fig1 illustrates a lead according to a preferred embodiment of the invention being utilized in an scs implementation . in accordance with known techniques , a tuohy needle 14 is positioned near the dura 12 of spine 10 . lead body 20 is inserted through the lumen of s tuohy needle 14 and positioned near the dura 12 . a proximal end ( not shown ) of lead body 20 is connected to a source device ( not shown ) which may be a pulse generator , in the case of electrical stimulation , or a drug pump in the case of drug therapy . although the invention will be described herein with reference to scs procedures and the embodiments described in relation to electrical therapy , it will be recognized that the invention finds utility in applications to other than scs procedures , including other applications such as peripheral nervous system ( pns ) stimulation , sacral root stimulation , cortical surface stimulation or intravecular cerebral stimulation . in addition , the invention finds applicability to scs procedures where the lead is placed in the intrathecal ( subdural ) space . the invention also finds utility to drug therapy where electrical components are replaced with conduits and catheters for conducting is drug material to the therapy site . in this case , especially , the lead may be placed in the intrathecal space . fig2 a thru 2 d illustrate a lead according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention . lead 20 is provided with a distal tip 30 that may be compacted for insertion 20 and unfolded after it has been positioned appropriately within the body . distal tip 30 includes a central portion 32 which has at least one span 34 depending therefrom . span 34 is comprised of a flexible , insulative material , such as polyurethane or silicone rubber . the term “ flexible ” as used herein refers to both resilient and non - resilient materials . central portion 32 may have a generally semi - circular cross - section as shown , or may be flat . a central passage 33 may run axially along the inside of lead 20 . a centering stylet 25 is provided through central passage 33 and extends in a distal direction through central portion 32 for engaging a part of the body , such as adhesions in the epidural space , to stabilize lead tip 30 as it is deployed . affixed to a surface of spans 34 and to the central portion 32 is a series of other therapy delivery elements in the form of electrodes 36 a - e . in accordance with the invention , lead 20 may be configured into a compact insertion position shown in fig2 a . as shown in fig2 b , spans 34 are coiled around central portion 32 such that the lateral extent of lead tip 30 is no larger than the lumen of tuohy needle 14 . once in position within the epidural space , lead tip 30 may be deployed out of the tuohy needle 14 , as shown in fig2 c . fig2 d shows the view from the side opposite the side illustrated in fig2 c . in the embodiment described in which the spans are flaccid or to semirigid , deployment of lead tip 30 may be implemented by rotating the lead body 20 in a counterclockwise direction once lead tip 30 is beyond the end of the tuohy needle in a desired position . as spans 34 encounter dura or dorsal bone of spinal canal , they can uncoil to assume a generally planar shape in which electrodes 36 a - e are disposed on one side of the lead facing the dura , as shown in fig2 e . as shown in phantom in fig2 d , electrodes 36 a - e communicate electrically with the source device ( not shown ) via conductor paths 39 and 41 . conductor paths 39 and 41 may be comprised of a flexible electrical conductor or thin wires which are embedded or molded within lead 20 . in the case of drug therapy , the electrodes 36 a - e illustrated in fig2 c - e would be replaced by ports which act as therapy delivery elements to convey drug to the body . similarly , conductor paths 39 and 41 would be replaced by conduits formed in the interior of lead 20 for conveying drug from the source device . stylet 25 may be left permanently in the epidural space or may be withdrawn from the lead 20 after the lead tip 30 is uncoiled . in the case of a drug delivery device , stylet 25 might remain as a catheter at some preferred distance . fig3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which lead 20 is provided with a pair of guide pins 40 which are affixed to a more proximal removable sheath 41 that surrounds lead body 20 . alternatively , guide pins may be formed integrally on tuohy needle ( not shown ). guide pins 40 act to guide spans 34 outward as the lead body 20 is rotated in a counterclockwise and to guide spans 34 to coil around central portion as lead body 20 is rotated in a clockwise direction . guide pins 40 may be comprised of a rigid , material and may be extended or retracted from sheath 41 or tuohy needle 14 . after spans 34 are deployed , sheath 41 may be removed . fig4 a illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which spans 34 are formed as resilient or elastic elements . the term “ resilient ” as used herein refers a tendency to return to an undeformed state once spans 34 are no longer compressed to lay beside central part 32 . in accordance with this embodiment of the invention , a retainer tube 50 is provided to retain lead tip 30 in its compacted position until deployment is desired . retainer tube 50 includes an inner passage which is sufficient to accommodate the diameter or lateral extent of lead body 20 and its compact shape - changing tip 30 . the outer diameter of retainer tube 50 is small enough that retainer tube 50 may also be inserted through the lumen of tuohy needle 14 ( fig1 ). alternatively , tube 50 may replace the tuohy needle . spans 34 are formed in such a manner that they have a tendency to undertake a position in which they are extended from central portion 32 . thus , in the compact insertion position illustrated in fig4 a , resilient forces are present in spans 34 to urge them outward into their extended , uncoiled position . the resiliency of spans 34 may derive from the polymeric material used to construct spans 34 or from resilient elements like wires ( not shown ) which are incorporated into the interior or onto the exterior surface of spans 34 . referring to fig4 b and 4c , in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the invention , a notch 60 is provided in a distal end 52 of retainer tube 50 to facilitate retraction of a deployed lead . preferably , one notch is provided for each span 34 provided on lead tip 30 . in operation , retainer tube 50 is inserted around a proximal end ( not shown ) of lead body 20 and pushed towards lead tip 30 a sufficient distance until retainer tube 50 encounters lead tip 30 . lead body 20 is then pulled in a proximal direction and simultaneously rotated , in a direction which may be clockwise or counterclockwise , until lower edges 37 of spans 34 slide into notches 60 . under continued rotation of lead tip 30 and lead , notches 60 function to guide spans 34 into their coiled , compacted position . once compacted , lead 20 may be retracted further into retainer tube 50 . compacted lead 20 and retainer tube 50 may then be repositioned to a higher or lower point along the spinal cord or may be removed from the body . fig5 a and 5b illustrate an expandable lead tip 130 according to another embodiment of the invention . referring to fig5 b , lead tip 130 is comprised of a series of electrodes 136 a - e which are fastened to a flexible insulative backing sheet or span 140 . the central portion of lead tip 130 is comprised of middle electrode 136 c . span 140 may be constructed of polyurethane or dacron - reinforced silicone rubber . electrodes 136 a - e are in electrical communication with source device ( not shown ) via a series of conductors 139 incorporated into or onto span 140 . electrodes 136 a - e are embedded in span 140 or fastened by adhesive or other known means . ends 142 of span 140 are provided with eyelets 144 for fastening to an expanding mechanism which will be described below . this aspect of the invention provides a lead tip 130 which may assume a compacted position , in which electrodes 136 a - e are stacked one on top of the other such that the thickness of lead tip 130 may be reduced to a dimension that is slightly larger than the collective thicknesses of electrodes 136 a - e . referring to fig5 a , lead tip 130 may be expanded with the use of an expansion mechanism 150 according to one aspect of the invention . expansion mechanism 150 comprises a series of struts 152 which are pivotally linked to one another such that points a and b may be caused to move towards and away from one another in order to compact or expand lead tip 130 , respectively . a first linkage 156 is pivotally connected to struts 152 a and 152 b . a second link 158 is pivotally connected to links 152 c and 152 d . first and second links 156 and 158 extend to a proximal end of lead body 20 where they can be individually actuated by a clinician . by moving first link 156 with respect to second link 158 , points a and b are caused to move toward or away from one another , thereby contracting or expanding lead tip 130 . by using rigid struts and linkages , sufficient forces can be applied so that a space may be created for the expanded size of lead tip 130 . introductory sheath 170 may be removed after lead tip 30 is expanded . or , as another embodiment , it might remain in the position shown , and a locking mechanism to keep links 156 & amp ; 158 at a constant position might be able to compress sheath 170 over the two links . a tether 188 sets a limit on the separation of points a and b , and guarantees that electrodes are evenly spaced when the length of tether 188 equals the length of span 140 . fig6 a and 6b illustrate another embodiment of the invention . fig6 a is a cross - section of a lead tip 230 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention which comprises a single span 234 incorporating a series of conductors 236 a - f therein . fig6 b illustrates a plan view of a mechanism 250 suitable for deploying lead tip 230 or a stack of electrodes as shown in fig5 b . mechanism 250 comprises a pair of links 252 a and 252 b pivotally connected to one another and each pivotally connected to a respective actuator link 258 a and 258 b . through