although this invention is applicable to numerous and various types of skin injuries , it has been found particularly useful in the environment of burns , frostbite , and injuries due to prolonged periods of abnormal pressure . therefore , without limiting the applicability of the invention to burns , frostbite , and injuries due to prolonged periods of abnormal pressure , the invention will be described in such environment . referring now to fig1 a general schematic of a preferred implementation of an apparatus of the present invention is shown therein and generally referred to by reference numeral 50 . apparatus 50 consists of an enclosure 100 that seals a segment of the body 101 to form an enclosed chamber 102 . a tubing system 150 preferably consists of one or more tubes to provide an inflow of gas into the enclosed chamber 102 , preferably at a high relative ( gage ) pressure and to also provide for an outflow of gas from the enclosed chamber 102 to generate a relative ( gage ) negative pressure within the enclosed chamber 102 . a means 160 for generating the required relative vacuum and pressurized gas is also provided as is a control unit 170 . the control unit 170 has a valve system and preferably electronic control system , which is preferably equipped with a microcomputer to regulate the supply of pressurized air and vacuum to the enclosed chamber 102 . one or more sensors 180 are provided to sense the blood flow pulses and send appropriate signals through the one or more signal lines 181 to the control unit 170 to preferably synchronize the pressurization and vacuum generation cycles within the enclosed chamber 102 with the pulses of the blood flow . preferably , the synchronization is achieved by detecting the pulse near the injured area since there is a delay between the cardiac and local pressure pulses . in the schematic of fig1 and for the sake of simplicity , only one enclosing means 100 which is supplied by only one tubing system 150 are shown . it is however , understood that more than one enclosing means 100 may be applied to more than one segment of the patient body and that each enclosed chamber 102 may be supplied with more than one tubing system 150 , means for generating the and vacuum and pressurized gas 160 , and control unit 170 . in the present descriptions , air is considered to be the medium that is injected into the enclosed volume to generate the desired internal pressure . it should however be appreciated that any appropriate gas or fluid may also be similarly used . however , sterile air with a controlled amount of humidity and temperature is preferred in most situations . it may also be desirable to add an appropriate amount of medicating substances such as antimicrobial oils or similar liquids , preferably in the form of a gaseous substance or fluid mist , to the inflow stream . preferably , the medicine is added to the inflow stream of gas at a port 151 , for example by a pump 152 . a tubing line 153 connecting the outlet of the pump 152 to the port 151 preferably has a valve 154 which closes when the apparatus is in the vacuum cycle and opens when medicine is to be added to the inflow stream of gas . the pump 152 is preferably connected at its inlet to a medicine supply 155 . both the pump 152 and valve 154 are connected to the control unit 170 , which synchronizes them to deliver medicine to the inflow stream of gas when needed and to prevent the flow of medicine when the vacuum cycle is applied . alternatively , medicine can be manually injected into the port 151 or directly into the enclosure by any means known in the art , such as by a syringe ( not shown ). alternatively , a balloon ( not shown ) can be utilized in the enclosure 100 which is selectively inflated with a fluid to minimize the volume of the enclosed chamber 102 . in this way , an enclosure can be used on various size limbs or other body parts without the need for customization according the particular shape or size of the patients injured area . for instance , an enclosure 100 for a patients arm can be made relatively large to fit the largest of a person &# 39 ; s arm and the same enclosure can be used on patients having smaller arms by inflating the balloon inside the enclosed chamber 102 to minimize the volume of the enclosed chamber 102 . the pressurization and vacuum cycles are preferably synchronized with the cardiac systole and diastole so that as the blood is being pumped into the burned region , a vacuum is generated within the enclosed chamber 102 to assist in the inflow of the blood and the enclosed chamber 102 is pressurized to assist the flow of the blood out of the burned region . the synchronization may be with each cardiac cycle , or with a cardiac cycle after skipping one or more number of cycles . however , the apparatus may be operated without this synchronization , in which case the sensor 180 component of the apparatus is not required . the sensor to detect the patient &# 39 ; s pulse 180 is preferably one of the commonly used sensors in medial practice , such as an ekg or pressure sensor that senses the pulse at the location of the sensor . a sensor signal is sent from the sensor 180 to the control unit 170 that processes the signal to synchronize the relative vacuum generation and pressurization cycles by properly operating the control unit valves and the means of introducing various treatment substances into the enclosed chamber 102 . preferably , the negative pressure is applied as the blood is being pumped in and the positive pressure is applied as the blood is pumped out of the injured region . referring now to fig2 an example of a configuration of the means 160 for generating the required relative vacuum and pressurized gas , the control unit 170 , and the tubing system are shown in more detail . the pressurized air is preferably supplied by an air compressor 161 . in certain cases , the amount of pressure that is required may be within the range of fan or turbo or other similar types