the athletic shoe 10 according to a first embodiment of the invention is shown in fig1 - 8 . the athletic shoe soles shown in fig1 - 8 are designed to protect an athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities against both injurious torsional [ torque ] forces and injurious longitudinal forces . the shoe sole shown in fig1 - 8 comprises an upper body 12 and a multi - layer composite sole 14 . multi - layer composite sole 14 is shown in fig2 - 8 as comprising 5 thin layers of materials , although the exact number of layers could be more or less than 5 depending upon the specific situation the shoe is designed for . as shown in fig3 , sole 14 comprises layers 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 and 24 . layers 20 , and 24 are designed to provide rigid translational ( straight ahead ) stability during competition , like a traditional athletic shoe , only up to a pre - determined , athlete - specific , pre - injury target force threshold . these layers will also contribute limited rigidity during lateral as well as rotational ( twisting ) force generation . layers 21 and 23 also will contribute to overall translational rigidity , as well as rotational stability only up to a pre - determined , athlete - specific , pre - injury force threshold ( the target , pre - injury force threshold ). the athlete - specific / target - force - specific anisotropic fiber orientation in the sole &# 39 ; s layers will allow the sole to temporarily deform in response to , and to dissipate , the specific target force that would otherwise cause injurious stress to that particular athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities . sole 14 is shown in fig4 in its unstressed condition . as shown in fig5 and 6 , sole 14 has been subjected to a rotational force equivalent to the pre - determined , target , pre - injury force threshold at which point layers 21 and 23 have temporarily deformed about the shoe &# 39 ; s rotational axis to alleviate and prevent the application of injurious force to the athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities . as shown in fig6 , the anisotropic fibers in layers 21 and 23 have caused the layers to temporarily deform under the application of the pre - determined target pre - injury force threshold . when the event that generated the target force threshold has passed , the layers immediately return to their unstressed condition . sole 14 is also shown in fig7 and 8 . sole 14 is shown as having 5 layers of material , although — as noted above — the exact number of layers could be more or less than 5 depending upon the specific situation the shoe is designed for . as shown in fig7 and 8 , sole 14 comprises layers 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , and 24 as in fig5 and 6 . layers 20 , 22 and 24 are designed to provide rigid translational ( straight ahead ) stability during competition , like a traditional athletic shoe , only up to a pre - determined , athlete - specific , pre - injury target force threshold ( the target , pre - injury force threshold ). these layers will also contribute limited rigidity during lateral and rotational ( twisting ) force generation . layers 21 and 23 also will contribute to overall translational rigidity , as well as lateral and rotational strength and stability only up to a pre - determined , athlete - specific , pre - injury force threshold ( the target , pre - injury , force threshold ). the athlete - specific / target - force - specific anisotropic fiber orientation in the sole &# 39 ; s layers will allow the sole to temporarily deform in response to , and to dissipate , the specific target force that might otherwise cause injurious force to that particular athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities . fig7 and 8 illustrate the sole being subjected to a longitudinal ( heel to toe ) force equivalent to the pre - determined target , pre - injury force threshold . the layers 20 , 22 and 24 have temporarily deformed in the longitudinal direction to alleviate and prevent the application of injurious longitudinal force to the athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities . as shown in fig8 , the anisotropic fibers in layers 20 , 22 and 24 have caused the layers to temporarily deform in the longitudinal direction under the application of the target , pre - injury force threshold . when the event that generated the target , pre - injury force threshold has passed , the layers immediately return to their unstressed condition . fig9 illustrates a variation of the first embodiment of the athletic shoe with a seven - layer sole . shoe 30 comprises upper 31 and multi - layered sole 32 . shoe 30 also has a sock liner 33 . sole 32 comprises layers 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , and 40 . certain of these layers can be designed to deform upon application of a longitudinal target , pre - injury force threshold . certain of the other layers can be designed to deform upon application of a lateral target , pre - injury force threshold and of a rotational target , pre - injury force threshold . shoe 30 is shown in an exploded view in fig1 . in this embodiment layers 35 - and 37 are the layers that temporarily deform upon application of the longitudinal target , pre - injury force threshold . layers 36 and 38 will temporarily deform upon application of the rotational target , pre - injury force threshold and layers 34 and 39 will temporarily deform upon application of the lateral ( side - to - side ) target , pre - injury force threshold . it is noted that in the above example in fig1 there is no particular significance as to which layers temporarily deform to mitigate which type of target , pre - injury force threshold . obviously , any of the layers could be selected to mitigate any particular type of target , pre - injury force threshold . nor is there any particular significance in this example as to how many individual layers will temporarily deform to mitigate a particular target , pre - injury force threshold . in this example , two layers were used to mitigate each of the three types of target - pre - injury force thresholds , but more layers or fewer could also have been used , depending upon the exact circumstances of the particular athlete - specific factors and the particular