a stretcher 10 according to the present invention , as shown in fig1 - 5 is particularly adapted for a patient 12 having suffered trauma to his spine . the stretcher 10 comprises a rigid board 14 , a pad 16 on top of the board , a plurality of straps 18 , and a traction device 20 at the head end 22 of the stretcher . with reference to fig5 and 10 , the board 14 comprises a laminate having a central core of foam 24 and an outer skin 26 of graphite reinforced epoxy material , i . e ., the foam is sandwiched between two layers or laminates 26 of graphite reinforced epoxy material . for texture and appearance , both layers or skin 26 of epoxy can be covered with textured decorative paper 28 . preferably the foam 24 is a rigid foam , and more preferably polyimide foam . the paper 28 , graphite / epoxy skin 26 , and polyimide foam 24 can be laminated together under pressure and elevated temperature as the epoxy resin is cured . a suitable &# 34 ; prepreg &# 34 ; graphite reinforced epoxy resin is commercially available from fiberite of winonia , minn . under the tradename hye 1048 a1e . suitable polyimide foam is available from cyro industries of stanford , conn . under the tradename rohacell 71 wf . this board 12 has many advantages for use in a stretcher . it is lightweight , has a low aluminum equivalency and a low ct number . this means that it is useable in both conventional x - ray machines and ct scanners without introducing artifacts . aluminum equivalency values presented herein are those determined in accordance with title 21 , section 1020 . 30n of the code of federal regulations and are determined by x - ray measurements made at 100 kvp with a minimum first half - value layer of 2 . 7 mm aluminum . the aluminum equivalency of a board according to the present invention , made of polyimide foam and graphite reinforced epoxy resin , was less than 0 . 5 mm . the federal standard for a movable table - top is 1 . 5 mm . the stretcher 10 and board 14 are rigid . a board 14 0 . 775 inch thick comprising foam about 0 . 695 inch thick and each graphite layer about 0 . 04 inch thick can easily serve as a stretcher for a 250 pound patient . the term &# 34 ; ct &# 34 ; value refers to the number measured when comparing the absorption and refraction of x - rays in various materials when compared to a known substance , air or water . all of the components of the stretcher 10 , other than the metallic traction device 20 , have a ct value less than 50 . a particular advanatage of using a polyimide core is that such a core can be subject to high temperatures and pressures to allow lamination with the epoxy resin / graphite layers while the epoxy resin is cured . other materials , such as polyurethane foam , would collapse under the pressures and temperatures used for curing the graphite reinforced epoxy , and most would have a higher aluminum equivalence . however , the present invention is not limited to the use of polyimide foam cores ; another material that can be used is nomex ( dupont trademark ) honeycomb core . a board with a polyimide core and graphite reinforced epoxy skin is sufficiently rigid that it can support a 250 pound patient when the board is lifted at each end with less than 1 / 2 inch maximum deflection . further , the board is sufficiently rigid that when the stretcher is lifted at each end with a 300 pound weight at its center , there is less than one inch deflection at the middle of the stretcher . when the board is picked up with handles 44 , there is literally no deflection . the entire peripheral edge of the board 14 is covered with an extruded bumper 30 made of polyurethane that is located between the graphite / epoxy skins 26 and bonded to the polyimide foam core 24 with an epoxy adhesive . the pad 16 is included in the stretcher 10 so that the patient lays on a comfortable surface . the pad 16 is generally the same shape as the board 14 , but is smaller in all directions so that the edges of the pad 16 are not exposed . as shown in fig5 the pad 16 comprises a bottom layer 32 of non - skid rubber , and a top layer 34 of polyester sponge . the top of the sponge and the edges of both the sponge layer 34 and rubber layer 32 are covered with a durable vinyl material 35 such as naugahyde ™. a suitable pad 16 can be obtained fron contour fabricators , incorporated , located in grand blanc , mich . a pad about one inch thick has a low aluminum equivalence of about 0 . 