fig1 is a diagram of an embodiment of an injectable device . fig2 is a diagram of an embodiment of an injectable device . fig3 is a diagram of an embodiment of an injectable device . fig4 is a diagram of an embodiment of an injectable device . fig5 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module which can be used in a device described herein . the module includes a chamber which can be used to contain a dry component . fig6 is a diagram of an embodiment of a second module which can be used in a device described herein . the module includes a chamber which can be used to contain a liquid component . fig7 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module an embodiment of a second module in an engaged position . fig8 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module an embodiment of a second module . fig9 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module an embodiment of a second module in an initial phase of an engaged position . fig1 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module an embodiment of a second module in a completely engaged position . referring to fig1 , an embodiment of a syringe includes three sections herein referred to as lower ( 1 ), middle ( 2 ), and upper ( 3 ). with the exception of the moisture resistant , e . g ., metal foil , seals , spring ( 5 ) and compressed gas reservoir ( 6 ), all the other parts can be manufactured by plastic injection molding . the lower section includes cylindrical housing ( 1 ), further defined by orifice ( 13 ), cap 13 a , and one or a plurality , e . g ., three or four , evenly spaced grooves ( 12 ) on the inside of ( 1 ) at the end facing piston 9 a . the space ( 13 b ) within ( 1 ) is reserved for lyophilized drug ( 14 ). the middle section is characterized by cylindrical housing ( 2 ) having an exterior thread ( 2 a ) and is further defined by a fluid reservoir ( 15 ) containing an aqueous diluent ( 15 a ). fluid reservoir ( 15 ) is bounded by two pistons , e . g ., rigid pistons having elastomeric seals or elastomeric pistons ( 9 a , b ) having metal foil seals on the outside aspect of housing ( 2 ). housing ( 2 ) may be manufactured separately from housing ( 1 ) such that it can be further characterized by a vapor deposited metal film on its outer surface . ( vapor barrier metalization is desirable if the material does not have a suitable vapor transmission characteristics .) housing ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) must be securely mated at the time of assembly . this 2 - part assembly allows for visual inspection of the mixing of diluent ( 15 a ) with lyophilized drug ( 14 ) while at the same time providing a vapor transmission barrier around the contained diluent ( 15 ). the metallized vapor barrier consisting of the metal foil seals on the outer ends of plungers ( 9 a , b ) and the coating on the outside of housing ( 2 ) will aid in ensuring a long shelf - life for the product . in addition to glass , metal foils and coatings offer the best protection against water vapor transmission . since the syringe assembly will be packaged in a foil pouch , any water vapor escaping from the diluent reservoir will accumulate within the air inside the foil pouch . this accumulated water vapor may have an adverse effect on the stability of the lyophilized drug . this can be prevented or greatly reduced by the all encompassing metal barrier surrounding diluent reservoir ( 15 ). the upper section includes cylindrical housing ( 3 ) having floating plunger ( 10 ), a space ( 11 ), fixed actuator ( 4 ), spring ( 5 ), compressed gas reservoir ( 6 ), release button ( 7 ) and detents ( 16 ). housing ( 3 ) is further characterized by a thread ( 3 a ) on the inside of the housing which mates with that ( 2 a ) on the outside of middle section ( 2 ). referring to fig2 , and 4 , use of the device is described . the device is removed from its foil pouch . the foil seal is removed from housing ( 1 ) and assembled with housing ( 2 ). ( in some embodiments the foil seal is pierced automatically when the chambers are engaged .) holding the syringe assembly in the vertical position with orifice 13 pointing up , grasp the lower section ( 2 ) ( end facing up ) with one hand and with the other rotate housing ( 3 ) around housing ( 2 ). this action results in floating plunger ( 10 ) pushing against plunger ( 9 b ) thereby pushing diluent column ( 15 a ) and plunger ( 9 a ) into the space defined by grooves ( 12 ). pistons 9 a and 9 b are under radial compression . since plunger ( 9 a ) is under compression when assembled , it expands when it enters the space surrounding grooves ( 12 ) thereby providing resistance to further movement . this is depicted in fig2 . the hydraulic coupling between the two pistons 9 a and 9 b is removed once the piston 9 a is positioned with the grooves around it allowing the fluid to transfer to chamber ( 1 ). as housing ( 3 ) is further rotated , diluent ( 15 a ) flows by piston 9 a through grooves ( 12 ) and into space ( 13 b ) containing lyophilized drug ( 14 ) until all the diluent is pushed into housing ( 1 ) at which time housing ( 3 ) reaches the end of its travel ( e . g ., approximately ¾ turn , the amount of rotation can vary , e . g ., on the thread pitch selected ). this is depicted in fig3 . the air displaced by diluent ( 15 a ) escapes through the hydrophobic vent in cap ( 13 a ). in this position piston 9 a and 9 b have made contact and jointly form a seal over the fluid transfer slots . the syringe assembly is rocked in a back and forth motion until the drug is totally dissolved and thoroughly mixed with diluent ( 15 a ). to inject the drug into the body , cap 13 a is removed and while holding the syringe assembly in the vertical position , orifice 13 is pressed against the skin . the thumb is then used to press injection button ( 7 ). this action locks the button in position at detents 16 , actuator ( 4 ) seats against the chamfered end of opening 11 . when gas reservoir ( 6 ) hits the pointed end of the actuator ( 4 ), a seal is ruptured in reservoir ( 6 ) thereby releasing the compressed gas contained therein . the gas escapes through actuator ( 4 ) and into opening ( 11 ) where it impinges upon the bottom of floating plunger ( 10 ). plunger ( 10 ) pushes against mated pistons ( 9 a , b ) ( see fig3 ) thereby expelling the drug through orifice 13 and into the skin . the entire injection process is complete less than 2 seconds . the final position of the pistons is depicted in fig4 . at this point , the injection is complete and the syringe is ready for disposal . actuator ( 4 ), radial slots ( 11 a ) and orifice ( 13 ) as well as the material surrounding and defining opening 11 can be designed so as to optimize the pressure profile . the interface between the outside surface of the fixed cylinder ( 11 ) and the inside plunger ( 10 ) can be configured to optimize the pressure profile during the injection phase . devices in the art have used a variety of pressure profiles . while not wishing to be bound by a particular theory or approach , one potential profile can include an initial high - pressure spike . (− 4000 psi ) of very short duration ( on the order of milliseconds ) which creates a channel through the skin . the high - pressure spike is followed by a rapid fall in pressure to a constant level (− 2 , 000 psi ). this pressure is sufficient to keep the skin channel open and to allow for drug flow through the channel and into the body . in another embodiment , the gas pressure can be generated by a chemical reaction similar to that found in automobile air bags . this chemical reaction is extremely fast and efficient and creates a source of high - pressure nitrogen gas . as is discussed below , the chambers which hold the two substances can be provided by separate modules . the lower ( 1 ) and middle ( 2 ) sections of fig1 can be replaced with the modular components described herein . devices of the invention can include separate modules for a first component , e . g ., a dry component , and a second component , e . g ., a liquid component . the modules can be provided as two separate components and assembled , e . g ., by the subject who will administer the component to himself or herself , or by another person , e . g ., by an individual who provides or delivers health care . together , the modules can form all or part of the piston housing of devices described herein . e . g ., they can supply ( 1 ) the lower and middle ( 2 ) sections of fig1 . in such embodiments one module , referred to herein as a second component or liquid component module , can supply the second chamber , second piston , and a part of the piston housing , and a second module , referred to herein as a storage and mixing , or dry component module , can supply the first piston , first chamber , and a part of the piston housing . although the description provided herein refers to a liquid component and a lyophilized or other dry component it will be understood that the methods and devices can be used to provide any first and second component where it is desirable to store or provide the components separately and combine them prior to administration to a subject . fig5 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module ( 20 ) which includes first module housing ( 21 ) having an orifice ( 22 ), fluid bypass passages ( 23 ), threads ( 24 ) for engagement with a second module , and a piercing element ( 25 ). piston ( 26 ) is disposed within first module housing ( 20 ). first module seal ( 27 ) is disposed so as to prevent contact of the atmosphere with the chamber ( 28 ). cap ( 29 ) covers orifice ( 22 ) and protects it until use . a dry substance , e . g ., a lyophilized protein can be disposed within chamber ( 28 ). fig6 is a diagram of an embodiment of a second module ( 30 ) which includes second module housing ( 31 ), threads ( 32 ) for engagement with a first module , and a piercing element ( 33 ). piston ( 34 ) is disposed on second module housing ( 30 ). second module seal ( 35 ) is disposed so as to prevent contact of the atmosphere with the chamber ( 36 ). a liquid substance , e . g ., a diluent or carrier , can be disposed within chamber ( 36 ). fig7 is a diagram of an embodiment of an assembled piston housing unit ( 40 ) which includes a first and second module . the assembled piston housing unit can be used with the injectors described herein . as shown , the engaged first and second module is then engaged with other components of the unit . however , assembly is not limited to this sequence , e . g ., the second module can be combined with other elements and then engaged with the first module . when the modules are incorporated into the assembled injector movement of second piston ( 34 ) in the direction of first piston ( 26 ) causes the contents of chamber ( 36 ) to enter chamber ( 28 ), by way of bypass ( 23 ). travel of piston ( 26 ) so as to reduce the volume of chamber ( 28 ) results expulsion of the contents of chamber ( 28 ) through orifice ( 22 ). in the embodiment described in fig7 , piston ( 26 ) is disposed such that it need not be moved relative to bypass ( 23 ) to allow communication of chamber ( 36 ) with chamber ( 28 ). in other modular embodiments , piston ( 26 ) and