in order to introduce the reader to the general concept of the present invention , fig1 schematically depicts a blood oxygenator system , generally referenced with the numeral 10 . in order to support the oxygenator 10 , a conventional stand 12 having a vertically extending column 14 , only a fragment of which is visible viewing fig1 is employed . the oxygenator 10 includes a bracket member 16 removably and adjustably secured to column 14 by means of a thumb screw 18 threadably engaging the bracket 16 , and the inner end of which cinches against the outer surface of column 14 . bracket member 16 includes a laterally extending arm portion 20 defining a vertically extending through aperture 22 . received at its lower portion in the aperture 22 and extending vertically upwardly from arm 20 is a durable heat source component , generally referenced with the numeral 24 . the heat source component 24 includes an outer wall 26 having an outer surface 28 which appears generally cylindrical , but which is actually frustoconical with a slight increase in diameter in the downward direction , viewing fig1 . outer wall 26 includes an integral end wall portion 30 which in conjunction with the wall portion 26 bounds a chamber 32 therein . a closure member 34 completes the boundary of chamber 32 and provides downwardly extending hose nipples 36 , 38 accessible from the underside of arm 20 whereby an inflow and outflow of heat exchange liquid may flow through the chamber 32 , as depicted by arrows 40 and 42 . within the chamber 32 , a tubular flow guide member 44 includes a helical fin 46 extending radially outwardly toward engagement with wall 26 . this fin 46 defines a helically extending liquid flow passage 48 communicating with fluid inflow 40 and extending circumferentially and upwardly as depicted by flow arrows 50 . at an upper end 52 of guide member 44 , liquid flows between passage 48 and an inner bore 54 of the guide member 44 . within the guide member 44 a similar helical fin 56 extends radially inwardly to guide liquid flow helically downwardly to exit via nipple 38 , as depicted by arrow 42 . at this point , it is well to point out that while throughout this disclosure the member 24 is referred to as a &# 34 ; heat source &# 34 ; component , those skilled in the pertinent art will appreciate that cool or even chilled liquid may be circulated in chamber 32 . the direction of heat transfer to or from the heat exchange liquid makes no difference to understanding the present invention . indeed , those skilled in the art will appreciate that during some surgical procedures patient hypothermia ( by blood cooling ) is desired , followed by blood warming to facilitate return of the patient to normal body temperature . fig1 also depicts an elongate disposable annular blood oxygenator / heat exchanger component 58 . component 58 includes an inner frustoconical wall 60 defining a downwardly open bore 62 . the bore 62 tapers upwardly from its open lower end ( not visible in fig1 ) to define a frustoconical inner surface 64 matching and cooperably engageable with the surface 28 in heat exchange relation therewith when component 58 is supportably received upon component 24 , as depicted by arrow 66 . component 58 also includes a cylindrical outer wall 68 which in combination with an upper closure member 70 and an annular lower closure member 72 bound an elongate annular chamber 74 . chamber 74 receives an elongate annular membrane oxygenation module 76 . preferably , module 76 is formed of helically wound single or multiple strand hollow permeable membrane fibers . as is well known to those skilled in the pertinent art , this fibrous membrane structure facilitates exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide in blood . communicating with the module 76 , the component 58 also includes a blood inlet 78 , an oxygen inlet 80 , a blood outlet 82 , and an outlet 84 for vitiated oxygen ( including co 2 and moisture ). importantly , the outlet 84 is at the very bottom of the chamber 74 so that any moisture which permeates the membrane module 76 is flushed from the oxygenator 10 . when the component 58 is received removably upon component 24 , the surfaces 28 and 64 engage one another in heat exchange relation and substantially without an air gap therebetween because of their matching frustoconical tapers . thus , the heat source member 24 is insulated from ambient by the oxygenator component 58 , and heat transfer between the fluid in chamber 32 and blood in chamber 74 readily occurs through the engaged walls 26 and 60 . on the other hand , those skilled in the art will quickly appreciate that the separate walls bounding chambers 32 and 74 provide redundant sealing separation between the heat exchange fluid and blood . that is , the liquid - tight integrity of the heat source component may be verified before surgery , if desired , by pressurizing the chamber 32 without oxygenator 58 in place . leak - free operation of component 24 is easily verified visually , prior to setting the oxygenator component 58 in place ( arrow 66 ). however , even if a leak of the heat source component were to develop during surgery , blood contamination from this source is not likely because of wall 60 further separating the heat exchange medium from blood . oxygenator 58 requires a relatively small blood priming volume , and the priming and interconnecting volumes of a separate heat exchanger are entirely eliminated . following