the invention is a method of preparing microencapsulated therapeutic and diagnostic agents in discrete nonaggregated particles suitable for diagnostic radiologic studies and therapeutic use in humans . the novel microcapsules of the invention are useful for selective targeting in vivo because of the modified surface characteristics . in one aspect , the invention is the preparation of hydrophilic microcapsules to which a wide variety of drugs may be attached and which target to sites other than the liver . the method also relates to the preparation of 1 μm particles for intravenous and intra - arterial administration as well as 100 μm particles for intra - arterial use . in other aspects of the invention , cells in the body are specifically targeted with drugs microencapsulated in polymeric material whose surface properties are modified by conjugation with an amino acid . the microcapsules may be conjugated or used to encapsulate targeting agents which bind to specific body cell receptors , including steroids , antibodies and the like . poly ( benzyl - l - glutamate ) of two average molecular weights ( mw 58 , 000 and 43 , 000 ) was obtained from sigma chemical co . ( st . louis , mo .). poly -( d , l )-( lactic acid ), was obtained from polysciences , inc . ( warrington , pa .). cisplatin and estrone were also supplied by sigma as powders of unspecified size . to prepare cisplatin - containing microcapsules , the cisplatin crystals were ground manually with a pestle in a mortar to an average size of about 3 μm . polyvinyl alcohol ( mw 30 , 000 - 70 , 000 ) was obtained from sigma and used as an emulsifier as received . chempure ™ methylene chloride solvent supplied by curtin matheson scientific , inc . ( houston , tex . ), was used without further purification . iopanoic acid was purchased from sigma and converted to ethyliopanoate for radiolabeling . radiotracer : [ 131 i ] sodium iodide ( specific activity 7 . 75 ci / mg , 680 mci / ml ) was obtained from dupont new england nuclear ( boston , mass .). rats : female rats weighing 100 - 125 g were purchased from harlan sprague - dawley , inc . ( indianapolis , ind .). drug - loaded capsules were produced by the solvent - evaporation procedure according to example 1 . various amounts of cisplatin and poly ( benzyl - l - glutamate ) were dispersed in methylene chloride depending on the drug - to - polymer ratio desired . the cisplatin : pblg ratios were 2 : 1 ( 0 . 8 g : 0 . 4 g ), 1 : 1 ( 0 . 5 g : 0 . 5 g ), 1 : 1 . 5 ( 0 . 33 g : 0 . 5 g ), and 1 : 2 ( 0 . 4 g : 0 . 8 g ). the cisplatin crystals were ground with a mortar and pestle for 5 minutes before being weighed . the appropriate amounts of drug and polymer were then stirred for 20 minutes or more in 5 - 20 ml of methylene chloride . this organic phase was emulsified in 250 ml of water containing 2 % ( w / v ) polyvinyl alcohol spun at 350 rpm . the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 hours at room temperature ( 24 ° c .) to ensure complete evaporation of the solvent . the contents of the beaker were then poured through a buchner funnel under suction . the microcapsules remaining on the filter paper were washed with 250 ml of water to remove the emulsifier . cisplatin crystals were left on the filter to air dry . microcapsules were collected using a sieve to separate the 100 - 200 μm fraction . ten milligrams of each batch of capsules was dissolved in 5 ml of n , n - dimethylformamide ( fisher scientific co ., fiar law , n . j .). the amount of cisplatin in the resulting solution was determined using a perkin elmer model 55 ultraviolet spectrophotometer ( coleman instruments division , oakbrook , ill .) at 310 nm . a standard curve was produced using the same procedure by adding a known amount of pure cisplatin ( 5 mg ). experiments were performed in triplicate . the drug content was calculated as a percentage of the total weight of the capsule . because of variations in the yield of each batch of capsules after sieving , release rates were run in triplicate . thirty milligrams of capsules were weighted into vacutainer brand evacuated blood collection tubes , 10 ml draw ( becton dickinson vacutainer systems , rutherfored , n . j . ), and 5 ml of dulbecco &# 39 ; s phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) without calcium or magnesium ( sigma chemical co .) was added . initially , the tubes were inverted several times to ensure contact of the capsules to the pbs ( ph 7 . 4 ). the test tubes were immersed in a water bath at 37 ° c . and shaken on a water bath . tubes were periodically centrifuged at 2500 rpms for 5 minutes and 3 ml of the pbs drawn off and analyzed using ultraviolet spectrophotometry . the remaining 2 ml of solution was removed and 5 ml of fresh pbs added for each measurement . tubes were inverted several times before returning to the shaker bath . the effects of centrifugation on capsule morphology were examined using cross - sections of capsules centrifuged for six 5 - minute intervals . surface characteristics of the microcapsules were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope . one micrometer cross sections of the capsules were obtained and embedded in epon , a medcast resin ( ted pella , inc ., redding , calif . ), cast in beem imbedding capsules ( ted pella ), and cut on a microtome . cross sections were photographed with an axiovert 405m inverted photomicroscope ( zeiss , germany ) equipped with a long distance condenser for differential - interference contrast and a 35 mm camera . 2 g ( 3 . 5 mmol ) of iopanoic acid was dissolved in 50 ml absolute ethanol , and 0 . 