the following description is of the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the invention . this description is not to be taken in a limiting sense , but is merely made for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention . the scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims . this invention provides amplified light for artificial photoreceptors implanted in the eye of a patient who has lost the use of his / her normal photoreceptor retinal cells . the purpose of this amplified light is to effectively stimulate the artificial photoreceptors . the artificial photoreceptors , in turn , provide electrical stimulation through associated electrodes , usually via some electronics , to retinal cells , which are normally stimulated by living retinal photoreceptors such as cones and rods . the retinal cells , which get electrically stimulated by way of the artificial photoreceptors , are typically bipolar cells . this stimulation to these non - photoreceptor retinal cells allows the patient to have at least some perception of what a normal eye would see . in order not to damage the retinal cells , light is fed to the photoreceptor - electrode stimulators in the following ways . four preferred embodiments are described . in the first embodiment a single wavelength is relied upon to activate a combined photodetector - electronics - electrode implanted unit which then produces a negative pulse , followed by a time delay , followed by a negative pulse . in the first embodiment , a photoreceptor implanted in the eye acts to produce an electrical stimulation with an equal amount of positive and negative charge . a single light wavelength is received by the photoreceptor . the photoreceptor activates an electrode with associated electronics . the electronics produces a negative pulse followed by a time delay followed by a positive pulse . a net charge of zero is introduced into the eye by the electrode - originating electrical pulses . the preferred delay time is in the range 0 . 1 millisecond to 10 milliseconds , with the delay time of 2 milliseconds is most preferred . when he retinal cell is not being electrically stimulated , it returns to a rest and recovery state . it is then in a state , electrically , it was in prior to stimulation by the first electrical stimulation . starting with the logarithmic amplifier , an image receiver with a first converter for the image , converts the image into electrical signals . the signals are amplified , basically logarithmically , so as to provide brightness compression for the patient . the amplified electrical signal is converted by a second converter into a photon - based display ; wherein said photons of said display enter an eye through a pupil of said eye . photons ( 102 ) from a viewed scene ( not shown ) enter the logarithmic amplifier ( 1000 ) by way of the lens ( 101 ). the light amplifier ( 1000 ) has an image receiver ( 1 ), a first converter ( 103 ) of the image into electrical signals , an amplifier ( 2 ) of said electrical signals whereby the overall amplification of said electrical signal according to a definite functional relationship between input signal to the amplifier and an output signal from the amplifier , a second converter ( 107 ) of said amplified electrical signal into a photon - based display ( 7 ); such that the of display photons ( 108 ) enter an eye ( 5 ) through the pupil ( 105 ) of the eye ( 5 ). in the case where the imager ( 1 ) is a type of video camera , the image receiver and conversion to electrical signals may occur in a package ( old in the art ). a display ( 7 ) that is a source of photons such as a laser ( coherent light source ) ( 7 ), or a non - coherent source such as colored leds ( 7 ), or a plasma display ( 7 ), is used to send photons directly to an implant near the retina . these displays ( 7 ) are made very bright , but not such as to impact negatively on the eye . in our cases , the patient has sufficient retinal degeneration so as to be unable to see without the aid of a retinal prosthetic . in the case where the display ( photon source ) is a laser ( 7 ), that laser is scanned over the implanted photodetector - electronics - electrode array ( fig2 , ( 8 ) in accordance with the scene being displayed to the eye . a scanning laser is a laser with scanning means ( old in the art ). referencing fig2 a , the video signal ( 6 ) is applied to a scanning laser ( 7 ), a scanning laser being a laser with scanning means ( old in the art ). the scanning laser ( 7 ) is scanned over the retinal prosthesis in a square or rectangular pattern or in a raster pattern with an exact fit to the prosthesis ( 8 ). the video signal ( 6 ) supplies amplitude from the data processor ( fig1 , ( 2 )), and if desired ( see fig1 ), color information , of the scene being viewed , from the individual color amplifiers ( 3 ) to the laser ( 7 ), which information is used to modulate the laser . in a preferred mode , the light amplifier ( 1000 ) is a logarithmic amplifier . in another preferred mode , the amplifier amplifies according to a different function than the logarithmic function or a modified logarithmic function , for example , an algebraic function such as a polynomial function multiplied by the logarithmic function the imager or camera lens is shown schematically as ( 101 ). the signal is logarithmically amplified as a whole at the electronic processor ( 2 ), or the individual rgb ( red , green , blue ) or rgby ( red , green , blue , yellow ) color components are individually logarithmically amplified ( 3 ). another color component mix of white light may be used . the individual amplification ( 3 ) of separate color components allows for the relative super - amplification of one color to which the photoreceptors are particularly sensitive . if only a “ black - and - white ” contrast image is displayed , the “ white ” part of that image is logarithmically translated to the color , i . e ., wavelength , to which the photoreceptors are most sensitive . this feature includes shifting the wavelength toward or to the near infrared or toward or to the near ultraviolet , according to what is needed to optimize the response of the implanted photosensitive elements . consequently , a mapping of the incoming image data to an appropriate output is possible . this mapping could be complex , for example , producing biphasic waveforms as shown in fig4 by appropriate timing of two lasers operating at different wavelengths and photosensitive elements uniquely sensitive to these wavelengths . in a preferred mode , individual rgb ( red , green , blue ) or rgby ( red , green , blue , yellow ) color components are amplified separately ( 3 ), or amplified together ( 2 ) and separated out ( 3 ) after the amplification . these color components may be used to stimulate particular photosensitive elements of the retinal implant ( s ). for example , a cell (“ blue - sensation ”) producing a sensation of blue color is stimulated when the scene being transmitted to the eye has blue , which in the projected ( into the eye ) scene would have blue in the vicinity of that blue - sensation cell . the logarithmic amplification is necessary to compress the range of original brightness . the normal eye does this automatically of closing down the pupil size , squinting and employing other electrochemical cellular mechanisms . this light amplifier accomplishes this necessary task by electronic logarithmic light amplification . the light amplifier also includes an adjustable transformer or magnification of image size . a shutter or electronically turning the scanning laser on and off are not a necessary part of this embodiment . in the second preferred embodiment of the light amplifier two or more wavelengths are used to communicate light energy to the eye to allow balanced biphasic stimulation with no net charge injection into the eye . a first wavelength is used to stimulate a first set of photoreceptors . these photoreceptors are connected so that the stimulation of the attached , or associated , electrodes results in a negative pulse . this negative pulse provides retinal cell stimulation . then the shutter cuts in and stops light transmission to the eye . the time of this light interruption is preferred in the range 0 . 1 millisecond to 10 milliseconds , with the time of 2 milliseconds most preferred . the retinal cell is in a rest and recovery state so that it returns , electrically , to the state it was in prior to stimulation by the first particular wavelength of light . a second wavelength of light then stimulates a second set of photoreceptors which are sensitive to that wavelength of light ; while the first set of photoreceptors are not affected . this second set of photoreceptors is connected so that the stimulation of the attached , or associated , electrodes results in a positive pulse . the net charge introduced into the retinal cells must balance , or equal , the net charge introduced by the negative pulse . again , the shutter cuts in and stops light transmission . again , the retinal cells rest and recover and the process repeats . in the second preferred embodiment , fig3 a , two scanning lasers , ( 9 ) and ( 10 ), are supplied with video signals , with each laser operating at a different wavelength . advantageously , two or more photoreceptors ( 13 ), ( 14 ) are on the implant . the two types of photoreceptors ( 13 ), ( 14 ), are tuned to different frequencies of light , each of the frequencies being that of one of the emitting frequencies of the external lasers ( 9 ), ( 10 ). fig3 b shows two incoming frequencies of light , ( 301 ) and ( 302 ). the light sources for the dual light frequencies ( 301 ), ( 362 ) is a unit ( 304 ) which is downstream in the information flow from the imager ( fig1 , ( 101 ), ( 1 ), ( 103 )) and amplifiers ( fig1 , ( 2 ), ( 3 )). the final output from the amplification stages is connected electrically or electromagnetically to the dual light frequency sources ( 304 ), in particular , dual scanning lasers operating with different wavelengths of light output . pairs ( 303 ) of different frequency ( i . e ., wavelength ) photoreceptors are placed on the eye - implant , each pair associated with an electrode ( not shown ). together , the two types of photoreceptors ( e . g ., photodiodes ) give rise to a biphasic current ( fig4 ) at each electrode ( not shown ). initially the rest state appears ( 40 ). next , one of the photoreceptors ( 13 ) has been activated by its corresponding laser ( 9 ). the current amplitude is negative . ( 41 ). after a time ( 42 ), laser ( 9 ) and photoreceptor ( 13 ) shut down and the amplitude returns to zero . next , the other laser ( 10 ) actives its corresponding ( in light wavelength ) photoreceptor ( 14 ) and the amplitude is positive by an amount ( 43 ) and for