while this invention is capable of embodiment in many different forms , there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail several specific embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated . it is to be understood that like or analogous elements and / or components — referred to herein — may be identified throughout the drawings with like reference characters . the teachings of the present invention may be useful in implantable medical devices . these devices are implanted within patients for the delivery of medicament to a patient over a long period of time . the teachings of the present invention will be discussed relative to such an implantable device , and will be shown within such an environment . the present invention can potentially be used for continuous , bolus intermittent pulse or periodic pulse ( matching circadian , menstrual , ovulation or daily cycles ) release of a drug or cell culture in a systemic or localized fashion . the present invention is also capable of adjusting the fluid delivery rate based on the response of a sensor ( bio - feed back loop ). the present invention can be used for delivering a fluid in various applications , including , but not limited to : parasite control , oncology drugs , pain management drugs , growth hormones , lobotomy ( where a portion of the brain is selectively deteriorated by a delivered agent ), antibiotics , dna delivery , lactate hormone , cardioactive drugs , anti - malarial drugs , compliance medications such as antiabuse , vaccines , sexual dysfunction drugs , steroids , hormones , stimulants , or sleep aids . the present invention can also be used when provision is made for a device to contain water / electrolyte where the device is external to the body and delivery of a drug is via oral , anal , ear , nasal , or by piercing a part of the skin . the present invention can also be utilized in the form of a patch . although the present invention is generally described in conjunction with implantable devices , it should be noted that the teachings contained within this specification and the appended claims may be translated to other devices and applications without straying from the intended scope of this disclosure . referring now to the drawings and to fig1 in particular , a first embodiment of the present invention is shown wherein a fluid delivery device 10 comprises a reservoir 12 , a displaceable member 14 , an electrochemical pump product chamber 16 , an electrochemical pump 18 , and a housing 20 . it is to be further understood that fig1 ( as well as fig9 - 11 ) is merely a schematic representation of the fluid delivery device 10 of the present invention and as such , some of the components have been distorted from their actual scale for pictorial clarity . the reservoir 12 is capable of containing a fluid 22 , such as a biological , drug , lubricant , fragrant fluid , chemical agent , or mixtures thereof , which is delivered upon displacement of the displaceable member 14 . it will be understood that the term “ fluid ” is herein defined as a liquid , gel , paste , suspension ( with or without dispersant ), or other semi - solid state material that is capable of being delivered out of a reservoir . solid forms such as rods or encapsulated pills , paint balls , depots can be also delivered . the fluid can be either layered or homogenous . in the layered form , different fluids can be made into layers and can be delivered in succession . the reservoir 12 may include one or more apertures 24 — e . g ., outlet and filling / refilling port — for directing delivery of the fluid 22 from the fluid delivery device 10 . the reservoir 12 may be fabricated from any one of a number of materials , including , for example , metal , glass , natural and synthetic plastic , and composites . a catheter or a plurality of catheters may be operably connected to the reservoir 12 and aperture ( s ) 24 . the catheter may be long , short , flexible , perforated , contain an auxiliary electrode , contain a diffusion outlet or check valve to regulate pressure and flow rate , or be designed to serve as a reservoir . the displaceable member 14 is positioned between the reservoir 12 and the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 . the displaceable member 14 is shown in fig1 as comprising a piston , however , other displaceable members that would be known to those having ordinary skill in the art having the present disclosure before them are likewise contemplated for use ; including , but not limited to : a bladder , a diaphragm , a flexible bag , a bellows , a plunger , or combinations thereof . alternatively , the fluid to be displaced may be contained within tubing wherein a plunger , e . g ., ball , pushes fluid out of the tubing . the plunger may be a bubble , solid , separating fluid , bung , or gel . the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 is positioned between the displaceable member 14 and the electrochemical pump 18 , and is capable of containing water 26 that — as will be discussed in greater detail below — is controllably generated during operation of the electrochemical pump 18 . similar to the reservoir 12 , the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 may be fabricated from any one of a number of materials , such as metal , glass , natural and synthetic plastic , composites , etc . the electrochemical pump 18 shown in fig1 includes a protective porous separator 28 , an auxiliary electrode compartment 30 , an auxiliary electrode 32 , an ion exchange membrane 34 , an active electrode 36 , an electric controller 38 , an activation switch 40 , and a support member ( s ) 42 . the protective porous separator 