the present invention relates to a sport or game ball having an integral dual action pump . the pump is retained within the ball and may be easily used to introduce air into the ball and thereby inflate the ball . the pump preferably comprises three components , a cylinder , a piston disposed in the cylinder , and a valve assembly . the piston is movable within the cylinder between an extended position and an inserted position . the valve assembly includes a plurality of valves , described in greater detail herein , that enable air to be admitted into the ball during each direction of movement of the piston . that is , air is introduced into the ball during movement of the piston from an extended position to an inserted position . and , air is introduced into the ball during movement of the piston from the inserted position to the extended position . furthermore , it is not necessary that the piston be displaced along the entire stroke length , i . e . between a fully extended position and a fully inserted position or vice versa . the unique pump of the present invention delivers air to the ball during movement in either direction of the piston . it will be appreciated however that some minimum or threshold degree of piston travel in either direction may be necessary to achieve a sufficient pressure to cause air to enter the ball . referring to fig1 of the drawings , a sport ball 10 is illustrated incorporating a preferred embodiment inflation pump 5 of the invention . the ball which is illustrated is one typical basketball construction comprising a carcass having a rubber bladder 12 for air retention , a layer 14 composed of layers of nylon or polyester yarn windings wrapped around the bladder 12 and an outer rubber layer 16 . as will be understood , “ carcass ” refers to the flexible body of the ball . for a laminated ball , an additional outer layer 18 of leather or a synthetic material may be used which preferably comprises panels that are applied by adhesive and set by cold molding to the rubber layer 16 . the windings 14 are randomly oriented and two or three layers thick , and they form a layer that cannot be extended to any significant degree . the layer formed by the windings 14 also restricts the ball 10 from expanding to any significant extent beyond its regulation size when inflated beyond its normal playing pressure . this layer 14 for footballs , volleyballs and soccer balls is referred to as a lining layer and is usually composed of cotton or polyester cloth that is impregnated with a flexible binder resin such as vinyl or latex rubber . the outer layer 18 may be stitched for some sport balls , such as a soccer ball or a volleyball . the outer layer may optionally have a foam layer backing or a separate foam layer . [ 0028 ] fig2 illustrates a football 110 incorporating an inflation pump 5 according to the present invention . the football 110 comprises a carcass having a rubber bladder 112 for air retention , and an outer layer 118 of leather or synthetic material . as will be appreciated , the carcass of the football 110 may include one or more additional layers such as a winding layer or reinforcement layer , a foam or backing layer , and a secondary rubber lining layer . other sport ball constructions , such as sport balls produced by a molding process , such as blow molding , may also be used in the invention . for an example of a process for molding sport balls , see , for example , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 261 , 400 , incorporated herein by reference . materials suitable for use as the bladder include , but are not limited to , butyl , latex , urethane , and other rubber materials generally known in the art . examples of materials suitable for the winding layer include , but are not limited to , nylon , polyester and the like . examples of materials suitable for use as the outer layer , or cover , include , but are not limited to , polyurethanes , including thermoplastic polyurethanes ; polyvinylchloride ( pvc ); leather ; synthetic leather ; and composite leather . materials suitable for use as the optional foam layer include , but are not limited to , neoprene , sbr , tpe , eva , or any foam capable of high or low energy absorption . examples of commercially available high or low energy absorbing foams include the confor ™ open - celled polyurethane foams available from aearo ear specialty composites , inc ., and neoprene ™ ( polychloroprene ) foams available from dupont dow elastomers . referring to fig3 incorporated into the carcass of the ball 10 of the invention during its formation is a rubber pump boot or housing 20 that defines a central opening and an outwardly extending flange 22 which is preferably bonded to the bladder 12 using a rubber adhesive . the boot 20 is preferably located between the rubber bladder 12 and the layer of windings 14 . the boot 20 may be constructed of