4 ml ( 5 , 25 mmol ) thionyl chloride was added . the reaction was refluxed for 3 hours . after cooling , the reaction mixture was evaporated and reconstituted in 100 ml methylene chloride . the organic mixture was washed twice with 25 ml 5 % naoh and twice with 25 ml water . the methylene chloride layer was dried over mgso 4 and evaporated to dryness , yielding 1 . 73 g of ethyliopanoate ( 82 . 4 %). the structure was provided by 1 h nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry ( m + 599 ). the radioisotope exchange reaction was carried out using a known procedure with some modification ( zupon , et al ., 1983 ; kroschwitz , 1989 ). briefly , 10 mg of the ester and 0 . 3 ml of tetrahydrofuran were placed in a vial and treated with 1 . 6 mci of [ 131 i ] sodium iodide ( in 100 μl of 0 . 1m sodium borate buffer ). pivalic acid ( 25 mg ) was then added . the reaction vial was sealed and heated at 150 ° c . for 1 . 5 hours . the vial was cooled and the ethyliopanoate reconstituted in methylene chloride ( 0 . 1 ml ) and chromatographed on a silica gel column with methylene chloride / methanol ( 9 : 1 ) as the eluent . this yielded 0 . 54 mci ethyliopanoate ( 34 %). radiochemical purity was determined by co - chromatography on a silica gel plate eluted with methylene chloride methanol ( 9 : 1 ); unlabeled ester served as the standard , with a retardation factor of 0 . 80 . pblg and estrone - pblg microcapsules loaded with [ 131 i ] ethyliopanoate ( 5 . 7 μci in 0 . 6 ml of water ) were administered to rats in the tail vein . rats ( n = 3 / group ) were sacrificed at 1 , 3 , 6 , and 24 hours after injection . the percentage of injected dose in an organ or tissue was determined by a gamma counter . positron emission tomography ( pet ) imaging was performed on four domestic female pigs ( 30 lb ) with a positron camera ( positron corp ., houston , tex .). a 20 - minute attenuation scan was performed with a 4 - mci 68 ge - ring source prior to tracer injection . after each pig received 10 mci of 18 f - labelled tamoxifen , eight consecutive 10 - minute scans were performed employing a 5 - minute wait between scans for data transfer . total counts collected per scan was 15 - 30 million . serial transaxial images of the pelvic region enabled viewing of the uterus . the tomograph has a field of view of 42 cm on the transverse plane and 12 cm on the coronal plane . the axial resolution on the reconstructed plane is 1 . 2 cm . twenty - one transaxial slices separated by 5 . 2 mm were reconstructed for each scan . each pig was supine in the scanner to allow the detector rings to span the entire pelvic region . prior to scanning , the position of the uterus and ovaries was determined by hysterosalpingography . fifteen milliliters of radiopaque ( renografin 76 , squibb diagnostic , new brunswick , n . j .) was injected through the vagina into the uterus through a 5 fr catheter whose balloon was inflated by 1 ml of air . radiographs of the pelvis in the anterior - posterior position were taken . the location of the uterus was marked permanently on the skin of each pig for consistent positioning in the pet camera . the same positioning was used in subsequent scanning . to demonstrate that the estrone - pblg uptake in the uterus and ovaries was effected by estrogen receptors , a pig was given estrone - pblg ( 200 mg ) empty capsules 30 minutes before intravenous injection of the [ 18 f ]- labelled tamoxifen ( yang , et al ., 1991 ) cisplatin - containing capsules of 100 - 200 μm prepared by the process described herein were appropriate for in vivo use as determined by gas chromatography , mass spectrometry with a mass selective detector . the amount of residual methylene chloride in the capsules was less than 0 . 2 ppm . scanning electron microscopy showed that almost all the drug was encapsulated , regardless of the drug - to - polymer ratio . all the capsules had porous outer surfaces ( fig1 a and 17b ). processing conditions and experimental loading yields are given in table 1 . the efficiency of drug loading in the microcapsule prepared is clearly influenced by the viscosity of the organic phase . the factors affecting drug loading also direct the release rates of microcapsules . fig1 indicates that higher loading due to increased viscosity of the organic phase causes capsules to release their drug load more slowly . microcapsules with a 21 . 53 % drug load ( 20 ml ch 2 cl 2 ) exhibited a strong initial release and continued to release rapidly for the first 24 hours . at 43 . 96 % loading , the microcapsules prepared with 5 ml of methylene chloride released in a slower , more linear fashion and did not reach a release plateau until after 96 hours . the difference between the two release rates was especially striking during the first hour . the lower loaded capsule ( 21 . 53 %) released 26 . 0 % of its load within the first hour of being introduced to the pbs ; however , the capsule bearing 43 . 96 % drug lost only 5 . 8 % of its drug load under the same conditions . as seen in fig1 , the capsule with higher loading resulting from a higher core - to - wall ratio , also released more slowly , even though the amounts of methylene chloride used in preparation of the capsules were the same . all capsules displayed the same general release pattern : an immediate strong release that tapered off within the first 1 to 4 days . the loading affected only the strength and duration of the initial release . in no case was there any indication of degradation of the polymer matrix such as would be indicated by a delay of several days before drug release or a sudden increase in drug release . the processing conditions described herein yield pblg - cisplatin microcapsules in which higher drug loading corresponds to more central drug concentration and slower release rates . however , all capsules prepared demonstrated sustained - release properties during 31 days of monitoring without an initial or final burst that would complicate their clinical use as a means of steady drug administration . scatchard analysis of [ 3 h ] estradiol binding in pig uteri indicated a single class of binding sites with a mean binding affinity constant ( kd ) of 2 . 