pioneer brand hybrid 3531 has outstanding yield and has good potential as a silage hybrid , having good total plant yield and digestability . its early flowering and black layer should allow it to move north . 3531 has good early growth , above average brittle stalk resistance and excellent goss &# 39 ; wilt resistance . the hybrid shows good resistance to common rust . 3531 has average stalk lodging resistance . it has slightly below average test weight . pioneer brand hybrid 3531 is a single cross , yellow endosperm , dent corn hybrid with outstanding yield in its maturity . 3531 has stable yield across environments and flowers and black layers early . this hybrid has the following characteristics based on the descriptive data collected primarily at johnston , iowa . corn lethal necrosis ( mcmv = maize chlorotic mottle virus and mdmv = maize dwarf mosaic virus ): intermediate n . leaf blight ( e . turcicum ): intermediate common rust ( p . sorghi ): resistant the above descriptions are based on a scale of 1 - 9 , 1 being highly susceptible , 9 being highly resistant . h ( highly resistant ): would generally represent a score of 8 - 9 . highly resistant does not imply the inbred is immune . items b , c , d , e , f , and g are based on a maximum of two reps of data primarily from johnston , iowa in 1993 . comparisons of the characteristics for pioneer brand hybrid 3531 were made against pioneer brand hybrids 3615 , 3578 and 3563 . table 1a compares pioneer brand hybrid 3531 and pioneer brand hybrid 3615 . the data shows 3531 has higher yield and grain harvest moisture than 3615 . 3531 is a taller hybrid than 3615 . 3531 sheds ( gdu shed ) later than 3615 . table 1b compares pioneer brand hybrid 3531 to pioneer brand hybrid 3578 . the hybrids have similar yield , but 3531 has lower grain harvest moisture and a higher test weight . 3531 flowers ( gdu shed and gdu silk ) earlier than 3578 . 3531 has better brittle stalk resistance than 3578 . the results in table 1c show pioneer brand hybrid 3531 has higher yield and grain harvest moisture but lower test weight than pioneer brand hybrid 3563 . 3531 is shorter hybrid with higher ear placement compared to 3563 . 3531 flowers ( gdu shed and gdu silk ) earlier than 3563 . 3531 has better stalk lodging resistance than 3563 . table 1a__________________________________________________________________________variety # 1 - 3531variety # 2 - 3615 bu bu plt ear drp gdu tst sta rt brt var acr acr mst ht ht ear shd wta grn ldg stk # abs % mn abs abs abs abs abs abs abs abs abs__________________________________________________________________________total sum 1 127 . 9 103 23 . 3 102 . 8 51 . 0 99 . 9 1215 55 . 0 92 . 1 99 . 4 97 . 3 2 115 . 3 93 22 . 3 99 . 0 51 . 0 99 . 9 1195 55 . 0 94 . 0 100 . 0 97 . 0 locs 12 12 12 2 2 12 2 11 11 12 4 reps 22 22 23 4 4 23 4 21 21 23 7 diff 12 . 6 10 1 . 1 3 . 8 0 . 0 0 . 0 20 0 . 0 1 . 9 0 . 6 0 . 2 prob . 007 # . 011 + . 028 + . 126 1 . 00 1 . 00 . 500 . 994 . 229 . 197 . 860__________________________________________________________________________ * = 10 % sig + = 5 % sig # = 1 % sig table 1b__________________________________________________________________________variety # 1 - 3531variety # 2 - 3578__________________________________________________________________________ bu bu plt ear sdg est drp gdu gdu tst var acr acr mst ht ht vgr cnt ear shd slk wta # abs % mn abs abs abs abs abs abs abs abs abs__________________________________________________________________________total sum 1 149 . 4 107 26 . 2 104 . 0 47 . 9 5 . 5 62 . 7 99 . 5 1246 1229 52 . 8 2 147 . 9 106 26 . 9 104 . 7 47 . 8 5 . 3 61 . 8 99 . 7 1259 1247 52 . 4 locs 219 219 221 93 90 83 110 128 66 23 195 reps 278 278 281 112 109 103 132 168 86 25 250 diff 1 . 5 1 0 . 7 0 . 7 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 9 0 . 2 13 18 0 . 4 prob . 139 . 182 . 000 # . 117 . 872 . 179 . 037 + . 108 . 000 # . 003 # . 000 # __________________________________________________________________________ grn sta stk rt brt var app grn ldg ldg stk # abs abs abs abs abs__________________________________________________________________________ total sum 1 6 . 0 5 . 2 95 . 5 96 . 3 95 . 9 2 5 . 8 5 . 9 97 . 2 98 . 1 93 . 2 locs 95 67 192 114 44 reps 116 83 245 152 51 diff 0 . 2 0 . 7 1 . 7 1 . 8 2 . 8 prob . 190 . 001 # . 000 # . 024 + . 062 * __________________________________________________________________________ * = 10 % sig + = 5 % sig # = 1 % sig table 1c__________________________________________________________________________variety # 1 - 3531variety # 2 - 3563__________________________________________________________________________ bu bu plt ear sdg est drp gdu gdu var acr acr mst ht ht vgr cnt ear shd slk # abs % mn abs abs abs abs abs abs abs abs__________________________________________________________________________total sum 1 146 . 5 108 25 . 6 103 . 9 46 . 7 5 . 4 61 . 1 99 . 5 1260 1234 2 131 . 3 96 23 . 9 106 . 