fig1 illustrates the general anatomy of a hip joint and a typical surgical approach 10 to the hip joint to expose a proximal femur 11 and an acetabulum 12 . four surgical approaches to the hip joint for total hip replacement are known . these approaches include posterior approaches without trochanteric osteotomy , trans - trochanteric approaches , anterior approaches without trochanteric osteotomy , and smith - peterson approaches . a direct lateral approach is also known for total hip arthroplasty . the most common surgical approach to the hip is posterior , and the musculature disrupted may include the short internal and external rotators , tensor fascia femoris , quadratus femoris , piriformis , and on occasion part of the gluteus medius and minimus , and the gluteus maximus . in conventional total hip replacement surgery the hip joint is exposed through a large incision to provide the surgeon full visualization of the hip joint and the acetabular region , and to provide access for surgical power instruments . the femoral head is removed and the femoral canal is reamed and broached to prepare a bony surface to support a hip stem . the stem may be cemented in place , or press fit for bony ingrowth . the acetabulum is prepared , most typically using a grater attached to a surgical hand drill to remove cartilage down to bleeding bone . the skin incision for surgical exposure as shown in fig1 generally ranges between eight and twelve inches in length with partial or complete release of hip abductors and external rotators resulting in extensive trauma to the soft tissues surrounding the hip joint . in minimally invasive total hip surgery , an incision 21 is typically two to four inches in length as shown in fig2 . while a two to four inch surgical incision is typical for less or minimally invasive hip surgery , there may be some variation due to patient physiology , surgeon preferences , or other factors . the surgical approach involves separating the gluteus maximus muscle through blunt dissection to gain access to the hip joint capsule and the trochanteric fossa . muscle disruption is usually limited to release of the piriformis tendon at the trochanteric fossa . those skilled in the art can appreciate that variations to the surgical approaches described herein can be varied according to individual patients , preference of the surgeon and the like . referring again to fig2 , incision 21 , muscle dissection and capsular incision are limited to what is necessary for adequate visualization , placement and operation of instrumentation and placement of implants . the general approach is posterior with no muscle release . alternately , the surgeon may elect to release the piriformis tendon alone or in conjunction with partial or total release of the external rotators , quadratus femoris and gluteus minimus muscles . the incision is just large enough to expose the femoral head and acetabulum 12 , and to enable placement of a reamer system including a grater 22 , a reamer drive 24 , a handle 20 , and a femoral broach 26 as depicted in fig3 a through 3c . a grater removal tool 88 , as shown in fig1 a and 11b , and a grater release tool 92 , as shown in fig1 a and 12b , can also be used with the reamer system . optionally , one or more tissue distractors 18 may be used to hold soft tissue out of the line of sight or to distract tissue for instrument placement . alternately , one or more of the tissue distractors may be integral to the handle 20 , or may be integral to the reamer drive 24 , or a combination thereof . reamer drive 24 , handle 20 , grater 22 , femoral broach 26 , grater removal tool 88 , grater release tool 92 , and / or structural sub - components of each of these are generally manufactured from a suitable stainless steel either by machining , metal injection molding or stamping . alternately , materials , including but not limited to titanium and titanium alloys , cobalt chromium alloys , and other biocompatible metals , can be used . biocompatible plastics such as peek , ultem , celcon , delron and radel may also be used for some sub - components . sub - components fabricated from biocompatible plastics may be machined or injection molded . reamer drive 24 , as shown in fig3 c , is used with handle 20 , grater 22 and femoral broach 26 to prepare the acetabulum 12 . referring to fig3 a and 3b , the femoral broach 26 is structured to prepare the proximal femur and remains in the femur to support the reamer drive 24 . the reamer drive 24 is structured to extend once placed in the hip joint cavity . as shown in fig3 a , reamer drive 24 is collapsed to reduce the