embodiments of the present invention provide an electrotherapeutic system of employing electromagnetic field energies to a human or animal for the purpose of inducing growth arrest and cell death in cancer cells and cancerous tumors and / or foreign pathogens that reside in the body of animals or humans . the electromagnetic fields can be synthesized by any type of the many varieties of signal generators , signal amplifiers , and geometrically configured electromagnetic coil designs . for example , with reference to fig1 - 3 , these diagrams represent three different types of electromagnetic coil configurations that can be selected and used to apply the signal by means of electromagnetic field for treating cancer and / or foreign pathogens . the exemplary embodiment depicted in fig1 represents the solenoid design type that utilizes wire windings of various circular dimensions to carry electric current and induce electromagnetic fields . the induced electric fields are strongest at the wires and inside the perimeters of the coil boundaries where the targeted cancer tissue and / or foreign pathogens can be located during patient treatment . fig2 depicts another exemplary embodiment where a figure eight design type is used whereas the wire windings are configured in the shape of the number eight and these wire windings carry electrical current used to induce electromagnetic fields . the induced electric fields are typically the strongest perpendicular to the center area of the figure eight coil at a point where the windings cross one another and thus it is this area that would be most effective during treatment of a cancerous tumor and / or foreign pathogen in a patient . fig3 depicts another exemplary embodiment where a solid core type design is used and is electrically energized via wire wrappings around a solid iron , ferrite , or mixed alloy core . the current induces a magnetic field in the iron core and the magnetic field is transmitted across the open gap . the induced electric field is substantially oriented at a right angle to the magnetic field and the targeted cancer cells , cancerous tumor tissues and / or foreign pathogens are placed such that they are exposed to these fields . the coil depicted in fig3 may be placed such that the targeted area of interest on the patient would fall adjacent or within the gap in the core . fig4 - 6 depict examples of various types of portable coil apparatuses and systems that can be used during treatment application for the delivery of an electromagnetic field to the patient . in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention , the coil apparatuses may be secured to the patient via a non - conductive means , such as by using fabric or other non - conductive materials . alternatively , or in addition , the coils may be placed on the patient and held in place by gravity . as another alternative , the coils may be secured to the patient with a preconfigured device that is capable of conducting electricity and generating its own electromagnetic field , which can be used to supplement or direct the electromagnetic field generated by the primary coil apparatus . as an alternative to using portable coils , or in addition to using such coils , embodiments of the present invention also contemplate the use of a stationary coil or set of coils that can be configured to have a patient moved into and about such coils . such exemplary embodiments are depicted in fig7 - 10 where it is shown that the stationary table design types of coil assemblies can be used for application of electromagnetic energy to a patient in the clinical setting , where the patient is resting on the table during the electromagnetic field delivery . more particularly , embodiments of the present invention may be adapted to employ a clam - shell coil configuration ( fig7 ), a full coil configuration ( fig8 ), one or two opposing figure eight coils ( fig9 ), and / or a c - shaped coil ( fig1 ). one or more of such exemplary electromagnetic energy delivery systems may be described in further detail in one or more of the following patent documents , each of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety : u . s . pat . no . 7 , 160 , 241 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 060 , 293 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 723 , 001 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 998 , 532 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 454 , 882 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 014 , 699 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 674 , 482 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 208 , 892 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 856 , 839 ; us 2001 / 0021868 . the electromagnetic energy field generated by a coil and applied to a patient in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention is composed of current and voltage ( i . e ., is generated in a coil or similar conductor at a particular voltage and current level ) to induce a particular magnetic field . the electromagnetic field may be synthesized by one or multiple electrically energized electromagnetic coils that are connected via terminals and cables to an electric signal source . that is to say , a single coil or multiple coils are driven by a signal source from a suitable or commercially available signal generator with an output current that is amplified by a suitable or commercially available amplifier . the amplified signal is then delivered to a coil which can be made of various electric conducting materials ( e . g ., steel , copper , aluminum , gold , silver , etc . ), and that may be configured the same , similar , or different from the coils referred to fig1 - 3 , and whereby the current traveling through the coil material produces a magnetic field . the magnetic field is adapted to induce an electric field , thus the electromagnetic field is produced . during treatment applications on a patient , and with a coil assembly as described above positioned on , about , or around the tissue area of choice , the electromagnetic field then inductively couples to the dielectric pathways of the targeted cancer cell , cancerous tissue and / or foreign pathogen of interest , thereby inducing electrical potential in the targeted cancer cell , cancerous tissue , and / or foreign pathogen and inducing the desired biophysical event . to optimize the uniformity of the electromagnetic