reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings . while the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments , it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments . on the contrary , the invention is intended to cover alternatives , modifications and equivalents , which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . furthermore , in the following detailed description of the present invention , numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention . however , it will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details . in other instances , well - known methods , procedures , components , and circuits have not been described in detail as to not unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention . fig1 a illustrates a microelectrode probe system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in fig1 a , microelectrode probe system 100 comprises , among other components , interface 101 containing conductive contacts 102 connected with communication channels 104 and other contacts 103 . interface 101 is physically coupled with probe body 105 comprising housing 106 and tip 107 , both containing other probe components . communication channels 104 can be any medium that allows communication from one point to another , for example for transmitting signals from components within probe body 105 to conductive contacts 102 . as shown , microelectrode probe system 100 , probe body 105 , housing 106 , and tip 107 may be composed of a single physical layer or a combination of a plurality of physical layers . probe body 105 , housing 106 , and tip 107 may be rigid or flexible . microelectrode probe system 100 is used to measure chemical and electrical values using components within probe housing 106 and probe tip 107 . although not shown , other devices may be connected to microelectrode probe through interface 101 and conductive contacts 102 to retrieve information from probe components through communication channels 104 . components within the probe housing 106 and probe tip 107 can include any type of sensor or network of sensors appropriate for the desired physiological measurements to be collected . fig1 b illustrates a microelectrode site cross section 110 within a probe system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . it will be appreciated that microelectrode site cross section 110 as depicted in fig1 b is illustrative of a cross section of an exemplary probe system , similar to the example provided by fig1 a . in fig1 b , microelectrode site cross section 110 within an exemplary probe system comprises probe body 105 and housing 106 containing communication channels 104 individually coupled with a microelectrode 111 . it will be appreciated that communication channels 104 within housing 106 can be communicably coupled with communication channels 104 within interface 101 as depicted in fig1 a . probe body 105 and housing 106 may be rigid or flexible . communication channels 104 can be any medium that allows communication from one point to another for example for transmitting signals from microelectrode 111 within probe body 105 to conductive contacts 102 within interface 101 as depicted in fig1 a . microelectrode 111 performs measurement of characteristics of a substance and communicates measurement information through communication channel 104 . as shown , microelectrode site cross section 110 within an exemplary probe system , probe body 105 , and housing 106 may be composed of a single layer or a combination of a plurality of physical layers . fig1 c illustrates a biomorphic multi - site microelectrode array within a probe system 120 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in fig1 c , biomorphic multi - site microelectrode array within an exemplary probe system 120 comprises , among other things , probe body 105 , housing 106 , and tip 107 . probe body 105 , housing 106 , and tip 107 may be rigid or flexible . housing 106 and tip 107 contain a plurality of microelectrodes 111 each coupled with an individual communication channel 104 . microelectrode 111 may be placed at variable locations within housing 106 in order to achieve specific measurements at a given probe location . biomorphic multi - site microelectrode array within a probe system 120 contains a plurality of microelectrodes 111 of no fixed amount . placement and spacing of microelectrodes 111 in a linear and / or paired arrangement ( 100 microns to 3 mm ) is designed to match a variety of brain structures affording a biomorphic array allowing simultaneous recordings at multiple target depths and coordinates from one microelectrode probe system 100 . fig2 illustrates a profile of a dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array 200 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in fig2 , dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array 200 comprises an upper side 200 a and a lower side 200 b , the upper and lower sides separated by polymer and / or other material layer 201 , each side containing interface 101 physically coupled with flexible probe body 105 comprising housing 106 and tip 107 . housing 106 and tip 107 contain a plurality of microelectrodes ( not shown , although examples are depicted in the preceding figures , for example microelectrode 111 ) each connected to an individual communication channel ( not shown , although examples are depicted in the preceding figures , for example communication channel 104 ). it will be appreciated that , while probe body 105 may appear to be connected to and not containing house 106 and tip 107 in the figures herein , probe body 105 comprises both house 106 and tip 107 . according to one embodiment , an individual microelectrode ( not shown ) 111 on one side of dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array 200 is responsible for measurement of a specific analyte such as glutamate or glucose , lactate and a variety of other molecules . each microelectrode 111 is paired with a corresponding microelectrode 111 on the reverse side of dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array 200 . the corresponding microelectrode 111 is responsible for detection of a specific analyte and is used as a control for self - referencing . enzyme - based coatings on microelectrodes 111 on one side specific to analytes of interest ( active ), coupled with a similar but non - functional protein matrix ( sentinel ) coating on the microelectrode 111 on the opposite side yields two distinct recording sites for subtraction of interferents , noise and non - faradaic background current . differences in the measurement recorded on paired microelectrodes 111 on each side of the dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array 200 provide for the identification and elimination of interfering signals . dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array 200 allows for improved signal to noise affording tonic and phasic recordings of neurochemical and metabolic molecules that cannot be measured by single microelectrodes . the disclosures of burmeister and gerhardt , analytical chem 2001 , 73 and miller et al , j neuroscuience methods , 252 ( 2015 ) provide explanation of self - referencing and improved signal to noise as referenced herein ; the disclosures of both publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . fig3 