profile of reamer system for placement through a small incision . reamer drive 24 is placed onto femoral broach 26 and hydraulically telescoped to distract femur 11 from acetabulum 12 while applying force to grater 22 in order to prepare acetabulum 12 to receive an implant . at least one passageway 59 is placed in a circumference of grater 22 to allow clearance of handle 20 when reamer drive 24 is fully retracted . hydraulic pressure is applied to a spline tube 39 to extend a linear spline 48 , which elevates grater 22 to allow a face 60 of grater 22 to pass over handle 20 while grater 22 rotates . hydraulic pressure is applied to a piston tube 40 to extend a piston 47 that advances grater 22 into acetabulum 12 and provides a distraction force between femur 11 and acetabulum 12 to engage cutting elements 15 with material , such as cartilage and bone , of the acetabulum . referring now to fig4 a and 4b , handle 20 is structured with an internal drive shaft 31 structured at one end with a hudson fitting for attachment to a standard surgical drill . alternately , the drive shaft 31 may be structured with a hall adaptor , cylindrical , square , hexagonal or other shaped fitting suitable for attachment to a surgical drill can be used . a grip 32 is structured for easy handling by the surgeon and secured to a base 33 of handle 20 . a barrel 35 is threaded onto base 33 . a lock sleeve 34 is also threaded onto base 33 in order to secure barrel 35 to base 33 . a barrel opening 37 is structured to slidably receive reamer drive 24 , which engages a bayonet lock 36 in barrel 35 . referring to fig6 a , an attachment boss 45 on reamer drive 24 is structured to be slidably received into barrel opening 37 . an external square drive 44 of a pinion gear 43 , as shown in fig6 a , is structured to be slidably received into an internal square drive 29 of a drive shaft 38 , as shown in fig4 b . two bosses 46 protruding from attachment boss 45 of reamer drive 24 engage bayonet lock 36 in barrel 35 of handle 20 . barrel 35 extends along base 33 to provide clearance for attachment boss 45 to slide into barrel 35 . reamer drive 24 is rotated clockwise to engage bayonet lock 36 with bosses 46 protruding from attachment boss 45 . barrel 35 is threaded further onto base 33 thereby securing bosses 46 on attachment boss 45 of reamer drive 24 within bayonet lock 36 . lock sleeve 34 is then advanced to secure barrel 35 in place . referring to fig6 a , 6 b , 6 c and 6 d , reamer drive 24 is configured to extend in order to provide a distraction force between femur 11 and acetabulum 12 during acetabular reaming . linear spline 48 is slidably received by a bevel gear 50 and housing base 52 . hydraulic pressure delivered to the cylinder housing the linear spline 48 by a fluid , such as sterile saline or other suitable liquid , via the spline tube 39 extends the linear spline 48 . spline tube 39 has a standard luer fitting 41 for attachment to a syringe pump or other suitable pressurizing device . piston 47 is configured to slidably receive a broach post 27 on femoral broach 26 as depicted in fig3 c . hydraulic pressure , via a suitable fluid such as sterile saline , is applied to piston tube 40 to extend piston 47 . piston tube 40 has a standard luer fitting 42 for attachment to a syringe pump or other suitable pressurizing device . in one embodiment as shown in fig3 b and 6a , grater 22 is structured for threaded attachment to linear spline 48 . in another embodiment , grater 22 is structured for quick attachment to reamer drive 24 . referring now to fig5 , grater 22 is structured for threaded attachment to reamer drive 24 . a bracket 54 is secured to an inner surface 57 of grater 22 with bracket 54 at three attachment points 55 . those skilled in the art can appreciate that bracket 54 can be structured with one or more attachment points 55 to be attached to grater 22 as suitable for attachment around cutter openings 58 . in one embodiment , bracket 54 is structured with an internal thread 56 for threaded attachment to linear spline 48 of reamer drive 24 . bracket 54 can be further attached to grater 22 , for example via welding , soldering , and the like . a right hand thread is used at the bracket - to - linear - spline interface and the cutting action of grater 22 is in right hand rotation of grater 22 . operation of grater 22 to remove bone in accordance with this embodiment tends to tighten bracket 54 onto linear spline 48 . alternately , bracket 54 is structured to attach to grater 22 by a threaded attachment , bayonet attachment , press - fit attachment or bonded attachment , or with threaded