environmental factors . with this embodiment , the athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities can be protected against injurious longitudinal , rotational and lateral ( side - to - side ) forces . the method 50 of the invention is illustrated in fig1 . the method comprises determining for a particular athlete , in a specific playing environment , the athlete - specific factors contributing to the longitudinal , rotational and lateral ( side - to - side ) target , pre - injury force thresholds . these factors are then inputted at 51 . next , the environment - specific factors contributing to the longitudinal , rotational and lateral ( side - to - side ) target , pre - injury force thresholds are determined . these factors are inputted at 52 and the longitudinal , rotational and lateral ( side - to - side ) target , pre - injury force thresholds are determined at 53 . this information is then used to build an athletic shoe sole customized for the particular athlete in the specific playing environment at 54 . a customized athletic shoe is then built at 55 using the customized sole built at 54 . the athlete then uses the customized shoe in a playing event . at certain , pre - determined times during the playing event , the athlete - specific factors are re - evaluated at 56 . also at these pre - determined times , the environmental - specific factors are re - evaluated at 57 . the changes to these factors are evaluated at 57 and if they have been significantly changed , new longitudinal , rotational and lateral ( side - to - side ) target , pre - injury force thresholds are determined and a new customized sole and shoe are built for use by the athlete for the remainder of the event . using modern 3 - d printing technology , it is possible to build several customized shoes for the athlete during the course of an event . fig1 - 14 show an athletic shoe sole constructed according to the second embodiment of the invention . the three figures will be described together with it being understood that elements shown in one figure may or may not be shown in the other figures . sole 70 is a multi - layer composite sole similar in construction to the first embodiment soles shown and described above . multi - layer composite sole 70 is shown as comprising composite layers 73 , 74 , and 75 , although the exact number of layers could be more or less , as desired . sole 70 comprises materials similar to those of the first embodiment . multi - layer sole 70 has a cut - out or channel 72 incised into the outer surface of layer 73 . channel 72 is shown in the figures as being incised into the forward portion of sole 70 . it should be understood that the exact placement of channel 72 can and will vary depending upon the desired force - resisting characteristics of sole 70 just as the width , depth and exact pathway of channel 72 can and will be varied depending upon the desired force - resisting characteristics of sole 70 . it is noted that even though channel 72 is only shown in the figures as being incised into an outer layer of the sole , it could also be incised into an internal layer , if desired . channel 72 follows a somewhat serpentine pathway and is designed to strategically weaken sole 70 such that sole 70 will temporarily deform in response to , and to dissipate , the specific target force that might otherwise cause injurious force to that particular athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities . layers 73 , 74 , and 75 will also provide limited rigidity during lateral and rotational ( twisting ) force generation . layers 73 , 74 , and 75 also will contribute to overall translational rigidity , as well as lateral and rotational strength and stability . the width , depth and exact pathway of channel 72 can be varied to provide the exact response desired to provide a mitigating deformation induced by a particular athlete &# 39 ; s pre - determined , pre - injury force threshold . fig1 shows sole 70 deforming under stress from an externally applied torque . the rear end of sole 70 has twisted upwardly in response to the stress and the portion of sole 70 containing channel 72 has distorted in response to the stress . the twisted portion of sole 70 is shown at 70 ′ and the untwisted portion is shown [ by a dashed line ] at 70 . the undistorted channel 72 is shown as a dotted line while the distorted channel is shown as a solid line at 72 ′. fig1 shows a variation of the second embodiment of the invention with a channel 104 incised into the outer surface of sole 100 . channel 104 is somewhat shallower than channel 72 shown in fig1 - 14 and extends for a much greater length with more undulations than channel 72 . as in the soles show above , the exact width , depth and pathway of channel 104 can be varied to provide the exact response desired to provide a mitigating deformation induced by a particular athlete &# 39 ; s pre - determined , pre - injury force threshold . fig1 - 23 show a third embodiment of the invention . in this embodiment the sole is strategically weakened to provide the desired temporary deformation via inserts in the sole rather than by incising a channel in the sole . fig1 and 17 will be described together with it being understood that elements shown in one figure may or may not be shown in the other figure . it is noted that the inserts are all shown in the forward [ toe ] portion of the sole . obviously , one or more inserts could be positioned in the mid portion of the sole , or even in the heel portion of the sole , if desired . sole 110 is a multi - layer composite sole similar in construction to the first and second embodiment soles shown and described above . the forward portion of sole 110 contains 4 inserts , 112 , 112 ′, 114 and 114 ′. these inserts are made of a composite filler material similar to the sole materials described above ; however , the filler material may or may not include bound fibers . the filler material of the inserts will have force - resisting characteristics that are different [ and perhaps substantially so ] than the materials comprising remaining portions of sole 110 . these differences in material properties assist in providing the desired weakening in sole 110 to permit it to provide a mitigating deformation induced by a particular athlete &# 39 ; s pre - determined , pre - injury force threshold . in addition , the exact location of the inserts within the sole , the number of inserts , their geometric shape , and their depth are all characteristics which can be varied in order to provide the exact response desired to provide a mitigating deformation of sole 110 induced by a particular athlete &# 39 ; s pre - determined , pre - injury force threshold . sole 110 is a multi - layer composite sole comprising layers 111 , 111 ′ and 111 ″. as with the other embodiments of the invention , the number and composition of layers in sole 110 can and will vary depending upon the exact force - resisting response desired . in fig1 , insert 114 ′ is shown as being the same thickness as layer 111 . obviously , the thickness of the inserts can also be varied as desired . inserts 112 , 112 ′, 114 and 114 ′ are shown as being contained within the outer layer of sole 110 ; however , they could be placed in other layers of sole 110 , if desired . fig1 shows a variation of the third embodiment of the invention . multi - layer composite sole 115 is shown with four inserts 116 , 116 ′, 117 and 117 ′. these inserts comprise a material with significantly different force - resisting characteristics than the material comprising inserts 112 , 112 ′, 114 and 114 ′. as an example , a shoe with the inventive sole may be designed for a specific athlete for a specific event . during the event , which could be a football game , a soccer game or perhaps a rugby match , the weather changes substantially and the playing field becomes much slicker due to heavy rain . following the method shown and described above , a new shoe using sole 115 could be constructed for the specific athlete [ for instance , during the halftime break ]. since conditions are much slicker on the playing field , a shoe with sole 110 having inserts 112 , 112 ′, 114 and 114 ′ might be too stiff for the changed playing conditions and a new shoe would be constructed with sole 115 having inserts 116 , 116 ′, 117 and 117 ′ made of a material significantly less stiff than the material comprising inserts 112 , 112 ′, 114 and 114 ′. fig1 shows another variation of the third embodiment of the invention . multi - layer composite sole 120 is shown with four inserts 121 , 121 ′, 122 and 122 ′. the previous examples of the third embodiment have had inserts all made from the same filler material . it is possible to provide in one sole inserts made from different filler materials . this is illustrated in fig1 . inserts 121 and 121 ′ are made from a material similar to that used for inserts 116 , 116 ′, 117 and 117 ′ of sole 115 shown in fig1 . inserts 122 and 122 ′ are made from a material that has different force - resisting characteristics than the material used for the inserts for sole 115 . this variation permits fine - tuning of the force - resisting characteristics of sole 115 . fig2 - 23 show yet another variation of the third embodiment of the invention . in previous variants of the third embodiment , the inserts have been oriented in a generally longitudinal [ heel to toe ] direction within the sole . in this embodiment , inserts 135 are oriented generally transverse to the sole 130 . this is illustrated in fig2 by lines 138 . in fig2 sole 130 is shown being stressed and deformed by a torsional force [ torque ]. the original position of the rear portion of sole 130 ′ is shown by a dashed line . the deformed position is shown at 130 by a solid line . inserts 135 have changed shape in response to the torsional force as shown in fig2 and have also assumed a different orientation as shown by lines 138 ′. as in previous versions of this embodiment , the size , orientation , geometric shape , placement within the sole outline , and composition of the insert filler material are all factors that will assist in determining the force - mitigating properties of the particular sole . also as indicated above , it is possible to have some or all of the inserts 135 be in a layer within the shoe sole and not on an outer layer . fig2 and 23 show a shoe sole similar to that shown in fig2 and 21 ; however , this sole is being stressed by a longitudinal [ heel to toe ] force . sole 140 has multiple inserts 145 shown on the outer layer of the sole . as shown in fig2 , when sole 140 is subjected to a longitudinal force , inserts 145 temporarily deform to essentially “ shorten ” the shoe and in doing so provide a force - mitigating deformation of the particular shoe to prevent injury to the athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremities and joints . the dennison reference cited above in §[ 0005 ] is concerned with providing protection from just such an injurious longitudinal force . each embodiment of the invention provides protection from injurious force to an athlete &# 39 ; s lower extremity joints by providing a temporary force - mitigating deformation in the athlete &# 39 ; s specifically configured shoe . unlike other attempts to correct this problem , applicants have provided a shoe with a sole that is designed to temporarily deform when the sole is subjected to the pre - determined target pre - injury force threshold and to then return to its original form when the force applied to the shoe sole falls below the pre - determined target pre - injury force threshold .
each year in north america there are approximately 175 , 000 non - contact acl injuries . one of the main causes of these injuries is the rotational and translational forces created when a player makes a sudden change in direction or stops . every athlete subjects their lower extremities to various forces that are unique to his or her mass , speed , and strength . these forces are affected by composition of the playing field surface , shoe sole design and construction , and other factors . using these and other factors , the level of force at which injury is inevitable is determined and an athletic shoe is created which will provide a mitigating deformation induced by a particular athlete &# 39 ; s pre - determined , pre - injury force threshold . a mitigating deformation of as little as 2 degrees can significantly reduce injurious forces . after the athlete has progressed through that particular force - generating movement , the shoe &# 39 ; s sole instantly returns to its original shape .