alkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl , heteroaryl ( e . g ., pyridinyl ), cyclyl , heterocyclyl mentioned above include both substituted and unsubstituted moieties . the term “ substituted ” refers to one or more substituents ( which may be the same or different ), each replacing a hydrogen atom . examples of substituents include , but are not limited to , halogen , hydroxyl , amino , alkylamino , arylamino , dialkylamino , diarylamino , cyano , nitro , mercapto , alkylcarbonyl , carbamido , carbamyl , carboxyl , thioureido , thiocyanato , sulfoamido , c 1 ˜ c 6 alkyl , c 1 ˜ c 6 alkenyl , c 1 ˜ c 6 alkoxy , aryl , heteroaryl , cyclyl , heterocyclyl , wherein alkyl , alkenyl , alkoxy , aryl , heteroaryl , cyclyl , and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with c 1 ˜ c 6 alkyl , aryl , heteroaryl , halogen , hydroxyl , amino , mercapto , cyano , or nitro . as used herein , the term “ alkyl ” refers to a straight - chained or branched hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms . the term “ lower alkyl ” refers to a c1 - c6 alkyl chain . examples of alkyl groups include methyl , ethyl , n - propyl , isopropyl , tert - butyl , and n - pentyl . alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents . the term “ alkenyl ” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain , containing 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon - carbon double bond . alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents . the term “ alkynyl ” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain , containing the 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon - carbon triple bond . alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents . the sp 2 or sp carbons of an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group , respectively , may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl or alkynyl groups . the term “ cyclyl ” refers to a hydrocarbon 3 - 8 membered monocycle or 7 - 14 membered bicycle ring system having at least one non - aromatic ring which may optionally have some degree of saturation . cyclyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents . in one embodiment , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 atoms of each ring of a cyclyl group may be substituted by a substituent . representative examples of cyclyl group include cyclopropyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , cyclobutyl , cycloheptyl , cyclooctyl , cyclononyl , cyclodecyl , cyclohexenyl , bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 ] hept - 2 - enyl , dihydronaphthalenyl , benzocyclopentyl , cyclopentenyl , cyclopentadienyl , cyclohexenyl , cyclohexadienyl , cycloheptenyl , cycloheptadienyl , cycloheptatrienyl , cyclooctenyl , cyclooctadienyl , cyclooctatrienyl , cyclooctatetraenyl , cyclononenyl , cyclononadienyl , cyclodecenyl , cyclodecadienyl and the like . the term “ aryl ” refers to a hydrocarbon ring system having at least one aromatic ring . typically , a monocycle aryl will have from 5 to 8 carbon atom ring members ; a bicyclic ary will have from 7 to 14 carbon atom ring members , and a tricyclic aryl will have 11 - 14 carbon atom ring members . examples of aryl moieties include , but are not limited to , phenyl , naphthyl , anthracenyl , fluorenyl , indenyl , azulenyl , pyrenyl , and the like . the term “ heterocyclyl ” refers to a nonaromatic 3 - 8 membered monocycle , 7 - 12 membered bicyclic , or 10 - 14 membered tricyclic ring system comprising 1 - 3 heteroatoms if monocycle , 1 - 6 heteroatoms if bicyclic , or 1 - 9 heteroatoms if tricyclic , said heteroatoms selected from o , n , s , b , p or si , wherein the nonaromatic ring system may have some degree of saturation . heterocyclyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents . in one embodiment , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 atoms of each ring of a heterocyclyl group may be substituted by a substituent . representative heterocyclyl groups include piperidinyl , piperazinyl , 2 - oxopiperazinyl , 2 - oxopiperidinyl , 2 - oxopyrrolidinyl , 4 - piperidonyl , tetrahydropyranyl , tetrahydrothiopyranyl , tetrahydrothiopyranyl sulfone , morpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl sulfoxide , thiomorpholinyl sulfone , 1 , 3 - dioxolane , tetrahydrofuranyl , tetrahydrothienyl , thiirenyl , thiadiazirinyl , dioxazolyl , 1 , 3 - oxathiolyl , 1 , 3 - dioxolyl , 1 , 3 - dithiolyl , oxathiazinyl , dioxazinyl , dithiazinyl , oxadiazinyl , thiadiazinyl , oxazinyl , thiazinyl , 1 , 4 - oxathiin , 