surgery , the component 58 is discarded while heat source component 24 is reusable . turning now to fig2 and 3 in conjunction , cross - sectional detailed views of an embodiment of this invention similar to that schematically depicted in fig1 are provided . features of fig2 and 3 analogous in structure or function to those depicted and described by reference to fig1 are referenced with the same numeral used earlier and having a prime added thereto . viewing fig2 it will be seen that durable heat source component 24 &# 39 ; includes a closure member 34 &# 39 ; which takes the form of a base 86 having a flange portion 88 engageable with the arm 20 &# 39 ; and a lower portion 90 extending downwardly through the aperture 22 &# 39 ; to define threaded inlet and outlet ports 92 , 94 , respectively . flange 88 is secured to arm 20 &# 39 ; by fasteners , not visible in fig2 . the base 86 defines a stepped vertically extending through bore 96 , including an annular upwardly disposed recess 98 . sealingly disposed in the bore 96 is an elongate annular cup - like member 100 which outwardly defines the heat source component 24 &# 39 ; with wall 26 &# 39 ; and heat exchange surface 28 &# 39 ;. however , the cup - like member 100 also includes a radially inner elongate annular wall 102 defining a central bore 104 aligned with and forming a continuation of a smaller - diameter bore portion 106 of bore 96 . an annular end portion 30 &# 39 ; spans radially between walls 26 &# 39 ; and 102 to close the upper end of the cup - like member 100 . disposed in the recess 98 and extending upwardly in the chamber 32 &# 39 ; between the walls 26 &# 39 ; and 104 is an annular flow guide member 44 &# 39 ;. the annular outer space between flow guide 44 &# 39 ; and wall 26 &# 39 ; communicates with inlet port 92 , while the inner annular space between guide 44 &# 39 ; and wall 102 communicates via a passage 108 with outlet port 94 . base member 96 also includes an inwardly extending locating collar 110 and associated retention groove 112 on bore 96 , the importance of which will be further explained . turning now to fig3 a disposable blood oxygenator component 58 &# 39 ; cooperable with heat source component 24 &# 39 ; in supported and heat exchanging relationship is depicted . the oxygenator component 58 &# 39 ; includes an upper closure member 70 &# 39 ; which is somewhat cup - shaped and defines a central blood inlet 78 &# 39 ;. the blood inlet 78 &# 39 ; defines a central descending passage 114 leading to a circular distribution chamber 116 defined between the member 70 &# 39 ; and the upper surface 118 of a closure member 120 . closure member 120 at a circumferential peripheral edge portion 122 thereof sealingly cooperates with an annular rim part 124 of wall 60 &# 39 ; which defines an annular recess 126 for receiving the edge portion 122 . chamber 116 leads to a circumferential plurality of transfer ports 128 defined by wall 60 &# 39 ; and opening radially outwardly therethrough from chamber 116 to chamber 74 &# 39 ; and membrane module 76 &# 39 ;. outer wall 68 &# 39 ; defines a spigot 130 opening to and sealingly cooperating with outlet 82 &# 39 ;. preferably outlet 82 &# 39 ; also includes a blood sampling port 132 and a blood temperature probe fitting 134 . importantly , those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that the total priming volume of oxygenator 58 &# 39 ;, essentially the total volume of chamber 116 , and outlet 82 &# 39 ;, along with membrane module 76 &# 39 ;, is only very little more than the essential volume of the membrane module 76 &# 39 ; itself . in other words , the disposable oxygenator / heat exchanger module 58 &# 39 ; by its favorable combination , arrangement and cooperation of features provides a small priming volume , and the priming volume of a separate heat exchanger and interconnecting tubing is entirely eliminated . also , the oxygenator 58 &# 39 ; provides an advantageous gravitational downward flow of blood from inlet 78 &# 39 ; and particularly from ports 128 through the module 76 &# 39 ; and to outlet 82 &# 39 ;. as will be seen , this blood flow arrangement has additional potential advantages which may be realized . now that the reader is familiar with a foundation of the invention , subsequent drawing figures and description will employ like reference numerals for analogous structure without the use of primes . viewing fig4 it will be seen that an alternative embodiment of the invention includes a disposable oxygenator / heat exchanger component 58 with a rotary pump 136 . pump 136 includes a pump rotor portion 138 journaled in chamber 116 and including an impeller 140 and a deflector disk 142 delivering blood flow to the transfer ports 128 . the closure member 120 includes a neck 144 extending downwardly into the bore 104 of heat source component 24 and sealingly journaling a pump shaft 146 therein . shaft 146 drivingly carries pump rotor portion 138 . at its lower end , the shaft 146 defines one - half 148 of a dog coupling , referenced with numeral 150 . in order to drive the pump 136 , the heat source component 24 now includes a bearing carrier sleeve 152 received in bores 96 , 104 captively between the collar 110 and the other one - half 154 of the coupling 150 . bore 96 also carries a bearing 156 retained by snap ring 158 in retention groove 112 . bearing 156 cooperates with a bearing 160 at the top of sleeve 152 to journal a shaft 162 . shaft 162 carries