the present invention comprises a rowing trainer which simulates the actual experience of rowing a scull or boat . fig1 a - 1 c illustrate the three major stages of a rowing stroke . these stages are labeled “ catch ”, “ drive ”, and “ finish ”, and apply both to the prior art and to the present invention . reference will be made , later , to these stages , in describing the device of the present invention . fig1 a shows a rower in a scull or boat , in the “ catch ” position . in this position , the athlete &# 39 ; s legs are compressed , and the arms are extended . the oars are about to engage the water to perform the work of rowing . fig1 b shows the rower in the “ drive ” position . the athlete &# 39 ; s legs are nearly extended , and the arms are beginning to bend . this is the portion of the stroke which accomplishes most or all of the work of rowing , as the oars are moved through the water , with the oar blades oriented for maximum engagement with the water . fig1 c shows the rower in the “ finish ” position . the athlete &# 39 ; s legs are extended , the arms are bent , and the oar grips are at the athlete &# 39 ; s side . the work of the rowing stroke has been completed . fig2 , 3 , and 4 provide perspective views of the rowing trainer of the present invention , taken from different directions . the rowing trainer includes frame 1 and seat 3 , the seat being affixed to the frame . the seat does not move relative to the frame during the rowing operation . also , the frame is stationary with respect to the ground . a rigger 7 , which slides back and forth along the length of the frame , supports an assembly for holding oars 8 and 9 , and also supports foot rest 5 , which comprises a generally flat plate inclined from the horizontal . the rigger also provides partial support for a system of cords , to be described later . although the seat does not move relative to the frame while the rowing trainer is in use , the seat may be made adjustable , so that its position along the frame may be changed , to suit the preferences of an individual user . however , the movement of the seat occurs only while the device is not in use . when actual rowing is in progress , the seat remains fixed relative to the frame . the foot rest may be provided with one or more straps or shoes ( not shown ) to secure the athlete &# 39 ; s foot to the foot rest during the rowing operation . such straps or shoes enable the athlete to pull the rigger simply by moving his or her feet towards the seat . straps and shoes , attached to a foot rest of a rowing machine , are well known in the art , and are therefore not shown in the drawings . the cords are visible , in part , in fig2 - 4 . the cords comprise means for transmitting energy from the oars to a pair of flywheels 11 . the flywheels are affixed to the frame , and do not translate relative to the frame . that is , the motion of the flywheels is entirely rotational , and not translational . the purpose of the flywheels is to provide resistance to the rowing stroke , so as to simulate the experience of actual rowing . more details of the arrangement of the cords are given later . monitor 13 may be mounted on the frame , through flexible mount 14 , for the purpose of providing feedback to the athlete regarding the progress of the rowing activity . one type of such feedback could include information about whether the simulated boat is turning . to provide such feedback , the flywheels can be connected to encoders , or their equivalents , and the angular displacements , or velocities , or both , of the flywheels can be calculated by a computer , and compared . if the flywheels are turning at different rates , the computer can be programmed to indicate , either graphically or numerically , or both , through monitor or display screen 13 , that the simulated boat is not traveling along a straight line . fig4 also shows oar leveler 12 , which is optionally included with the oars . the oar leveler comprises a piston and cylinder combination which adjusts the orientation of the oar relative to underframe arm 19 . fig5 shows the rowing trainer of the present invention , with an athlete using the device . the view shown is generally similar to that of fig3 . the athlete sits on the seat , and grasps the ends of the oars , while pushing on the foot rest with his or her feet . the rowing trainer of the present invention is shown further in the top view of fig6 and the cross - sectional view of fig7 . fig6 clearly illustrates frame 1 , seat 3 , rigger 7 , oars 8 and 9 , foot rest 5 , and flywheels 11 . fig8 provides a bottom view of the rowing trainer of the present invention , and provides a more complete view of the arrangement of the cords . as shown in fig8 , cords 15 and 17 are affixed , at one end , to the free ends of underframe arms 19 , which arms are pivotally connected , through vertical links , to be described later , to the respective oars . the cords pass around castering pulleys 23 and 25 , the castering pulleys being attached to the rigger . the castering pulleys thus translate with the rigger . the cords then pass around flywheel pulleys or sprockets 27 and 29 , and then extend substantially the length of the frame , where they are connected to the frame through springs 31 and 33 . the spring could be replaced by a block and tackle mechanism using a bungee cord . fig9 illustrates the transmission portion of the rowing trainer of the present invention . in particular , fig9 shows the path of the cords , as they extend from the free ends of the underframe arms , around the castering pulleys , around the flywheel pulleys , and along the length of the frame ( the frame being omitted in fig9 ) to the springs . fig1 provides a perspective view of the frame of the rigger 7 . the rigger frame includes a generally rectangular portion 61 , a pair of outwardly extending arms 62 , and a pair of hollow tubes 63 , the tubes being rigidly affixed to the arms 62 . the rectangular portion 61 is the component of the rigger which comprises means for engaging the frame . the frame of the rigger is intended to be a single , rigid component . in practice , it may be formed of various pieces that are welded together , like a bicycle frame . fig1 provides a perspective view , showing the rigger and the oars , as well as foot rest 5 . fig1 provides a detail showing oar 9 and underframe arm 19 connected by vertical link 21 . the vertical link fits within tube 63 . in the other figures , such as in fig2 - 5 , the vertical links are not visible , as they are entirely contained within tubes 63 . because the rigger frame is a rigid structure , the angle formed by the arms 62 , relative to the rectangular portion 61 , is fixed . thus , throughout the rowing stroke , the tubes , and thus the vertical links , are located at a fixed position relative to the rigger , and translate back and forth with the motion of the rigger . as the sliding rigger translates , the athlete is pulling on the grip portions of the oars , and the work applied to the grip portions rotates the vertical links 21 . the vertical links cause movement of underframe arms 19 , such that the underframe arms move at substantially the same angular velocity as the oars . the underframe arms pull the cords which are looped around the castering pulleys , thereby redirecting tension in the cords to the flywheel pulleys , thus rotating the flywheels . fig1 a and 13 b provide perspective and top views , respectively , of the rowing trainer of the present invention in the “ catch ” position . fig1 a and 14 b provide perspective and top views , respectively , of the rowing trainer of the present invention in the “ drive ” position . during the “ drive ” stroke , the sliding rigger moves away from the seat , the seat being stationary with respect to the frame . fig1 a and 15 b provide perspective and top views , respectively , of the rowing trainer of the present invention in the “ finish ” position . fig1 provides a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the rowing trainer of the present invention , wherein there is only one oar . in this embodiment , the oar is bigger than the oars in the two - oared embodiment , as it is intended that the athlete place two hands on this single oar . but the device otherwise operates in substantially the same way as the two - oared embodiment . in either or both of the single - oar and double - oar embodiments of the present invention , the oar can be provided with the oar handle described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 126 , 500 , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein . fig1 provides a block diagram of the circuitry used for monitoring the performance of the athlete using the rowing trainer of the present invention . flywheels 51 and 52 are connected , respectively , to encoders 53 and 54 , which encode the angular displacements of the flywheels , and provide such data to microprocessor 55 . the microprocessor is programmed to compare the data taken from the two encoders , and to present these data on display 56 . display 56 is the same as monitor 13 shown in the other figures . the rowing trainer of the present invention therefore provides a device in which 1 ) the moving mass is minimized , 2 ) the oars realistically simulate the motion of oars in a boat , and 3 ) the seat is stationary . the moving mass is minimized , in part ,. by making both the seat and the flywheels stationary relative to the frame . it is only the rigger and oar assembly which slides back and forth . the flywheel system of the present invention is illustrated as including a relatively massive wheel and a “ squirrel cage ” fan . flywheels used in the prior art have included fans , as well as magnetic , fluid , and / or frictional resistance . the flywheels used in the present invention can be made with any or all of the foregoing constructions . the rowing trainer of the present invention may be provided with covers ( not shown ) on the flywheels and cables to prevent injury , i . e . to prevent items of clothing , or body parts , from becoming caught in the moving parts of the device . the rowing trainer of the present invention can be modified in various ways , as will be understood by the reader skilled in the art . for example , the transmission of energy from the oars to the flywheels could be varied . the parameters displayed on the monitor could be changed . the microprocessor could be programmed to provide a very detailed graphical and / or numerical summary of the movements of the simulated boat . all of the above modifications should be considered within the spirit and scope of the following claims .
a rowing trainer includes a frame , and a seat affixed to the frame . a sliding rigger , which supports an oar assembly , is movable back and forth along the frame . the oars are indirectly connected to a cord which passes around at least one pulley , and which turns a flywheel . neither the flywheel nor the seat translates relative to the frame . the only component which translates is the rigger and the associated oar assembly . the device closely simulates the experience of rowing an actual boat or scull .