although , throughout this discussion , applications of this device for creating a passage through refractory atherosclerotic plaque from arteries , particularly coronary or peripheral limb arteries , are frequently used as examples , it should be understood that these particular examples are not intended to be limiting . other applications for the present technology may include removal of kidney stones , in which case the device will be intended to traverse the ureters ; gallstones , in which case the device will be intended to traverse the bile duct ; enlarged prostate blockage of the urethra , in which case the device will be intended to traverse the urethra ; blocked fallopian tubes , in which case the device will be intended to traverse the fallopian tubes ; treatment of blood clots , removal of material trapped in the lungs , etc . in general , any unwanted material occupying space in a body lumen may be surgically removed by these techniques . similarly , although use in human patients is cited in most examples , it should be evident that the same techniques may be useful in animals as well . helical drill bits and self - tapping screw bits are widely known to be highly effective at penetrating through materials as soft as wax and as refractory as rock and metal , and indeed such devices are widely used for such purposes . although effective , drill bits are typically considered to be both powerful and extremely crude . as anyone who has ever attempted to use an electric drill can attest , drill devices , although admittedly effective at removing material , would seem to be totally unsuited for delicate vascular surgery , particularly at sites hidden deep within the body . helical self - tapping screw bits are designed slightly differently . although just as effective at cutting through various materials , drill bits are configured to both cut and then remove the material , while self - tapping screw bits are designed primarily for cutting a passage through the material . for either type of device , the problem is not the efficacy of cutting or occlusion removal ; the problem is one of preventing inadvertent damage to the surrounding artery . surprisingly however , the present invention teaches that if the prejudice against such crude and powerful methods is overcome , and suitable protection and control devices are devised to control the crude and apparently overwhelming power of such “ drill bit ” devices , catheter “ drill bit ” devices suitable for delicate vascular surgery , which are both powerful at cutting or removing occlusions , yet specific enough to avoid unwanted damage to artery walls , may be produced . thus , in a first aspect of the present invention , the superior material cutting / removing properties of a “ drill bit ” like material removal device ( or self - threading helical screw bit ) are combined with suitable protection and catheter guidance mechanisms which allow such powerful cutting devices to be safely and effectively used within the confines of delicate arteries and other body lumens . to do this , precise control must be exerted over the cutting edge of the “ drill bit ”. the bit or “ cutting head ” should normally be sheathed or shielded from contact with artery walls , so that inadvertent damage to artery walls can be avoided while the head of the catheter is being threaded to the artery to the occluded region . once at the occlusion , the cutting portion of the cutting head ( bit ) should be selectively exposed only to the minimal extent needed to perform the relevant occlusion cutting activity . the rotation direction of the cutting head may optionally be varied , for example by rotating the head counter - clockwise to produce a blunt dissection through the obstacle or occlusion , and then clockwise while pulling back on the entire assembly . once the desired cuts are made , the cutting head should then be quickly returned to its protective sheath . the entire device should operate within the millimeter diameters of a typical artery , and should be capable of being threaded on a catheter for a considerable distance into the body . suitable techniques to achieve these objectives are taught in the following figures and examples . fig1 shows an overview of the catheter device ( 100 ) including the catheter body ( 102 ), the catheter handle ( 104 ), and the catheter head ( 106 ). the catheter body and catheter head , and often even the cutting head , are often hollow and are capable of accommodating a guidewire ( not shown ). a magnified view of the catheter head , showing the rotating cutting head in an extended configuration ( 108 ), extended outside of the sheath portion of the catheter head ( here this sheath is called the “ sheath head ”) ( 106 ) is also shown . fig2 shows the exterior of the sheath head portion of the catheter head ( 106 ) with the cutting head ( 108 ) extended . this cutting head will normally have one or more projecting side blades or with cutting edges ( 202 ), and additionally will often have cutting edges on the ( 102 ) may be hollow to accommodate a guidewire . in some embodiments , the guidewire will exit the sheath portion of the catheter head ( 106 ) on the side of catheter head ( 106 ) prior to cutting head ( 108 ) by a side opening ( not shown ). in other embodiments , cutting head ( 108 ) will itself be hollow and the guidewire will exit the end of cutting head ( 108 ) through opening ( 206 ). in the closed configuration , the rotating cutting head ( 108 ) is retracted inside the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ) and the cutting edges or projections ( 202 ) from the cutting head ( 108 ) fit into helical slots or grooves ( 208 ). this sheathed configuration prevents projecting side cutting edges ( 202 ) and front cutting edges ( 204 ) from accidentally contacting the walls of the artery . fig3 shows a drawing of the catheter head ( 106 ) ( with the cutting head extended from the sheath head ) cutting into a cto ( 304 ) in an occluded artery ( 306 ). in this example , the catheter and catheter head are mounted on and guided by a guidewire ( 302 ), however this will not always be the case . as should be clear , the cutting edge of the “ drill bit / screw - thread ” like cutting head can easily damage artery lining ( 306 ). in order to avoid such accidental damage , precise control over the extent of cutting head exposure is needed . methods to achieve such precise control are shown in fig4 . fig4 shows some of the details of how the cutting head ( 108 ) is unscrewed from the helical slots or grooves ( 208 ) of the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ), thus exposing cutting head has become fully unscrewed from helical slots ( 208 ) and is fully extended . an optional projecting post or guide ( 404 ) mounted on cutting head ( 108 ) may act to guide the rotating cutting head into and out of the helical screw - like slots ( 208 ). the coupling ( 406 ) that couples cutting head ( 108 ) with a torque transmitting ( torque communicating connector ) inner catheter tube or cable ( 408 ) is in the extreme distal position inside of the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ). in ( 410 ), the cutting head is shown in its fully retracted position . normally the cutting head will be stored in this fully retracted position so that it can be introduced into the artery via a guidewire , and be directed to the occlusion or plaque region , without damaging non - target regions of the artery . note that the coupling ( 406 ) is in the fully distal position in the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ), and that the protruding cutting blades ( 202 ) of cutting head ( 108 ) are fully screwed into helical screw slots ( 208 ). in some situations , a guidewire [ fig3 ( 302 )] leading to the obstruction will already have been introduced . in fact , a previous attempt to perform atherectomy may have already been made , and this attempt may have been frustrated by refractory plaque , such as a plaque covered with hard calcium deposits , whereupon the physician may make a decision to use the present cutting device to punch through this refractory plaque . in use , the catheter head ( 106 ) and catheter tube ( 102 ) are attached to the guidewire and are then introduced into the artery via an appropriate incision . the catheter handle ( 104 ) will remain outside of the body . the location of the obstruction will generally be known , and in fact the obstruction may be imaged by fluoroscopy or other technique . catheter head ( 106 ) is brought up against the obstruction , and the operator will then apply torque , often via a device mounted on catheter handle ( 104 ). this torque is usually transmitted to the catheter head ( 106 ) via an inner torque conducting catheter or wire ( 408 ), here termed a “ torque communicating connector ”. usually outer catheter ( 102 ) will not conduct torque . outer catheter ( 102 ) remains approximately stationary ( i . e . does not rotate ) and similarly the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ) and the helical screw slots or grooves ( 208 ) also do not rotate . the torque is communicated via coupling ( 406 ) to cutting head ( 108 ). this torque essentially causes cutting head ( 108 ) to “ unscrew ” from its retracted position in the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ) via the action of the protruding blade edges ( 202 ) against helical slots or grooves ( 208 ). this “ unscrewing ” circular motion is shown by the curved arrow ( 412 ). as cutting head ( 108 ) unscrews , it starts to advance and protrude outside of the protective sheath head shroud . in ( 420 ), the cutting head ( 108 ) is now shown in a partially unscrewed or partially extended position . note that the protruding blade edges ( 202 ) have moved relative to the helical sheath head screw slots or grooves ( 208 ). thus the blade edges ( 202 ) are now partially unscrewed from the helical screw slots ( 208 ) and are partially exposed . cutting head ( 108 ) now is protruding out from the sheath head portion of catheter head casing or shroud ( 106 ), and the coupling ( 406 ) has moved partially toward the distal end of the catheter . it should be evident that by reversing the direction of the torque , the cutting head may be again retracted into the sheath head when this is desired . the catheter can be repositioned for another cut , and the process of cutting head extension , cutting , and retraction can be repeated as many times as necessary . thus the present invention controls the aggressive cutting power of the “ drill bit ” cutting head by exposing only as much of the cutting head at a time as needed for the task at hand . fig5 shows a close up of the sheath head portion of the catheter head showing the cutting head screwed into a stored position inside the protective sheath head shroud . this angle allows the helical screw slots or grooves ( 208 ) to be easily seen , and cutting head ( 108 ) can also be seen inside of the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ). fig6 shows a close up of an alternate design cutting head ( 108 ) with spiral shaped protruding cutting edges ( 202 ). the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ) will normally be between about 1 to 2 . 