field lines and induced voltage in the targeted cancer cells , cancerous tumor tissues , and / or cell / tissue sites of foreign pathogens it is recommended that the size of the coil that is used for treatment of the above be determined with consideration to the anatomical location and size of the treatment site being addressed . situations can arise where impedance miss - match between the coil and tissues can occur as a result of coil placement on , about or around the body . the coil / tissue inductive coupling event can be optimized to deliver the most appropriate and required electromagnetic energy via a process of impedance - matching . impedance - matching is made possible with the use of an impedance - matching transformer and / or impedance matching capacitor that is typically located between the output of the amplifier and input of the coil structure . of course , embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of an impedance - matching transformed . instead , it should be appreciated that one or more capacitors can be used alone or in combination with one or more transformers to produce and apply the desired output signal . one of the embodiments of this invention includes a signal comprising modulated - bursts of a sine wave ( or similar type of wave ), and this electromagnetic energy is delivered to the area of cancer and / or foreign pathogen growth at a pre - determined amplitude range . the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave is set by controlling the current output from the current source to the amplifier . in the context of cancer , the electromagnetic signal parameters found to be effective in reducing cancer cell proliferation and inducing cancer cell apoptosis are within a particular range . the biology and physiology of cancer and that of foreign pathogens are diverse , such that cancer cells , cancerous tumors and foreign pathogens demonstrate a wide heterogeneous biologic and physiologic nature . in addition , it is recognized scientifically that widespread histological diversities exist among the various anatomical regions in the body where cancer cells and / or foreign pathogens may reside . therefore , the electromagnetic field signal parameters that can be selected to optimally treat a cancer cell , cancerous tissue and / or one or more foreign pathogens , but not harm normal cells include , but are not limited to , waveform , peak field strength , carrier frequency , duty cycle , burst duration time , rise and / or fall times , and burst repetition rate . the particular combination of values for each parameter may vary across a certain range depending upon the histologic diversities of various anatomical treatment sites , as well as diversities of certain biologic factors . these biologic factors include , but are not limited to , specific cancer cell or foreign pathogen genotype , phenotype , cell sensitivity to environment , and variables within the biologic , physiologic , biophysical and biochemical properties of the specific cancer cells , cancerous tissues and / or foreign pathogens being treated . the absorption of the signal by the biologic entity being treated occurs over a range of frequencies so that it is expected there will be a range for frequencies corresponding to the line width of the absorption spectra of the biologic processes within that biologic entity being excited or activated by the applied signal . accordingly , the impedance matching transformer and / or capacitor may be employed and may have as an input to its control mechanism one or more sensors connected to the patient that are adapted to measure one or more of the biologic factors of interest . the variation of electromagnetic field signal properties within the electromagnetic field signal parameter range that are necessary to address the above histological and biologic factors includes , but is not limited to , waveform type , carrier frequency , burst duration and width , duty cycle , burst repetition rate , rise and / or fall time , and peak amplitude . these electromagnetic field signal parameters are expected to range over the bandwidth of the response time for the biologic tissue being addressed in order to demonstrate effectiveness in terms of cancer cell growth arrest , induction of cancer cell apoptosis , and / or foreign pathogen growth arrest . the electromagnetic field signal parameters found to be effective for cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis induction are multiple signal components to include any fourier components within the spectral parameters of the pulsed - modulated bursts of sinusoidal bipolar radio - frequencies described in this invention . as can be appreciated by one skilled in the art , electromagnetic field signal parameters used can be inclusive within the parameters or range of parameters discussed herein for use relative to the treatment of cancer , cancerous tumors and / or foreign pathogens in animals or humans . as one example , and as can be seen in fig1 , about a 100 khz to about 1 ghz bipolar sinusoidal waveform , or preferably a 1 mhz to 100 mhz bipolar sinusoidal waveform , or more preferably about a 27 mhz bipolar sinusoidal waveform ( where the frequency of the waveform is maintained low enough to avoid excessive tissue heating ), when properly gaited using a signal control unit , and when delivered to the tissue site of interest as a pulse modulated burst width of less than 3 microseconds and more specifically between about 0 . 2 microseconds and about 20 microseconds , or preferably between about 1 microsecond and about 10 microseconds , or more preferably about 2 microseconds duration , ( 54 cycles / burst ) and at a burst repetition rate of between about 100 and 300 khz , or preferably between about 150 khz and 250 khz , or more preferably about 200 khz has demonstrated successful biological effectiveness in the context of arresting cancer cell growth and proliferation , and inducing cancer cell apoptosis in cancerous tumors of living mice . this particular waveform may be applied with any of the coil devices or system described herein . for instance , any suitable portable or stationary electromagnetic coil device or electric field producing device thereof , capable of delivering the electromagnetic energy signal to the cancerous tumor site , and / or site of foreign pathogen growth and within the guidelines , parameters , and specifications as described in this invention , can be employed . as another example , and as can be seen in fig1 , about a 100 khz to about 1 ghz bipolar sinusoidal waveform , or preferably a 1 mhz to 100 mhz bipolar sinusoidal waveform , or more preferably about a 27 mhz bipolar sinusoidal waveform that is properly gaited by using a signal control unit , and when delivered to the tissue site of interest as a pulse modulated burst width of between about 0 . 