to understand the structural features and benefits of the dental appliance or mouthguard 70 of the present invention , some anatomy will first be described . referring to fig1 and 1a , the user or athlete has a mouth 10 generally comprised of a rigid upper jaw 12 and a movable lower jaw 42 which are movably connected at the temporomandibular joint ( tmj ) 32 and 50 . more specifically , the rigid upper jaw 12 has gum tissue 14 within mouth 10 . gum tissue 14 , as well as the bone thereunder , supports anterior teeth ( incisors and canines ) 18 which have incisal or biting surfaces 19 . the gum tissues 14 and the bone thereunder also support posterior teeth ( molars and bicuspids ) 22 which have cusps or biting surfaces 26 . referring to one side of the human head , the temporal bone 28 is located upwardly and rearwardly of the upper jaw 12 and is in the range of { fraction ( 1 / 16 )} th to { fraction ( 1 / 32 )} nd inch thick . the articular eminence 30 forms the beginning of the fossae 32 or the socket of the temporomandibular joint 32 and 50 . rearwardly and posteriorly to the articular eminence 30 is located cartilage 34 . through the temporomandibular joint 32 and 50 pass the ariculo - temporalis nerve 36 and supra - temporo artery 38 . posteriorly to this structure is located the inner ear 40 . within the mouth is located tongue 39 and the roof or hard palate 41 , which terminates rearwardly into the soft palate and forwardly into the anterior palate or ruggae 43 . the ruggae 43 has a rib surface which is identifiable by the fingers or tongue 39 . the tongue touches the ruggae 43 during speech . the movable jaw or mandible 42 supports a bone covered by gum tissue 44 which further supports anterior teeth ( incisors and canines ) 46 with incisal or biting surfaces 47 and posterior teeth ( molars and bicuspids ) 48 with occlusal biting surfaces 49 . the condyle 50 of the lower jaw 42 forms the ball of the temporormandibular joint 32 and 50 . the anatomical structure is the same for both sides of the head . repeated impacts , collisions , blows , stress or forces exerted on the movable lower jaw 42 results in excessive wearing forced upon the condyle 50 and the cartilage , meniscus , or disc 34 — typically resulting in bone deterioration on the head of the condyle or slippage and compressive damage of the cartilage 34 . thereafter , the lower jaw 42 may be subject to irregular movement , pain , loss of comfortable range of movement , and clicking of the joint 32 and 50 . the ariculo - temporatis nerve 36 relates to both sensory and motor activity of the body . any impingement or pinching of this nerve 36 can result in health problems as previously mentioned . this supra - temporal artery 38 is important in that it provides blood circulation to portions of the head . impingement , pinching , rupture or blockage of this artery 38 will result in possible loss of consciousness and reduced physical ability and endurance due to the restriction of blood flow to portions of the brain . thus , it is extremely important to assure that the condyle 50 does not impinge upon the ariculo - temporalis nerve 36 or the supra - temporal artery 38 . it is also important to note that the temporal bone 28 is not too thick in the area of the glenoid fossae . medical science has shown that a sharp shock , stress or concussive force applied to the lower jaw 42 possibly could result in the condyle 50 pertruding through the glenoid fossae of the temporal bone 28 thereby causing death . this is a suture line ( growth and development seam ) in the glenoid fossae , resulting in a possible weakness in the fossae in many humans . this incident rarely , but sometimes , occurs with respect to boxing athletes . the mouthguard of the present invention is shown in the figures as reference number 70 . mouthguard 70 is generally u - shaped and is comprised of labial wall 72 , lingual wall 74 , which are upstanding from base 76 , and channel 78 is formed by this arrangement . specifically referring to fig2 - 4 , the mouthguard 70 generally comprises three layers of distinct materials 86 , 114 and 136 . the framework 86 is of a non - softenable , flexible material to assist in maintaining the shape of the heated mouthguard 70 and to permit the sizing of the mouthguard by way of twisting , expansion and contraction for variously configured mouths . the bite plate wedge 92 is part of the framework and permits displacement of the condyle and proper positioning of the lower jaw 42 . the traction pads 114 are elastomeric and therefore rubbery and grippable . the anterior impact brace or internal