reference will now be made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout . fig1 - 5 illustrate an embodiment of an open folding chair assembly 100 that is arranged and configured in accordance with certain features , aspects and advantages of the present invention . in some embodiments , the open folding chair assembly 100 comprises a seat 132 to which is attached a right gearbox subassembly 145 s in a manner described below . the right gearbox subassembly 145 s preferably is on the right side of the folding chair as defined by a user while sitting in the folding chair 100 . in fig2 , a left gearbox subassembly 168 s also is shown attached to the seat 132 on the left side in a manner similar to the right gearbox subassembly 145 s . the gearbox subassemblies 145 s , 168 s control the folding motion of the chair 100 during opening and closing and are described in more detail below . in the illustrated configuration , a front leg subassembly 101 s is fastened to the right gearbox subassembly 145 s with a joint 106 r , and to the left gearbox subassembly 168 s with a joint 106 l . two pins 107 r , 108 r preferably attach a post 103 r , which can be extruded in some configurations , to the right joint 106 r . two additional pins 107 l , 108 l preferably attach a post 103 l , which also can be extruded , to the left joint 106 l . other configurations also can be used . the free ends of the posts 103 r , 103 l can be joined with a front stringer 102 , which can be molded and can have mating integral shafts . other configurations are possible . the right shaft preferably is secured to the right post 103 r with pins 104 r , 105 r . the left shaft preferably is secured to the left post 103 l with pins 104 l , 105 l . the stringer 102 , which can have integral shafts , preferably provides a generally rigid substantially 90 degree connection with the posts 103 r , 103 l such that the front leg subassembly 101 s is stable and is less likely to rock from side to side under load . other configurations can be used . in a similar manner , a rear leg subassembly 110 s can be fastened to the right gearbox subassembly 145 s with a joint 115 r , and to the left gearbox subassembly 168 s with a right joint 115 l . two pins 116 r , 117 r attach a right post 112 r , which can be extruded , to the right joint 115 r . two additional pins 116 l , 117 l attach a left post 112 l , which also can be extruded , to the left joint 115 l . the free ends of the posts 112 r , 112 l preferably are joined with a rear stringer 111 , which can be molded and which can have mating integral shafts . the right shaft can be secured to the right post 112 r with pins 113 r , 114 r . the left shaft preferably can be secured to the left post 112 l with pins 113 l , 114 l . the stringer 111 , which can have integral shafts , preferably provides a generally rigid substantially 90 degree connection with the posts 112 r , 112 l such that the rear leg subassembly 110 s can be stable and is less likely to rock from side to side under load . also , in a similar manner , a back subassembly 137 s is fastened to the right gearbox subassembly 145 s with a right joint 142 r , and to the left gearbox subassembly 168 s with a left joint 142 l . two pins 143 r , 144 r can be used to attach a post 139 r , which can be extruded , to the right joint 142 r . two additional pins 143 l , 144 l can be used to attach a post 139 l , which can be extruded , to the left joint 142 l . the free ends of the posts 139 r , 139 l preferably are joined with a backrest 138 , which can be molded and which can have mating integral shafts . the right shaft can be secured to the post 139 r with pins 140 r , 141 r . the left shaft can be secured to the post 139 l with pins 140 l , 141 l . the backrest 138 preferably provides a generally rigid substantially 90 - degree connection with the posts 139 r , 139 l to reduce the likelihood that it will sway from side to side under pressure . an angle stop subassembly 118 s is shown beneath the seat 132 in fig1 . the angle stop subassembly 118 s preferably fits between the right post 103 r and the left post 103 l of the front leg subassembly 101 s . the angle stop subassembly 118 s preferably pivots in a coordinated fashion with both the front leg subassembly 101 s and a pivot cover subassembly 122 s . in the open locked position , the angle stop subassembly 118 s forms a triangular brace with the seat 132 and the front leg subassembly 101 s to rigidly support the seat 132 in a desired position . the angle stop subassembly 118 s also increases lateral stability in the front leg subassembly 101 s . the construction and connection details for the angle stop subassembly 118 s and the pivot cover subassembly 122 s are described further below . a crossbrace 133 preferably connects the right gearbox subassembly 145 s to the left gearbox subassembly 168 s . in some embodiments , the crossbrace 133 also connects to the seat 132 . the crossbrace 133 can have any suitable configuration and can be an extruded tube in some embodiments . the crossbrace 133 helps to stabilize the upper ends of the front leg subassembly 101 s , the upper ends of the rear leg subassembly 110 s , and the lower ends of the back subassembly 137 s . in some embodiments where the seat 132 does not connect to the gearbox subassemblies 145 s , 168 s , the crossbrace can connect the seat 132 to the gearbox subassemblies 145 s , 168 s . fig3 a shows the folding chair assembly 100 which is slightly modified such that it is arranged and configured in accordance with certain features , aspects and advantages of some embodiments of the present invention . in the illustrated configuration , a seat back 354 , a front leg stringer 348 and a rear leg stringer 349 each can be one - wall structural pieces that are injection molded with ribs for additional strength where needed or desired . while all three are shown in this configuration , any one of these members can be formed as shown in either fig3 a or fig3 , for example . in addition , the illustrated angle stop subassembly 350 s shown in fig3 a preferably uses injection molded plastic with