bypass ( 23 ) are disposed analogous to the pistons shown in fig1 , i . e ., disposed relative to one another such that piston ( 26 ) must be displaced to allow communications between chamber ( 36 ) and chamber ( 28 ). fig8 , and 10 show another embodiment of a modular device . fig8 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module ( 60 ) and second module ( 50 ). first module ( 60 ) includes first module housing ( 61 ) having an orifice ( 62 ), fluid bypass passages ( 63 ). piston ( 64 ) is disposed within first module housing ( 60 ). first module seal ( 65 ) is disposed so as to prevent contact of the atmosphere with the chamber ( 66 ). a dry substance , e . g ., a lyophilized protein can be disposed within chamber ( 66 ). also shown is a second module ( 50 ) which includes second module housing ( 51 ) and piston ( 52 ) which is disposed in second module housing ( 50 ). second module seal ( 53 ) is disposed so as to prevent contact of the atmosphere with the chamber ( 54 ). a liquid substance , e . g ., a diluent or carrier , can be disposed within chamber ( 54 ). fig9 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module an embodiment of a second module in an initial phase of an engaged position . piercing elements ( 67 ) have not yet pierced seals ( 68 ). fig1 is a diagram of an embodiment of a first module an embodiment of a second module in a completely engaged position . piercing elements ( 69 ) have pierced seals ( 70 ) allowing communication between chambers ( 71 ) and ( 72 ). operation of modular embodiments is otherwise analogous to that described for the embodiment shown in fig1 . the invention provides for the delivery of a mixture of two substances from the first chamber , a first substance originally held in the first chamber and a second substance originally held in the second chamber but transferred into the first by operation of the device . the first substance can be a dry substance , e . g ., a lyophilized protein , nucleic acid , e . g ., rna or dna , or polysaccharide . the first substance can be a vaccine , or a drug . the first substance can be a peptide , polypeptide , or protein , e . g ., an antibody , an enzyme , a hormone or growth factor . particularly preferred first substances include insulin . the first substance can be : a blood protein , e . g ., clotting factor viii or a ix , complement factor or component ; a hormone , e . g ., insulin , growth hormone , thyroid hormone , a catecholamine , a gonadotrophin , pmsg , a trophic hormone , prolactin , oxytocin , dopamine and the like ; a growth factor , e . g , egf , pdgf , ngf , igf &# 39 ; s and the like ; a cytokine , e . g ., an , interleukin , csf , gmcsf , tnf , tgf - alpha , tgf - beta . and the like ; an enzyme , e . g ., tissue plasminogen activator , streptokinase , cholesterol biosynthetic or degradative , glycosolases , and the like ); a binding protein , e . g ., a steroid binding protein , a growth hormone or growth factor binding protein and the like ; an immune system protein , e . g ., an antibody , sla or mhc gene or gene product ; an antigen , e . g ., a bacterial , parasitic , or viral , substance or generally allergens and the like . the second substance can be a liquid , e . g ., a diluent or solute . such liquids can include buffers , inert fillers , pharmaceutically acceptable carriers , or the like . the subject can be a human or an animal , e . g ., a laboratory animal , or pet , e . g ., a dog or cat , or other animal , e . g ., a bovine , a swine , a goat , or a horse . the first and second substance can be combined by the subject , or by another person . the size and shape of the orifice on the end of the syringe is important not only for obtaining the proper pressure profile , but also for minimizing or eliminating the possibility of protein shearing when using protein based drugs . this means the orifice must have a very smooth surface . typically , shearing off a gate on the end of the syringe forms the orifice . this may result in a jagged edge , which can shear proteins . it is preferred to provide an orifice with edges which are sufficiently smooth such that protein shearing is minimized , e . g ., an orifice sufficiently smooth such that after passage through the orifice in normal use a protein drug , e . g ., insulin , retains at least , 40 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 , 90 , or 95 % of a biological activity . a pin in the mold , or more preferably , laser machining , can be used to form the orifice . laser machining , in particular , forms a very precise hole having a smooth surface . the lower section of the syringe ( 1 in drawing ) can be used as a lyophilization chamber . upon completion of lyophilization , a metal foil seal will be bonded over the end of chamber ( 1 ) where it mates with chamber ( 2 ). the end of chamber ( 2 ) will also have a bonded foil seal . the product will come in two or three parts . the user can remove the foil seals from chambers ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) and connect them together by means of a snap lock , mechanism . in other embodiments the action of the chambers being connected will automatically shear the seals and contain them is a manner so as not to allow entry of portions of seal into the first chamber . the combined piece will then be threaded into the upper chamber ( 3 ) having the plunger means and actuator . in modular embodiments , the drug is deposited in the storage chamber ( see chamber ( 28 ) of fig5 and fig7 ).
injection devices , such as needleless injection devices , and methods of making and using the same are disclosed .