fig1 a - 1c and 4 a - 4 c are graphical presentations of data comparing ctl induction by various ovalbumin formulations ; e : t represents effector to target ratio in all figures . fig2 a and 2b are graphical presentations of data comparing ctl induction by various β - galactosidase formulations ; fig3 is a graphical presentation of data comparing ctl induction by ovalbumin in a liposome and in an antigen formulation ; fig5 and 6 are graphical presentations of data showing the effect of cd4 and cd8 cell depletion on ctl induction ; fig7 is a graphical representation of data showing ctl induction by gp120 ; fig8 is a graphical representation of data showing ctl induction by a mixture of pluronic and tween and an antigen ; fig9 is a graphical representation of data showing ctl induction with a mixture of squalane and pluronic and an antigen ; fig1 is a graphical representation of data showing ctl induction by a mixture of squalane and pluronic and an antigen ; fig1 is a graphical representation of the effect of ova with various antigen formulations on ctl response ; fig1 is a graphical representation of the induction of anti - gp120iiib antibodies in monkeys with various antigen formulations ; fig1 depicts antitumor activity of hope2 cells ten days after a single immunization of soluble e7 protein in adjuvant ; and fig1 depicts antitumor activity of hope2 cells at days 10 , 19 after two immunizations with soluble e7 protein in adjuvant . antigen formulations useful in this invention are generally described above . those of ordinary skill in this art will recognize that equivalent formulations are readily prepared and can be expected to have equivalent properties in induction of a ctl response . such formulations are readily tested for their properties using techniques equivalent to those described in the examples below . there follow examples of the invention with the use of an antigen formulation ( af ) composed of about 2 . 5 % squalane , 5 % pluronic acid , and tween 80 in a phosphate buffered saline . specifically , an emulsion of the af included : 15 mg squalane , 37 . 5 mg poloxamer 401 ( pluronic l121 ), 6 mg polysorbate 80 ( tween 80 ), 0 . 184 mg potassium chloride , 0 . 552 mg potassium phosphate monobasic , 7 . 36 mg . sodium chloride , 3 . 3 mg sodium phosphate dibasic ( anhydrous ), per 1 ml water , ph 7 . 4 . this emulsion was microfluidized using standard technique ( microfluidics model m110f ) with a back - pressure module at 11 - 14 , 000 psi * with gradual return to atmosphere pressure , cooling and packing in wet ice . example 11 which relates to papillomavirus antigen formulations uses an antigen formulation referred to as af3 . 75 . this composition comprises squalane , tween 80 , and pluronic l121 dissolved in phosphate buffered saline at ph 7 . 4 to form a crude oil - in - water emulsion containing final concentrations of 15 % ( wt / vol ) squalane , 0 . 6 % tween 80 , and 3 . 75 % pluronic l121 . the emulsion is then cycled through a microfluidizer multiple times at a reduced temperature to obtain a stable homogeneous emulsion with a mean particle size ranging from 100 to 300 nm . the af is diluted 1 : 3 with antigen ( 1 part af and 2 parts antigen ) prior to use . another preferred antigen formulation is identical to af3 . 75 except that it contains 1 . 5 % pluronic l121 . in other examples , antigen was mixed with the microfluidized squalane ( s ), pluronic ( p ) and tween 80 ( t ) mixture to achieve a final concentration of 0 . 2 % tween 80 , 1 . 25 % pluronic and 5 % squalane respectively . to determine the sub - components necessary for an antigen specific immune response induction , squalane - tween 80 , pluronic - tween 80 or squalane - pluronic were prepared at the same concentration as for the three components mixture . pluronic , squalane or tween 80 was also prepared individually to determine the effect of individual component on the ctl induction . substitutions of tween 20 , tween 40 or zwittergent for tween 80 were also made to determine the effect of various tween derivative on the ctl induction in the ova system . substitutions of squalane in the three component formulation were made with eicosone or triacontone and substitution for the co - polymer pluronic in the same three components formulation were made by peg 1000 , pleuronic l62lf , and the tetronics 1501 and 150r1 . as two component formulations , various analogs in various combinations were mixed and tested for ova specific ctl induction . they are a mixture of cholesterol — tween 80 , squalane — tween 20 , pristane — tween 80 or olive oil — tween 80 . for a stabilization study , the microfluidized mixture of squalane — tween 80 was mixed with dextrose to a final concentration of 5 %. in all cases the combinations of excipients were mixed in a microfluidizer to made a stable emulsion . for immunization purposes , it is preferable that soluble antigen be mixed with microfluidized excipients to obtain a stable homogeneous emulsion with particle sizes ranging from about 100 to 300 nm . in some experiments , two components formulations were mixed with various concentration of mdp for ctl and humoral response inductions . table 1 describes a comprehensive list of various formulations used in this study . syntex adjuvant formulation ( microfluidized ; safm ) was used as an adjuvant control and consists of two parts . part i consists of phosphate buffered saline containing a final concentration of 5 % squalane , 1 . 