[ 0019 ] fig1 shows a cross - sectional side view of one embodiment of an implant fixture 10 , which a dental practitioner inserts into a patient &# 39 ; s jawbone . the implant fixture 10 is a root - form implant fixture and includes a head portion 12 and an adjoining root portion 14 . the implant fixture 10 has a generally cylindrical shape and has external threads 16 formed along a section of an exterior surface 18 of the elongated root portion 14 . the external threads 18 help stabilize the implant fixture 10 in the patient &# 39 ; s jawbone during healing , but other embodiments may employ grooves , lateral holes , and the like to minimize rotation . the exterior surface 18 may be machined smooth , plasma sprayed to increase surface area , or coated with hydroxylapatite to promote fusion to the jawbone ( osseointegration ). the implant fixture 10 can be made of any material having the requisite mechanical strength and the ability to integrate into the jawbone . useful materials include commercially pure titanium . as shown in fig1 the implant fixture 10 includes a longitudinal bore or hole 20 , which extends from an upper exterior surface 22 of the head portion 12 into the elongated root portion 14 of the implant fixture 10 . the hole 20 , which has a centerline substantially coincident with a symmetry axis 24 of the implant fixture 10 , includes an upper cavity 26 , which is adapted to receive an abutment , and a comparatively narrower lower cavity 28 , which is adapted to receive a connector . the upper 26 and lower 28 cavities are defined , respectively , by first 30 and second 32 lateral surfaces separated by an annular surface 34 . the first lateral surface 30 includes a pair 36 , 38 of inverted conical surfaces , and an intermediate cylindrical surface 40 , but other embodiments may comprise a single inverted conical surface . the second lateral surface 32 has a cylindrical shape , and includes internal threads 42 that extend from the annular surface 34 to a region adjacent to the bottom 44 of the hole 20 . [ 0021 ] fig2 shows an exploded , partial cross - sectional side view of an abutment 60 , which is adapted for use with the implant fixture 10 shown in fig1 . the abutment 60 , which secures a prosthesis ( crown , bridge , etc .) to the implant fixture 10 , includes a base 62 and an attachable coping 64 . the base 62 of the abutment 60 has first 66 and second 68 surfaces which are separated by a skirt 70 , and a third ( or inner ) surface 72 that defines an aperture 74 which extends from the first surface 66 to the second surface 68 of the base 62 . the first surface 66 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 is complementary to the upper cavity 26 in the head portion 12 of the implant fixture 10 . the first surface 66 includes a pair 76 , 78 of inverted conical surfaces , an intermediate cylindrical surface 80 , and a generally flat end surface 82 , but other embodiments may comprise a single inverted conical surface that terminates at the end surface 82 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 . although the intermediate cylindrical surfaces 40 , 80 of the implant fixture 10 and abutment 60 are substantially smooth , other embodiments may include complementary polygonal ( hexagonal , octagonal , etc .) flat portions , grooves , and so on , which engage one another and prevent rotation of the base 62 of the abutment 60 . as shown in fig2 the second surface 68 has a finite and approximately constant radius of curvature — i . e ., has a shape that approximates a section of a sphere — and provides a surface for joining the attachable coping 64 to the base 62 of the abutment 60 . the third ( inner ) surface 72 of the base 62 has a pair of generally cylindrical surfaces 84 , 86 that are separated by an annular surface 88 which slopes inward towards a symmetry axis 90 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 . the third surface 72 can be substantially smooth , but the embodiment depicted in fig2 employs internal threads 92 along a portion of the cylindrical surface 86 adjacent to the end surface 82 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 . as described below , the third surface 72 is configured to receive a connector ( see fig4 ), which joins the base 62 of the abutment 60 to the implant fixture 10 . the internal threads 92 retain the connector in the base 62 , and aid in removing the abutment 60 from the implant fixture 10 . the base 62 can be constructed from any material that is compatible with the implant fixture 10 and the soft tissues within the patient &# 39 ; s mouth . suitable materials include titanium or titanium alloys , gold alloys , and the like , which are machined and milled to the requisite shape . continuing