the beef shelter system of the present invention creates a controlled environment that incorporates and utilizes the cattle &# 39 ; s natural behavior and herd instincts . these behaviors and instincts include : to keep their hair coats dry ( no snow or chilling rain ); to stay off frozen lumpy ground ( no bruised hooves and lameness ); to stay out of the mud ( no foot rot or hair damage ); to lie down on a dry bedding pack ( no bruising or pressure sores ); to seek a concrete free area to stand ( prevent hoof and leg stress ); and the shelter system has a roof over the entire cattle feeding area to prevent manure runoff resulting from rainfall or snow melt . certain constructional and operational features , both individually and in various combinations , are worthy of specific mention before describing in detail the specific construction shown in the drawings . these features emphasize the flexible uses of the system . according to one feature of the invention , the system provides a roof over the entire cattle feeding area so that the manure can be handled in a dry state to prevent odor and runoff that are a result of liquid manure . the system also provides a roof over the entire cattle feeding area to provide shade from the summer sun and also provides a roof over the entire cattle feeding area to keep the cattle free from rain and snow to keep their hair coat dry . the system roof also prevents the wet conditions that contribute to hatching of fly eggs and the resultant fly problems for the cattle and the surrounding area . the system also uses a designed naturally ventilation air flow caused by a chimney split in the roof cover and a draft gap in the normally north facing wall . this results in removal of moist air and replacement with dry air . according to another aspect of the present invention , it is worthy to note the structure does not have to be heated or insulated . according to another aspect of the present invention , the frame structure is placed 10 ′ above the floor on 6 ″× 6 ″× 14 ′ posts anchored 4 ′ in the ground . this allows for maximum ventilation and freedom from moisture condensing on the ceiling . according to another aspect of the present invention , the frame structure as installed normally runs east and west in length and is open to the south . this allows the winter sun to stream in on the open 10 ′ high south side . this allows the cattle to stand in the warm sunshine and keeps the 12 ′ concrete pad along the feed bunk from freezing . in the summer time with the sun in its north axis , the cattle have complete shade and the 10 ′ high south opening allows maximum ventilation . preferably , the frame system has a 5 ′ rollup curtain on the west , north and east side that is down in the winter to prevent wind chill , and rolled up in the summer to allow maximum air movement due to venturi effect to prevent heat stress . according to another aspect of the present invention , the system has a one foot opening in the top of the roof of the building ( i . e . chimney split ) to allow the heat and moisture to vent out the top . this will prevent steam and moisture from collecting in the hoop frame structure , especially when used with the normally north facing wall draft gap . according to another aspect of the present invention , the shelter has a 4 ′ awning as part of the roof on the south side that extends out over the feed bunk to prevent snow and rain from falling in the bunk and spoiling feed . according to another aspect of the present invention , the shelter has two 16 ′ wide × 14 ′ high rollup doors located on the west and east side of the building . this allows easy access to the structure for bedding the pens and for cleaning the pens . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system uses steel 5 ′ high double gate pipe gates to safely separate pens of cattle and to allow easy access to move cattle into and out of the structure . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system has water tanks located in the structure so that all cattle have easy access to protected water . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system has pens that are 80 ′ wide to keep the cattle in small 80 head groups . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system provides 1 ′ of bunk space for each animal and the bunk is 3 ′ wide to allow adequate feed capacity . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system provide a 6 ″ high step in front of the feed bunk to prevent dunging in the bunk . as well the feed bunk uses a unique bracket system to allow easy board replacement , if needed . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system provides a 4 ′ wide area of concrete that slopes away from feed bunk with a 2 ″ slope that allows the cattle hoof action to scrape the manure down to the 8 ′ level adjoining concrete slab . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system provides an 8 ′ wide area of level concrete between the 4 ′ sloped concrete and the dry bedding pack . this level concrete ( drover &# 39 ; s alley ) is easily cleaned with a tractor scraper to keep manure from building up in the structure . this concrete pad is scraped clean and the manure is removed from the building to the compost pile about once every 10 days . the drover &# 39 ; s alley pen gating ( see fig1 ) and the rollup doors on the ends of the structure allow this to be a very easy one person procedure . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system uses 2⅜ ″ pipe as bunk headers to allow cattle safe access to the feed bunk . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system uses 1 ″ sucker rod located 1 ′ above the bunk header pipe to prevent cattle from jumping over and into the feed bunk . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system uses ag lime # 3 to be placed over the 24 ′ wide ground area 4 ″ deep to seal the ground from manure penetration and to act as a moisture barrier to keep the bedding pack dry . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system uses straw , corn stover and bean stover as bedding above the limestone layer . approximately ½ of a 1200 # round bale of bedding is required for each animal during a 100 day feeding period . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system &# 39 ; s bedding pack is removed with a front end loader after each pen of cattle have been marketed . the bedding pack will make a dry compost and can be stacked outside the structure in a compost pile until the farmer has crop ground available to spread the dry odor free fertilizer . according to another aspect of the present invention , the hoop frame shelter system uses the bedding compost pile to compost any dead animal as fly - free , odor - free compost that can later be spread on crop ground as composted fertilizer . each of the previously discussed features and aspects are variable options that can be used singly or in combination with some or all of the other mentioned features to provide maximum operator flexibility to assure dry animals maintained in their thermo neutral zone to achieve maximum weight gain and feed efficiency . referring now more particularly to the drawings by character reference , fig1 discloses the animal shelter 10 looking at a perspective view of the south facing side . the shelter 10 is generally positioned on the ground 12 and comprises a wooden foundation perimeter frame 14 which has spaced apart frame beams 16 extending upwardly from the ground about 10 ′. frame posts or beams 16 are anchored 4 ′ into the ground . this 10 ′ spacing allows for maximum ventilation and freedom from moisture condensing on the ceiling . a one foot opening 46 a in the top of roof ( chimney split ) in the center of the building is to allow the heat and moisture to vent out the top , as later explained in conjunction with fig8 . frame beams or posts 16 have a hoop awning structure frame 18 extending upwardly from the frame beams 16 and over the top to form an awning frame extending from the south side up and across over to the north side corresponding frame beams 16 . covering 19 is extended over the awning frame and secured to it by any suitable means such as ties , snaps , hooks , etc . the covering 19 is flexible , non metal and can be a natural material such as canvas or flexible polymer plastics like polyvinyl chloride , polyester , coated or uncoated . wooden frame 14 is anchored to a substantially flat ( on the interior portion ) cement floor or concrete slab 20 . in a preferred embodiment , concrete slab 20 has an interior flat portion and extends to a sloped interior portion 22 which terminates in a stepped up exterior flat portion 24 . preferably this step is 6 ″ ( see fig2 ). this prevents animals from defecating into the feed box or bunker 26 as earlier explained . feed bunker 26 is attached to the exterior portion of frame beams 16 along the outside of the beams . in this manner , animals 28 inside of the shelter 10 can stick their heads out facing south and feed from the feed bunker 26 ( see fig4 ). again looking at the south side ( see fig6 ), the awning frame 30 extends out from the awning hoop structure 18 and over the feed bunker 26 . the awning 32 positioned on awning frame 30 is a 4 ′ awning which actually is part of the roof on the south side and extends over the feed bunk to prevent snow and rain from falling in the feed bunk and spoiling feed . awning frame 30 has support stints 36 and 38 . in the summer the awning 32 also functions to provide shade . in the winter , it may be rolled up to provide sun into the south side for warmth . the north side also has a vertical rollup cover 39 positioned vertically up to the 10 ′ level which may be rolled or unrolled selectively to provide warmth when it is down and ventilation when it is up . the east and west ends have two 16 ′ wide by 14 ′ high rollup doors 40 and 42 to allow easy access to the structure . bedding material ( not depicted ) may be placed on the limestone floor 45 . the doors 40 and 42 may be rolled up for scooping or cleaning with a front end loader after each pen of cattle has been sent to market . scooped out bedding material will make a dry compost that can be stacked outside of the structure for a compost pile available to spread