the invention is a method of manufacturing an electrode array 6 , shown in fig1 , also known as a “ bed - of - nails ”, which is applied to living tissue to provide an effective electrical connection therewith , whether for sensing or stimulating purposes . the electrode array 6 provides a multiple possibility of successful electrical contact , and causes minimal damage or upset to either the living tissue or to the body system . the electrode array 6 includes an arrangement of electrically conductive needles that arise from a substrate 14 , are substantially normal thereto , and which serve as electrodes 4 ( fig2 ) for sensing or stimulation of living tissue . terminals and electrical conductors may be employed to connect individual electrodes 4 or groups of electrodes of the electrode array 6 to other electrical circuits . the bed - of - nails package 2 consists of the electrodes 4 , which form an array 6 that may be in a planar , square or rectangular arrangement having regular spacing intervals , as depicted in the various embodiments presented in fig1 to 9 and 13 to 16 , or which may be in an irregular or non - repetitive arrangement such as may be dictated by the desired function of the package 2 . while the package 2 is presented as a generally rectangular package having rounded edges and corners , it may advantageously have a flat circular or ovaloid shape or other shape without limitation to those shapes just disclosed . the package 2 may have a thickness of about 2 mm , plus the length of the electrodes . in a preferred embodiment , the electrodes 4 are about 0 . 5 to 4 . 0 mm ( 0 . 02 to 0 . 16 inches ) in length and about 0 . 02 to 0 . 10 mm ( 0 . 001 to 0 . 004 inches ) in diameter . aspect ratios ( height to diameter ) of 40 : 1 are readily achievable . in the embodiment presented , the electrode array 6 contains about 121 electrodes 4 in a square matrix . the electrodes 4 may , of course , be taller and narrower . electrode spacing in the array may vary , as may the size of the needles . of course , such electrodes 4 may be conical or other elongated shapes . the spacing of the electrodes 4 , transversely across a nerve , would be from approximately 0 . 5 micrometer to on the order of 100 micrometers . “ on the order of ” means within the range of 0 . 1 to 10 times the dimension , in this context and as used herein . spacing of the electrodes 4 along the length of a nerve might well be greater than the lateral spacing of the electrodes 4 across the nerve . that is , the spacing distance between electrodes 4 along the length of a nerve can vary a great deal . electrodes 4 or electrode array 6 might well be longitudinally spaced 1 , 000 micrometers , 2 , 000 micrometers , etc ., from one another , depending on the desired density of electrical contact with the nerve . the package 2 may be planar or may be alternately shaped to conform to a specific desired application , although only planar arrays are presented in fig1 to 9 and 13 to 16 . the electrodes 4 material is biocompatible and is not limited to but may be selected from titanium , titanium alloy , platinum , platinum alloy , activated iridium , platinum - iridium alloy , conductive polymer , carbon or other suitable electrically conductive material known by those skilled in the art as suitable for use in connection with the body . in general , metals or other conductive substances which are inert and are least subject to corrosion are selected . in the case of stimulating devices , conductive materials which can handle the necessary current densities are required . in a preferred embodiment , the electrodes 4 are comprised of an electrically conductive and biocompatible material which may be elemental metals or alloys , such as but not limited to a titanium alloy , such as ti - 6al - 4v , ti - 5al - 2 . 5fe , ti - 6al - 2sn - 4zr - 2mo , ti - 6al - 6v - 2sn , or ti - 4al - 4mo - 2sn — si , or a platinum alloy , such as 90pt - 10ir or 80pt - 20ir , or pure platinum , or pure iridium . as will be discussed herein , coatings may be employed to enhance the stability of the electrodes 4 . candidate coating materials include , but are not limited to , gold , platinum , iridium , platinum oxide or iridium oxide , or another coating that is suitable for electrode application . the coating is applied to the electrodes 4 surface at least where the electrodes 4 are exposed to living tissue , as it is at a reveal 72 or at an uncoated through - hole 76 . the electrodes 4 must , therefore , be spaced according to the specific application . the electrodes 4 should be small and of the correct sharpness to avoid damaging the nerve . also the electrically conductive portion of each electrode 4 should be small enough to contact only a single fiber and thereby obtain signals from only one fiber . consequently , a preferred embodiment of the invention is to insulate the electrode , except at selected location or locations between a distal end 80 and a proximal end 82 of the electrodes 4 , so that at least one electrically conductive portion of each electrode 4 is exposed . in this way , each electrode 4 may be designed to contact the living tissue at one location or at multiple locations , if more than one electrically conductive portion of the electrodes 4 are exposed to effect electrical contact more than one fiber of living tissue . in addition , the electrodes 4 must be high or long enough to assure sufficient penetration of the desired nerve so as to make electrical connection with the nerve fiber inside the nerve . in order to reach the