relative movement of actuator links 258 a and 258 b , point a is caused to move toward or away from link 258 a , thereby causing contraction or expansion of lead tip 230 or 130 . one eyelet 144 on span 234 is attached to point a , and the other eyelet may slide on link 258 a . with this embodiment , since the lead tip is pulled in one direction , mechanism 250 in its initial , collapsed position should be positioned toward one side , for example , over the dorsal roots on one side of the spinal cord . in the expanded position , point a would advance to the opposite dorsal roots . once again , a way to lock point a at a certain expanded position is to have an anchor along sheath 170 that compresses and holds sheath 170 against links 258 a and 258 b . like mechanism 150 , by using rigid struts and linkages , a space can be created for lead tip 230 . fig7 illustrates an expansion mechanism according to another preferred embodiment of the invention . lead tip 130 may be expanded with the use of mechanism 350 , comprised of struts 311 , 310 , 321 , and 320 . linkage 330 is pivotally connected to the end of struts 320 , 321 . linkage 340 is pivotally connected to one end of struts 320 , 321 , which in turn have their respective other ends pivotally connected to the center of struts 320 , 321 . in the embodiment illustrated , strut 320 connects struts 310 and 340 as illustrated and strut 321 connects struts 311 and 321 as illustrated . as linkages 330 and 340 are moved relative to each other by a clinician , tips 360 will move together or apart . eyelets 144 of lead tip 130 ( fig5 b ) can be connected to tips 360 . moved relative to each other by a clinician , tips 360 will move together or apart . eyelets 144 of lead tip 130 ( fig5 ) can be connected to tips 360 . fig8 a and 8b illustrate an expandable lead according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention . the lead comprises a flexible outer coaxial accessory tube 802 which is mounted over the distal end of lead body 801 . a stop 806 is affixed to the distal end of lead body 801 to prevent movement of the upper end 830 of accessory tube 802 relative to lead body 801 . the lower end 832 of accessory tube 802 is adapted to slide with respect to lead body 801 . accessory tube 802 includes a central slot 805 forming two flexible leaf portions 820 and 822 . a recess 824 is provided in each leaf portion 820 to form a bending joint therein . the lower end 832 may be moved upward , thereby causing leaf portions 820 to bend and deploy outward from the lead body 801 . to actuate the mechanism an actuator 807 is slid over the axial tube 801 by the clinician . while holding onto the axial tube 801 , the clinician pushes the actuator 807 against the accessory tube which causes the slot 805 to separate and the lead to open as illustrated in fig8 b . a series of ratchet rings 811 . 812 and 813 are formed in lead body 801 to prevent downward movement of lower end 832 of accessory tube 802 to thereby retain the leaf portions 820 in their outward , deployed position . these ratchet rings will also allow and hold different amounts of lateral expansion to be chosen by the clinician . a rigid barrel electrode 803 is mounted on each leaf portion 820 of the accessory tube 802 . in the expanded position of accessory tube 802 , central electrodes 808 , 809 and 810 are exposed . central electrodes 808 , 809 and 810 and barrel electrodes 803 communicate electrically with the source device ( not shown ) through electrical conductors ( not shown ) within the lead body . fig8 c illustrates an expandable lead according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention . this embodiment is the same as that illustrated in fig8 a and 8b except that a screw actuator is provided for precise adjustment of the outward deployment of leaf portions 820 . the axial lead body 801 has a threaded portion 811 formed therein . a threaded drive nut 812 is mounted on the threaded portion of the lead body 811 . the drive nut has multiple indented holes 812 a to receive an actuation driver similar to 813 . the drive nut is interlocked by pins ( 813 a ) on an actuation driver 813 and rotated by the driver . this screw apparatus allows finer adjustment of the expansion and also adjustment of the expansion after implantation of the lead device . fig9 a and 9b illustrate another embodiment of the invention . mechanism 450 can have a central element 410 that may contain an electrode or catheter port 405 . it may house progressively smaller mobile telescoping parts 420 , 430 , 440 that can be pushed outward toward one or more directions . each mobile part is provided with a shoulder 422 to limit its outward movement and to recruit an adjacent mobile part . a tab 424 is provided to limit inward movements . for an expansion in one plane , element 410 may have inside it one or more mechanisms 150 ( fig5 a ), 250 ( fig6 b ) or 350 ( fig7 ). alternatively there might be single , curved linkage passing along lead 20 and attached to the final electrode or catheter port site 445 . as this linkage is moved by a clinician , site 445 will move outward or inward , and