the principles and operation of a method according to the present invention may be understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description . in accordance with the present invention , structured illumination containing stored random patterns is used to convey surficial features to an intra - oral scene to be modeled in three dimensions by a single image , wherein triangulation is performed relative to a stored image of the structured illumination impinging from a different angle on a known surface , such as a plane . the method of the invention can be applied in various dental applications and fields , as well as be put to use in dental veterinary practice , and forensic dental medicine . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , the light projected on the site of interest within the mouth bears randomly - structured and randomly - distributed patterns such that each projected pattern is probabilistically unique over the entire area onto which the light has been projected . to illustrate the method of the invention reference is made to fig2 a and fig2 b . an acquired image 60 is bounded by boundary line 62 . within image 60 , several distinct pixel aggregates 64 , 66 , and 68 are apparent , such that each aggregate forms a distinct pattern which is different from the other patterns , and also being distinctly different from a background 70 . in fig2 b , a pattern 84 is now defined as a separate entity , delineated schematically by a dashed line ellipsoid . a pattern 86 is likewise defined and delineated , and a pattern 88 is a third pattern so delineated . it is once again noted that these patterns of the present invention are two - dimensional , in contrast to prior - art patterns , such as those of corby , which are one - dimensional . in accordance with the present invention , the saved random patterns are projected on the intra - oral scene to be modeled , such that the probability for a certain pattern to appear more than once on the projected area is extremely low . at the image level , a projected pattern is defined as a specific pattern of aggregated pixels . an additional aspect of certain embodiments of the present invention is that any pixel pattern is characterized not only by its form , i . e . the specific shapes formed by the pixels at each point , but also by the distribution ( i . e ., the order and relative proximity to other patterns ) of the patterns within the structured illumination . hence , the order and relative proximity to other patterns within the image can be used to distinguish points from one another and to properly match corresponding points in the different images . in particular , in certain embodiments of the present invention the patterns are randomly distributed over an intra - oral scene , in addition to being randomly shaped . the term “ randomly distributed ” herein denotes that a pattern itself , separate from shape thereof , has been generated with a random position in the intra - oral scene . thus in fig2 b , at the image level , pattern 84 ( which is equivalent to pattern 64 ) lies to the left of pattern 86 ( which is equivalent to pattern 66 ) and pattern 88 ( which is equivalent to pattern 68 ) in a clockwise order . as can be seen , the identified patterns not only differ from each other , but also are distributed and have a spatial relationship with other patterns of the image . when matching patterns corresponding to the same single point of the structured illumination are obtained in the image of the intra - oral scene and the reference image , triangulation can be performed to determine the z - axis position of the pattern . the x - y positions of the pattern can be obtained directly from the image . together , the three - dimensional x - y - z position of the pattern can thus be obtained for 3d modeling . fig3 illustrates an example of a randomly - generated pattern 101 whose random information content extends one - dimensionally in a direction 103 in the x - y plane . the pattern contains bands of varying width , similar to the familiar “ bar code ” patterns , except that the widths and spacing between the bands are assigned randomly . no random information is encoded perpendicular to direction 103 . a narrow version of pattern 101 is shown in a pattern 105 . although the restriction of encoding the random information in a single direction limits the amount of information that can be contained in the pattern , and thereby allows a higher probability of aliasing , this can be overcome by generating a continuous pattern , which permits continuous and uninterrupted tracking across the images . that is , this form of structured illumination is conducive to the projecting of a series of scanned lines over the intra - oral scene , rather than a grid of points . the information content in the lines can therefore be increased to achieve effective anti - aliasing . in addition , there are certain advantages to restricting the information to a single direction in a manner as presented in fig3 . because the information content is constrained to a direction parallel to the scan , the analysis and matching of corresponding patterns in the different images is simpler than for patterns of spots ( such as illustrated in fig2 a and 2b ), where the information is two - dimensional . thus , analysis is faster for the one - dimensional patterns as exemplified in fig3 . fig4 is a flow - chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention , by which random patterns are generated and saved . in a step 121 two - dimensional random patterns are generated ( as previously detailed ) and are saved for use in structured illumination in a two - dimensional array 123 . array 123 may be saved utilizing photographic storage , such as in a slide which is suitable for projecting the array onto a surface . then , array 123 with the previously - described random patterns is projected onto a reference surface in a step 125 from a first angle relative to the reference surface . in an embodiment of the present invention , the reference surface is a plane . in another embodiment of the present invention , the reference surface is a general surface with a mathematical