on crop ground . certain constructional features relating to the position of the shelter 10 on the ground are worthy of consideration and mentioned herein . as seen in fig2 , agricultural limestone 45 is placed over a 24 ′ wide ground area 4 ′ deep in the building to seal the ground from manure penetration and to act as a moisture barrier to keep the bedding pack dry . the system uses straw , corn stover , and bean stover as bedding above the limestone layer . bunk header pipe 46 is attached to frame posts 16 to allow cattle safe access to the feed bunk 26 , and sucker rod 48 is positioned about one foot above header pipe 46 to prevent cattle into the feed bunk 26 . crushed rock 44 is placed 10 ft wide in front of bunk for a feed truck to drive on to deliver feed to the feed bunk 26 . the normally north facing wall is best seen in perspective in fig3 . a sectional view through it is shown in fig8 to illustrate the draft gap ( see arrow 50 ). in operation , fresh air hitting the north wall is swept through the draft gap along the line of directional arrow 50 . once inside it is swept up and through chimney split 46 due to the chimney draw effect . air coming into the large opening 46 b creates air movement to smaller opening 46 a due to the venturi effect of air picking up speed from a large opening to a small opening . one standing near the north facing wall can feel the strong air intake draft . this performs several important functions . first , any moist or steam - like air is swept up and out chimney split 46 a . secondly , dry air is swept inside the structure along the draft gap ( see arrow 50 ). third , the animals stay within the thermo neutral temperature zone and out of any wind chill , and fourth , the interior is kept dry due to the air circulation . water is removed from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere by two distinct mechanisms : evaporation and transpiration . evaporation can be defined as the process where liquid water is transformed into a gaseous state . transpiration is the process of water loss from plants through stomata . stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves that are connected to vascular plant tissues . in most plants , transpiration is a passive process largely controlled by the humidity of the atmospheric and the moisture content of the soil . it is often difficult to distinguish between evaporation and transpiration . so we use composite term evapotranspiration . the rate of evapotranspiration at any instant from the earth &# 39 ; s surface is controlled by four factors : energy availability . the more energy available the greater the rate of evapotranspiration . it takes about 600 calories of heat energy to change 1 gram of liquid water into a gas . the humidity gradient away from the surface . the rate and quantity of water vapor entering into the atmosphere both become higher in drier air . the wind speed immediately above the surface . many of us have observed that our gardens need more watering on windy days compared to calm days when temperatures are similar . this fact occurs because wind increases the potential evapotranspiration . the process of evapotranspiration moves water vapor from ground or water surfaces to an adjacent shallow layer that is only a few centimeters thick . when this layer becomes saturated evapotranspiration stops . however , wind can remove this layer replacing it with drier air which increases the potential for evapotranspiration . water availability . evapotranspiration cannot occur if water is not available . evapotranspiration rate for any specific area of the united states may be found on the d . t . n . ag weather forecast by entering city , state and zip code . the evapotranspiration rate depends on temperature , relative humidity and wind speed . the rate is expressed per day in inches of moisture removed . the average range in the evapotranspiration rate is 0 . 00 inches to 0 . 40 inches per day . the moisture removed in the system here described that allows 40 sq . ft per animal can be calculated . for example on sunday oct . 15 , 2006 , the evapotranspiration rate in northwest iowa was 0 . 20 inches based on a temperature of 60 ° f ., 40 % relative humidity and a wind speed of 10 miles per hour . 1152 cubic inches of water removed divided by 230 cubic inches = 5 gallons of water ( 0 . 10 evapotranspiration rate equals 2½ gallons of water removed over 40 sq . ft . area ). assuming cattle drink 5 - 10 gallons of water per day depending on temperature and size of cattle , 60 % of that water is excreted as urine . for example , 8 gallons of water consumed × 60 %= 4 . 8 gallons of urine produced / head / day . thus on oct . 15 , 2006 in northwest iowa with an evapotranspiration rate of 0 . 20 inches the system with a 1000 # animal would have been dry with more moisture removed than excreted . the operation of the present system is based on the evapotranspiration rate . the venturi effect and the chimney effect will create air movement in the building even when there is no wind . this adds to the drying effect . the rate of drying depends on the temperature and relative humidity . on an average day with an evapotranspiration rate of 0 . 