the “ histone deacetylase inhibitor ” or ( hdac inhibitors ) in the present invention is a compound that binds to an active site of histone deacetylase competitively with substrates , or a compound that binds to a different site from active site of histone deacetylase to change the enzyme activity of histone deacetylase and / or decreases the enzymatic activity of histone deacetylase or otherwise inhibits enzyme activity . to be specific , the aforementioned compound a , fk228 , salts thereof and derivatives thereof ( e . g ., acetylated compound a , thiol form with reduced s — s bond described in wo 02 / 06307 , and prodrugs thereof ) can be mentioned . analogs of fk228 are described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 403 , 555 . in addition , trichostatin a , sodium butyrate , suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid ( saha ), ms - 275 , cyclic hydroxamic - acid - containing peptide , apicidin , trapoxin and the like are the compounds reported to have a histone deacetylase inhibitory activity . the inhibitors can be administered or used alone or in combination with one or more additional histone deacetylase inhibitors . “ compound a ” or “ compound a ”, used interchangeably herein , includes its stereoisomers ( e . g ., fk 228 ) based on an asymmetric carbon atom or a double bond , such as an optically active form , a geometric isomer , racemic mixtures and the like . moreover , polymorphic forms , solvates ( e . g ., inclusion compounds ( e . g ., hydrate etc .)) and anhydrous forms of the compounds described herein , such as compound a , fk 228 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof , are also encompassed in the scope of the present invention . in the present specification , unless particularly specified , a simple reference to compound a includes any member of the group of compounds regardless of stereoisomerism , and includes fk 228 or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . the compound a or a salt thereof are known and available substances . for example , fk 228 , which is one of the stereoisomers of compound a , can be obtained by culturing a strain belonging to the genus chromobacterium , which is capable of producing fk 228 , under aerobic conditions , and harvesting the substance from its culture broth . as the strain belonging to the genus chromobacterium , which is capable of producing fk 228 , for example , chromobacterium violaceum wb968 ( ferm bp - 1968 ) can be mentioned . more specifically , fk 228 can be obtained from a fk 228 producing strain as described in jp - b - 7 - 64872 ( corresponding to u . s . pat . no . 4 , 977 , 138 , which is incorporated herein by reference ). fk 228 is preferably harvested from a strain belonging to the genus chromobacterium , which is capable of producing fk 228 , because it can be obtained more easily . synthetic or semi - synthetic fk 228 is also advantageous in that further purification step is not necessary or the number of steps can be reduced . similarly , compounds a other than fk 228 can be also obtained by semi - synthesis or total synthesis by conventionally known methods . to be more specific , it can be produced according to the method reported by khan w . li , et al . ( j . am . chem . soc ., vol . 118 , 7237 - 7238 ( 1996 )). the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of compound a , or other hdac inhibitors , includes salts with a base or an acid addition salt such as salts with inorganic base ( e . g ., alkali metal salts such as sodium salt , potassium salt etc ., alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium salt , magnesium salt etc ., ammonium salt ), salts with an organic base ( e . g ., organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt , diisopropylethylamine salt , pyridine salt , picoline salt , ethanolamine salt , triethanolamine salt , dicyclohexylamine salt , n , n ′- dibenzylethylenediamine salt etc . ), inorganic acid addition salts ( e . g ., hydrochloride , hydrobromide , sulfate , phosphate etc . ), organic carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid addition salts ( e . g ., formate , acetate , trifluoroacetate , maleate , tartrate , fumarate , methanesulfonate , benzenesulfonate , toluenesulfonate etc . ), salts with a basic or acidic amino acid ( e . g ., arginine , aspartic acid , glutamic acid etc .) and the like . the “ topoisomerase ii inhibitor ” in the present invention is a compound that binds to an active site of topoisomerase ii competitively with substrates , or a compound that binds to a different site from active site of topoisomerase ii to change the enzyme activity of topoisomerase ii , and / or a compound that decreases the enzyme activity of topoisomerase ii or otherwise inhibits enzyme activity . to be specific , anthracycline anticancer drugs , etoposide , mitoxantrone , sobuzoxane , amsacrine , teniposide and the like , and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and combinations thereof can be mentioned . the anthracycline anticancer drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , which is used as a topoisomerase ii inhibitor in the present invention , is not particularly limited . generally , amrubicin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is not included in the scope of the present invention , which embodiment is described and claimed in copending application no . 334344 / 2003 filed in japan on the same date as the patent application no . 