention . the rotating drum and shaft tissue cutting tools 90 a & amp ; 90 b noted above can have both a drive end 96 a and a tool end 96 b . however , an end mill type cutting tool 90 c will have only a shaft drive end 96 a . a rotating end - mill cutting tool 90 c comprises a rotatable shaft 132 having a drive end 96 a for engaging the drive means 160 fig1 b and a tool end 96 b for mounting a cutting drum 136 . the cutting drum 136 is cylindrical and has an axis disposed coaxially with the drive and tool shaft ends 96 a and 96 b . the tool end 96 b is attached at one end of the cutting drum 136 and the other end of the cutting drum 136 mounts a tissue cutting surface 138 . the tissue - cutting surface can be constructed to have cutting features 114 similar to those practicable on the rotating drum type cutter 90 a noted above . one of ordinary skill in the art is readily able to select from and adapt said cutting features 114 for incorporation onto the cutting surface 138 of a rotating end - mill cutting tool 90 c of the present invention 10 . the drum 136 has an outer circumferential surface that is closely receivable in a width of the interior space of the end mill housing 140 associated depth alignment means 142 . the cutting drum 136 of the end mill tissue cutting tool 90 c illustrated in fig1 is a tapered cylinder proximate its tissue cutting surface 138 . the benefit of this taper is that centrifugal force can facilitate the migration of excised tissue particles passing through the cutting surface 138 into the interior of the drum ( shown in phantom ) and up the interior walls and away from the cutting surface 138 . this will help to prevent clogging certain of the cutting features 114 with excised tissue particles . alternative cutting tools 90 , as shown in fig1 and 17 , may be utilized include a modified rough - cutting end mill 148 and a razor cutter with serrations 150 . such a modified end mill 148 exhibits cutting characteristics of a typical end mill cutting tool as shown in fig1 , however the modified end mill 148 exhibits a cylindrical shape and an axis 100 disposed coaxially with the drive and tool shaft ends 96 a & amp ; 96 b , similar to the rotating shaft cutter of fig5 a . the drive means 160 is typically a drive motor of some type ( e . g ., electric or pneumatic ) for rotating the tissue - cutting tool in the harvester housing 50 & amp ; 140 . the drive means 160 may be integral to ( see fig1 a and 18b ) or separate from ( see fig1 b ) the harvester housing 50 & amp ; 140 . a handle 162 may be connected or formed to the housing 50 in order for a user to more easily grasp and position the harvester assembly 20 . as is illustrated in fig1 , a port 170 may be provided within the cutter 90 to draw tissue that has been collected by the cutter 90 out of the housing 50 . while the port 170 has been shown in the center of the cutter 90 along its axis of rotation in this embodiment , it is to be understood that multiple mechanisms for removing tissue from the housing are envisioned and described further herein . a housing mounting 166 is provided for stability and support to the user during operation of the harvester 20 . skid plates 164 are provided to ease in positioning of the cutter 90 at the tissue site , and to further aid in adjustment of the cutter 90 depth , especially when a shim stack 59 , or other adjustment means known in the art , are provided external of the cutter 90 . fig2 a , 20 b , and 20 c illustrate a tissue particle collector 30 , which may be comprised of a port 170 positioned within or near the drive means of the cutter 90 , and which may be accessible by a particle retriever 172 , such as a syringe . the particle retriever 172 may then be used to inject or otherwise instill the tissue collected into a nanograft cell 40 , as shown in fig1 . various mediums may be utilized to suspend the tissue within the tissue particle collector 30 , and subsequently the nanograft cell 40 . such mediums may include , but are not necessarily limited to , saline . alternative embodiments of the tissue particle collector 30 ( fig2 ) for collecting tissue from the tissue particle harvester are illustrated in fig2 - 27 . a separate flushing container 180 , as illustrated in fig2 a , may be utilized to retrieve tissue from the cutter 90 . the cutter 90 is removed from the harvester housing 50 , and placed into the flushing container 180 . a cap 182 , or other cover , is screwed or otherwise secured to the container 180 . a liquid medium , such as saline , is then flushed through a port 186 or luer , which may be integrated with the cap 182 , or otherwise introduced into the container 180 , and is directed towards the inner diameter and outer diameter of the cutter 90 by jets 184 or channels within the container 180 . an integral flushing container 190 , as illustrated in fig2 b , allows for collection of tissue without removal of the cutter 90 from its housing 50 ( fig2 ). in this embodiment , the cutter 90 has a solid filled core . a gasketed cap 192 is fitted over the integral flushing container 190 , which may be the housing 50 having a receptor for the gasket cap 192 , after tissue is cut from the donor site . the housing 50 , with the cutter 90 in place , is removed from the tissue particle harvester 20 and fluid , which may be saline , is injected into the flushing container 190 through a luer fitting 194 , or port . the flushing container 190 is manually agitated , by hand or by a mechanical agitator known in the art . after agitation , the tissue that has been cut by the cutter 90 is now suspended in the fluid which has been injected , at which point it may be drawn out of the integral flushing container 190 through the luer