015 milliseconds and about 150 milliseconds , or preferably between about 0 . 15 milliseconds and about 15 milliseconds , or more preferably about 1 . 5 milliseconds duration , ( 15 , 000 cycles / burst ), and a burst repetition rate of between about 0 . 15 hz and about 1 . 5 khz , or preferably between about 0 . 5 hz and about 20 hz , or more preferably about 15 hz has demonstrated successful biologic effectiveness in the context of cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis induction in cancerous tumors of living mice . this particular waveform may be applied with any of the coil devices or system described herein . for instance , any suitable portable or stationary electromagnetic coil device or electric field producing device thereof , capable of delivering the electromagnetic energy signal to the cancerous tumor site and / or site of foreign pathogen growth , and within the guidelines , parameters , and specifications as described in this invention , can be employed . the solid ferrite type of coil or other metal alloy types may be used to optimize certain frequencies used in this invention , thereby helping to reduce the power required to drive this coil . the electromagnetic field peak amplitude levels for both of the pulse - modulated radio - frequency burst signals described above that demonstrate decreased cancer cell growth , proliferation , and apoptosis , when applied to cancer cells or tumors during the time points and vulnerable cell cycle periods as described below , are in a range of about 1 to 300 v / cm , or peak amplitudes that are less than that which causes significant or sustained damage to ( most ) normal cells or tissues . more specifically , embodiments of the present invention contemplate that some damage may occur to some normal cells around a targeted region of cancer cells , but such damage should be limited in terms of the size and scope ( e . g ., if a tumor is being treated in a liver or similar internal organ , then some healthy tissues in the internal organ and surrounding areas may be damaged , but the extent of such damage should be limited by properly controlling the characteristics of the electromagnetic field ). the current density of these fields would be in the range of several amps per meter squared , and this value is dependent on the tissue impedance being targeted and exposed during patient treatment . in the context of the cancerous tumor and / or foreign pathogen environment the growth and division regulatory cell cycles of cancer cells , cancerous tumor tissue and of foreign pathogens typically are not collectively synchronized with one another . in terms of cell sensitivity to the electromagnetic field energies , many of the diverse cancer cell genotypes and or phenotypes that make up the tumor proper have individual critical points in their growth and division cell cycles as a function of biological timing and molecular vulnerability . it is therefore clarified that in order to attain success in arresting cancer cell growth and / or inducing cancer cell or cancerous tumor cell apoptosis , the electromagnetic field energies described herein and used in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention should be presented and / or delivered to any tumor cell of therapeutic treatment interest during at least one or more critical cell cycle biological time points or molecular vulnerability points or relevantly sensitive points within that given tumor cell . this same principle should be applied when treating foreign pathogens with electromagnetic energies . the final effect from the electromagnetic field energies delivered to the area of cancer is inhibition of the cancer cells growth cycle , decreased cancer cell growth rate , and cancer cell apoptosis . it has been determined that the outcomes of applying electromagnetic field signals to cancer growth in tumors residing in living mice that the above electromagnetic signal parameters are effective in retarding cancer cell growth and inducing cancer cell apoptosis . while embodiments of the present invention have been described in connection with the treatment of cancer , it is well recognized that foreign pathogens to include virus , bacteria , fungus and parasites represent a wide diversity in their biologic and physiologic characteristics , therefore it is expected that the electromagnetic signal parameters found to be effective in the context of cancer cell growth inhibition can differ in terms of demonstrating effectiveness for adversely affecting growth and survival of the above foreign pathogens . that is to say , certain foreign pathogens have evolved as such with extraordinary capabilities to survive and proliferate under what would be considered in a healthy biologic context , as sub - optimal growth conditions . often times these pathogens demonstrate increased tolerances to biologic stressors , which in a biologic context could or would be considered harmful to normal cells and tissues . therefore , it is expected that the electromagnetic signal parameters found to be effective for the treatment of cancer will require adjustment for the treatment each individual foreign pathogen , however , keeping within the electromagnetic signal parameter ranges described in this patent . to insure adequate tumor development the immuno - compromised mouse strain icr - scid was chosen for these experiments . four male mice were injected with a human pancreatic cancer cell line for the purpose of inducing tumor development . ample time was allowed for tumor development in each mouse . two mice were used for electromagnetic field exposure application and two were used as a non - exposed control group . three different coil configurations as shown in fig1 - 3 were individually tested as part of this study . individual coils were applied directly over the tumor site of the mouse in a manner that allowed for inductive coupling of the electromagnetic field signal into the area of the mouse tumor . the two mice were