334340 / 2003 filed in japan forming the basis of this application . this copending application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . for example , aclarubicin , idarubicin , epirubicin , daunorubicin , doxorubicin ( adriamycin ), pirarubicin and the like , and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be mentioned , with preference given to doxorubicin , daunorubicin and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof . the anthracycline anticancer drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more kinds thereof . in the present specification , the anthracycline anticancer drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is intended to exclude amrubicin and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , unless otherwise indicated . as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of anthracycline anticancer drug , etoposide , mitoxantrone , sobuzoxane , amsacrine , teniposide and the like , salts with a base or an acid addition salt such as salts with inorganic base ( e . g ., alkali metal salts such as sodium salt , potassium salt etc ., alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium salt , magnesium salt etc ., ammonium salt ), salts with an organic base ( e . g ., organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt , diisopropylethylamine salt , pyridine salt , picoline salt , ethanolamine salt , triethanolamine salt , dicyclohexylamine salt , n , n ′- dibenzylethylenediamine salt etc . ), inorganic acid addition salts ( e . g ., hydrochloride , hydrobromide , sulfate , phosphate etc . ), organic carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid addition salts ( e . g ., formate , acetate , trifluoroacetate , maleate , tartrate , fumarate , methanesulfonate , benzenesulfonate , toluenesulfonate etc . ), salts with a basic or acidic amino acid ( e . g ., arginine , aspartic acid , glutamic acid etc .) and the like can be mentioned . in the present invention , the histone deacetylase inhibitor such as compound a and the like , markedly enhances the antitumor activity of topoisomerase ii inhibitor such as an anthracycline anticancer drug , a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the like . thus , the antitumor agent and the antitumor effect enhancer of the present invention are useful as therapeutic drugs for cancer diseases including blood cancer and solid cancer , which are more specifically lung cancer , malignant lymphoma ( e . g ., reticulosarcoma , lymphosarcoma , hodgkin &# 39 ; s disease and the like ), cancer of digestive organ ( e . g ., gastric cancer , gallbladder - bile duct cancer , pancreatic cancer , liver cancer , colon cancer , rectal cancer and the like ), breast cancer , ovarian cancer , chondrosarcoma ( e . g ., osteosarcoma and the like ), bladder cancer , leukemia ( e . g ., acute leukemia such as acute inversion of chronic myeloid leukemia and the like ), kidney cancer , prostate cancer and the like . the antitumor agent of the present invention is a combination of a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor ( i . e ., combination drug ), and may be any as long as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor can be combined when in use for the administration . therefore , the antitumor agent of the present invention may be a single preparation obtained by simultaneously preparing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , or a combined preparation comprising two or more preparations obtained by separately processing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , as long as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor can be combined when in use for the administration . the form of administration is not particularly limited , and , for example , ( 1 ) administration of a composition comprising a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , i . e ., a single preparation , ( 2 ) simultaneous administration of two kinds of preparations obtained by separately processing the histone deacetylase inhibitor and the topoisomerase ii inhibitor by the same administration route , ( 3 ) time staggered administration of two kinds of preparations obtained by separately processing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by the same administration route ( e . g ., administration in the order of a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , or administration in reverse order ), ( 4 ) simultaneous administration of two kinds of preparations obtained by separately processing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by different administration routes , and ( 5 ) time staggered administration of two kinds of preparations obtained by separately preparing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by different administration routes ( e . g ., administration in the order of a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , or administration in reverse order ) and the like can be mentioned . in the case of the time staggered administration , moreover , it is preferred that a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor be co - present in the body for a time period necessary for the histone deacetylase inhibitor to reinforce the antitumor effect of the topoisomerase ii inhibitor . as such , it is preferred that the second inhibitor is administered before the first inhibitor is cleared from the patient . the enhancer of the present invention comprises a histone deacetylase inhibitor , and may be any as long as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor can be combined when in use for the administration . therefore , as long as a histone deacetylase inhibitor is contained , the enhancer of the present invention may contain a topoisomerase ii inhibitor in a single preparation . when it does not contain a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , a topoisomerase ii inhibitor can be administered separately as a combination drug . the form of administration is not particularly limited , and , for example , ( 1 ) administration of an enhancer of the present invention , comprising a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor in a single preparation , ( 2 ) simultaneous administration of the enhancer of the present invention