to understand the variation solutions of the present invention , a clear awareness of the present state of the art of in - line skates would seem to be worthwhile . significant to that perception would be the part of the skate ( left or right ) that is provided to control speed , be able to stop and the method of initiating that desired procedure . accordingly , fig1 a is an illustration of typical in - line skates comprised of boot 2 , wheel frame 4 , wheels 3 and rubber heel braking pad 1 ( illustrated on the right boot ). in fig1 b an individual 5 is shown in a typical awkward braking position . the reason it is so awkward and unnatural ( as well ) to do is that , as you are accelerating forward , one has to extend their right leg ( as illustrated ), raising their boot toe and lean backward as you are going forward , trying to put pressure on the heel brake , which effort ( depending on your speed ) is fundamentally ineffectual . by comparison in skiing ( and similarly in ice skating ) as shown in fig1 c , as you are accelerating forward and want to slow down and stop , you assume a more natural athletic stance by leaning forward and sideward 6 , pressure edging your skis 7 ( or ice skates ) and effectively slowing down or safely coming to an abrupt stop . obviously , any method of slowing down and stopping , whether on skis , ice skates or on in - line skates depends upon friction . the rubber heel brake pad and contorted position that are required for control when using in - line skates , simply does not does not achieve that result . that fact is obvious , considering the serious injuries that all too commonly occur . trying for a number of years to think of a better way to achieve that friction control function in a relatively simplistic way , the idea finally materialized . the inventive solution was to have a skate wheel that would have the means to rotate both vertically and at an inclination around a rigid , fixed axle . in doing so , the wheel would be able to make interactive contact with the inside surface of the skate frame &# 39 ; s wheel - well . with that basic concept in mind and many different attempts at a solution , a preliminary cross section detail ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) was completed as shown in fig2 a , illustrating the fundamental concepts of the invention . as conceived , in order for the wheel 10 to revolve around the axle 13 at an inclination you would need concave space 12 at both center sides of the wheel 10 for axle clearance to do so . however , in providing those required depressions 12 and still have the required width for intended hub axle 13 bearings , it was reasoned that the wheel 10 would need to be in a parabolic shape to have that necessary center wheel hub 13 width . further , you would need a dynamic type of hub bearing 15 that would allow both vertical and inclined rotation around the stationary axle . the elementary hub solution was a solid stainless steel ball 15 welded to a standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle 13 and for the steel ball to be enclosed in a stainless steel outer casing 16 that would be an integral part of the wheel 10 . as to the friction surface interaction between the inclined wheel 10 and the inside of the frame &# 39 ; s 8 wheel - well 9 to achieve the desired edging effect , you would need a friction band 11 a on each side of the tire 10 and friction strips 11 b within the wheel - well 9 . it was also recognized that when the wheel 10 was in an inclined edging mode , you would need some means in addition to centrifugal force to return the wheel back into a vertical coasting position . to do so , it was reasoned that some type of self - aligning springs 14 , at each end of the axle 13 , would result in equal and opposite tension and compression forces effectively resolving that self - aligning function . fig2 b is a perspective view of a parabolic wheel 10 displaying friction band 11 a , concave depression 12 , stainless steel ball hub bearing 15 and axle 13 welded to the hub bearing 15 . fig3 a is a composite illustration of an individual on in - line skates 19 a in a coal ( vertical wheel rotation ) position and a reduced cross section view of fig2 a , depicting wheel 10 in a comparable vertical , coasting position . all the other identifiable component parts as shown in the reduced cross section view , remain the same as presented and described in the preceding full size cross section view of fig2 b . fig3 a - 2 ), depicts the angle of wheel 10 in an inclined striding and editing position , making friction contact at 11 c . in that inclined edging friction control ™ contact position at 11 c , the self - aligning springs 14 are in an equal and opposite compression 14 a and tension 14 b state , which ( as soon as the edging control force is released ), will resultantly return to a state of equilibrium , wherein the wheel is back into a vertical , coasting position . fig4 a is a perspective view of a plain spherical bearing 20 . fig4 b is a perspective view illustrating the dynamic functionality of a spherical bearing &# 39 ; s 20 a interrelated parts : the outer ring 20 b ; the bore 20 c ; and , the inner ring 20 d . fig4 c is an exampled illustration ( just one of many types of applications ) of an industrially used “ rod end ” spherical bearing 20 e . fig5 a is a perspective view of a state of the art in - line skate wheel 21 , having a uniformly flat service ( both sides ) with a standard , single element , fixed , rigid plastic hub 22 , integrally cast with the wheel 21 . fig5 b is a perspective view of a parabolic in - line slate wheel 10 in accordance with the invention , having a friction contact band surface 11 a , centered concave depression 12 ( symmetrically on both sides ), and a spherical bearing 2 - element dynamic hub 20 a . fig6 a is a perspective exampled view of the roller ball bearing . fig6 b is a perspective exampled view of a constant force ( open coil ) self - aligning spring 24 with a needle roller axle bearing 25 a on the wheel axle 13 in accordance with the invention . fig6 c is a perspective exampled view of a needle roller bearing 25 . fig7 a is the first resolved cross section view in accordance with the invention ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) of a wheel frame 8 , wheel - well 9 with friction strips 11 b and parabolic shaped wheel 10 ( in a vertical coasting position ) with friction bands 11 a . as shown , the wheel hub is a dynamic 2 - element spherical bearing 20 a of a stock size , such that its bore will accommodate two standard state of the art ⅞ ″ o . d . roller ball axle bearings 23 a . the width of the spherical bearing wheel hub 20 a is significantly less than the overall center axle width of the wheel 10 . the resulting concave depression frames 28 provide retention for the constant force , open coil self - aligning springs 24 ( which have needle roller axle bearing 25 a cores ) and dust covers 30 . indicated as well is the axle sleeve spacer 27 as required to accommodate varying core diameters of the different assembled parts to the standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle 13 a . fig7 b is the same cross section view of fig7 a , except that the parabolic wheel 10 is in the inclined edging friction control ™ position 11 c . as shown , the only purpose for the dynamic 2 - element spherical bearing hub 20 a is to allow wheel 10 to rotate at an inclination . wheel rotation is provided solely by the roller ball axle bearings 23 a . also , when the wheel 10 is at an inclination , the compression in the self - aligning springs 14 a are equal and opposite to each other on each side of the axle 13 a , as it is in tension 14 b , forcing the rotating wheel ( in conjunction with centrifugal force ) back into the vertical position when edging force is released . fig8 a is the second resolved cross section view in accordance with the invention ( drawn to graphic scale 17 in inches ) of wheel frame 8 and wheel 10 ( in a vertical coasting position ), using a smaller stock sized dynamic 2 - element spherical bearing hub 20 a , having a smaller size that will accommodate atypically smaller stock size ¾ ″ o . d . roller ball axle bearings 23 b . all other component parts displayed , remain the same kind , use and size as shown in fig7 a . fig8 b is the same cross section view of fig8 a , except that parabolic wheel 10 is in the inclined edging friction control ™ position 11 c and the opposite reacting self - aligning springs 24 in compression 14 a and tension 14 b , are set to return wheel 10 to the vertical coasting position as soon as edging force is released . fig9 a is the third resolved cross section view in accordance with the invention ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) of wheel frame 8 and wheel 10 ( in a vertical coasting position ), using the next smaller stock sized 2 - element spherical bearing wheel hub 20 a , having a smaller bore size that will accommodate e . g . stock sized novel use { fraction ( 7 / 16 )}″- ½ o . d . needle roller axle bearings 25 b . all other component parts remain the same in kind , use and size as shown in fig7 a and 8a . fig9 b is the same cross