20 inches the barn will be dry . if the rate drops below 0 . 20 inches the excess moisture and manure is removed by scrapping the concrete pad with a box scraper and adding bedding to the pack area to absorb the excess moisture and manure . as an estimated example in northwest iowa with 1000 # animal one would expect to scrape the pad on average every 10 days and add bedding on the same schedule , depending on time of year and actual evapotranspiration rate . the bedding required for a 600 head building would be approximately 500 large round cornstalk bales per year depending on size of animals and the evapotranspiration rate for the specific location . fig9 shows the details of the feed bunk brackets 52 , illustrated along the front of feed bunker 26 . bracket 52 is comprised of a base 54 which bolts or anchors to a concrete slab . at its outer end base 54 is attached to an upright post 56 , angularly disposed from the inner end of base 54 to the top of post 56 , is angular bracket 58 . bunker boards are then slid into to angular bracket 58 . they may be conveniently removed as needed for replacement boards . fig1 is a top schematic view of the drover &# 39 ; s alley configuration which may be placed within the interior of the building in order to control animal 28 movements . as shown there is one or more permanent perimeter fences 60 spaced apart and extending lengthwise which divides the interior into dry bedding pack zones 62 a , 62 b and cement floor covered drover &# 39 ; s alleys 64 a , 64 b with double hinged gates 66 , 68 . the gates 66 , 68 are mounted between the permanent fences 60 with each gate having a hinged attachment end 66 a and a distal end 66 b . the hinged attachment ends 66 a are positioned in close proximity with each other to allow each gate 66 , 68 to independently rotate through generally the same space so that each gate 66 , 68 has a first position wherein the gate 66 , 68 forms a barrier with one of the first permanent fences 60 , a second position wherein the gate 66 , 68 forms a barrier with the foundation frame 14 , and a third position wherein the gate 66 , 68 forms a barrier with the other permanent fence 60 . the gates 66 , 68 may be closed and interior confined dry bedding zone 62 shut off or opened to allow access to drover &# 39 ; s alley 64 . a barrier such as fence 70 is located between perimeter fences 60 and is used to help divide adjacent bedding zones 62 a , 62 b . as a result animals may be confined in dry bedding area 62 a , 62 b while the drover &# 39 ; s alley 641 , 64 b is conveniently cleared by a working tool such as a blade , front end loader or the like . after cleaning the double hinged gates 66 , 68 may be opened to allow cattle access to the feed bunk area adjacent the drover &# 39 ; s alleys 64 a , 64 b . it can therefore be seen that the hoop frame system creates a controlled environment . the hoop frame system has a roof providing protection from the weather elements . the system has rollup curtains for ventilation in summer and they are rolled down for protection from wind chill in winter . the system has feed bunks , water , bedding pack and a concrete scrape alley under one roof . the system has gating and rollup doors to allow access for bedding , cleaning and moving cattle . the method utilizes the steps in a hoop frame system that promotes cattle to utilize their natural instincts to seek shade , to seek out wind protection , to keep their hair coat dry , to stay off frozen lumpy ground , to lie down on a dry bedding pack , to stay in small groups and to seek a quiet protected area to ruminate and rest . the hoop frame shelter system allows cattle to be fed in a controlled environment without the associated pollution of water and air that open feedlots create with manure runoff from rain and snow melt . it therefore can be seen it accomplishes all of its intended objects .
an improved cattle feeding system and shelter to maintain cattle in their thermo neutral zone . the shelter has a building foundation frame extending upwardly from the ground with an awning frame extending upwardly from the foundation frame and over it . this allows for an awning to be placed over the shelter frame to at least partially enclose it . the awning has a portion which is optionally opened to the south and optionally opened to the north to selectively allow air ventilation or catching the warmth of a southern sun exposure it also defines a chimney in the roof area and draft gap in the north wall . the awning also has a portion that can extend outwardly to the south , as well as retract . vertically extendable and retractable awning closures are over the east and west ends of the frame to form selective entrances and exits . the entire system is built on a partial cement floor and a deep bedded area on a limestone pack and is of a configuration which enhances cleanliness inside of the shelter . the drover &# 39 ; s alley allows cattle to be sorted and moved inside the shelter and to be restrained on the bedding pack while concrete alley is scraped .