25 % pluronic and 0 . 2 % tween 80 ( vehicle or i - saf ). part ii consists of n - acetylmuramyl - l - threonyl - d - isoglutamine ( thr - mdp ), a derivative of mycobacterium cell wall component . for immunization purposes , antigen is mixed with microfluidized vehicle ( part i ) to obtain a homogeneous emulsion . mdp is added to made safm , and vortexed briefly . the mdp concentration in the mixture was varied to determine if there was an optimum concentration for ctl induction . as an adjuvant control , mice were also immunized with soluble antigens mixed with alum according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s manual ( pierce chemical , rockford , ill .) or with complete freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant ( cfa ). this antigen formulation is used for induction of cytotoxic t - lymphocyte responses in mice . those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such a mouse model is indicative that equivalent experiments or treatments will similarly induce cytotoxic t - lymphocyte responses in humans , domesticated , or agricultural animals . the amount of antigen formulation and antigen useful to produce the desired cellular response may be determined empirically by standard procedures , well known to those of ordinary skill in the art , without undue experimentation . thus , if desired to minimize the side effects of treatment with such a mixture those of ordinary skill in the art may determine a minimum level of such a mixture for administration to a human , domesticated , or agricultural animal in order to elicit a ctl response , and thereby induce immunity to a desired antigen . in normal use , such a mixture will be injected by any one of a number of standard procedures , but particularly preferred is an intramuscular injection at a location which will allow the emulsion to remain in a stable form for a period of several days or several weeks . the following materials and methods were used in the examples provided below unless otherwise noted : female c57bl / 6 ( h − 2 b ) and balb / c ( h − 2 d ) mice were purchased from harlen sprague ( san diego , calif .). ovalbumin ( ova , grade vii ; sigma chemical co ., st . louis , mo .) was used in the native form . β - galactosidase , ( β - gal , grade viii ; brl ) was used in the native form and after boiling in 1 m naoh for 2 min to give an alkali digest . recombinant gp120 was purchased from american biotechnology . the tumor cells used were the ia − lines el4 ( c57bl / 6 , h − 2 b thymoma ) and p815 ( dba / 2 , h − 2 d mastocytoma ). derivation of the ova - producing el4 transfectant , eg7 - ova , is described previously by moore et al ., 54 cell 777 , 1988 . the β - gal - producing transfectant , p13 . 1 , was derived by electroporation of 10 7 p815 cells in 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) with 10 mg of psti linearized pch110 ( pharmacia lkb biotechnology inc ., piscataway , n . j .) and 1 mg of pvui linearized psv2 neo ( southern et al ., 1 j . mol . appl . genet . 327 , 1982 ) followed by selection in 400 μg / ml of the antibiotic g418 . the c3 - 4 transfectant was derived from the balb / c hybridoma igm 662 by transfecting with a plasmid encoding the β - gal gene fused to the third and fourth exon of igm heavy chain ( rammensee et al ., 30 immunogenetics 296 , 1989 ). the gp160iiib expressing 3t3 fibroblast , 15 - 12 , was provided by dr . germain of nih ( bethesda , md .). the k b transfected l cell line was provided by dr . carbone , monash university , australia . the d d and l d transfected l cell lines were provided by dr . ted hensen , washington university , st . louis . mice were immunized intravenously with a 200 μl suspension of 25 × 10 6 splenocytes , after a cytoplasmic loading as described by moore et . al . supra , and carbone et al ., j . exp . med . 169 : 603 , 1989 ). for ova - antigen formulation or β - gal - antigen formulation immunization , 30 μg of each protein antigen was injected per mouse in the footpad and the tailbase subcutaneously . each injection consists of 67 μl of microfluidized antigen formulation ( made following standard procedures ) and 30 μg of protein antigen in a final volume of 200 μl . the final volume was made up with hbss , see , whittaker manual ( welkersville , md .). mdp was provided in concentrations between 0 and 300 μg . where stated , mice were immunized with soluble antigens in cfa , or in alum in a total volume of 200 μl . spleen cells ( 30 × 10 6 ) from normal or immunized mice which had been primed at least 14 days earlier were incubated with 1 . 