2 nm and a mean receptor density ( βmax ) of 350 fmol / mg protein . the protein concentration used was 1 mg / ml cytosol . hill analysis ( coefficient 0 . 992 ) indicated that estradiol has competitive reversible binding . the ic 50 for estrone was 5 × 10 - 8 m and for estrone - pblg was 5 × 10 - 7 m ( based 12 % conjugation ). the results of tissue distribution studies for 131 i - labeled microcapsule groups are shown in tables 2 and 3 . the uterus - to - muscle radioactivity - uptake ratio in the estrone - pblg group was higher than that of the pblg group . the pet image was correlated with the findings on the hysterosalpingogram . fig2 a is the transaxial view of a pet image of the pelvis of a pig 1 hour after administration of 18 f - labeled tamoxifen . the pig was scanned in a caudal - to - cranial direction . slices 2 - 6 showed increased tamoxifen uptake in the uterus and ovaries ( fig2 b ). this increased uptake was blocked by pretreatment with estrone - pblg ( 200 mg ) empty capsules ( fig2 c ). slices 2 - 6 show the effect of this blockage . here , the pig was scanned in a cranial - to - caudal direction . the pet data indicate that the uptake of estrone - pblg microcapsules in the uterus and ovaries was mediated by means of estrogen receptors . the following examples are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention . those skilled in this field will recognize that modifications could be made to the disclosed methods and that other applications would remain within the scope of the present invention . meglumine diatrizoate , 2 g , was dispersed in 40 ml methylene chloride and 1 g poly -( d , l )- lactic acid added to the mixture . encapsulation was achieved while stirring at 350 rpm in 250 ml 0 . 9 % ( w / v ) saline solution containing 1 . 25 g polyvinyl alcohol . the ph of the solution was adjusted below 4 with 1n hcl . from time to time , formation of microcapsules was determined by examining a drop of the material at 125 × magnification under a light microscope . the mixture was stirred for approximately 6 hr until the methylene chloride was completely evaporated . the microcapsules were collected by filtration and washed with distilled water ( 2 × 100 ml ). the microcapsules were air dried at room temperature and then sieved through various meshes , including stepwise , 600 μm mesh , 600 - 500 μm mesh , 500 - 355 μm mesh , 355 - 212 μm mesh and 106 μm mesh , to give a mixture containing particles of size range 106 - 212 μm . the weight of the 106 - 212 μm particles was approximately 70 % of the initial total amount of the contrast agent plus polymer . the microcapsules contained 46 % ( w / w ) of meglumine diatrizoate . all the following steps were done under aseptic conditions using ultraviolet light with sterile instrumentation . meglumine diatrizoate , 1 . 2 g ( sigma chemical company , st louis , mo . ), was dissolved in 100 ml water and then 1 ml of tween 80 was added . the mixture was stirred at 500 rpm and the ph of the solution adjusted below 4 with 1n hcl . to this mixture was added dropwise 0 . 5 g poly -( d , l )- lactic acid ( mw 30 , 000 - 60 , 000 ) dissolved in 10 ml acetone . the mixture was stirred at 1500 rpm or sonicated at 20 khz for 10 min and periodically monitored under a light microscope at 600 × magnification until round particles of approximately 1 μm in diameter were observed . the mixture was stirred at 1500 rpm ( without sonication ) or 500 rpm ( with sonication ) for an additional 6 hr or until the acetone was completely evaporated . the microcapsules were collected by sieving through a nylon mesh to remove a small amount of aggregated material , approximately 1 %. the microcapsule suspension was centrifuged at 24 , 000 g and washed 3 times with saline to remove the emulsifier . the microcapsules were resuspended in sterile phosphate buffered saline . the microcapsules weighed 1 . 5 g ( 90 % by total initial weight of contrast plus polymer ). the microcapsules contained 66 % by weight of meglumine diatrizoate . the particles were cultured and found to be sterile . scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) revealed round , uniform particles as shown in fig7 . the distribution of particles was determined using a coulter counter , indicating a narrow range of 2 - 7 μm with 50 % having a mean capsular size less than 5 μm , as indicated in fig8 . to a solution of 2 . 0 g ( 0 . 05 mmol ) poly -( d , l )- lactic acid in 10 ml dimethylformamide ( dmf ) was added 1 . 2 g ( 5 . 5 mmol ) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 0 . 68 g ( 5 . 5 mmol ) of n - hydroxysuccinimide . after stirring 10 min , 1 . 2 g ( 5 mmol ) phenylalanine ester dissolved in 5 ml dmf was added . the mixture was stirred overnight . the solid urea was filtered . the filtrate was poured into 100 ml water and the white solid precipitated . the solid was filtered , washed with 100 ml water , air dried and weighed to obtain 2 . 4 g ( 75 %) of the total chemical yield . thin layer chromatography indicated a single spot ( rf = 0 . 