illustrates enzyme - based coatings of microelectrodes 300 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in fig3 , enzyme - based coatings of microelectrodes 300 comprise three layers . communication layer 301 is separated from enzyme layer 303 by a barrier layer 302 . communication layer 301 may be comprised of a sputtered platinum ( pt ) metal layer to produce catalyzed oxidation of molecules ( or reduction depending on analyte measured ) 306 for reporting measurements . barrier layer 302 may be comprised of poly -( meta - phenylenediamine ) ( mpd ) to minimize the oxidization of unwanted molecules applied to the communication layer 301 . enzyme layer 303 comprises an enzyme coating specific or highly selective to an analyte to be measured . enzyme layer 303 is also referred to as an enzyme coating on the recording site . when the enzyme layer 303 is coated with a specific enzyme such as , but not limited to , glutamate oxidase , allowed molecules 304 such as glutamate interact and pass 305 reporter molecules such as but not limited to h 2 o 2 306 to the communication layer 301 . other molecules 307 cannot either interact with the selective enzyme layer and / or are prevented from passing 308 certain oxidizable and / or reducible molecules to the communication layer 301 by the barrier layer 302 . fig4 illustrates a process 400 for fabricating dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode arrays in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in fig4 , a microfabrication process 400 starts with flexible polymer wafer 401 such as laminated kapton blank polymer wafer or acrylic substrate . lift - off layer ( lol ) is then spun 402 onto the wafer and pre - baked . in a next lithography step 403 , the lol is exposed to light in a mask aligner and etched to open areas for tipt metal deposition . in a metal coating step 404 , high purity pt ( 0 . 25 μm ) is sputtered conformally . the pt on lol is then lifted and removed 405 , and pt on polymer substrate is left on the polymer wafer surface forming the desired device pattern . next the wafer undergoes a polyimide coating and lithography step 406 . the wafer with pt pattern is conformally spin - coated with polyimide layer ( 0 . 2 μm ), and pre - baked . the wafer is then coated with photo resist ( pr ), baked , and exposed to the light in a mask aligner . finally , the wafer is etched 407 in a developer to open areas for etching polyimide and finish formation of electrical insulating coating on conducting traces . the etching defines precisely the areas of recording sites of the electrodes . according to one embodiment , the process 400 described in fig4 includes a high definition lift - off process for thicker ti / pt deposition ( e . g ., greater than 0 . 16 um ). the lift - off process is optimized to minimize ti / pt lifting at the contour of breaking through the metal . a thicker ti / pt layer enables reliable wire bonding and soldering of electrical connectors . this provides more options in electrical connector selection and packaging types . according to one embodiment , sputtering is used in the process 400 described in fig4 for the benefit of lower temperatures as compared to those when e - beam evaporation is used , and the sputtering is done in stages for controlling temperatures below 90 degrees celsius on the substrate . according to one embodiment , the process 400 described in fig4 is applicable to both rigid substrates ( alumina — al2o3 ) and flexible substrates ( kapton — polyimide , acrylic , etc .). rigid substrates are more limited in size as compared to flexible substrates which can be substantially larger in size . flexible substrates and rigid substrates differ in packaging in that , in the case of flexible substrates , it can be easier to attach connectors and / or create connectors by soldering pins to the substrate . the process 400 described in fig4 can also be used on other types of substrates such as acrylic ( pmma ), silicon ( si ) and the like . according to one embodiment , thin polyimide and / or su - 8 conformal coating applied over the conducting traces serves for electric insulation purposes and in some designs to define geometry of electric recording sites . long ( on the scale of 100 mm or longer ) and thin ( less than 0 . 25 mm × 0 . 25 mm cross section ) polyimide flexible probes minimize damage and inflammation in brain tissue . according to one embodiment , a stainless steel wafer is used in process 400 . the polymer layer ( s ) are then be layered on each side of the stainless steel wafer , enabling creation of an easier to fabricate , more resilient and thinner probe . this design also provides an within probe ground plane , electrical stimulation and pseudo - reference electrode . it will be appreciated that the use of a stainless steel wafer is a complement for dealing with optogenetics . according to one embodiment , channel multiplexing is used to serialize a potentially large number of communication channels . such a design can reduce the number of pins or lines required for the interface . such channel multiplexing can be achieved using semiconductor chips . it will be appreciated that channel multiplexing can be utilized in a design employing a stainless steel wafer or other wafer materials disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure . table 1 below lists possible enzymes used to create the enzyme reactive layer and associated selective analyte measurement . polyimide flexible probes with simultaneous multiple recording sites detecting signals from individual neurons have been disclosed herein . double sided flexible brain probes are built herein on a flexible wafer using all biocompatible materials and processes : polyimide — kapton , acrylic — su8 , conformal coatings , pt metallization , lift - off process . while the above is a complete description of exemplary specific embodiments of the invention , additional embodiments are also possible . thus , the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention , which is defined by the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents .
a dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array and method of fabricating the same . a measurement probe fabricated from a polymer consisting of two sides each with an array of paired recording sites for the measurement of molecules in an aqueous biological or chemical environment . enzyme - based coatings are placed on microelectrodes of one measurement probe side specific to analytes of interest , and are coupled with a similar but non - functional protein matrix coating on the microelectrode on the opposite side to yield two distinct recording sites for subtraction of interferents , noise and non - faradaic background current . microelectrodes are arranged with variable spacing between each to match a variety of brain structures affording a biomorphic array allowing simultaneous recordings at multiple target depths and coordinates from one measurement probe system . the fabrication method uses photolithographic techniques where each dual - sided biomorphic polymer - based microelectrode array is cut out using lithography , allowing for multiple different or identical designs that can be simultaneously patterned on a single polymer wafer and improved microelectrode tip that is tapered for improved tissue penetration .