and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by the same administration route , ( 3 ) time staggered administration of the enhancer of the present invention and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by the same administration route ( e . g ., administration in the order of a topoisomerase ii inhibitor and the enhancer of the present invention , or administration in reverse order ), ( 4 ) simultaneous administration of the enhancer of the present invention and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by different administration routes , and ( 5 ) time staggered administration of the enhancer of the present invention and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor by different administration routes ( e . g ., administration in the order of a topoisomerase ii inhibitor and the enhancer of the present invention , or administration in reverse order ) and the like can be mentioned . in addition , in the case of time staggered administration , both ingredients need to be co - present in the body as in the case of the above - mentioned antitumor agent . in the present invention , the ratio of combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor and the topoisomerase ii inhibitor is generally in the range of 1 : 100 to 100 : 1 , preferably in the range of 1 : 10 to 10 : 1 , in a weight ratio , whether they are prepared into a single preparation or separate preparations . to enhance the antitumor effect of the present invention , administration along with atra ( all - trans - retinoic acid ) and other antitumor agents is also possible ( e . g ., administration as a single preparation , or simultaneous or sequential administration as separate preparations ). in addition , the invention includes administering additional active agents that can treat or prevent side effects of one or more of the antitumor agents being administered . the antitumor agent of the present invention can be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation such as a solid , semisolid or liquid preparation ( tablet , pellet , troche , capsule , suppository , cream , ointment , aerosol , powder , liquid , emulsion , suspension , syrup , injection etc .) containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and / or topoisomerase ii inhibitor as an active ingredient , which is suitable for transrectal , intranasal , pulmonary , vaginal , external ( topical ), oral or parenteral ( including subcutaneous , implantation , intravenous and intramuscular ) administration . the antitumor effect enhancer of the present invention can be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation such as a solid , semisolid or liquid preparation ( tablet , pellet , troche , capsule , suppository , cream , ointment , aerosol , powder , liquid , emulsion , suspension , syrup , injection etc .) containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor as an active ingredient , which is suitable for transrectal , intranasal , pulmonary , vaginal , external ( topical ), oral or parenteral ( including subcutaneous , implantation , intravenous and intramuscular ) administration . the antitumor agent and antitumor effect enhancer of the present invention can be also produced by conventional methods using various organic or inorganic carriers conventionally used for forming pharmaceutical preparations , such as excipients ( e . g ., sucrose , starch , mannitol , sorbitol , lactose , glucose , cellulose , talc , calcium phosphate , calcium carbonate etc . ), condensation agents ( e . g ., cellulose , methyl cellulose , hydroxypropyl cellulose , polypropylpyrrolidone , gelatin , gum arabic , polyethylene glycol , sucrose , starch etc . ), disintegrants ( e . g ., starch , carboxymethyl cellulose , carboxymethyl cellulose calcium , hydroxypropyl starch , sodium starch glycolate , sodium hydrogen carbonate , calcium phosphate , calcium citrate etc . ), lubricants ( e . g ., magnesium stearate , aerosil , talc , sodium lauryl sulfate etc . ), corrigents ( e . g ., citric acid , menthol , glycine , orange powder etc . ), preservatives ( e . g ., sodium benzoate , sodium hydrogen sulfite , methylparaben , propylparaben etc . ), stabilizers ( citric acid , sodium citrate , acetic acid etc . ), suspensions ( e . g ., methyl cellulose , polyvinyl pyrrolidone , aluminum stearate etc . ), dispersants ( e . g ., hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose etc . ), diluents ( e . g ., water etc . ), wax base materials ( e . g ., cacao butter , polyethylene glycol , white petrolatum etc .) and the like . the antitumor agent and the antitumor effect enhancer of the present invention can be administered , without any particular limitation , in the form of the above - mentioned conventional pharmaceutical preparations , to mammals inclusive of human . particularly , they are preferably administered intravenously , intramuscularly or orally . the dose in the present invention can be set to a lower level , as compared to an exclusive administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor or a topoisomerase ii inhibitor . for example , the dose is selected appropriately depending on various factors such as the body weight and / or age of patients , and / or the degree of the symptom and an administration route . for example , when compound a was added as a histone deacetylase inhibitor , and an anthracycline anticancer drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof was added as a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , the dose of a combination of compound a and an anthracycline anticancer drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for intravenous administration is generally in the range of 1 to 1000 mg / day / m 2 human body surface area , preferably in the range of 5 to 100 mg / day / m 2 human body surface area , and more preferably 10 to 60 mg / day / m 2 human body surface area by continuous drip infusion administration . in this case , the dose of compound a is 0 . 