as disclosed herein , glucans and particularly oxidized cellulose have the necessary recognition of various plants allergens and the capability of binding thereto . without wishing to be bound by theory and as illustrated for the sake of general understanding of the invention in fig5 a , 5 b and 5 c , pollen allergens from groups i , ii , or iii bound by specific ige antibodies of allergic patients can induce an allergic reaction ( fig5 a ). pollen allergens can also bind glucans and polysaccharides such as oxidized cellulose through there cbd , cellulose binding domain ( fig5 b ). since most of the ige binding domains of pollen allergens of groups i , ii and iii are found in their cbd , polysaccharides such as oxidized cellulose can compete with ige specific antibodies on allergen binding and thereby inhibit the allergic reaction . the employment of pharmaceutical compositions comprising such glucans by patients by various application methods such as by spraying the composition onto the skin or tissue ( fig5 c ), assists in the formation of a reactive barrier that prevents the association of the allergen and the antibodies . as fig6 a and 6b further illustrate , allergen specific ige antibodies may encounter pollen allergens of group i , ii , or iii in the bronchi of allergic patients and thus induce an allergic reaction ( fig6 a ). the application of glucans such as to oxidized cellulose to the patient &# 39 ; s bronchi prevents the binding of pollen allergen to ige specific antibodies and thereby inhibits the allergic reaction ( fig6 b ). it has been demonstrated that the glucans can prevent allergen binding to ige either through direct competition or by creation of a relatively large allergen - glucan complex that is removed from the bronchi , through mucociliary transport . while fig5 a - 5c and 6 a - 6 b illustrate specifically oxidized cellulose and application thereof by inhalation , it should be understood that this example is provided as a single illustration and should not be taken to be any limitation of scope . the compositions of the invention may be applied to a target organ or tissue by ally method known and in any dosage as may be necessitated by the condition , the severity thereof , the subject , and other parameters as known to a medical practitioner . different oxidized cellulose amorphous microparticles ( ocams ) with different degree of crystallinity and oxidation were prepared essentially as described by kumar et al ( 2002 ). briefly , nitric acid and phosphoric acid were mixed in 4 : 1 ( v / v ) ratios . to a 140 ml solution of the acid mixture , 10 . 0 g of microcrystalline cellulose was added . once the cellulose was completely soaked . 2 . 0 g of sodium nitrite were added in one portion . an immediate formation of reddish brown fumes occurred . the reaction mixture was allowed to react at room temperature . with occasional stirring , for 24 hours . the reaction mixture , which appeared green in color , was terminated by adding 700 ml of doubly distilled water ( ddw ). the diluted reaction mixture was filtered , and the white fluffy solid obtained was washed with water until the filtrate showed a ph of about 4 . the solid was washed with acetone and then air - dried at 60 ° c . and at room temperature . the dried oxidized cellulose was milled to 10 microns by a vortexmill ( super fine , israel ). the distribution of the particles size was determined by mastersizer 2000 malvern ( england ) and was from 1 - 10 microns . the particle size can be changed by milling to different sizes using , any one milling apparatus . size and shape were determined by light and electron microscopy . degree of crystallinity was determined by x - ray diffraction . in some embodiments of the invention , the thus prepared ocams may be reacted with various glucans by mixing the ocams with a solution of the glucan . the glucan may be one or more selected amongst rye flour arabinoxylan , barely beta - glucan , oat beta - glucan galacton ® ( lupin ), pullulan , carob galactomannan , xyloglucan , guar galactomannan , pectic galactan , rhamnogalacturonan - galacturonic acid , pachyman , curdlan , and mannan . the glucans adsorb to the cellulose by non - covalent bonding . after binding , the unbound material is removed and the particles are dried to remove the remaining solvent . in other embodiments , the particles are of chitosan and not oxidized cellulose . different preparations of ocams are used in - vitro to block different allergen preparations and prevent ige binding of sera from allergic patients . aqueous solutions containing different pollen protein allergens are incubated with different ocams . the particles are removed by centrifugation and the resulted proteins are tested for ige binding using elisa . ocams that show the highest ige blocking activity are used for further analysis . histamine release is performed with heparinized whole blood as described by shirai et al ., ( 1997 ). the patients , men and women with pollen - induced asthma , who had been diagnosed by skin test and inhalation challenge are treated . as controls are chosen asthmatic subjects with no response to pollen allergen . heparinized whole blood samples are taken and incubated with pollen allergens in the presence or absence of selected