at its upper end the coupling part 154 , and at its lower end drivingly connects with a coupling 164 and drive motor 166 . operation of motor 166 rotates shaft 162 , and via coupling 150 and shaft 146 , drives pump 136 . in addition to the pump 136 , the oxygenator 58 also includes a pressure relief valve 168 opening from chamber 74 to vent gas - side pressure to atmosphere should this pressure exceed a desired level . those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that the embodiment of fig4 advantageously achieves integration of a blood oxygenation / heat exchanger having durable and disposable components with a blood pump and pump drive also having durable and disposable components in unit with the like components of the oxygenator / heat exchanger . virtually no increase of blood priming volume is presented by the embodiment of fig4 over that of fig2 and 3 . in fact , the priming volume for the system is decreased compared to use of a separate blood pump and interconnecting tubes . after a surgical procedure , the oxygenator component 58 including pump 136 is discarded . heat source component 24 , with pump drive 150 - 166 is reusable . fig5 depicts a fragmentary view of an alternative embodiment wherein pump 136 includes a pump rotor 138 of centrifugal type . in other respects , the oxygenator / heat exchanger component and heat source component 24 with pump drive 150 - 166 is the same as that depicted in fig4 . in fact , an oxygenator / heat exchanger according to either fig4 or 5 may be interchangeably used with the same heat source component 24 and pump drive 150 - 166 . however , the centrifugal pump 136 of fig5 may offer advantages in lower hemolysis or other blood damage . yet another alternative embodiment of the invention is depicted by fig6 . as shown in fig6 the blood pump 136 may include a ventricular rolling diaphragm member 168 . the diaphragm 168 bounds the lower side of chamber 116 , and is sealingly secured to a closure member 120 at mutual marginal edge portions 170 , 172 of each . a central portion 174 of diaphragm 168 is supported on a disk - like member 176 reciprocable therewith . in order to drive the disk member 176 and central portion 174 vertically in reciprocation , the oxygenator / heat exchanger component 58 includes a neck 144 extending vertically into bore 104 of heat source component 24 . neck 144 reciprocally carries a central push rod 178 drivingly coupling at its upper end with disk 176 . rod 178 terminates at lower end surface 180 , and carries a spring seat collar 182 . a compression spring 184 extends between collar 182 and the lower end surface 186 of neck 144 to yieldably urge the rod 178 , disk 176 and diaphragm 168 downwardly . in place of the rotary pump drive components depicted and described with reference to fig4 and 5 , the embodiment of fig6 includes a push rod carrier 188 captively and reciprocally carrying a push rod 190 . the carrier 188 engages collar 110 in bore 104 and is prevented from upward movement by a bushing 192 and snap ring 194 , the latter engaging a groove 196 in the carrier 188 . a compression coil spring 198 extends between the carrier 188 and a respective spring seat collar 200 to yieldably urge the push rod 190 downwardly into engagement with a rotational cam 202 . cam 202 is selectively rotational by a drive motor , not shown . thus , when the cam 202 is rotated , push rod 190 is reciprocated . proper operation of the pump drive may be verified visually without oxygenator component 58 in place on heat source component 28 . when the oxygenator component 28 is in place on the heat source component 58 , as seen viewing fig6 push rod 178 engages at surface 180 with push rod 190 to reciprocate therewith . thus , diaphragm 168 is reciprocated to expand and contract chamber 116 . expansion of chamber 116 draws blood therein past a flapper - type unidirectional valve 204 disposed between inlet 78 and chamber 116 . on the other hand , when chamber 116 contracts blood therein is pushed into chamber 74 via ports 128 . because the chamber 74 with membrane module 76 therein extends downwardly below pump 136 , the descending column of liquid blood therein provides sufficient negative relative pressure that an outlet check valve is not required . subsequent expansion of chamber 116 draws liquid in past valve 204 rather than drawing back significant liquid volume from chamber 74 via ports 128 . thus , hemolysis and other blood damage is further decreased by ventricular pump 136 because it requires no outlet check valve . still further , fig7 a and 7b depict another alternative embodiment of the invention wherein a disposable blood oxygenator / heat exchanger component is cooperable with the by now familiar durable heat source component , and includes a blood pump similar to that depicted and described by reference to fig4 . however , the disposable component also includes a rigid integral venous reservoir so arranged and cooperating with the blood pump that an outlet of the venous reservoir is the inlet to the blood pump . also , fig7 depicts an auxiliary heat source component in operative cooperation with the oxygenator / heat exchanger to substantially double the heat transfer capacity ( heating or cooling ) between the heat exchange medium and the blood being treated . turning now to fig7 a , a rigid venous reservoir 206 is depicted . this reservoir 206 includes a reservoir chamber 208 receiving patient blood via inlet 210 