6 mm of aluminum and a low ct number of less than 50 . the stetcher 10 has a leg portion 36 and a torso portion 38 . the torso portion 38 is narrower than the leg portion 36 and generally at least about three inches narrower . preferably the torso portion is sufficiently narrow to pass into the gantry of a ct scanner . the leg portion is wider to support the pelvis , the forearms , and hands . preferably the leg portion is sufficiently narrow to fit between the clamps which secure the feet to commonly used fluoroscopic tables ; if the stretcher is too wide it does not fit between the clamps and cannot rest on the foot plate . preferably the torso section is more than 15 inches wide because anything less narrow would not function well as a stretcher and would be undesirable with patients with multiple injuries . preferably the torso section is about 18 inches wide to fit through the gantry of commonly used scanners . preferably the torso section is at least 42 inches long because this permits the lowest lumbar vertebrae , even in very tall patients , to pass into a ct scanner gantry . preferably the leg section is at least 38 inches long so the stretcher is long enough to support the entire patient , injuries of the lower spine , pelvis , or legs are immobilized better when the legs are supported . preferably the leg section is less than 22 inches wide to fit between the clamps which secure the foot plate to commonly used fluoroscopic tables . the straps 18 are bonded to the underside of the board 14 with an adhesive such as polyurethane adhesive . a satisfactory adhesive is made by hexcel of chatsworth , calif . and sold under the tradename uralite xw20 - 42 - 4 . the straps are provided with male 40 and female 42 buckles with the location of the male buckle 40 on the straps being adjustable . four straps are provided for securing the patient across the shins , the thighs , the hips , and the torso . the straps can be made of polyester fiber or nylon and the buckles of a strong polymeric material . the stretcher 10 is provided with eight handles 44 . the handles 44 are secured to webbing 46 that is sewn to the straps 18 . two handles are attached to each of the four straps on opposite sides of the stretcher . the webbing 46 can be made of a strong , flexible fabric material such as polyester or nylon and the handles 44 can be formed from a strong polymeric material such as nylon , abs , or high impact polystyrene . the underside of the board 14 is provided with eight feet or stops , four feet 48 laterally inwardly and four feet 50 laterally outwardly . the stops are provided in pairs along the lower portion of the board 14 . preferably they are made from a tough polymeric material having a relatively low aluminum equivalency such as cast polyurethane . these stops allow the board to sit on a concave surface even though the bottom of the board is flat . for example , with reference to fig3 the four inner stops 48 are positioned to hug the cradle 52 of a scanner having a low radius of curvature such as the general electric model 8800 ct scanner , while the four outer stops 50 are positioned to hug the cradle 54 of a scanner having a larger radius of curvature such as the general electric model 9800 ct scanner . the stops can be located wherever desired to accommodate the curvature of the scanner with which the board is to be used . the only metallic part of the stretcher 10 is the traction device 20 . the traction device comprises a pair of aluminum support plates 56 , one on the top and one on the bottom of the rigid board 14 , and held to the board by a screw 58 and epoxy adhesive . mounted on the screw 58 on top of the upper support plate is a base 60 on which there is rotatably mounted a collar 62 . the collar 62 includes an ear 64 on which is pivotally mounted a traction bar 66 , held on the ear with a pivot pin 68 . a handle 69 with a sunburst clamp 70 holds the traction bar 66 in position . the traction bar 66 is centrally located at the head of the stretcher . the traction device is an adaptation of a gardener skull clamp adaptor made by mayfield and available from codman and shurtleff , inc . of randolf , mass . 1 . it is exceptionally radiolucent so that good quality x - ray and ct images of the entire spine can be obtained without taking the patient off it . 2 . it is large , strong and stiff enough to serve as a stretcher and to allow lifting at the ends with even a 250 pound patient lying on the board , even though it is light - weight , less than 25 pounds . 3 . it is narrow enough to fit through the aperture of commonly used ct scanners along the entire length of the spine . 4 . it includes a cervical traction device which can accommodate up to 80 pounds of traction at variable angles . 5 . it is stable when secured to a fluoroscopy table even when tilted upwardly during myelography . paralyzed patients have been elevated as high as 60 degrees in order to return the contrast medium to the lower spinal canal following completion of myelographic studies , when the patient &# 39 ; s feet and the lower edge of the board were rested against the foot plate of the fluorscopic table and a retractable binder was tightened over the patient &# 39 ; s knees and secured to the fluoroscopic table . 6 . a paralyzed patient can be securely attached to the stretcher by means of the straps . 