5 × 10 6 eg7 - ova ( irradiated with 20 , 000 rad ) for ova responses or 1 . 5 × 10 6 c3 - 4 cells ( irradiated with 20 , 000 rad ) for β - gal response in 24 well plates at 37 ° c . in 7 % co 2 / air . all the tissue cultures were performed in a complete medium consisting of imdm medium , see , whittaker manual ( welkersville , md .) supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum ( fcs ), 2mm glutamine , gentamycin and 2 × 10 − 5 m 2 - mercaptoethanol . for the in vitro depletion experiments , in vivo primed or in vitro stimulated spleen cells were treated with monoclonal antibodies ( mabs ) rl . 172 ( anti - cd4 ) or mabs 3 . 168 ( anti - cd8 ) for removal of cd4 + or cd8 + t cells ( sarmiento et al ., 125 j . immunol . 2665 , 1980 , and ceredig et al ., 314 nature 98 , 1985 ). the mab rl . 172 and mab 3 . 168 were obtained from dr . jonathan sprent at scripps clinic and research foundation , la jolla , calif . spleen cells ( 30 × 10 6 ) from normal or immunized mice which had been primed at least 21 days earlier were incubated with 1 . 5 × 10 6 15 - 12 cells ( treated with 200 ug of mitomycin c for 45 minutes per 10 8 cells ), or with 500 μg of 18iiib peptide containing the dominant ctl epitope in balb / c mice in complete imdm media ( irvine scientific , santa ana , calif .) containing 10 % pre - screened fcs ( icn flow ; icn biochemicals , inc ., costa mesa , calif . ), 2 mm glutamine , gentamycin and 2 × 10 − 5 m 2 - mercaptoethanol . for in vitro stimulation with peptides , spleen cells were cultured in complete imdm containing 5 % cona supernatant . for depletion experiments , in vivo primed or in vitro stimulated spleen cells were treated with mabs rl . 172 ( anti - cd4 ) or mabs 3 . 168 ( anti - cd8 ) in presence of low tox . rabbit complement ( cederlane laboratories , ltd ., hornby ontario , canada ) for removal of cd4 + or cd8 + t cells ( 22 , 23 ). the mab rl . 172 and mab 3 . 168 were a gift from dr . jonathan sprent at scripps clinic and research foundation , la jolla , calif . target cells ( 1 × 10 6 ) were labeled with 100 μci [ 51 cr ] sodium chromate for 60 min . for peptide pulsed targets , 50 μl of a 1 mg / ml peptide solution in hbss was added during the targets labeling with 51 cr . after washing , 10 4 labeled targets and serial dilutions of effector cells were incubated in 200 μl of rp10 for 4 h at 37 ° c . 100 μl of supernatant was collected and the specific lysis was determined as : percent specific lysis = 100 ×{( release by ctl - spontaneous release )/( maximal release − spontaneous release )}. spontaneous release in the absence of cytotoxic t - lymphocyte ( ctl ) was & lt ; 25 % of maximal release by detergent in all experiments . each well of 96 - well , u bottomed plates ( costar , cambridge , mass .) were coated with 150 ng of ova or gp120 in 50 ul of hbss and incubated overnight at 4 ° c . for the determination of anti - gp120 and anti - ova antibody responses in mice , plates were blocked with 1 % bsa for 1 hr . serially diluted sear were added in 25 μl volume per well and incubated for 2 hrs . plates were washed and 50 μl of 1 : 1000 dilution of goat anti - mouse igg conjugated to hrpo ( sbt , alabama ) in 1 % bsa were added per well . after 1 hr of incubation , plates were washed and 100 μl of substrate was added per well . the od 405 was taken after 10 to 15 minutes . for the determination of monkey anti - gp120 antibody response , all the steps were the same except both the blocking of plates and the dilution of sear were done in 5 % normal goat serum in hank &# 39 ; s balanced salt solution . synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences 253 - 276 ( sequence listing no . 1 : eqlesiinfekltewtssnvmeer ; where the standard one letter code is used to represent each amino acid ) of ovalbumin ( ova 253 - 276 ), amino acid sequences 84 - 102 of myelin basic protein ( mbp 84 - 102 ) ( sequence listing no . 2 : denpvvhffknivtprtpp ), and synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences 308 - 322 ( 18iiib sequence ) of gp102iiib , were assembled by solid phase peptide synthesis using an applied biosystems 430a synthesizer . amino acids were coupled via pre - formed symmetric anhydrides with the exception of asparagine , glutamine and arginine which were coupled as hydroxybenzotriazole esters . coupling efficiency was monitored by ninhydrin reaction following the method of kaiser et al . 34 anal . biochem . 595 , 1970 . the peptides were released from the support with hf following the “ low - high ” procedure described by tam , et al . 21 j . am . chem . soc . 