structural ribs , such as within the angle stop 389 . moreover , as will be described further below , the angle stop 389 and the angle stop subassembly 350 s can be slightly reconfigured when compared to the angle stop subassembly 118 s introduced above and shown in fig1 . a seat 353 in the construction illustrated in fig3 a preferably has a one - wall construction and can be mated with an enclosed version of a pivot cover subassembly 352 s , and a crossbrace 379 , which is described further below . connected to the crossbrace 379 are a left gearbox subassembly 351 s and a right gearbox subassembly 378 s . the illustrated left gearbox subassembly 351 s shows internal gear stops and construction details for the gearbox subassembly 315 s are described below . as discussed above , the chair assembly 100 can be folded for storage and carrying . fig4 illustrates the chair assembly 100 in a folded configuration . as illustrated , the seat 132 folds into a space defined generally between the left and right posts 139 l , 139 r . in addition , a portion of the back 138 in the illustrated configuration overlies a portion of the seat 132 . the front stringer 102 preferably lies along a portion of the back 138 when in the folded configuration . in addition , the front posts 103 r , 103 l preferably fold to a location inside of the rear posts 112 r , 112 l . moreover , when folded , the illustrated rear posts 112 r , 112 l lie alongside the seat back posts 139 r , 139 l . preferably , the front posts 103 r , 103 l are positioned between at least a portion of the rear stringer 111 and at least a portion of the seat back 138 . thus , the illustrated folded chair assembly 100 generally defines two layers : a first layer generally comprising the seat 132 , the seat posts 139 r , 139 l and the seat back 138 ; and a second layer generally comprising the front posts 103 r , 103 l , the rear posts 112 r , 112 l the front stringer 102 and the rear stringer 111 . the two layers can be connected by the gearbox subassemblies 145 s , 168 s . now turning to fig6 , details of the right gearbox subassembly 145 s are illustrated . the illustrated gearbox subassembly 145 s comprises three gear and axle combinations contained within three housings . a front housing 146 preferably connects to a middle housing 147 with four screws . other mounting arrangements also can be used . two alignment pins 251 , 252 on a rear surface of the front housing 146 mate with corresponding holes in the middle housing 147 . a bulkhead 246 preferably protrudes from the front housing 146 and has an upper control surface 248 that is used to limit the travel of the backrest subassembly 137 s , and specifically the joint 142 r . a lower control surface 247 can be used to limit the travel of the rear leg subassembly 110 s , and specifically the joint 115 l . a 1 . 5r gear / axle 150 and a combor gear / axle 149 mesh and preferably are contained between the front housing 146 and the middle housing 147 . the illustrated 1 . 5r gear / axle 150 has a protruding front axle hub 262 on the front side and a smaller protruding rear axle hub 265 at the rear . the front axle hub 262 fits into a bearing surface 249 of the front housing 146 . the rear axle hub 265 fits into a bearing surface 266 of the middle housing 147 . in a similar manner , the combor gear / axle 149 has a protruding front axle hub 256 on the front side and a larger protruding rear axle hub 257 at the rear . the axle hub 256 fits into a bearing surface 250 of the front housing 146 . the axle hub 257 fits into a bearing surface 267 of the middle housing 147 . gear teeth 260 of the 1 . 5r gear / axle 150 and gear teeth 259 of the combor gear / axle 149 preferably mesh with a 1 : 1 ratio . the combor gear / axle 149 has additional gear teeth 258 extending beyond the rear axle hub 257 and beyond the middle housing 147 . these teeth 258 have a 1 : 1 . 5 ratio with the gear teeth 259 of the combor gear / axle 149 . protruding beyond the gear teeth 258 is a smaller axle hub 258 a that fits into a bearing surface 274 of a rear housing 148 . the rear housing 148 attaches to the middle housing 147 with four screws in the illustrated configuration . two alignment pins 278 , 279 on a front surface of the rear housing 148 mate with corresponding holes in the middle housing 147 . the third gear / axle , identified as 2 . 0r gear / axle 151 has a protruding front axle hub 270 on a front side and a larger protruding rear axle hub 271 at the rear . the front axle hub 270 fits into the bearing surface 266 of the middle housing 147 , but preferably has a separation space between its front hub 270 and the rear hub 265 of the 1 . 5r gear / axle 150 . this separation space allows the two hubs 270 , 265 to turn independently while sharing the same bearing surface 266 . in other words , the two hubs 270 , 265 preferably are axially spaced apart while being within the same region defined by the bearing surface 266 . the 2 . 0r gear / axle 151 has gear teeth 269 that mesh with the gear teeth 258 of combor gear / axle 149 with a 2 : 1 ratio . the combination of ratios contained within the gearbox subassembly 145 s allow the connecting subassemblies to move in a controlled coordination . extending beyond the rear surface of the rear housing 148 are two controlled mounting cylinders 275 , 276 which are used to secure the gearbox subassembly 145 s to the seat 132 using two screws , for example . the mounting cylinders 275 , 276 preferably fit securely within molded pockets in the seat and are described further below . also , extending beyond the rear surface in the illustrated configuration is a protrusion 277 that has a contour that fits securely within the crossbrace 133 and that is secured within the crossbrace 133 with a single fastener in the illustrated configuration . external moving attachments to the gearbox subassembly 145 s are the front leg subassembly 101 s , the rear leg subassembly 110 s and the backrest subassembly 137 s . common to each subassembly in the illustrated configuration and used for mating is the joint , referred to as the joint 106 r , the joint 115 r , and the joint 142 r in the respective subassemblies . by using a component with a generally common construction , manufacturing costs and procedures can be simplified . the joint 106 r mates with the protruding rear hub 271 of 2 . 