in describing a preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings , specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity . however , the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected , and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose . by the surgical procedure of the present invention , the patient is first placed in the gynecological position , legs on stirrups and thighs in hyperflexion . the patient &# 39 ; s buttocks ( i ) reach the edge of the table . the operative field is cleaned with a standard antiseptic agent and draped with multiple drapes rather than a single trousers - shaped drape , with care being taken to keep the groin folds in the operative field . labia minor ( j ) are suspended by fixation to the skin with nylon suture a few centimeters above the vulvar ostium , inside the thigh folds , in order to expose the vulva , keeping the groin folds ( k ) in the operative field . a 16 fr foley catheter is inserted into the bladder . the points ( m ) where the needles will exit at the skin level are identified by tracing a horizontal line at the level of the urethral meatus ( n ). the exit points are located approximately 1 to 3 centimeters and preferably 2 centimeters above this line , and outside the thigh folds at a distance of 1 - 4 cm , and preferably 2 cm ( see fig1 and 10a ). a 2 - to 10 - mm skin incision , and preferably 5 - mm incision , is made at each exit point . the anterior vaginal wall is suspended with two allis clamps on either side of the midline , 1 cm proximally to the urethral meatus . a median sagittal incision of the vaginal wall is started at this level and is continued proximally ( towards the vaginal pouches ) over a 1 cm distance ( fig1 b ). both vaginal mucosal and sub - mucosal tissues are incised . minimal para - urethral sub - vaginal dissection is then carried out laterally , with the blade , over a few millimeters distance , on either side ( fig1 a ). one allis clamp grasps right minor and major labia while another allis clamp holds the left margin of the sub - urethral vaginal incision , to clearly expose the most posterior aspect of the right vulvar vestibulum . fine dissection scissors are introduced through the blade - initiated dissection path , and then further , with a 45 ° angle relatively to the urethral sagittal plane , towards the upper part of ischio - pubic ramus ( fig1 b and 11c ). it is important to correctly expose the vulvar vestibulum and to respect the specific direction of the dissection in order to avoid any perforation of the vaginal wall . once the upper part of the ischio - pubic ramus is reached and bone contact is perceived , the right obturator membrane is perforated with the tips of the scissors , which are then slightly opened . during the dissection , bleeding can occur but is never important and only occasionally requires a blood - aspirating device . the introducer is then pushed in the pre - formed dissection pathway until it reaches and perforates the obturator membrane . the open side of the introducer &# 39 ; s gutter must be facing the operator ( fig1 d ). the distal end of the tube is mounted onto the spiral segment of the needle and the assembled device is gently slipped along the gutter of the introducer so as to pass through the obturator foramen ( fig1 e ). the introducer and allis clamps are removed . at this step , the handle of the needle must be aligned in a parallel manner with the sagittal axis of the vulvar slit . then , thanks to a rotational movement of the passer , the pointed tip of the tube appears at the previously incised skin exit points at the level of the thigh folds ( fig1 f ). the tube is pulled from the supporting needle , which is removed by a backwards - rotational movement , until the first centimeters of the tape become externalized . the same technique is applied to the left side , with care being taken not to twist the tape . when both tubes have been extracted through the skin incisions , the ends of the tape are cut . the tape is then aligned under the junction between the mid and distal urethra and the tension of the tape is adjusted by exerting a traction on its two ends and by interposing a pair of scissors between the tape and the urethra so as to leave a space avoiding any tension of the tape . the plastic sheaths are then removed simultaneously ( fig1 a ). an alternative procedure for correctly aligning the tape under the urethra is to grasp the tape at its middle with babcock forceps so as to create a small , 5 mm - long tape loop ( fig1 b ). as described above , traction is exerted on the distal ends of the tape , which brings the babcock forceps grasps in contact with the urethra . plastic sheaths and then babcock forceps are removed and a small sub - urethral space is thus created between the tape and the ventral aspect of the mid - urethra . the tape ends are cut in the subcutaneous layer and the incisions are closed . four different specifically designed surgical needles are used to slide in the sub - urethral tape through the obturator foramens ( o ). the in - out transobturator passage of the needle 4 is shown in fig2 a - 2d . the needle 4 is rotated around the ischio - pubic ramus ( p ) from inside to outside ( in extenso , from a vaginal wound underneath the urethra towards the folds of the thighs ) by means of a simple rotational movement ( fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c ). the needle perforates the various muscular structures and membrane which fills the obturator hole ( o ), and , thanks to its spiral design , the tip 5 of the needle appears at the previously defined skin exit point lateral to the thigh fold . the tape ( t ) is then inserted either directly or indirectly depending on the type of needle used ( fig2 d ). the four instruments share a common aspect ( see fig3 a - 3d ) which is a spirally shaped needle having a defined design ( length , curvature , diameter , shape ) supported by a common handle . all these devices have been created to insert the tape from inside to outside ( in extenso from a vaginal wound underneath the urethra towards the folds of the thighs ), either indirectly (‘ string - passing ’ or ‘ tube - passing ’ needles ) or directly (‘ string - passing ’, ‘ tube - supporting ’ and ‘ needle - holder ’ needles ). the four surgical needles comprise a flat spiral section 4 , with a definite diameter , attached to a vertical section 3 by a junction 6 as shown in fig3 a . the flat spiral section 4 comprises an open circular or nearly - circular segment having a length of ½ to ¾ of a circle and an extremity 5 which is located at specific distances “ b ” and “ d ” spaced from the junction 6 between the vertical and spiral segments ( fig3 c ). the b and d distances may be varied from up to 3 . 5 cm for b and from 4 to 8 cm for d . the flat spiral section 4 may also comprise two linear segments 8 and 9 from 1 to 3 . 5 cm , as illustrated in fig4 to 7 . in the “ string - passing ” needle of fig4 a - 4c the lower segment a of the device comprises a 5 - 15 cm , and preferably a 10 - cm handle 1 secured to the upper segment of the device with a set screw 2 . the upper segment b of the device , which has a 2 - 5 mm , preferably 4 - mm diameter , comprises a 6 - 18 cm , preferably 12 . 5 cm flat spiral section 4 attached to a 5 - 15 cm , preferably 9 - cm vertical section 3 at the junction point 6 . the flat spiral section is an open , spirally shaped , nearly circular segment , with its end or tip 5 located at a distance d from point 6 . the extremity of the spiral segment includes a 3 - 15 mm , preferably 8 - mm long eyelet 7 , through which a lace , a string or a tape can be passed . the flat spiral section may comprise two 1 - 3 . 5 cm , preferably 2 - cm linear segments 8 and 9 . the distance d may be varied from 4 to 8 cm . alternatively , the upper b and lower a segments of the instrument can be built as one unique segment , without junction parts . in the ‘ tube - passing ’ needle of fig5 a - 5c , the lower segment a of the device comprises a 5 - 15 cm , preferably 10 - cm handle 1 secured to the upper segment b of the device with a set screw 2 . the upper segment b of the device , which has a 2 - 5 mm , preferably 4 - mm diameter , comprises a 6 - 18 cm , preferably 12 . 5 - cm flat spiral section 4 attached to a 5 - 15 cm , preferably 9 - cm vertical section 3 at the junction point 6 . the flat spiral section is an open , spirally shaped , nearly circular segment , whose extremity or tip 5 ′ has a 5 - 15 mm , preferably 7 - mm long , conic shape and is formed by one to five , preferably three curled segments , enabling the attachment of the tube to the spiral segment . the flat spiral section may comprise two 1 - 3 . 5 cm , preferably 2 - cm linear segments 8 and 9 . alternatively , the upper b and lower a segments of the instrument can be built as one unique segment , without junction parts . in the ‘ tube - supporting ’ needle of fig6 a - 6d , the ‘ tube - supporting ’ device enables the direct passage of the tape from inside to outside in one unique rotational movement . the instrument supports a novel element , which is an arrow - like tube whose distal end is closed and pointed . the tape is bound in the inner portion of the proximal end of the tube . the lower segment a of the device comprises a 5 - 15 cm , preferably 10 - cm handle 1 secured to the upper segment b of the device with a set screw 2 . the upper segment b of the device , which has a 2 - 5 mm , preferably 3 mm diameter , comprises a 4 . 5 - 17 . 6 cm , preferably 11 . 8 - cm flat spiral section 4 attached to a 5 - 15 cm , preferably 9 - cm vertical section 3 . the flat spiral segment of the ‘ tube - supporting ’ needle is in general 0 . 