a duration ( 44 ). nominally , in absolute value , ( 41 )=( 43 ), and ( 42 )=( 44 ). however , in the case this is not exact , then the parameters ( 44 ) and ( 43 ) can be altered such that ( 41 )*( 42 )=( 43 )*( 44 ), where * indicates multiplication . this can be accomplished by measuring ( 41 ) and ( 42 ) and then altering ( 43 ) or ( 44 ) or both to maintain charge balance . a shutter ( 4 ) is part of the second embodiment . the shutter ( fig1 , ( 4 )) is of a mechanical design ( old in the art ), or an electronic shutter ( 4 ) ( old in the art ) or an electro - optical shutter ( 4 ) ( old in the art ). the shutter ( 4 ) cuts off light from the logarithmic light amplifier ( 1000 ) to the pupil ( 105 ) of the eye ( 5 ). this decreases the total time that light strikes the photoreceptors ( fig3 a , ( 13 ), ( 14 )), ( fig3 b , 303 ) consequently , the time during which the bipolar , or similar cells , are stimulated is decreased . because the eye is not functioning as originally intended , the bipolar , or similar , cells are thought to need this “ down - time ” to continue to function properly . an aspect of this invention is the use of two or more wavelengths to allow balanced biphasic stimulation with no net charge injection into the eye . as long as a biphasic type of electrical stimulation , where equal amounts of positive charge and negative charge in the form of ionic carriers or electrons or other charge carriers , enter the vitreous fluid of the eye , the electrical effect on the eye is not harmful . if direct current is supplied to the eye , internally , a charge imbalance results . this excess of charge has been found to be harmful to cells . consequently , direct current can harm the bipolar and other cells . advantageously , the biphasic electrical stimulation tends to avoid this harm to the cells because no excess charge accumulates . a third embodiment that is a cross , so to speak , between the first and second embodiments uses two different wavelengths and two different types of diodes , each responsive to a corresponding wavelength . in this embodiment , one wavelength is used to pump in a high constant level of light to supply power to the electronics component . the other wavelength is used to send in information via amplitude , frequency , phase , pulse - width modulation , or combinations thereof . the stimulation pulse from the electronics to the electrode to the retinal cell is generated in a fashion similar to the pulses generated in the first embodiment , with a single wavelength . the third embodiment uses two different wavelengths and two different types of diodes , each responsive to a corresponding wavelength . ( see fig3 b , ( 301 ), ( 302 )) in this embodiment , one wavelength ( fig5 , ( 501 )) is used to pump in a high constant level of light to supply power to the electronics component ( 502 ). the other wavelength ( 503 ) is used to send in information via amplitude , frequency , phase , pulse - width modulation , or combinations thereof to the electronics component ( 502 ). the stimulation pulse from the electronics ( 502 ) to the electrode ( 504 ) to the retinal cell is generated in a fashion similar to the pulses generated in the first embodiment , with a single wavelength . see fig6 . fig6 summarizes in block form the preceding three embodiments . in the first embodiment there is one wavelength ( 601 ) input to a single diode ( 602 ) with electronics ( 603 ) and electrode ( 604 ). either digitally or by analogue means , old in the art , a d . c . signal occurring after the absorption of photons by the photoreceptor is converted by the electronics to a signal ( 600 ) of the type shown in fig4 , at the electrode . in the second embodiment , for two different wavelengths ( 610 ), ( 611 ), both carrying power and information , impinging on two different photoreceptors ( 612 ), ( 613 ), the electronics ( 6033 ), digital or analogue , again produce the waveform ( 600 ) of fig4 at the electrode ( 604 ). in the third embodiment , for two different photoreceptors ( 620 ), ( 621 ), the first receiving a steady state power wavelength ( 622 ), the second receiving a signal wavelength ( 623 ), the electronics ( 6034 ), digital or analogue , produces the signal ( 600 ) of fig4 at the electrode ( 604 ). the electronic circuitry of ( 603 ), ( 6033 ) and ( 6034 ) may be different . a fourth embodiment is that of the logarithmic light amplifier ( 1000 ) itself , without any special implantable photoreceptors . this last embodiment may require a low duty cycle when used with photoreceptors ( fig8 , ( 81 )) connected to an electrode ( 82 ) without any electronics . it relies upon the intrinsic capacitance of an oxidizable electrode , which acquires capacitance with the buildup of an insulating oxidized layer toward the ionizable fluid present in the eye as vitreous fluid , or fluid directly associated with the eye . in a first set of embodiments , the addition of a shutter ( fig1 , ( 4 )) with an off time of from 0 . 