0r gear / axle 151 . the rear hub 271 can be aligned with the cutoff surface 272 of the hub 271 and , in the illustrated configuration , the socket fit can be secured with a central fastener and a metal threaded insert 273 . preferably , the threads are self - locking . other constructions may use a lock washer and other secure fastener attachments , for example . the joint 115 r mates with the protruding hub 262 of 1 . 5r gear / axle 150 . the hub 262 can be aligned with a cutoff surface 263 of the hub 262 and , in the illustrated configuration , the socket fit can be secured with a central fastener and a metal threaded insert 264 . in a similar manner , the joint 142 r mates with the protruding hub 253 of combor gear / axle 149 . the hub 253 can be aligned with a cutoff surface 255 of the hub 253 and , in the illustrated configuration , the socket fit can be secured with a central fastener and a metal threaded insert 254 . for assembly efficiency , it may be desirable for the joints 106 l , 115 r , and 142 r to be attached to the gearbox subassembly 145 s prior to attachment to their respective leg and back subassemblies . in such a configuration , the joints 106 r , 115 r , and 142 r could be considered part of the gearbox subassembly 145 s . on each part within the right gearbox subassembly 145 s , an identifying letter mark “ r ” can be molded or machined . the letter mark is used to distinguish the parts from those of left gearbox subassembly 168 s , which do not have the letter marks . the letter marks are illustrated on their respective parts for items such as 256 , 268 , 280 , 281 , and 282 . preferably , the gear / axles and the housings of gearbox subassembly 145 s are made of die cast aluminum with bearing surfaces made of delrin . other materials can be used . the bearing surfaces may be integral or may be made as separate sleeves that fit over the hubs . in some configurations , the gears can be made as reinforced injection molded plastic parts with integral bearing properties . in some configurations , the gear teeth and the housings can be made of stamped steel and the gearbox subassembly 145 s can be securely assembled with rivets . in such configurations , the gearbox will have a reduced width and can be somewhat tamperproof in that it cannot be readily disassembled and reassembled . from the forgoing it can be appreciated that the gearbox subassembly 145 s and the connecting subassemblies utilize a common joint assembly technique requiring minimal specialized tools as an advantage for product assembly . the use of controlled mating surfaces ( e . g ., the cutoff surface 272 , the cutoff surface 263 and the cutoff surface 255 ) between parts also advantageously reduces the amount of fasteners needed and contributes to the lateral structural integrity of the assembled chair during load . fig6 a illustrates details of the left gearbox subassembly 168 s . gearbox subassembly 168 s is a mirror of gearbox subassembly 145 s . all parts are unique and readily distinguished from those of gearbox subassembly 145 s as they are not marked with the identifying “ r ”. mates and assembly steps are as in fig6 and the previous discussion . moreover , the reference numerals will remain the same for the left and right unless otherwise indicated or apparent . with reference to fig6 b and 6c , other constructions of the left gearbox subassembly 351 s are illustrated . the operation and construction approach of the configurations shown in fig6 b and 6c are similar to left gearbox subassembly 168 s described above . however , the left gearbox subassembly 168 s comprises an internal gear stop control surface . the internal control surfaces replace the external bulkhead 246 shown fig6 a , or can be used together with the external bulkhead 246 . fig6 b illustrates three housings containing three gear / axles . a front housing 355 is shown without an external bulkhead . a combo gear / axle 359 and a 1 . 5 gear / axle 356 have sufficient gear teeth for engagement within the about 104 ° of travel desired , but the remainder of the gear / axle bodies are configured to control and limit rotation . in other words , the remainder of the gear / axle body can be toothless . in a similar manner , a 2 . 0 gear / axle 364 has sufficient teeth for engagement with the combo gear / axle 359 while the remainder of the body can be configured to control and limit rotation . a control surface 365 on the 2 . 0 gear / axle can contact a control surface 368 on a rear housing 367 to prevent further rotation of the front leg assembly 101 s while opening the chair 100 and so serves as a stop or an internal bulkhead . additional control surfaces can be used for each gear / axle to provide a positive limit that corresponds to a stop position and to spread any load forces when the chair is being used . a control surface 361 of the combo gear / axle 359 contacts a control surface 369 of the rear housing 367 . a control surface 357 of the 1 . 5 gear / axle and a control surface 360 of the combo gear / axle 359 contacts control surfaces positioned inside of the front housing 355 that are illustrated in fig6 c . secondary control surfaces also can be used when closing the chair assembly 100 . a control surface 366 of the 2 . 0 gear / axle can contact a control surface 370 of the rear housing 367 . additional secondary control surfaces also are illustrated in fig6 c . all gears / axles and housings preferably are made of diecast aluminum with bearing surfaces made of delrin . the illustrated middle housing 362 is shown with cored sections 363 to reduce material and lighten weight . the gear / axles and other housings can be similarly cored as desired . now turning to fig6 c , the left gearbox subassembly 351 s is illustrated from a reverse view to better illustrate some of the remaining control surfaces . the control surface 357 of the 1 . 