an orthodontic appliance according to one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig1 and 2 and is broadly designated by the numeral 20 . the appliance 20 includes a base 22 and an archwire support 24 that is connected to the base 22 . an elongated archwire slot 26 extends through the archwire support 24 for receiving an archwire . in more detail , the base 22 includes a first , tooth - facing side 28 that is illustrated in fig2 and a second side 30 that is opposite to the first side 28 . the second side 30 is shown in fig1 . in the illustrated example , the appliance 20 is adopted to be secured to a buccolabial side of a tooth . consequently , the first side 28 of the base 22 in this example can also be deemed a lingual side ( i . e ., a side facing the patient &# 39 ; s tongue ) and the second side 30 can be deemed a buccolabial side ( i . e ., a side facing the patient &# 39 ; s lips or cheeks ). as shown in fig2 , the first side 28 of the base 22 is provided with a series of cavities 32 for receiving a portion of an orthodontic adhesive that is used to affix the appliance 20 to the enamel of a patient &# 39 ; s tooth . the cavities 32 are arranged in a rectangular array and have a square configuration when viewed in a buccolabial direction . however , other arrays and shapes are also possible . for example , the cavities could be arranged in a diagonal array and / or have a circular , oval or rectangular shape when viewed in a buccolabial direction . alternatively , the cavities 32 may comprise two or more series of elongated grooves instead of the discrete small cavities 32 shown in fig2 . the grooves may be arranged in a parallel array or may be arranged in a cross - over array where some of the grooves intersect with other grooves . examples of elongated grooves arranged in a cross - over array are described in u . s . design pat . no . 331 , 975 which is expressly incorporated by reference herein . as a further option , the cavities 32 may be interconnected by pores that extend through the interior of the base 22 or by open channels that lie along the exterior surface of the first side 28 of the base 22 . additionally , the cavities 32 may be established by spaces between protrusions that extend outwardly from the first side 28 in a direction away from the second side 30 . in addition , the base 22 including the cavities 32 may include additional structure or aspects that further enhance the bond of the appliance 20 to the patient &# 39 ; s tooth surface . for example , the base 22 including the surfaces within the cavity 32 may be etched with a chemical etchant or with laser etching apparatus , or roughened with sandblasting apparatus . as an additional example , the base 22 including the cavities 32 may be coated with a primer or other composition that serves to enhance the bond between the orthodontic adhesive and the appliance 20 . preferably , the first side 28 of the base 22 has a shape that matches the configuration of the tooth surface for which the appliance 20 is intended . in the example shown in the drawings , the first side 28 has a concave , compound contour that is curved in directions adapted to mate with the convex shape of a molar tooth . one of the curves can be viewed in a reference plane parallel to the occlusal plane of the patient when the appliance 20 is mounted on a tooth , and this curve is depicted in perspective view in fig4 . the remaining curve can be viewed in a reference plane perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is depicted in perspective view in fig5 . however , in certain instances ( such as in appliances intended for anterior teeth ), the base may be curved along only one direction or alternatively have a flat configuration . the archwire support 24 in this embodiment is a rectangular “ u ”- shaped member having three sides : an occlusal side 34 , a buccolabial side 36 and a gingival side 38 . the archwire support 24 extends in a longitudinal direction across the base 22 . a lingual edge of the occlusal side 34 and a lingual edge of the gingival side 38 are integrally connected directly to the second side 30 of the base 22 . as shown , the archwire support 24 does not include a lingual side that might otherwise be located adjacent the second side 30 of the base 22 . optionally , the archwire support 24 is located laterally offset in an occlusal or gingival direction from the middle of the base 22 . the occlusal side 34 of the archwire support 24 includes an occlusal wall section ( not shown ) and the gingival side 38 includes a gingival wall section 42 that is illustrated in fig1 . the buccolabial side 36 of the archwire support 24 includes a buccolabial wall section 44 ( fig2 ). preferably , but not necessarily , the wall sections