many different h . pylori antigens have been examined for their ability to elicit a protective immunological response . candidate antigens such as urease , catalase , and vaca were first identified by “ classical ” fractionation techniques . more recently , the genome of two different strains of h . pylori has been sequenced , providing a large selection ( literally hundreds ) of different potential antigens to be cloned and characterized in vitro and in vivo ( j . f . tomb , et at . 1997 nature 388 : 539 - 547 ; r . a . alm et al 1999 nature 397 : 176 ). identifying which of these antigens will have the desired activity is no small task . also , some antigens may work better in combination with others , further increasing the complexity of this determination . finally , the recombinant nature of these candidate antigens provides an additional challenge ; purification of such expressed recombinant proteins often requires the use of denaturing buffers ( guanidium or urea ). such denaturing buffers often persist in high concentrations in the final product . this makes it difficult to test combinations of antigens , as such antigens must be mixed to prepare the combination , and the antigens to be used in combination often exist in different physico - chemical states ( i . e ., some being denatured in urea or guanidium , some being “ native ” or renatured in pbs ). the problem to be solved is to identify combinations of h . pylori antigens capable of eliciting protective and / or therapeutic immunological responses in animals or humans , and to determine how to formulate such combinations of antigens so as to retain their essential immunological activity . ideally , such antigen combinations should be formulated together with an adjuvant . an adjuvant is a substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen . adjuvants may act by retaining the antigen locally near the site of administration to produce a depot effect , facilitating a slow , sustained release of antigen to cells of the immune system . adjuvants can also attract cells of the immune system and may attract immune cells to an antigen depot and stimulate such cells to elicit an immune response . adjuvants have been used for many years to improve the host immune response to antigens of interest in vaccines , especially subunit or component vaccines comprised of recombinant proteins . intrinsic adjuvants , such as lipopolysaccharides , normally are components of the killed or attenuated bacteria used as vaccines . extrinsic adjuvants are immunomodulators that are typically non - covalently linked to antigens and are formulated to enhance the host immune response . aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate ( collectively commonly referred to as alum ) are routinely used as adjuvants in human and veteranary vaccines . currently , alum is the only adjuvant licensed for human use , although hundreds of experimental adjuvants such as cholera toxin b are being tested . however , adjuvants such as cholera toxin b have deficiencies . for instance , while cholera toxin b is not toxic in the sense of causing cholera , even the most remote chance of minor impurity makes such adjuvants of limited applicability . adjuvants to be used in vaccine formulations for prevention and treatment should provide a “ balanced ” th1 / th2 response , a profile likely to be associated with protective responses against h . pylori . the th1 arm ( a “ cellular ” response ) has been shown to be critical in response to h . pylori infection . the th2 arm ( an “ antibody ” response ) is also thought to be important . thus , ideally , an adjuvant capable of stimulating both arms of the immune system , together with the correct combination of antigens , administered in the route most suited to eliciting the desired response , are all expected to be important components of a safe , efficacious vaccine for prophylaxis and therapy of h . pylori infection . one such balanced th1 / th2 adjuvant is dc - chol ( f . brunel et al . 