turning now to fig1 and 3 , depictions of the fastener of the current invention , generally designated as 10 . fastener 10 comprises three sections , head section 11 , mesh retention section 12 , and threaded tissue - snaring section 13 . head section 11 comprises two opposing head threads 17 and two opposing open or slotted sections 16 . the distal surface of head section 11 is formed onto the proximal end of mesh retention section 12 . the preferred maximum dimension of head 11 transverse to the longitudinal axis of fastener 10 is 5 mm . mesh retention section 12 may , alternately , be tapered or right - cylinder shaped or may be omitted , which would allow the proximal end of threaded tissue - snaring section 13 to abut the distal end of head section 11 . unlike the embodiment of fastener 10 with no mesh retention section 12 , either the conical or cylindrical configuration mesh retention section 12 locks mesh 52 on to fastener 10 when mesh 52 is screwed past the proximal - most tissue - snaring thread 15 c since there is no thread located in mesh retention section 12 that would allow mesh 52 to be unscrewed from fastener 10 . mesh retention section 12 is generally cylindrical or conical shaped with a dimension transverse to its longitudinal axis that is smaller than the transverse dimension of head 11 and the transverse dimension of proximal most tissue - snaring thread 15 c . preferably the dimension transverse to the mesh retention section 12 longitudinal axis is 1 and 1 . 5 mm and the dimension parallel to the longitudinal axis is preferably between 0 . 5 and 1 . 5 mm . threaded tissue - snaring section 13 comprises aggressive , auger - like threads peaks , 15 a , 15 b and 15 c . threads 13 spiral in either a right hand or left hand manner ( here shown right hand ) from the distal end of mesh retention section 12 to the distal surface 14 of fastener 10 with , preferably , three thread peaks 15 a , 15 b , and 15 c and two thread roots 19 band 19 a . fig8 depicts a preferred embodiment of a tool steel thread cutter 60 for cutting thread section 13 . cutter 60 comprises a mounting shank 63 of diameter d and cutter section 62 . tapering a length of cylinder with angle theta and then removing half the tapered material to the centerline of the cylinder as depicted in fig7 a and 7 b results in forming cutting section 62 . radii 61 and 66 preferably are ground on the tip of cutter section 62 . preferably , theta is 20 degrees , d is 4 . 8 mm , l is 5 . 8 mm and radii 61 and 63 are 0 . 5 mm . thread section 13 can be formed by securing , preferably , a cylinder of absorbable polymer material , 5 mm diameter in diameter to one rotating axis of a three - axis machine center . cutter 60 is chucked into a spindle and rotated at a speed appropriate for cutting the material on to which thread section 13 is to be cut . the longitudinal axis of cutter 60 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder . the distal tip of cutter 60 is initially positioned on the centerline of the cylinder at a distance x from the distal surface of the cylinder . the machine center is then programmed to translate cutter 60 away from the cylinder &# 39 ; s axis , which is rotated about the longitudinal axis , and simultaneous to move the cutter proximal . by starting the cutter distal of the cylinder , but on the centerline , the auger - type thread section 13 are formed . any partial threads that occupy the mesh retention section 12 are then milled out so that mesh retention section 12 is preferably circular in cross section . preferably , x is set to 0 . 75 mm and the machine center axis parallel to the cylinder axis is translated at a rate five times the rate at which cutter 60 is translated perpendicular to the cylinder axis . preferably the cylinder is rotated four revolutions as cutter 60 moves from the starting position to just short of the distal surface of head 11 . this process forms threads as depicted in fig1 . a similar , but mirrored process , can be employed to form electrodes for burning a cavity into each half of an injection mold . care must be taken to insure surface 14 is sharp to insure fastener 10 easily penetrates tough mesh material such as expanded ptfe . fastener 10 is then completed by cutting the partial head threads 17 using process well know in the art . first thread peak 15 c is formed at the distal end of mesh retention section 12 and is smaller in dimensions transverse to the longitudinal axis than head section 11 and larger than mesh retention section 12 in dimensions transverse to the axis . the preferred transverse dimensions are 3 . 7 mm and 1 . 1 mm of the first thread peak 15 c and the first root 19 b respectively . the preferred transverse dimensions for second thread peak 15 b and second thread root 19 a are 2 . 9 mm and 0 . 4 mm respectively . the preferred transverse dimension of third thread peak 15 a is 1 . 