the following is a detailed description of the invention provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present invention . those of ordinary skill in the art may make modifications and variations in the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention . unless otherwise defined , all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs . the terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention . all publications , patent applications , patents , figures and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety . neurostimulation delivers a localized electrical signal to neural tissue , spinal cord , or peripheral nerves . it is useful for treating neurodegenerative diseases , such as , for example , for reducing the tremors that occur in parkinson &# 39 ; s patients or for treating pain resulting from chronic pain conditions . there are two types of implantable neurstimulation systems : those that are completely implantable and others that have both external and internal components . current neurostimulation systems that are completely implantable include an implanted power source , such as a battery . these systems are not suitable for implantation into the brain due to size constraints and biocompatibility concerns . other systems have percutaneous wires connecting the external system to the implanted part of the system for power delivery and telemetry . percutaneous wires are problematic in the body as they can increase the likelihood of infection at the point of skin penetration . there are also other problems that can result , for example , in systems that make use of percutaneous neurostimulators that penetrate neural tissue while being anchored in the tissue outside the dura mater . because these neurostimulators are rigid , the movement between neural tissue and the outside tissue results in mechanical damage to the neural tissue . neurostimulation through a wireless implantable device presents a solution to these problems . furthermore , neurostimulators should be addressable so that specific areas in the neural tissue can be activated to allow controlled multisite stimulation . one design approach for the fabrication of addressable , light powered , wireless neurostimulators is to fabricate devices that exhibit wavelength specificity , thus allowing addressability through irradiation at various wavelengths . the main constraint of this approach is that only a few different devices can be individually addressed . the present invention relates to an alternate approach , namely to include on - chip circuitry that can decode a modulated light signal and can therefore be activated by a coded signal . the advantage of this is that many more devices can be addressed separately . these microfabricated electrostimulators are powered by near - infrared light ( near - ir ), allowing for wireless activation in neural tissue . the implantable part of the system contains photovoltaic devices , an energy storage device , and circuitry for signal demodulation and excitation control . they are microfabricated to allow small device dimensions ( on the order of 10 μm to 100 μm ) to minimized tissue damage on implantation . when illuminated with infrared radiation they are capable of generating an electrical current to induce an action potential in neurons that are in close proximity to the device . if the active areas are illuminated with infrared radiation , a voltage potential is generated between the anode and cathode . because the neurostimulators are small , they are easily implanted in neural tissue with minimal damage to the tissue . if they are in close proximity to a neuron , the voltage potential generated between the anode and cathode will initiate an action potential in the neuron due to the resultant injected electrical charge . near - ir is capable of penetrating neural tissue to a depth of several millimeters , making it possible to wirelessly stimulate the neurostimulators that are implanted into neural tissue . a possible setup is shown in fig3 where the neurostimulators are implanted inside the neural tissue in close proximity to the dura mater and are irradiated by a near - ir source ( in this case a vcsel array ) located outside the dura mater . power and telemetry connections to the near - ir source are provided by a peripheral source . fig2 depicts the top level schematic for the neurostimulators . the neurostimulators contain an array of photodiodes to charge an energy storage device , which generates an electric potential between anode and cathode . the energy storage device is charged by an array of photodiodes , which can be series connected to attain high voltage potentials . this energy storage device powers a control circuit , which has an input for a modulated control signal for addressability of individual neurostimulators . the modulated signal can be transmitted wirelessly via led emitters , e . g . leds , thus allowing addressability through a modulated output of the infrared radiation source . upon activation , the control circuitry will connect the energy storage device to the anode and cathode to generate a voltage potential and resulting in charge injection to the neural tissue to initiate an action potential . in one embodiment of the present invention a smart flames device can create potentials on the order of about one volt and run at rates exceeding 5 khz if desired . the stimulation duty cycle can approach up to about 40 % for said embodiment . the logical operation of certain embodiments of the present invention follows fig4 . for these embodiments , absent any signal long enough to discharge the energy stored in the device &# 39 ; s supply capacitance , the device enters the initial power state and requires a pulse to “ wake - up ”. the duration of this pulse must be at least long enough to bring the supply voltage to the expected supply voltage of approximately 1 . 