3 , chloroform / methanol 9 : 1 ). the phenylalanine content in the polymer conjugate was 23 % as determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy at 254 nm . similar conditions were used to prepare microcapsules of poly -( d , l )- lactic acid conjugated with methionine , tyrosine or tryptophan ester . eighteen adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized with intravenous sodium pentobarbital ( nembutal ; abbott , north chicago , ill . ), 30 mg / kg , and an intravenous drip of normal saline was initiated . through a cutdown , a 5 - f polyethylene catheter was introduced into the femoral artery , and the animal was given an intra - arterial bolus of sodium heparin ( 100 units / kg ). the catheter was then advanced into one of the renal arteries . the ipsilateral renal vein was also catheterized via a femoral vein with a 5 - f catheter to sample blood for cisplatin ( cddp ), while simultaneous systemic venous blood samples were collected through an 18 - gauge cathlon ™ catheter inserted in a jugular vein . microcapsules with an average size of 106 μm ( range 50 - 350 μm ) and containing cisplatin ( 40 - 43 %) by weight , were formulated as described in example 1 from lactic acid polymer and ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose polymer . the capsules , in dry form , were sterilized with ethylene oxide . the microcapsules were suspended in a 1 : 1 solution of radiographic contrast material . iohexol ( omnipaque , nycombed , norway ) and normal saline such that the final concentration was 20 mg / ml . the suspension was administered into the renal artery until stasis of flow was observed fluoroscopically . one kidney was embolized in each of three animals with each of the capsular materials containing cddp , and one kidney from each of five dogs was occluded with each of the capsular materials without cddp . renal and systemic venous blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes at 30 - minute intervals for 6 hours after embolization . the plasma was analyzed for cddp using atomic absorption . drug release curves were generated from these data . two such curves are shown in fig1 and 14 . to evaluate renal and hepatotoxicity , systemic venous blood samples were collected before and at 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 weeks after embolization to determine blood urea nitrogen ( bun ), creatinine , and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( sgpt ) levels . renal angiography was performed with omnipaque before and immediately after embolization , at hourly intervals up to 6 hours after embolization , and 1 , 2 , 4 and 6 weeks later to document the radiographic changes in the occluded kidneys . after 6 weeks , each animal was killed with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital , and a complete necropsy performed . the gross and microscopic findings in each dog were compared . both pla and ehec capsules without encapsulated drug produced embolic effects in the kidneys . the polymers loaded with cisplatin damaged kidneys significantly more than polymers alone . pla capsules loaded with cisplatin had a greater effect on tissue than cisplatin - loaded ehec capsules . ehec capsules without cddp showed slightly more degradation than pla capsules in these studies . in vitro drug release data were also determined by incubation of the microcapsules in phosphate buffered saline . the data are shown in table 1 for release of cddp from cddp : pla microcapsules . table 1______________________________________release rate of cddp from cddpmicrocapsules . sup . 1 ( size 100 μm ) incubation time ( min ) % released______________________________________1 11 . 65 21 . 315 27 . 430 39 . 560 37 . 7120 35 . 0240 40 . 4______________________________________ . sup . 1 cddp : pla = 1 : 1 1 μm microcapsules loaded with meglumine diatrizoate were prepared as described in examples 2 and 3 using pla and pla conjugated with phenylalanine ( pla - phe ) as the capsular material . each preparation was injected intravenously into a rabbit and thereafter monitored by computed tomography for organ uptake . the rabbit receiving pla - phe showed a faster liver uptake than the rabbit receiving pla encapsulated diatrizoate . after 2 hr , the pla - phe treated rabbit showed liver uptake and little , if any , contrast in the general circulation while the pla treated rabbit showed both liver uptake and presence in the general circulation . after 48 and 72 hr , both rabbits showed significant liver uptake . biodistribution is shown in fig2 which compares tissue distribution of diatrizoate ( dz ), 131 i - dz labeled polylactite ( pla ) microcapsules and 131 i - dz labeled phenylalamine surface modified ( pla - phe ) microcapsules . the mean particle size of the pla - phe microcapsules loaded with meglumine diatrizoate was determined to be 3 μm , as indicated from a particle size distribution curve obtained using a coulter counter , fig9 . in a second series of animal experiments , male webster mice ( 25 - 30 g ) were intravenously injected with 1 μc ; radiolabeled microspheres , then sacrifieced at 30 min , 1 h , 3 h , 6 h and 24 h . organs were excised , weighed and counted for radioactivity . the microcapsules exhibited sustained release . liver uptake was faster in mice injected with labeled pie - modified capsules than in mice receiving labeled unmodified capsules . microcapsules were prepared as described in example 1 using the solvent evaporation method with drug : polymer ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 ( w / w ) and polyvinyl alcohol as emulsifier . the biodegradable polymers used were pcl , pcld and polylactic acid ( pla ). the cytotoxic compounds tamoxifen and 5 - fluorouracil were dissolved in methylene chloride , then added with the emulsifier to a water solution with stirring at 400 rpm . after 6 hr , the capsules were washed with water and air dried . capsules of approximately 100 μm were collected from mesh screens . assays on the encapsulated drugs were performed by dissolving 5 mg of the microcapsules in 5 ml methanol . the solution was centrifuged and 100 μl of the supernatant diluted with 3 ml methanol and analyzed spectrophotometrically at 238 nm . a standard solubility time curve was produced using the same procedure by adding 2 mg of both tx and 5 - fu . the drug content was calculated as a percent of total capsule weight . triplicate determinations were made . dissolution studies were performed on the microencapsulated drugs . capped test tubes were filled with 5 ml of 0 . 