of air flow generation devices that may then be utilized . the vacuum is also preferably provided using a vacuum pump 162 . each of the air compressor 161 and vacuum pump 162 are connected to a respective tank 163 , 164 by appropriate plumbing 165 . the air compressor tank 163 must be fabricated to withstand high pressure , while the vacuum tank 164 must be fabricated to withstand a high vacuum . the plumbing 165 connects each tank 163 , 164 to the valving of the control unit 170 . however , when the amount of pressurized air to be delivered to the enclosed chamber 102 is relatively small , the required air may be delivered from essentially closed one or more chambers which are preferably sealed and are constructed with one or more flexible walls and are used to pump their enclosed air in and out of the enclosed chambers 102 . such “ pumps ” are preferably constructed with bellows and are operated with electrically driven actuation means . however , other constructions of such enclosures with one or more flexible walls may be utilized and be driven by electric , pneumatic or other actuation means . in general , by pumping an appropriate amount of air from the enclosed chamber 102 using the above essentially closed circuit pumping systems , the required level of vacuum may also be generated within the enclosed chamber 102 . in general , wherever the volume of the enclosed chamber 102 is small enough to allow the use of the above air pressure and vacuum generation system , the use of such systems are preferred over conventional compressors and vacuum pumps . the control unit 170 preferably comprises a programmable controller 171 , such as a pc , and a valve unit 172 . the programmable controller is programmable to operate the desired operation sequence and timing of the air compressor , 161 , vacuum pump , medicine pump 152 , and assorted valves . in fig2 valve 154 is not shown because it is preferably incorporated into the valve unit 172 . referring now to fig1 , there is shown a preferred implementation of the valve unit 172 . the valve unit 172 is preferably constructed and operates as follows . one or more solenoid valves 402 controls the flow of pressurized air into the enclosure 100 from the tank 163 through a pressure regulator 401 via piping 406 . the operator of the solenoid of the valve 402 is achieved by the signal from the programmable controller 171 . the outflow of the air from the enclosure 100 into the vacuum tank is controlled by one or more open - closed solenoid valves 404 . the air is exhausted into the vacuum tank 164 via piping 410 . more than one pressurized air inlets 406 and valves 402 may be used along the length of the enclosure 100 to achieve the sequential pressurization of the enclosure as previously described . in a similar manner , more than one vacuum outlet may be used to provide for the sequential negative pressure application to the injured area as previously described . when the free volume within the enclosure 100 is relatively large , the outflow of air may be accelerated and the capacity of the vacuum pump 162 and the vacuum tank 164 may be significantly reduced by providing an exhaust outlet operated by an exhaust fan 415 and one or more relatively large diameter solenoid valves , with the piping 411 . when utilized , the valves 412 are turned on first and when a considerable amount of the required air is exhausted , the valve 412 is closed and the valve 404 is then opened . one or more pressure sensors 416 are used to measure the pressure within the enclosure 100 and send the measurement by line 417 to the programmable controller 171 . the solenoid valves 402 , 404 , and 412 are operated by signals sent by the programmable controller via lines 419 , 418 , and 420 , respectively . a first variation of the enclosure 100 is shown in the schematic of fig3 . in fig3 a segment of the body , e . g ., a segment of the leg or the arm or the trunk 201 , is shown enclosed within a relatively rigid outer shell 202 . the outer shell 202 must be rigid so as not to deform under the pressurization or vacuum within the chamber 102 . the outer shell 202 is constructed with an outer wall 203 and sides 204 . the sides 204 have walls 205 to keep the outer wall 203 at a certain distance from the body segment surface ( skin ) and provide the enclosed volume 207 of the chamber 102 . lips 206 projecting from the walls 205 are also provided on the sides 204 to provide a relatively large surface area for contact with the body surface ( skin ) to distribute the contact forces over a large enough surface area during the operation of the apparatus 50 . the sides 204 and the outer wall 203 are preferably integrally formed . the lips 206 of the sides 204 are preferably sealed to the surface of the body segment to provide the sealed volume 207 . a layer of a relatively soft sealing material 212 , such as soft rubber , may be placed between the lips 206 and the body surface to conform to the body surface , to assist the sealing action , and to distribute the load more evenly over the body surface . the layer 212 and the sides 204 may also be integral . medical adhesive tape 208 is preferably used to secure the enclosure 100 to the patient , if necessary . the outer shell 202 may be constructed as one piece or may be made out of one or more segments that are attached and sealed together during the assembly . the outer wall 203 and / or the sidewalls 205 are provided with one or more openings with ports 209 to allow gas inflow and outflow from tubing system 150 . in the preferred embodiment , gas flows in from one or more ports while the air flows out from one or more other ports that are situated away from the inflow ports . one or more heating unit 210 may be provided in one or more inflow air streams and one or more temperature sensors 211 may be provided to measure the temperature within the enclosed volume 207 for the purpose of regulating the temperature of the air within the enclosed volume 207 and to