with fig2 the abutment 60 also includes an attachable coping 64 . like the neck portion of a conventional abutment , the attachable coping 64 secures the prosthesis to the base 62 of the abutment 60 . the attachable coping 64 has an exterior surface 94 that provides a substrate for receiving the prosthesis . as shown in fig2 the exterior surface 94 has a frustum - like shape that when viewed from bottom 96 to top 98 slopes inward towards a longitudinal axis 100 . the exterior surface 94 includes first 102 and second 104 openings located at the bottom 96 and top 98 of the attachable coping 64 , respectively , and an interior surface 106 that provides a cavity 108 that extends between the first 102 and second 104 openings . the interior surface 106 adjacent to the first opening 102 of the attachable coping 64 defines a depression 110 having a concave shape characterized by a finite and approximately constant radius of curvature . the depression 110 is shaped to slidably engage the second surface 68 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 so that the attachable coping 64 can be joined to the base 62 at a desired angular orientation . the embodiment shown in fig2 also includes a lateral opening 112 , which communicates with the cavity 108 in the attachable coping 64 . when the attachable coping 64 is joined to the base 62 of the abutment 60 and the connector is installed in the aperture 74 of the base 62 , the lateral opening 112 provides access to the connector . alternatively or optionally , the second opening 104 of the attachable coping 64 may permit access to the connector following installation of the connector in the base 62 of the abutment 60 . in other embodiments , the second opening 104 may include internal threads ( not shown ) that are sized to engage a threaded connector , which joins the prosthesis to the coping 64 . the attachable coping 64 may be constructed from a variety of materials , including plastics that decompose upon heating , titanium and titanium alloys , gold alloys , and the like . [ 0025 ] fig3 shows a cross - sectional side view of a connector 130 that secures the abutment 60 to the implant fixture 10 . the connector 130 includes a head portion 132 and an adjoining shaft portion 134 . the head portion 132 of the connector 130 has an outer lateral surface 136 that is configured to engage the third ( or inner ) surface 72 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 ( fig2 ). the outer lateral surface 136 thus includes a generally cylindrical surface 138 that intersects an annular surface 140 , which slopes inward towards the shaft portion 134 and a symmetry axis 142 of the connector 130 . the shaft portion 134 of the connector 130 includes external threads 144 formed along a section of its outer surface 146 . the external threads 144 are adapted to engage internal threads 42 , 92 formed , respectively , in the lower cavity 28 of the implant fixture 10 ( fig1 ) and along the cylindrical surface 86 that defines part of the aperture 74 extending through the base 62 of the abutment 60 . the internal threads 92 in the aperture 74 retain the connector 130 in the base 62 of the abutment 60 when the abutment 60 is not installed on the implant fixture 10 . as can be seen in fig3 the head portion 132 of the connector 130 further includes an end region 148 having a surface 150 that defines a recess 152 . the end region 148 of the surface 150 shown in fig3 includes an inner lateral surface 154 , which delineates the width of the recess 152 , and a bottom surface 156 , which marks the depth of the recess 152 . the inner lateral surface 154 is sized and dimensioned to receive a tool for driving ( e . g ., rotating ) the connector 130 . the inner lateral surface 154 may have polygonal flat portions ( e . g ., triangular flats ) or similar structures formed on it , which provide contact surfaces for a driver tool ( e . g ., triangle - tipped screwdriver ). the connector 130 can be fabricated from any material that is compatible with the abutment 60 and the implant fixture 10 and that has the requisite mechanical properties ( e . g ., tensile strength , elongation , and modulus ). useful materials include titanium , non - oxidizing alloys , and gold alloys . [ 0027 ] fig4 shows a partial cross - sectional side view of a dental implant assembly 180 , which includes the implant fixture 10 , the abutment 60 , and the connector 130 shown in fig1 through fig3 respectively . after the implant fixture has been integrated into the jawbone , the head portion 12 of the implant fixture 10 is exposed ( uncovered ) by the oral surgeon . the first surface 66 of the base 62 of the abutment 62 is then disposed in the upper cavity 26 of the head portion 12 of the