any suitable material , such as butyl rubber , natural rubber , urethane rubber , or any suitable elastomer or rubber material known in the art , or combinations thereof . a molding plug ( not shown ) is inserted into the boot opening during the molding and winding process to maintain the proper shape of the central opening and to allow the bladder 12 to be inflated during the manufacturing process . the molding plug is preferably aluminum , composite or rubber , and most preferably aluminum . the central opening defined through the boot 20 is configured with a groove 24 to retain a flange extending from the upper end of a pump cylinder described and illustrated later herein . the pump cylinder can optionally be bonded to the boot 20 using any suitable flexible adhesive ( epoxy , urethane , cyanoacrylate , or any other flexible adhesive known in the art ). referring to fig4 and 5 , a preferred embodiment dual action pump according to the present invention comprises a plunger or piston 210 and a pump cylinder 240 . the pump cylinder 240 shown is a right cylinder , but other cylinders that are not right cylinders , such as a cylinder having a non - circular cross - section , may be used . specifically , referring to fig4 the plunger 210 includes a plunger body 220 having a cap 212 defined or formed on one end , a sealing end 232 opposite from the cap 212 , and a tubular wall 230 extending between the sealing end 232 and the cap 212 . the cap 212 defines an outer face 214 . the sealing end 232 defines an annular recess 234 along its outer surface . the tubular wall 230 defines a hollow interior defined by a circumferential interior surface 236 extending along the length of the plunger 210 , or at least substantially so . the hollow interior of the plunger 210 is accessible from both the sealing end 232 and the cap end 212 . as described in greater detail herein , a one - way valve 286 is disposed within the hollow interior of the plunger 210 and permits air flow through that interior in only one direction . the pump cylinder 240 is generally in the shape of a right cylinder having two open ends and a unique sidewall configuration . specifically , the cylinder 240 includes a head end 242 , a nozzle end 270 , and a generally cylindrical sidewall 246 extending therebetween . defined along the head end 242 is a lip or flange 244 . the cylinder 240 also includes a base 272 proximate the nozzle end 270 . the inside of the cylinder 240 is generally hollow and is defined by an interior circumferential surface 290 which is the inner surface of the sidewall 246 . the sidewall 246 also defines an exterior surface , opposite from the interior surface 290 . the hollow interior of the cylinder 240 is also defined by an end wall 292 proximate the base 272 . the base 272 of the cylinder 240 defines a discharge passage 274 . the passage 274 generally extends from the hollow interior of the cylinder 240 to the nozzle end 270 of the cylinder 240 . and so , upon incorporation of the pump into a ball , the discharge passage 274 provides communication between the interior of the cylinder 240 and the interior of the ball . as noted , the sidewall 246 of the cylinder 240 features a unique passageway configuration . an intake 248 , is provided by a sidewall passage 252 extending between the intake 248 and a sidewall exit aperture 254 . the sidewall exit aperture 254 is defined near the base 272 of the cylinder 240 . a one - way valve 255 is fitted over the aperture 254 that only allows air to flow out of the interior of the pump cylinder 240 . it will be appreciated that although the valve 255 is depicted schematically in fig5 preferably that valve is a one - way valve as described in greater detail herein . the cylinder 240 also defines a second passage 260 defined within a portion of the sidewall 246 . the passage 260 extends between an aperture 262 defined along the head end 242 of the cylinder 240 and an aperture 266 defined along the circumferential interior wall 290 of the cylinder 240 . a one - way valve 267 is disposed within the passage 260 and preferably near the aperture 266 . the function and configuration of the valve 267 is described in greater detail herein . upon assembly of the preferred embodiment dual action pump according to the present invention , the plunger 210 is inserted in the hollow interior of the cylinder 240 . specifically , the plunger 210 is disposed within the hollow interior region defined within the cylinder 240 . the plunger 210 is inserted in the cylinder 240 such that the sealing end 232 of the plunger 210 is urged toward the end wall 292 of the cylinder 240 . additional seals , described herein , are utilized between the plunger 210 and the cylinder 240 . as shown in fig6 and 7 , the dual action pump 5 of the present invention comprises two seals referred to herein as a primary seal 300 and a secondary seal 320 . the primary