28 is positioned at an end of fluid delivery device 10 distal from the reservoir 12 . the purpose of this protective separator is to prevent unwanted species in the external fluid source 46 , e . g ., body fluid , to come in direct contact with the electrode and the ion - exchange membrane . the protective porous separator 28 is generally permeable to h 2 o molecules or saline from the body , and in cooperation with saline from the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 , enables the water from the external source 46 — e . g ., an inside of a living being &# 39 ; s body — to diffuse or migrate into the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 . the protective porous separator 28 may be fabricated from any one of a number of materials , including , but not limited , to metal , glass , natural and synthetic plastic , and composites . additionally , a porous protective gel also generally permeable to h 2 o molecules or saline may be used to serve the purpose of the separator 28 . alternatively , the auxiliary electrode 32 need not be positioned inside the device 10 and can be positioned either entirely away from the housing ( fig9 ) or on the outside wall of the device ( fig1 ), wherein the ion exchange membrane 34 has more direct access to the body fluid and the porous separator 28 can be placed directly adjacent to the ion - exchange membrane 34 to prevent biofouling and to prevent unwanted species from directly contacting the membrane directly . this alternate configuration will eliminate trapping of any unwanted solid , liquid , or gaseous species in the auxiliary chamber 30 and near the membrane . while the use of the protective porous separator 28 is generally desirable for applications within the body , the separator is not absolutely required , especially in the case where water or saline is self - contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 without any migration of water from the external source 46 . in this case , either a displaceable member 44 retracts ( fig1 ) or the flexible auxiliary electrode compartment 30 collapses around the auxiliary electrode 32 on transfer of water from the auxiliary electrode chamber to the active electrode chamber 16 via electrosomosis . in such an embodiment , the auxiliary electrode 32 can be exposed directly to fluid . the ion - exchange membrane 34 can be in the form of a sheet , a hollow fiber , or a tube ; and can be made from a polymer or a ceramic . additionally , multiple membranes of the same type or types with differing functionalities and properties can be used . the electrical control circuit 38 is connected to the electrodes via conventional electrical conduit and directly controls the rate of water transfer from the external source 46 to the electrical pump product chamber 16 . the support member ( s ) 42 is a highly porous solid disk material that provides mechanical rigidity for the ion exchange membrane 34 and allows water to transport through it . the support member ( s ) 42 can be made of hard plastic , ceramic , glass , corrosion stable metal , e . g ., titanium ; or a combination thereof and can be in the form of a fabric , perforated plate , mesh , or a disk with a single or multiple holes . the support 42 can be a variety of shapes , including , but not limited to flat , concave , or convex . the ion - exchange membrane 34 along with the support disk 42 is placed between the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 and the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 containing the active anode 36 . the two compartments 16 , 30 along with the ion - exchange membrane 34 there between can be sealed using gaskets , sealants , nipples , clamps , compression or by using ultrasonics , crimping , nipples , or clamp . a controller 38 is operably connected to the electrodes 32 , 36 and varies the fluid delivery rate of the device 10 and can be positioned within the body , external to the body , or remote from the body . in simple form , the controller 38 can be a resistor , but may also be a more complex circuit , variable resistor , multi - position switch , wave form generator / processor , or switch that uses electromagnetic induction , rf signaling , infrared , magnetism , mechanics , or transduction for communication . as such , the controller 38 may or may not contain a battery . an activation switch 40 is preferably connected to the controller 38 and can be of the electronic , ionic , or mechanical type and capable of being controlled remotely via the controller 38 . the device 10 described in the present invention may be configured in various shapes and forms and have additional features . such shapes contemplated by the present invention include , and are not limited to : tubular , coin , coil , planar , flexible bag form , hardball , jellyroll , and patch . and the additional features may include : a pressure relief valve , a bio - feed back sensor , a remote battery , a locater , a problem indicator , a flow indicator , an anchor , an anti - biofouling sheath , a trocar , an extraction enhancer , an external switch , or an add - on to a stent . the device 10 can also be encased in a gel to avoid encapsulation or to promote diffusion of a drug . in one embodiment of the present invention , the auxiliary electrode 32 , the ion - exchange membrane 34 , and the active electrode 36 are respectively positioned adjacent to the protective porous separator 28 . alternatively , the auxiliary electrode 32 need not be positioned inside the device 10 and can be positioned either on the outside wall of the device or entirely away from the housing 20 . see fig9 and 10 . referring to fig1 , the necessary