fig1 illustrates an energy delivery device 10 for the delivery of light energy to the walls 12 of a body conduit . the energy delivery device 10 includes an outer catheter or sheath 16 surrounding a light transmitting fiber 18 . a light directing member 20 is positioned at a distal end of the energy delivery device 10 for directing the light to the conduit walls . although the present invention will be described in detail with respect to the treatment of airways in the lungs , it should be understood that the present invention may also be used for treatment of other body conduits . the energy delivery device 10 and method according to the present invention provide a more permanent treatment for asthma than the currently used bronchodilating drugs and drugs for reducing mucus secretion . in asthma patients , the cross sectional diameter of the airways are reduced due to bulking of the smooth muscle surrounding the airways . fig9 illustrates an airway 50 of a healthy individual . the airway is surrounded by smooth muscle tissue 52 which is capable of contracting to shrink the diameter of the airway . a plurality of mucus glands 54 are positioned around the airway 50 and secrete mucus into the airway . fig1 illustrates an airway 60 in an asthma patient in which the smooth muscle 62 has hypertrophied increasing the thickness of the smooth muscle and reducing the inner diameter of the airway . the energy delivery device 10 of the present invention is used to debulk or reduce the volume of smooth muscle 62 surrounding the airway 60 of an asthma patient and increase the airway diameter for improved air exchange . the energy delivery device 10 is used to irradiate the smooth muscle surrounding the airways causing the dna of the smooth muscle cells to become cross linked . the treated smooth muscle cells with cross linked dna are incapable of replicating . accordingly , over time , as the smooth muscle cells die , the total thickness of smooth muscle decreases because of the inability of the cells to replicate . the programmed cell death causing a reduction in the volume of tissue is called apoptosis . this treatment does not cause an immediate effect but causes shrinking of the smooth muscle and opening of the airway over time and substantially prevents regrowth . the irradiation by the energy delivery device 10 of the walls of the airway also causes a cross linking of the dna of the mucus gland cells preventing them from replicating and reducing mucus plugging over time . as shown in fig2 , the energy delivery device 10 is an elongated device such as a catheter containing a fiber optic . the energy delivery device 10 is connected by a conventional optical connection to a light source 22 . the treatment of an airway with the energy delivery device 10 involves placing a visualization system such as an endoscope or bronchoscope into the airways . the energy delivery device 10 is then inserted through or next to the bronchoscope or endoscope while visualizing the airways . the energy delivery device 10 which has been positioned with a distal end within an airway to be treated is energized so that radiant energy is emitted in a generally radially direction from a distal end of the energy delivery device . the distal end of the energy delivery device 10 is moved through the airway in a uniform painting like motion to expose the entire length of an airway to be treated to the energy . the energy delivery device 10 may be passed along the airway one or more times to achieve adequate treatment . the painting like motion used to exposed the entire length of an airway to the energy may be performed by moving the entire energy delivery device 10 from the proximal end either manually or by motor . the energy used may be coherent or incoherent light in the range of infrared , visible , or ultraviolet . the light source 22 may be any known source , such as a uv laser source . preferably the light is ultraviolet light having a wavelength of about 240 - 280 nm or visible light in the red visible range . the intensity of the light may vary depending on the application . the light intensity should be bright enough to penetrate any mucus present in the airway and penetrate the smooth muscle cells and mucus gland cells to cause cross linking of the cell dna . the light intensity may vary depending on the wavelength used , the application , the thickness of the smooth muscle , and other factors . alternatively , a beta or gamma radiation source may be used instead of the light source as described in further detail below with respect to fig7 and 8 . fig3 - 6 illustrate different exemplary embodiments of the distal tip of the energy delivery device 10 for irradiating the airway walls . in fig3 , the sheath 16 includes a plurality of windows 24 which allow the energy which has been redirected by the light directing member 20 to pass substantially radially out of the sheath . the light directing member 20 is fitted into the distal end of the sheath 16 . the light directing member 20 is a parabolic diffusing mirror having a reflective surface 26 which is substantially parabolic in cross section . the light passes from the light source along the light transmitting fiber 18 and is reflected by the reflective surface 26 of the light directing member 20 through the windows 24 . the windows 24 are preferably a plurality of energy transmitting sections spaced around the distal end of the sheath . the windows 24 may be open bores extending through the sheath 16 . alternatively , the windows 24 may be formed of a material transparent to the energy being used which allows the energy to pass out of the sheath 16 . fig4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the energy delivery device 10 in which the light directing member 20 has a conical shaped reflective surface 32 . this conical shaped reflective surface may be formed at any desired angle which directs the light transmitted by the light transmitting fiber 18 radially out of the sheath 16 . the use of a conical reflective surface 32 creates a light delivery pattern in which the light rays are directed in a generally coherent radial pattern which is at a generally fixed angle with respect to a longitudinal axis of the light delivery device . in contrast , the light delivery device of fig3 with the parabolic reflective surface 26 directs light in a diverging radial pattern which will illuminate a larger area of the airway walls . fig5 illustrates a further alternative embodiment of the invention in which the light directing member 20 is a substantially conical member including concave reflective