and secondary seals , 300 and 320 respectively , function in conjunction with the one - way valves 255 , 267 , and 286 , to form two pumping chambers designated herein as chamber a and chamber b . chamber a is generally defined as the interior cylindrical region below the primary seal 300 and chamber b is generally defined as the interior annular region between the primary seal 300 and the secondary seal 320 and between the exterior surface of the plunger 210 and the interior surface 290 of the cylinder 240 . before further describing chambers a and b , it is instructive to consider the primary and secondary seals 300 and 320 . the primary seal 300 is preferably provided by an o - ring 302 disposed within the annular recess 234 defined along the sealing end 232 of the plunger 210 . the o - ring 302 is disposed within the annular region between the sealing end 232 of the plunger 210 and the interior circumferential surface 290 of the pump cylinder 240 . as will be appreciated , as the plunger 210 is moved relative to the pump cylinder 240 , as described in greater detail herein , the primary seal 300 and specifically , the o - ring 302 , provides an air - tight seal between chamber a below the seal 300 and chamber b above the seal 300 . as the plunger 210 is moved along the length of the pump cylinder 240 , the o - ring 302 is carried along with the sealing end 232 of the plunger while maintaining sealing contact with the interior circumferential surface 290 of the pump cylinder 240 . the primary seal 300 is a two - way seal , and so prevents airflow past the seal 300 in either direction . it will also be appreciated that the primary seal 300 moves along the length of the cylinder 240 as the plunger 210 is displaced or moved therein . that is , the primary seal 300 is not stationary or fixed relative to the cylinder 240 . although the embodiments described herein refer to an o - ring such as o - ring 302 for certain seals , it will be appreciated that other types of seals may be utilized . for example , a seal having a non - circular cross - section may be used . of these , representative examples include , but are not limited to , loaded lip seals and u - cup type seals . the secondary seal 320 is preferably provided by one or more seals , such as an assembly of sealing members , that extend within the annular region between the exterior of the plunger 210 and the interior circumferential surface 290 of the pump cylinder 240 . the secondary seal 320 is preferably a one - way valve which only allows air flow within the annular region defined between the exterior surface of the plunger 210 and the circumferential interior surface 290 of the cylinder 240 , in a direction from the sealing end 232 of the plunger 210 toward the intake 248 defined in the cylinder 240 . it will also be appreciated that the secondary seal 320 is stationary or fixed relative to the cylinder 240 . that is , the secondary seal 320 is not moved along the length of the cylinder 240 as the plunger 210 is displaced . the preferred dual action pump 5 according to the present invention also includes additional sealing members such as an inner annular seal 330 . preferably , the seal 330 is in the form of one or more o - rings . the inner annular seal 330 is disposed at the head end of the cylinder 240 . the inner annular seal 330 is generally seated around the perimeter of the plunger 210 and extends between the outer surface of the plunger 210 and the circumferential interior surface 290 of the cylinder 240 . the inner annular seal 330 prevents passage of air between the regions above and below the seal 330 . as the plunger 210 is moved relative to the cylinder 240 , the inner annular seal 330 generally maintains its position at the head end of the cylinder 240 . the primary seal 300 , the secondary seal 320 , and the inner seal 330 , in addition to performing the noted sealing functions , also serve to maintain alignment of the plunger 210 with respect to the pump cylinder 240 . that is , the seals 300 , 320 , and 330 promote alignment between the plunger 210 and the cylinder 240 , and preferably , ensure that the longitudinal axis of the plunger 210 is not only parallel with the longitudinal axis of the cylinder 240 , but also that these two axes are co - linear with each other . furthermore , the seals 300 , 320 , 330 not only promote the noted alignment between the plunger 210 and the cylinder 240 , but also ensure that this alignment is maintained during movement of the plunger 210 relative to the cylinder 240 . in a preferred embodiment of the pump , a spring ( not shown ) is provided within the pump to urge the plunger 210 up and away from the nozzle end 270 of the cylinder 240 . the plunger may optionally contain a pressure - indicating device ( not shown ), such as a ball or slide , and pressure indication lines , and / or a pressure relief mechanism to reduce