6442 , 1983 , and the peptides extracted from the resin with 10 % acetic acid . after lyophilization , peptides were desalted on a sephadex g - 25 column , and samples of the peptides then hplc purified by reverse phase chromatog - raphy on a vydac preparative c - 18 column . purified peptides ( 98 %) were solubilized in hbss at a final concentration of 10 mg / ml and diluted to the desired concentration in the complete media . samples of protein ( e . g ., β - galactosidase ) were treated with 100 fold molar excess of cyanogen bromide in a solution of 100 mm trifluoroacetic acid . the reaction was allowed to proceed for 18 hours at room temperature ( about 20 ° c .) with rotation . following the prescribed reaction time , the peptide fragments were separated from the reactant using a sep - pak c - 18 apparatus ( waters ), eluted with 95 % acetonitrile , and lyophilized . protein samples ( e . g ., β - galactosidase ) were treated with 1 n naoh and boiled for 2 minutes , and the resulting peptide fragments were separated from the reactants using a c - 18 sep - pak apparatus ( waters ), and eluted with 95 % acetonitrile and lyophilized . moore et al ., 113 ucla symp . mol . cell . biol . 1989 and carbone and bevan , 171 j . exp . medicine 377 , 1990 , demonstrate that mice immunized with spleen cells loaded cytoplasmically with soluble ova , were primed for ova specific , class i restricted ctl response . the ova - expressing el4 transfectant eg7 - ova was employed for in vitro stimulation of in vivo primed splenic lymphocytes and also used as target for ova specific ctl mediated killing . this study also demonstrated that cd8 + effectors induced by eg7 - ova transfectant or by spleen cells cytoplasmically loaded with ova , recognize a determinant mapped by the peptide ova 258 - 276 in the context of h - 2k b , lyse eg7 - ova , and also kill el4 cells coated with ova 258 - 276 . thus , in order to assess whether an endogenous class i restricted cd8 + t cell pathway can be induced by a soluble antigen , the above system was used to determine whether certain antigen formulations can be used to drive soluble antigen into a class i restricted pathway . c57bl / 6 mice were immunized once with various amounts of ova ( 30 μg - 1 mg per mouse ) with or without an antigen formulation . mice were injected subcutaneously and in the tailbase . spleen cells were taken from the immunized mice at least two weeks after the immunizations and in vitro stimulated with the eg7 - ova transfectants . an ova concentration as low as 30 μg was as effective as a 1 mg dose . therefore , the ctl studies were routinely performed with spleen cells from 30 μg ova - primed mice . after five days of in vitro culture with eg7 - ova , priming was assessed by the presence of ova specific effectors capable of lysing eg7 - ova . mice injected with soluble ova in hbss as high as 1 mg , showed no evidence of ctl priming ( fig1 a ). however mice immunized with 30 μg ova in the antigen formulation described above ( shown as af in the figures ) showed a significant transfectant specific ctl response ( fig1 c ). furthermore , the extent of eg7 - ova killing by the ova - af immunized spleen cells was comparable to that of ova - loaded spleen cells immunized mice ( fig1 b ). that the specificity of ctl priming in vivo was antigen specific was shown by the lack of spleen cells from β - galactosidase immunized mice to manifest secondary ctl response in vitro when stimulated with eg7 - ova . no ova specific ctl induction was observed . similar results were obtained using another soluble protein antigen , β - gal . for assaying β - gal - specific ctl response , the target used was balb / c derived β - gal - expressing c3 - 4 transfectant . immunization of balb / c mice with soluble β - gal gave background ctl response . therefore , for the determination of specific ctl response , harvesting was postponed for at least eight weeks before spleen lymphocytes were harvested , and cultured for five days in the presence of irradiated c3 - 4 transfectants . fig2 b demonstrates that 30 μg of β - galactosidase in af induced strong specific ctl response against transfectant . at an effector - to - target ( e : t ) ratio of 3 : 1 , β - gal - af immunized mice showed about 80 % of specific c3 - 4 killing . however , only 20 % killing of the same target was achieved with effectors isolated from β - gal in hbss immunized mice at the same e : t ratio ( fig2 a ). since neither el4 nor p815 expresses class ii mhc gene products and the lysis shows syngeneic restriction , these ova and β - gal specific effectors are class i mhc restricted . to demonstrate the usefulness of the antigen formulation , mice were immunized with soluble ova encapsuled in two types of liposomes , one of which was a ph sensitive liposome . one week later , spleen cells were stimulated in vitro , as described above , and tested against 51 cr - labeled eg7 - ova or el4 . fig3 shows a representative result demonstrating that ova in liposome could not prime mice for substantial ctl induction . similar results were observed when ova was immunized