5 44 . 7 5 . 7 61 . 0 99 . 8 1301 1279 locs 334 334 340 168 165 157 203 178 108 32 reps 394 394 401 188 185 176 227 213 130 35 diff 15 . 1 12 1 . 8 2 . 6 2 . 0 0 . 3 0 . 1 0 . 3 41 45 prob . 000 # . 000 # . 000 # . 000 # . 000 # . 012 + . 795 . 013 + . 000 # . 000 # __________________________________________________________________________ tst grn sta stk rt brt var wta app grn ldg ldg stk # abs abs abs abs abs abs__________________________________________________________________________ total sum 1 52 . 8 6 . 1 4 . 8 95 . 1 95 . 7 96 . 8 2 54 . 2 6 . 1 4 . 9 94 . 2 96 . 7 96 . 7 locs 300 149 131 303 144 73 reps 355 167 150 356 185 81 diff 1 . 4 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 9 1 . 0 0 . 0 prob . 000 # . 822 . 516 . 042 + . 225 . 971__________________________________________________________________________ * = 10 % sig + = 5 % sig # = 1 % sig comparison data was collected from strip tests that were grown by farmers . each hybrid was grown in strips of 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , etc . rows in fields depending on the size of the planter used . the data was collected from strip tests that had the hybrids in the same area and weighed . the moisture percentage was determined and bushels per acre was adjusted to 15 . 5 percent moisture . the number of comparisons represent the number of locations or replications for the two hybrids that were grown in the same field in close proximity and compared . comparison strip testing was done between pioneer brand hybrid 3531 and pioneer brand hybrids 3615 , 3578 and 3563 . the comparisons came from all the hybrid &# 39 ; s adapted growing areas in the united states . these results are presented in table 2 . 3531 has a yield advantage over all of the hybrids . 3531 has a moisture advantage over 3578 . 3531 showed a greater income advantage to the farmer based on adjusted growth income over all hybrids compared . the income per acre advantage ranged from $ 4 . 26 to $ 21 . 86 . 3531 &# 39 ; s yield and income advantage plus its advantage for other characteristics over these hybrids will make it an important addition for most of the areas where these hybrids are grown . table 2__________________________________________________________________________pioneer hybrid 3531 vs pioneer hybrids 3615 , 3578 and 3563from 1993 strip tests income / pop stand roots testbrand product yield moist acre k / acre (%) (%) wt__________________________________________________________________________pioneer 3531 117 . 8 24 . 9 243 . 45 20 . 7 87 99 50 . 7pioneer 3615 104 . 6 22 . 6 221 . 59 20 . 3 94 100 52 . 0advantage 13 . 2 - 2 . 3 21 . 86 0 . 4 - 7 - 1 - 1 . 3number of comparisons 19 19 19 7 6 5 18percent wins 78 5 78 42 33 0 11probability of difference 99 99 99 35 75 63 99pioneer 3531 126 . 5 27 . 6 255 . 76 27 . 2 83 91 49 . 1pioneer 3578 125 . 9 29 . 1 251 . 50 26 . 8 95 92 49 . 1advantage 0 . 6 1 . 5 4 . 26 0 . 4 - 12 - 1 0 . 0number of comparisons 158 158 158 108 96 82 151percent wins 55 74 62 53 22 8 38probability of difference 49 99 98 95 90 14 13pioneer 3531 134 . 7 23 . 0 283 . 63 25 . 9 88 93 52 . 1pioneer 3563 125 . 0 21 . 3 267 . 86 26 . 0 83 94 54 . 2advantage 9 . 7 - 1 . 7 15 . 77 - 0 . 1 5 - 1 - 2 . 1number of comparisons 709 709 709 379 313 230 594percent wins 74 15 69 37 55 9 4probability of difference 99 99 99 85 99 91 99pioneer 3531 132 . 9 23 . 9 277 . 80 26 . 1 87 92 51 . 5weighted avg 124 . 7 22 . 7 263 . 95 26 . 1 86 93 53 . 1advantage 8 . 2 - 1 . 2 13 . 85 0 . 0 1 - 1 - 1 . 6number of comparisons 886 886 886 494 415 317 763percent wins 71 25 68 40 47 8 11probability of difference 99 99 99 32 47 82 99__________________________________________________________________________ characteristics of pioneer brand hybrid 3531 are compared to pioneer brand hybrids 3615 , 3578 and 3563 in table 3 . the ratings given for most of the traits are on a 1 - 9 basis . in these cases 9 would be outstanding , while 1 would be poor for the given characteristics . these values are based on performance of a given hybrid relative to other pioneer commercial , precommercial and competitive hybrids that are grown in research and strip test trials . the traits characterized in table 3 were defined previously and the ratings utilized not only research data but experience trained corn researchers had in the field as well as sales experience with the hybrids in strip tests and the field . these scores reflect the hybrids relative performance to other hybrids for the characteristics listed . table 3 shows 3531 yielded well for its maturity . 3531 has good drydown and seedling vigor when compared to the other hybrids . 3531 has better brittle stalk resistance compared to the other hybrids . 