the pressure of the ball . referring further to fig6 generally , the operation of the preferred dual action pump 5 is as follows . when the plunger 210 is pulled up or out ( reverse stroke ) from the cylinder 240 , the chamber a increases in volume , thereby causing an initial decrease in pressure therein . air then flows into the hollow passage defined in the plunger 210 , past the one - way valve 286 , and into chamber a . air within chamber a is restricted from entry into annular - shaped chamber b due to the primary seal 300 . concurrently with the increase in volume of chamber a during a reverse stroke of the plunger 210 , chamber b undergoes a decrease in volume . this decrease in volume results in an increase in pressure of air within chamber b and thus causes air to flow past the one - way valve 320 toward the intake 248 defined along the circumferential interior surface 290 of the cylinder 240 . it will be appreciated that air is restricted from flowing out of chamber b past the seal 330 . air is also prevented from flowing out of chamber b via passage 260 by the one - way valve 267 . the valve 267 only permits air flow into chamber b , and not out of chamber b . air then enters the intake 248 and flows into the sidewall passage 252 , and eventually past the one - way valve 255 at the sidewall exit aperture 254 . the exiting air flows into the interior of the sport ball . referring to fig7 when the plunger 210 is pushed in or down ( forward stroke ) with respect to the cylinder 240 , the volume in chamber a decreases , thereby causing a pressure increase therein . air within chamber a cannot flow past the primary seal 300 nor the one - way valve 286 , and so , is urged out of the cylinder through the nozzle end 270 and into the interior of the sport ball . concurrently with the volume in chamber a decreasing , the volume in chamber b is increasing . accordingly , the pressure of air within chamber b decreases . air is drawn into inlet 262 through the passage 260 past the one - way valve 267 and into chamber b . the seal 320 prevents passage of air into chamber b from the region above seal 320 . this process is repeated until the desired amount of air has been added to the ball . with each stroke , both in and out , air is forced into the ball . unlike a typical single action pump where the seal between plunger and cylinder only forms a seal in one direction , the primary seal 300 of the preferred dual action pump 5 seals the chambers a and b in both stroke directions . this allows the air in chamber a to be forced into the ball during the down or forward stroke while preventing the air from escaping . the seal provided by seal 300 also allows the air that is drawn into chamber b to be forced into the passage 252 and then into the ball during the up or reverse stroke while the chamber a refills with air through the inlet in the plunger 210 . as best shown in fig4 and 9 , preferably , disposed near the distal end of the plunger 210 are two outwardly extending flanges 224 and 226 that cooperate with a cylinder collar 350 to hold the plunger 210 within the sidewall 246 of the cylinder 240 , and to release the plunger 210 for pumping . the cylinder collar 350 is also depicted in fig8 . the cylinder collar 350 is secured to the distal end of the cylinder 240 . the plunger 210 extends through the center of the cylinder collar 350 . the collar 350 is preferably cemented into the cylinder 240 using a suitable adhesive , such as a uv cured adhesive . fig8 shows an isometric view of the bottom of the cylinder collar 350 and illustrates open areas 352 on opposite sides of the central opening through which the two flanges 224 and 226 of the plunger 210 can pass in an unlocked position . in a locked position , the plunger 210 is pushed down and rotated such that the two flanges 224 and 226 pass under projections 354 and are rotated into locking recesses 356 . fig9 also illustrates that the cylinder 240 is retained within the ball by engagement between the flange 244 of the cylinder 240 and the groove 24 defined within the boot 20 . as shown in fig4 and 9 , attached to the upper end of the plunger 210 is the cap 212 that is designed to essentially completely fill the hole or aperture in the carcass . in some embodiments , such as a basketball or football , the button or cap 212 is preferably flush or essentially flush with the surface of the ball . in other embodiments , such as a soccer ball , the button or cap 212 is preferably positioned below the surface of the ball . this button 212 may be of any desired material . examples of materials suitable for use as the button or cap 212 include urethane rubber , butyl rubber , natural rubber or any other material known in the art . a preferred rubber for use as the button or cap is a thermoplastic vulcanizate such as santoprene ™ rubber , available from advanced elastomer systems , akron , ohio . the button or cap should match the texture or feel of the outer surface of the ball . the surface of the button or cap may be textured to increase gripping characteristics if desired , such as for a basketball . for a soccer ball , the surface may be smooth . in a preferred embodiment , fibers or other reinforcing materials for the cap may be incorporated into the rubber compound or thermoplastic material during mixing . examples of fibers materials suitable for use include , but are not limited to , polyester , polyamide , polypropylene , kevlar , cellulistic , glass and combinations thereof . incorporation of fibers or other reinforcing materials into the button or cap improves the durability of the button and improves the union of the button or cap and the piston rod , thus preventing the button or cap from shearing off during use . although the pump would still function without the button , it becomes very difficult to use . preferably , the button or cap 212 is co - injected with the plunger 210 as one part . alternatively , the button or cap 212 may be co - injected with a connecting piece , and the button or cap 212 and connecting piece may then be attached to the upper end of the plunger 210 using an adhesive suitable for bonding the two pieces together . co - injecting the button 212 and the plunger 210 as one part , or alternatively , the button 212 and the connecting piece as one part that is mounted to the plunger 210 , provides a more durable part that is less likely to break or come apart during routine use of the ball . the button or cap material and the plunger material need to be selected such that the two materials will adhere when co - injected . testing of various combinations has shown that co - injecting or extruding a soft rubber button , such as a button comprising santoprene ™, and a harder plunger , such as polycarbonate or polypropylene and the like , provides a durable bond without the need for adhesives . the plunger 210 and the connecting piece may be formed of any suitable material , such as , but not limited to , polycarbonate ( pc ), polystyrene ( ps ), acrylic ( pmma ), acrylonitrile - styrene acrylate ( asa ), polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ), acrylonitrile - butadiene styrene ( abs ) copolymer , abs ;/ pc blends , polypropylene ( preferably high impact polypropylene ), polyphenylene oxide , nylon , combinations thereof , or any suitable material known in the art . materials with high impact strength are preferred . the material used for the plunger is preferably clear or transparent , especially if a pressure - indicating device is used so that the user can view it . referring further to fig9 mounted on the upper surface of the cylinder collar 350 is a pad 360 that is engaged by the cap 212 when the plunger 210 is pushed down to lock or unlock the plunger 210 . the pad 360 provides cushioning to the pump . the outer face 214 of the cap 212 may be textured or smooth to match the feel of the ball , as desired . additionally , as shown in fig9 the outer face 214 can define a slot 216 to assist or promote rotation of the plunger 210 . for basketballs , it is preferable that the top of the cap is textured , while for other sport balls , such as soccer balls and footballs , the top of the cap is preferably smooth . [ 0054 ] fig5 - 7 of the drawings show the nozzle end 270 of the pump 5 . fig1 is a detailed cross section of that component . shown in fig1 is one preferred embodiment of a one - way valve assembly of the duckbill - type that is disposed in the nozzle 270 . this assembly comprises an inlet end piece 269 , an outlet end piece 271 and an elastomeric duckbill valve 370 captured between the two end pieces . the end pieces 269 and 271 are preferably plastic , such as a polycarbonate , polypropylene , nylon , polyethylene , or combinations thereof , but may be any material suitable for use . the end pieces may be ultrasonically welded together . although any desired one - way valve can be used on the exit nozzle 270 and although duckbill valves are a common type of one - way valves , a specific duckbill configuration is shown in fig1 . the duckbill valve 370 is preferably formed of an elastomeric silicone material and is molded with a cylindrical barrel 372 having a flange 374 . inside of the barrel 372 is the duckbill 376 which has an upper inlet end 378 molded around the inside circumference into the barrel 372 . the walls or sides 380 of the duckbill 376 taper down to form the straight - line lower end with a duckbill slit 382 . the duckbill functions wherein inlet air pressure forces the duckbill slit 382 open to admit air while the air pressure inside of the ball squeezes the duckbill slit closed to prevent the leakage of air . such a duckbill structure is commercially available from vernay laboratories , inc . of yellow springs , ohio . any type of one - way valve or