are flat and have widths that match the shape of a selected rectangular archwire to be received in the archwire slot 26 . additionally , the occlusal wall section and the gingival wall section 42 preferably are parallel to each other . the archwire slot 26 is defined by the occlusal wall section , the gingival wall section 42 , the buccolabial wall section 44 as well as a tooth - facing or lingual wall section 46 that is shown in fig1 and 3 - 5 . the lingual wall section 46 is not part of the archwire support 24 , but instead is part of the base 22 . preferably , the lingual wall section 46 is flat and extends in a reference plane that is parallel to the labial wall section 44 . alternatively , the lingual wall section 46 as well as one or more of the remaining wall sections may include one or more ridges or grooves ( not shown ) for engaging the archwire . examples of such grooves are shown in fig8 - 11 of u . s . design pat . no . 315 , 957 which is incorporated by reference herein . preferably , however , the wall sections contact the archwire in sufficient areas along the length of the archwire slot 26 so that good control between movement of the appliance 20 and movement of the archwire is afforded . as shown in fig1 , 3 , 4 and 5 , the lingual wall section 46 extends below the second side 30 of the base 22 in a lingual direction . consequently , the thickness of the base 22 in regions located lingually of the lingual wall section 46 is less than the thickness of the base 22 in remaining regions of the base 22 . the thickness of the base 22 for this purpose is determined in directions parallel to a buccolabial - lingual reference axis . optionally , the thickness of the base 22 is essentially uniform ( ignoring the cavities 32 ) except for regions of the base 22 that are located lingually of the lingual wall section 46 . in the illustrated embodiment , the second side 30 of the base 22 is convex and the thickness of the base 22 is smallest in regions next to the center of the lingual wall section 46 ( for this purpose , the center of the wall section 46 is determined in directions along a mesial - distal reference axis ). however , other constructions are also possible . for example , if the appliance 20 is intended to be placed on the tooth at a location that is offset the mesial - distal center of the tooth or if the appliance 20 is intended to provide what is known as offset rotation , the thickness of the base 22 may be smallest in regions that are located on the lingual side of the lingual wall section 46 , but adjacent the mesial or distal end of the same . in these examples , the thickness of the base 22 varies in regions located lingually of the lingual wall section 46 in accordance with the location of that region in directions along the longitudinal axis of the archwire slot 26 . additionally , the depth ( i . e . the overall depth ) of the cavities 32 in directions along a buccolabial - lingual reference axis varies in corresponding relationship to the thickness of the base 22 . in particular , the depth of the cavities 32 is the least in regions where the thickness of the base 22 is the smallest . in the embodiment illustrated in the drawings , and particularly with reference to fig4 , it can be observed that the depth of the cavities 32 that are located near the mesial - distal center of the archwire slot 26 is less than the depth of the remaining cavities 32 , including the cavities adjacent the mesial and distal ends of the lingual wall section 46 . the depth of at least some of the cavities 32 located in regions lingually of the archwire slot 26 is less than the depth of the cavities 32 that are located in regions offset from the archwire slot 26 in an occlusal or gingival direction . optionally , the depth of the cavities 32 progressively increases as the thickness of the base 22 increases . as another option , the depth of the cavities 32 may progressively increase as the occlusal edge and / or gingival edge of the appliance 20 is approached . the features of the appliance 20 described above provide a significant advantage in that the overall height of the appliance 20 in a buccolabial direction is smaller than might be otherwise possible . in particular , the lingual wall section 46 , being located below the second side 30 of the base 22 in a lingual direction , enables the archwire slot 26 to be relatively close to the first side 28 of the base 22 . the varying thickness of the base 22 as well as the varying depth of the cavities 32 also enables such advantages to be realized . importantly , control over movement of the appliance 20 , the archwire and the associated tooth need not be compromised by following the principles of the present invention . in particular , since the