3531 has overall excellent yield and agronomic characteristics which should make it an important hybrid in its area of adaptation . __________________________________________________________________________hybrid patent comparisons - characteristicspioneer hybrid 3531 vs pioneer hybrids 3615 , 3578 and 3563__________________________________________________________________________hybrid silk crm gdu silk bl crm gdu bl crm yld h / pop l / pop d / d s / l r / l stgr d / t__________________________________________________________________________3531 102 1300 103 2610 105 9 -- -- 6 5 4 5 63615 105 1340 102 2580 102 6 7 7 4 7 4 73578 103 1320 103 2610 104 8 8 8 5 7 6 6 53563 106 1350 105 2660 103 8 8 7 5 6 6 6 7__________________________________________________________________________ hybrid t / wt g / a e / g p / ht e / ht d / e b / stk__________________________________________________________________________ 3531 4 4 7 6 6 5 6 3615 4 4 7 5 6 7 5 3578 4 4 5 6 5 4 4 3563 7 7 4 7 4 7 5__________________________________________________________________________ this invention includes hybrid corn seed of 3531 and the hybrid corn plant produced therefrom . the foregoing was set forth by way of example and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention . as used herein , the term plant includes plant cells , plant protoplasts , plant cell tissue cultures from which corn plants can be regenerated , plant calli , plant clumps , and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants , such as embryos , pollen , flowers , kernels , ears , cobs , leaves , husks , stalks , roots , root tips , anthers , silk and the like . duncan , williams , zehr , and widholm , planta , ( 1985 ) 165 : 322 - 332 reflects that 97 % of the plants cultured which produced callus were capable of plant regeneration . subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybrids produced 91 % regenerable callus which produced plants . in a further study in 1988 , songstad , duncan & amp ; widholm in plant cell reports ( 1988 ), 7 : 262 - 265 reports several media additions which enhance regenerability of callus of two inbred lines . other published reports also indicated that &# 34 ; nontraditional &# 34 ; tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration . k . p . rao , et al ., maize genetics cooperation newsletter , 60 : 64 - 65 ( 1986 ), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glume callus cultures and b . v . conger , et al ., plant cell reports , 6 : 345 - 347 ( 1987 ) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maize leaf segments . thus , it is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are , and were , &# 34 ; conventional &# 34 ; in the sense that they are routinely used and have a very high rate of success . tissue culture of corn is described in european patent application , publication 160 , 390 , incorporated herein by reference . corn tissue culture procedures are also described in green and rhodes , &# 34 ; plant regeneration in tissue culture of maize ,&# 34 ; maize for biological research ( plant molecular biology association , charlottesville , va . 1982 , at 367 - 372 ) and in duncan , et al ., &# 34 ; the production of callus capable of plant regeneration from immature embryos of numerous zea mays genotypes ,&# 34 ; 165 planta 322 - 332 ( 1985 ). thus , another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce corn plants having the genotype of 3531 . corn is used as human food , livestock feed , and as raw material in industry . the food uses of corn , in addition to human consumption of corn kernels , include both products of dry - and wet - milling industries . the principal products of corn dry milling are grits , meal and flour . the corn wet - milling industry can provide corn starch , corn syrups , and dextrose for food use . corn oil is recovered from corn germ , which is a by - product of both dry - and wet - milling industries . corn , including both grain and non - grain portions of the plant , is also used extensively as livestock feed , primarily for beef cattle , dairy cattle , hogs , and poultry . industrial uses of corn are mainly from corn starch in the wet - milling industry and corn flour in the dry - milling industry . the industrial applications of corn starch and flour are based on functional properties , such as viscosity , film formation , adhesive properties , and ability to suspend particles . the corn starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries . other industrial uses include applications in adhesives , building materials , foundry binders , laundry starches , explosives , oil - well muds , and other mining applications . plant parts other than the grain of corn are also used in industry . stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal . the seed of the hybrid corn plant and various parts of the hybrid corn plant can be utilized for human food , livestock feed , and as a raw material in industry . although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding , it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention , as limited only by the scope of the appended claims . applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of hybrid 3531 with the american type culture collection ( atcc ), rockville , md . 