the present application provides for determination of a patient &# 39 ; s heart rate using vad motor current . the present application is applicable to any vad known to have a single valued ( e . g ., linear , increasing , decreasing ) relationship between pump flow and motor current across operational ranges of flow and current for the vad , such as the hvad ® pump manufactured by heartware inc . in miami lakes , fla ., usa . the hvad ® pump is further discussed in commonly owned u . s . pat . no . 8 , 512 , 013 , as well as the commonly owned and concurrently filed u . s . provisional patent application no . 62 / 369 , 528 entitled “ vad with aortic valve opening detection ,” the applications of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety . in a vad in fluid communication with a patient &# 39 ; s heart , every heartbeat causes changes in the pressure differential across the vad . more specifically , if the vad is operating in a non - pulsatile mode and maintains a generally constant flow rate of blood over the course of a cardiac cycle , contraction of the heart causes an increase of pressure at an inlet of the pump . the increase of pressure affecting the overall differential pressure between the inlet and outlet of the pump . such change in differential pressure corresponds with a measurable change of flow , which may be observed via fluctuations in vad motor current . specifically , the vad controller may be in communication with one or more current sensors adapted to sense fluctuations in current drawn by the vad motor to maintain the constant speed of an impeller of the vad . these fluctuations in motor current have approximately the same periodicity as the patient &# 39 ; s cardiac cycle . thus , analysis of the fluctuations in motor current may be used to produce a heart rate determination . referring now to fig1 , a measured motor current signal ( thick solid line ) is sensed by a current sensor in communication with the vad motor . this motor current signal is an unfiltered signal . a filtered motor current signal is also shown in fig1 . the filter may either be included in or connected to the vad control circuit . in one example , the filter may be low pass filter , such as a running average or weighted running average ( e . g ., exponential running average ) of vad motor current . the number of cardiac cycles averaged by the filter may vary depending on the patient &# 39 ; s heart rate . fluctuations in motor current signal may be monitored based on rises and falls in the motor current . a rise in motor current may indicate the beginning of systole for the patient &# 39 ; s cardiac cycle , whereas a fall in motor current may indicate the beginning of diastole . thus , by tracking a rise , subsequent fall , and subsequent rise in motor current , it may be determined that the patient &# 39 ; s heart has completed one full cardiac cycle , beginning with systole and ending with diastole . alternatively , a complete cardiac cycle beginning with diastole and ending with systole may be identified by tracking a rise , subsequent fall , and subsequent rise in motor current . rises and falls in motor current may be triggered by an event detected in the motor current , such as the unfiltered current signal crossing the filtered current signal ( also referred to as a “ zero - crossing point ”). in the example of fig1 , instead of directly using the zero - crossing point between the unfiltered and filtered current signals , a rise or fall is considered to occur only after the unfiltered current signal crosses the filtered current signal and exceeds ( for rising ) or is less than ( for falling ) a preset amount ( referred to as “ upper band ” and “ lower band ” in fig1 ). in the example of fig1 the preset amount is the same for the upper and lower bands . however , in other examples , the upper and lower bands may be independently preset at different values . for example , as shown in fig1 , the “ n - n ” interval represents the time between the detecting a first event in the measured current signal , the first event being indicative of one from the group consisting of a rise in the current signal and a fall in the current signal , and between detecting a third event in the measured current signal , the third event being indicative of one from the group consisting of a rise in the current signal and a fall in the current signal in the same direction as the first event . in between the first and third events is when detecting a second event occurs , the second event being indicative of one from the group consisting of a rise in the current signal and a fall in the current signal in the opposite direction as the first event . heart rate may be determined based on a calculation of an amount of time elapsed during one or more complete cardiac cycles of the patient . elapsed time may be tracked using a timer either included in or connected to the vad control circuit . upon detection of the first event ( either a rise or fall in the motor signal ), the timer is started . also upon detection of the first event , the control circuit begins searching for and detects the subsequent second event opposite the first event ( a fall if the first event is a rise , or a rise if the first event is a fall ). upon detection of the second event , the control circuit begins searching for and detects the subsequent third event the same as the first event ( a rise if the first event is a rise , or a fall if the first event is a fall ). upon detection of the third event , the elapsed time is measured . the measured elapsed time equals the period of the patient &# 39 ; s cardiac cycle . thus , the heart rate of the patient may be determined by taking the inverse of the measured elapsed time . in the above example , heart rate is determined based on a single cardiac cycle . however , in other examples , heart rate may be determined based on a combination of multiple cardiac cycles . for instance , the above heart rate determination may be performed any discrete number of times , and the results of each determination may be averaged to derive an average heart rate . upon detection of the third event , the elapsed time is measured . the measured elapsed time equals the period of the patient &# 39 ; s cardiac cycle . thus , the heart rate of the patient may be determined by taking the inverse of the measured elapsed time . in yet further examples , multiple heart rate determinations may be performed simultaneously using a plurality of timers . for instance , the second event of one heart rate determination may simultaneously function as the first event of another heart rate determination . in such an instance , the third event of the first heart rate determination may also function as the second event of the second heart rate determination . upon detection of the third event , the control circuit may begin searching for and detects a subsequent fourth event the same as the second event ( a rise if the second event is a rise , or a fall if the second event is a fall ), which functions as the third event of the second heart rate determination . a first timer may measure elapsed time between the first and third events , whereas a second timer measures elapsed time between the second and fourth events . in this respect , the control circuit may be capable of performing approximately two heart rate determinations per cardiac cycle of the patient : one determination beginning with systole and ending with diastole , and another determination beginning with diastole and ending with systole . in those examples where multiple heart rate determinations are performed , the determinations may be stored in memory ( e . g ., a heart rate log file ) for further evaluation , either by a clinician or through an automated process conducted by the vad controller or an external processor . one such evaluation considers variability of the determined heart rate values over time . for instance , heart rate values may be repeatedly determined using any of the above described procedures for a predetermined amount of time ( e . g ., about 5 minutes ). then , descriptive statistics are obtained for the heart rate values determined over the predetermined amount of time . for example , a standard deviation of the heart rate values may be determined . in some instances , once the descriptive statistics are obtained , the determined heart rate values stored in memory may be cleared , and the process may be repeated . although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments , it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention . it is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention .
the present disclosure provides for methods and systems for determining heart rate of a patient . based on motor current signals of a ventricular assist device , each of first , second and third events in the measured current signal may be detected , the first event being indicative of a rise or fall in the current signal , the second event being indicative of a rise or fall in the current signal in the opposite direction as the first event , and the third event being indicative of a rise or fall in the current signal in the same direction as the first event . a timer counter may be initiated upon detection of the first event , and an elapsed time may be measured upon detection of the third event . heart rate may be determined based on the elapsed time of the timer counter .