lingual wall section 46 is parallel with the buccolabial wall section 44 , the archwire maintains good bearing contact with the appliance 20 . as such , forces exerted by the archwire on the appliance 20 are transferred without undue tolerance or “ slop ” so that precise control over movement of the archwire or the associated teeth can be attained . a low profile orthodontic appliance 20 a according to another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in fig6 , 7 and 8 . the appliance 20 a includes a base 22 a that is essentially the same as the base 20 described above . however , the appliance 20 a has an archwire support 24 a that is somewhat different than the archwire support 24 mentioned above . in particular , the archwire support 24 a includes a mesial - occlusal tiewing 48 a , a mesial - gingival tiewing 50 a , a distal - occlusal tiewing 52 a and a distal - gingival tiewing 54 a . each of the tiewings 48 a - 54 a has a generally inverted “ l ”- shaped configuration and a lingual end section that is directly connected to a second or buccolabial side 30 a of the base 22 a . an archwire slot 26 a extends in a generally mesial - distal direction across the appliance 20 a . the archwire slot 26 a passes through the space between the tiewings 48 a , 50 a as well as through the space between the tiewings 52 a , 54 a . the archwire slot 26 a is defined by two occlusal wall sections 40 a that are located on the tiewings 48 a , 52 a respectively , and two gingival wall sections ( not shown ) that are located on the tiewings 50 a , 54 a respectively . the archwire slot 26 a is also defined by a lingual wall section 46 a that is part of the base 22 a . the appliance 20 a is a bracket and , as with many brackets , the archwire slot 26 a is open along its buccolabial side . in order to couple the archwire to the appliance 20 a , a ligature ( not shown ) is placed across the buccolabial side of the archwire once the archwire is seated in the archwire slot 26 a . the ligature is also placed around two or more of the tiewings 48 a - 54 a in order to hold the ligature in place and secure the archwire to the appliance 20 a . conventional , commonly - known ligatures useful for ligating include small elastomeric o - rings and also sections of metallic wire that are formed into a loop by the practitioner . advantageously , the tiewings 48 a - 54 a lack undercut areas or notches that are conventionally located on the lingual side of the portions of the tiewings that overhang the base . in other words , the overhanging portions do not have a recess that is located a distance further away from the buccolabial side 30 a of the base 22 a in a buccolabial direction than the distance between the outer , occlusal or gingival ends of the same tiewings from the buccolabial side 30 a of the base 22 a . instead , the lingual sides of the overhanging portions of the tiewings 48 a - 54 a are generally smooth and flat and extend along occlusal - gingival reference axes . such construction is satisfactory in part due to the recessed lingual wall section 46 a , which enables the archwire to be located closer to the first side 28 a of the base 22 a than might be otherwise possible . advantageously , the appliance 20 a lacks a body that is conventionally provided between the tiewings and the base . instead , the tiewings 48 a - 54 a are directly connected to the buccolabial side of the base 22 a . preferably , the appliance 20 a is integrally made as a unitary component by a metal injection molding process or a machining process . as an alternative , however , the tiewings 48 a - 54 a maybe manufactured separately and then connected by a welding or brazing operation directly to the base 22 a . other aspects of the appliance 20 a are similar to the appliance 20 mentioned above , including the variance in thickness of the base 22 a and the variance in the depth of cavities in the base 22 a . accordingly , the advantages realized in connection with the appliance 20 are afforded to the appliance 20 a as well . a low profile orthodontic appliance 20 b according to another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in fig9 and 10 . except as described below , the appliance 20 b is essentially the same as the appliance 20 a . the appliance 20 b has a base 22 b with one or more protrusions 56 b that extend in a direction toward an archwire slot 26 b . in the illustrated embodiment , the base 22 b includes two protrusions 56 b in the general shape of rounded , semi - spherical bumps . one of the protrusions 56 b is located adjacent a mesial end of the archwire slot 26 b , and the remaining protrusion 56 b is located adjacent the distal end of the archwire slot 26 b . however , it is also possible to provide one or more