1 , 4 - dioxin , 1 , 4 - dithiin , 1h - pyranyl , oxathiepinyl , 5h - 1 , 4 - dioxepinyl , 5h - 1 , 4 - dithiepinyl , 6h - isoxazolo [ 2 , 3 - d ] 1 , 2 , 4 - oxadiazolyl , 7ah - oxazolo [ 3 , 2 - d ] 1 , 2 , 4 - oxadiazolyl , and the like . the term “ heteroaryl ” refers to a hydrocarbon ring system having at least one aromatic ring which contains at least one heteroatom such as o , n , or s . typically , a monocyclic heteroaryl has 5 - 8 ring members , a bicyclic heteroaryl has 7 - 12 ring members , and a tricyclic heteroaryl has 11 - 14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1 - 4 ring heteroatoms if monocyclic , 1 - 6 heteroatoms if bicyclic , or 1 - 9 heteroatoms if tricyclic , said heteroatoms selected from o , n , or s , and the remainder ring atoms being carbon ( with appropriate hydrogen atoms unless otherwise indicated ). heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents . in one embodiment , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 atoms of each ring of a heteroaryl group may be substituted by a substituent . examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl , 1 - oxo - pyridyl , ( uranyl , benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxolyl , benzo [ 1 , 4 ] dioxinyl , thienyl , pyrrolyl , oxazolyl , oxadiazolyl , imidazolyl thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , quinolinyl , pyrazolyl , isothiazolyl , pyridazinyl , pyrimidinyl , pyrazinyl , triazinyl , triazolyl , thiadiazolyl , isoquinolinyl , indazolyl , benzoxazolyl , benzofuryl , indolizinyl , imidazopyridyl , tetrazolyl , benzimidazolyl , benzothiazolyl , benzothiadiazolyl , benzoxadiazolyl , indolyl , tetrahydroindolyl , azaindolyl , imidazopyridyl , quinazolinyl , purinyl , pyrrolo [ 2 , 3 ] pyrimidinyl , pyrazolo [ 3 , 4 ] pyrimidinyl , and benzo ( b ) thienyl , 3h - thiazolo [ 2 , 3 - c ][ 1 , 2 , 4 ] thiadiazolyl , imidazo [ 1 , 2 - b ]- 1 , 2 , 4 - thiadiazolyl , imidazo [ 2 , 1 - b ]- 1 , 3 , 4 - thiadiazolyl , 1h , 2h - furo [ 3 , 4 - d ]- 1 , 2 , 3 - thiadiazolyl , 1h - pyrazolo [ 5 , 1 - c ]- 1 , 2 , 4 - triazolyl , pyrrolo [ 3 , 4 - d ]- 1 , 2 , 3 - triazolyl , cyclopentatriazolyl , 3h - pyrrolo [ 3 , 4 - c ] isoxazolyl , 1h , 3h - pyrrolo [ 1 , 2 - c ] oxazolyl , pyrrolo [ 2 , 1b ] oxazolyl , and the like . examples of heteroaryl moieties include , but are not limited to , furyl , fluorenyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , imidazolyl , thiazolyl , pyridinyl , pyrimidinyl , quinazolinyl , and indolyl . the compounds of this invention include the compounds themselves , as well as their salts , solvate , clathrate , hydrate , polymorph , or prodrugs , if applicable . as used herein , the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ,” is a salt formed from , for example , an acid and a basic group of a compound of any one of the formulae disclosed herein . illustrative salts include , but are not limited , to sulfate , citrate , acetate , oxalate , chloride , bromide , iodide , nitrate , bisulfate , phosphate , acid phosphate , isonicotinate , lactate , salicylate , acid citrate , tartrate , oleate , tannate , pantothenate , bitartrate , ascorbate , succinate , maleate , besylate , gentisinate , fumarate , gluconate , glucaronate , saccharate , formate , benzoate , glutamate , methanesulfonate , ethanesulfonate , benzenesulfonate , p - toluenesulfonate , and pamoate ( i . e ., 1 , 1 ′- methylene - bis -( 2 - hydroxy - 3 - naphthoate )) salts . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” also refers to a salt prepared from a compound of any one of the formulae disclosed herein having an acidic functional group , such as a carboxylic acid functional group , and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base . suitable bases include , but are not limited to , hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium , potassium , and lithium ; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium ; hydroxides of other metals , such as aluminum and zinc ; ammonia , and organic amines , such as unsubstituted or hydroxy - substituted mono -, di -, or trialkylamines ; dicyclohexylamine ; tributyl amine ; pyridine ; n - methyl , n - ethylamine ; diethylamine ; diethylamine ; mono -, bis -, or tris -( 2 - hydroxy - lower alkyl amines ), such as mono -, bis -, or tris -( 2 - hydroxyethyl ) amine , 2 - hydroxy - tert - butylamine , or tris -( hydroxymethyl ) methylamine , n , n ,- di - lower alkyl - n -( hydroxy lower alkyl )- amines , such as n , n - dimethyl - n -( 2 - hydroxyethyl ) amine , or tri -( 2 - hydroxyethyl ) amine ; n - methyl - d - glucamine ; and amino acids such as arginine , lysine , and the like . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” also refers to a salt prepared from a compound of any one of the formulae disclosed herein having a basic functional group , such as an amino functional group , and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid , suitable acids include hydrogen sulfate , citric acid , acetic acid , oxalic acid , hydrochloric acid ( hcl ), hydrogen bromide ( hbr ), hydrogen iodide ( hi ), nitric acid , hydrogen bisulfide , phosphoric acid , lactic acid , salicylic acid , tartaric acid , bitartratic acid , ascorbic acid , succinic acid , maleic acid , besylic acid , fumaric acid , gluconic acid , glucaronic acid , formic acid , benzoic acid , glutamic acid , methanesulfonic acid , ethanesulfonic acid , benzenesulfonic acid , and p - toluenesulfonic acid . as used herein , the term “ polymorph ” means solid crystalline forms of a compound of the present invention or complex thereof . different polymorphs of the same compound can exhibit different physical , chemical and / or spectroscopic properties . different physical properties include , but are not limited to stability ( e . g ., to heat or light ), compressibility and density ( important in formulation and product manufacturing ), and dissolution rates ( which can affect bioavailability ). differences in stability can result from changes in chemical reactivity ( e . g ., differential oxidation , such that a dosage form discolors more rapidly when comprised of one polymorph than when comprised of another polymorph ) or mechanical characteristics ( e . g ., tablets crumble on storage as a kinetically favored polymorph converts to thermodynamically more stable polymorph ) or both ( e . g ., tablets of one polymorph are more susceptible to breakdown at high humidity ). different physical properties of polymorphs can affect their processing . for example , one polymorph might be more likely to form solvates or might be more difficult to filter or wash free of impurities than another due to , for example , the shape or size distribution of particles of it . as used herein , the term “ hydrate ” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof , which further includes a stoichiometric or non - stoichiometric amount of water bound by non - covalent intermolecular forces . as used herein , the term “ clathrate ” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof in the form of a crystal lattice that contains spaces ( e . g ., channels ) that have a guest molecule ( e . g ., a solvent or water ) trapped within . as used herein and unless otherwise indicated , the term “ prodrug ” means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze , oxidize , or otherwise react under biological conditions ( in vitro or in vivo ) to provide a compound of this invention . prodrugs may only become active upon such reaction under biological conditions , or they may have activity in their unreacted forms . examples of prodrugs contemplated in this invention include , but are not limited to , analogs or derivatives of compounds of any one of the formulae disclosed herein that comprise biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides , biohydrolyzable esters , biohydrolyzable carbamates , biohydrolyzable carbonates , biohydrolyzable ureides , and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues . other examples of prodrugs include derivatives of compounds of any one of the formulae disclosed herein that comprise — no , — no 2 , — ono , or — ono 2 moieties . prodrugs can typically be prepared using well - known methods , such as those described by 1 b urger &# 39 ; s m edicinal c hemistry and d rug d iscovery ( 1995 ) 172 - 178 , 949 - 982 ( manfred e . wolff ed ., 5 th ed ). as used herein and unless otherwise indicated , the terms “ biohydrolyzable amide ”, “ biohydrolyzable ester ”, “ biohydrolyzable carbamate ”, “ biohydrolyzable carbonate ”, “ biohydrolyzable ureide ” and “ biohydrolyzable phosphate analogue ” mean an amide , ester , carbamate , carbonate , ureide , or phosphate analogue , respectively , that either : 1 ) does not destroy the biological activity of the compound and confers upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo , such as uptake , duration of action , or onset of action ; or 2 ) is itself biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to a biologically active compound . examples of biohydrolyzable amides include , but are not limited to , lower alkyl