water or saline may be self - contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 without any migration of water from external source 46 . in this case , either a displaceable member 44 retracts or the flexible auxiliary electrode compartment or chamber 30 collapses around the auxiliary electrode 32 on transfer of water from the auxiliary electrode chamber to the active electrode chamber 16 via electrosomosis . in addition , the auxiliary electrode 32 can be exposed directly to fluid . in an embodiment of the present invention incorporating an anionic exchange membrane 34 , the auxiliary electrode 32 can be a porous cathode pellet that can be readily reduced when coupled with the active metal anode 36 . the auxiliary electrode 32 may be fabricated from porous silver chloride , manganese dioxide , or other materials that can be readily reduced or may catalyze reduction reaction — e . g ., reduction of oxygen or evolution of gaseous hydrogen from water — when coupled with the active metal anode . the active metal anode 36 can be a solid pellet , mesh , or metal powder type electrode fabricated from zinc , iron , magnesium , aluminum , silver , or another corrosion stable metal or alloy . although not shown , the auxiliary electrode 32 may include a conventional current collector , such as a screen , a mesh , or a wire current collector fabricated from silver , titanium , platinum , or another corrosion stable metal . if the auxiliary electrode reaction is hydrogen evolution or oxygen reduction , then the auxiliary electrode 32 may be made from active carbon with or without catalysts such as pt or ni . the active metal anode 36 may also include a conventional current collector , such as a screen , a mesh or a wire current collector fabricated from the same metal as that of the active metal anode ; or it may be fabricated from other metals such as brass , which is coated with the same metal as is the active anode metal . while specific examples of electrode materials and current collectors have been disclosed , it is to be understood that other electrode materials known to those with ordinary skill in the art having the present disclosure before them are likewise contemplated for use . the anion exchange membrane 34 is positioned between the first electrode 32 and the active electrode 36 . the anion exchange materials from which the membrane 34 may be made are well known in the art and do not require extensive elaboration . in brief , these materials are cross - linked polymer resins of the strong base type . preferred resins are the copolymers of styrene and di - vinyl benzene having quaternary ammonium ion as the charge group , which have a high selectivity for chloride ions and high resistance to organic fouling . such anionic membranes are , for example , neosepta - type membranes , which are commercially available from ameridia ( www . ameridia . com ). in an embodiment of the present invention incorporating a cationic exchange membrane , the auxiliary electrode 32 , the cationic exchange membrane 34 , and the active electrode 36 are respectively positioned adjacent to the protective porous separator 28 . the auxiliary electrode 32 need not be positioned inside the device 10 and can be positioned either on the outside wall of the device or entirely away from the housing 20 . see fig9 and 10 . alternatively , the necessary water or saline may be self - contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 without any migration of water from external source 46 . the auxiliary electrode 32 can be a solid pellet , mesh , or metal powder type electrode that is fabricated from zinc , iron , magnesium , aluminum , or another corrosion stable metal or alloy . the active metal anode 36 is a porous cathode pellet that can be readily reduced when coupled with the active metal anode 36 . the auxiliary electrode 32 may be fabricated from porous silver chloride , manganese dioxide , or other materials that can be readily reduced , or may catalyze reduction reaction — e . g ., reduction of oxygen or evolution of gaseous hydrogen from water — when coupled with the active metal anode . although not shown , the auxiliary metal anode 32 may also include a conventional current collector , such as a screen , a mesh , or a wire current collectors fabricated from the same metal as that of the active metal anode 36 ; or it may be fabricated from other metals such as brass , which is coated with the same metal as is the active anode metal . the active electrode 36 may also include a conventional current collector such as a screen , a mesh , or a wire current collectors fabricated from silver , titanium , platinum , or another corrosion stable metal . while specific examples of electrode materials and current collectors have been disclosed for illustrative purposes , it is to be understood that other electrode materials known to those with ordinary skill in the art having the present disclosure before them are likewise contemplated for use . referring to fig1 , the ion - exchange membrane 34 , e . g ., cation , is positioned between the auxiliary electrode 32 and the active electrode 36 . the cation exchange materials from which the membrane 34 may be constructed are well known in the art and do not require extensive elaboration . in brief , these materials are cross - linked polymer resins of the strong base type . some preferred resins include copolymers of styrene and di - vinyl benzene having sulfonate ion as the charge group , which have a high selectivity for sodium ions . such commercial cationic membranes , e . g ., nafion type membranes , are available from dupont ®. in operation , the fluid delivery device 10 can deliver