in alum . carbone and bevan , supra , demonstrated that ctl induced in c57bl / 6 mice by eg7 - ova transfectant , and by cytoplasmically ova - loaded splenocytes recognize el4 cells coated with the peptide ova 258 - 276 . to determine whether soluble ovalbumin in af induces similar ctl responses , spleen cells were prepared from immunized mice and stimulated in vitro with eg7 - ova . the effectors were tested against el4 cells coated with the peptide ova 253 - 276 , or with a control peptide derived from myelin basic protein ( mbp 84 - 102 ). the results demonstrate that ova - af primed ctl with a similar specificity to those primed by transfectants , or by cytoplasmically loaded ova ( fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c ). ova - af primed effector cells effectively lysed eg7 - ova , and an untransfected el4 cells coated with 50 μg / 10 8 cells of ova peptide , but did not lyse el4 cells coated with 50 μg / 10 8 cells of mbp peptide . in the β - galactosidase system , carbone and bevan , supra , indicated that β - gal expressing transfectant and splenocytes cytoplasmically loaded with soluble β - galactosidase , induced ctl which lysed β - gal expressing transfectant and nontransfectant p815 cells coated with alkali digested β - galactosidase . soluble β - galactosidase induces ctl having similar specificity when immunized in af ( fig2 ). that soluble protein antigens in af induce cd8 + effector t cells was shown as follows . splenocytes from immunized mice were cultured for five days with irradiated transfectants in vitro . thereafter , cells were harvested and depleted of cd4 + or cd8 + t cells by using monoclonal anti - cd4 or anti - cd8 antibodies plus complement . depleted populations were then tested against 51 cr - eg7 - ova in the ova system or 51 cr - p13 . 1 in the β - gal system . the data shown in fig4 indicates that , in the ova system , depletion of cd8 + t cells abrogated cytolytic activity conferred by the whole effector cell population . however , depletion of cd4 + t cell population did not have any effect on the lysis of eg7 - ova . similarly , in the β - gal system , depletion of cd8 + t cells abrogated the cytolytic activity of β - galantigen formulation immunized spleen cells . to demonstrate that ova - af primes cd8 + t cell populations in vivo , and is critical for in vitro secondary response , cd4 + or cd8 + populations were depleted from spleens of ova - af immunized mice and from naive mice . these treated populations were then stimulated in vitro with eg7 - ova alone , or in a combination of cd4 + and cd8 + t cells from ova - af immunized mice , or in various combination of cd4 + or cd8 + t cells from ova - af immunized mice with the cd4 + or cd8 + cells from naive mice . fig5 shows that primed cd8 + cells are essential for the manifestation of a secondary ctl response in vitro . these data also indicate that for the effective secondary ctl response in vitro , cd4 + t cells are required . cd4 + cells are not needed for priming . similarly , cd8 + t cells were required for the manifestation of b - gal specific secondary ctl response in vitro . the above examples demonstrate the effect of the antigen formulation on the induction of class i restricted ctl responses against soluble protein antigens . the antigen formulation mediated soluble antigen induced ctl priming , and is similar in activity to that induced by transfectants and by splenocytes cytoplasmically loaded with soluble ova or β - gal . in the ovalbumin system , eg7 - ova , cytoplasmically loaded ova splenocytes , and ova - af induced : ( a ) class i restricted cd8 + ctl ; ( b ) ctl that recognize target sensitized with ova 253 - 276 synthetic peptide ; and ( c ) long lived ctl after only one immunization . in the β - galactosidase system , the β - gal - af induced ctl that recognize β - gal expressing transfectant c3 - 4 , and also the untransfected p815 cells sensitized with alkali digested β - gal . this is analogous to what was observed with ctl induced by immunization with spleen cells cytoplasmically loaded with β - galactosidase . the induction of ova - specific ctl by antigen formulation is unique because neither ova encapsulated in a ph sensitive liposome , nor in alum , could induce ctl priming in vivo . these examples indicate that the antigen formulation used above , and its equivalents , are useful in human therapy and in vaccine development for the induction of ctl in various cancers and viral diseases . this is a specific example to show the use of the above af on producing class i restricted ctl priming by soluble gp120 from hiv . the gp160 iiib expressing cell line ( 15 - 12 ) was produced in the balb / c fibroblast - derived 3t3 cell line . it was obtained from drs . ron germain and jay berzofsky , national institute of health , bethesda , md . the gp160 expressing cell line was employed for in vitro stimulation of in vivo primed splenic lymphocytes , and