nerve fiber , the sheath and other connective tissues must be penetrated . however , “ electrical connection ” or “ contact ” with a nerve fiber or other body tissue may mean actual physical contact with the nerve fiber or tissue or it may mean being in sufficiently close location to sense the electrical signals therefrom or to stimulate the fiber or tissue . the electrodes 4 spacing and length may vary on a given substrate 14 . in order to reach down into a fissure in the brain , for example , it may be desirable to have longer electrodes 4 on one portion of the electrode array 6 and shorter electrodes 4 on another portion . also , spacing density on one portion of the electrode array 6 may be greater or lesser than on another portion . the term “ electrode array ” as used herein means a collection of electrodes and includes systematic and orderly groupings or arrangements as well as including non - linear and irregular groupings or arrangements , which may be dictated by the function to be served by the electrode array . there may be an abrupt change of electrodes length or density , or both , in one or more directions . there may be graded or gradual changes in one or more directions . it is to be understood that the array 6 may be sized to fit the particular application and may be planar , multiplanar , curved , twisted , or other desired shape as required in the particular circumstances involved . ordinarily , the electrode array 6 is disposed on a rigid substrate 14 . however , it is to be appreciated that the substrate 14 may be flexible , or that the electrode array 6 may be comprised of electrodes 4 on a plurality of substrates 14 . in general , the electrodes 4 in an array 6 should be held in relatively fixed spacing with respect to each other . it is intended to cover by “ relatively fixed ” terminology , instances in which the substrate 14 is flexible , curved , stretchable , etc . among the suitable substrates 14 are , without limitation , ceramics , such as zirconia , more specifically stabilized - zirconia , partially - stabilized zirconia , tetragonal zirconia polycrystal , magnesia - stabilized zirconia , ceria - stabilized zirconia , yttria - stabilized zirconia , and calcia - stabilized zirconia , as well as silicon , sapphire , alumina , or germanium . biomedical grade plastics may also be used such as the polyamides , polyimides , polymethacrylates , acrylics , polycarbonates , etc ., to the extent that such plastics may be implantable or rendered implantable . these plastics cannot form a braze bond and , more importantly , they do not form a hermetic device . the electrodes 4 may be arranged in random fashion or ordered in columns and / or rows or other ordered arrangements . the optimum embodiment from the standpoint of orderly electrical connection is an ordered arrangement . one embodiment which may be desired is that in which each electrode 4 ( except , of course , those near the edges of the array 6 ) is surrounded by six other electrodes 4 , all equidistantly spaced . the electrodes 4 are electrically connected to a terminal which may , likewise , be randomly located or located in orderly columns and / or rows . the terminal may include bonding pads which provide an electrical connection between the electrodes 4 and other electrical circuits . connection points need not be in the same arrangement as the electrodes 4 . thus , the electrodes 4 may be located in columns , but not rows , and the terminals may be located in columns and rows . in addition , the package 2 is comprised of a case 12 that may have two halves , as illustrated in fig1 . the two halves of case 12 are welded together at weld 36 to form a hermetic seal . the case is comprised of biocompatible materials , which in a preferred embodiment may be titanium or an alloy of titanium that is weldable . cable 8 transmits electrical signals to and / or from the package 2 and is electrically connected to the electrodes 4 in a manner to assure that the desired function of the device is achieved . header 10 electrically isolates the connections between the cable 8 and the electrodes 4 . the isolation formed by the header 10 is not necessarily hermetic and may therefore be accomplished by forming header 10 of an epoxy material or a biocompatible electrically insulating material , which need not form a hermetic seal in the instant application , but which provide electrical isolation between the feedthrough pins 34 . in a preferred application , the number of electrical conductors in cable 8 approximate the number of feedthrough pins 34 . a cross - section of the device 2 is presented ( fig2 ) showing the electrodes 4 in a flat , rectangular electrode array 6 , where each electrode 4 is hermetically bonded to substrate 14 . electronic components 18 are presented and consist of integrated circuit chips , capacitors , and other electronic components that are known to those skilled in the art . inclusion of signal processing as part of the device enables a “ smart ” array , wherein it is necessary to have hermetic and biocompatible packaging for the bed of nails and electronics . the case 12 covers and encloses electronic components 18 and forms a hermetic seal with substrate 14 by , for example , a braze joint 86 . feedthrough pins 34 are shown in a preferred embodiment as flat headed pins that are comprised of a conductive brazeable metal , such as titanium or its alloys , niobium or its alloys , platinum or its alloys , iridium or its alloys , or silver or its alloys . the feedthrough pins 34 are bonded by known