amides , α - amino acid amides , alkoxyacyl amides , and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides . examples of biohydrolyzable esters include , but are not limited to , lower alkyl esters , alkoxyacyloxy esters , alkyl acylamino alkyl esters , and choline esters . examples of biohydrolyzable carbamates include , but are not limited to , lower alkylamines , substituted ethylenediamines , aminoacids , hydroxyalkylamines , heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines , and polyether amines . as used herein , the terms “ animal ”, “ subject ” and “ patient ”, include , but are not limited to , a cow , monkey , horse , sheep , pig , chicken , turkey , quail , cat , dog , mouse , rat , rabbit , guinea pig and human ( preferably , a human ). as used herein , the term “ a subject in need thereof ” refers to a subject suffering from an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder or who has a predisposition ( e . g ., a genetic predisposition ) to develop an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder . in addition , subjects that have had an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder that is in remission may be in need of treatment with one or more compounds of the invention , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , solvate , clathrate , hydrate , polymorph , or prodrug thereof , to prevent a relapse of the autoimmune or inflammatory disorder . the compounds described above can be prepared by methods well known in the art , as well as by the synthetic routes disclosed herein and described in u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 693 , 097 , 6 , 660 , 733 , 6 , 858 , 606 and in u . s . provisional application no . 60 / 626 , 609 , the entire teaching of each of these patents and patent application are incorporated herein by reference . for example , a pyrimidine compound ( e , g ., compounds 1 - 27 ) can be prepared by using 2 , 4 , 6 - trichloro - pyrimidine as a starting material . the three chloro groups can be displaced by various substitutes . more specifically , first chloro group ( e . g ., at position 6 ) can react with , e . g ., morpholine , to form a morpholinyl pyrimidine . 2 - aryl and 2 - alkylpyrimidinde dichloro compounds can also be prepared by reacting an amidine with a malonic ester followed by treatment with phosphorous oxychloride . second chloro group can be replaced by reacting with a nucleophile , such as an alcohol in the presence of base , e . g ., sodium hydride . in other examples , a compound of formula ( i ), wherein y is ch 2 ( e . g ., compound 1 , 3 - 5 , 11 , 14 , and 27 ), can be prepared by reacting the pyrimidine chloride with a grignard reagent , an organotin reagent , an organocopper reagent , an organoboric acid , or an organozinc reagent in the presence of an organopalladium compound as a catalyst . isomeric forms may be produced . the desired isomeric product can be separated from others by , e . g ., high performance liquid chromatography . third chloro group undergoes a displacement reaction with , e . g ., hydrazine , and the primary amine of the coupled hydrazine moiety further reacts with an aldehyde , e . g ., indole - 3 - carboxaldehyde to form a hydrazone linkage . thus , a pyrimidine compound of this invention is obtained . if preferred , other types of linkages can be prepared by similar reactions . sensitive moieties on a pyrimidinyl intermediate and a nucleophile can be protected prior to coupling . for suitable protecting groups , see , e . g ., greene ( 1981 ) protective groups in organic synthesis , john wiley & amp ; sons , inc ., new york , the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference . a pyrimidine compound of this invention can be further purified by flash column chromatography , high performance liquid chromatography , or crystallization . the compounds and compositions described herein are useful to treat and prevent any inflammatory and immune disorders . in particular , the compounds of the invention are useful in inhibiting the production of il - 12 , il - 23 and / or il - 27 . il - 12 and il - 27 produce inf - γ which further augments the production of il - 12 and causes the differentiation of naïve t cells into t h 1 lymphocytes which have been implicated in the pathogenic processes of many autoimmune and inflammatory disorders . il - 23 has been shown to stimulate the differentiation of activated cd4 + t cells into th il - 17 cells which produce il - 17 , another cytokine that has been implicated in the pathogenic processes