protective bumper 122 extends from the traction pads 114 while the external protective bumper 126 extends from the internal protective bumper 122 . the encapsulating material 136 is softenable and forms walls 72 and 74 and channel 78 . this portion of the mouthguard 70 softens when heated and permits custom fitting of the mouthguard 70 in a particular mouth configuration . the first shot of the mouthguard 70 is comprised of the non - softenable , flexible framework 86 which is suitably made of high - density polyethylene which exhibits a rigid character in that it holds its shape and can handle hot water because its melting point is 270 ° farenheit . the material also has excellent bonding qualities with other copolymers and is fda compliant . the polyethylene part number appropriate for the framework 86 is hd - 6706 from exxonmobil chemical company , p . o . box 3272 , houston , tex . 77253 - 3272 . the framework 86 suitably may have a connecting belvedere bridge 88 which spans across the anterior portion of the labial wall 72 . the bridge 88 then connects to cross - cantilever connectors 90 which connect to the occlusal pad plates or wedges 92 in various places to assure the relative stability of the framework 86 . the occlusal pad plates 92 shown in fig3 are shown to be thicker posteriorly than anteriorly . the pad plates or wedges 93 in fig4 are shown to be thicker anteriorly than posteriorly . the particular choice of plates or wedges 92 or 93 are dependent upon the physiology of the wearer of the mouthguard 70 suitably determined by medical assistance . the plates or wedges 92 have index openings 94 therethrough . the next injection molding shot is that of traction pads 114 , internal protective bumper 122 , protruding tab 124 , and external protective bumper 126 . the traction pads 114 contact and grip the occlusal biting surfaces 49 of the posterior teeth 48 of the lower jaw and must be composed of a durable , resilient material which deforms somewhat when the jaws are closed and cushion teeth 48 of the lower jaw 42 . the durable resilient material of this layer or second shot comprises a thermoplastic elastomer . the material may be dynaflex ®, part no . g2780 - 0001 from gls corporation , 833 ridgeview drive , mchenry , ill . 60050 . this material is suitable in that the teeth can interdigitate on the pads 114 and the material is chemically and bondably compatible , as well as being fda compliant and approved for mouthguards . the traction pads 114 have projecting interlocking knob or projections 116 which resemble a christmas tree . the bucket lip or retaining lid 120 and interlocking knobs 116 assure that the pads 114 are interlocked with the bite plate wedges 92 . forward of the traction pads 114 extend an anterior impact brace or internal protective elastomeric bumper 122 from which extends protruding tab 124 in an anterior fashion . a transverse external protective elastomeric bumper 126 is connected to tab 124 as they are all integrally molded . connectors for the tethers may be left port 128 or right port 130 . because the tether is meant to be securely and permanently fastened , nylon inserts 132 with an annular locking rib 134 are placed in the mold for their interlocking position within the external protective bumper 126 shown in detailed cross section in fig7 . the external bumper 126 also suitably supports an artistic logo 135 . the nylon material suitably may be part number n6650l from michael day enterprises , 960 seville road , wadsworth , ohio 44281 . the nylon material does not begin to melt until approximately 500 ° farenheit . the durable resilient material of the traction pads 114 and bumpers 122 and 126 may include in another embodiment a styrene block copolymer and ethylene vinyl acetate ( eva ). eva is available from a number of sources , such as elvax ® resins from dupont packaging and industrial polymers , 1007 market street , wilmington , del . 