the present invention provides a shunt system having endoscopic placement features which allow the system to be surgically implanted and easily assembled using minimally invasive techniques . turning now to the drawings and particularly to fig1 a and 1b , a shunt system 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown . in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the shunt system 10 comprises a shunt device 20 contained within a housing 12 . the shunt device 20 includes a valve mechanism 22 for regulating fluid flow into and out of the shunt device 20 . the valve mechanism 22 can comprise any typical valve mechanism , such as the ball - in - cone valve illustrated and as described in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 886 , 948 , 4 , 332 , 255 , 4 , 387 , 715 , 4 , 551 , 128 , 4 , 595 , 390 , 4 , 615 , 691 , 4 , 772 , 257 , and 5 , 928 , 182 , all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . of course , it is understood that the valve mechanism 22 can also comprise other suitable valves including programmable valves for controlling fluid flow in a shunt device as are known in the art . also included in the shunt device 20 is a pump chamber 24 that is connected to and in fluid communication with the valve mechanism 22 . the pump chamber 24 can comprise a flexible diaphragm 26 that enables selective occlusion of fluid flow into and out of the pump chamber 24 , thereby allowing bidirectional pumping of fluid between the pump chamber 24 and an attached reservoir 30 that is in fluid communication with the pump chamber 24 . the reservoir 30 comprises a top section 32 and a base section 34 which terminates in a catheter connector 36 . a portion of the base section 34 including the connector 36 extends out of the housing 12 as shown in fig1 b . however , it is understood that only the connector 36 need be located outside of the housing 12 for ease of assembly , and the base section 34 itself may be wholly contained within the housing 12 if desired . the top section 32 of the reservoir 30 which connects to the pump chamber 24 serves as a second pump chamber . preferably , the reservoir 30 can be a “ domed ” reservoir . that is , the top section 32 of the reservoir 30 is situated under a domed cap 14 that forms a part of the housing 12 , much like in the prior art rickham pump chamber 2 of fig3 in which there is shown a pump chamber 4 attached to a reservoir 6 seated underneath a domed housing 8 . in the present invention , both the top section 32 of the reservoir 30 and the pump chamber 24 are each configured to handle approximately 0 . 08cc of fluid volume , thereby allowing in total about four times the fluid volume as compared to the rickham pump chamber 2 of the prior art . however , the length of the housing 12 itself is approximately 4 cm so the overall dimensions of the shunt device 20 are still relatively small . to form the complete fluid flow pathway , catheters 40 , 60 are connected to the shunt device 20 of the present invention . provided with the shunt system 10 is an inflow catheter 40 having a first end 42 , a second end 44 , and a channel 46 extending between the first end 42 and second end 44 . the first end 42 of the inflow catheter 40 is configured to attach to the base section 34 of the reservoir 30 by way of the catheter connector 36 , while the second end 44 serves as the fluid uptake end , thereby providing a pathway for fluid to enter the shunt system 10 . in a hydrocephalus shunt system , the inflow , or ventricular , catheter 40 is placed in a ventricle of the patient so that cerebrospinal fluid can enter the shunt device 20 . after the cerebrospinal fluid enters the shunt device 20 , the fluid is regulated by the valve mechanism 22 and , according to the patient &# 39 ; s physiological condition , excess cerebrospinal fluid is released from the shunt device 20 through an outflow , or drainage , catheter 60 . the excess fluid is carried out through a channel 66 extending between a first end 62 of the outflow catheter 60 , which first end 62 is configured to attach to the valve mechanism 22 , and a second , fluid release end 64 where the fluid exits the shunt system 10 . as shown in fig1 b , the catheter connector 36 includes a flange 38 at its free end . the first , attachment end 42 of the inflow catheter 40 has an inner diameter id which is slightly smaller than the largest outer diameter of the flange 38 . this inner diameter id can be the diameter of the channel 46 extending from the first , attachment end 42 to the second , fluid uptake end 44 of the inflow catheter 40 provided the channel 46 has a consistent diameter throughout the inflow catheter 40 . however , it is understood that the inner diameter id of the channel 46 need only be smaller than the largest outer diameter of the flange 38 at a section near the first , attachment end 42 of the inflow catheter 40 . this smaller inner diameter id enables the attachment end 42 to form a tight , interference fit with the connector 36 when the attachment end 42 is urged onto the connector 36 and flange 38 . the inflow catheter 40 can be formed from a resilient and flexible material such as medical - grade silicone to allow the first , attachment end 42 to deform and fit over the connector 36 and flange 38 as the inflow catheter 40 is advanced towards the base section 34 . to secure the first , attachment end 42 of the inflow catheter 40 to the connector 36 , a selectively engageable locking mechanism 50 is provided with the inflow catheter 40 . the locking mechanism 50 can comprise a retaining ring 52 for maintaining the