of many autoimmune and inflammatory disorders . thus , in one aspect , the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing autoimmune or inflammatory disorders by inhibiting the production of il - 12 , il - 27 and / or il - 23 in a subject by administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , solvate , clathrate , hydrate , polymorph , or prodrug thereof . without wishing to be bound by any theory , since one of the functions of il - 12 and il - 27 is induction of inf - γ expression from t and nk cells which promotes the development of th1 t lymphocyte type , the compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit the differentiation of naïve t cells into th1 lymphocytes and / or inhibit the proliferation of th1 cells . therefore , in another aspect , the invention features a method of inhibiting the proliferation and / or development of th1 cells in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , solvate , clathrate , hydrate , polymorph , or prodrug thereof . without wishing to be bound by any theory , since one of the functions of il - 23 is to promote the differentiation of activated cd4 + t cells to th il - 17 lymphocyte type which produces the pro - inflammatory cytokine il - 17 , the compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit the differentiation of activated cd4 + t cells into th il - 17 lymphocytes and / or inhibit the proliferation of th il - 17 lymphocytes . therefore , in another aspect , the invention features a method of inhibiting the proliferation and / or development of th il - 17 lymphocytes in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , solvate , clathrate , hydrate , polymorph , or prodrug thereof . the term “ inflammatory disorders ” includes any inflammatory disease , disorder or condition caused , exasperated or mediated by il - 12 , il - 23 , il - 27 and / or il - 17 production . such inflammatory disorders may include , without limitation , asthma , adult respiratory distress syndrome , systemic lupus erythematosus , inflammatory bowel disease ( including crohn &# 39 ; s disease and ulcerative colitis ), multiple sclerosis , insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus , autoimmune arthritis ( including rheumatoid arthritis , juvenile rheumatoid arthritis , psoriatic arthritis ), inflammatory pulmonary syndrome , pemphigus vulgaris , idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura , autoimmune meningitis , myasthenia gravis , autoimmune thyroiditis , dermatitis ( including atopic dermatitis and eczematous dermatitis ), psoriasis , sjogren &# 39 ; s syndrome ( including keratoconjunctivitis sicca secondary to sjogren &# 39 ; s syndrome ), alopecia areata , allergic responses due to arthropod bite reactions , aphthous ulcer , iritis , conjunctivitis , keratoconjunctivitis , cutaneous lupus erythematosus , scleroderma , vaginitis , proctitis , drug eruptions ( such as stevens - johnson syndrome ), leprosy reversal reactions , erythema nodosum leprosum , autoimmune uveitis , allergic encephalomyelitis , aplastic anemia , pure red cell anemia , idiopathic thrombocytopenia , polychondritis , wegener &# 39 ; s granulomatosis , chronic active hepatitis , graves ophthalmopathy , primary biliary cirrhosis , uveitis posterior and interstitial lung fibrosis . “ inflammatory disorders ” expressly include acute inflammatory disorders . examples of acute inflammatory disorders include graft versus host disease , transplant rejection , septic shock , endotoxemia , lyme arthritis , infectious meningitis ( e . g ., viral , bacterial , lyme disease - associated ), an acute episode of asthma and acute episodes of an immune disease . “ inflammatory disorders ” expressly include chronic inflammatory disorders . nonlimiting examples of chronic inflammatory disorder include asthma , rubella arthritis , and chronic autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus , psoriasis , inflammatory bowel disease , including crohn &# 39 ; s disease and ulcerative colitis , multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis . the term “ immune disorders ” or “ autoimmune disorders ” includes any immune disease , disorder or condition caused , exasperated or mediated by il - 12 , il - 23 and / or il - 27 production . such immune diseases may include , without limitation , rheumatoid arthritis , juvenile rheumatoid arthritis , systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis , psoriatic arthritis , ankylosing spondilitis , gastric ulcer , seronegative arthropathies , osteoarthritis , inflammatory