05m phosphate buffered saline ph 7 . 4 and placed in a water bath shaker set at 100 rpm at 37 ° c . 5 mg of microcapsules were added to each test tube , and sample solutions of 3 ml were collected at different time intervals after centrifugation . after each determination , the sample solutions were returned to each test tube . the concentrations of the drug released from microcapsules were determined by comparison with the standard drug ( 2 mg ) in the same dissolution solution for the controls and measured spectrophotometrically at 238 nm . determinations were made in triplicate . a student &# 39 ; s t - test was used to compare the sample after 1 hr of incubation and the corresponding sample at different incubation time intervals ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 level ). the percent of drug content in the various biodegradable microcapsules is shown in table 2 below . scanning electron microscopy showed that all the microcapsules prepared were spherically shaped with smooth outer surfaces ( fig5 and 6 ). table 2______________________________________ % ( w / w ) drug in microcapsules drug : polymerdrug polymer 1 : 1 1 : 3______________________________________tamoxifen pla 30 . 0 22 . 5 pcl 30 . 7 13 . 0 pcld 36 . 4 14 . 95 - fluorouracil pla 8 . 8 8 . 5 pcl 9 . 9 6 . 6 pcld 7 . 6 7 . 6______________________________________ release rate of tx and 5 - fu is shown in fig1 and 2 . the release rate of tx ( 1 : 1 ratio ) at 48 hr incubation time decreased in the order : pla & gt ; pcl & gt ; pcld ; however , the release rate of 5 - fu ( 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 ratios ) at 48 hr incubation showed pcl & gt ; pcld & gt ; pla . this study indicates that different polymers alter drug release rate . poly ( benzyl l - glutamate )( pblg , sigman ) microspheres were prepared by a solvent evaporation method according to example 1 . polybenzyl - l - glutamate ( pblg , 0 . 7 g ) and unlabeled ethyliopanoate ( 0 . 3 g ) were dissolved in methylene chloride ( 30 ml ). to this mixture [ 131 i ] ethyliopanoate ( 320 μci ) was added . the organic phase was emulsified in a water solution ( 200 ml ) containing polyvinyl alcohol ( 1 % w / v ). the mixture was stirred at 2000 rpm for 25 hours to ensure complete evaporation of the solvent . the suspension was then centrifuged ( 12 , 000 rpm ) for 10 minutes . the microcapsules were separated , washed with water to remove any excess polyvinyl alcohol and centrifuged again . the resulting microcapsules were filtered through nylon cloth ( 5 - μm mesh ). the final concentration was 154 μci in 18 ml of water . in a typical run , particles had a mean diameter of 2 . 0 μm and over 95 % of particles were less than 5 μm . pblg microspheres were converted to phpg hydrogel microspheres by treating pblg with aminopropyl alcohol containing 3 % of diaminohexane as a crosslinker at 70 ° c . for 2 , 3 or 5 hrs . to determine the extent of conversion , phpg microspheres were completely hydrolyzed and the unsubstituted benzyl groups analyzed by hplc . fig2 illustrates the conversion of poly ( benzyl l - glutamate ) to poly ( hydroxypropyl l - glutamine ). a schematic representation of the microspheres formed from the polymer is also shown . microspheres were labeled with covalently bound 131 i prepared by treating pblg microspheres with aminopropyl alcohol in the presence of tyramine ( 1 % w / w ) followed by iodogen labeling ( wallace , et al ., 1988 ). radiochemical yield : 65 % with purity & gt ; 95 %. 131 i labeled phpg particles ( 20 μci / ml ) were incubated in 50 % serum at 37 ° c . at various time intervals , aliquots of serum were removed and centrifuged . the radioactivity of supernatant was measured with a γ - counter . female sprague - dawley rats ( 140 - 160 g ) were anesthetized with ketamine ( 10 mg , i . p .) and radiolabeled microspheres were given i . v . ( 0 . 4 ml ). the dose corresponded to 12 mg dry microspheres with total activity of 6 ± 2 μci . the animals were sacrificed at 20 min , 3 , 6 , 24 , 48 and 96 hrs . the organs were excised , weighed and counted for radioactivity . liver tissue samples were examined by tem . 30 min after administration of microspheres , liver was perfused with 2 % glutaraldehyde in 0 . 2m sodium cacodylate buffer through the portal vein . tissue samples were processed and stained using standard tem methods . sem of air dried microspheres were examined in a hitachi model s520 electron microscope . phpg microspheres were prepared directly from pblg microspheres by aminolysis . this approach made it possible to prepare a series of phpb microspheres with different surface characteristics . the resulting microspheres became increasingly hydrophilic with longer reaction times . swelling ratio increased from 3 % ( pblg microspheres ) to 36 % ( phpg microspheres ) after 4 hrs treatment with aminopropyl alcohol . the hydrophilicity of phpg microspheres was also evidenced by sem which showed that the microspheres tend to become flat after drying in air . only 1 % of radioactivity dissociated from phpg microspheres after incubation in 50 % serum for 2 hrs . 