processes , such as brazing or welding , to the electrical conductors in cable 8 . the embodiment of device 2 presented in fig2 presents a preferred embodiment where a lid 84 is comprised of a material such as those candidates presented for substrate 14 , notably zirconia or alumina . the lid 84 is attached by braze joint 88 to case 12 , thereby forming a hermetic seal that protects electronics components 18 . in alternate embodiments lid 84 may be comprised of a metal and may be comprised of the same material as case 12 , potentially being an integral part of the assembly and thus avoiding joint 88 . a sub - assembly to aid in describing the assembly process is presented in fig3 . in this embodiment the electrodes 4 , while forming an electrode array 6 , are inserted into a conforming braze preform 16 , which is comprised of a braze material , from the top surface 124 of substrate 14 . substrate 14 receives a portion of each electrode 4 prior to being thermally processed to develop a hermetic seal between each electrode 4 and the substrate 14 . the substrate 14 , fig4 , contains a number of feedthrough holes 20 which correspond to the number and configuration of electrodes 4 when they are arranged in the electrode array 6 . the electrodes 4 , as presented in fig5 , consists of a shaft 22 which has a sharp end at the distal end 80 , for tissue penetration during use , and an end that contacts brazing head 24 at the proximal end 82 . the electrode then terminates with feedthrough 26 which , in the embodiment presented in fig5 , enters feedthrough hole 20 from the top surface 124 until brazing head 24 contacts braze preform 16 , which in turn contacts substrate 14 . a feedthrough 26 is comprised of a hole 20 , braze joint 74 , and electrode . substrate 14 is preferably comprised of a ceramic , preferably zirconia . braze preform 16 is presented in fig6 and is configured to have a hole 32 that corresponds to each substrate feedthrough hole 20 , which in turn corresponds in approximate diameter and location to the electrodes 4 and electrode array 6 . the braze material of braze preform 16 forms a plurality of tabs 30 thereby forming a matrix of braze material as a layer or multiple layers of braze material which , when thermally processed , hermetically bonds the electrodes 4 to the substrate 14 . a large non - functional opening or void 28 is formed by the interconnecting tabs 30 and holes 32 . the tabs 30 may be removed after brazing by sandblasting , dicing , laser ablation , etc . so that individual electrodes are isolated from each other . however , in a preferred embodiment , the dimensions of braze preform is designed so that the tabs 30 will disappear after brazing due to surface tension as the melted preform tabs 30 are drawn into the braze joint 74 between the electrodes 4 and the substrate 14 . in the case of using titanium or titanium alloys as the electrodes 4 material , a nickel braze preform is preferred . during brazing , the tabs 30 on the braze preform 16 liquefy when some titanium ( from the titanium electrodes 4 ) diffuses in and are pulled towards the electrode mating area due to surface tension . after brazing , the tabs 30 disappear . titanium nickel layered laminates are the preferred braze material when electrodes 4 are comprised of noble metals . during brazing , the tabs 30 liquefy when its temperature reaches above its melting point and are pulled towards the electrode mating area due to surface tension . after brazing , the tabs 30 disappear . this is a preferred phenomenon as the braze perform 16 makes the assembly process much easier and the disappearing tabs 30 enable the electrodes 4 to remain insulated from each other . it has been determined that the tabs have a maximum width of 0 . 1 inch , a maximum length of 0 . 2 inch , and a maximum thickness of 0 . 01 inch . bonding of electrodes 4 into substrate feedthrough holes 20 has been determined to occur between 25 and 300 degrees centigrade above the braze preform melting point . alternate embodiments of the braze preform 16 are conceived where the tabs 30 are removed and only a “ braze washer ” of material remains . yet another embodiment of the braze preform 16 is a sheet of braze material that contains holes that accept the electrodes 4 in alignment with substrate feedthrough holes 20 . the metal braze material may be , without limitation , an alloy , a composite , or a layered laminate that forms the desired thermally processed structure and is preferably comprised of nickel or an alloy of nickel , as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 521 , 350 issued to fey , et al . on feb . 18 , 2003 , which is incorporated by reference in its entirety . also , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 989 , 200 , issued to byers , et al . on jan . 24 , 2006 ; u . s . pat . no . 7 , 022 , 4215 issued to schnittgrund on apr . 4 , 2006 ; and u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 793 , 006 filed by schnittgrund on mar . 