5 gear / axle 356 can contact a control surface 375 of the front housing 355 to limit travel of the rear leg subassembly 110 s during opening . the control surface 360 of the combo gear / axle 359 can contact a control surface 377 of the front housing 355 to limit travel of the back subassembly 137 s during opening . another secondary control surface 358 of the 1 . 5 gear / axle 356 contacts a control surface 374 of the front housing 355 to limit travel when closing the chair assembly 100 . a control surface 360 a also contacts a control surface 376 of the front housing 355 during this operation . the illustrated rear housing 367 is shown with a slightly reconfigured shaft 371 . the illustrated shaft 371 comprises two attachment holes 372 , 373 for connection to the crossbrace 379 , which can connect with the seat 353 . in some embodiments , the control surfaces and the secondary control surfaces of the front housing 355 and the rear housing 367 can be located on the middle housing 362 or can have a portion formed on the middle housing 362 with the remainder formed on the front and rear housings 355 , 367 . moreover , in some configurations , the control surfaces and the secondary control surfaces can be formed on an insert that is received between the front and middle housings and the middle and rear housings . any other suitable combinations also can be used . if the control surfaces and the secondary control surfaces are formed on the middle housing 362 , the middle housing 362 increases in width to accommodate the control surfaces 368 , 369 , 375 , 377 and the secondary control surfaces 370 , 374 , and 376 . it also reduces structural requirements on the front housing 355 and rear housing 367 that would allow alternate process and material selections for the housings . with reference to fig7 , the left gearbox subassembly 168 s is illustrated in position relative to a bottom surface of the seat 132 . the two mounting cylinders 275 , 276 nest into a recessed pocket 315 molded into the seat 132 and can be secured by screws at mounting holes 275 a , 276 a . the recessed pocket 315 preferably extends across the width of the seat 132 , allowing clearance room for the crossbrace 133 , and then expands out to define a mounting position for the right gearbox subassembly 145 s . in some configurations , the recessed pocket adds structural rigidity to the gearbox subassemblies because the gearbox subassemblies are mounted directly to the seat 132 . fig8 illustrates the bottom of the seat 132 with the gearbox subassembly 168 s , the gearbox subassembly 145 s , the pivot cover subassembly 122 s , and the angle stop subassembly 118 s in position and attached . the crossbrace 133 fits within the recess pocket 315 and is connected to the left gearbox subassembly 168 s and the right gearbox subassembly 145 s with one screw at either end . other configurations are possible . in the illustrated configuration , when the crossbrace 133 is used , the crossbrace 133 preferably first is attached to the gearbox subassemblies 168 s , 145 s and then the completed unit can be secured to the seat 132 bottom . other assembly techniques also can be used . the angle stop subassembly 118 s can be held between the seat 132 and the pivot cover subassembly 122 s with two pins , as described below . in such a configuration , the pivot cover subassembly 122 s is attached to the seat 132 bottom with , for example , six screws . in some configurations , the pivot cover subassembly 122 s as well as the gearbox subassemblies 145 s , 168 s can be secured to the seat 132 bottom with rivets or tamperproof fasteners to hinder disassembly . other configurations also are possible . fig8 a is a bottom exploded view of another configuration of a seat 353 and the pivot cover subassembly 352 s , the angle stop subassembly 350 s , the gearbox subassembly 351 s , and the gearbox subassembly 378 s from fig3 a . the crossbrace 379 can be connected with two fasteners 380 , 381 , for example , to the right gearbox subassembly 378 s , and with two fasteners 382 , 383 , for example , to the left gearbox subassembly 351 s . the crossbrace 379 , with the attached gearbox subassemblies 351 s , 378 s , is then attached with two additional fasteners 384 , 385 , for example , which connect to two respective bosses 386 , 387 on the underside of the seat 353 . the bosses 386 , 387 can have a curved upper surface to mate with a curvature of the crossbrace 379 such that the components have a snug fit . the angle stop subassembly 350 s can be fitted to the pivot cover subassembly 352 s , which can be connected to the bottom of the seat 353 at four bosses 388 . connection details are described further below . fig9 is an exploded view of the angle stop subassembly 118 s that illustrates four pins 120 l , 120 r , 121 l , 121 r that can be fitted to the molded angle part 119 . the angle part 119 can be sized to fit between the posts of the front leg subassembly 101 s . the pins 120 l , 120 r can fit into respective post holes 109 l , 109 r , which allows the angle stop subassembly 118 s to pivot relative to the seat 132 and the front leg subassembly 101 s during opening and closing of the chair 100 . the top portion of the angle part 119 can have a narrow construction such that the top portion of the angle part 119 can fit between the sides of the pivot cover subassembly 122 s during closure of the chair 100 . a transition ramp 316 and a radius 317 can be sized to provide strength to the angle part 119 so as to support the seat 132 while the chair 100 is open and to for generally avoid interference with the pivot cover subassembly 122 s during closure . pins 121 l , 121 r preferably fit between the pivot cover subassembly 122 s and the seat bottom control surfaces described below . the assembly approach takes advantage of the molded seat 132 details to eliminate a control surface part used in conjunction with the pins 121 l , 121 r . fig9 a is an exploded view of another configuration of the angle stop subassembly 350 s . this illustrated angle stop 389 can be an injection molded plastic part that has ribs for additional strength and that has cored - out areas 402 to reduce mass . fig9 a also illustrates two rods 390 , 391 that are connected to the angle stop 389 , which can be molded . the rod 390 slides into one end boss 397 , is substantially centered within the angle stop 389 and is secured by two fasteners 398 , 399 . the fastener 398 preferably screws into a threaded hole 400 and the fastener 399 preferably screws into a threaded hole 401 . both fasteners 398 , 399 can apply pressure to the rod 390 to secure the rod 390 in position . in some embodiments , the fasteners 398 , 399 may pass through non - threaded holes in the angle stop 389 and can screw into threaded holes formed in the rod 390 . the rod 390 may also be marked with an incised groove or have a protrusion near one end to establish a positive center position within the angle stop 389 . in a similar manner , the rod 391 can slides into one end boss 392 , can be centered within the angle stop 389 , and can be secured by two fasteners 393 , 394 . fig1 is an exploded view of the pivot cover subassembly 122 s . in the illustrated configuration , a cover 123 connects directly with the bottom of the seat 132 using six fasteners , for example . in some embodiments , the pivot cover 123 can have a control enclosure part that would provide guidance for the pins 121 l , 121 r of the angle stop subassembly 118 s . in some embodiments , the components of the pivot cover subassembly 122 s are substantially fully enclosed such that flexible mesh seats also can be used . a pivot arm 124 preferably connects to the cover 123 with pins 126 l , 126 r , for example . the pin 126 l fits into a bearing surface hole 318 , passes through a boss hole 322 l on the pivot arm 124 and fits into a bearing surface hole 319 on the left wall of the cover 123 . in a similar manner , the pin 126 r fits a bearing surface hole 320 , passes through a boss hole 322 r on the pivot arm 124 and fits into a bearing surface hole 321 on the right wall of the cover 123 . the pivot arm 124 maintains a rest position under pressure supplied by two compression springs 125 l , 125 r . a spring 125 l is contained by a ring wall 324 l in the pivot cover 123 and by a cylindrical cup 323 l in the pivot arm 124 . in a similar manner , a spring 125 r can be contained by a ring wall 324 r in the pivot cover 123 and by a cylindrical cup 323 r in the pivot arm 124 . in the rest position , a central handle 224 , which can be molded as part of the pivot arm 124 , passes through an opening 223 in the pivot cover 123 . the rest position of the pivot arm 124 can be changed by pressing on the central handle 224 . this causes the pivot arm 124 to change angular position relative to the seat 132 and , in particular , to change the angular position of ramp surfaces 227 l , 227 r . the purpose of changing the rest position of the pivot arm 124 is to unlock the chair 100 for folding . the ramp surfaces 227 l , 227 r control and lock the position of the pins 121 l , 121 r of the angle stop subassembly 118 s as described below . it can be appreciated that the molded central handle 224 offers a single point of user contact to disengage the two ramp surfaces and free the pins 121 l , 121 r , compress the angle stop subassembly 118 s , and allow the chair to fold compactly in an orderly manner controlled by the gear box subassemblies 145 s , 168 s . in some embodiments , the molded pivot arm 124 and the pin arrangement can be constructed as a sheet metal part with riveted pivot joints . other configurations also are possible fig1 a is an exploded view of another pivot cover subassembly 352 s . as discussed above , the illustrated pivot cover subassembly 352 s has a control enclosure part 404 that provides guidance for the pins 121 l , 121 r of the angle stop subassembly 118 s , or the corresponding ends of the rod 390 of the other illustrated angle stop subassembly 350 s . the control enclosure part 404 connects to a cover 403 at six boss 406 locations , for example . in some embodiments , the control enclosure part 404 can connect to the seat 353 at four holes 409 . other configurations also are possible . in the illustrated configuration , between the cover 403 and the control enclosure part 404 , a pivot bar 405 is mounted with two pins 126 l , 126 r . springs 125 l , 125 r also can be fitted as described above . the pivot bar 405 preferably has two upward extensions 407 l , 407 r that mate with corresponding downward extensions of the control enclosure part 404 . the downward extensions are part of cantilevered beams 408 l , 408 r , which can be molded as part of control enclosure part 404 . other configurations also are possible . these cantilevered beams 408 are used to trap the pins and the rods of the respective angle stop subassemblies 118 s , 350 s in order to lock the chair 100 in the closed position . locking the chair into the closed position reduces the likelihood of the chair unfolding while the chair is being carried , for example . the central handle 224 , which can be molded as part of the pivot bar 405 , can be depressed to unlock the chair when it is in a closed position . details of this operation are illustrated and described below . cantilever springs 418 l , 418 r can be molded into the upper surface of the control enclosure part 404 and can apply downward pressure to the pins and rods of the respective angle stop subassemblies 118 s , 350 s . the cantilever springs 418 l , 418 r are used in conjunction with extended track pockets 421 l , 421 r to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent chair closure while the chair 100 is in use . details are described and illustrated below . a surround wall 422 can be used to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent pressing of the central handle 224 while the chair is in use . while sitting in the chair 100 , people may attempt to grasp a front edge of the seat and pull it forward or push it rearward . the surround wall 422 reduces the likelihood of inadvertent pressing of the central handle 224 in this situation . as illustrated , the assembly sequence would have the control enclosure part 404 mounted first to the bottom of the seat 132 using the four