bowel disease , ulcerative colitis , systemic lupus erythematosis , antiphospholipid syndrome , iridocyclitis / uveitis / optic neuritis , idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis , systemic vasculitis / wegener &# 39 ; s granulomatosis , sarcoidosis , orchitis / vasectomy reversal procedures , allergic / atopic diseases , asthma , allergic rhinitis , eczema , allergic contact dermatitis , allergic conjunctivitis , hypersensitivity pneumonitis , transplants , organ transplant rejection , graft - versus - host disease , systemic inflammatory response syndrome , sepsis syndrome , gram positive sepsis , gram negative sepsis , culture negative sepsis , fungal sepsis , neutropenic fever , urosepsis , meningococcemia , trauma / hemorrhage , burns , ionizing radiation exposure , acute pancreatitis , adult respiratory distress syndrome , rheumatoid arthritis , alcohol - induced hepatitis , chronic inflammatory pathologies , sarcoidosis , crohn &# 39 ; s pathology , sickle cell anemia , diabetes , nephrosis , atopic diseases , hypersensitity reactions , allergic rhinitis , hay fever , perennial rhinitis , conjunctivitis , endometriosis , asthma , urticaria , systemic anaphalaxis , dermatitis , pernicious anemia , hemolytic disease , thrombocytopenia , graft rejection of any organ or tissue , kidney transplant rejection , heart transplant rejection , liver transplant rejection , pancreas transplant rejection , lung transplant rejection , bone marrow transplant ( bmt ) rejection , skin allograft rejection , cartilage transplant rejection , bone graft rejection , small bowel transplant rejection , fetal thymus implant rejection , parathyroid transplant rejection , xenograft rejection of any organ or tissue , allograft rejection , anti - receptor hypersensitivity reactions , graves disease , raynoud &# 39 ; s disease , type b insulin - resistant diabetes , asthma , myasthenia gravis , antibody - meditated cytotoxicity , type iii hypersensitivity reactions , systemic lupus erythematosus , poems syndrome ( polyneuropathy , organomegaly , endocrinopathy , monoclonal gammopathy , and skin changes syndrome ), polyneuropathy , organomegaly , endocrinopathy , monoclonal gammopathy , skin changes syndrome , antiphospholipid syndrome , pemphigus , scleroderma , mixed connective tissue disease , idiopathic addison &# 39 ; s disease , diabetes mellitus , chronic active hepatitis , primary billiary cirrhosis , vitiligo , vasculitis , post - mi cardiotomy syndrome , type iv hypersensitivity , contact dermatitis , hypersensitivity pneumonitis , allograft rejection , granulomas due to intracellular organisms , drug sensitivity , metabolic / idiopathic , wilson &# 39 ; s disease , hemachromatosis , alpha - 1 - antitrypsin deficiency , diabetic retinopathy , hashimoto &# 39 ; s thyroiditis , osteoporosis , hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis evaluation , primary biliary cirrhosis , thyroiditis , encephalomyelitis , cachexia , cystic fibrosis , neonatal chronic lung disease , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ), familial hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis , dermatologic conditions , psoriasis , alopecia , nephrotic syndrome , nephritis , glomerular nephritis , acute renal failure , hemodialysis , uremia , toxicity , preeclampsia , okt3 therapy , anti - cd3 therapy , cytokine therapy , chemotherapy , radiation therapy ( e . g ., including but not limited to asthenia , anemia , cachexia , and the like ), chronic salicylate intoxication , and the like , see , e . g ., the merck manual , 12th - 17th editions , merck & amp ; company , rahway , n . j . ( 1972 , 1977 , 1982 , 1987 , 1992 , 1999 ), pharmacotherapy handbook , wells et al ., eds ., second edition , appleton and lange , stamford , conn . ( 1998 , 2000 ), each entirely incorporated by reference . the compounds and compositions described herein are useful to treat and prevent inflammatory disorders and immune disorders . the method involves administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , solvate , clathrate , hydrate , polymorph , or prodrug thereof , to a subject in need of treatment for an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder . in preferred embodiments , treatment according to the invention provides a reduction in or prevention of at least one symptom or manifestation of an il - 12 -, il - 23 -, il - 27 , or il - 17 - related disorder ( e . g ., inflammatory disorder or immune diseases ), as determined in vivo or in vitro of at least about 10 %, more preferably 