2 millimeters in diameter , and the catheter body ( 102 ) will typically also have a diameter of approximately 1 to 3 millimeters ( 3 - 9 french ), and a length between 50 and 200 cm . the sheath head may be made from various materials such as hard plastics , metals , or composite materials . examples of such materials include niti steel , platinum / iridium or stainless steel . although sheath head ( 106 ) contains slots or grooves designed to impart forward motion to cutting head ( 108 ) when cutting head is rotated , and although these slots or grooves are referred to as “ helical ” grooves or slots , due to the short length of the sheath head and overall catheter head , the slots or grooves do not have to be in the exact mathematical shape of a helix . in fact a variety of shapes that differ somewhat from a mathematically pure helix configuration will suffice . in general , the slot or groove must be such that torque applied to the cutting head causes the cutting head to both rotate and advance , and any such slot or groove is here designated as a “ helical ” slot or groove . also , for this discussion , a “ slot ” is considered to be an opening that extends from the inside to the outside of the hollow catheter head ( 106 ), while a “ groove ” is similar to a rifle groove in that a “ groove ” does not extend all the way from the inside of the hollow sheath head to the outside , but rather only penetrates partway through the sheath head material . the cutting head ( 108 ) will often be made of materials such as steel , carbide , or ceramic . the blades of the cutting head ( 202 ), ( 204 ) can optionally be hardened by coating with tungsten carbide , me - 92 , etc . materials suitable for this purpose are taught in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 771 , 774 ; 5 , 312 , 425 ; and 5 , 674 , 232 . the angle of the blades and the details of their design will differ depending upon if the head is intended to simply cut through the occluding material , of if it is intended to cut through and actually remove ( debulk ) portions of the occlusion . for example , blades intended for to remove material may curve at an angle such that they will tend to sever the link between the occluding material and the body lumen , while blades intended just for cutting will have an alternate angle that tends not to sever this link . in some embodiments , the catheter may be composed of two different tubes . in this configuration , there may be an outer catheter tube ( 102 ), which will often be composed of a flexible biocompatible material . there may also be an inner tube ( 408 ) chosen for its ability to transmit torque from the catheter handle ( 104 ) to the cutting head ( 108 ) ( via coupling ( 406 )). the inner torque transmitting tube ( which is one possible type of “ torque communicating connector ”) is able to twist relative to the outer catheter tube so that when torque is applied to the inner tube at the handle end ( 104 ), the cutting head ( 108 ) will rotate , but the catheter sheath head itself , which is connected to the outer catheter tube , will remain roughly stationary . alternatively a cable may be used in place of inner tube ( 408 ). the outer catheter body ( 102 ) may often be made from organic polymer materials extruded for this purpose , such as polyester , polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ), polyurethane , polyvinylchloride , silicon rubber , and the like . the inner torque conducting catheter ( 408 ) may be composed of these materials or alternatively may be composed from metal coils , wires , or filaments . in many embodiments , the catheter will be designed to be compatible with a monorail guidewire that has a diameter of about 0 . 014 ″, or between 0 . 010 ″ and 0 . 032 ″. for example , the outer catheter jacket may contain attached external guides for the monorail guidewire . in this case , the guidewire may exit these external guides either prior to the catheter head , or midway through the catheter head . alternatively , the catheter may be hollow , and be located over the guidewire for the entire length of the catheter . the catheter handle ( 104 ) will normally attach to both outer catheter tube ( 102 ), and inner tube or cable ( 408 ). usually handle ( 104 ) will contain at least a knob , dial , or lever that allows the operator to apply torque to the inner torque transmitting tube or cable ( 408 ). in some embodiments , sensors may be used to determine how much the cutting head ( 108 ) has rotated or extended relative to the sheath head portion of catheter head ( 106 ), and these sensors , possibly aided by a mechanical or electronic computation and display mechanism , may show the operator how much the cutting head has rotated and or extended . in some embodiments , the catheter handle ( 104 ) will be designed with knobs or levers coupled to mechanical mechanisms ( such as gears , torque communicating bands , etc .) that manually rotate and advance / retract the catheter tip , and the operator will manually control the tip with gentle slow rotation or movement of these knobs or levers . in other embodiments the catheter handle will contain a mechanism , such as an electronic motor , and a control means , such as a button or trigger , that will allow the user to rotate and advance the cutting head in a precise and controlled manner . this mechanism may , for example , consist of a microprocessor or feedback controlled motor , microprocessor , and software that may act to receive information from a cutting head rotation or extension sensor , and use this rotation feedback data , in conjunction with operator instructions delivered by the button or trigger , to