ocams at various concentrations for 30 minutes at 37 ° c . after centrifugation , histamine levels are measured in the cell - free supernatants by histamine elisa kit ( ibl , hamburg germany ). histamine release is expressed as a percentage of total histamine . successful ocams are chosen based on their ability to block wide spectrum of allergens and reduce or even prevent histamine release . the following is a basic protocol developed for determining the efficacy of the compositions and methods of the invention on animals . a person skilled in the art would appreciate that this protocol may be regarded of only one example and that other more specific or more generic models may be developed for the purpose . in the following , female , 8 - 9 week old balb / c mice are used for asthma model . mice are divided into 3 treatment groups ( naïve , asthma , and treatment groups ) 10 mice in each group . naïve mice are used as negative controls and are challenged with normal saline instead of the grass pollen allergen . 20 mice are sensitized as described below . 10 mice are treated with ocam inhalation before each allergen challenge ( treatment group ). grass pollen is used for the preparation of an extract . five grams of pollen are suspended in 50 ml phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) and extracted by stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes . after centrifugation at 20000 × g for 10 min at 4 ° c . the supernatant is filtered through a 0 . 45 - micron filter . the protein concentration of the grass pollen extract is determined using the bca reagent ( pierce ). for sensitization 100 μg / animal grass pollen adsorbed to al ( oh ) 3 ( 2 mg / animal ) is injected intraperitoneally ( i . p .) three times in 14 - day intervals . animals are challenged by either allergen inhalation ( 1 mg / ml ) for 10 minutes each time with the mice placed unrestrained in a 20 - liter box connected to an ultrasonic nebulizer ( ls 230 system villeneuve sur lot , france ) or intranasal administration ( 25 μg / animal ) in 50 μl pbs on day 0 , 3 and 6 after the last injection . alternatively , mice can be challenged once or twice at days 20 - 24 . bronchoconstriction is measured at any of the days of the challenge or in the days that follow the 6 day challenge by a modified noninvasive method ( hamelmann et al . 1997 ) using barometric plethysmography and expressed as the enhanced pause ( penh ), a calculated dimensionless value that correlates with measurement of airway resistance , impedance , and intra - pleural pressure . penh is measured before ( as baseline ) and after each allergen challenge . data is expressed as the percent change of penh compared to baseline (% penh ). mice are sacrificed under deep anesthesia with 2 , 2 , 2 tribromoethanol solution 24 - 72 hours after the last challenge . a midline celiotomy is performed , and the animals are euthanized by exsanguination by withdrawal of blood from the inferior vena cava . serum is separated from the blood and used to determine total and allergen specific levels of 1 - e and igg in the blood . a 21 - gauge needle is inserted into the trachea and secured with a 3 - 0 silk suture . the lungs are lavaged via the tracheal needle with 3 × 1 ml of pbs . lavage fluid is later used for morphological characterization of cells on cytospin slides after may - grunwald giemsa staining for characterization of cells by facs analysis and for examination of cytokines levels by elisa . the lungs are removed and inflated with 4 % buffered formalin under pressure of 20 cm h 2 o the tissues are embedded in paraffin and 2 to 3 μm sections are cut and stained with h & amp ; e for viewing by light microscopy the inflammatory changes in the peribronchial areas . the serum is collected for ige level measurements . data is collected on an excel spreadsheet . the differences between groups are calculated with anova test for the parametric measurements and with kruskal wallis test for the ordinal parameters ( pathology score ). a p & lt ; 0 . 05 is considered significant . in the following , female , 8 - 9 week old balb / c mice were used for the development of an asthma model . the experiment was divided into two parts : in the first part establishment of rye grass pollen allergic mice model was achieved through intranasal sensitization and challenge with lolium perenne pollen extract in a 21 - day time period . in this part there were two groups of mice : asthmatic , which received both sensitization and challenge with lolium perenne pollen extract and naïve which received both sensitization and challenge with pbs . each group contained 3 mice . in the second part all the mice were sensitized and challenged with lolium perenne pollen extract for 21 days . as day 26 , the mice were divided into two groups : asthma group which received a 15 minute inhalation of lolium perenne pollen extract and the treatment group which received a 15 minute inhalation of lolium perenne pollen extract mixed with ocam . each group contained 3 mice . lolium perenne ( perenial rye grass ), batch 021405105 obtained from allergon a b , sweden , was used for the preparation of an extract . five grams of pollen were suspended in 50 ml phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) and extracted by stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes . after centrifugation at 20000 × g for 10 min at 4 ° c . the supernatant was kept and the content of soluble proteins was determined using the bca reagent ( pierce ). sensitization — mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and then sensitized intranasally with 100 μg / animal of grass pollen soluble proteins in 50 μl pbs on days 0 , 1 , and 2 . airway challenge — mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and challenged on days 14 , 15 , 18 , and 19 intranasally with 25 μg grass pollen soluble proteins . naïve mice were sensitized and challenged intranasally with pbs . the mice were then either sacrificed at clay 21 or given an additional 15 - minute inhalation challenge of either grass pollen soluble proteins 4 mg / ml or grass pollen soluble proteins 4 mg / ml ocam mixture ( 4 mg / ml pollen proteins and 13 mg / ml ocam ) at day 26 and sacrificed at day 29 . analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage ( bal )— bronchoalveolar lavage fluids ( balf ) were obtained via cannulation of the exposed trachea , by infusion of 3 × 1 ml of pbs through a 21 - gauge needle into the lungs , followed by aspiration of this fluid into a syringe . aliquots were centrifuged , and supernatants were collected and stored at − 80 ° c . for future cytokine analysis . cell pellets were counted and subjected to cytospin , and the slides were stained may - grunwald giemsa and were characterized morphologically . sensitization and challenge with rye grass pollen extract results in allergic lung inflammation of balb / c mice — since there is no available model of rye grass pollen allergic mice a mouse model was developed using one of the accepted methods . balb / c mice were thus sensitized intranasally with 100 μg / animal of grass pollen proteins extract in 50 μl pbs on days 0 , 1 , and 2 and challenged on days 14 , 15 , 18 , and 19 intranasally with 25 μg grass pollen soluble proteins . on day 21 mice were sacrificed and balf were obtained and analyzed . as fig1 a shows , the asthmatic animals that were treated with pollen proteins , showed an increase in their balf cell counts compared to the naïve group that was treated with pbs , indicating the development of lung inflammation . since the allergic reaction is characterized by th2 mediated lung inflammation the nature of cells in the balf was next evaluated by may - grunwald staining . as fig1 b shows there was a significant increase in the recruitment of eosinophils to the lungs in the asthmatic mice compared with the naïve mice indicating that the inflammation was indeed of allergic nature . ocam can attenuate the induction of allergic inflammation in asthmatic mice — it was next needed to verily whether ocam could block the initiation of a secondary lung inflammation in the asthmatic mice . the asthmatic mice reached a peak of inflammation of the lungs at day 21 and were thus left untreated until day 26 in order to allow the inflammation to calm down . at day 26 the asthmatic mice were divided into two groups and both were given a challenge by inhalation . however , one group received a challenge of grass pollen protein extract only while the second group received an inhalation of ocam grass pollen extract mixture . the mice were sacrificed 72 hours later and their cell counts and morphology were analyzed in the balf . as can be seen in fig1 c the total number of cells was quite low when compared to the inflammation at day 21 , with no significant difference between the two groups , indicating that the single challenge at day 26 induced only a weak inflammation . examination of the nature of the cells in the balf , however , showed a reduction in the percent of macrophages ( the main cells in healthy mice ) and an increase in the percent of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the pollen only group , indicating the induction of inflammation by the allergic challenge . importantly , the change in all the parameters of inflammation that were just described was significantly lower in the group that received the ocam and grass pollen protein mixture ( fig1 d ). this clearly and unambiguously indicated that the binding of pollen allergens to ocam prevented them from inducing the allergic reaction . in similar experiments , particles of chitosan are used in place of the oxidized cellulose . the following is a basic protocol developed for determining the efficacy of the compositions and methods of the invention on animals . a person skilled in the art would appreciate that this protocol may be regarded of only one example and that other more specific or more generic models may be developed for the purpose . in the following , male , brown norway rats , 3 weeks of age and weighing 150 grams each are used for an asthma model . rats are divided into 3 treatment groups ( naïve , asthma , and treatment groups ), 10 rats in each group . naïve rats are used as negative controls and are not sensitized . 20 rats are sensitized as described below . 10 rats are treated with ocam inhalation before each allergen challenge ( treatment group ). grass pollen is used for the preparation of an extract . five grams of pollen are suspended in 50 ml phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) and extracted by stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes . after centrifugation at 20000 × g for 10 min at 4 ° c . the supernatant is filtered through a 0 . 