also used as target for gp160 specific ctl induction . balb / c mice were immunized once with 10 μg of gp160 per mouse with or without af . mice were injected at footpads and tailbase subcutaneously . spleen cells were taken from the immunized mice after two weeks of immunizations and in vitro stimulated with irradiated gp160 transfectants . after five days of culture in vitro , priming was assessed by the presence of specific effectors capable of lysing gp160 transfectants , and not the untransfected cell lines . the results are shown in fig7 where ctl response is potentiated with af and gp120 . the following example demonstrates the use of antigen formulations of this invention with use of only one or two components . these examples demonstrate that ctl - responses can be induced with only two of the above three components . to determine whether all the above - noted components are necessary for antigen specific ctl induction , mice were immunized with ovalbumin in a microfluidized formulation of various combinations of two of the three components presented in the af above . two component combinations used were as follows ; squalane / tween in pbs , squalane / pluronic in pbs or pluronic / tween in pbs . another set of groups were included where mice were immunized with ova formulated in a one component system i . e ., squalane in pbs , pluronic in pbs or tween in pbs only . the above three component antigen formulation was modified to exclude one component at a time , constituting pbs in its place . the above antigen formulations consist of : 0 . 300 g tween 80 ( aldrich , wis . ), 1 . 875 g pluronic l121 ( basf , n . j . ), and 7 . 5 g squalane ( aldrich , wis . ), brought to 50 ml with pbs . squalane / tween : 0 . 300 g tween 80 , and 7 . 5 g squalane , brought to 50 ml with pbs . pluronic / tween : 1 . 875 g pluronic l121 , and 0 . 300 g tween 80 , brought to 50 ml with pbs . pluronic / squalane : 1 . 875 g pluronic l121 , and 7 . 5 g squalane , brought to 50 ml with pbs . the samples were then processed through a microfluidizer , model 110t , microfluidics corp , and bottled and stored at 4 ° c . until use . ovalbumin ( sigma , mo .) was weighted and brought to a 0 . 3 mg / ml solution in hbss ( whittaker , supra ). the stock 0 . 3 mg / ml solution was combined with the two component formulation in the following amounts : 5 parts ovalbumin 0 . 3 mg / ml solution , 3 . 3 parts 2 component formulation , and 1 . 7 parts hbss . the formulation was vortexed and kept on ice until injected . all solutions were combined just prior to injection . each mouse received 200 μl of one formulation containing 30 μl of ova by injection in both hind footpads and any remaining solution was injected subcutaneously at the tail base . mice were allowed to rest for two to four weeks prior to spleen harvest . two weeks after immunizations , spleen cells were prepared and in vitro stimulated with irradiated eg7 - ova . after five days of culture , the presence of ova specific ctl was measured by testing against 51 cr - eg7 - ova or 51 cr - el4 in a 4 hour 51 cr release assay . the data shown in fig8 - 10 demonstrate that ovalbumin formulated in microfluidized two component system can prime ova specific ctls in vivo . we further evaluated the relative contribution of the individual components for their ability to induce ctl when combined with protein antigens . for immunization purposes soluble antigen was mixed with microfluidized excipients to obtain a stable homogeneous emulsion with particle sizes ranging from 250 - 300 nm . to further define the components of squalane - tween 80 - pluronic ( stp ) formulation responsible for ctl induction , we immunized mice with ova in squalane - tween 80 ( st ) mixture , pluronic - tween 80 ( pt ) mixture or squalane - pluronic ( sp ) mixture and as a control , in squalane ( s ), tween 80 ( t ) or pluronic ( p ). mice were also immunized with ova - safm ( containing 70 μg of mdp ) or ova - alum as adjuvant controls . for a positive control , mice were immunized with spleen cells cytoplasmically loaded with soluble ova . other combinations and substitutes were also used , and the results are presented in table 1 . for the detection of ctl priming studies , mice were immunized once . two weeks after the immunization , spleen cells were mixed with irradiated eg7 - ova ( the ova expressing el4 cells ) for five days and tested against 51 cr - eg7 - ova or 51 cr - el4 cells . the results ( fig1 ) demonstrate that 30 μg of ova in combination with stp or st primes class i restricted ctl response in mice . the priming of ova specific ctl by ova in stp or by ova in st appears to be better than that induced by spleen cells cytoplasmically loaded with soluble ova . ova in pt or in sp could induce ova specific ctl responses in mice but inconsistently and poorly . unlike safm , the addition of mdp to st formulation did not compromise the ova specific ctl induction in