19398 . it is desirable that the durable resilient material have a shore “ a ” hardness of approximately 82 , which is very durable , yet rubbery . in another embodiment , the traction pads may have the styrene block copolymer mixed with polyolefin elastomer , which is a copolymer of ethylene and octene - 1 . a suitable copolymer is available under the trademark engage ® from dupont canada , inc ., p . o . box 2200 , streetsville , mississauga , ontario l5m 2h3 . another embodiment of the pads and bumpers may be a mixture of thermoplastic rubber and a polyolefin elastomer as described above . suitably thermoplastic rubbers are santoprene ® from advanced elastomer systems , l . p ., 388 south main street , akron , ohio 44311 and kraton ® thermoplastic rubber from shell oil company , houston , tex . kraton ® is composed of a styrene - ethylene - butylene - styrene block copolymer and other ingredients . the exact composition of santoprene ® is a trade secret . the third shot of the mouthguard 70 comprises an encapsulation material 136 which is suitably softenable and forms the walls 70 and 74 and channel 78 , as well as base 76 of the mouthguard 70 . thus , the softenable material does not encapsulate the traction pads 114 or bumpers 122 and 126 , but does encapsulate the entire framework 86 . the softenable outer fitting material 136 suitably comprises a mixture of exact ®, which is a plastomer , part no . 4023 from exxonmobil chemical company , p . o . box 3272 , houston , tex . 77253 - 3272 . the exact ® material is suitably blended 3 : 1 with a hydrocarbon resin called regalrez ®, part no . 1128 from eastman chemical company , 200 south wilcox , kingsport , tenn . 37660 . these materials exhibit low melting points , good density and chemically and bondably compatible with other materials , as well as being fda compliant for mouthguards . another combination of the softenable material 136 suitably comprises a mixture of eva and polycaprolactone . a suitable polycaprolactone is tone ®, part no . polymer p - 767 from union carbide corporation , 39 old ridgebury road , danbury , conn . 06817 - 0001 . the softenable material may consist of polycaprolactone alone as the possibility of ethylene vinyl acetate alone may be utilized . another embodiment of the softenable outer material 136 may be a mixture of polycaprolactone and polyolefin elastomer . preferably , the polyolefin elastomer is a copolymer of ethylene and octene - 1 . a suitable copolymer is available as engage ® from dupont canada , inc ., p . o . box 2200 , streetsville , mississauga , ontario l5m 2h3 . it is well known that illnesses , infection , tooth decay and / or periodontal disease is caused by bacteria , fungus , yeast and viruses . these microbials can grow and multiply on dental appliances when the appliances are being stored between uses , as well as when the appliance is being worn or used . an antimicrobial substance such as angion ® from angion technologies llc , 60 autobon road , wakefield , mass . 01880 may be blended with the framework 86 , traction pads 114 and bumpers 122 and 126 , along with the softenable material 136 . other antimicrobial substances which are non - toxic and free of heavy metal for resisting the growth of microbials may include chlorinated phenol ( e . g . 5 - chloro - 2 -( 2 ,- 4 - dichlorophenoxy ) phenol ), polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride ( phmb ), doxycycline , hlorhexidine , metronidazole , thymol , eucalypol and methyl salycilate . triclosan ® from siba giegy of switzerland is also available . mouthguard 70 incorporating the antimicrobial agent during the manufacture of the mouthguard is achieved by incorporating the agent into the synthetic polymer master batch . the antimicrobial agent is suitably placed into the batch in a concentration as high as 10 % which will permit a let - down ratio resulting in final concentration of the antimicrobial agent and the dental appliance of about 0 . 005 to about 2 % by weight . the antimicrobial agent will survive molten temperatures of approximately 350 ° farenheit and thus the antimicrobial agent loses none of its biocidal properties in the formation of the mouthguard . to fit the mouthguard 70 to the user &# 39 ; s mouth , the mouthguard is placed in hot water at 211 ° farenheit ( i . e . water that has been brought to a boil and taken off the heat ) for about fifteen seconds . the mouthguard is then removed from hot water , and it will be very soft , but the framework 86 will hold the mouthguard in its general shape . excess water is allowed to drain off the mouthguard 70 by holding it with a spoon or a fitting tool . next , the wearer carefully places the mouthguard in the mouth so that the interior portion of the appliance 70 touches and covers the eye teeth and extends backwards towards the molars . next , the wearer bites down firmly on the appliance and pushes the tongue against the roof of the mouth . the cross - cantilever connectors guide the upper molars 22 in position on plates 92 . with a strong sucking motion , the wearer draws out all of the air and water from the mouthguard 70 . the projections or knobs 116 of the traction pads 114 will index to the cusps 26 of the molars 22 . with the thumb , the wearer presses the bridge 88 and lingual wall 74 tight