4 - 1 . 5 cm , preferably 0 . 7 cm shorter than the spiral section of the ‘ string - passing ’ or ‘ tube - passing ’ needles . the flat spiral section is an open , spirally shaped , nearly circular segment , whose distal extremity or tip 5 ″ is flat . the flat spiral section may comprise two 1 - 3 . 5 cm , preferably 2 - cm linear segments 8 and 9 . alternatively , the upper b and lower a segments of the instrument can be built as one unique segment , without junction parts . the element supported by the ‘ tube - supporting ’ needle as shown in fig6 e and 8e is an arrow - like tube c , which is commonly but not exclusively made of high density polyethylene and has a length of 10 - 25 cm , preferably 17 cm . the inner diameter of the tube is 2 . 0 - 4 . 5 mm , preferably 3 . 3 mm and its outer diameter is 3 . 0 - 5 . 5 mm , preferably 4 . 3 mm . the wall of the tube is 0 . 3 - 0 . 8 mm , preferably 0 . 5 mm thick . the distal end of the tube has a length of 3 - 40 mm , preferably 7 mm , is sharp with the pointed part having a 3 - 20 mm , preferably 5 mm length . the tube bears a lateral opening which is 5 - 20 mm , preferably 10 mm long and is located at 10 - 20 cm , preferably 12 . 5 cm from the distal end of the tube . this lateral opening enables the introduction of the spiral segment 4 of the needle into the tube as shown in fig6 d . the proximal end 20 of the tube c is bound in its inner portion to the tape 22 . it is possible that removal of the segment of the tape that passes through the adductor muscles would cause less post - operative pain . to avoid this possibility , the tape length would be reduced to approximately 12 centimeters . both ends of the tapes would be attached to a nylon suture , creating a loop at the tape &# 39 ; s ends , and ending as a single string at its distal extremity . to improve the device shown in fig6 d , two possibilities exist : a ) either include the nylon suture in the sheath over an approximate 18 cm distance ( fig6 f and 6g ), b ) or make the tube approximately 18 cms longer ( fig6 h and 6i ). the surgical procedure using the device of fig6 f - 6i would remain the same as the one described for fig6 d , and the tape would traverse only the obturator muscles and membrane . in this way , urethral support would be sufficient . in the ‘ needle - holder ’ device , as shown in fig7 a - 7f , the ‘ needle - holder ’ device comprises a unique segment with a handle 1 and a pair of needles at the ends of which the tape is attached . this device enables to slip in the tape from underneath the urethra towards the obturator foramens ( in extenso , from inside to outside ) in one single rotational movement . the lower segment a of the device comprises a 5 - 15 cm , preferably 10 - cm handle 1 secured to the upper segment 3 of the device with a set screw 2 . the upper segment b of the device is divided into two elements : the vertical section 3 and the spiral section 4 . the vertical section comprises , at its distal end 24 , a slot 26 in which the proximal end of the spiral section 4 of the needle shown in fig7 d can be inserted and then secured in place by a pin system . the spiral section 4 , an open spirally shaped , nearly circular segment , is 6 . 0 - 18 . 0 cm , preferably 12 . 5 - cm long and has a 2 - 5 mm , preferably 4 - mm diameter . its distal extremity or tip 5 is pointed . the flat spiral section may comprise two 1 - 3 . 5 cm , preferably 2 - cm distal linear segments 8 and 9 . the proximal segment 8 of the spiral section , which may also be linear , includes a small slot 28 enabling the insertion of pin 30 , as well as an eyelet 32 designed for the attachment of the tape to the spiral section . pin 30 is inserted in slot 28 by movement of a section 34 of vertical section 3 as shown in fig7 e and 7f . the at rest position of fig7 e shows pin 30 ready to engage in slot 28 when spiral section 4 is inserted into slot 26 after retraction and then extension of section 34 as shown in fig7 f . the spiral section of the ‘ needle - holder ’ needle , to which the tape is attached , can be displaced from its supporting handle once it has been passed through the obturator orifice and the skin by means of one single rotational movement from inside ( underneath the urethra ) to outside ( the groin folds ). to perform the tension - free inside - out transobturator urethal suspension one may also use a needle - holder as shown in fig7 a with the needle having an eyelet at its proximal end as shown in fig7 g having the same shape and diameter as those of the string - passing needle in fig7 d , but with a thickness of only approximately 2 mms . the needle would be simply slipped in the gutter of the guide and turned around the ischio - pubic ramus as one rotates the needle - holder . one alternate would be to pass a reverdin &# 39 ; s needle as shown in fig7 h in the introducer &# 39 ; s gutter . in both cases , the insertion can be carried out directly ( suture inserted in the eyelet before rotation of the needle ). modifications of the string - passing needle and of the tape : the last five centimeters 50 of the string - passing needle as shown in fig7 i would have a thickness reduced to approximately 2 mms . a suture would be introduced in the eyelet and an approximate 12 cm tape prolonged with the nylon suture would be pulled in the perineal track ( from inside to outside , with direct insertion ). the sheath would need to be removed at the vaginal level . in another example , as shown in fig7 j , the distal end of the spiral needle would be 5 cms shorter , and this spiral needle would include a small gutter as shown in cross section taken along line 7 - 7 in fig7 k and along line 8 - 8 in fig7 l , bearing a distal orifice , to allow the passage of a thin needle 52 . at its distal extremity , the gutter inside the spiral needle would present an angulation , so that the thin needle passed in the gutter would exit more medially in the thigh . once the pre - passage has been formed by the scissors in the obturator membrane , from underneath the urethra towards the ischio - pubic ramus , one may encounter some difficulty to slip in the needle of these newly designed devices through this pre - passage . an instrument , called the ‘ introducer ’, as shown in fig9 a - 9c , may ease the passage of the needles in the perineal region , towards the obturator membranes . this instrument , which is 9 - 15 cm , and preferably 11 cm long , comprises two segments : a proximal 2 - 7 cm , and preferably 4 cm long , 3 - 6 mm , and preferably 4 mm diameter , tubular segment 34 and a distal , semi - circular , 5 - 11 cm , and preferably 7 - cm long , 3 - 6 mm , and preferably 4 - mm diameter , gutter g . the gutter of the introducer is brought into contact with the upper part of the ischio - pubic ramus . the needles are introduced alongside the gutter , which plays the role of a shoe - horn to ease the slipping in of the needle towards the obturator foramen . when the ‘ string - passing ’ ( fig4 ) or the ‘ tube - passing ’ ( fig5 ) needles are used for the procedure , a pre - passage in the obturator membrane has to be made with the scissors prior to the passage of the needles . then , the needle is rotated around the ischio - pubic ramus ( p ). the needle perforates the various muscular structures and membrane which fill the obturator hole ( o ), and , thanks to its spiral design , the tip of the needle appears at the previously defined skin exit point lateral to the thigh fold . the same procedure is repeated at the controlateral side with an oppositely curved needle . on both sides , a string or a tube is attached to the tip of each ‘ string - passing ’ or ‘ tube - passing ’ needle , respectively . the needle , together with the string or the tube , is rotated back towards the sub - urethral vaginal opening . a synthetic ( or biological ) tape , which is commonly but not exclusively made of polypropylene , is then tightened to the string or to the tube at its urethral side . the tape is then slipped in from inside to outside , on both sides , by pulling the string or the tube from its skin end . the same technique can be applied when the ‘ tube - supporting ’ ( fig6 ) or the ‘ needle - holder ’ ( fig7 ) needles are used . in these two needle variants , the tape , which is attached directly to the tube or to the needle , can be passed directly from below the urethra to the exit points by applying a simple rotational movement on the handle which supports the needle on both sides . additionally , the end of the needle can be detached from the handle once passed through the obturator foramen ( see fig7 ). whichever needle design used , once the procedure has been completed , the tape is correctly positioned underneath the mid - urethra with care being taken not to twist or deform the tape as a cord . no tension has to be exercised on the ends of the sling so that a space remains between the tape and the posterior aspect of the urethra . the introduction of a pair of scissors in the interstice can readily control this space between the urethra and the tape . whenever the tape is wrapped in plastic sheaths , these wrappings have to be removed once the tape has been passed through on each side . the tape is cut at the level of the skin exit points without any further fixation . the vaginal and skin incisional wounds are closed with sutures . the ‘ straight tube - supporting ’ needle shown in fig8 a - 8f is a modification of the ‘ tube - supporting ’ needle described above and permits to slip in the arrow - like tube described in fig6 e and 8e , which is attached to the tape . this device has been designed to insert the tape from downside ( in