intermediated sites will follow if the movement of each site relative to the next site is limited . fig1 a and 10b illustrate another embodiment of the invention . in fig1 a , the lead 20 is in a compacted position , with elastic and resilient transverse spans 500 bent to remain inside the lumen of tuohy needle 14 . spans 500 are adapted to bend to a position substantially parallel to the axis of lead 20 in the compact position . once the lead is pushed beyond the needle , spans 500 will move by their resiliency to their natural position , as shown in fig1 b . those of ordinary skill will note that the grouping of central electrode or catheter port 510 and the two nearest side electrodes or ports 520 form a tripole / triport arrangement transverse to the longitudinal direction of the lead 20 . the clinician may have to place and manipulate a mechanism like 150 , 250 or 350 prior to placement of this lead to create a space . alternatively , a metal material like nitinol may be placed inside span 500 and treated so that its position after removal of the confinement of needle 14 will be perpendicular to the lead axis . fig1 a and 11b illustrate another embodiment of the invention . in fig1 a , the lead 20 is in a compacted position with elastic and resilient spans 600 bent to remain inside the lumen of tuohy needle 14 . there is a central electrode or catheter port 610 . the lateral electrodes / ports 620 are on members that will remain parallel to the lead axis due to pivot points 630 and equal length spans 600 above and below . in fig1 b , the lead tip is beyond the introducing needle . the spans 600 resume their normal , unstressed positions perpendicular to the lead body axis . lateral electrodes / ports 620 are on either side of central electrode / port 610 . removal may be accomplished by pulling on the lead body with sufficient force to bend the spans 600 back along the lead body , or by pushing another catheter or needle over lead 20 it is recommended that there be a thin , inert and flexible film ( not shown ) over the space between spans to help removal by preventing tissue in growth . one embodiment of the invention is to lock linkages as shown in fig5 - 7 into a fixed orientation by using a compressive sleeve to squeeze the lead body 20 inward against the linkages . this sleeve may be an anchor to superficial ( subcutaneous ) tissue . to make a change , minor surgery can be done to cut down to this anchor , loosen or remove it , adjust the positions of the linkages , replace the anchor / compressive sleeve , and resutured the wound . obviously , the clinician and patient need to believe that the benefits of such a procedure out weigh the discomfort and risks . fig1 a through 12d illustrate mechanisms that may be used to operate the linkages illustrated and described with respect to fig5 a , 6 b , 7 and 9 in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention . fig1 a illustrates an embodiment of the invention that allows chronic adjustment of the relative positions of two actuating members 710 and 720 . a rigid needle 775 with a sharp hexagonal tip 785 is passed through the skin and engages a hexagonal receptacle ( possibly via reduction gears ) 790 that is capable of turning a circular component 760 inside of a container 750 beneath the patient skin . on end of this container 750 attaches to the lead body 20 , which contains the two actuating members 710 and 720 and wires / catheters 730 that go to the distal tip of the lead 20 . another end of the container 750 connects to a lead 721 that conveys the wires / catheters 730 to a source device ( not shown ). actuating members 710 and 720 are connected to the rotating component 760 are connected to the rotating component 760 by pivot points 770 and 780 . as the needle 775 is rotated , the linkages 710 and 720 will move relative to each other . this device 750 should be large enough to be palpated under the skin , and the rotating component 760 should be large enough so that limited rotation of approximately 60 ° causes sufficient movement of the linkages . fig1 b illustrates another preferred embodiment of a linkage actuating mechanism according to a preferred embodiment of the invention . this embodiment allows chronic adjustment of the position of one linkage 810 relative to the lead body 20 using a rack gear and pinion gear arrangement . this embodiment may be used with a two - actuating member configuration as described with respect to fig1 a , where one actuating member is fixed with respect to lead body 20 . as in the embodiment described above with respect to fig1 a , a rigid needle ( not shown ) with a hex - head sharp tip is passed through the patient &# 39 ; s skin and engages a hexagonal receptacle 865 that drives an internal gear 860 of subcutaneous container 850 . as gear 860 turns possibly with the aid of reducing gears , it will , move the actuating member 810 back or forth , which has gear teeth 840 formed on its proximal end . a stop 870 prevents excessive movement of actuating member 810 . a wire / catheter group 830 passes from lead 20 through the container to another lead 821 from the source device . alternatively , the source device could be on the back side of the container 850 . it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that there could be a number of gears to inside container 850 to change the direction of movement of the actuating member 810 , for example , to a rotary direction . fig1 c illustrates another preferred embodiment of a linkage actuating mechanism according to a preferred embodiment of the invention . this embodiment allows is chronic adjustment of the position of linkage 910 relative to the lead body 20 . again , this embodiment may be used with two linkage configurations where on linkage is fixed with respect to the lead body 20 . this embodiment utilizes a hydraulic cylinder arrangement to actuate linkage 910 . in this case a noncoring hypodermic syringe needle ( not shown ) is passed through the patient &# 39 ; s skin and through a compressed rubber septum 960 provided on the side of container 950 . fluid may be added or withdrawn from beneath the septum , which is connected to a syringe 940 . the moveable plug of this syringe 920 is connected to the moveable linkage 910 . again , the wires / catheters 930 from the proximal tip of lead 20 pass through container 950 and on to the source device . alternatively , the source device could be on the back side of container 950 , although , for drug delivery there would need to be another system on the front of container 950 for refilling the drug . fig1 d illustrates an actuating mechanism according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention that allows chronic adjustment of the degree of rotation of linkage 1010 relative to lead body 20 . a rigid needle with a hex - head sharp tip can be inserted into a hexagonal receptacle 1070 in container 1050 . rotation of this needle device rotates gear 1020 which causes rotation of gear 1040 attached to linkage 1010 . there may be restrictions on the movement of gear 1020 to prevent excessive rotation . the embodiments shown in fig1 a - d demonstrate devices to actuate linkages that pass to the distal tip of the lead and cause changes in one or more dimensions of the lead paddle . as described , these involve transmission of force or energy through the skin by means to of a needle that passes through the skin . the same effects can be achieved by having a small motor implanted into the container parts shown , or into the power source itself ( not shown ) which runs on an electrical battery or transmitted and received radio frequency signal , such as the motor provided in the totally implantable , programmable drug device called synchromed ®, manufactured by medtronic , inc . of minneapolis , minn . smaller motors may be acceptable , especially if a sequence of gears may be used to provide mechanical advantage . if such motors are used , there should be a mechanical circuit breaker to prevent excess motion of the linkages . very similar techniques would allow expansion of a lead in a direction parallel to the lead body . for example , telescoping elements with electrodes could move parallel to the axis of the lead body ( parallel to the spinal cord ), similar to the way a car antenna can be extended and retracted . by attaching electrodes and catheter ports to the axial linkages of fig5 through 8 , or attaching eyelets 144 of compacted groups of electrodes / ports such as items 130 or 230 , it is possible to extend or compact said groups of electrodes in an axial direction . this is a valuable feature if one wishes to match the axial spacing of electrodes / ports to important dimensions of the structure to be stimulated / affected . for example , holsheimer ( neurosurgery , vol . 40 , 1997 : pp 990 - 999 ) has shown that there may be preferred longitudinal spacing of electrodes based upon the recruitment factors in spinal cord tissue , and also critically dependent upon the width of the csf ( cerebrospinal fluid ) layer between the spinal cord dorsal surface and the dura mater . therefore , we wish to include the ability to increase or decrease the longitudinal spacing between electrodes / ports by these inventions , and to be able to make a change in said spacing after initial implant of a complete therapeutic system . those skilled in the art will recognize that the preferred embodiments may be altered or amended without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention , as defined in the accompanying claims .
an implantable lead is provided with at least one extendable member to position therapy delivery elements , which may be electrodes or drug delivery ports , after the lead has been inserted into the body . the lead may formed as a resilient element which is contained in a retainer tube that may be removed to permit the lead to deploy . alternatively , a non - resilient lead may be provided with a slotted retainer tube . a series of mechanical linkages for expanding and retracting the lead within the human body may be actuated with various mechanisms . a control system may be provided for closed - loop feedback control of the position of the extendable members . the invention also includes a method for expanding an implantable lead in situ .