section view of fig9 a , except that parabolic wheel 10 is in the inclined edging friction control ™ position 11 c and the opposite reacting self - aligning springs 24 in compression 14 a and tension 14 b , are set to return wheel 10 to the vertical coasting position as soon as edging force is released . fig1 a dual appearing perspective view in accordance with the invention , depicting both a constant force , accordion pleated sheet alloy self - aligning spring / dust cover 26 a or the similarly appearing accordion pleated reinforce rubberized self - aligning spring / dust cover 26 b . as indicated , at the core of the accordion pleated self - aligning spring is a needle roller axle bearing 25 a . fig1 b is a partial cross section view specifically of the accordion pleated sheet alloy self - aligning spring / dust cover 26 a and related partial section views of : wheel frame concave frame and retainer 28 a for spring / dust cover 26 a ; needle roller axle for 26 a ; spherical bearing hub 20 a ; needle roller bearings 25 b ; axle sleeve spacer 27 and , axle screw and axle 13 a . fig1 c is the same cross section view as fig1 b , except that the self - aligning spring indicated is the accordion pleated reinforced composition type spring 26 b . fig1 a is the fourth resolved cross section view in accordance with the invention ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) of wheel frame 8 , wheel - well 9 and wheel 10 ( in a vertical coasting position ), using the same smaller stock sized 2 - element spherical bearing wheel hub 20 a and and having the same size needle roller axle bearings 25 b as used and shown in fig9 . the prime difference of the cross section view of fig1 a as compared to fig9 a is that , self - aligning spring 26 a / b is a dual purpose accordion pleated spring / dust cover , as compared to to the open coil spring and separate entity dust cover of fig9 a . as such , concave frame 28 a and wheel 10 are marginally different in form than those similar components as shown in fig9 a . fig1 b is the same cross section view of fig1 a , except that wheel 10 is in the inclined edging friction control ™ position 11 c and the opposite reacting self - aligning springs 26 a / b in compression 14 a and tension 14 b , are set to return wheel 10 to the vertical coasting position as soon as edging force is released . fig1 a is a longitudinal section view of fig1 a in accordance with the invention ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) wherein all the identified components are identical to those identified in 11 a and wherein the wheel 10 is displayed in the vertical coasting position . fig1 b is a plan cross section view of fig1 a in accordance with the invention ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ), wherein all the identified components are identical to those in fig1 a and 12a . fig1 a is a composite view , illustrating the typical in - line skate , state of the art wheel assembly component parts . the state of the art wheel frame and boot , previously indicated in fig1 a ( with particular emphasis to the boot and heel pad brake ) is not indicated , since it is not relevant to this wheel assembly illustration . the parts indicated and identified are : the standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle 13 ; axle screw 13 b ; roller ball bearing 23 a ( each symmetrical side of the single element , fixed , rigid hub 22 ); industry standard , reducing sleeve spacer 29 ( to accommodate different i . d . parts to the standard ¼ ″ o , d . axle ); and , standard in - line skate wheel 3 ( wherein the sides of wheel 3 are in one plane and the integral , single element , rigid hub 22 is flush with the flat sides of the finished wheel 3 . fig1 b is a composite illustration of reduced cross section view fig1 b of the interactive wheel to frame &# 39 ; s wheel - well variation solution ( all parts previously described in full size fig1 b with wheel 10 in the edging friction control ™ position 11 c ). adjacent is a clarifying perspective view of the same wheel assembly component axle parts indicated in the cross section . the wheel axle parts are arranged below fig1 a on the same sheet for ease of comparison to the state of the art . the parts illustrated are primarily on one symmetrical side of the dynamic 2 - element spherical bearing hub 20 a . for simplicity of illustration , the bore 20 c ( of the inner ring ) or hub of the spherical bearing is neither in a vertical nor an inclined angular position , but rather in an assembly , pictorial position . in sequence , the wheel assembly parts are : needle roller axle hub bearing 25 b ( to the left of the symmetrical hub ); dynamic spherical bearing hub 20 a ; needle roller axle hub bearing 25 b ; needle roller axle bearing 25 a for core 20 c of accordion pleated self - aligning spring 26 a / b ; and , wheel axle 13 . fig1 a is a cross section view of a novel dual purpose spherical bearing 32 used for the hub of in - line skates ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) in accordance with the invention . instead of having external , separate entity self - aligning springs e . g . 