implant fixture 10 so that the respective aperture 74 and hole 20 of the base 62 and the implant fixture 10 are substantially aligned . next , the connector 130 is placed in the aperture 74 of the base 62 to secure the abutment 60 to the implant fixture 10 . a tool , such as a screwdriver , is introduced through either the second opening 104 or the lateral opening 112 in the exterior surface 94 of the attachable coping 64 to engage the recess 152 in the head portion 132 of the connector 130 . twisting or rotating the tool drives the connector 130 into the hole 20 in the implant fixture 10 as the external threads 144 on the shaft portion 134 of the connector 130 engage the internal threads 42 in the lower cavity 28 of the implant fixture 10 . although not shown , the prosthesis joined to the exterior surface 94 of the coping 64 has one or more holes that allow the oral surgeon to access the appropriate openings 104 , 112 in the exterior surface 94 of the attachable coping 64 . these holes are later filled in . [ 0028 ] fig5 is a top view of the dental implant assembly 180 shown in fig4 in which the attachable coping 64 has been removed to show the connector 130 following installation in the aperture 74 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 . the head portion 132 of the connector 130 includes a triangular recess 154 , which is sized to accommodate a triangle - tipped driver . in addition , the outer lateral surface 136 of the head 132 of the connector 130 includes one or more notches 182 that are adapted to receive locking pins 184 that help prevent rotation of the connector 130 following installation . after the connector 130 has been twisted into the implant fixture 10 to a requisite torque , the oral surgeon drills complementary notches 186 in the cylindrical surface 84 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 adjacent to the head portion 132 of the connector 130 . the locking pins 184 are then pressed or rotated into pairs of notches 182 , 186 , and optionally held in place by applying a settable resin . the locking pins can be fabricated from a thermoplastic material or a metal alloy , such as a gold alloy , which the dental practitioner can easily remove by drilling if it is later necessary to remove the prosthesis and abutment 60 from the implant fixture 10 . referring again to fig4 the direction or orientation of the attachable coping 64 can be represented by an orientation angle , φ . the orientation angle is formed by the intersection of the longitudinal axis 100 of the attachable coping 64 and the symmetry axis 90 , 24 of the base portion 62 of the abutment 60 or of the implant fixture 10 . as noted above , the attachable coping 64 includes a depression 110 having a concave shape characterized by a finite and approximately constant radius of curvature . the depression 110 is shaped to slidably engage the second surface 68 of the base 62 of the abutment 60 so that the attachable coping 64 can be joined to the base 62 at the desired orientation angle . as can be seen in fig4 the ball - and - socket joint allows φ to vary between about zero degrees and about fifty degrees or more for any polar angle , θ . if necessary , a portion 188 of the exterior surface 94 of the attachable coping 64 can be removed to minimize interference between the skirt 70 of the abutment 60 and the attachable coping 64 . once the implant fixture 10 has been integrated into the jawbone , the dental practitioner threads an impression coping into the implant fixture 10 and makes an impression of the patient &# 39 ; s mouth . the impression coping is a type of straight abutment that projects outward from the patient &# 39 ; s gum line and precisely locates the position and the orientation of the implant fixture 10 within the patient &# 39 ; s mouth . a dental laboratory then prepares a cast of the patient &# 39 ; s mouth from the dental impression . using the cast as a guide , a laboratory technician positions the attachable coping 64 on the base 62 of the abutment 60 . if the attachable coping 64 is made of titanium or a titanium alloy , the technician can fix the orientation angle by laser welding the coping 64 to the base 62 of the abutment 60 . if the attachable coping 64 is instead made of a heat labile plastic , the technician first fixes the orientation angle by applying wax or resin to attach the coping 64 to the base 62 of the abutment 60 . once the plastic coping 64 has been joined to the base 62 , any required alterations of the abutment 60 can be made , such as lengthening the coping 64 , tapping the second opening 104 of the coping 64 , etc . the technician then invests and casts an angled abutment ( coping 64 and base 62 ) using the “ lost wax ” technique and