fig1 - 2 show a first exercise apparatus 2100 constructed according to the principles of the present invention . the exercise apparatus 2100 includes left and right cranks 2120 rotatably connected to a frame by means of a crank shaft and bearing assemblies 2102 . a larger diameter pulley 2122 is keyed to the crank shaft and rotates together with the cranks 2120 about a common crank axis . a belt 2124 connects the pulley 2122 to a smaller diameter pulley 2126 which is rigidly secured to a flywheel 2128 . the pulley 2126 and the flywheel 2128 are rotatably connected to the frame by means of a flywheel shaft and bearing assemblies 2103 . as a result , the pulley 2126 and the flywheel 2128 rotate at a relative faster rotational velocity than the cranks 2120 and pulley 2122 . a conventional resistance device may be connected to the flywheel 2128 to resist rotation thereof . left and right connector links 2130 have intermediate portions which are rotatably connected to radially displaced portions of respective cranks 2120 . the connector links 2130 have first ends which are rotatably connected to first ends of respective rocker links 2140 , and second , opposite ends which are connected to respective foot supporting members or foot links 2150 . the rocker links 2140 have second , opposite ends which are rotatably connected to the frame by means of frame member 2104 . one end of each foot supporting member 2150 is rotatably connected to a respective connector link 2130 , and an opposite end of each foot supporting member 2150 is rotatably connected to an end of a respective floating crank or intermediate link 2160 . an opposite end of each floating crank 2160 is rotatably connected to a distal end of a respective crank 2120 . left and right foot platforms 2155 are mounted on respective foot supporting members 2150 proximate their pivotal connections with respective connector links 2130 . the floating cranks 2160 and pivoting foot supporting members 2150 cooperate to maintain the foot platforms 2155 in relatively favorable orientations throughout an exercise cycle . optional left and right dampers 2170 are rotatably interconnected between frame member 2105 and intermediate portions of respective foot supporting members 2150 . the arrangement is such that the dampers 2170 tend to resist vertical movement of the foot platforms 2155 without unduly interfering with “ over center ” rotation of the cranks 2120 . fig3 a - 3l show a second exercise apparatus 2200 which is constructed according to the principles of the present invention , and which is similar in many respects to the first exercise apparatus 2100 . for ease of illustration and discussion , only one side of the exercise apparatus 2200 is shown ( with the understanding that opposite side counterparts function in similar fashion , but typically one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase with the depicted parts ). the side of the apparatus 2200 shown in fig3 a - 3l is the right side of the apparatus 2200 , meaning that a user will be encouraged to mount the machine 2200 with his toes extending toward the rocker links 2240 . the exercise apparatus 2200 includes left and right cranks rotatably connected to a frame 2210 by means of a crank shaft and bearing assemblies . as shown in fig3 b and 3c , each crank includes ( 1 ) a first crank arm 2223 having a first end rotatably connected to the frame 2210 at crank axis c , and an opposite , second end rotatably connected to a respective connector link 2230 at a respective connector link axis m ; and ( 2 ) a second crank arm 2226 having a first end rotatably connected to the frame 2210 at crank axis c ( via a rigid connection to the second end of the first crank segment 2223 ), and an opposite second end rotatably connected to a respective floating link or intermediate link 2260 at a respective floating crank axis f . various conventional inertial devices and / or resistance devices many be connected to the cranks ( directly or indirectly ) by means known in the art . the left and right connector links 2230 have intermediate portions that are rotatably connected to the distal ends of respective crank arms 2223 . the connector links 2230 have first ends that are rotatably connected to first ends of respective rocker links 2240 , and second , opposite ends that are rotatably connected to respective foot supporting members or foot links 2250 . the rocker links 2240 have second , opposite ends that are rotatably connected to the frame 2210 . those skilled in the art will recognize that the rocker links 2240 may be described as guides that direct the first ends of the connector links 2230 through respective reciprocal paths , and that this function may alternatively be performed by rollers rotatably mounted on the first ends of the connector links 2230 and rollable along a portion of the frame 2210 . a first portion of each foot supporting member 2250 is rotatably connected to a respective connector link 2230 , and a second portion of each foot supporting member 2250 is rotatably connected to an end of a respective floating crank 2260 . as noted above , an opposite end of each floating crank 2260 is rotatably connected to a distal end of a respective crank arm 2226 . left and right foot platforms 2255 are provided on respective foot supporting members 2250 , and are configured to support a person &# 39 ; s respective feet . the machine 2200 operates in the same general manner as the machine 2100 shown in fig1 - 2 . however , the linkage assembly components on the machine 2200 are configured in a somewhat different manner in order to move the foot platforms 2255 in a manner inconsistent with the “ heel rise ” limitation recited in the claims of the aforementioned miller patents . in this regard , fig3 a - 3l show the right side of the machine 2200 as the right crank 2220 is rotated in thirty degree intervals throughout an exercise cycle . the axis m reaches a rearwardmost , 9 : 00 position in fig3 j ; the axis f reaches a rearwardmost position as the axis m rotates clockwise beyond its 10 : 00 orientation shown in fig3 k ; and the right rocker link 2240 pivots to a rearwardmost position as the axis m rotates clockwise beyond the 10 : 00 position shown