26 a / b the spring 36 or 36 a would be an internal part of the spherical bearing 32 . enclosed within an evenly split circular channel shaped void 33 , one half within the inner concave surface of the outer ring 33 a and one half within the convex surface of the inner ring 33 b of the spherical bearing 32 , would be a self - lubricated compression spring e . g . 36 or 36 a . when the spherical bearing rings 32 a and b are in a vertically aligned position ( as are the split circular channel shapes ), the enclosed compression spring 36 / 36 a would be in a designed minimal dynamic force state 34 . fig1 b is the same cross section view of fig1 a , except that the outer ring 32 a is in an inclined angular position and the split circular channels become misaligned . at maximum inclination , the compression spring 36 or 36 a is also in a maximum dynamic force state . as a result , when the skate wheel 31 rotates , the compression spring 36 or 36 a of the dual purpose spherical bearing hub is in a constant state of equal and opposite , compressive self - aligning forces . fig1 d is a perspective view of a self - lubricated accordion pleated sheet alloy or urethane compression spring 36 in a minimal dynamic force state 34 . fig1 e is a perspective view of a self - lubricated wire coil compression spring 36 a in a minimal dynamic force state 34 . fig1 a is the fifth resolved cross section view in accordance with the invention ( drawn to graphic scale in inches ) of a wheel frame 8 , wheel - well 9 and wheel 10 ( in a vertical coasting position ), using the same smaller stock sized 2 - element spherical bearing wheel hub 20 a and the same size needle roller axle bearings 25 b , as used in fig9 a and fig1 a . the prime difference of this cross section view fig1 a as compared to fig9 a and 11a is that : instead of having separate entity , external self - aligning springs 14 or 26 a / b , a dual purpose spherical bearing hub is used 32 with an integral self - aligning , self - lubricated spring 36 or 36 a ; and , an accordion pleated dust cover with a self - lubricated collar 30 . fig1 b is the sane cross section view of fig1 a , except that wheel 10 is in the inclined edging friction control ™ position 11 c and the equal and opposite reacting self - aligning compression spring 34 a is set ( in that maximum compressive state ) to return wheel 10 to the vertical position as soon as edging force is released . fig1 a is the sixth resolved cross section view ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) in accordance with the invention as an alternate variation solution , wherein the edging friction control ™ contact locations 11 c are entirely self - contained within the wheel assembly components . as such , the wheel frame 38 , not being relevant to this variation solution ( other than supporting the wheel assembly components ), is indicated by broken lines . this alternate variation solution uses the same dual purpose , spherical bearing hub 32 and needle roller axle bearings 25 b as shown in fig1 a . in this variation solution , the standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle is modified 40 by being fine threaded ( e . g . ¼ - 28 ) on the surface 40 a from each end of the axle to the outside faces of the hub axle bearings 25 b . inside fine threads ( e . g . 8 - 32 ) 40 c are set into each end of axle 40 to receive cap screws 40 b . a solid disk ( e . g . ⅛ ″ w .×{ fraction ( 27 / 32 )}″ o . d .) 