mice ( table 2 ). no ova specific ctl induction occurred when mice were immunized with ova mixed with the individual components , s , p or t nor when mice were immunized with ova - safm or ova - alum . mice immunized with as much as 1 mg ova in ( a ) hbss , in ( b ) safm or ( c ) absorbed to alum did not prime ova specific ctl . mice were immunized three times at 2 week intervals with 30 μg of ova in hbss , stp , st , pt or sp . as a positive control , mice were also immunized with ova - safm , as safm is known to induce a strong antibody response . seven days after the second and third immunizations , mice were bled and the sear tested for ova specific antibody response . the results are shown in table 3 . they indicate that mice immunized with ova in stp , st or in safm display similar anti - ova responses after two immunizations . hiv gp120 iiib was used as a second antigen system to determine ctl induction in stp , st or in mp - t . mice were immunized with 1 μg of gp120 iiib in hbss , stp , pt or in st . as a control , mice were immunized with 1 μg of gp120liib in safm or cfa ( complete freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant ) or in ribi adjuvant system containing mpl ( monophoshoryl lipid a ) and tdm ( trehalose dimycolite ). three weeks after the immunization , spleen cells were prepared and stimulated in vitro with mitomycin treated transfectant of culture , the resultant effector cells were tested against vaccinia : gp160 iiib , or parental vaccinia infected p815 cells as targets . the results demonstrate that the gp120 - squalane - tween 80 formulation and not gp120 - squalane - tween 80 pluronic formulation or gp120 - hbss induced gp120 specific ctl response in mice ( table 4 ). for the induction of gp120 specific humoral responses , mice were immunized with 1 μg of gp102iiib three times at two - week intervals . the animals were bled and tested for the presence of igg antibodies detecting gp120iiib in a solid phase elisa assay . the results demonstrate that gp120 - st is a better immunogen than gp120 - hbss , gp120safm ( table 5 ), or gp120 - stp . monkeys ( two per group ) were immunized with gp120 - safm , gp120 - spt , gp120 - st , or gp120 - hbss . as a control , a group of monkeys were immunized with recombinant vaccinia containing gp160 iiib . monkeys were immunized at two week intervals and bled two weeks and three weeks after the second immunization . pre - and immune sera from each monkey was serially diluted and assayed for anti - gp120 activity in an elisa as described in the materials and methods . the data ( fig1 ) indicate that monkeys immunized with gp120 - stp or gp120 - safm induced similar responses in monkeys . one monkey immunized with gp120 - st , induced anti - gp120 response similar to the gp120 - safm or gp120 - spt immunized group . one monkey immunized with gp120 - st did not induce a strong anti - gp120 response after two immunizations . in vivo activity of af in combination with hpv 16 e7 the hpv 16 e7 gene was cloned from a plasmid obtained from dr . karen vousden ( ludwig institute ) encoding the e7 gene derived from the carcinoma cell line caski . the coding regions were amplified by pcr using primers that encode the 5 ′ and 3 ′ ends of the genes flanked by bam hi and sal i cloning sites . the e7 pcr product was ligated into the pgex — 4t - 1 expression vector ( pharmacia biotech ) resulting in the pgex . e7 expression plasmid . e . coli strain xl1 — blue ( stratagene ) was transfected with the pgex . e7 expression plasmid . the sequence of the e7 was obtained from the plasmids of the resulting colonies and was identical to the e7 sequence obtained from caski cells . the pgex . e7 bacterial expression plasmid encodes a glutathione - s - transferase ( gst ) fusion protein consisting of the gst at the amino - terminus , a thrombin protease cleavage site and the e7 protein at the carboxy - terminus . e7 protein was produced and purified as described in the product information literature from the manufacturer of the pgex - 4t - 1 vector ( pharmacia biotech ). briefly , bacteria containing the pgex . e7 expression plasmid was induced to express the fusion protein by the addition of isopropyl b - d - thiogalactosidase to the culture medium . the cells were harvested and lysed by mild sonication . the lysate was applied to glutathione sepharose 4b ( pharmacia biotech ). after the fusion protein bound to the matrix , the resin was washed to remove non - specifically bound proteins . the bound fusion protein was digested with thrombin to release the e7 protein from the gst fusion partner . the e7 protein preparation was analyzed by sds - page and the e7 protein concentration was determined by bradford analysis ( biorad ). 9 mg soluble e7 protein was obtained per liter of bacterial culture . 