preferred processes of batch or continuous nature are schematically depicted in fig1 and 2 . turning first to the batch process of fig1 , it will be observed that the overall system is designed to process an incoming waste stream 10 normally containing at least protein , fat , and moisture to produce a desired output which can be directly fed to an extruder for processing therein . typical extruder waste streams would also include starch - containing grains or other materials . preferably this batch process includes blending in a blending pump or device 12 , emulsification using an emulsifier 14 , and analysis employing one or more process analyzers 16 . ultimately , a final product stream 18 is created which can be directed to an extrusion processing system 20 , having a conventional single or twin screw extruder as a part thereof . although not shown , it is possible to perform the operative steps of the process in a co2 or otherwise reduced oxygen atmosphere ; such is particularly desirable where high quantities of fresh , uncooked animal protein materials are being processed , and / or extended storage times are contemplated . in more detail , the incoming stream 10 may be made up of rework or waste ( e . g ., out of specification ) product derived from extrusion system 20 , such as that produce during start up of the system or during upset conditions . a consistent problem with such waste products is wide variability in the makeup thereof , a particular problem addressed by the present invention . the incoming stream 10 may also contain substantial quantities of fresh , uncooked animal - derived protein such as that derived from slaughter house wastes . the initial processing step may include particle size reduction in a grinder 22 or similar device , but this may not be required . in any case , the stream 10 , whether or not initially size - reduced , is directed to device 12 where it is blended . in this station , steam and / or carbon dioxide may be added via inputs 24 . additionally , water , fat , tallow or other minor ingredients may also be added through input 26 . again , the function of blending is to move toward the final consistent product which can be efficiently processed in extrusion system 20 . a variety of blending devices can be used in this context . however , the blender / pump depicted and described in pending application for u . s . letters patent s / n 10 / 713 , 942 filed nov . 14 , 2003 ( incorporated by reference herein ) is especially preferred . this type of blender / pump is capable of thoroughly mixing the stream 10 as well as any additions thereto , and to direct this blended stream to emulsifier 14 . such a blender / pump includes twin shafts having a combination of paddles and ribbons that homogeneously mix and convey the material to associated pumping screws . the preferred device operates in such a matter to constantly keep the pumping screws overfull to ensure accurate pumping . the blender is equipped with temperature sensors for monitoring and control , as well as steam / co2 / water / other ingredient inputs . finally , the blender / pump may be equipped with load cells or level probes to assist in loss - in - weight control and fill level control . the emulsifier 14 is designed to create a substantially uniform output in terms of viscosity and product size . emulsification should produce a product having solid particles with a maximum dimension of up to about 7mm , and more preferably up to about 1 . 5mm . a number of commercially available emulsifiers can be used , such as those produced by cozzini , inc . the emulsification process will often raise the temperature of the material , and because of this , careful temperature control in the upstream blender is advisable . while often preferred , emulsification is not absolutely essential to the operation of the system . subsequent to emulsification , the material is analyzed using the analyzer ( s ) 16 . generally speaking , it has been found that improved analyses are obtained with devices which generate energy which is transmitted through a cross section of the material to be analyzed , with analysis data being received and manipulated to obtain useful information . for example , particularly good results have been obtained with near infrared ( nir ) analyzers such as those commercialized by ese , inc . of marshfield , wis ., for determining moisture , fat , salts and protein contents , and ph and viscosity values on an instantaneous , real - time basis . also , guided microwave analyzers such as those produced by thermoelectron corporation can be used to measure moisture and fat contents . these types of analyzers have a transmitter positioned adjacent the stream of material and an opposed receiver , so that the energy signal is transmitted through the product . this is to be contrasted with other types of analyzers which are based on reflectance of a signal off a surface of the product ; these types of analyzers do not generate data representative of the entire cross - section of the material . other types of analyzers which may be used in this context include x - ray and ultrasound analyzers . the data generated by the analyzer ( s ) 16 is directed to a system control microprocessor 28 which is operatively coupled via leads 30 , 32 , 34 , and 36 to the analyzer ( s ) 16 , the additive input 26 and the incoming stream 10 , recycle valve 38 