2v - to approximately 1 . 4v , which has been shown to be in the preferred range of about 4 - to about - 5 μs for said embodiments . for said embodiments , once the pulse is off for longer than δt packet , the device enters a known steady - state , the reset state , and following this , is a series of short pulses that have an off - time less than δt reset . for said embodiment , each short pulse iterates a count , starting from zero , on the count block circuitry with the maximum number of independent addresses determined by the number of count circuits that can be fit on a stimulator of said embodiment . after the targeted address has been pulsed the correct number of times , a long pulse will deliver the necessary charge to initiate a controlled stimulation for said embodiments . if the pulse is off for greater then δ treset the device goes back to reset state and waits for the next correct sequence , and if the device does not receive the correct count and long stimulate pulse , it does not attempt to do anything and will always enter the reset state after the control signal is off for δt reset . in said embodiments , because the stimulus pulse occurs shortly after the pulsing portion of the packet , the time between activation of different addresses is variable and is dependent on the address id number . therefore , in these embodiments , a device which is unselected will not enter the stimulated state and return to the reset state after the control signal is off for δt reset . in another embodiment of the present invention , after initial powering up from either a short pulse or after a stimulate pulse , a microstimulator enters the reset state after the pulse is off for greater then treset . then , for said embodiment , said microstimulator will receive a specified number of short pulses during the count state . subsequently , a long pulse ( t stimulate ) delivers the electric energy needed for stimulation , as illustrated in the transition from count state to the stimulate state as seen in fig4 . for said embodiment , if the address id matches the pulsed count then the output is enabled during this time . after the stimulate pulse , the device of one embodiment of the present invention returns to the reset state and then the process is repeated . to decode and utilize the optical packets of certain embodiments of the present invention , the system can be divided into four functional blocks : optical power and controls , reset detection , pulse counting , and stimulation . in one embodiment of the present invention , the optical power and controls provide the external inputs and operating voltages needed to use the circuits while the reset detection and pulse counting stages control the functional state of the device , with the stimulation block controlling the output signal , a large voltage pulse that is used to stimulate neural tissue . together these functional blocks contain all the necessary circuitry to power and control the microdevice using encoded optical pulses . the floor plan of an exemplary smart flames is shown in fig5 . the basic shape with anode and cathode at opposite ends of the device has been studied and it was found that the voltage field in a volume conductor for any device size and current can be predicted as long as the aspect ratios are maintained ; a typical aspect ratio is between three - to - five . the anode and cathode contacts are placed on opposite ends of the device for the exemplary embodiment depicted in fig5 to maximize the stimulation effect in the neural tissue . as seen in fig5 , the critical circuitry is enclosed in the center and contains the reset detection , stimulation control , and pulse counting blocks with the logic circuitry surrounded by photodiodes to generate the necessary voltages for stimulation and circuit operation . in fig5 the dotted outline indicates the device geometry . in said embodiment a pointed tip facilitates insertion into the tissue . the photodiode power and control block has three sets of photodiodes for one embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , the first is a set of photodiodes to generate the current for stimulation of the neural tissue , the second set contains photodiodes to provide the necessary voltage to run the logic circuits , and the third photodiode set contains photodiodes with a resistive load to pulse shape the input so it can be used as a control signal . the output of this pulse shaping photodiode is the input for a two - stage inverter pair / buffer that supplies the control pulse to the other functional blocks with the buffered pulses used as inputs for the reset detection , counter , and stimulation stages . in one embodiment of the present invention , the reset detection stage is used to reset the counter and puts the circuit and logic into a known idle state while activation of the reset detection stage is done with an absence of a pulse for at least treset after any length pulse . this requires rapid pulsing by the count stage to prevent the device from incorrectly returning to the reset state , but advantageously allows the device to automatically reset after the end of each stimulation phase . in said embodiment , the counter stage has a finite number of count circuit elements , the number of which determines the maximum number of addressable stimulators , which will vary depending on the application . it may change from a few stimulators in the spinal