keep the enclosed volume 207 close to a set temperature . the temperature sensor 211 preferably generates a signal indicative of the temperature within the chamber 102 and outputs the signal to the heating unit 210 either directly if the heating unit 210 has a processing capability or through the programmable controller 171 , which assumes control of the heating unit 210 . appropriate medication may be mixed with the inflow air through one or more ports 151 located on or near one or more air inlets 209 as described above , or may be introduced directly into the enclosed chamber through one or more sealed ports 213 . the surface ( skin ) of the segment of the body 201 located within the enclosure 100 maybe covered by a soft and flexible material 103 such as fabric , sponge , or silicon rubber or the like by specially constructed and possibly medicated material . the enclosed volume 207 may be partially or fully filled with an air permeable sponge type of material 104 ( shown in fig5 ) or the like to provide support for the outer wall 203 , and / or reduce the amount of required air inflow and outflow to produce the desired positive and negative relative pressure within the enclosed volume 207 to support the surface of the body . the air permeable material can also be spherical or other shaped pellets , as are known in the art . the shell 202 of the enclosure may be constructed in a tubular shape to go around a segment of the body such as arm , leg , thigh or the trunk as shown in fig3 . the shell 202 of the enclosure 100 may also be used to cover a certain area of the surface of the body 250 as shown schematically in fig4 the cross - section 5 - 5 of which is shown in fig5 . in fig3 and 5 , like elements are indicated by like reference numbers and perform in a like manner . the enclosure 100 of fig4 functions as described for the enclosure of fig3 . in fig4 and 5 , the peripheral elements 209 - 211 and 213 - 214 are not shown for the sake of simplicity but are understood to be included and function as previously described . the enclosure 100 may also be used on an extremity such as a foot , in which case it is preferably constructed with one opening with side structure 204 as shown in cross - sectional schematic of fig6 . in the schematic of fig6 for the sake of simplicity , only a small number of components of the enclosure are shown . but it is understood that all the components shown in fig3 are also present and utilized in the same manner in this variation of the enclosure 100 design . when the surface area of the outer wall of the enclosure shell 203 is small or has a shape that renders it relatively stiff to deformation into the enclosed volume 207 ( fig4 ), when the negative relative pressure is applied to the enclosed volume and when it is also relatively stiff and resists outward deformation when the positive relative pressure is applied to the enclosed volume 207 , then a simple plate with an appropriate thickness that is cut and formed to the required shape would be sufficient to form the outer surface 203 of the enclosure 202 and is also preferred . the outer wall 203 is preferably constructed with easily deformed and sterilized plate material such as plexiglas or other relatively hard plastics or metals such as stainless steel . a clear plastic port 105 for easy viewing of the covered surface is , however , preferred for at least a portion of the outer wall 203 surface to provide for a viewing window . referring now to fig7 there is shown another version of the enclosure 100 . the enclosure of fig7 is particularly well - adapted to appendages such as the arm or leg and is shown therein for use with the arm . the enclosure 100 of fig7 is constructed of a body 300 , a closed end fitting 302 , and preferably an open end fitting 304 . the body 300 preferably comprises at least one tubular rigid section . in the preferred implementation shown for adapting to an arm of a patient , two such rigid tubular sections 306 , 308 are shown . the sections 306 , 308 are preferably joined by a coupling 310 . the rigid sections 306 , 308 , closed end fitting 302 , open end fitting 304 , and coupling 310 are joined so as to provide an appropriately sealed chamber 102 . in this configuration , the rigid sections 306 , 308 can be appropriately sized to provide more or less volume as needed in a particular area of the appendage . in fig7 for the sake of simplicity , only a small number of components of the enclosure are shown . bit it is understood that all of the components shown in fig3 are also present and utilized in the same manner in this variation of the enclosure 100 design . referring now to fig8 there is shown the enclosure 100 of fig7 having a means for supporting the enclosure 100 on the patient . since the enclosure is pressurized at some points during treatment , and since the enclosure 100 of fig7 is closed as one end , it may have a tendency to fly off of the patient during the pressurization cycle . furthermore , the enclosure may tend to move upwards towards the armpit of the patient during the vacuum cycle . therefore , it is important that the enclosure 100 be properly supported and secured to the patient . preferably , this support is provided by a support bracket 312 and support strap 314 . the support bracket 312 is preferably fabricated from a rigid material and having an “ l ” shape . a first leg 316 of the “ l ” shape is fastened to the enclosure 100 and a second leg 318 of the “ l ” shape rests against an adjacent side of the patient . the first leg 316 may be adjustably connected to the enclosure 100 to vary the distance between the enclosure 100 and the side of the patient . the support strap is preferably fabricated from a flexible material that wraps around the torso of the patient and is attached to the enclosure at both ends 320 ( one of which is shown ). the support strap 314 also preferably has an adjustment means , such as a belt buckle ( not shown ) to vary its length . referring now to fig9 - 11 , another variation of the enclosure of the present invention is shown . in this variation , the outer wall of the enclosure shell 203 is constructed with variously shaped bubbles 251 that are hinged together , preferably with living hinges 253 , to allow them to conform to the shape of the body , leaving a relatively small space between the outer walls of the enclosure and the body surface . the cross - section of such an enclosure 202 is shown schematically in fig1 . the bubbles 251 with sides 252 and living hinges 253 may extend in a first direction to cover the entire length of the enclosure or a portion thereof . the top view of a first variation of the bubble configuration is shown in fig9 . this construction is preferred for covering limbs such as legs or arm . the bubbles 251 may extend in a second direction along the length of the enclosure as shown in fig1 . the second variation of the bubble configuration shown in fig1 is preferred for covering surfaces such as the back or chest so that the enclosure can conform more closely to the body surface . the bubbles also function as stiffeners to limit the inward and outward deformation of the outer surfaces of the enclosure during the application of relative vacuum and pressures , respectively . in addition , the shape of the bubbles are shown to be nearly square and / or rectangular and having orthogonal tops and sides . in practice , however , the bubbles may be provided in any shape and their side 252 or top surfaces may be tapered to allow better conformation to the commonly tapered limbs of the body . method of treatment : the following method of treatment is given by way of example only and not to limit the spirit or scope of the present invention in any way . the device which will apply external synchronous pulsatile pressure to either the whole body or portions of the body has as its goal the preservation of injured areas of tissues of the body , particularly in the zone of stasis . this will be accomplished by controlling the edema , which begins to form in the tissues immediately after the burn . the pulsatile external pressure will vary from − 25 mm hg ., + 300 mm hg . and will be applied synchronous with the cardiac cycle . the positive phase will be applied during cardiac diastole and the negative phase during cardiac systole . the positive phase will enhance venous drainage from the wound , and the negative phase will enhance arterial inflow into the subdermal plexus . the dermis is divided into a thin , superficial layer called the papillary dermis and a deeper layer called the reticular dermis . there is a large plexus of vessels beneath the dermis , known as the subdermal plexus , which sends vessels towards the periphery to form a plexus between the reticular and papillary dermis . more superficially there is a plexus of vessels called the papillary plexus . the blood supply to all of these small vessels becomes occluded as a result of the edema caused by the factors that were described earlier in this document ; and is further aggravated by the infusion of large amounts of crystalloid solution which quickly extravasates into the interstitial tissues and augments the volume of edema . the pulsatile pressure system will be applied as soon after the burn occurs as is possible , and will preferably be applied for up to 4 days , the period during which edema normally continues to form and finally is stabilized . the pulsatile pressures will be applied continuously , and interrupted as frequently as is necessary to inspect and treat the wound surface , i . e . 2 - 3 times daily . those in the art have showed that capillary stasis can be reversed by careful maintenance of hydration of the wound surface , and by avoiding over or under hydration during the resuscitation phase after the burn . since the internal setting for thermal control of the body is set at a higher level in burned patients there is a significant evaporative water loss after 24 hours which allows the body to lose heat , the heat setting external to the body will be kept at a sufficiently high level to prevent shivering and to maintain a normal body temperature . the wound surface will be washed several times a day with soap and will be treated with topical antimicrobial agents , and with either a plastic film such as “ biobrane ” or cultured alografts , in order to prevent desiccation of the skin surface . systemically , heparin will be administered in a doses sufficient to provide prophylaxis against thrombus formation . the resuscitation regimen will be primarily with lactated ringer &# 39 ; s solution — given in a dose of 4 cc / kg body wt % burn ; or as 3 cc / kg % lactated ringer &# 39 ; s with plasma in a dose of 1 cc / kg % burn . systemic antibiotics will be withheld during this period unless there is a specific indication . while there has been shown and described what is considered to be preferred embodiments of the invention , it will , of course , be understood that various modifications and changes in form or detail could readily be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . it is therefore intended that the invention be not limited to the exact forms described and illustrated , but should be constructed to cover all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appended claims .
a method for facilitating the healing of damaged skin of a patient . the method including : isolating the damaged skin in an enclosure having an air - tight seal between a portion of the enclosure and adjacent skin , the enclosure and skin forming a chamber ; and applying cycles of positive and negative pressure in the chamber to enhance blood flow to outer layers of the damaged skin and inhibit the formation of edema in the damaged skin . preferably , the method further includes : detecting a cardiac cycle of the patient ; and wherein the applying comprises synchronizing the application of the positive and negative pressure in the chamber to the detected cardiac cycle .