20852 usa , atcc deposit no . 97164 . the seeds deposited with the atcc on may 25 , 1995 were taken from the deposit maintained by pioneer hi - bred international , inc ., 700 capital square , 400 locust street , des moines , iowa 50309 - 2340 since prior to the filing date of this application . this deposit of the hybrid 3531 will be maintained in the atcc depository , which is a public depository , for a period of 30 years , or 5 years after the most recent request , or for the effective life of the patent , whichever is longer , and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period . additionally , applicant has satisfied all the requirements of 37 c . f . r . §§ 1 . 801 - 1 . 809 , including providing an indication of the viability of the sample . applicant imposes no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from the atcc ; however , applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce . applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent . applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of inbred corn line php55 with the american type culture collection ( atcc ), rockville , md . 20852 usa , atcc deposit no . 75220 . the seeds deposited with the atcc on mar . 20 , 1992 , were taken from the deposit maintained by pioneer hi - bred international , inc ., 700 capital square , 400 locust street , des moines , iowa 50309 - 2340 since prior to the filing date of this application . this deposit of the inbred corn line php55 will be maintained in the atcc depository , which is a public depository , for a period of 30 years , or 5 years after the most recent request , or for the effective life of the patent , whichever is longer , and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period . additionally , applicant has satisfied all the requirements of 37 c . f . r . §§ 1 . 801 - 1 . 809 , including providing an indication of the viability of the sample . applicant imposes no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from the atcc ; however , applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce . applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under the plant variety protection act ( 7 usc 2321 et seq .). php55 is a u . s . protected variety under plant variety protection certificate no . 8900318 . php55 is described sufficiently to identify it and to permit examination in plant variety protection certificate no . 8900318 and in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 159 , 134 , &# 34 ; inbred corn line php55 &# 34 ;, issued on oct . 27 , 1992 . applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of inbred corn line phte4 with the american type culture collection ( atcc ), rockville , md . 20852 usa , atcc deposit no . 97065 . the seeds deposited with the atcc on feb . 22 , 1995 were taken from the deposit maintained by pioneer hi - bred international , inc ., 700 capital square , 400 locust street , des moines , iowa 50309 - 2340 since prior to the filing date of this application . this deposit of the inbred corn line phte4 will be maintained in the atcc depository , which is a public depository , for a period of 30 years , or 5 years after the most recent request , or for the effective life of the patent , whichever is longer , and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period . additionally , applicant has satisfied all the requirements of 37 c . f . r . §§ 1 . 801 - 1 . 809 , including providing an indication of the viability of the sample . applicant imposes no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from the atcc ; however , applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce . applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under the plant variety protection act ( 7 usc 2321 et seq .). phte4 is a u . s . protected variety under plant variety protection certificate no . 9400094 . phte4 is described sufficiently to identify it and to permit examination in plant variety protection certificate no . 9400094 and in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 453 , 564 to be issued sep . 26 , 1995 , &# 34 ; inbred corn line phte4 &# 34 ;, and in co - pending patent applications , ser . no . 08 / 414 , 477 filed mar . 31 , 1995 and ser . no . 08 / 500 , 286 filed jul . 10 , 1995 .
according to the invention , there is provided a hybrid corn plant , designated as 3531 , produced by crossing two pioneer hi - bred international , inc . proprietary inbred corn lines . this invention thus relates to the hybrid seed 3531 , the hybrid plant produced from the seed , and variants , mutants , and trivial modifications of hybrid 3531 . 3531 is characterized by its high yielding and solid agronomics . 3531 has above average yield across all yield environments and responds to high planting rates .