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 %, 95 %, 98 % or 99 %. as used herein , the term “ effective amount ” refers to an amount of a compound of this invention which is sufficient to reduce or ameliorate the severity , duration , progression , or onset of an inflammatory disorder or immune disorder , or one or more symptom thereof , prevent the advancement of an inflammatory disorder or immune disorder , cause the regression of an inflammatory disorder or immune disorder , prevent the recurrence , development , onset or progression of a symptom associated with an inflammatory disorder or immune disorder , or enhance or improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect ( s ) of another therapy . an effective amount of the pyrimidine compound of this invention can range from about 0 . 001 mg / kg to about 1000 mg / kg . effective doses will also vary , as recognized by those skilled in the art , depending on the disorder treated , route of administration , excipient usage , the age and sex of the subject , and the possibility of co - usage with other therapeutic treatments such as use of other agents . also within the scope of this invention is a pharmaceutical composition that contains one or more pyrimidine compounds of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier . to practice the method of the present invention , a pyrimidine compound , as a component of a pharmaceutical composition , can be administered orally , parenterally , by inhalation spray , topically , rectally , nasally , buccally , vaginally or via an implanted reservoir . the term “ parenteral ” as used herein includes subcutaneous , intracutaneous , intravenous , intramuscular , intraarticular , intraarterial , intrasynovial , intrasternal , intrathecal , intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques . a sterile injectable composition , for example , a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension , can be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents ( such as , for example , tween 80 ) and suspending agents . the sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non - toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent , for example , as a solution in 1 , 3 - butanediol . among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are mannitol , water , ringer &# 39 ; s solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution . in addition , sterile , fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium ( e . g ., synthetic mono - or diglycerides ). fatty acids , such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables , as are natural pharmaceutically - acceptable oils , such as olive oil or castor oil , especially in their polyoxyethylated versions . these oil solutions or suspensions can also contain a long - chain alcohol diluent or dispersant , or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents . other commonly used surfactants such as tweens or spans or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid , liquid , or other dosage forms can also be used for the purposes of formulation . a composition for oral administration can be any orally acceptable dosage form including , but not limited to , capsules , tablets , emulsions and aqueous suspensions , dispersions and solutions . in the case of tablets for oral use , carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch . lubricating agents , such as magnesium stearate , are also typically added . for oral administration in a capsule form , useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch . when aqueous suspensions or emulsions are administered orally , the active ingredient can be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase combined with emulsifying or suspending agents . if desired , certain sweetening , flavoring , or coloring agents can be added . a nasal aerosol or inhalation composition can be prepared according to techniques well - known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and can be prepared as solutions in saline , employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives , absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability , fluorocarbons , and / or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art . a pyrimidine compound of this invention can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration . the carrier in the pharmaceutical composition must be “ acceptable ” in the sense of being compatible with the active ingredient of the formulation ( and preferably , capable of stabilizing