3 , 2004 , now abandoned , all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety , disclose candidate braze materials . the cross - sectional view of electrodes 4 presented in fig7 presents the shaft 22 in relation to the brazing head 24 , which abuts substrate 14 and is attached thereto by braze material at a braze joint 74 . the braze joint 74 continues along the interface formed between electrode feedthrough 26 and feedthrough hole 20 . the proximal end of the electrodes 4 comprises a contact surface 27 for connection to other electrical circuits . the electrodes 4 are covered by electrically insulating coating 70 thereby preventing electrical contact with the tissue in which the electrodes 4 are placed , except at the electrically conductive reveal 72 , which in a preferred embodiment is presented as an uncoated band that circumscribes shaft 22 . more than one reveal 72 may placed on a given electrode 4 to enable monitoring several neural fibers , for example . each fiber will have its own individual signal , which may be monitored individually by selecting the signal and utilizing electronic filtering to distinguish the several signals from each other . it is conceived that the distal tip 80 ( fig5 ) may be revealed also . the utilization of multiple reveals is most useful when electrical signals are being sensed , since in a stimulation mode , each reveal would stimulate each contact point simultaneously , while in the detection mode , the electronic package can discriminate between individual sensed inputs on a single electrode 4 having multiple reveals 72 or holes 76 . coating 70 is comprised of a biocompatible and electrically insulating coating , such as parylene , polyimide , alumina , or zirconia . coating 70 is preferably comprised of parylene , a well known organic coating that is biocompatible . electrically conductive contact between tissue and electrodes 4 is limited by the position , size , and shape of the reveal 72 . an alternative embodiment of the electrodes 4 is presented in fig8 , wherein the electrodes 4 are coated with insulating coating 70 except at through - hole 76 , which in this embodiment passes completely through the shaft 22 . the inside of hole 76 is left uncoated , where electrically conductive contact with the tissue occurs . a further feature of the embodiment presented in fig8 is that the living tissue , which may be a nerve bundle or an axon , grows into the hole 76 and thereby anchors the electrode in position in the tissue . hole 76 need not pass completely through shaft 22 to provide an anchor for the ingrowth of tissue . the hole 76 has a diameter of about 0 . 01 to 0 . 03 mm ( 0 . 0005 to 0 . 001 inches ) and may be fabricated by laser drilling . another alternative embodiment is presented in fig9 , where the hole 76 is electrically insulated and coated along its inside walls with coating 78 , which is preferably the same coating as the coating 70 on the outside of electrodes 4 . in this embodiment the hole 76 provides an anchor to the living tissue . the reveal 72 provides electrical communication with the tissue . a further embodiment of an electrode array 100 is presented in fig1 wherein the electrodes 106 , which are bonded to oval substrate 112 , have variable lengths . the substrate 112 and electrode array 100 pattern may be oval , circular , rectangular , or an irregular shape without limitation . the reveals , not illustrated , may be located in one plane , at variable locations , or in a non - repeating pattern . the embodiment presented in fig1 presents electrode array 102 wherein the electrodes 108 are of equal length but each has a reveal 116 that is disposed at various locations along the length of electrode 108 such that contact with the living tissue occurs with different tissue bundles , for example . while not illustrated , it is envisioned by the inventors that the spacing between electrodes 108 may be variable and need not be equidistant from each other . the embodiment of fig1 presents an electrode array 104 wherein the electrodes 110 , which are bonded to non - flat , irregular substrate 114 , have irregular lengths . the reveals , not illustrated , may be arranged in a multitude of arrangements , as described for fig1 . the alternative embodiment of fig1 presents the electrodes 4 inserted through the substrate 14 from the bottom surface 126 . the contact surface 122 of terminal 120 provides a connecting surface to the other electrical circuits . in this configuration , fig1 , the braze surface 74 is concealed from the living tissue environment . fig1 presents an embodiment that is similar to that of fig1 , except that presenting contact surface 120 is on brazing head 24 , which results in more readily formed electrodes 4 . fig1 is more readily formed that the electrode of fig1 or 14 and contact surface 122 is formed on shaft 22 . the substrate 14 , fig1 , contains a number of feedthrough holes 20 which correspond to the number and configuration of electrodes 4 when they are arranged in the electrode array 6 . the electrodes 4 then terminate with feedthrough 26 which , in the embodiment presented in fig1 , enter feedthrough hole 20 from the bottom surface 126 of substrate 14 until brazing head 24 contacts braze preform 16 , which in turn contacts substrate 14 . although the invention has been described and illustrated in detail , it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation , the spirit and scope of this invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims .
the electrode array is a device for making electrical contacts with cellular tissue or organs . the electrode array includes an assembly of electrically conductive electrodes arising from a substrate where the electrodes are hermetically bonded to the substrate . a method of manufacture of an electrode array and associated circuitry is disclosed where the braze preform tab disappears during the braze bonding process and is completely drawn into the substrate feedthrough holes such that the braze perform tab is completely involved in the braze joint and is no longer connecting the adjacent electrodes .