96 % of radioactivity was found bound to phpg microspheres even after two days . fig1 shows the deposition of three preparations of phpg microspheres in liver , blood and spleen 20 minutes post - administration . with the increased hydrophilicity of the microspheres , there was a substantial decreased uptake in liver ; the concentration of microspheres circulating in the blood was increased . this indicated decreased uptake of microspheres in liver kupffer cells achieved by modification of phpg microspheres . electron microscopic studies revealed that pblg microspheres were taken up by kupffer cells . on the other hand , no phpg microspheres could be identified in the kupffer cells of rats . the following example illustrates modification of the phenolic group of estrone to enable coupling with poly - benzyl - l - glutamate . the product illustrates a &# 34 ; spacer &# 34 ; between the estrone 3 - position functionality and the conjugating amide bond . estrone ( 5 . 0 g , 18 . 5 mmole ) was dissolved in 80 ml of anhydrous dmf . sodium hydride ( 4 . 4 g , 185 mmole ) was slowly added to the solution to generate reactive phenoxide in situ . care was taken to avoid rapid evolution of hydrogen gas . 4 . 3 g ( 55 mmole ) chloroethylamine was added to the solution and the mixture was allowed to react at 60 ° c . for 4 hrs . the product was precipitated with a large volume of water and the precipitate collected . for purification , the crude solid was dissolved in methylene chloride , and washed with water . evaporation of methylene chloride yielded 3 - aminoethyl estrone which after washing with ethyl ether gave 3 . 0 g ( 52 %) of product m . p . 140 ° c . ( decomp . ), 3 - aminoethyl estrone hydrochloride , m . p . 180 ° c . ( decomp . ), 1 hnmr ( ppm ): δ3 . 01 ( 2 , t , ch 2 ch 2 nh 2 ), 2 . 78 ( 2 , t , ch 2 , ch 2 nh 2 ), 4 . 00 ( 2 , t , coch 2 ). the reaction below was conducted in p - dioxane as solvent . the reaction may also be conducted in dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl formamide with comparable success ; however these solvents are not so readily removed and are therefore less preferable . 3 - aminoethyl estrone ( 1 . 25 g , 4 mmole ) was added to a 7 ml dioxane solution of pblg ( 0 . 88 g , 4 mmole ). the mixture was allowed to react at 60 ° c . for 2 days . the conjugate formed was collected by precipitating the dioxane solution with water , followed by filtration . for purification , the solid was dissolved in methylene chloride . insoluble impurities were removed by filtration . the methylene chloride solution was washed with cold aqueous 0 . 2n hydrochloric acid solution (× 2 ), water , and saturated nacl until neutral . evaporation of methylene chloride yielded 0 . 4 g product . elemental analysis for the conjugate , calculated , c : 70 . 73 ; h : 7 . 60 ; n : 6 . 60 ; found , c : 66 . 70 ; h : 6 . 45 ; n : 6 . 00 . degree of substitution was calculated to be 12 % based on elemental analysis data . 1 hnmr ( ppm ): δ3 . 70 ( 2 , t , ch 2 ch 2 nhco ), 2 . 86 ( 2 , t , ch 2 ch 2 nhco ), 4 . 04 ( 2 , t , coch 2 ). estrone - conjugated poly - benzyl - l - glutamate was dissolved in p - dioxane and used to prepare 1 μm microcapsules by the method of example 2 . this example illustrates determination of binding affinity constants for estradiol in pig uterus . affinity for binding the estrogen receptor was determined . 30 g uteri obtained from domestic swine ( 30 kg ) were homogenized in 80 ml of 10 mm tris buffer , ph 7 . 4 , containing 1 . 5 mm edta and 3 mm sodium azide . the homogenate was centrifuged at 1 , 000 × g for 1 hr at 4 ° c . uteri cytosol was then pretreated with dextran - coated charcoal . to investigate the nature of estradiol interaction with the estrogen receptor site , a saturation curve was obtained from [ 3 h ] estradiol ( 10 - 5 m to 10 - 10 m ) in the presence or absence of excess estradiol ( 10 - 5 m )( fig1 ). uteri cytosol was incubated at 4 ° c . for 2 hr with [ 3 h ] estradiol ( 5 nm / tube ) and competitor ( ranging from 10 - 3 m to 10 - 8 m ) or with estradiol ( 10 - 5 m )( non - specific ). the concentration of test compounds that decreased specific radioligand binding by 50 % ( ic 50 ) was measured . protein concentrations were determined according to the method of lowry et al . ( 1956 ). scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding sites with a mean binding affinity constant kd of 2 . 2 nm ( n = 9 ) and a mean receptor density ( b max ) of 350 fmol / mg protein , fig1 . the protein concentration used was 1 mg / ml cytosol . hill analysis ( 0 . 992 ) indicated that estradiol had competitive reversible binding . the ic 50 of estrone conjugates to polybenzyl - l - glutamate was 5 × 10 - 7 m which is ten - fold lower than the binding affinity for estrone ( 5 × 10 - 8 m ), table 3 . table 3______________________________________comparison of est - pg and estrone onestrogen receptor binding in pig uterus ic . sub . 50 ( m ) equiv . ( wt ) ______________________________________estrone 5 × 10 . sup .- 8 0 . 14 ngest - pg . sup . a 5 × 10 . sup .- 7 500 ng______________________________________ . sup . a est - pg : estrone with spacer ( ethanolamine ) conjugates to polybenzylglutamate ( mw 58 , 000 ) . sup . b based upon 12 . 