a fluid 22 in accordance with the following process . initially , the activation switch 40 is actuated , whereupon an electrical circuit is complete and causes electrode reactions to take place at the electrodes 32 , 36 , and water to be extracted from the external environment 46 ; and , ultimately to be driven across ion - exchange membrane 34 into the electrical pump product chamber 16 . thus , water from the external environment 46 — such as a human body — diffuses through the protective porous separator 28 and into the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 . alternatively , the auxiliary electrode 32 need not be positioned inside the device and can be positioned either on the outside wall of the device or entirely away from the housing . in that case the ion - exchange membrane 34 is directly exposed to the body fluid and a porous separator 28 can be placed directly adjacent to the ion - exchange membrane to prevent adverse effects to such an exposure . in addition , the necessary water or saline may be self - contained in the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 without any migration of water from the external source 46 . for exemplification purposes , the reaction ( s ) associated with an embodiment of the present invention utilizing an anionic membrane 34 is now described wherein the auxiliary electrode 32 is made of silver chloride and the active electrode 36 is made of zinc . at first , the electrode silver chloride is reduced to metallic silver , thus releasing chloride ions into solution according to the equation : the chloride ions subsequently formed are dissolved in water and migrate under the influence of the electric field through the ion - exchange membrane 34 towards the active electrode 36 in the electrical pump product chamber 16 . at the active 36 , zinc is dissolved according to the equation : the zinc ions thus formed react with incoming chloride ions forming zinc chloride according to the equation : in addition to the electrochemical formation of zinc chloride according to the equation ( 3 ), during passage of the chloride ions through the membrane , water is entrained with the chloride ions so that at the opposite side of the membrane , an additional amount of water is produced . this water transport is known in the art as electroosmotic transport . since the anionic membrane is selective for anions , only anions can pass through the membrane . therefore , water may be transported through the membrane only in one direction . the steady buildup of ion concentration in the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 due to the continuous formation of zinc chloride induces further water transport through osmotic effect . however , the ion - exchange membrane 34 allows back diffusion of the zinc chloride molecules from the electrochemical product chamber 16 to the auxiliary electrode chamber 30 . the extent of back - diffusion depends on the properties of the ion - exchange membrane 34 and the concentration difference between the electrochemical product chamber 16 and the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 . thus , an equilibrium concentration of zinc chloride is established in the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 resulting in water transport via osmotic effect . a steady - state flux of water transport into the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 by combined electroosomotic and osmotic effects is thus established . it must be noted that the osmotic flux is the result of the electro - osmotic flux , which establishes the necessary concentration gradient . therefore , the osmotic flux can be modified by virtue of modifying the electroosmotic driving force . this is not possible with osmosis based devices and so their delivery rate is not adjustable . the water molecules transported into the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 generate pressure within the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 . the pressure build - up causes some back transport of water from the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 to the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 . the steady - state flux obtained for a given ion - exchange membrane can be expressed in terms of the following mathematical equation : j steady state flux = j eo + j of − j bd − j hf ( i ) the reaction ( s ) associated with an embodiment of the present invention utilizing a cationic membrane 34 is now described wherein the auxiliary electrode 32 is made of zinc and the active electrode 36 is made of silver chloride , the following reactions take place . at first , the electrode zinc is dissolved according to the equation : sodium ions present in the saline solution migrate under the influence of the electric field through the ion exchange membrane 34 , e . g ., cationic , towards the active electrode 36 in the electrical pump product chamber 16 . at the active electrode 36 , silver chloride is reduced to metallic silver releasing chloride ions into solution according to the equation : the migrated sodium ions react with the chloride ions forming sodium chloride according to the equation : in addition to the electrochemical formation of sodium chloride according to the equation ( 6 ), during passage of the sodium ions through the membrane , water is electroosmotically transported with sodium ions so that at the opposite side of the membrane , an additional amount of water is produced . since the cationic membrane 34 is selective for cations , only cations can pass through the membrane . therefore , water may be transported through the membrane only in one direction . due to the continuous formation