description an image of the structured illumination on the reference surface from the projection of array 123 is acquired and saved as a reference image 127 . next , array 123 is projected at the previously - used first angle ( see above ) onto the intra - oral scene in a step 129 . in a step 131 , an image 133 of the intra - oral scene is captured from a second angle relative to the intra - oral scene . it is noted that image 133 contains the point locations where the projection of array 123 impinges on the surface of the intra - oral scene — that is , image 133 contains a two - dimensional image of the structured illumination on the surface of the intra - oral scene . finally , in a step 135 the points of structured illumination of array 123 in image 133 are matched with the points of structured illumination of array 123 in reference image 127 , and the z - axis positions of those points are computed by triangulation , using parallax measurements , to obtain a three - dimensional model 137 of the intra - oral scene . fig5 is a schematic representation of a system for three - dimensional modeling of the surface features of an intra - oral scene for a dental application , the system comprising a generator 51 for generating a two - dimensional array of a plurality of random , one or two - dimensional patterns . the pattern created is stored in a storage medium operative to allow projecting said array 52 , and a first projector 92 for projecting said array from said projectable medium onto a reference surface 93 from a first angle . an acquisition unit 94 is a first acquiring means for acquiring a first image 95 of said array projected on said reference surface from a second angle . a second projector 92 is used for projecting said array from said projectable medium onto the intra - oral scene at said first angle and a second acquiring means , and acquisition unit 53 for acquiring a second image 55 of said array projected on the intra - oral scene from said second angle . a first position calculator 56 is used for calculating the two - dimensional relative positions of said random patterns based on the relative positions thereof in an image , and a pattern - matching means for matching said random two - dimensional patterns in said first image 95 with said random two - dimensional patterns in said second image 55 . a parallax calculator 57 is used for calculating the parallax between said random patterns in said first image 95 with said random patterns in said second image 96 . a second position calculator 58 is used for calculating three - dimensional relative positions of the random patterns based on the two - dimensional relative positions and said parallax , and a modeling means 59 for constructing a three - dimensional model of the intra - oral scene based on said three - dimensional relative positions . a system used by the user needs the reference image but not the means of generating the reference image . fig6 is a physical representation of a system for three - dimensional modeling of the surface features of an intra - oral scene for a dental application , the system comprising a generator 51 for generating a two - dimensional array of a plurality of random , one or two - dimensional patterns . the pattern created is stored in a storage medium 92 a operative to allow projecting the array on the intra oral surface 53 from firs angle using a projector 92 , the imaging unit 54 captures an image from second angle . the projector 92 provides information regarding the projected array and the projecting angle to the first position calculator 56 and the imaging unit 54 provides the captured image with the capturing angle to the first position calculator 56 that transfers the results to the parallax calculator 57 . the parallax calculator 57 result is transferred to the second position calculator 58 , which transfers the result to the modeling unit 59 . the pattern matching unit 96 matches the projected array received from the projector 92 and the captured image that includes the array received from the imaging unit 54 , the result is transferred to the modeling unit 59 , which use the whole information to create a 3 d model of the intra oral surface 53 . although the use of a single image is preferable in intra - oral use because of space constraints , it is also possible to use the present invention with multiple images as well . in this case , embodiments of the present invention utilize the above method for generating storable random structured illumination patterns as described herein , and then using those patterns with multiple - imaging techniques as exemplified in fig1 and previously described . in dentistry , reconstitution of dental elements is a common practice . projecting illuminated structures on intra oral objects to be modeled , can provide for an inexpensive yet advantageous background for a potentially efficacious 3d modeling of the oral cavity parts . other applications for 3d mapping of intra - oral features include , but are not limited to : forensic dental medicine ; insurance purposes ; examination and treatment planning ; and treatment automation . this particular invention is advantageous as it does not require a perfect projection on an ideal surface , and existing surficial features present on intra oral objects may even enhance the random surficial pattern . while the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments , it will be appreciated that many variations , modifications and other applications of the invention may be made .
a method for creating three - dimensional models of intra - oral scenes features . the intra - oral scene is illuminated by a two - dimensional array of structured illumination points , with anti - aliasing achieved by using stored two - dimensional patterns of pixels for anti - aliasing . using a single camera to form images reduces the amount of apparatus necessary to introduce into the patient &# 39 ; s mouth . three - dimensional models are obtained from the single image by triangulation with a stored image of the structured illumination onto a reference surface such as a plane . alternative methods include the use of “ bar - coded ” one - dimensional patterns .