cord to hundreds in the brain cortex . for example , one may implant from 1 to about 5 stimulators in the spinal cord . alternatively , for applications that require stimulation in the brain cortex , the number of stimulators required will be determined by the condition to be treated . for example , a condition that requires localized stimulation may require from about 10 to about 150 stimulators . other conditions may require from about 100 to about 800 stimulators . for use as a visual prosthesis , from about 600 to about a thousand stimulators may be required . other applications may require up to a million stimulators . the counter circuit is based on cmos dynamic logic , whereby an initial state is setup through the use of complementary reset signals that are provided by the reset detection stage . in said embodiment , the stimulate stage contains a series of photodiodes controlled by a nand logic gate with the two inputs to the nand gate activating the stage when the specific address is active in concert with a long positive pulse . in said embodiment , the long pulse detector is simply two long nmos devices , whose gates are tied to the shaped input pulse , connected in series to a capacitor which delays the nand gate from triggering on any short pulses , such as the count pulse . in said embodiment , the specific address input of the nand gate is a connection to a specific count stage . for example , for the fourth address of a smart flames device of one embodiment of the present invention , the input would be connected to the output of the fourth count block and each said device can only respond to one specific count , i . e . address id . the penetration depth of said device is variable and because the amount of attenuation of near infrared ( nir ) light , has a direct effect on the amount of absorbed power from an illumination source ; the device must be able to work across a large range of supply conditions . as shown in fig6 , in one embodiment of the present invention , shortly after the initial power - on pulse , complementary reset signals are activated , causing the system to reset by setting all count circuits inactive ( low ) which occurs when the microstimulator device of said embodiment is operating off stored energy on the supply voltage &# 39 ; s decoupling capacitor ; during this time the supply voltage decays exponentially . in said embodiment , after reset , the count pulses go off in order for the appropriate count stage . in said embodiment , they activate after the high - to - low transition and then deactivate following the subsequent low - to - high transition . when the previous count value is active ( high ) during the positive portion of a pulse , the next count can transition and becomes the active count for said embodiment . the stimulus portion of the packet comes after the correct count of a targeted device . this can cause a stimulus current to be applied to the contacts of the device in said embodiment . and after the stimulus portion of the packet transitions from high - to - low , the logic resets the device to the reset state and waits for another packet or eventually dissipates any remaining energy for said embodiment of the present invention . in one embodiment of the present invention an initial wake - up pulse must be supplied to activate the electronic circuits ; the duration of the wake - up pulse is 20 μs . subsequently , short pulses determine or count the specific channel number that should be selected ; these pulse periods are typically 2 - to - 4 μs for said embodiment while a longer stimulation pulse delivers the necessary power to induce stimulation , and this process can be repeated rapidly within 50 - to - 100 μs if desired . the feasibility of such a device must also be able to be used in range of parameters it will face in the cns . in one embodiment of the present invention , the device operates at speeds consistent with neural activity , that is , a stimulation pulse every 50 - to - 100 ms , with a 5 μs - to - 200 μs pulse width . in said embodiment , to maximize collection of optical energy , the photodiode surface area will occupy all available area after the control circuitry and electrode contacts have been placed . although the systems and methods of the present disclosure have been described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof , the present disclosure is not limited thereby . indeed , the exemplary embodiments are implementations of the disclosed systems and methods are provided for illustrative and non - limitative purposes . changes , modifications , enhancements and / or refinements to the disclosed systems and methods may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure . accordingly , such changes , modifications , enhancements and / or refinements are encompassed within the scope of the present invention .
stimulation of the central nervous system can be useful for treating neurological disorders . wireless neurostimulating devices have the benefit that they can float in tissue and do not experience the sheering caused by tethering tension that connecting wires impose on the stimulators . an optically powered , logic controlled , cmos microdevice that can decode telemetry data from an optical packet is a way of implementing wireless , addressable , microstimulators . through the use of an optical packet , different devices can be addressed for stimulation , allowing spatially selective activation of neural tissue . the present invention , involves such a neural stimulation device , specifically an optically powered cmos circuit that decodes telemetry data and determines whether it has been addressed .