0 % of conjugation between estrone and polymer , determined by uv at 282 nm and elemental analysis . this example provides data comparing percent tissue uptake of estrone loaded polybenzyl - l - glutamate microcapsules containing 131 i - iopanoate with microcapsules containing 131 i - iopanoate but lacking estrone . of significance is the greater uptake of the estrone loaded microcapsules by the uterus whereas there is less relative uptake by microcapsules containing only the labeling agent . estrone conjugated poly - benzyl - l - glutamate microcapsules loaded with 131 i - labeled ethyliopanoate were injected into rats ( three per group ) via the tail - vein ( 5 . 7 μci in 0 . 3 ml water ). control groups were given only the 131 i - labeled iopanoic acid . rats were sacrificed at 1 , 3 , 6 and 24 hours post injection . the percent of injected dose per organ or per tissue weight was determined by a cobra auto - gamma counter ( packard , meridien , conn .). results are shown in tables 4 and 5 . table 4______________________________________tissue distribution of . sup . 13 i - iopa loadedestrone poly ( benzyl l - glutamate ) conjugate microspheresafter i . v . injection into rat ( n = 3 ). sup . 1 , 2 . 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr 24 hrorgan mean ( s . d .) mean ( s . d .) mean ( s . d ) mean ( s . d . ) ______________________________________blood 1 . 01 ( 0 . 12 ) 0 . 72 ( 0 . 08 ) 0 . 46 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 09 ( 0 . 03 ) lung 1 . 05 ( 0 . 15 ) 0 . 53 ( 0 . 03 ) 0 . 34 ( 0 . 02 ) 0 . 07 ( 0 . 03 ) liver 1 . 34 ( 0 . 18 ) 0 . 75 ( 0 . 09 ) 0 . 56 ( 0 . 03 ) 0 . 17 ( 0 . 02 ) kidney 0 . 52 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 62 ( 0 . 05 ) 0 . 26 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 06 ( 0 . 02 ) uterus 0 . 70 ( 0 . 12 ) 0 . 62 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 39 ( 0 . 05 ) 0 . 06 ( 0 . 01 ) muscle 0 . 20 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 12 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 09 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 01 ( 0 . 01 ) fat 0 . 37 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 20 ( 0 . 02 ) 0 . 14 ( 0 . 01 ) 0 . 03 ( 0 . 01 ) ______________________________________ . sup . 1 iopa = ethyl iopanoic acid . . sup . 2 data shown represents percent of injected dose per gram tissue . table 5______________________________________tissue distribution of . sup . 131 i - iopa loadedpoly ( benzyl l - glutamate ) conjugate microspheres afterintravenous injection into rat ( n = 3 ). sup . 1 , 2 . 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr 24 hrorgan mean ( s . d .) mean ( s . d .) mean ( s . d ) mean ( s . d . ) ______________________________________blood 1 . 53 ( 0 . 71 ) 1 . 46 ( 0 . 21 ) 1 . 30 ( 0 . 26 ) 0 . 29 ( 0 . 16 ) lung 1 . 86 ( 0 . 40 ) 1 . 06 ( 0 . 16 ) 1 . 02 ( 0 . 19 ) 0 . 28 ( 0 . 03 ) liver 1 . 80 ( 0 . 78 ) 1 . 20 ( 0 . 15 ) 1 . 16 ( 0 . 14 ) 0 . 54 ( 0 . 16 ) kidney 0 . 74 ( 0 . 28 ) 0 . 58 ( 0 . 09 ) 0 . 58 ( 0 . 05 ) 0 . 24 ( 0 . 08 ) uterus 0 . 85 ( 0 . 29 ) 0 . 76 ( 0 . 02 ) 0 . 73 ( 0 . 10 ) 0 . 14 ( 0 . 01 ) muscle 0 . 32 ( 0 . 16 ) 0 . 24 ( 0 . 02 ) 0 . 21 ( 0 . 03 ) 0 . 05 ( 0 . 01 ) fat 0 . 83 ( 0 . 29 ) 0 . 58 ( 0 . 23 ) 0 . 36 ( 0 . 11 ) 0 . 07 ( 0 . 04 ) ______________________________________ . sup . 1 iopa = ethyl iopanoic acid . . sup . 2 data shown represent percentage of injected dose per gram tissue . table 6 shows the distribution of 131 i - labeled ethyliopanoate in rats in terms of uterus to muscle ratio . after 3 hr , the targeting of the estrone - conjugated labeled microcapsules was significantly greater than targeting by the labeled microcapsules or by labeled ethyliopanoate . table 6__________________________________________________________________________distribution of . sup . 131 i - labeled ethyliopanoate in rats . uterus to muscle ratiotime ( hrs ) 1 3 6 24__________________________________________________________________________iopa . sup . 12 . 92 ± 0 . 464 3 . 60 ± 0 . 346 3 . 47 ± 0 . 122 n . d .. sup . 3pblg . sup . 12 . 84 ± 0 . 447 3 . 23 ± 0 . 300 3 . 48 ± 0 . 369 2 . 76 ± 0 . 214pe . sup . 13 . 50 ± 0 . 433 5 . 16 ± 0 . 592 . sup . 2 4 . 75 ± 0 . 354 . sup . 2 4 . 25 ± 1 . 061 . sup . 2__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . 1 iopa : ethyliopanoate , pblg : polybenzylglutamate microcapsules loaded with iopa , pe : microcapsules of estrone and pelg conjugate . each rate received 5 uci of radiotracer in saline ( 0 . 25 ml ). . sup . 2 significant difference ( p & lt ; 0 . 05 ) between pe and the corresponding groups by student ttest . . sup . 3 n . d . : not detectable . novel hydrophilic microcapsules may be prepared utilizing hydrophilic polymers for formation of microcapsules . in the following example , polyethylene glycol ( peg ) is covalently attached to a labeling agent , iopanoic acid . it is contemplated that this material may be readily formulated into microcapsules according to example 1 . into 6 ml methylene chloride solution containing 1 . 45 g poly ( ethylene glycol ) ( peg , mw 1450 , 1 . 0 mmol ) was added 1 . 43 g iopanoic acid ( iopa , 2 . 5 mmol ), 454 mg dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( dcc , 2 . 2 mmol ) and 24 mg dimethylaminopyride ( 0 . 24 mmol ). the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . after filtration to remove dicyclohexylurea ( dcu ) precipitate the solution was evaporated to dryness . the residual was then washed with dry ether three times to yield a hygroscopic solid . yield 1 . 