2 . generation of the x21 e7 transfectant coding sequences for the hpv16 e7 protein ( see above ) have been inserted into the idec proprietary eukaryotic expression plasmid inpep4 . within this vector , e7 expression is controlled by the cytomegalovirus promoter / enhancer transcriptional elements . in addition , the first three nucleotides of the e7 coding sequence have been removed and replaced with an immunoglobulin light chain leader sequence placed immediately upstream and in frame with the e7 coding region . following transfection into the mouse cell line x21 individual g418 resistant clones were examined by northern blot analyses for e7 message production . every clone displayed detectable e7 message . western blot analysis of cell lysates from the two of those clones , 4e7 and 1c7 , ( hope1 and hope2 respectively ) were then performed and demonstrated e7 protein production . female mice of c3h background ( h2 k / k , harlan sprague dawley ) were used in these studies . animals were maintained according to “ guide for the care and use of laboratory animals ” ( dhhs publication no . nih 86 - 23 , bethesda , md : nih , 1985 ), and received food and water ad libitum . the e7 transfectant cell line hope2 h2 k / k ) was used in these studies . the tumor cell line was maintained by serial passage in vitro . this cell line has been shown to maintain e7 cytoplasmic antigen expression , as detected by western blot analysis , following repeated in vitro passages . tumors were initiated in syngeneic c3h mice by subcutaneous injection of 150 , 000 in vitro passaged cells . tumors were measured in 2 perpendicular directions at biweekly intervals . tumor volume ( v ) was calculated according to the following formula : data in table 6 are presented as tumor mice ( number of tumor bearing animals over the total number of animals injected ). data in fig1 and 14 are presented as median tumor size ( mm 3 ) of each treatment or control group . each treatment group was compared to a control group that did not receive therapy . therapy began 10 days after incoculation of hope2 cells , when a majority of the tumors were palpable ( approx . 50 - 75 mm 3 ). therapy was initiated by immunization of mice with soluble e7 protein in af3 . 75 ( defined previously ) or alum adjuvants ( subcutaneously in a total volume of 0 . 2 ml ). directly before immunization , af3 . 75 was mixed for 60 seconds with e7 protein in hanks balanced salt solution ( hbss ) such that each mouse received either 30 ug or 90 ug e7 protein 0 . 2 ml . alum ( pierce chemical co .) was mixed with e7 protein , according to instructions by the manufacture , such that each animal received 90 ug e7 protein in 0 . 2 ml per mouse . animals in a second treatment group received a second immunization 9 days later ( 19 days after tumor cell inoculation ). booster immunization were prepared immediately before inoculation , as described above . in this example ( table 6 : xp # 233 ), 41 days after tumor cell inoculation only 4 / 8 and 5 / 8 of mice receiving a single injection of soluble e7 in af3 . 75 ( 30 ug or 90 ug respectively ) had measurable tumors . in contrast , all of the mice immunized with e7 protein in alum ( 8 / 8 ) had actively growing tumors . additionally , as shown in fig1 , significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed only in treatment groups immunized with e7 protein in af3 . 75 as compared to control ( untreated ) or alum treatment groups . inhibition of tumor growth ( fig1 ) or increased tumor regression rates ( table 6 was not observed in mice that received a single injection of e7 in alum . similar results were also observed using treatment groups that received two immunizations at days 10 and 19 after tumor challenge ( table 6 and fig1 ), although some tumor growth retardation was observed with mice receiving two injections of e7 in alum . the results indicate that significant antitumor activity as measured by a decreased number of tumor bearing mice and inhibition of tumor growth was observed following immunization of soluble e7 in af3 . 75 . in contrast , all animals immunized with either a single or double injection of soluble e7 protein in alum had growing tumors . in summary , immunization with soluble e7 protein in af3 . 75 resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor cell growth that was not observed using soluble e7 immunization in alum .
methods and compositions useful for inducing a cytotoxic t lymphocyte response in a human or domesticated or agriculturally important animal . the method includes the steps of providing the antigen to which the ctl response is desired and providing a microfluidized antigen formulation which comprises , consists , or consists essentially of two or more of a stabilizing detergent , a micelle - forming agent , and an oil . this antigen formulation is preferably lacking in an immunostimulating peptide component , or has sufficiently low levels of such a component that the desired ctl response is not diminished . this formulation is provided as a stable oil - in - water emulsion .