mounting holes 409 , for example . the angle stop subassembly 350 s would be laid in position next , and the cover 403 with the pre - assembled pivot bar 405 and the attached pins 126 l , 126 r and springs 125 l , 125 r , would be attached at the six boss 406 locations , for example . in some embodiments , four clearance holes are added in the cover 403 and the clearance holes generally align with the four attachment holes 409 of the control enclosure part 404 . the clearance hole addition would allow driver access to the four fasteners of holes 409 and so enable seat replacement without disassembly of the pivot cover subassembly 352 s . in addition , the size of the central handle 224 on the pivot bar 405 can be reduced so that the central handle 224 can be contained within the cover 403 at all times . the opening 223 would be reduced in size so that only a small diameter tool could be inserted into the opening 223 to push the reduced - size central handle 224 to release the rod 390 . the tool diameter would be sized to reduce the likelihood of finger access and to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent operation . fig1 is a side view of the chair 100 showing some of the angular relationships of the seat 132 relative to the back subassembly 137 s , the front leg subassembly 101 s , and the rear leg subassembly 110 s . while certain angles are shown , the angles can differ somewhat from those shown depending upon the application . in the fully opened and locked position shown , the illustrated seat 132 tilts rearward about 3 ° relative to a horizontal plane that is generally parallel to the ground . this orientation sets up reference planes 325 , 326 , which are generally parallel to the generally flat bottom of the seat 132 . the angular relationships can be measured from the reference planes 325 , 326 . the rear leg assembly 110 s is about 104 ° from the reference plane 325 as measured from the centerline of post 112 l . the back assembly 137 s is about 104 ° from the reference plane 326 as measured from the centerline of post 139 l . when folded in the closed position , the rear leg subassembly 110 s will pivot at the joint 115 l in line with the reference plane 325 until it comes to a stop substantially coincident with the reference plane 325 . in a similar manner , the back subassembly will pivot at the joint 142 l in line with the reference plane 326 until it comes to a stop substantially coincident with the reference plane 326 . in the closed position , the back subassembly post 139 l and the rear leg subassembly post 112 l will be generally parallel to each other and separated by a small clearance distance . the front leg subassembly 101 s is about 52 ° from the reference plane 325 as measured from the centerline of post 103 l . when folded in the closed position , the front leg subassembly 101 s will pivot at the joint 106 l in line with the reference plane 325 until it comes to a stop substantially coincident with the reference plane 325 . the angular travel of about 52 ° of the front leg subassembly is half of about 104 ° of the rear leg subassembly and similarly half of about 104 ° of the back subassembly . it can be appreciated that the stance of the chair 100 in the fully opened locked position is at least partially determined by the angular relationships described above . the coordinated motion of the front leg subassembly 101 s , the rear leg subassembly 110 s , and the back subassembly 137 s as controlled by the left gear box subassembly 168 s and the right gearbox subassembly 145 s is limited and can be determined by the angular relationships described above . further , the gear ratios within the gearbox subassemblies 137 s , 168 s are at least partially determined by the angular relationships as described above , and in turn effect the stance of the chair 100 . also , the back angle of about 104 °, the seat angle of about 3 °, the seat height , the back contour , and the seat contour can be determined by ergonomic considerations of the user . alteration of one or more of the angular relationships and back 138 and seat 132 contours will affect the comfort of the chair 100 for the user . fig1 and fig1 a are centerline section views of a portion of the folding chair 100 . fig1 illustrates the locked position of the pivot arm 124 , while fig1 a illustrates the unlocked position of the pivot arm 124 . in fig1 the pivot arm 124 is shown mounted on the pin 126 r , which is fitted into the pivot cover 123 that is installed onto the seat 132 . the pivot arm 124 is in the rest position and held in place by the compression spring 125 r . in this position , a rear surface 226 of the pivot arm 124 preferably substantially blocks forward travel of the pin 121 r of the angle stop subassembly 118 s . since the pin 121 r in this position also is less likely to move in any of the rearward , upward , and downward directions , it is effectively locked in place , and the chair 100 is locked in the open position . in fig1 a , the central handle 224 has been depressed to unlock the chair 100 . the central handle travels up through the opening 223 in the pivot cover 123 . at the same time , rearward of the pivot pin 126 r , the ramp surface 227 travels down so that it is substantially coincident with the bearing wall 228 of the pivot cover 123 . in this position , the pin 121 r is free to travel forward , and the chair 100 is unlocked and can be folded . the pin 121 r travels between two generally parallel planar surfaces 228 , 329 of the pivot cover 123 and of the seat 132 , respectively . in some embodiments , the upper surface 314 may be created as part of an enclosing part which is attached to the pivot cover 123 and becomes part of the pivot cover subassembly 122 s . to open and lock the chair 100 , the coordinated unfolding of the front leg subassembly 101 s , the rear leg subassembly 110 s and the back subassembly 137 s cause the angle stop subassembly 118 s to also move and the pin 121 r to travel rearward . as the pin 121 r travels rearward , it engages the ramp angle surface 227 r of the pivot arm 124 causing the ramp angle surface 227 r to