fasteners , press - fit pins , mechanical clips , or other attachment means know to those skilled in the art . in one embodiment , grater 22 is secured to linear spline 48 of reamer drive 24 such that linear spline 48 is removable from reamer drive 24 . in this embodiment , linear spline 48 is structured to attach to grater 22 by a threaded attachment , bayonet attachment , press - fit attachment or bonded attachment , or with threaded fasteners , press - fit pins , mechanical clips , or other attachment means know to those skilled in the art . in another embodiment , linear spline 48 is permanently attached to grater 22 via welding , soldering , and the like . in one embodiment of the present invention , as shown in fig7 , grater 22 has formed tabs 61 to which a bracket 62 is attached . in this embodiment bracket 62 is structured with an internal thread 65 for threaded attachment to external thread 49 on linear spline 48 of reamer drive 24 . alternately , bracket 62 can be permanently attached to formed tabs 61 at contact points formed by one or more bosses 63 extending from bracket 62 to corresponding formed tabs 61 . in another embodiment , the bracket - to - grater interfaces are secured with pins 68 placed through a clearance hole 66 in formed tabs 61 and fitted into a press - fit hole 64 in bracket bosses 63 . alternately , bracket 62 is structured to attach to grater 22 by a threaded attachment , bayonet attachment , press - fit attachment or bonded attachment , or with threaded fasteners , press - fit pins , mechanical clips , or other attachment means know to those skilled in the art . referring now to fig7 and 11a and 11 b , grater 22 is removed by unthreading it from reamer drive 24 and / or linear spline 48 . to simplify this step , a grater removal tool 88 is provided . grater removal tool 88 has one or more protruding bosses 90 corresponding to each of a plurality of receiving pocket 89 in grater 22 . grater removal tool 88 is placed onto grater 22 with bosses 93 extending into respective receiving pockets 89 in grater 22 . a reaction arm 91 on grater removal tool 88 rests against barrel 35 of handle 20 while the surgical drill ( not shown ) attached to handle 20 is run in reverse thereby unthreading grater 22 from reamer drive 24 and / or linear spline 48 . optionally , a t - handle driver ( not shown ) is used in place of the surgical drill to unthread grater 22 from reamer drive 24 . grater removal tool 88 and grater 22 are then lifted from reamer drive 24 . referring now to fig8 there is shown an embodiment of a bracket 67 including clips 69 for quick attachment to grater 22 in order to enable grater exchange without threading . grater 22 has formed tabs 61 to which one or more clips 69 are attached . in this embodiment bracket 67 is structured with an internal thread 70 for threaded attachment to external thread 49 on linear spline 48 of reamer drive 24 . referring to fig8 , 9 and 10 , clip 69 is comprised of two flex arms 73 and 74 each having an internal latch 75 and 76 , respectively . internal surfaces 81 and 82 of clip 69 are spaced to snuggly receive formed tabs 61 resting on sides 71 and 72 of formed tab 61 . receiving surfaces 83 and 84 above internal latches 75 and 76 taper outwardly such that the spacing between upper edges 85 and 86 of each receiving surface 83 and 84 , respectively , is greater than the spacing between sides 71 and 72 of formed tabs 61 when flex arms 73 and 74 are in their resting position . as grater 22 is pressed into clips 69 of bracket 67 , formed tabs 61 slide along their respective receiving surfaces 83 and 84 , thereby spreading flex arms 73 and 74 of clip 69 . as formed tabs 61 pass over their respective internal latches 75 and 76 on bracket 67 , internal latches 75 and 76 retain formed tabs 61 within clips 69 thereby locking grater 22 to bracket 67 . when in the locked position , an inner face 87 of formed tabs 61 rests against a support face 79 of bracket 67 thereby centering grater 22 with respect to bracket 67 . sides 71 and 72 of formed tabs 61 are slidably received by internal support surfaces 77 and 78 of bracket 67 providing the ability to transfer torque from bracket 67 to grater 22 . a right hand thread is used at the bracket - to - linear spline interface and the cutting action of grater 22 is in right hand rotation of grater 22 . operation of grater 22 to remove material , such as cartilage and bone , with cutting elements 15 on the hemispherical surface tends to tighten bracket 67 onto linear spline 48 . referring to fig9 , 10 and 12 a and 12 b , grater 22 is removed by releasing clips 69 of