attachment end 42 of the inflow catheter 40 onto the connector 36 . in one exemplary embodiment , the retaining ring 52 is able to move , or slide over the inflow catheter 40 and beyond the flange 38 when the inflow catheter 40 is attached to the connector 36 . as illustrated in fig1 c , the retaining ring 52 can be situated adjacent to the attachment end 42 in an unlocked state . after the attachment end 42 is urged onto the connector 36 and flange 38 , the retaining ring 52 can be moved towards the attachment end 42 such as by sliding , twisting , or other similar advancing action until the retaining ring 52 passes over the flange 38 held within the attachment end 42 . in this locked state as shown , the retaining ring 52 compresses the flexible attachment end 42 over the connector 36 . the retaining ring 52 is configured such that the inner diameter is smaller than the largest outer diameter of the attachment end 42 with the flange 38 therein , thereby preventing the retaining ring 52 from sliding out of its locked state back to its unlocked state . it is contemplated that the retaining ring 52 can be formed of a suitable biocompatible material such as titanium or titanium alloy , while the connector 36 and flange 38 are formed of a semi - deformable material such as nylon to allow enough compression for the retaining ring 52 to slide over the flange 38 . with this locking mechanism 50 , the inflow catheter 40 is able to be assembled to the shunt device 20 quickly and easily , without the need for sutures or adhesives . the retaining ring 52 also provides a more consistent joining force than current suturing methods . the inflow catheter 40 of the present invention also provides features that enable its customization to a particular patient . on the outer surface of the inflow catheter 40 are marks or indicia 54 which correspond to the length of the inflow catheter 40 . these marks 54 can aid the surgeon in pre - sizing the inflow catheter 40 to the individual patient once the specific size of the ventricular tube needed has been determined by either ct scan or other known imaging techniques . this way , the surgeon can adjust the length , i . e ., by cutting the catheter 40 to the required size , intraoperatively . if it is desirable to cut the inflow catheter 40 to size , the retaining ring 52 can be slid away from the area to be cut , near the second , fluid uptake end 44 . alternatively , the retaining ring 52 can be taken off the inflow catheter 42 entirely , and placed back on after the inflow catheter 40 has been cut to size . once the inflow catheter 40 has been cut to the desired size , the retaining ring 52 is advanced near the first , attachment end 42 prior to assembly . in addition , the inflow catheter 40 can have either an open or a closed second end 44 for surgeon modification to allow visualization with an endoscope . if the second end 44 is closed , a pre - formed slit 56 can be provided so as to allow the endoscope to pass through the second end 44 . since the second end 44 serves as the fluid uptake end , a series of apertures 58 can be provided near the closed second end 44 to facilitate fluid entry into the inflow catheter 40 . rather than having a sliding retaining ring 52 on the inflow catheter 40 , fig2 a shows another exemplary embodiment of a locking mechanism 50 ′ comprising a retaining ring 52 ′ that is firmly secured to the inflow catheter 40 of the present system 10 at its attachment end 42 . the retaining ring 52 ′ can resemble the retaining ring 52 of fig1 b and 1c in size , shape , and composition , except that the retaining ring 52 ′ is bonded to the outer diameter of the inflow catheter 40 . fig2 b shows yet another exemplary embodiment of a locking mechanism 50 ″ for use with the inflow catheter 40 of the present system 10 , in which a retaining ring 52 ″ is firmly secured such as by bonding to the inner diameter id of the inflow catheter 40 at its attachment end 42 . the retaining ring 52 ″ can be formed from a semi - deformable material such as nylon . the retaining rings 52 ′, 52 ″ of the present invention can be used with pre - cut fixed length inflow catheters 40 . during assembly , the bonded retaining rings 52 ′, 52 ″ pop over the flange 38 of the connector 36 when the inflow catheter 40 is urged onto the connector 36 , thus retaining the inflow catheter 40 and the connector 36 together without the need for sutures or adhesives . to allow pumping of the valve mechanism 22 distally while preventing occlusion of the shunt device 20 proximally , the base section 34 of the reservoir 30 can include a check valve mechanism 70 as illustrated in fig4 . within the base section 34 are partitions 76 that form a funnel entrance 82 leading into a constricted region or central flow channel 78 that extends into the main chamber 84 . the partitions 76 can be held a distance apart from the base section 34 to thereby create peripheral flow channels 80 as well . the peripheral flow channels 80 lend anti - siphon properties to the check valve mechanism 70 by creating narrow structures that restrict fluid flow distally . a free floating ball 72 is provided with the check valve mechanism 70 to occlude fluid flow into the base section 34 from the inflow catheter 40 during distal pumping or anti - reflux as shown in fig4 . the free floating ball 72 can be pushed aside or manipulated aside by positioning the patient , such as in fig . sa where normal flow conditions are present and fluid flows from the inflow catheter 40 through the base section 34 of the reservoir 30 and to the valve mechanism 22 as indicated by the arrows . the free floating ball 72 can also be pushed aside using an endoscope 90 such as in fig5 b during endoscopic placement of the shunt system 10 or during ventricular injection . to provide the endoscope 90 with access to the check valve mechanism 70 , the domed cap 14 of the housing 12 can include an endoscope port 16 . the endoscope port 16 can comprise a pre - formed slit comprising a resealable silicone and can extend into a portal 18 that connects to the top section 32 of the reservoir . once the endoscope 90 has passed through the portal 18 , the endoscope can continue through the top section 32 and into the base section 34 past the central flow channel 78 . the endoscope 90 can extend all the way out through the catheter connector 36 to facilitate placement of the shunt device 20 with respect to the pre - inserted inflow catheter 40 and allow endoscopic visualization as needed . the endoscope port 16 can also include radiopaque markings to assist the surgeon in locating and targeting the port 16 . additionally , the peripheral flow channels 80 of the base section 34 can be made more tortuous with surface features such as helical ridges 86 as illustrated in fig6 a which shows the flow dynamics during distal pumping or anti - reflux . the helical ridges 86 within the peripheral flow channels 80 provide the shunt system 10 with higher resistance and even more anti - siphoning capabilities . fig6 b shows the flow dynamics during normal erect flow , while fig6 c shows the flow dynamics during anti - siphon flow in which fluid traveling distally is forced through the tortuous path of the peripheral flow channels 80 and is thereby drained from the shunt system 10 at a reduced rate . finally , the flow dynamics during prone flow , or during distal pumping is illustrated in fig6 d , while fig6 e shows the use of an endoscope 90 with the present shunt system 10 during endoscopic placement or ventricular injection . the present invention also provides an instrument 100 for assembling the inflow catheter 40 quickly and easily to the shunt device 20 . the instrument 100 has a first arm 110 having a proximal end 112 and a distal end 114 including a handle portion 118 . pivotally connected to the first arm 110 at pin 130 is a second arm 120 having a proximal end 122 and a distal end 124 including a handle portion 128 . the proximal end 112 of the first arm 110 includes a gripping section 116 that is configured to hold a portion of the housing 12 . as illustrated in fig7 the gripping portion 116 is configured to seat against the domed cap 14 of the housing 12 . the proximal end 122 of the second arm also includes a platform section 126 that is configured to sit around the inflow catheter 40 and against the retaining ring 52 while resting on the patient &# 39 ; s scalp . upon compressing the handle portions 118 , 128 together , the gripping section 116 and platform section 126 advance towards each other , in the process forcing the retaining ring 52 up towards the first , attachment end 42 of the inflow catheter 40 . the platform section 126 is configured to slide along the inflow catheter 40 . the use of the instrument 100 to connect these components enables the retaining ring 52 to slide over the attachment end 42 of the ventricular catheter 40 and over the flange 38 of the connector 36 without over advancement . typically , the outflow catheter 60 can be assembled to the shunt device 20 prior to implantation , while the inflow catheter 40 is assembled to the shunt device after the two components are separately implanted . in one exemplary embodiment of the shunt system 10 , when fully assembled the inflow catheter extends at approximately 90 ° with respect to the outflow catheter . the endoscopic placement features just described for the shunt system 10 of the present invention allow the system 10 to be easily assembled and implanted using endoscopic placement so as to require only minimally invasive surgery . the assembly process for the present invention minimizes surgery time and avoids leakage at the connection sites , since the retaining ring eliminates the need for suturing methods . the endoscopic placement features of the present invention also provides the added benefits of revision on a minimally invasive basis , such as clearing or draining obstacles to improve cerebrospinal fluid flow , without major surgical intervention . finally , the check valve mechanism of the reservoir also provides easy occlusion for distal flushing . all of these features make endoscopic placement more convenient for the surgeon , and provide a better and more effective shunt system for the patient . it will be understood that the foregoing is only illustrative of the principles of the invention , and that various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . all references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety .
a shunt system for controlling the flow of fluid from one region of a patient to a different region of the patient &# 39 ; s body . the shunt system includes endoscopic placement features so that the system can be placed endoscopically in a minimally invasive surgery . also provided is a single fluid flow control device having flow control characteristics previously obtainable only by connecting in series two or more shunt system components . in addition , the shunt system includes a selectively engageable locking mechanism that allows the system to be assembled quickly and easily , without the need for sutures or adhesives . the present assembly process minimizes the possibility of any unintended fluid leakage from the device .