1999 vaccine 17 : 2192 - 2203 ). for use in a composition according to the invention , a protein or a polypeptide according to the invention may be formulated in or with liposomes , preferably neutral or anionic lipsomes , microspheres , iscoms or virus - like particles ( vlps ), so as to promote the targeting of the protein or polypeptide or to enhance the immune response . persons skilled in the art obtain these compounds without any difficulty , for example see liposomes : a practical approach , rrc new ed , irl press ( 1990 ). the administration of immunological combinations of the present invention may be made as a single dose or as a dose repeated once or several times after a certain period . the appropriate dosage varies according to various parameters , for example the individual treated ( adult or child ), the vaccinal antigen itself , the mode and frequency of administration , the presence or absence of adjuvant and if present , the type of adjuvant and the desired effect ( e . g . protection or treatment ), as can be determined by persons skilled in the art . in general , an antigen according to the invention may be administered in a quantity ranging from 10 μg to 500 mg , preferably from 1 mg to 200 mg . in particular , it is indicated that a parenteral dose should not exceed 1 mg , preferably 100 μg . higher doses may be prescribed for e . g . oral use . independently of the formulation , the quantity of protein administered to man by the oral route is for example of the order of 1 to 10 mg per dose , and at least 3 doses are recommended at 4 - week intervals . another method of immunizing host animals , wholly apart from the “ conventional ” immunization regimens described hereinabove , concerns the use of “ naked ” dna . cells can be transfected with plasmid dna containing gene sequences designed to express antigens of interest in transfected cells . such transfection leads to transient expression of the exogenous dna sequences , which can in turn induce humoral and / or cell mediated immunity . see , e . g ., felgner , et al ( 1994 ). j . biol . chem . 269 , 2550 - 61 . see also mcclements et al ., immunization with dna vaccines encoding glycoprotein d or glycoprotein b , alone or in combination , induces protective immunity in animal models of herpes simplex virus - 2 disease , pnas usa 93 : 11414 - 11420 , and u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 591 , 639 , 5 , 589 , 466 and 5 , 580 , 859 , the teachings of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by reference . thus , according to the present invention , combinations of h . pylori antigens , or immunological fragments thereof , or peptides containing protective epitopes , or nucleic acids encoding any of the aforementioned antigens , may be used to elicit a desired immunological response . in the alternative , any of the aforementioned antigens or nucleic acids can be administered to an animal , using conventional techniques , to raise antibodies or antibody fragments capable of binding to the h . pylori antigens of interest ( e . g ., urease , catalase , 76k , 525 and / or alpa ); such antibodies or antibody fragments can then be administered to a human or animal to passively protect against infection . the invention is further illustrated by the following examples , which are meant to be illustrations only and are not intended to limit the present invention to specific embodiments . the practice of the present invention will employ , unless otherwise indicated , conventional methods of immunology , molecular biology , cell biology and recombinant dna techniques known to those skilled in the art . such techniques are explained fully in the literature . see , e . g ., sambrook , et al ., molecular cloning : a laboratory manual , second ed . ( 1989 ); nucleic acid hybridization ( b . d . hames & amp ; s . j . higgins , 1984 ); animal cell culture ( r freshney ed . 1986 ); immunochemical methods in cell and molecular biology ( mayer & amp ; walker , eds ., academic press , london , 1987 ); protein purification : principles and practice , second edition ( scopes , ed ., springer - verlag , n . y . 1987 ); current protocols in immunology ( john wiley & amp ; sons , ny 1998 ); antibodies , a laboratory manual ( ed harlow and david lane , eds , cold spring harbor , n . y . 1988 ); and fundamental immunology ( paul , ed , raven press , ny 1993 ). recombinant h . pylori urease was expressed and purified as previously described ( lee et al ., j . infect . dis . ( 1995 ) 172 : 161 ). briefly , after cloning of the urea and ureb genes under an inducible promoter and transformation in e . coli , inactive recombinant urease was expressed and purified from cell pellets . after several steps including ion - exchange chromatography and gel filtration , purified urease was lyophilized and stored at − 20 ° c . after reconstitution , urease was stored at 4 ° c . the same urease preparation was used for all the experiments described in this study . it is usually resuspended in 20 mm hepes buffer , ph 7 . 