41 with a center core that is fine threaded ( e . g . ¼ - 28 ) is screwed onto the axle 40 against washer spacer 39 , which is against hub axle bearing 25 b . on the other side of disk 41 , is a locknut spacer ( e . g . ¼ - 28threaded fineal nut ) that is screwed onto axle 40 against the solid disk 41 , locking it in place . on the other side of the fineal locknut is wheel frame 38 . the assembly at that symmetrical end side is completed by the installation of axle cap screw 40 b . disk 41 has a friction surface material 41 a ( e . g . ⅛ ″ wide ×{ fraction ( 2 / 32 )}″ thick ) bonded and keyed into the perimeter of the disk ( now named , “ friction disk ”) 41 a . wheel 31 has a concave frame 28 b with a continuous indentation for a bonded friction band , surface material 43 ( e . g . ⅛ ″ wide ×{ fraction ( 2 / 32 )}″ thick ). when the wheel 31 is in a vertical coasting position , the diameter of the friction disk 41 is such that there is designed clearance between the friction disk &# 39 ; s perimeter surface and the concave frame &# 39 ; s 28 b indented friction surface 43 . fig1 b is the same cross section view of fig1 a , except that wheel 31 is in the inclined edging friction control ™ position 11 c at two simultaneously responsive locations : one friction contact 11 c is at the top of the friction disk &# 39 ; s perimeter 41 and the wheel frame &# 39 ; s indented friction band 43 on one side and simultaneously at the bottom of the friction disk &# 39 ; s perimeter and the wheel frame &# 39 ; s indented friction band 43 on the opposite friction contact side 11 c . in that inclined edging friction control ™ position , the integral self - aligning spring 34 a of dual purpose spherical bearing hub 32 are in an equal and opposite maximum compressive strength state and set to return wheel 31 to the vertical coasting position as soon as the edging force is released . all the remaining interrelated component parts are identical to those that have been identified and functionally described in fig1 a . fig1 a is a duplication of a composite perspective view , illustrating the typical in - line skate , state of the art wheel assembly component parts to clarify the distinct differences of the self - contained wheel assembly , alternate variation solution in accordance with the invention as compared to the state of the art . the duplicated parts displayed are : the standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle 13 ; axle screw 13 b ; roller axle bearing 23 a ( each symmetrical side of the single element , fixed , rigid hub 22 ); industry standard , reducing sleeve spacer 29 ( to accommodate different i . d . parts to the standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle ); and , standard in - line skate wheel 3 , wherein the sides of wheel 3 are in one plane and the integral , single element , rigid hub 22 is flush with the flat sides of the finished wheel . fig1 is a perspective view of the component parts of the self - contained wheel assembly , alternate variation solution , in accordance with the invention and as shown in cross section views 16 a and b . the indicated and identified components are : modified standard ¼ ″ o . d . axle 40 ; modified thread size , standard axle cap screw b ; locknut 42 ; fixed friction disk 41 ; washer spacer 39 ; needle roller axle bearing 25 b ; indentation for continuous friction band 43 in concave frame 28 b of wheel 31 ; novel dual purpose , dynamic 2 - element spherical bearing wheel hub ; broken line indication of conforming but non - functioning in - line skate frame ; and , graphic scale 17 in inches . fig1 a is the seventh resolved cross section view ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) in accordance with the invention as an alternate variation solution , wherein two progressive alternate solutions are combined : the interactive wheel to frame &# 39 ; s wheel - well alternate solution as illustrated in fig1 a and b ; and , self - contained wheel assembly alternate solution as illustrated in fig1 a and b . these conjoined solutions would consist of : wheel frame 8 and wheel - well 9 with friction strips 11 b ; wheel 10 ( in a vertical coasting position ), having friction bands 11 a on its sides ; an indentation in concave frame 23 b for continuous friction band surface 43 ; and , including the complete self - contained wheel assembly components in accordance with the invention and as indicated and described in perspective view fig1 ( wherein the 2 - element dual purpose spherical bearing hub 32 is used ). fig1 b is the same cross section view of fig1 a , except that wheel 10 is in an inclined edging friction control ™ position , which in this conjoined variation solution of fig1 achieves the edging friction control ™ 11 c contact locations : one between the wheel &# 39 ; s 31 b friction band 11 a and the wheel well &# 39 ; s 9 friction strip 11 b ; and , two between the friction disk &# 39 ; s 41 perimeter friction surface 41 a and the indented friction band surface 43 in concave frame 28 b ( at the top of the disk &# 39 ; s perimeter 41 a on one side and the bottom of the disk &# 39 ; s perimeter 41 a on the opposite side ). fig1 a is the eighth resolved cross section view ( drawn to a graphic scale 17 in inches ) in accordance with the invention with wheel 10 in a vertical coasting position . as a culminating alternate variation this solution is based upon the combined resolution as detailed in fig1 a and b . this resulting final combination was achieved by resurrecting the previously ignored external self - aligning springs 26 a and 26 b . adding those external springs in conjunction with the integral self - aligning spring of the dual purpose spherical bearing hub 32 , creates an all encompassing solution that has three edging friction control ™ contact locations 11 c ( as in fig1 a and b ); plus the combined enhanced force of two distinct self - aligning spring functional locations . the combined self - aligning springs not only maximize the force to initiate edging friction control ™ but equally maximizes the rapid responsiveness in returning wheel 10 back to the vertical coasting position . other than the incremental additional inside face to face width at the axle location of frame 8 ( allowing for the external springs ), this cross section fig1 a has the same conjoined components as indicated and identified in fig1 a with the additional exception of fineal nut 42 . that locknut is replaced by an inside threaded alloy sleeve 39 a ( e . g . ¼ - 28 ) that matches the surface threads 40 a on the ¼ ″ o . d . axle 40 . the smooth outside surface sleeve serves a dual purpose . it provides the required minimal friction surface for the needle roller axle bearing core of the self - aligning spring 26 a / b ( which bearing has required axle play on each side ). in addition , when the sleeve is screwed tight against friction disk 41 to lock it in place , sleeve 39 a serves the same purpose as fineal nut 42 as shown in fig1 a . fig1 b is the same cross section view of fig1 a , except that wheel 10 is in an inclined edging friction control ™ position providing three simultaneous contact locations 11 c as indicated 11 c at each friction disk &# 39 ; s perimeter 41 a ( top and bottom of friction disk 41 on each side of the axle assembly ) and between the friction band surface 11 a on wheel 10 and the friction strip surface 11 b on the inside face of wheel - well 9 . fig2 a is a side elevation view ( drawn to a graphic scale 51 in feet ) of a downhill in - line ski 44 having a plurality of wheel assembly devices 47 in accordance with the invention . also indicated for illustration purposes is ski boot 45 with release binding 46 . fig2 b is a side elevation view ( drawn to a graphic scale 51 in feet ) of a downhill in - line skateboard 48 having a plurality of wheel assembly devices 47 in accordance with the invention . fig2 c is a side elevation view ( drawn to a graphic scale 51 in feet ) of an in - line skateboard having a plurality of wheel assembly devices 47 in accordance with the invention . fig2 d is a cross section view of fig2 b ( drawn to a graphic scale 51 in feet ). fig2 e is a cross section view of fig2 a ( drawn to a graphic scale 51 in feet ). fig2 f is a cross section view of fig2 c ( drawn to a graphic scale 51 in feet ). fig2 g is a representative cross section view of fig2 a , 20 b and 20 c displaying the typical parts that comprise one of the alternate variation solutions of wheel assembly 47 in accordance with the invention . while the invention and its alternate variation solutions has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , the wheels described herein are not limited for use with in - line skates , in - line skateboards , downhill in - line skis , and downhill in - line skateboards , but may be used whenever both vertical and inclined rotation is required around an axle .
the frame of an in - line skate supports a wheel , allowing a skater to effectively slow down and stop , using an athletic stance that skiers on snow and ice skaters on ice use . the wheel has a hub , allowing a wheel to rotate around the axle vertically and at an inclination . the hub has axle roller bearings . the wheel includes friction band surfaces on the sides of the wheel . when rotating at an inclination the wheel &# 39 ; s friction surface contacts a friction surface , inside the wheel - well or an axle friction surface or a combination thereof to slow or brake the wheel . the wheel assembly includes self - aligning springs . individual parts can be technically designed to allow various model solutions that will satisfy the abilities of a beginner to an expert . the wheel assembly frame can be attached to an in - line skate , an in - line skateboard , a downhill in - line ski and a downhill in - line skateboard .