5 ms to 10 ms , most preferably 2 ms provides a mechanism to provide that off time ( fig4 , ( 47 ), ( 48 )). however , in a second set of embodiments , the time each laser is on can be controlled by electronic means ( old in the art ) within the laser to provide equal positive pulses and negative pulses , i . e ., equal with respect to total signed charge introduced into a retinal cell . the first and second sets of embodiments may be completely or partially coincident . another aspect of all of the embodiments is incorporation of both optical and electronic magnification of the image , as for example , the incorporation of an optical zoom lens , as well as electronic magnification . optical magnification of the image ( see fig1 ) is accomplished by use of a zoom lens for the camera lens ( 101 ). electronic magnification is accomplished electronically in an electronic data processing unit ( 2 ) or ( 3 ). consequently , it is feasible to focus in on items of particular interest or necessity . with proper adjustment , proper threshold amplitudes of apparent brightness obtain , as well as comfortable maximum thresholds of apparent brightness . therefore , to adjust for these , a sixth aspect is incorporated in all of the embodiments such that proper adjustment for the threshold amplitudes and maximum comfortable thresholds can be made . to makes color vision available , to a degree ; another aspect is incorporated . to the extent that individual stimulation sites ( e . g ., bipolar cells ) give different color perceptions upon stimulation , the color of selected pixels of the viewed scene is correlated with a specific pair of photoreceptors located so as to electrically stimulate a specific type of bipolar cell to provide the perception of color vision in order to help implement these last two aspects of the preferred embodiments of this invention , apparent brightness control and the presentment of apparent color , the logarithmic amplifier also incorporates within itself , a data processing unit which cycles electrical pulses of varying amplitude and / or frequency and / or phase and / or pulse width through the various photodetector - electrodes and spatial combinations thereof , and , interrogates the patient , who then supplies the answers , setting up proper apparent brightness and apparent color . a different aspect of the embodiments utilizes a plug in accessory data processor ( fig7 , ( 71 )) with display ( 72 ) and data input device or devices such as a keyboard ( 73 ), mouse ( 74 ), or joystick ( 75 ). fig7 show the plug in unit ( 71 ) which plugs ( 76 ) into the logarithmic light amplifier ( 1000 ) to provide additional data processing ability as well as expanded data input and data display capability . in order for the scanning laser to correctly scan the retinal implant prosthetic photoreceptors , it is helpful if some feedback is provided to it . one aspect of the different embodiments is the presence of a feedback loop using some of the reflected light from the scanning laser itself . one aspect of the feedback loop is to use regions of different reflectivity on the surface of the retinal implant which allow the location , or relative location , of the scanning laser light beam to be determined . a scanning laser feedback is provided in the different embodiments of the invention . an imaging ( fig9 a ) of the retinal implant from the reflected ( 92 ) incoming scanning laser beam ( 91 ), see fig9 a , ( 7 ), ( fig1 and fig2 a , ( 7 )), ( fig3 a , ( 9 ,), ( 10 )) reflected back from the retinal implant ( fig9 , ( 8 )) can be used to provide real - time feedback information , utilizing a second imager ( 93 ) viewing into the eye ( 5 ) and a data processor unit ( 94 ) tied into the scanning laser &# 39 ; s scan control unit ( 95 ). another aspect of the embodiments ( fig9 b ) utilizes multiple fiduciary reflective or light absorptive points ( 96 ) and / or lines ( 97 ) on the retinal implant ( 8 ) such that the frequency and signal pattern , more generally , ( 98 ), ( 99 ), ( 100 ) of the high reflectivity from these reflective , or absorptive lines / point for a given rate of scanning by the scanning laser ( 7 ) can be used to correct the scanning direction from the different frequency patterns , some indicating correct scanning , others indicating an incorrect scanning . while the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof , numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims .
this invention is for directly modulating a beam of photons onto the retinas of patients who have extreme vision impairment or blindness . its purpose is to supply enough imaging energy to retinal prosthetics implanted in the eye which operate essentially by having light activating photoreceptors , or photoelectrical material . the invention provides sufficient light amplification and does it logarithmically . while it has sufficient output light power , the output light level still remains at a safe level . most preferred embodiments of this invention provide balanced biphasic stimulation with no net charge injection into the eye . both optical and electronic magnification for the image , as for example , using an optical zoom lens , is incorporated . otherwise , it would not be feasible to zoom in on items of particular interest or necessity . without proper adjustment , improper threshold amplitudes would obtain , as well as uncomfortable maximum thresholds . therefore , to adjust for these , a way of proper adjustment for the threshold amplitudes and maximum comfortable thresholds is provided . furthermore , to the extent that the individual stimulation sites in the retina give different color perceptions , upon stimulation , then colors of the viewed scene is correlated with specific stimulation sites to provide a certain amount of color vision .