the present invention relates to systems and methods for real - time neurophysiological monitoring as described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 244 , 214 filed jun . 3 , 2005 , the entire contents of which application being incorporated herein by reference . the present invention provides apparel and especially a stocking or a sleeve for wearing or placing on a subject &# 39 ; s body , especially on a subject &# 39 ; s limbs , during neurophysiological procedures and neurophysiological monitoring for guidance of placement of electrodes relating to a particular electrode montage , and more particularly , the stocking or sleeve having positioned apertures corresponding to a specific electrode montage , wherein electrodes are placed on the surface or just beneath the surface of the skin of a subject at the positions of the apertures . it is contemplated in one highly preferred embodiment that the inventive stocking or sleeve be designed and manufactured to comprise apertures positioned in the fabric for a specific electrode montage to indicate , guide , and help electrode placement on the subject . it being understood that various different electrode montages may be appropriate in particular circumstances , it is contemplated that various designs of stocking or sleeve or glove or trunk apparel are possible having different distributions of apertures , according to the montage with which the apparel is to be used . the inventive stocking or sleeve being may be made of any suitable fabric for holding in place . the inventive stocking or sleeve may be suitable for placing on or against a subject &# 39 ; s leg , arm , hand , upper torso , lower torso and the like . one embodiment of the inventive stocking or sleeve comprises color - coded apertures , the color - coding relating to the placement of specific electrodes at specific sites on a subject &# 39 ; s body . the inventive stocking or sleeve is suitable for all kinds of electrodes , and for use in both static and real - time neurophysiological recording and monitoring . related application , u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 144 , 214 filed jun . 3 , 2005 , which is incorporated herein by reference , describes systems , apparatus and methods for both static and real - time neurophysiological procedures . it is contemplated by the inventors that the inventive stocking or sleeve is a useful component of those systems , apparatus and methods . the above described fig2 - 5 illustrate the inventive stocking in several embodiments as designed for various electrode montages . in the instant figures , two different sizes of apertures are exemplified to demonstrate use of the inventive stocking when employing snap - on and needle electrodes . typically , snap - on electrodes are for detecting nerve and spinal root signals , and needle electrodes are used for muscle recording or stimulation . procedures employing a combination of both snap - on and needle electrodes accommodate procedures in which both muscle and nerve , and spinal root signal recordings are carried out during a single procedure . preferred embodiments of the inventive stocking are shown in fig2 - 5 . fig2 a , 2b and fig3 illustrate the inventive stocking having large apertures suited for a montage using all snap - on electrodes . fig2 a and 2b represent , respectively , a posterior view and an inner lower limb view , showing the positions of the apertures over the peroneal nerve , ( 10 ), at the spinal root l4 , ( 6 ), and over the posterior tibial nerve ( 11 ), in accordance with one of the preferred embodiments of the invention . fig3 represents an anterior view , showing the positions of apertures at spinal roots l2 ( 2 ), l3 ( 3 ) and l5 ( 5 ). fig4 a , 4b and 4 c , illustrate the inventive stocking having smaller apertures suited for a montage using all needle electrodes . fig4 a , 4b and 4 c show , respectively , an anterior view , a posterior view and an inner lower limb view of a stocking showing the positions of apertures for placement of pairs of needle electrodes over the quadriceps muscle ( 12 ), the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ( 13 ), the vastus lateralis nerve ( 14 ), the tibialis anterior muscle ( 15 ), the extensor hallucis longus muscle ( ehl ) ( 16 ), the peroneal nerve ( 17 ), the gastrocnemius muscle ( 18 ) and the posterior tibial nerve ( 19 ), in accordance with one the preferred embodiment . in yet another preferred embodiment of the inventive stocking , shown in fig5 a , 5b and 5 c , the stocking has a combination of small and large apertures suited to a montage in which a combination of both snap - on and needle electrodes is utilized . fig5 a , 5b and 5 c show , respectively , a posterior view , an inner lower limb view and an anterior view of a stocking having apertures for placement of both snap - on and needle electrodes over the gastrocnemius muscle ( 18 ), at spinal roots s1 ( 6 ), l4 ( 4 ), l3 ( 3 ), l5 ( 5 ), the posterior tibial nerve ( 11 ), the quadriceps muscle ( 12 ) and the tibialis anterior muscle ( 15 ), in accordance with one of the preferred embodiments of the invention . the invention contemplates the use of the inventive stocking in conjunction with all types of electrode technology , and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the aperture size may be of any size suited to and / or appropriate for any type of electrode . other designs of apertures for guidance and placement of electrodes may be desirable . it will be understood by those skilled in the art therefore that the inventive stocking is not to be limited to any particular design , nor to any particular shape , style or size of aperture , as the instant invention contemplates the use of all types of electrodes for receiving or transmitting data , or for stimulating the skin of a subject . it will be also understood by those skilled in the art that the apertures of the stocking may be designed for differentiating the apertures , such as color - coding and the like , the apertures marked so as to designate placement of a particular electrode at a particular site on the subject . alternatively , the stocking apertures may be unmarked or undesignated , so that all the apertures look alike except for the size of the apertures , or alternatively , all the sizes of the apertures may be alike . in one embodiment of the inventive stocking apertures designed without placement marking be suitable marked by the user via coloring the stocking with a marker pen , or by attaching appropriate guidance markers thereon . table 1 illustrates a color correlation schedule , based on embodiments of the invention shown in fig2 - 5 , in which the color of an aperture designates an electrode placement at a position on the subject &# 39 ; s body . color coding may be affixed to