in fig3 k . as suggested by the reference lines and associated angular measurements ( where h is horizontal or parallel to the floor , and the other dashed line is parallel to the foot supporting surface on the right foot platform 2255 ), the right foot platform 2255 is not experiencing faster heel rise than toe rise at any time between the 8 : 00 position shown in fig3 i and the 1 : 00 position shown in fig3 b . in other words , the heel portion of the foot platform 2255 does not rise faster than the toe portion of the foot platform 2255 as the forward end of the connector link 2230 begins moving forward from a point at a rearward end of its path . fig4 a - 4l show a third exercise apparatus 2300 which is constructed according to the principles of the present invention , and which also accommodates foot motion that is inconsistent with the “ heel rise ” limitation recited in the claims of the aforementioned miller patents . for ease of illustration and discussion , only one side of the exercise apparatus 2300 is shown ( with the understanding that opposite side counterparts function in similar fashion , but typically one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase with the depicted parts ). the side of the apparatus 2300 shown in fig4 a - 4l is the right side of the apparatus 2300 , meaning that a user will be encouraged to mount the machine 2300 with his toes extending toward the rocker links 2340 . the exercise apparatus 2300 includes left and right cranks rotatably connected to a frame 2210 by means of a crank shaft and bearing assemblies . the cranks rotate about a crank axis d relative to the frame 2310 . each crank includes ( 1 ) a first crank arm having a distal end that is rotatably connected to a respective connector link 2330 at a connector link axis n ; and ( 2 ) a second crank arm 2326 having a distal end that rotatably supports a respective roller or intermediate link 2360 at a roller axis r . a crank extension 2329 is rigidly interconnected between the distal end of the second crank arm 2326 and the distal end of the first crank arm to prevent interference between the parts during operation of the machine 2300 . various conventional inertial devices and / or resistance devices many be connected to the cranks ( directly or indirectly ) by means known in the art . the left and right connector links 2330 have rearward ends that are rotatably connected to the distal ends of respective crank extensions 2329 . the connector links 2330 have opposite , forward ends that are rotatably connected to lower ends of respective rocker links 2340 , and intermediate portions that are rotatably connected to respective foot supporting members or foot links 2350 . the rocker links 2340 have opposite , upper ends that are rotatably connected to the frame 2310 . those skilled in the art will recognize that the rocker links 2340 may be described as guides that direct the first ends of the connector links 2330 through respective reciprocal paths , and that this function may alternatively be performed by rollers rotatably mounted on the first ends of the connector links 2330 and rollable along a portion of the frame 2310 . those skilled in the art will also recognize that the rocker links 2340 may be extended upward beyond their pivot axis , in which case , the upper distal ends of the extended rocker links may be configured for use as handlebars to facilitate upper body exercise together with the lower body exercise . a forward portion of each foot supporting member 2350 is rotatably connected to the intermediate portion of a respective connector link 2330 , and a rearward portion of each foot supporting member 2250 is rotatably supported on a respective roller 2360 . as noted above , each roller 2360 is mounted on a respective crank at the distal end of a respective crank arm 2326 . those skilled in the art will recognize that low friction bearing surfaces and / or telescoping assemblies may be substituted for the rollers 2360 without departing from the scope of the present invention . in any event , each foot supporting member 2350 is provided with a foot platform 2355 configured to support a person &# 39 ; s foot . fig4 a - 4l show the right side of the machine 2300 as the right crank 2320 is rotated in thirty degree intervals throughout an exercise cycle . the axes n and r reach a rearwardmost , 9 : 00 position , in fig4 j ; and the right rocker link 2340 pivots to a rearwardmost position as the axes n and r rotate from the 9 : 00 position in fig4 j to the 10 : 00 position in fig4 k . as suggested by the reference lines and associated angular measurements ( where i is horizontal or parallel to the floor , and the other dashed line is parallel to the foot supporting surface on the right foot platform 2355 ), the right foot platform 2355 is not experiencing faster heel rise than toe rise at any time between the 7 : 00 position shown in fig4 h and the 3 : 00 position shown in fig4 d . in other words , the heel portion of the foot platform 2355 does not rise faster than the toe portion of the foot platform 2355 as the forward end of the connector link 2330 begins moving forward from a point at a rearward end of its path . the foregoing disclosure is directed toward specific embodiments and a particular application with the understanding that persons skilled in the art will be able to derive additional embodiments , modifications , and / or features that nonetheless fall within the scope of the present invention . therefore , the scope of the present invention is to be limited only to the extent of the claims which follow .
an exercise apparatus includes left and right rigid connector links having first portions rotatably connected to respective cranks , second portions constrained to move in reciprocating fashion , and third portions connected to respective foot supports . intermediate links are also interconnected between respective cranks and respective foot supports . the resulting assembly links rotation of the cranks to movement of the foot supports through generally elliptical stepping paths . the connection points may be moved relative to one another and / or a supporting frame to adjust the size , shape , and / or orientation of the paths .