45 - micron filter . the protein concentration of the grass pollen extract is determined using the bca reagent ( pierce ). induction of asthma — brown norway rats , 3 weeks old , weighing 150 grams each are sensitized at day 0 by subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of lolium perenne ( rye grass ) soluble proteins and 200 mg of aluminum hydroxide ( merck ) in 0 . 9 % ( w / w ) saline in a total volume of 1 ml , and intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml saline containing bordetella pertussis ( 6 × 10 9 heat killed organisms ) ( pasteur marieux , france ). the animals are challenged every other day from day 14 until day 21 with repeated allergen ( lolium perenne proteins ) inhalation 1 mg / ml . bronchoconstriction measurements — before and after every challenge bronchoconstriction is measured in unrestrained conscious rats using a method validated by ( hamelmann et al ., 1997 ) and expressed as the enhanced pause ( penh ), before and after allergen or allergen + ocam challenge . animals are placed in a whole - body plethysmograph . analogue signals from the amplifier are converted to digital signals by ad card ( lpm - 16 national instruments , austin , tex .). software ( system xa , model sft 1810 , buxco electronics ) is used to analyze 10 breath signals and calculate the respiratory rate , and penh . this % δpenh is used to compare the difference in bronchoconstriction between the treatment groups . bronchoalveolar lavage ( bal )— bal is performed 48 hours after the last challenge . mice are anesthetized with i . p . injection of ketamine / xylazine ( 200 mg / kg ) and sacrificed by bleeding from the abdominal aorta . the mice are than tracheotomized and incanulated through the trachea . bal is performed with 5 ml of pbs in aliquots of 1 ml each time . the lavage fluid is collected in sterile tubes ( falcon ) and placed immediately in ice . bal is used for cell count and differential cell count ( after may - grunwald giemsa staining ) and for measurement of cytokines . pathology — lungs are removed and fixed by inflation with paraformaldehyde at a pressure of 20 cm h 2 o . the lung tissues are cut longitudinally in three , embedded in paraffin , randomly sliced and stained with eosin - hematoxylin for assessments of interstitial and peri - bronchial inflammation . other slides are stained with alcian blue and pas for epithelial cell mucus metaplasia . formulation of ocam suitable for nasal spray , inhalation and topical cream ocam formulations for nasal spray , inhalation and topical cream are prepared based on common and acceptable ingredients . the stability of the formulations is tested in an accelerated stability study . ocam allergen blocking will be determined by ige - elisa . binding of rye grass pollen proteins to microcrystalline cellulose or to ocam prepared therefrom preparation of soluble pollen proteins — pollen from lolium perenne or lolium rigidum ( 100 mg per sample ) were dissolved in 1 ml of pbs . the pollen solvent mixture was rotated for 15 minutes after which point the pollen was separated from the supernatant by centrifugation . binding assay — microcrystalline cellulose , koh washed microcrystalline cellulose , ocam or barely beta - glucan cas : p - bgbl ( megazyme , ireland ) were suspended in pbs alt a concentration of 20 mg / ml . a total of 5 - 20 mg polysaccharide / sample were precipitated in an eppendorf tube , resuspended in 450 μl of pbs , mixed with 200 μl of pollen supernatant and rotated for 1 hour . the particles were precipitated and the supernatant termed unbound fraction ( ub ) was collected and mixed 1 / 1 in sample application buffer ( sab ). the cellulose particles pellets were then washed twice in pbs and resuspended in 30 μl sab x2 ( termed bound ( b ) fraction ). total proteins ( termed t ) were made by diluting the pollen sup 1 / 4 with pbs and then mixing the diluted proteins 1 / 1 with sab x2 . all samples were boiled . samples b , ub and t were loaded to and separated by 15 % or gradient glycine gels and stained with either coomassie blue or silver stain . indicated bands were excised from the gel and analyzed by lc - ms / ms . 1 . microcrystalline cellulose , ocam ( oxidized cellulose made from microcrystalline cellulose ) and beta - glucan were able to bind a portion of the pollen proteins ; 2 . sequencing of the major microcrystalline bound proteins revealed mostly allergens including the expansin family ; and 3 . oxidation of microcrystalline cellulose dramatically increased its pollen - protein binding capacity . unlike microcrystalline cellulose , ocam bound most of the pollen proteins , which can be observed from the massive reduction of proteins in the unbound fraction , most of the different pollen proteins were found in the ocam bound fraction .
the present invention relates to particles of glucans , particularly oxidized cellulosed for use in medicine . the invention further discloses pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment and / or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders associated with or mediated by allergens .