fitting 194 by means of a syringe or similar device known in the art . an alternative embodiment of an integral flushing container 190 is illustrated in fig2 c . a core filled cutter 90 is utilized to remove tissue from the donor site . a cap 196 , which may be comprised of silicone or a material of similar physical characteristics is placed over the open - cutting face of the housing 50 . the housing may include a luer for injecting fluid , such as saline , which is then agitated by running the motor of the cutter 90 . the agitation results in suspension of the tissue cut by the cutter 90 in the fluid , which may then be drawn out by through the luer 194 by a syringe or similar device , for insertion into a nanograft cell 40 . collection of tissue from the cutter 90 may also be accomplished by use of a bristled plunger 200 , as shown in fig2 . the bristled plunger 200 is insertable into the inner diameter of a cutter 90 having a hollow core . after collection of tissue by the cutter 90 , the plunger 200 is moved , manually or mechanically , into the inner diameter of the cutter 90 . bristles 202 draw out the tissue that has been collected in the inner diameter of the cutter 90 as the plunger is retracted from the inner diameter of the cutter 90 . the plunger 200 may be retractable into an adjacent container ( not shown ) that may be filled with a fluid , such as saline , for suspension of the tissue collected from the cutter 90 . a luer ( not shown ) may be incorporated into the adjacent container for retrieval of the tissue suspended fluid by a syringe or similar device , and for injection of the fluid prior to tissue collection . in a further alternative embodiment as illustrated in fig2 , a standard plunger 210 rides over the shaft 212 of the cutter 90 assembly . the shaft 212 , plunger 210 , and cutter 90 all rotate together during operation of the harvester assembly 20 . after tissue has been removed from the donor site by the cutter 90 , the plunger 210 is moved across the inner diameter of the cutter 90 towards a removable end cap 214 . the end cap 214 is removed from the harvester assembly 20 so the tissue may be removed or flushed out by means of a syringe or other process well known to those skilled in the art . still a further embodiment of the tissue particle collector 30 is the internal flushing channels 220 as illustrated in fig2 . an internal core 222 is positioned within the cutter 90 . the core 222 , which remains stationary during rotation of the cutter 90 , is toleranced tightly to the inner diameter of the cutter 90 while still allowing for free rotation of the cutter 90 . tissue enters channels 220 through openings 224 in the cutter during operation of the cutter 90 . fluid is flushed through the channels 220 during operation of the cutter into a collection chamber ( not shown ) for later removal to the wound site . it is to be understood that the fluid may also be flushed through the channels 220 when the cutter 90 is not being operated . fig2 illustrates a spring - loaded plunger 230 that may be utilized to retrieve tissue particles from the cutter 90 after removal from the donor site . the spring - loaded plungers 230 are positioned within the recesses 232 of the cutting scoops 234 of a stationary core 236 of the cutter 90 . after collection of tissue from the donor site , the core 236 is moved radially , or alternatively axially , until the plungers 230 pop out and remove tissue particles from the recesses 232 . it is to be understood that the plungers 230 may be cam activated , or by similar mechanisms utilized by those skilled in the art , to extract tissue that has been collected within the recesses 232 . tissue may be removed from the harvester 20 by means of a static internal screw 240 , as illustrated in fig2 . such a screw 240 , which may be described by those skilled in the art as a reverse archimedes screw , is positioned within the inner diameter of the cutter 90 . as the cutter 90 rotates and draws tissues into the cutter openings 242 , the static internal screw 240 moves particles to one end of the cutter for collection by wiping the inner diameter of the cutter 90 . it is envisioned that the screw 240 may be inserted after the tissue has been collected in order to wipe the inner diameter of the cutter 90 , and move the tissue to one end of the cutter 90 for collection . it is to be understood that manual agitation may also be utilized to remove tissue that has been collected by the cutter 90 . the cutter 90 is removed from the harvester 20 and placed in a container holding fluid , such as saline or a similar fluid . the cutter 90 is spun within the container to remove particles into the fluid . the container may then be centrifuged to separate the tissue particles from the fluid or alternatively , the fluid may be passed through a filter to remove the tissue from the fluid . while the above description contains many specifics , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention , but rather as exemplifications of one or another preferred embodiment thereof . many other variations are possible , which would be obvious to one skilled in the art . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined by the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents , and not just by the embodiments .
a dermal tissue transplantation system combining a tissue particle harvester , a tissue particle collector , and a chambered dressing . the system provides a harvester capable of harvesting tissue from a donor site on the order of about 100 microns . the integrated tissue particle collector provides a means for collecting the harvested tissue for in situ cultivation in a chambered dressing at the wound site .