appropriate dental materials ( e . g . gold alloys ). it may be necessary to remove the prosthesis following installation on the implant fixture 10 . in such cases , the dental practitioner accesses the head portion 132 of the connector 130 by drilling into the prosthesis , if necessary . next , the dental practitioner removes the locking pins 184 ( e . g ., by drilling ), and twists the connector 130 out of the implant fixture 10 using the requisite tool , such as a triangle - tipped screwdriver . as the connector 130 recedes , the external threads 144 along the shaft portion 134 of the connector 130 engage the internal threads 92 on the cylindrical surface 86 that defines a portion of the aperture 74 extending through base 62 of the abutment 60 . because the external threads 144 also engage a section of the internal threads 42 of the hole 20 in the implant fixture 10 , the connector 130 exerts a force in the direction of its longitudinal axis 142 against the base 62 of the abutment 60 . the force pushes the base 62 out of the upper cavity 26 of the implant fixture 10 . [ 0032 ] fig6 and fig7 show , respectively , cross - sectional side views of second embodiments of an implant fixture 10 ′ and a base portion 62 ′ of an abutment , respectively . like the embodiment shown in fig1 the implant fixture 10 ′ is also a root - form implant fixture and includes a head portion 12 ′ and an adjoining root portion 14 ′. in addition , the implant fixture 10 ′ has a generally cylindrical shape and has external threads 16 ′ formed along a section of an exterior surface 18 ′ of the elongated root portion 14 ′. the implant fixture 10 ′ includes a longitudinal bore or hole 20 ′, which extends from an upper exterior surface 22 ′ of the head portion 12 ′ into the elongated root portion 14 ′ of the implant fixture 10 ′. the hole 20 ′, which has a centerline substantially coincident with a symmetry axis 24 ′ of the implant fixture 10 ′, includes a cavity 28 ′ defined by an interior surface 32 ′, which is adapted to receive the connector 130 ( fig2 ). the interior surface 32 ′ has a cylindrical shape , and includes internal threads 42 ′ that extend from the head portion 12 ′ to a region adjacent to the bottom 44 ′ of the hole 20 ′. the exterior surface 22 ′ of the head portion 12 of the implant fixture 10 ′ has a polygonal ( e . g ., hexagonal ) shape , which is adapted to receive a tool ( e . g ., hex head socket driver ) for rotating the implant fixture 10 ′ into the jawbone . as can be seen in fig7 the base 62 ′ of the abutment has first 66 ′ and second 68 ′ surfaces which are separated by a skirt 70 ′, and a third ( or inner ) surface 72 ′ that defines an aperture 74 ′ which extends from the first surface 66 ′ to the second surface 68 ′ of the base 62 ′. the first surface 66 ′ of the base 62 ′ of the abutment 60 ′ is complementary to the exterior surface 22 ′ of the head portion 12 ′ of the implant fixture 10 ′ shown in fig6 . the second surface 68 ′ has a finite and approximately constant radius of curvature — i . e ., has a shape that approximates a section of a sphere — and provides a surface for joining the attachable coping 64 ′ ( fig2 ) to the base 62 ′ of the abutment 60 ′. the third ( inner ) surface 72 ′ of the base 62 ′ has a pair of generally cylindrical surfaces 84 ′, 86 ′ that are separated by an annular surface 88 ′ which slopes inward towards a symmetry axis 90 ′ of the base 62 ′ of the abutment 60 ′. as described above , the third surface 72 ′ is configured to receive the connector 130 ( fig3 ), which joins the base 62 ′ of the abutment 60 ′ to the implant fixture 10 ′. the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive . many embodiments and many applications besides the examples provided would be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the above description . the scope of the invention should therefore be determined , not with reference to the above description , but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims , along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled . the disclosures of all articles and references , including patent applications and publications , are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes .
an abutment for securing a dental prosthesis to an implant fixture is disclosed . the abutment includes a base and an attachable coping . the attachable coping carries the dental prosthesis and is mounted on the base of the abutment using a ball - and - socket joint , which permits the dental prosthesis to be easily and accurately aligned with adjacent teeth , implant fixtures or other prostheses . a connector inserted through an aperture in the base of the abutment secures the abutment and the prosthesis to the implant fixture .