3 (= hepes ) to a final concentration of 4 . 0 mg / ml . this solution will also contain 2 % sucrose from the lyophilisation ballast . the other antigens were cloned in and expressed from e . coli . ralpa , rcatalase , rbabb and rprotease are purified in denaturing buffers containing a chaotropic agent ( e . g . urea , guanidinium , arginine ). heat labile toxin from e . coil ( lt ) was purchased from sigma ( st louis , usa ). the dc - chol liposomal formulations are prepared by using the general detergent dialysis technique as described for instance by weder , h . g . and zumbuehi , o . the preparation of variably sized homogeneous liposomes for laboratory , clinical , and industrial use by controlled detergent dialysis . in liposome technology : gregoriadis g . ( ed . ), volume 1 , crc press , boca raton , fla . 1984 ; 79 - 105 . briefly , chloroform solutions of lipids in the presence or absence of lipoidal adjuvants are mixed , evaporated , vacuum dessicated and resuspended in a buffer to yield a liposome suspension . this suspension is homogeneized by either extrusion , microfluidization or sonication and the resulting vesicles are then turned into lipid / detergent mixed micelles by the addition of excess detergent ( e . g . alkyiglycosides , bile salt , etc .). the antigens of interest are then added to the mixed micelles to form an homogeneous solution . finally the detergent is removed by controlled dialysis to restore the liposomes in the presence of the antigens . [ 0056 ] h . pylori x43 - 2an , is a streptomycin resistant strain adapted to mice by serial passage ( h . kleanthous et al . viiith int . workshop on gastroduodenal path . and h . pylori . jul . 7 - 9th , 1995 , edinburgh , scotland , u . k .). this strain was stored at − 70 ° c . in brucella broth ( bb ) ( biomerieux ) supplemented with 20 % v / v glycerol and 10 % v / v foetal bovine serum ( fbs ) ( hyclone ). the challenge suspension was prepared as follows : for pre - culture , h . pyrlori was grown on mueller - hinton agar ( mha ; difco ) containing 5 % v / v sheep blood ( biomerieux ) and antibiotics : 5 pg . ml - 1 thrimethoprim , 10 pg . ml - 1 vancomycin , 1 . 3 pg . ml - 1 polymixin b sulfate , 5 pg . ml - 1 amphotericin and 50 μg . ml - 1 streptomycin ( selective marker of strain x43 - 2an ) ( tvpas ). all antibiotics were purchased from sigma . mha - tvpas plates were incubated for 3 days at 37 ° c . under micro - aerobic conditions ( anaerocult c , merck ). the pre - culture was used to inoculate a 75 cm2 vented flask ( costar ) containing 50 ml of bb supplemented with 5 % v / v fbs and all antibiotics ( tvpas ). the flask was kept under micro - aerobic conditions with gentle shaking for 24 hrs . the suspension was characterized by gram &# 39 ; s staining , urease activity ( urea indole medium , diagnostic pasteur ), catalase ( h202 , 3 % v / v ) and oxidase activity ( biomerieux discs ). viability and motility were checked by contrast phase microscopy . the suspension was diluted in bb to od 550 nm = 0 . 1 ( which was equivalent to 1 × 107 cfu . ml - 1 ). outbred of1 female mice 6 - 8 - weeks - old were purchased from iffa credo ( france ). during the studies cages were covered ( using isocaps ), mice were given filtered water and irradiated food and autoclaved material was used . mice were immunized on days 0 , 21 and 42 . immunization was performed by the subcutaneous ( sc ) route ( 300 μl under the skin of the left part of the lumbar region ). five μg of recombinant h . pylori urease and of each antigen ( alone or within the cocktails ) were administered by sub - cutaneous ( sc ) route . mice were challenged 4 weeks after the second boost by gastric gavage with 300 μl of a suspension of h . pylori bacteria ( 3 × 10 6 cfu ). in the therapeutic experiments , 10 % of the infected mice ( randomly selected ) were analyzed by urease test one month after challenge . all mice were positive and the remaining animals were then immunized as previously described . analysis of the challenge was done one month after the last immunization . four weeks after the challenge , mice were killed and stomachs were sampled to evaluate urease activity ( jatrox test , procter and gamble ) in a sterile flow hood , and to perform culture and histological analyses . one half of the whole stomach ( antrum + corpus ) was taken for culture and / or one quarter for urease activity and histology according to the experiments . urease activity