protrusions that are located adjacent only one end of the archwire slot 26 b , especially in instances where the appliance is intended to rotate the associated tooth about its long axis during the course of treatment . optionally , the protrusions 56 b are formed during a metal injection molding process that is carried out when manufacturing the appliance 20 b . as another option , the protrusions 56 b maybe formed by use of a punch process , wherein a punch tool is placed in contact with a tooth - facing side of the base 22 and urged in a buccolabial direction . although not shown in the drawings , the appliance 20 b may include an archwire slot that is defined in part by a lingual wall section which extends below the buccolabial side of the appliance base 22 in a lingual direction . for example , the lingual wall section may be similar to the lingual wall sections 46 , 46 a described above . in those instances , the protrusions 56 b may extend in a buccolabial direction from the recessed lingual wall section . as an additional option , the protrusions 56 b may be located on the mesial and / or distal side of the lingual wall section . a low profile orthodontic appliance 20 c according to another embodiment of the invention is partially shown in fig1 and 12 . fig1 is a cross - sectional view of the appliance 20 c taken in the same direction as the illustration of fig1 . except as set out below , the appliance 20 c is the same as the appliance 20 b . the appliance 20 c has two protrusions 56 c that extend in a buccolabial direction from a base 22 c of the appliance 20 c . in this embodiment , however , the protrusions 56 c are in the form of a ramp of varying thickness in a buccolabial direction . in particular , the thickness decreases as the mesial - distal center of the archwire slot 26 c is approached . the buccolabial surface of each protrusion 56 c in this example lies in a flat plane . although the protrusions 56 c vary in thickness , the protrusions 56 c are located atop a convex buccolabial side 30 c of the base 22 c . the variance in thickness of the protrusions 56 c is selected in accordance with the curvature of the buccolabial side 30 c of the base 22 c so that the outermost , buccolabial surfaces of the protrusions 56 c lie in a common , flat plane . as a result , the protrusions 56 c flatly contact the lingual side of the archwire and enable the archwire to exert firm , precise control over movement of the associated tooth . as an alternative , the protrusions 56 c may be of uniform thickness in a buccolabial direction . such construction may be desirable , for example , when the buccolabial side 30 c is essentially flat instead of convex as shown in the drawings . as an additional option , the protrusions 56 c may be located on a recessed lingual wall section of the archwire slot , such as the recessed lingual wall sections 46 , 46 a described above . the low profile orthodontic appliances according to the invention , including the appliances described in detail above , maybe made of any material that is suitable for use in the oral cavity and has sufficient strength to resist the stresses normally encountered during the course of orthodontic treatment . examples of such materials include metallic materials such as alloys of stainless steel and titanium . ceramic materials may also be employed , such as translucent polycrystalline alumina . a particularly preferred low profile orthodontic appliance is made of stainless steel series no . 17 - 4ph or 316l using a metal injection molding technique . the orthodontic appliances that are described above are representative examples of the present invention and a number of other embodiments are also possible . for example , the appliances may be adapted for connection to the lingual side of the tooth instead of the labial tooth side as mentioned above . furthermore , the appliance may be provided with additional features such as auxiliary slots , hooks , alignment marks and the like . accordingly , the invention should not be deemed limited to the particular examples that are set out in detail , but instead only by a fair scope of the claims that follow along with their equivalents .
an orthodontic appliance such as a bracket or buccal tube has an overall , low profile shape . the appliance includes a base having a thickness that is less in regions adjacent the archwire slot as compared to remaining regions . in certain embodiments , the base is provided with protrusions that extend into the archwire slot for controlling rotation of the associated tooth . the resulting low profile of the appliance enhances its aesthetic appearance and helps to avoid impingement of the appliance and the attached archwire on adjacent soft tissue in the oral cavity .