5 mm . distal surface 14 is the terminus of tissue - snaring section 13 . owing to the process described above threads 18 terminate distally prior to reaching an apex . the dimension d shown in fig1 is the transverse dimension of the distal most thread 15 a of threaded tissue - snaring section 13 . d should be as large as design constraints will allow , preferably , greater than 1 mm . this geometry allows for ease of mesh penetration and minimizes indentation of the mesh into soft tissue as compared to a pointed distal end . a larger value of d , results in less pressure to cause indentation of tissue 51 and mesh 52 , for a given distal force exerted on applier 20 by the surgeon . turning now to fig4 , and 6 depicting the delivery device , or applier , for mesh fastener 10 , generally designated as 20 . fig4 is a cutaway view of the proximal end or body 35 of applier 20 . body 35 of applier 20 comprises handle 21 , outer tube 22 stabilizer ribs 36 , inner tube 23 , trigger 24 with trigger gear 32 and trigger pivot 34 attached to handle 21 , bevel gear 25 , return spring 26 , pinion gear 27 , anti reversal drive 28 , and bevel pinion gear 29 . pivot 34 is fixedly mounted to handle section 21 of body 35 and the axial for pinion 27 and bevel 25 is fixedly mounted to body 35 . drive 28 is fixed to pinion 27 owing to spline hub 36 that is fixedly attached to pinion 27 . drive 28 rotates bevel 25 owing to drive tooth 41 depicted in fig9 mating into groove 33 in bevel 25 shown in fig8 . fig5 depicts the distal end 30 of applier 20 with twenty fasteners 10 loaded , ready for use . fig6 is cutaway view of an enlargement of the distal end 30 of applier 20 depicting the distal most five fasteners 10 . head threads 17 of fasteners 10 engage internal screw threads 38 in outer tube 22 . the distal end of inner tube 23 is slotted to accept multiple fasteners 10 , having two tines opposite the two slots , not shown because of the cutaway , that engage two fastener slots 16 . head threads 17 extend between the tines to engage outer tube threads 38 . rotation of inner tube 23 about its longitudinal axis rotates fasteners 10 and advances them distally owing to head threads 17 engagement with outer tube threads 38 . in the preferred embodiment fasteners 10 are not in forced engagement with each other to avoid damage to distal tip 14 of fasteners 10 . in a preferred embodiment there are twenty - four tube threads 38 per inch , the overall length of fastener 10 is 0 . 203 inches , with five full turns of inner tube 23 advancing fasteners 10 0 . 208 inches . the distal end of outer tube 22 comprises counter bored 39 that preferably has a depth of 0 . 030 inches , which allows distal most fastener 10 to release from outer tube threads 38 in the last three quarters of a turn of a five turn actuation sequence in the application and ejection process , as will be detailed below . five embodiments of fastener 10 are described herein comprising four different molar ratios of dlpl and pg . the resins of the co - polymers in each case were prepared using well - known techniques of polymerization of cyclic dimmers . the molar percentages ( m ) of dlpl and pg were measured along with the residual monomer percentage ( rm ). after polymerization the resins were thoroughly dried . fastener 10 was then injection molded in a standard micro - molding machine at 150 deg . c . the transition glass temperature ( tg ), the absorption time at 37 deg . c . ( to 20 % of the original mass ) ( at ), the tensile strength ( ts ) and young &# 39 ; s modulus ( ym ) were then measured . fastener 10 was then subjected to 25 kgy e beam radiation and the tensile strength and young &# 39 ; s modulus re - measured . standard techniques , well known by those skilled in the art , were employed in the measurements of each of the parameters . the results are shown below : case i m , m , dlpl , pg , rm , tg , at , ts , parameter % % % deg . c . months psi yn , psi 100 0 2 . 1 49 . 4 13 6100 206 , 000 in each case retesting the tensile strength and young &# 39 ; s modulus after subjecting the fastener 10 to 25 kgy e beam radiation yielded results statistically indistinguishable from the values in the tables above . to design an appropriate insulated shipping container the historical average daily temperatures over a “ hot weather route ” from florida to arizona were obtained from www . engr . udayton . edu / weather . heat flux data were determined from the historical data resulting in an insulation requirement of 2 . 5 inches of cellofoam ( a registered trademark of cellofoam of north america , inc .) with a thermal r - value of 3 . 86 per inch of thickness . fasteners 10 were then shipped over the route packed in the insulated container and the internal temperature of a un - air conditioned cargo space of a roadway common carrier was measured during a five - day trip from jacksonville fla . to phoenix ariz . from september 9 till sep . 14 , 2004 . the internal temperatures of the cargo space , tc , and the internal temperature of the insulated container , ti , containing fasteners 10 were recorded every 30 minutes . the minimum and maximum temperatures in the cargo space and the insulated container are shown below : day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 maximum tc 37 34 29 48 50 deg . c . minimum tc 24 18 15 27 27 deg . c . maximum ti 27 27 26 27 27 temperature , deg . c . minimum ti 24 26 21 24 24 temperature , deg . c . thus it is seen from the data above that the insulated shipping container is adequate for maintaining fastener 10 temperatures well below the glass transition temperature of 49 deg . c . of the preferred co - polymer , 75 / 25 dlpl / pg , case iii above . the preferred embodiment for the current invention is an injection molded fastener as depicted in fig1 comprising 75 % dlpl , 25 % pg , sterilized with