of sodium chloride , the steady buildup of ion concentration in the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 induces further water transport through osmotic effect . however , the ion - exchange membrane 34 allows back diffusion of sodium chloride molecules from the electrochemical product chamber 16 to the auxiliary electrode chamber 30 . the extent of back - diffusion depends on the properties of the ion - exchange membrane 34 and the concentration difference between the electrochemical product chamber 16 and the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 . thus , an equilibrium concentration of sodium chloride is established in the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 resulting in water transport by the osmotic effect . a steady - state flux of water transport into the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 is established by the combined electroosomotic and osmotic effects . it must be noted that the osmotic flux is the result of the electro - osmotic flux , which establishes the necessary concentration gradient . therefore , the osmotic flux can be modified by virtue of modifying the electroosmotic driving force . this is not possible with osmosis - only based devices and so their delivery rate is not adjustable . the water molecules transported into the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 generate pressure within the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 . the pressure build - up causes some back transport of water from the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 to the auxiliary electrode compartment 30 . the steady state flux obtained for a given ion - exchange membrane 34 can be expressed in terms of the same mathematical equation i shown above . both embodiments of the present invention described above are capable of generating high pressure within the electrochemical pump product chamber 16 . high pressure is desired to deliver viscous formulations and to also produce delivery that is less sensitive to the ambient pressure changes . the high pressure in the device 10 can be created either by outlet orifice restriction using a pressure relief valve , a duck bill valve , a ball and spring , a restricted catheter , a tortuous path , a flow moderator or diffuse membrane , or from the displaceable member 14 using a stiff bag , bellows , diaphragm , or from piston friction with the inner walls of the device . the pressure generated by the first embodiment of the present invention discussed above is shown in fig6 wherein the maximum pressure ( p max , the pressure at which the flux becomes zero ) that can be achieved is 20 psi at 0 . 136 ma / cm 2 . operation at 3 . 8 times the current density ( 0 . 525 ma / cm 2 ) provides a p max of 700 psi . in the case of the second embodiment of the present invention , fig7 shows p max to be 350 psi at 0 . 136 ma / cm 2 . the generated pressure , in turn , imparts a force upon the displaceable member 14 — the only movable component . the displaceable member 14 is displaced laterally away from electrochemical pump product chamber 16 , which controllably expels fluid from the reservoir 12 . it is to be understood that the above - identified device and process enables a controlled delivery of a fluid over an extended period of time at a relatively precise and accurate rate inasmuch as the water transported is proportional to the current , which in turn depends on the value of the resistor , or on the signal output from the electrical controller 38 . therefore , the fluid delivery rate of the device is controlled by selection of the resistor or on the signal output from the electrical controller 38 and not by the rate at which water is permitted to enter the housing via convection action of the protective porous separator 28 . it is also to be understood that the fluid delivery rate , or a fluid delivery rate profile , e . g ., pulsing , can be facilely varied by other means , including , but not limited to , selecting resistors with different resistance values or by changing the signal output from the electrical controller 38 . for the embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings , a linear relationship between volume flux and current density was obtained at high and low volume fluxes . this is illustrated in the case of first embodiment in fig2 for volume flux ranging from 2 . 0 to 10 . 0 μl h − 1 cm − 2 ; and in fig3 for volume flux ranging from 0 . 1 to 2 . 5 μl h − 1 cm − 2 . the current density required to produce such volume fluxes depends on the membrane type used and may be as low as 20 μa cm − 2 to produce a volume flux of 0 . 5 μl h − 1 cm − 2 , as shown in fig4 . another feature of the embodiment shown in fig1 is high stability operation over more than 1000 hours of operation . the foregoing description merely explains and illustrates the invention and the invention is not limited thereto except insofar as the appended claims are so limited , as those skilled in the art that have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications without departing the scope of the invention .
the present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for controllably adjusting a fluid delivery device . the device includes an electrochemical pump capable of transporting a fluid . a displaceable member is positioned between a pump product chamber and a reservoir , wherein the pump product chamber is capable of retaining water generated from the pump . the displaceable member is controllably displaced upon generation of water from the electrochemical pump and the reservoir contains the fluid that is delivered upon displacement of the displaceable member .