pivot downward . as the ramp angle surface 227 r pivots downward , it encounters increasing resistance due to the increased pressure created by the compression spring 125 r . when the downward movement reaches a point where the ramp angle is generally coincident with the bearing surface 228 , the pin 121 r can pass further until it is stopped by a seat wall 327 . at this point , the pin has passed the rear surface 226 of the pivot arm 124 , and the pivot arm 124 now travels upward due to the compression spring 125 r pressure , effectively locking the pin 121 r and the chair 100 in the open position . the central handle 224 fits within the opening 223 in the pivot cover 123 and has minimal clearance in the rest position . when depressed , the central handle 224 travels upward in an arc and so the front surface 225 is contoured in a concentric arc to reduce the likelihood of interference with the leading edge of the opening 223 . fig1 b is a section view of the pivot cover subassembly 352 s attached to the seat 353 with the angle stop subassembly 350 s and the folding chair 100 in the folded locked position . when the chair is in a folded closed position , the rod 390 attached to the angle part 389 of the angle stop subassembly 350 s is trapped in position by the downward extension of the cantilever beam 408 r , a rear rib surface 412 of the cantilever beam 408 r , an upper control surface 414 of the control enclosure part 404 , and a lower control surface 413 of the pivot cover 403 . in this position , the chair 100 is effectively locked . to open the chair 100 , the central handle 224 is pressed , which causes the upward extension 407 r of the pivot bar 405 to move upward and cause the corresponding cantilever beam 408 r to bend upward . when the rib 412 of the cantilever beam 408 r moves up far enough , the rod 390 is free to move rearward and the chair can be opened . a contact surface 410 between the pivot bar extension 407 r and the downward extension of the cantilever arm 408 r can be adjusted to control the amount of pressure needed to free the rod 390 and thus the effort needed to open the chair . in addition , the geometry of a junction 411 of the cantilever beam 408 r to the control enclosure part 404 can be adjusted to control the relative stiffness of the arm and the effort needed to deflect it . in another embodiment , the cantilever beam 408 r , which can be molded in , can be replaced with one or more separate attached parts that have a spring behavior to accomplish the locking function . during opening of the chair 100 , the freed rod 390 of the angle stop subassembly 350 s travels rearward between upper control surfaces 414 of the control enclosure part 404 and lower control surface 413 of the cover 403 until it once again becomes trapped by the geometry at the rear as shown in fig1 . this action effectively locks the chair in the open position as described previously . when weight is then applied to the seat 353 , the cantilever springs 418 l , 418 r bend upward from pressure of the rod 390 until the rod 390 rests against an upper pocket surface 419 of the track pockets 421 l , 421 r . in this position , vertical walls 420 l , 420 r block the forward motion of the rod 390 so that , even if the central handle 224 is depressed , the chair 100 is less likely to fold inadvertently . as the person gets up and weight is removed from the seat 353 , the cantilever springs 418 l , 418 r apply downward pressure to the rod 390 to return it to the track generally defined by the control surfaces 413 , 414 . when the cantilever springs 418 l , 418 r are compressed by the rod 390 , the maximum opening position of the chair is decreased slightly . to compensate , the angular travel of the rear leg , front leg and back subassemblies may be increased slightly to substantially maintain the desired stance of the chair 100 . when the rod 390 of angle stop assembly 350 s or pin 121 r of the angle stop assembly 118 s is released again as in fig1 a during closure of the chair 100 , the rod 390 is free to travel forward . when moving forward , the rod 390 encounters a ramp 415 of the cantilever beam 408 r that causes the beam 408 r to bend upward . the beam 408 r can bend upward until it contacts an underside surface 417 of the seat . but just prior to this maximum deflection , the rod 390 passes forward of the lower edge of the rib surface 412 . the arm 408 r will then snap downward trapping the rod 390 , effectively locking the chair 100 again in the closed folded position . fig1 is an exploded view showing the construction technique employed in the front leg subassembly 101 s described earlier . additional detail shown here is the front stringer 102 connection to the left post 103 l utilizing an integral shaft 328 , which can be molded . in a similar manner , the joint 106 l has a mating shaft 330 l , which can be molded . in this embodiment , both shafts have an elliptical cross section that fits into a mating elliptical section of the extruded post 103 l . the front stringer 102 preferably has a curved back profile 335 for greater front foot clearance . a top curve height 336 preferably drops down in the center to allow foot and shoe heels to be pulled back during seating . the curved back profile 335 is reinforced at the rear with a rail extension 337 molded into the illustrated front stringer 102 . the shaft 328 has a stop ridge 329 that correctly orients the post 103 l as it slides onto the shaft 328 . in a similar manner , the joint 106 l preferably has a stop ridge 331 that correctly orients the post 103 l as it slides onto the shaft 330 l . the joint 106 l preferably has a recessed surface 334 l that has a curved edge in clearance with the mating surface of the left gear box subassembly 168 s . a further recess socket 332 l fits over the mating shaft of 2 . 