7 . the stretcher is padded to protect a paralyzed against the development of decubiti . 8 . because of the feet , the stretcher fits onto a concave ct cradle securely to reduce the chance of movement of the stretcher in relation to the cradle . in addition , the stretcher sits securely on flat tables including x - ray tables . 9 . it has excellent hand grips to permit lifting from the sides . in short , once a patient is placed on the stretcher 10 it is possible to safely conduct a complete radiographic evaluation of the spine and spinal cord . these and other features of the present invention will become better understood from the following example . a stretcher according to the present invention had a total thickness of about 1 . 8 inches , with the pad 1 inch thick and the board 0 . 8 inch thick . the stretcher was 80 inches in length , 18 inches wide in the torso portion , and 211 / 2 inches wide in the leg portion . the torso portion was 42 inches long and the leg portion was 38 inches long . the pad was only 14 inches wide in the leg portion to minimize the artifacts produced by the pad in an x - ray device . the board included straps , handles , and a traction device as shown in fig1 . with reference to fig7 - 11 , the board 14 was formed from laminates 26 made from seven layers of graphite reinforced resin placed on a lay up table 70 . the alternating layers were oriented 90 degrees relative to each other . the bottom , third , fifth and top layers 72 were oriented in one direction while the second , fourth and sixth layers 74 were oriented 90 degrees relative to layers 72 . the direction of a layer is determined by the direction in which the graphite fibers are layed in the epoxy matrix . the material for layers 72 and 74 was graphite reinforced epoxy resin prepreg obtained from fiberite , catalog no . hye 1048 a1e . with reference to fig7 the layers 72 were formed by butt splicing two segments 76 to the sides of elongated segments 78 . with reference to fig8 the layers 74 were made by butt splicing a narrower segment 80 to a broader segment 82 . with reference to fig1 , a polyimide foam core 24 was sandwiched between two of these graphite epoxy preplies 26 . the polyimide foam was catalog part no . 71 - wf from cyro industries of clifton , n . j . then on top of both of the preplies , there was placed a layer of paper . the paper used was moroccan leather available from carolina gravure of lexington , s . c ., catalog no . c - 65 - 349 - xl . it was 65 pound paper and had a thickness of 4 mils . both sides of this assembly were covered with one ply of mylar ™ 92 , which is a polyester resin , one ply of remay ™, which is a breather . this assembly was placed on an aluminum caul plate with a mold release agent therebetween . an aluminum caul plate 100 , 0 . 125 inch thick , was placed on top of the assembly with a two ply remay breather 102 on top of the caul plate . the entire assembly was covered with a nylon vacuum bag 104 provided with a vacuum sealant 106 . to cure the epoxy / graphite and to achieve the necessary lamination , the following cure cycle was used . the vacuum bagged parts were run under full vacuum for at least 30 minutes at a vacuum of 25 inches of mercury with a maximum leak rate of 1 inch per minute . the parts were then heated by raising the temperature to 175 ° f .± 5 ° f . at a rate of 2 °- 5 ° f . per minute . when the part temperature reached 175 ° f ., the pressure was set at 50 psi . when 50 psi was reached , it was held there for 15 minutes . then the temperature was raised to 250 ° f .± 5 ° f . at 2 °- 5 ° f . increase per minute . after the part reached a temperature of 250 ° f ., it was held there for 11 / 2 hours . the temperature was then quckly decreased . the pressure was released when the part temperature was below 175 ° f . the total cycle time was about 3 hours . the thickness of the various layers are not shown to scale in the figures . although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions , other versions are possible . for example , the traction bar 62 need not rotate on the base 60 . therefore , the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not necessarily be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein .
a stretcher for traumatized patients comprises a rigid board having a central core of polyimide foam and a skin of graphite reinforced expoxy ; this board is exceptionally radiolucent . the board has built in handles for transporting the patient , straps for holding a patient on the board , and means for applying traction to a patient . the stretcher is designed for transporting the patient and applying a variety of diagnostic tests to the patient , including computer aided tomography scanning , without removing the patient from the stretcher . it also facilitates efforts to make a closed reduction of a cervical fracture with fluoroscopic monitoring .