as has been described above more generally with respect to the prior art , fig1 and 1a depict a prior art fastener 100 with unthreaded portion 105 immediately adjacent to threaded portion 110 . fig1 a is an enlarged detail view as shown on fig1 . as is typical in the prior art , an abrupt discontinuity 115 occurs at the transition from unthreaded portion 105 to threaded portion 110 . it will be appreciated that in the typical manufacture of prior art fastener 100 , threads 120 are cut on to shank 125 such that thread crests 130 are substantially the same diameter as shank 125 , while thread roots 135 have a smaller diameter than the diameter of shank 125 . an abrupt change in fastener core diameter thus occurs at discontinuity 115 , enhancing the susceptibility of fastener 100 to failure at discontinuity 115 when fastener 100 is subjected to operational loads . a further example of the prior art is depicted in fig2 and 2a . fig2 a is an enlarged detail view as shown on fig2 . prior art fastener 200 again provides unthreaded portion 205 immediately adjacent to threaded portion 210 . however , in fig2 and 2a , and in comparison to fig1 and 1a , threads 220 are provided on shank 225 such that thread roots 235 are substantially the same diameter as shank 225 , while thread crests 230 have a larger diameter than the diameter of shank 225 . as a result , prior art fastener 200 does not have an abrupt change in fastener core diameter as may be seen on fig1 a . however , as described above in more detail in the “ background ” section of this disclosure , prior art fasteners of the style depicted in fig2 and 2a have proven to be disadvantageous , in that wholesale removal of metal on shank 225 down to the diameter of thread roots 235 significantly reduces the operational bending resistance of shank 225 , and further significantly increases overall manufacturing costs . fig3 and 3a illustrate an exemplary embodiment generally in accordance with the present invention . fig3 a is an enlarged detail view as shown on fig3 . fastener 300 provides unthreaded portion 305 adjacent to threaded portion 310 . in the illustrated exemplary embodiment , thread crests 330 on threaded portion 310 have a diameter substantially the same as the diameter as shank 325 on unthreaded portion 305 . in this way , the disadvantages of prior art fasteners such as described above with reference to fig2 and 2a are avoided . however , although the exemplary embodiment of fig3 and 3a illustrates thread crests 330 having a diameter substantially the same as the diameter on shank 325 , it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited in this regard . other embodiments of the invention ( not illustrated ) may , for example , provide thread crests 330 with a varying diameter along threaded portion 310 , or with a uniform thread crest diameter that is different from the diameter of shank 325 . with further reference to fig3 a , however , and in distinction to prior art fasteners such as described above with respect to fig1 a , a thread root transition zone 315 is provided on fastener 300 . in thread root transition zone 315 , thread roots 325 are deployed to decrease in diameter in tapered fashion from the diameter of shank 325 to a constant diameter that is less than the diameter of shank 325 . in this way , the disadvantages of an abrupt discontinuity between unthreaded and threaded portions are avoided ( such as discontinuity 115 as described above with reference to fig1 and 1a ). embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described herein using fixation pins as exemplary orthopedic fasteners . it will be appreciated , however , that the invention is not limited in this regard , and that it may be embodied on any orthopedic fastener , such as , without limitation , pedicle screws , orthopedic nails , bone screws , locking screws , hip screws , or even dental implants . it will be further appreciated , with further reference to fig3 a , that although the exemplary embodiment of thread root transition zone 315 has been illustrated as a conically tapered root , the invention is not limited in this regard . it will be appreciated that the scope of the invention includes other root tapers , such as , for example , a curved taper . in a preferred embodiment , the thread root transition zone may provides any number in a range from about two ( 2 ) to about five ( 5 ) thread turns for the tapered thread root profile to transition from zero threaded profile to full threaded profile . it will be appreciated , however , that the invention is not limited in this regard , and that a thread root transition zone providing any number of thread turns to accomplish the transition is within the scope of the invention . those of ordinary skill in this art will further appreciate that the invention is not limited to any particular size of orthopedic fastener on which the thread root transition zone may be deployed . turning now to fig4 a , 4 b and 4 c , exemplary deployments of fastener 300 ( as illustrated on fig3 and 3a ) are depicted . in fig4 a , 4 b and 4 c , fasteners 300 are shown fully secured into specimens of cortical bone . bone specimen 405 on fig4 a , bone specimen 415 on fig4 b , and bone specimen 435 on fig4 c are shown in cross - section . it will be appreciated that fasteners of the present invention are described and claimed wherein thread root transition zone 315 ( as illustrated on fig3 a ) is located outside of cortical bone when the fastener is operably secured into a specimen of cortical bone . in fig4 a , it will be seen that fastener 300 is operably secured into cortical bone 410 , and that thread root transition zone 315 is located completely outside of bone specimen 405 . by contrast , however , in fig4 b , it will be seen that although thread root transition zone 315 is located outside of cortical bone 420 , it is still located within bone specimen 415 in which fastener 300 is operably secured . in the exemplary deployment illustrated in fig4 b , thread root transition zone 315 is located in interior region 425 of bone specimen 415 it will be appreciated that , depending on the specific bone from which exemplary bone specimen 415 on fig4 b may be taken , interior region 425 may comprise cancellous bone and / or fatty bone marrow . fig4 c is similar to fig4 a in that fig4 c shows thread root transition zone 315 is located completely outside of bone specimen 435 . however , fig4 c shows threaded portion 310 on fastener 300 to be secured into both regions of cortical bone 440 located either side of interior region 445 . it will be further appreciated that orthopedic fasteners according to the present invention are not limited to any particular type of orthopedic application or discipline . for example , without limitation , it is envisaged that orthopedic fasteners according to the present invention will have applications in both human and veterinary orthopedics . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alternations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .
an orthopedic fastener is disclosed , with a cylindrical shank having pre - selected diameter , the shank also providing adjacent unthreaded and threaded portions . the threaded portion is configured to secure the orthopedic fastener into cortical bone . the shank further has a thread root transition zone providing a tapered thread root profile between the unthreaded and threaded portions . the thread root transition zone is positioned on the shank such that , when the orthopedic fastener is operably secured into a specimen of cortical bone , the thread root transition zone is located outside said specimen of cortical bone .