extenso , underneath the urethra ) to upside ( in extenso , pre - or retro - pubic region ). the device comprises a handle a attached to a sagitally curved , 12 - 18 cm , preferably 15 cm long , 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 mm , preferably 3 mm thick upper segment b , which supports the tube attached to the tape c . the “ straight tube - supporting ” needle , like all other needles herein described , can be built as one unique , disposable segment . a total of 107 patients were consecutively operated on using the above - detailed surgical procedure . surgery was carried out under spinal , general , and local anesthesia in 82 , 24 , and 1 cases , respectively . mean age of the patients was 62 ± 12 . 6 years ( median = 62 years ; range = 29 - 88 ) and mean parity was 2 . 54 ± 1 . 7 ( median = 2 . 5 ; range = 0 - 9 ). seventeen patients ( 15 . 9 %) had been operated previously for incontinence and / or vaginal prolapse . most patients ( n = 74 ; 69 . 2 %) suffered from typical symptoms of sui , documented by detailed history , physical examination , endoscopic assessment and urodynamic testing . ulmsten &# 39 ; s test was positive in every case . the other patients ( n = 33 ; 30 . 8 %) had associated pelvic organ prolapse . in this group , 45 . 4 % of the patients had genuine sui and 54 . 6 % had potential sui . all patients had a follow - up visit at one month after surgery , with detailed interview , clinical examination , urine analysis , and postvoid residual determination . the procedure was carried out in all 107 consecutive case subjects , independently of the patient &# 39 ; s size and weight . each of the 214 needles was passed through the obturator foramens and exited at the skin level exactly where it had been marked and incised . mean operative time was 14 min ( median = 13 ; range = 7 - 20 ) in case of isolated sui treatment . patients with tvt operations only were hospitalized for a mean of 1 . 8 days ( range 0 . 5 - 8 days ). no major peri - or post - operative complication was encountered . no injury to the urethra , bladder , nerves or bowel was noted . significant (& gt ; 100 ml ) intra - operative bleeding did not occur . in none of the cases was the vaginal wall perforated during the operation . no ecchymose or hematoma was noticed after the procedure . only few and minor complications were observed . postoperative minor vaginal erosion was noted in one patient . three patients ( 2 . 8 %) had complete retention ; two of them had undergone associated prolapse surgical treatment . in these patients , a tape release procedure was carried out in the immediate postoperative period with local anesthetic injection and intravenous sedation as needed . no tape required to be sectioned . none of the patients who underwent a tape release procedure developed incontinence or fistula . seventeen patients ( 15 . 9 %) complained directly after the procedure that they had moderate pain or discomfort in the thigh folds . this symptom usually abated within 2 days and was in all cases controlled by non - opioid antalgics . in 2 patients ( 1 . 9 %), more severe pain persisted for one week and was associated with hip arthralgia , probably as a result of the gynecological position during the procedure . superficial vein thrombosis occurred in one patient developed at day 8 after surgery , with secondary development of an abscess that required drainage . evolution of this patient was favorable . since the occurrence of this adverse event , care was taken to prophylactically administer powerful antibiotics in all patients undergoing the surgical treatment . this analysis mainly focuses on the reproducibility and early complication rates associated with the newly developed surgical procedure and tools of the present invention . at one month after the procedure , the postoperative evaluation showed that 95 of the 107 patients ( 88 . 8 %) were cured of sui . another 8 patients ( 7 . 5 %) were improved and there were 4 failures ( 3 . 7 %). patients not cured by the procedure were incontinent directly after the procedure . a few patients ( n = 9 ; 8 . 4 %) exhibited de novo urgency at 1 month after the intervention . at the opposite , some patients ( n = 33 ; 30 . 8 %) who had urgency before the operation noted a reduction in the importance of this symptom after the procedure . the foregoing description should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and , accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention .
a new , quick , simple , efficient , safe , and reproducible surgical technique for the treatment of female urinary incontinence , in which the posterior urethra is suspended using a tape passed through the obturator orifices from inside to outside . a variety of specifically designed surgical instruments are utilized to perform this operative procedure .