brackets 67 with the use of a grater release tool 92 . grater release tool 92 has one or more protruding bosses 93 each corresponding to clips 69 on bracket 67 . grater release tool 92 is placed onto grater 22 with bosses 93 extending into respective receiving pockets 89 in grater 22 . a bottom surface 96 of each boss 93 comes to rest on an upper surface 97 of each formed tab 61 on grater 22 . boss sides 94 and 95 are slidably received by clip 69 receiving surfaces 83 and 84 thereby spreading flex arms 73 and 74 of clip 69 and releasing grater 22 . grater release tool 92 and grater 22 are then lifted from bracket 67 . in one embodiment of the present invention reamer drive 24 , handle 20 and grater 22 are reusable components . alternatively , handle 20 and grater 22 are reusable and reamer drive 24 is a single use or multiple use disposable device . in another embodiment , handle 20 is a reusable instrument and reamer drive 24 and grater 22 are single use or multiple use disposable devices . in yet another embodiment of the present invention grater 22 is integrally formed with reamer drive 24 . now that each component of the present invention has been discussed , following is a discussion of a method of use of reamer system of the present invention . the hip joint cavity is exposed according to known techniques , including but not limited to those described above . the femoral canal is prepared using reamer drive 24 and femoral broach 26 , where femoral broach 26 is left in the femoral canal . reamer drive 24 and grater 22 are assembled and placed onto femoral broach 26 . those skilled in the art can appreciate that the sequence of instrument placement into the surgical site may vary based on surgeon preference and joint cavity access . reamer drive 24 and grater 22 may be assembled outside the surgical site or within the joint cavity . reamer drive 24 is assembled to handle 20 outside of the surgical site . an appropriately sized grater 22 is selected an attached to reamer drive 24 . the surgeon selects grater 22 , which is part of a set of graters of appropriate size range for preparing a patient &# 39 ; s acetabulum . grater 22 typically ranges from a diameter of 36 mm to 80 mm in one mm increments . in general , the surgeon will select an initial grater size smaller than the acetabular diameter for initial acetabular reaming . in order to position grater 22 within acetabulum 12 in a minimally invasive manner , reamer drive 24 is initially collapsed as shown in fig3 a to reduce size for placement into the joint cavity . once in position , reamer drive 24 is structured to expand as shown in fig3 c to provide a distraction force between the femur and acetabulum and grater 22 is positioned within acetabulum 12 in order to initiate the reaming process . the initial grater 22 is then exchanged for a larger grater , typically one mm larger in diameter , and the acetabular reaming step is repeated . this process is repeated until the acetabulum is appropriated prepare as determined by the surgeon to receive an implant . in order to allow interchangeability of grater 22 sizes with reamer drive 24 , each grater 22 in the grater set is structured with a corresponding linear spline 48 . in this manner , exchanging various size graters 22 is quick and efficient . to further simplify grater 22 exchanging during the reaming process , grater removal tool 88 and greater release tool 92 can be used to remove grater 22 from reamer drive 24 and / or linear spline 48 . upon completion of reaming process , acetabulum 12 is prepared for implantation of total hip replacement device according to techniques known in the art . while the invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof , those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments of the invention without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention . the terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations . those skilled in the art will recognize that these and other variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims and their equivalents .
a method and apparatus for minimally invasive total joint replacement is disclosed . the method involves sculpting the articular surface of a second bone that normally articulates with a first bone by attaching or supporting a bone sculpting tool directly or indirectly to the first bone with the tool in sculpting engagement with the articular surface of the second bone , and then sculpting the articular surface of the second bone with the joint reduced . the reamer system includes a reamer drive , a grater , a handle and a femoral broach .