0l gear / axle 150 . the opposite side of recess socket 332 l has another recess 333 l used for a washer and connecting bolt . this recess is more clearly depicted on that joint 106 r as the recess 333 r . as described earlier , the joint 106 l and the front stringer 102 are connected to the extruded post 103 l with rivets or fasteners , for example . in some embodiments , the integral shaft 330 l of the joint 106 l and the integral shaft 328 of the front stringer 102 may be constructed with a tighter fit and employ a snap detail that would securely position within a respective slot within the extruded post 103 l . such a construction might be appropriate if the joint 106 l were to become part of the gearbox subassembly 168 s for assembly efficiency , for example . in a similar fashion , the snap detail attachment method could be employed in rear leg subassembly and back subassembly described below . fig1 illustrates an exploded view of the rear leg subassembly 110 s . the assembly technique and details are similar to those used in the front leg subassembly 101 s . the rear stringer 111 curves back from the rear edge of the posts 112 r , 112 l to reduce the likelihood of interference in the closed state with the front leg subassembly 101 s stringer 102 . the rear stringer 111 can be reinforced with a rail extension 340 , which can be molded near the upper edge at the rear . the illustrated rail extension 340 comprises two pass - through slots 341 , 342 that are used with a security cable to string together multiple chairs in larger gatherings . fig1 illustrates an exploded view of the back subassembly 137 s . the assembly technique and details are similar to those used in the front leg subassembly 101 s and the rear leg subassembly 110 s . the back 138 preferably comprises a handle 345 integrally molded with a hand clearance slot 346 . the handle 345 can comprise a carved back contour profile 347 that forms a half circle section . when two folded chairs are placed back to back the handle profiles are adjacent and form a complete circle section that can be carried as a single handle . this enables two folded chairs to be carried in one hand . in some embodiments , the shaft 343 of the back 138 can comprise a single hole that mates with the hole 141 r of the right post 139 r and that accepts a pin connector . the shaft 343 cross - section can be contoured for a snug fit with the right post 139 r , the stop ridge 344 can establish position , and the pin can be used to retain position . in some embodiments , the shaft 343 has a clearance fit with the right post 139 r and two pins or rivets are used , for example . one pin can mate with the hole 141 r to retain position , while the second pin can mate with the hole 140 r to reduce the likelihood of off centerline orientation . in such an embodiment , the stop ridge 344 would not be available to establish position . fig1 illustrates a detail and a section view of a 50 percentile ( approximately 68 . 8 ″ tall ) u . s . male carrying two folded chairs 100 in his right hand and one folded chair 100 in his left hand . in some preferred embodiments , the integral handle 345 of the backrest 138 is contoured as described above such that when two chairs are carried back - to - back the carved back contour profile forms a circle section that is carried as a single handle . carrying two chairs in one hand is suitable for adults of average height ( 50 percentile ) and grip size . in an alternate embodiment , the contour profile 347 of the integral handle 345 is adjusted to fit smaller grip sizes . it can be appreciated that the overall length of the folded chair 100 in the folded position can be compact such that it is possible for a child of 9 years of age ( approximately 53 ″ tall ) to carry the chair in one hand with the arm fully extended in the downward relaxed position . in chairs of length exceeding 23 ″ the child would have to raise the arm to avoid dragging the chair and fatigue sets in quickly . the overall chair 100 width can be determined primarily by the gearbox housings 145 s , 168 s , and also by the front and rear stringers 102 , 111 . in some embodiments , the width can be reduced by decreasing the gear diameters ( but not the gear ratios ) of the geartrains and the enclosing housings . the front leg , rear leg and back subassembly components can then be reduced in width . also , in some embodiments , the front and rear stringers 102 , 111 are made flat and so the effective overall chair width is driven only by the gear housings . such configurations can be especially desirable to minimize arm flare - out when carrying two chairs in one hand . although certain features , aspects and advantages of the present invention have been disclosed in the context of certain preferred embodiments , examples and variations , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and / or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof . in addition , while a number of variations of the invention have been shown and described in detail , other modifications , which are within the scope of this invention , will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure . it is specifically contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the invention . it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed invention . moreover , some variations that have been described with respect to one embodiment and not another embodiment can be used with such other embodiments . many other variations also have been described herein and cross - application is intended where physically possible . thus , it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above , but should be determined only by a fair reading of the claims that follow .
a folding chair utilizes a gear train to control a folding motion and to achieve a compact closed form . while holding a handle integrated into a backrest , the weight of the chair allows it to open and unfold automatically into an open position . the folding chair locks in place in the open position . to refold the chair , a button is depressed to release the lock and the seat is pulled toward the backrest . the gear train refolds the front and rear legs . in the compact folded position , the lightweight chair can be carried with one hand in a relaxed position , similar to an attache case . the handle is contoured so that it is possible for an adult to carry two chairs back to back in each hand .