the stocking by a manufacturer or the stocking may by any means such as hatched colored stitching around the aperture , or it may be by another means for marking on , around or adjacent to the aperture a color designating the electrode . a color chart providing information such as is shown in table 1 , may be provided with the color - coded stocking . in such a chart , free electrodes may be provided for , leaving the color optional , for example for motor nerve conduction . alternatively , the chart may be provided that is capable of receiving removable or erasable color coding for use with multiple different styles of stocking . it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that any type of designation of apertures in the stocking or undesignated apertures may be used with any kind of pre - designed chart or a re - usable chart such as just described . the instant invention also contemplates the use of the inventive stocking with one or more wireless electrodes , in which the stocking apertures are used as described heretofor , but now for placement of wireless electrodes or biosensor electrodes . in a highly preferred embodiment , the inventive stocking or sleeve is a component of a neurophysiological procedure wherein procedures comprising one or more of stimulation of a subject , recording bio - potentials from a subject , and monitoring changes in a subject , is carried out in real - time . as an exemplary procedure , evoked potentials are monitored in real - time , by recording far - field potentials generated distant from a stimulation site . for example , the posterial tibial nerve is stimulated in the lower limb , and its volley or electroconductive changes can be measured at a recording electrode , which could placed over any far - field volume conductor such as the posterior spinal column , the cerebral cortex , or the lumbar sacral spine . the window in which recording over the biosensor is being made , is time - locked to the delivery of the stimulus . from the point of stimulation of the lower extremities to recording a far - field bio - potentials over the posterior cervical spine or cerebral cortex , the recording window of a lower extremity nerve , for example , the posterial tibial nerve , or of a dermatome , is 100 milliseconds ( msec ). the recording window from the point of stimulation at the upper extremities ( the median nerve ) to the cervical spine or cerebral cortex , is 50 msec . in compound action muscle potentials in which recording is being made from the muscle , the time - window is 20 msec . in neurogenic evoked potentials ( in which recording takes place at a nerve , and stimulation may be of any segment proximal to where a signal is being recording from ), the time window is 30 msec . for ecg , and emg , the time window is 100 msec . for example , if at time t = zero , a stimulus is delivered , a recording is captured over the lumbar sacral spine in about 40 seconds . typical recording time windows are shown in table 2 . in one embodiment of the invention , a support stocking is manufactured with apertures that are color - coded according to placement of electrodes for an all snap - on electrode montage . the stocking is put on the leg of a subject undergoing a procedure for measuring function of the peroneal and posterior tibial nerves , and at spinal roots l4 , l2 , l3 and l5 . once the stocking is fitted on the leg of the subject in the normal way a stocking or medical hose is fitted onto the leg , the apertures become positioned such that it is easy for the practitioner to see the positions for placement of the electrodes . the aperture for the peroneal nerve is colored black and indicates the position for placing a stimulating electrode , also colored black , to stimulate this nerve . in similar fashion , the aperture indicating the site for stimulating the posterior tibial nerve is colored violet , correlating with a violet colored stimulating electrode . in similar fashion the apertures indicating the position for stimulating spinal roots l4 , l2 , l3 and l5 , are respectively colored yellow ( l4 ), red ( l2 ), blue ( l3 ) and orange ( l5 ), each correlating with stimulating electrodes similarly colored . in a second example of the inventive approach , the inventive stocking is worn by a subject during a procedure using an all needle electrode montage , in which the quadriceps muscle , the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve , the vastus lateralis muscle , the tibialis anterior muscle , the extensor hallucis longus muscle , the peroneal nerve , the gastrocnemius muscle and the posterior tibial nerve are percutaneously stimulated or recorded . when fitted on the leg of the subject , the apertures in the stocking are positioned for receiving and placing needle electrodes at the quadriceps muscle , the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve , the vastus lateralis nerve , the tibialis anterior muscle , the extensor hallucis longus muscle , the peroneal nerve , the gastrocnemius muscle and the posterior tibial nerve . the apertures are colored , respectively ( as shown in table 1 ), red for placement of an electrode recording the quadriceps muscle , orange for stimulating the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve , blue for the vastus lateralis nerve , yellow for the tibialis anterior muscle , black for the extensor hallucis longus muscle , green for the peroneal nerve , brown for the gastrocnemius muscle and the violet for the posterior tibial nerve . the correlating electrodes are similarly colored accordingly . in this manner , the practitioner can rapidly and correctly attach the appropriate electrode .
a stocking or sleeve for wearing or placing on a part of a subject &# 39 ; s body for guiding placement of electrodes during monitoring and evaluating of electroneurophysiological data such as mixed and dermatomal nerve conduction latencies and amplitudes , and spontaneous electromyogram , in both clinical and intraoperative settings . the stocking or sleeve has designed into the fabric positioned apertures corresponding to a specific electrode montage , wherein the electrodes are placed on the surface or just beneath the surface of the skin of a subject at the positions of the apertures . the apertures may be color - coded or otherwise marked , or may be markable , to distinguish particular electrodes for positioning at specific sites on the subject &# 39 ; s body . the stocking or sleeve is suitable for all kinds of electrodes . a preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of the stocking or sleeve with a wireless biosensor electrode . another preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of the stocking or sleeve as a component of a system for real - time monitoring of changes in electroneurophysiological data .