the chromosomal dna used for pcr amplification of the gene sequences of interest were b . subtilis subsp . subtilis str . 168 , s . aureus nctc 8325 , s . aureus n315 and s . aureus col . an erythromycin resistant soda :: lacz transcriptional fusion derivative of s . aureus sh1000 ( s . aureus sjf741 ), was the strain used in the assays ( horsburgh et al . 2002 ). the gene and protein sequences of the genes mentioned can be found at : s . aureus 8325 ( this is a non - annotated sequence ; equivalent annotated sequences of s . aureus containing the genes of interest can be found below ): iandolo et al ., 2002 ; novick , 1967 ; s . aureus strain subsp . aureus col : the center for genomic research ; ncbi taxonomy database , taxonomy id 93062 note : different strains of s . aureus have different locus names for the same genes due to phage insertions within the sequence . in this document , the locus names used for the s . aureus genes correspond to those in the s . aureus n315 sequence . the genes encoding selected proteins from bacillus subtilis 168 ( obg , ydib , yphc ( fig1 ; seq id no : 1 ), ysxc ( fig2 ; seq id no : 2 ), ywlc ( fig3 ; seq id no : 3 ), and s . aureus n315 ( sa1387 , gcp / sa1854 ( fig6 ; seq id no : 6 and 7 )) were amplified by pcr . the resulting products were cloned in plasmid petblue - 1 , and the genes overexpressed in escherichia coli tuner ™ ( de3 ) placi competent cells ( novagen ) according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions . the overexpressed proteins were purified in a 3 - step scheme based on anion exchange , hydrophobic and gel filtration chromatography . the level of protein overexpression was confirmed by sds - page , and the purity had an average of 90 %. in addition , selected peptides within the s . aureus n315 protein sa1187 ( ynes - 731 ( fig4 ; seq id no : 4 ) and ynes - 733 ( fig5 ; seq id no : 5 )) were synthesized on a milligen 9050 peptide synthesizer using f - moc chemistry . the f - moc amino acids ( novobiochem / merck ) were activated immediately before coupling using equimolar amounts of hctu or hbtu in the presence of a 10 % molar excess of hobt . in both cases , a cysteine was incorporated at the c - terminus of the peptide to enable linkage to carrier protein by assembling the peptide on fmoc - l - cys ( trt )- peg - ps resin ( applied biosystems ). peptides were purified using a c18 vydac column ( 22 × 250 mm ) using gradients of acetonitrile in 0 . 1 % tfa . peptides were verified by mass spectrometry . the purified peptides were conjugated to klh ( sigma ) ( carrier protein ) to enhance immunogenicity of the hapten in the rabbit . conjugation was performed in 10 × pbs using mbs ( sigma ). sera were obtained from the antibody resource center at the university of sheffield from : i ) rabbits immunized against proteins from b . subtilis ( obg , ydib , yphc , ywlc and ysxc and s . aureus ( gcp , sa1387 ); ii ) rabbits immunized against klh - conjugated peptides selected within the s . aureus protein sa1187 ( ynes - 731 , ynes - 733 ); iii ) rabbits immunized against a klh - conjugated peptide from the cyclophilin protein from arabidopsis thaliana ; iv ) naive ( non - immune ) rabbit serum ; and v ) human serum from a patient convalescent from a s . aureus infection . the immunization process was performed as follows . for each rabbit 200 to 500 μg of antigen ( in a maximum volume of 250 ul of phosphate buffer saline , pbs ) were mixed with an equal volume of complete freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant . the solution was filtered through a 23 g needle until an emulsion formed which did not separate on standing . each rabbit was inoculated with a maximum of 500 μl subcutaneously . on day 22 , 43 and 64 the injection was repeated but using incomplete freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant . sample bleeds were collected on day 53 and after day 64 . injection dates were flexible within a range of 3 to 6 weeks . when a suitable titer was detected in the test serum , a final boost followed by bleed out 10 days later was performed . sera were stored frozen being thawed and filtered through 0 . 2 μm pore diameter filters ( minisart high flow , sartorius ) immediately before use in killing experiments . using western blot analysis ( data not shown ) it was shown that antibodies against the b . subtilis ydib recognize a band of the size corresponding to the ydib homolog in s . aureus , suggesting the species cross - reactivity of these antibodies . to prepare the inoculum for the serum experiments , s . aureus sjf741 was grown at 37 ° c . in brain heart infusion medium ( bhi ; oxoid ) supplemented with erythromycin ( sigma ) to a final concentration of 5 μg / ml ( bhi - ery ). a single colony of s . aureus sjf741 freshly grown on bhi - ery plates from the laboratory frozen stock was inoculated in 30 ml universals containing 5 ml of bhi - ery and incubated overnight ( between 12 to 16 hours ) at 37 ° c . in an orbital shaker ( 250 rpm ). a 10 - fold dilution in phosphate saline buffer ( pbs ) of the resulting culture was prepared immediately before inoculation into serum . aliquots of 200 μl from the various sera in 1 . 5 ml microfuge tubes were inoculated with the pbs dilution of s . aureus sjf741 ( see preparation of the inoculum ) to a final cell density of 1 × 10 6 to 1 × 10 7 cells / ml , followed by incubation in a rotary shaker at 37 ° c . 10 ul samples were taken periodically from these serum cultures , serially diluted , and 10 ul from each dilution plated on bhi - ery plates , which were subsequently incubated at 37 ° c . overnight . in addition , another 10 ul sample from each serum culture was directly plated on bhi - ery plates . only the dilutions rendering between 1 to 40 colonies were enumerated and the number of viable cells ( colony forming units , cfu ) per ml determined . to evaluate the staphylococcal killing abilities of the various sera , s . aureus was challenged with the various rabbit anti - sera and survival over time was evaluated . the results showed that s . aureus was dramatically killed within 2 to 3 hours of contact with sera ( fig1 ) containing antibodies against gcp and ynes , as well as to other surface proteins . in contrast , antibodies against cytoplasmic proteins from b . subtilis ( obg and ydib ), to a membrane protein from arabidopsis thaliana ( cyclophilin ), and to various normal rabbit sera did not show the bactericidal phenotype ( fig1 ). strikingly , sera from rabbits immunized against other presumed cytoplasmic proteins from b . subtilis ( ysxc and yphc and ywlc ) also revealed a killing phenotype similar to the one observed for gcp and ynes ( 731 and 733 ) antibodies . this was unexpected since ysxc , yphc and ywlc are presumed cytoplasmic proteins and , therefore , are not surface exposed and so the antisera would not be expected to recognize them . this work suggests the location of ysxc in the membrane fraction of s . aureus . this work has further demonstrated that the killing effect is mediated through a heat - labile component ( inactivated by heat treatment , see material and methods ) present in serum , likely to correspond to some of the components of the complement ( fig1 ). lao and shimizu in valafar , f . ( ed . ), proceedings of the 2001 international conference on mathematics and engineering techniques in medicine and biological sciences ( metmbs &# 39 ; 01 ), csrea press , usa , pp . 119 - 125 ( 2001 ).
the invention relates to antigenic polypeptides expressed by pathogenic microbes , vaccines comprising said polypeptides ; therapeutic antibodies directed to said polypeptides and methods to manufacture said polypeptides , vaccines and antibodies .