for control purposes , and to extrusion additive control line 40 . those skilled in the art will appreciate that these leads are coupled to appropriate pumps or valves in order to control the operation of the overall system . depending upon the data received from the analyzer ( s ) 16 , a so - called “ product signature ” is generated in microprocessor 28 . this signature is used in the control of the overall system so as to ensure that the final product stream 18 is of desired characteristics . such control may include recirculation of a portion of the output from analyzer ( s ) 16 through line 42 back to blender / pump 12 . also , it may involve addition of protein , water , fat / tallow or other minor ingredients through input 30 . hence , the system can generate the final product stream 18 for direct extrusion in system 20 . to this end , a surge tank 44 may be provided in the final product line to control flow of the finished product to system 20 ; alternately , the product 18 may be sent to temporary storage facility 46 before use thereof . it will be understood that the key to production of the consistent output final product 18 is the accurate analysis of the emulsified product via the analyzer ( s ) 16 . in actual operation using the system of fig1 , the incoming waste stream is of extremely variable ingredient makeup and have differing physical properties such as size , viscosity and ph . the product may initially be reduced at 22 or fed directly to blender / pump 12 . the latter is filled to a predetermined level of either volume or weight , and is designed to homogeneously mix the incoming product . once a fill level is reached and the desired degree of mix is obtained , a material is pumped out of the blender through the emulsifier 14 and then to the process analyzer ( s ) 16 . the information accumulated from the analyzer 16 is used to determine the batch product signature , containing all information that is critical to the final product specification . if recirculation is required , a portion of the analyzed material is directed through line 42 back to blender / pump 12 . also , during the steps of the fig1 process , the temperature of the material is monitored so that if the temperature is too low or too high , steam and / or co2 and / or cold water may be injected at blender / pump 12 . also , fat , protein , starch and water levels may be adjusted at the blender / pump 12 through the input lines 30 . if contaminates are detected by the analyzer 16 , such can be diverted using a diversion valve ( not shown ). once the batch is homogeneous and the desired ingredient makeup and temperature have been achieved , the product 18 is directed for downstream extrusion as explained . however , the system allows a further control opportunity by way of additive line 40 , i . e ., appropriate ingredient make - up may be made at the extrusion system , if desired . it will also be understood that the use of adjusted waste stream 18 is usually not the primary feed to extrusion system 20 ; rather , an incoming primary stream 48 of extrudable material is fed to system 20 in the usual way , with the stream 18 and additives 40 be secondary thereto . the system of fig1 is in the form of a batch process . fig2 illustrates a similar system which is in - line and continuous . in the fig2 system many of the same components are employed for the same purpose as compared with fig1 , and therefore like reference numerals are used where appropriate and no additional discussion of these components is provided . thus , in fig2 , the in - line system is identical with fig1 , except that no recycle from the analyzer ( s ) to pump / blender 12 is present , and accordingly the hookup of microprocessor 28 is different . also , because of the in - line nature of the fig2 system , surge control is normally not required . the operation of the in - line system is closely analogous to that of the fig1 batch system , differing only in the fact that no recycle is present . again , the use of the analyzer ( s ) 16 coupled with the microprocessor 28 is a key step in the reliable production of consistent waste stream products at 18 for subsequent extrusion . concurrently filed applications for u . s . letters patent entitled animal protein products usable as ingredients in extruded products ( s / n______ , filed ______ ) and method and apparatus for providing instantaneous , real - time data for extrusion process control ( s / n ______ , filed ______ ) are incorporated by reference herein .
methods of controlling waste streams and products in extrusion systems are provided in order to create from such materials consistent - quality recyclable waste streams which can be directly fed to an extruder without creating upset conditions or production of out of specification extrudates . in the methods of the invention , an incoming stream of waste material including fat , protein , starch and moisture is blended to increase the homogeneity thereof whereupon the material is analyzed using one or more analyzers , especially microwave and near infrared analyzers . such analysis creates a product signature for the material which is stored in a control microprocessor . the analyzed stream can be modified as necessary by recirculation and / or addition of extra ingredients to create a final output stream suitable for extrusion along with a primary stream of extrudable material .