other valve capable of sealing known in the art may be used , as long as it prevents air from flowing out of the interior of the ball when not desired . a pump assembly of the type described and illustrated herein is preferably made primarily from plastics such as polystyrene , polyethylene , nylon , polycarbonate and combinations thereof , but it can be made of any appropriate material known in the art . although the assembly is small and light weight , perhaps only about 5 to about 25 grams , a weight may optionally be added to the ball structure to counterbalance the weight of the pump mechanism . in such an application , the weight , i . e . the counterweight , is positioned on or within the ball , and has a suitable mass , such that the resulting center of mass of the ball coincides with the geometric center of the ball . in lighter weight or smaller balls , such as a soccer ball , the pump assembly may weigh less and / or be smaller ( shorter ) than a corresponding pump assembly for a heavier ball , such as a basketball . fig1 illustrates such a counterbalance arrangement wherein a pump mechanism generally designated as 405 is on one side of a ball 400 and a standard needle valve 410 is on the opposite side of the ball 400 . in this case , the material 412 forming the needle valve 410 is weighted . additional material can be added to the needle valve housing or the region surrounding the valve . alternatively , a dense metal powder such as tungsten could be added to the rubber compound . the use of another pump or inflation valve is referred to herein as a secondary pump or secondary inflation valve . the additional pump is preferably an integral dual action pump as described herein . the description thus far and the referenced drawings disclose a particular and preferred pump configuration . however , other pump arrangements can be used within the scope of the invention , as long as they utilize at least two chambers to provide for dual action . examples of other pump arrangements that may be used with the invention are shown in co - pending application ser . no . 09 / 594 , 980 , filed jun . 15 , 2000 ; ser . no . 09 / 594 , 547 , filed jun . 14 , 2000 ; ser . no . 09 / 594 , 180 , filed jun . 14 , 2000 ; and ser . no . 09 / 560 , 768 , filed apr . 28 , 2000 , incorporated herein by reference . additional details and features that may be implemented in conjunction with the balls and pumps described herein are provided in u . s . application publication no . us 2002 / 0187866 , filed as ser . no . 10 / 183 , 337 on jun . 25 , 2002 ; u . s . pat . no . 6 , 491 , 595 , filed as ser . no . 09 / 712 , 116 on nov . 14 , 2000 ; and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 287 , 225 filed as ser . no . 09 / 478 , 225 on jan . 6 , 2000 , all of which are hereby incorporated by reference . since the pressure in a sport ball can be too high through overinflation or a temperature increase , or too low through underinflation or air loss , it can be beneficial to have a pressure relief device and / or a pressure - indicating device that is integral to the pump . if the pressure is too low , additional air may be added using the self - contained pump of the invention . if the pressure is too high , the pressure may be relieved by bleeding pressure from the ball with the conventional inflating needle or other implement that will open the conventional inflation valve to release air . alternatively , the pump may have a mechanism that allows the pressure to be relieved , either through action of the pump , or through the use of a relief mechanism built into the pump , such as a mechanism to open the one - way valve if desired to allow air to flow out of the interior of the ball . the pressure - indicating device of the present invention may then be used to determine if the ball is correctly inflated . if too much air is removed , additional air may be added using the pump . the foregoing description is , at present , considered to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention . however , it is contemplated that various changes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the present invention . therefore , the foregoing description is intended to cover all such changes and modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present invention , including all equivalent aspects .
an inflatable sport ball , such as a basketball , a football , a soccer ball , a volleyball or a playground ball , is provided with a self - contained inflation mechanism , or multiple self - contained inflation mechanisms , for inflating or adding pressure to the ball . the mechanism is a pump which is positioned and retained inside of the ball and which is operable from outside of the ball to pump ambient air into the ball . the pump is a dual action pump allowing air to be added to the ball on both a forward stroke and a reverse stroke .