surfaces 36 . these concave reflective surfaces 36 direct the light which passes in a generally parallel arrangement through the light transmitting fiber 18 out of the sheath 16 in a converging or crossing pattern . in addition , in the embodiment of fig5 , the windows have been replaced by a tip 38 of the sheath 16 formed of a material which is transparent to the energy being used . the light directing members 20 having a reflective surface as illustrated in fig3 - 5 may be formed in any of the known manners , such as by coating a molded member with a reflective coating , such as aluminum or silver . as an alternative to the reflective light directing members of fig3 - 5 , a diffusing lens 42 , such as a teflon lens , may be positioned at the end of the light transmitting fiber 18 as illustrated schematically in fig6 . the diffusing lens 42 may direct the light from the light transmitting fiber 18 in a generally conical pattern as shown in fig6 . alternatively , the diffusing lens 42 may direct the light in a more radially oriented pattern with the light rays being prevented from exiting the lens in a direction substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the light transmitting fiber 18 by a reflective or blocking member . in the embodiment of fig6 , the sheath 16 surrounding the light transmitting fiber 18 and the diffusing lens 42 may be eliminated entirely and the lens may be affixed directly to the end of the fiber . according to one alternative embodiment of the invention , the energy delivery device 10 can be used in conjunction with photo - activatable substances such as those known as psoralens . these light activatable compounds , when activated , enhance the ability of light to cross link the dna in the smooth muscle tissue and mucus glands . the light activatable compound may by injected intravenously . the light delivered by the light delivery device 10 is matched to the absorption spectrum of the chosen light activatable compound such that the light exposure activates the compound . when such light activatable substances are employed , a lower light intensity may be used to achieve cross linking of the dna than the light intensity required to achieve cross linking without the light activatable compounds . fig7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of an energy delivery device 10 including an elongated body or shaft 66 having a radiation source 68 positioned at the distal end of the flexible shaft . the radiation source 68 may be any known source of radiation such as a radioactive pellet of iridium . the treatment of a bodily conduit of a patient with the energy delivery device 10 of fig7 is performed by moving the elongated shaft 66 back and forth in the body conduit in a painting like motion to cause a cross linking of the dna in the smooth muscle surrounding the body conduit . fig8 illustrates another alternative embodiment of an energy delivery device 10 having a source of radiation such as a radioactive pellet 72 positioned within a cannula 74 . according to this embodiment , in addition to moving the cannula itself to achieve a painting action within a body conduit , the pellet 72 may be moved within the cannula 74 . movement of the radioactive pellet 72 may be performed by connecting a syringe to a proximal end of the cannula 74 and injecting or withdrawing fluid through the cannula to move the pellet in a piston like manner . a vent port 76 is provided at the distal end of the cannula 74 to allow fluid to pass into and out of the cannula . in use , the energy delivery device 10 of fig7 and 8 are preferably delivered to a treatment site within the body through a shielded cannula which prevents radiation from being emitted into surrounding tissue as the device is inserted . in use , the embodiment of fig8 is inserted to a treatment site such as an airway of the lungs through a radiation shielding cannula . a syringe filled with air is then connected to the proximal end of the cannula 74 and air is injected and withdrawn to move the radioactive pellet within the cannula 74 to expose a desired section of the airway to radiation emitted from the radioactive pellet . once the treatment has been completed , the cannula 74 and pellet 72 are retracted inside the shielding cannula and the device is withdrawn from the patient . the cross linking of the smooth muscle and mucus gland dna according to the present invention will reduce or eliminate the smooth muscle and the secreting glands such as mucus glands from the area of the airway which is treated by preventing the treated cells from replicating . this light treatment provides improved long term relief from asthma symptoms for some asthma sufferers . however , over time , some amount of smooth muscle or mucus gland cells which were not affected by an initial light treatment may regenerate and treatment may have to be repeated after a period of time such as one or more months or years . although the present treatment has been described for use in debulking enlarged smooth muscle tissue to open up the airways , it may also be used for eliminating smooth muscle altogether . the elimination of the smooth muscle tissue prevents the hyperreactive airways of an asthma patient from contracting or spasming , completely eliminating this asthma symptom . the light delivery device 10 may also be used for treatment of other conditions by reducing the volume of smooth muscle tissue surrounding other body conduits . for example , the treatment system may be used for reducing smooth muscle and spasms of the esophagus of patients with achalasia or esophageal spasm , in coronary arteries of patients with printzmetal &# 39 ; s angina variant , for ureteral spasm , for urethral spasm , and irritable bowel disorders . while the invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof , it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made and equivalents employed , without departing from the present invention .
a device and method for treating bodily conduits involves the application of energy to the smooth muscle tissue of the conduit walls to reduce the bulk of smooth muscle tissue and mucus glands . the irradiation treatment of the smooth muscle tissue causes a reduction in the amount of smooth muscle tissue over time which increases the inner diameter of the body conduit for improved fluid flow and prevents smooth muscle spasms . the treatment is particularly useful in the lungs for treatment of asthma to prevent bronchospasms , increase the airway diameter for improved air exchange , and reduce mucus secretions in the lungs .