for flow down a channel 212 . subsequently , the blood is passed through the conventional materials and passageways to be received in chamber 208 . from chamber 208 , the reservoir defines a central outlet opening 214 , which also defines the inlet to blood pump 136 . in fact , the pump rotor 138 of pump 136 may extend upwardly into the chamber 208 , if desired , in order to assist introduction of blood therefrom into the pump . fig7 b depicts the lower portion of the oxygenator / heat exchanger , many features , components and operation of which will by now be familiar to the reader . however , the system 10 of fig7 also includes an auxiliary heat source device generally referenced with the numeral 216 and which will be better understood by reference to fig7 b and perspective view fig8 . the auxiliary heat source component 216 includes a pair of clam - shell halves 218 , 220 which are substantially identical c - shaped parts , each defining a hinge feature 222 at one edge . part 220 is simply inverted with respect to part 218 so that the hinge features 222 interdigitate and are hingably connected by a hinge pin 226 . thus , the reader will understand that structural features and functions described with respect to one of the parts 218 , 220 are duplicated in the other of these parts . viewing fig7 b and 8 , it is seen that the oxygenator / heat exchanger component includes an outer wall 68 having cylindrical inner and outer surfaces 228 , 230 , respectively . of course surface 228 is vertically traversed by a flow of blood in oxygenator chamber 74 during operation of the system 10 . the auxiliary heat source component 216 defines an radially inner heat transfer wall 232 with inner cylindrical surface 234 matching the cylindrical curvature of and engaging surface 230 in heat transfer relation . viewing particularly fig8 it is seen that each of the parts 218 , 220 defines a portion of wall 232 with surface 234 . in fact , each of the parts 218 , 220 is hollow to define a chamber 236 for circulation of heat transfer fluid . in order to introduce and extract the heat transfer fluid to and from the chamber 236 , the parts 218 , 220 each define a pair of hose nipples ( two of which are visible in fig7 b ) to which a respective branch 238 of a pair of y - shaped hoses 240 connects . the trunk 242 of the hoses 238 is connected via suitable valves ( not shown ) and t - connections to a respective one of the inlet or outlet ports 92 , 94 of base 86 . thus , the auxiliary heat source , component 216 may remain permanently plumbed with heat source component 24 and its use , when indicated , requires simply its placement around the oxygenator / heat exchanger component 58 , and the opening of the water supply and return valves . of course , the auxiliary heat source component 216 may also be used with the oxygenator / heat exchanger component 58 but without heat source component 24 by providing suitable alternative support for oxygenator 58 , should such a use be desired . in order to guide the fluid flow in chamber 236 , each heat source component 218 , 220 includes a plurality of cooperating arcuate fins 244 which are alternately adjacent and spaced from the ends of the chambers 236 . thus , fluid circulation in the chambers 236 follows a serpentine flow path 246 , from bottom to top as depicted by arrows 248 . those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that the present invention provides a modular selectively - configured blood oxygenator / heat exchanger component which is disposable and which is cooperable in heat transfer with a separate durable heat source component to be supported thereon . the heat source component may be permanently plumbed in an operating room for convenience and to reduce clutter . selectively , the oxygenator / heat exchanger component may include a blood pump driven by a durable pump drive carried with the heat source , may include a venous reservoir , and may cooperate in heat transfer relation with an optional auxiliary heat source component also permanently plumbed , if desired . the prospective advantages of reduced blood priming volume , redundant separation of blood and heat transfer media , reduced time burden and chance of error in set up , decreased risk of blood contact , decreased retained blood volume after surgery , low cost disposability of blood - contacted components , reduced blood - contacted surface area , decreased blood damage and foreign surface contact which could cause immunoreactive response , and selection of blood pump configuration while retaining an advantageous and short blood flow path in the apparatus with retention of the advantage of reduced priming volume , are all realized by the present invention .
a blood oxygenator / heat exchanger system includes disposable and durable components , the latter being possible of permanent installation to further reduce costs , inconvenience and risks of use . the system may selectively include a blood pump of axial , centrifugal , or ventricular type , along with an integral venous reservoir . by combination , arrangement and cooperation of structural features blood pumping volume is decreased , advantageous blood flow paths are achieved , blood damage is reduced , and durable components are reusable for lowest costs . the oxygenator / heat exchanger nests upon a durable heat source base to be supported thereby , while redundant boundaries are provided between blood and heat transfer media .