radiation , either gamma or e beam , at 25 kgy and packaged first in a hermetically sealed pack and an insulated shipping container . multiple fasteners 10 are loaded onto the tines of inner tube 23 head to tail with distal end 14 pointed distally . fasteners 10 are rotationally orientated such that the tines of inner tube 23 engage head slots 16 . the proximal end of the loaded inner tube assembly is inserted into the distal end of outer tube 22 until proximal - most fastener 10 encounters outer tube threads 38 . the inner tube assembly is then rotated until the distal end of inner tube 23 is flush with or slightly recessed into outer tube 22 . in this position the proximal end of inner tube 23 is proximal of the proximal end of outer tube 22 . near the proximal end of inner tube 23 a drill through hole perpendicular to the longitudinal axis is located to accept bevel pinion pin 31 for securing bevel pinion 29 to inner tube 23 . the inner and outer tube assembly is then affixed into handle 21 with ribs 36 locking outer tube 22 against rotation or twisting in body 35 . two clamshell halves are ultrasonic welded or otherwise fastened together to form body 35 . following sterilization loaded applier 20 is placed into a surgical field , usually through a 5 mm trocar , and the distal end of applier 20 is held firmly against mesh 52 , which covers tissue 51 . outer tube threads 38 act as a force reactor to counter the distal force , generated by the screw - in process of the threaded tissue - snaring section 13 , so that fasteners 10 are unable to move proximally . outer tube threads 38 engaging head threads 17 also restrain fasteners 10 from falling out of the distal end of applier 20 under the influence of gravity , for example . trigger 24 is then rotated clockwise about pivot 34 causing pinion 27 to rotate counterclockwise . drive tooth 41 is engaged in groove 33 and thus rotates bevel 25 counterclockwise . bevel 25 causes bevel pinion 29 to rotate clockwise ( in right hand sense , conventionally ). the gear train is sized such that full movement of trigger 24 gear teeth 32 causes 5 revolutions of bevel pinion 29 and hence 5 revolutions of inner tube 23 . this rotation of inner tube 23 rotates the stack of fasteners 10 five complete revolutions and advances them preferably 5 . 2 mm , the length of fastener 10 , owing to head threads 17 and the pitch of outer tube threads 38 , preferably 24 threads per inch . as explained above rotation of inner tube 23 rotates fasteners 10 . distal surface 14 of distal most - fastener 10 engages and penetrates mesh 52 and threaded tissue - snaring section 13 screws into and draws tissue 51 and mesh 52 together . during the last three quarters of a rotation of the five revolutions head threads 17 of distal most fastener 10 enter into counter bore 39 . removal of the distal end 30 of applier 20 from mesh 52 releases distal - most fastener 10 and ejects it from applier 20 . mesh 52 is thus affixed to tissue 51 . after the fastener screw - in process is complete trigger 24 is released , reset spring 26 returns trigger 24 with trigger gear 32 to its start , or home , position . this rotates pinion 27 and drive 28 clockwise . flexible arm 37 allows drive tooth 41 to ride up out of groove 33 and rotate about the face of bevel 25 without bevel 25 rotating owing to greater friction of bevel 25 against its axial . thus bevel 25 , bevel pinion 29 , inner tube 23 , and fasteners 10 do not rotate during the return stroke of applier 20 during the reset process leaving the stack of fasteners 10 forward with each remaining fastener moved distally one fastener length . the features of applier 20 describe herein assures that the plurality of fasteners 10 progress distally one fastener length and do not move proximal during the return stroke . at the end of the return stroke drive tooth 41 has rotated 360 degrees on the face of bevel 25 and it snaps back into groove 33 and in position to drive bevel 5 . applier 20 is fully reset and ready for the deployment of the next fastener 10 . from the foregoing , it will be appreciated that the absorbable fastener of the present invention functions to securely fasten tough , non macro - porous , and relative inelastic mesh to tissue . the fastener of the present invention will disintegrate after the body has secured the mesh against migration and contraction . the absorbable fastener of the present invention can be sterilized so that mechanical properties are maintained and it can be shipped under severe temperature conditions with insulated packaging so that the glass transition temperature is not exceeded . it will also be appreciated that the absorbable fastener of the present invention may be utilized in a number of applications such as hernia repair , bladder neck suspension , and implant drug delivery systems . while several particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described , it will be apparent by those skilled in the art that other modifications are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure .
a method of forming and deploying an improved absorbable fastener for hernia mesh fixation is disclosed . the absorbable fastener of the present invention functions to securely fasten tough , non macro - porous , and relative inelastic mesh to soft tissue . the fastener is formed from co - polymers of lactide and glycolide .