was assessed 4 and 24 hrs postmortem by measuring the absorbance at 550 nm . the principle of the test is that the urea present in the test medium is split by h . pylori urease . the rise in ph causes a color change in the indicator which is likewise present in the test medium ( phenol red )— from yellow to pink red . at post - mortem , the mucosa from one half stomach of each mouse was stored in the culture transport medium ( portagerm , biomerieux ) and transferred to the culture room within 2 hrs . the specimen was removed and homogenized with a sterile dounce tissue grinder ( wheaton , millville , usa ) containing 1 ml of bb , and serial diluted to 10 - 3 . one hundred μl of each dilution were inoculated onto mha + tvpas plates and incubated under micro - aerobic conditions at 37 ° c . for 4 to 5 days . viable counts were recorded . h . pylori was identified by positive urease , catalase , oxidase and by typical appearance on gram &# 39 ; s stain . a quarter of the stomach was placed in 10 % buffered formalin ( labo - modeme ) and then processed for tissue sectioning . sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( he staining ), and gastritis was scored based upon the infiltration of lymphocytes , plasma cells and neutrophils ( lee et al , 1995 ). scoring was defined as follows : 0 no abnormalities ; 1 — a few leukocytes scattered in the deep mucosa ; 2 — moderate numbers of leukocytes in the deep to mid - mucosa , occasional neutrophils in glands ; 3 — dense infiltrates of leukocytes in the deep to mid mucosa , a few microabcesses , and 1 or 2 lymphoid aggregates ; 4 — dense , diffuse infiltrates of leukocytes throughout the lamina propria and into the submucosa , with prominent lymphoid aggregates , and several microabscesses filled with neutrophils . inactivated h . pylori bacteria were sonicated and total extract loaded on a sds gel . after transfer of proteins and saturation with milk , the membrane strips were incubated with the different sera , and the presence of specific igg1 and igg2a antibodies detected according to standard procedures . revelation was carried out with the ecl technique ( amersham ). nitrocellulose plates ( millipore ) were coated with 5 μg / ml of anti mouse il10 or ifnγ ( pharmingen ). the spleens were teased through a 70 μm filter falcon ). after treatment with gey &# 39 ; s solution to eliminate red cells and three further washes , the cells were counted and loaded into the wells of the plates at a final concentration of 2 . 10 5 cells in 100 μl in each well . three different concentrations ( final concentration of 30 , 10 and 3 μg / ml ) of filtrered h . pylori extract ( containing 25 % urease ) was added into the wells to stimulate the cells for 44 hours at 37 ° c . with 5 % co2 . each assay was done in triplicate in rpmi 1640 ( gibco ) supplemented with 5 % decomplemented fcs , sodium pyruvate , βme , glutamnine and antibiotics . a positive control ( cona , sigma , at a 5 μg / ml final concentration ) and a negative control ( medium alone ) were performed for each mouse . secondary biotinylated anti mouse il5 or γifn antibodies ( pharmingen ) were used at 1 μg / ml . spots were revealed with aec substrate ( sigma ) and once the plates dried , counted with an automated spot counter ( microvision , france ). the number of spots for 10 6 cells induced by 10 μg / ml h . pylori extract was determined and the background ( spots induced by medium alone , negative control ) was substracted . elisas were performed according to standard protocols ( biotinylated conjugates , streptavidine peroxidase complex were from amersham and opd substrate from sigma ). plates ( maxisorb , nunc ) were coated overnight at 4 ° c . with h . pylori extracts ( 5 ˜ tg / ml ) in carbonate buffer . after saturation with bovine serum albumin ( sigma ), plates were incubated with the sera ( 1 . 5 hrs ), biotinylated conjugate ( 1 . 