15 g ( 45 %). iodine content 20 - 30 % ( w / w ). using the microcapsule preparation according to example 1 , the product is then formulated as particles (& lt ; 5 μm ) which are suitable for iv injection . in vivo biodistribution of 131 i - iopa attached to polyethylene glycol ( peg ) is shown in tables 7 and 8 . the ratio of liver to blood uptake of 131 i - iopa is altered by the presence of peg which is hydrophilic . the changes in liver / blood uptake ratio conferred by conjugation of 131 i - iopa to peg are illustrated in fig2 . table 7______________________________________organ distribution of . sup . 131 i peg - iopa solutionafter intravenous injection to rats ( n = 3 ) organ 10 min 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr______________________________________blood 1 . 67 ( 0 . 05 ) 1 . 62 ( 0 . 19 ) 0 . 54 ( 0 . 13 ) 0 . 39 ( 0 . 18 ) lung 0 . 65 ( 0 . 08 ) 0 . 38 ( 0 . 14 ) 0 . 06 ( 0 . 02 ) & lt ; 0 . 01spleen 0 . 64 ( 0 . 04 ) 0 . 24 ( 0 . 04 ) 0 . 03 ( 0 . 01 ) & lt ; 0 . 01liver 2 . 74 ( 0 . 50 ) 1 . 28 ( 0 . 12 ) 1 . 00 ( 0 . 02 ) 0 . 55 ( 0 . 09 ) kidney 1 . 78 ( 0 . 13 ) 0 . 83 ( 0 . 09 ) 0 . 49 ( 0 . 07 ) 0 . 27 ( 0 . 06 ) muscle & lt ; 0 . 01liver / blood 1 . 64 ( 0 . 34 ) 0 . 80 ( 0 . 10 ) 1 . 92 ( 0 . 47 ) 1 . 53 ( 0 . 43 ) ______________________________________ table 8______________________________________organ distribution of . sup . 131 i peg - iopa suspensionafter intravenous injection to rats ( n = 3 ) organ 20 min 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr______________________________________blood 3 . 18 ( 0 . 38 ) 2 . 01 ( 0 . 06 ) 2 . 15 ( 0 . 48 ) 1 . 36 ( 0 . 06 ) lung 1 . 73 ( 0 . 14 ) 1 . 01 ( 0 . 11 ) 0 . 93 ( 0 . 25 ) 0 . 98 ( 0 . 13 ) liver 2 . 72 ( 0 . 95 ) 1 . 52 ( 0 . 05 ) 1 . 57 ( 0 . 33 ) 1 . 29 ( 0 . 08 ) kidney 1 . 72 ( 0 . 07 ) 0 . 99 ( 0 . 04 ) 1 . 09 ( 0 . 18 ) 0 . 88 ( 0 . 11 ) muscle 0 . 89 ( 0 . 14 ) 0 . 44 ( 0 . 08 ) 0 . 40 ( 0 . 06 ) 0 . 26 ( 0 . 02 ) liver / blood 0 . 85 ( 0 . 24 ) 0 . 73 ( 0 . 03 ) 0 . 76 ( 0 . 02 ) 0 . 95 ( 0 . 10 ) ______________________________________ the present invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments found by the inventors to comprise preferred modes of practice of the invention . it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that in light of the present disclosure numerous modifications and changes can be made in the particular embodiments exemplified without departing from the intended scope of the invention . for example , amino acid modified microcapsules could be attached to specific targeting agents without affecting the intended nature and practice of the invention . all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the claims . the references listed below are incorporated herein by reference to the extent they supplement , explain , provide a background for or teach methodology , techniques and / or compositions employed herein . wright , k . c ., wallace , s ., mosier , b ., mosier , d ., j . microencapsulation 5 ( 1 ), 13 - 20 ( 1988 ). wright , k . c ., charnsangavej , c ., wallace , s ., chuang , v . p ., savaraj , n ., cardiovasc . internat . radiol . 7 , 294 - 298 ( 1984 ). kawashima , y ., lin , s . y ., kasai , a . et al ., drug dev . ind . pharm . u . s . a . 10 , 467 - 479 ( 1984 ). benita , s ., benoit , j . p ., puisieur , f . and thies , c ., j . pharm . sci . 73 , 1721 - 1724 ( 1984 ). tice , t . r . and gilley , r . m ., j . control . release ( netherlands ) 2 , 343 - 352 ( 1985 ). smith , a . and hunneyball , i . m ., int . j . pharm . ( netherlands ) 30 , 215 - 220 ( 1986 ). bechtel , w ., wright , k . c ., wallace , s ., mosier . b ., mosier , d ., mir , s ., kudo , s ., radiology 161 , 601 - 604 ( 1986 ). bruning , j . l . and kintz , b . l . &# 34 ; computational handbook of statistics &# 34 ;&# 39 ; 2nd ed ., scott , foreman and company , glenview , ill . ( 1977 ). mccague , r . ; leclercq , g . ; jordan , v . c ., j . med . chem . 1988 , 31 , 1285 - 1290 . lowry , o . h . ; rosebrough , n . j . ; farr , a . l . ; randall , r . j ., j . biol . chem . 193 , 265 - 266 ( 1953 ). zupon , m . a ., fang , s . m . christensen , j . m . and peterson , r . v ., j . pharm . sci . 72 , 1323 - 1326 ( 1983 ). kroschwitz , j . i . in polymers , biomaterials and medical applications , wiley and sons , new york , 5 - 27 ( 1989 ). lowry , o . h ., rosenbrough , n . j ., farr , a . l . and randall , r . j ., j . biol . chem . 193 , 265 ( 1951 ) yang , d . j .. emran , a . m ., tansey , w ., wallace , s . and kim , e . e . in new trends in radiopharmaceutical synthesis , quality assurance and regulatory control , ed . a . m . emran , plenum press , new york , pp . 67 - 78 ( 1991 ). although the present invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding , it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the claims .
the present invention relates to a highly efficient method of preparing modified microcapsules exhibiting selective targeting . these microcapsules are suitable for encapsulation surface attachment of therapeutic and diagnostic agents . in one aspect of the invention , surface charge of the polymeric material is altered by conjugation of an amino acid ester to the providing improved targeting of encapsulated agents to specific tissue cells . examples include encapsulation of radiodiagnostic agents in 1 μm capsules to provide improved opacification and encapsulation of cytotoxic agents in 100 μm capsules for chemoembolization procedures . the microcapsules are suitable for attachment of a wide range of targeting agents , including antibodies , steroids and drugs , which may be attached to the microcapsule polymer before or after formation of suitably sized microcapsules . the invention also includes microcapsules surface modified with hydroxyl groups . various agents such as estrone may be attached to the microcapsules and effectively targeted to selected organs .