exposed individually throughout all periods of the tumor growth cycle . the electromagnetic signal parameters described in the detail section of this invention were applied for each individual mouse that was exposed . the tumors of all four mice were surgically removed five days after the finish of the last exposure application and preserved in formalin . each individual tumor was then sectioned into three individual areas and the tumor tissues processed and mounted on glass slides for histo - chemical study . the tissues of the tumor samples were stained using tunel staining which is one of the current standards for detection of apoptosis . the slides were read using fluorescence microscopy and six photographs of each tissue section were acquired . the tunel staining was quantified in the following manner . all images were acquired with the same exposure and gain settings . for each field , the total tunel fluorescence per nucleus was quantified . nuclei were defined by thresholding the dapi signal . the threshold image was used as a mask on the tunel image to define nuclear tunel labeling . the masked tunel image was thresholded and the integrated intensity was calculated . nuclei were counted manually in each field using dapi labeling . total apoptotic activity was calculated as nuclear tunel integrated intensity . experiment results demonstrate a substantial increase of up to and above 50 % in the level of apoptotic related cell death in the electromagnetic field exposed mouse group when compared to the unexposed mouse control group when using certain exposure parameters , numerical differences in terms of the level of cell apoptotic activity vary between the two exposed mice on an individual basis , and there is a numerical variation of cell apoptosis measured among individual tissue sections corresponding to anatomical depth within the same tumor . this most likely reflects electromagnetic field differences in terms of field amplitude relative to distance from various sections of the tumor . this experiment was repeated with similar results . another example demonstrated in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure employs one or more of the above - described signals , but introduces an interruption or interruption pattern . specifically , various combinations of the above - described signals have been tested whereby during the treatment process , the signal was interrupted or discontinued for a predetermined or random amount of time . it has been suggested , based on therapeutic strategies related to tissue regeneration , that if cancerous cells are exposed to a particular type of treatment signal for a prolonged amount of time , then some times the cancerous cells may have the ability to adapt to overcome the treatment signal . accordingly , one non - limiting example of the present disclosure utilizes a signal as described above , but the signal is turned on and off for predetermined amounts of time . this interruption of the signal ( e . g ., of the treatment via the signal ) may disrupt the cancerous cell &# 39 ; s ability to adapt to overcome the treatment signal . in some embodiments , the interruption can be introduced on a somewhat regular or periodic basis . in some embodiments , the interruption can be introduced on an irregular or random basis . another example considered in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may utilize two different signals . each of the signals can be generated and applied as described above , but having at least one of the following parameters different from each other : pulse rate ; pulse duration ; current modulation ; wave type ; peak amplitude ; and frequency . a first of the two signals can be applied at various intervals during an application period and a second of the two signals can be applied at different intervals during the same application period . some times , both the first and second signals can be on . at other times during the application period , both the first and second signals can be off . at still other times during the application period , only one of the first and second signals may be on . as with the single signal of example 2 , it should be appreciated that the intervals during which the first and second signals applied may vary on a periodic , random , or semi - random basis . by using two different signals , the confusion introduced by the variable application of the signals can be increased . accordingly , the cancerous cells may have an even more difficult time adapting to the treatment signals . it should be appreciated that while only two different signals have been described in this particular example , embodiments of the present disclosure are not so limited . specifically , embodiments of the present disclosure may include the variable application of three , four , five , . . . , ten , twenty , or more different signals , where each of the signals has at least one parameter that is different from the others of the signals . while embodiments of the present invention have been described in connection with particular apparatuses , methods , systems , and system components , the invention is not so limited . moreover , one skilled in the art will appreciate that each feature of the present invention described herein may be separately claimable . furthermore , embodiments of the present invention are not necessarily limited to the treatment of cancerous cells , although experimental data has been produced showing positive results when used on such cells . rather , embodiments of the present invention may also be used to target any particular type of cell or foreign pathogen ( whether cancerous or not ) based on its characteristics and to impart a particular reaction from that cell or group of cells having the common characteristic . the reaction imparted may be controlled by intelligently adjusting the parameters of the electromagnetic field applied thereto .
a non - invasive method of using electromagnetic field energies to reduce or arrest the growth rate and proliferation of cancer cells , and induce apoptosis in cancer cells , and reduce or arrest the growth and survival of foreign pathogens , relatively without significantly harming normal cells beyond their physiologic threshold of survival are provided . the methods described herein are intended to be used toward the treatment of cancer in human or animals within the context of cancer therapeutics .