advance or retract the cutting head by a precise amount for each operator command . this way the operator need not worry about any errors induced by the spring action of the inner torque transmitting tube or cable ( 408 ). the microprocessor ( or other circuit ) controlled motor can automatically compensate for these errors , translate button or trigger presses into the correct amount of torque , and implement the command without requiring further operator effort . alternatively non - microprocessor methods , such as a vernier or a series of guided markings , etc ., may be used to allow the operator to compensate for differences in the rotation of the torque communicating connector and the rotation of the cutting head , or for the extent that which said cutting head exits said hollow sheath head . in some embodiments , the catheter head may be equipped with additional sensors , such as ultrasonic sensors to detect calcified material , optical ( near infrared ) sensors to detect occlusions or artery walls , or other medically relevant sensors . if these sensors are employed , in some cases it may be convenient to locate the driving mechanisms for these sensors in the catheter handle ( 104 ) as well . additional means to improve the efficacy of the cutting head may also be employed . thus the cutting head may be configured to vibrate at high ( ultrasonic ) frequency , perform radiofrequency ( rf ) tissue ablation , generate localized areas of intense heat , conduct cutting light ( e . g . laser or excimer laser ), or other directed energy means . the cutting head may be composed of alternative designs and materials , and these designs and materials may be selected to pick the particular problem at hand . as an example , a cutting head appropriate for use against a calcified obstruction may differ from the cutting head appropriate for use against a non - calcified obstruction . similarly the cutting head appropriate for use against a highly fibrous obstruction may be less appropriate against a less fibrous and fattier obstruction . the length or size of the obstruction may also influence head design . although multiple catheters , each composed of a different type of cutting head , may be one way to handle this type of problem , in other cases , a kit composed of a single catheter and multiple cutting heads ( 108 ) and optionally multiple sheath heads ( 106 ) may be more cost effective . in this type of situation , the cutting heads ( 108 ) may be designed to be easily mounted and dismounted from coupling ( 406 ). a physician could view the obstruction by fluoroscopy or other technique , and chose to mount the cutting head design ( and associated sheath head design ) best suited for the problem at hand . alternatively , if the blades ( 202 ), ( 204 ) on cutting head ( 108 ) have become dull or chipped from use during a procedure , a physician may chose to replace dull or chipped cutting head ( 108 ) with a fresh cutting head , while continuing to use the rest of the catheter . for some applications , it may also be useful to supply various visualization dyes or therapeutic agents to the obstruction using the catheter . here , the dye or therapeutic agent may be applied by either sending this dye up to the catheter head through the space between the exterior catheter ( 102 ) and the interior torque catheter ( 408 ), or alternatively if torque catheter ( 408 ) is hollow , through the interior of torque catheter ( 408 ). if cutting head ( 108 ) also has a hollow opening ( 206 ), then the dye or therapeutic agent may be applied directly to the obstruction , even while cutting head ( 108 ) is cutting through the obstruction . examples of useful dyes and therapeutic agents to apply include fluoroscopic , ultrasonic , mri , fluorescent , or luminescent tracking and visualization dyes , anticoagulants ( e . g . heparin , low molecular weight heparin ), thrombin inhibitors , anti - platelet agents ( e . g . cyclooxygenase inhibitors , adp receptor inhibitors , phosphodiesterase inhibitors , glycoprotein iib / iiia inhibitors , adenosine reuptake inhibitors ), anti - thromboplastin agents , anti - clot agents such as thrombolytics ( e . g . tissue plasminogen activator , urokinase , streptokinase ), lipases , monoclonal antibodies , and the like . in some embodiments , it may be useful to construct the cutting head out of a material that has a radiopaque signature ( different appearance under x - rays ) that differs from the material used to construct the hollow sheath head portion of the catheter head . this will allow the physician to directly visualize , by fluoroscopic or other x - ray imaging technique , exactly how far the cutting head has advanced outside of the catheter sheath head .
a rotating cutting head catheter for passage through chronic total occlusions or other refractory atherosclerotic plaque from diseased arteries is disclosed . the catheter &# 39 ; s rotating cutting head is designed to reside safely within an outer protective sheath when not in use . the outer protective sheath contains one or more helical grooves or slots , and the cutting head contains protruding blades or projections that fit into these helical grooves or slots . application of torque to an inner catheter or wire attached to the cutting head applies spin to the cutting head , and the force of the sheath &# 39 ; s helical grooves or slots against the cutting head &# 39 ; s protruding blades or projections advances the cutting head outward from the protective sheath . once extended , the cutting head may now rotate freely . the device may use a guidewire to direct the cutting head to the desired position .