1 to 100 mg / day / m 2 human body surface area , preferably 1 to 50 mg / day / m 2 human body surface area , and more preferably 5 to 30 mg / day / m 2 human body surface area , wherein the dose of the anthracycline anticancer drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to be administered is an amount obtained by subtracting the dose of compound a from the combined dose of the above - mentioned compound a and the anthracycline anticancer drug or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . the present invention also provides a commercial package comprising a combination drug containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor in combination , except amrubicin and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , and a written matter associated with the combination drug , the written matter stating that the combination drug can or should be used for an antitumor agent ; and a commercial package comprising a preparation containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor , and a written matter associated with the preparation , the written matter stating that the preparation can or should be used for enhancing the antitumor effect of a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , except amrubicin and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . to demonstrate the usefulness of the present invention , the results of a pharmacological test are shown in the following . for an animal , 6 to 12 - week - old female cdf 1 mice ( body weight : 17 . 2 to 24 . 7 g ) were used at 5 to 12 mice per group . furthermore , female dba / 2 mice were used for the subculture of tumor cells . for tumor , l - 1210 mouse leukemia cells ( hereinafter to be referred to as l - 1210 ) were used . l - 1210 cells subcultured intraperitoneally in dba / 2 mice were harvested and washed twice with a hanks &# 39 ; solution . dead cells were stained with trypan blue , viable cells were counted , and then the cells were suspended in a hanks &# 39 ; solution , whereby the cells were adjusted to a predetermined number of cells . for the experiment , l - 1210 cells ( 1 × 10 5 cells ) were implanted intraperitoneally into the cdf 1 mice . the test compound was administered intraperitoneally into the mice once a day for 4 days , starting from the day after implantation of the tumor cells ( dose : diluted test compound is administered at 10 ml / kg ). in combined use experiment of the test compound , fk228 and the test compound were administered sequentially . all the antitumor effects were evaluated using prolonged life of mice as an index . for the survival period of the mice , the survival was observed over 30 days or 60 days after tumor implantation , a median survival time ( hereinafter to be referred to as mst ) was determined and the life prolonging rate was calculated from the following formula : the combination effect was determined by calculating a combination index ( c . i .) from the following formula , wherein c . i .& gt ; 1 was evaluated to be synergistic effect ; c . i .= 1 was evaluated to be addition effect ; and c . i .& lt ; 1 was evaluated to be no combination effect . c . i . = t / c ⁢ [ % ] ⁢ ⁢ of ⁢ ⁢ fk228 ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ the ⁢ ⁢ test ⁢ ⁢ compound combined ⁢ ⁢ use ⁢ ⁢ group - 100 ( t / c ⁢ [ % ] ⁢ ⁢ of ⁢ ⁢ fk228 ⁢ ⁢ alone group - 100 ) + ( t / c ⁢ [ % ] ⁢ ⁢ of ⁢ ⁢ test ⁢ ⁢ compound alone ⁢ ⁢ group - 100 ) adriamycin was dissolved in distilled water , and diluted with physiological saline . other test compounds were dissolved in physiological saline , and then diluted with physiological saline . the combined use of fk228 and adriamycin revealed a c . i . of 2 . 36 , which was evaluated to suggest a synergistic effect . in addition , 2 mice out of 6 mice survived for 30 days . as is clear from the results , the combined use of 0 . 14 mg / kg of fk228 ineffective by exclusive use and 1 mg / kg of adriamycin synergistically enhanced the antitumor effect thereof . thus , fk228 is extremely useful as an antitumor effect enhancer . fk228 ( 20 mg ) is dissolved in and diluted with 4 ml of physiological saline to obtain a preparation for injection . fk228 ( 20 mg ) and doxorubicin hydrochloride ( 10 mg ) are dissolved in and diluted with 4 ml of physiological saline to obtain a preparation for injection . a histone deacetylase inhibitor ( particularly compound a ) remarkably enhances the antitumor effect of a topoisomerase ii inhibitor . therefore , the antitumor agent of the present invention comprising a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor in combination provides higher cancer treatment effects with a lower dose as compared to an exclusive administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor or a topoisomerase ii inhibitor , and moreover , can decrease the side effects to a lower level . this application is based on patent application nos . 334340 / 2003 and 344315 / 2003 filed in japan , the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . while this invention has been shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompasses by the appended claims . all patents , patent publications and other publications identified or referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety .
the present invention relates to an antitumor agent containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a topoisomerase ii inhibitor in combination . this combination has been found to exhibit a synergistic anticancer or antitumor effect compared to administration of either the histone deacetylase alone or the topoisomerase ii inhibitor alone . thus , this combination provides a tumor or cancer treatment with fewer side effects since a lower dosage of both ingedients may be administered .