against the mouth and then uses his hands and figures to press the outside of the cheeks against the appliance as the labial wall 72 moves to custom form the lingual and buccal or labial walls 72 and 74 , respectively . because there are no rigid lingual or labial walls in the appliance 70 , the mouthguard 70 will fit any width of molar 22 or mouth . the wearer retains the mouthguard in the mouth for at least one minute and , with the mouthguard still in the mouth , takes a drink of cold water . next , the wearer removes the mouthguard from the mouth and places it in cold water for about thirty seconds . next , referring to the tether 150 and anchor various arrangements , fig5 through 13 should be considered . tether 150 suitably may include an internal wire 152 with a plastic 154 outer casing . the ends of the tether 150 may have over - molded connectors 156 with a locking plug 158 and a lip 160 suitably of a christmas tree design . the locking plug 158 will almost permanently lock with the nylon insert 132 and its locking rib 134 , as shown in fig7 . attempts to remove the tether from either the left or right ports 128 or 130 will likely result in some destruction of the tether or external protective bumper 126 . the over - molded connector 156 suitably may be made of a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer ( polyether ) marketed under the name pellethane ®, part no . 2363 - 55d , by ashland distribution company , 5200 blazer parkway , dublin , ohio 43017 . this material must be rigid and durable to secure to connection ports 128 and 130 in a permanent fashion once the user determines whether tethering should be on the left or right side of mouthguard 70 . football helmet 162 is shown in fig8 having a face mask 164 and chin strap catches , fasteners or male snap connectors or buckles 166 . face mask tether snap anchor 170 suitably secures to the buckle snaps 166 and has a port 172 with an internal annular locking rib 174 . the catch or buckle snap 176 may be utilized for helmets that do not have buckles 166 therein , such as a hockey helmet face shield 180 . catch 176 is secured to the face shield 180 with double - sided adhesive tape 178 shown in fig9 . in another embodiment , face mask tether clamp anchor 182 is shown in fig1 suitably having a port 184 with an annular locking rib internally to receive the over - molded connectors 156 of tether 150 . face mask tether cinch anchor 190 is another variation shown in fig1 having a port 192 with an internal annular locking rib . anchors 170 , 182 and 190 are suitably made of thermoplastic resin or ethylene / methacrylic acid copolymer such as surlyn ® 8150 from dupont . referring to fig1 and 13 , the lighted mouthguard tether and anchor assembly 200 is shown . the face mask tether snap anchor 202 has a logo lens 204 therein with a light 206 or suitably an led there below . a battery 208 sits within door switch 210 much like a hearing aid . upon closing the door switch 210 , the circuit is closed and the led lights the logo lens 204 . tether 212 may have internal fiberoptics 214 which will carry the light to the mouthguard logo lens 216 in the external bumper 126 . the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central attributes thereof ; therefore , the illustrated embodiments should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive , reference being made to the appended claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention .
a performance enhancing and force absorbing mouthguard adapted to fit the upper teeth of the mouth of an athlete wherein the mouthguard is unobstructably tethered and of a composite material . the first internal layer is a nonsoftenable flexible framework which will permit the mouthguard to hold its shape during fitting as well as to absorb and dissipate significant impact conveyed to the upper teeth . a hard , durable bite plate wedge lowers the condyle from the temporomandibular joint in a fulcrum action to place the lower jaw in an optimum condition preventing impingement upon the nerves and arteries as well as spacing the upper and lower teeth apart . elastomeric traction pads are on the bottom of the mouthguard and are grippingly engaged by the posterior teeth of the lower jaw . while the framework , wedge and traction pads are mechanically interlocked , a softenable material is placed over the mouthguard excepting the contact portions of the traction pads to encapsulate the mouthguard and to permit custom fitting . an anterior tab supports a transverse external bumper having left and right ports to unobstructively tether the mouthguard .