5 hrs ), streptavidin peroxidase complex ( 1 h ) and substrate ( 10 ′). a polyclonal mouse serum directed against h . pylori extract served as a control in each experiment . the titers were expressed as the inverse of the dilution giving 50 % of the maximal absorbance value at 492 nm . protection was assessed by quantitative culture from infected stomachs and differences between groups was estimated by newman keuls and dunetts tests . urease administered with dc - chol induced a balanced igg1 / igg2a response in serum , and a predominant ifnγ response in spleen cells re - stimulated with urease invitro ( fig1 ). in similar experiments , urease administered with alum did not induce significant ifnγ production ( not shown ). experiments carried out with six different preparations of urease / dc - chol induced consistently the same pattern of immune responses in mice . this formed the base line to which efficacy of antigen combinations was compared . specifically antigen combinations formulated in the balanced adjuvant were administered via the systemic route to compare the urease - induced protection to the one induced by the other antigens , alone or in combination immune responses induced after immunization was examined by western blot . the results are shown in fig2 . for each formulation the expected reactivity was observed . recombinant urease and catalase induced both igg1 and igg2a while alpa , 76k and 525 induced a predominant igg1 response . recombinant 76k induced a reactivity against two different proteins or isoforms in the extract . antigen combinations were formulated and examined for their ability to induce protection in the animal model of infection described herein protection was assessed by measuring the level of urease activity in the stomachs of all mice , and by quantitative culture in the stomach of all or half of the mice per group . the results are shown in fig3 . dc - chol / urease induced a 2 log reduction in bacterial colonization ( median cfu values ), but in an heterogeneous way . similar protection was achieved by the other antigens , except for protein 525 ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 except for this latter antigen compared to c +). the different cocktails also induced a 2 - log reduction in bacterial density , but this was more homogeneous for most of the combinations . while in antigens - alone groups , about 50 % of mice had levels of bacteria higher than 3000 cfus ( in particular in the urease group ), less than 20 % of the cocktail - groups presented such high values . similarly , while less than 25 % of the mice presented low bacterial counts ( below 1000 cfus ) in the antigen - only groups , more than 50 % of the mice had such low values in the cocktail - groups . similar more - homogeneous protection was observed using such cocktails in two other and separate experiments using dc - chol or a combination of dc - chol and bay adjuvants . this combination provided a 3 - log decrease in median cfu values , an unexpected synergistic result ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 compared to antigen alone ). therapeutic activity was assessed using the same formulations as described for examples 1 and 2 . western blot analysis performed in mice immunized after challenge showed similar profiles than in the previous prophylactic experiment , indicating that prior colonization did not influence the level and the quality of the immune responses induced by the different formulations by systemic route . the different cocktails were then compared to urease in their ability to reduce colonization . as shown in fig5 urease formulated with dc - chol did not induce a significant reduction in bacterial density , while some cocktails did . the cocktails containing catalase , 76k and 525 induced the best levels of reduction ( 2 log in median cfu values , p & lt ; 0 . 05 ). contrarily to what we generally observed in prophylactic studies , where some correlation exists between urease activity and quantitative culture ( the latter test being more sensitive ), such a correlation was not really found among different therapeutic studies conducted in our lab , including the one presented here . the level of gastritis was analyzed in some groups , that showed or not a reduced colonization . although a moderate gastritis was observed in infected mice compared to uninfected mice ( average score 1 - 2 in the former group vs 0 - 1 in the latter ), no differences were observed in immunized - infected mice compared to unimmunized - infected mice ( not shown ), in agreement with previous studies .
the invention relates to multivalent compositions for preventing or treating helicobacter infections . multivalent helicobacter component compositions useful in prophylaxis comprises at least two , preferably three components , that are selected from alpa , catalase , urcase , 525 protease and 76k proteins . multivalent compositions useful in therapy include in particular 76k + caatalase + 525 protease , urease + 76k + catalase + 525 protease , alpa + 76k + catalase + 525 protease , alpa + 76k and alpa + catalase .