it ) and not deleterious to the subject to be treated . for example , solubilizing agents such as cyclodextrins , which form specific , more soluble complexes with the compounds of this invention , or one or more solubilizing agents , can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of the pyrimidine compounds . examples of other carriers include colloidal silicon dioxide , magnesium stearate , cellulose , sodium lauryl sulfate , and d & amp ; c yellow # 10 . the biological activities of a pyrimidine compound can be evaluated by a number of cell - based assays . one of such assays can be conducted using cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( pbmc ) or human monocytic cell line ( thp - 1 ). the cells are stimulated with a combination of human interferon - γ ( ifnγ ) and lipopolysaccharide or a combination of ifnγ and staphylococcus aureus cowan i ( sac ) in the presence of a test compound . the level of inhibition of il - 12 production can be measured by determining the amount of p70 by using a sandwich elisa assay with anti - human il - 12 antibodies . ic 50 of the test compound can then be determined . specifically , pbmc or thp - 1 cells are incubated with the test compound . cell viability is assessed using the bioreduction of mts { 3 -( 4 , 5 - dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl )- 5 -( 3 - carboxymethoxyphenyl )- 2 -( 4 - sulfophenyl )- 2h - tetrazolium ] ( promega , madison , wis .). the level of inhibition of il - 23 inhibition by a compound of the invention can be measured by a similar assay in which human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( pbmc ) or human monocytic cell line ( thp - 1 ) are stimulated with a combination of human interferon - γ ( ifnγ ) and lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) or a combination of ifnγ and staphylococcus aureus cowan i ( sac ) in the presence of a test compound . the level of inhibition of il - 23 production can be measured by determining the amount of p19 by using a sandwich elisa assay with antibodies the recognize p19 subunit of il - 23 . ic 50 of the test compound can then be determined . one such assay is disclosed herein in example 30 . the following specific embodiments are to be construed as merely illustrative , and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever . all of the patents , patent applications , and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . to a solution of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl )- propyl iodide ( 1 . 224 g , 4 . 0 mmol ) in 20 ml dry thf , highly active zinc ( suspension in thf , rieke metal from aldrich , 5 . 2 ml 0 . 05 g / ml , 4 . 0 mmol ) was added to obtain a mixture . the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 932 g , 4 . 0 mmol ) and trans - benzyl -( chloro )- bis -( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) ( 0 . 03 g , 0 . 04 mmol ) were added to the mixture , and stirred at 60 ° c . for 2 days . after routine workup , 4 - chloro - 2 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propyl ]- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 34 g , 0 . 90 mmol , 22 . 4 %) was separated from 2 - chloro - 4 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propyl ]- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 45 g , 1 . 19 mmol , 30 %) by flash chromatography purification . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 6 . 70 - 6 . 80 ( m , 3h ); 6 . 32 ( s , 1h ); 3 . 87 ( s , 3h ); 3 . 85 ( s , 3h ); 3 . 73 - 3 . 78 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 60 - 3 . 64 ( m , 4h ); 2 . 76 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 2h ); 2 . 63 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ); and 2 . 01 - 2 . 12 ( m , 2h ). further , 4 - chloro - 2 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propyl ]- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 34 g , 0 . 90 mmol ) was reacted with hydrazine ( 0 . 29 g , 9 mmol ) to obtain 2 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propyl ]- 4 - hydrazino - 6 - morpholinopyrimidine as a white solid ( 0 . 30 g , 0 . 80 mmol , 89 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 6 . 73 - 6 . 80 ( m , 3h ); 5 . 88 ( s , 1h ); 5 . 74 ( s , 1h ); 3 . 87 ( s , 3h ); 3 . 85 ( s , 3h ); 3 . 76 - 3 . 79 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 69 ( d , j = 0 . 6 hz , 2h ); 3 . 56 - 3 . 60 ( m , 4h ); 2 . 64 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 4h ); and 2 . 00 - 2 . 15 ( m , 2h ). a 5 ml methanol solution containing 2 -[ 3 -( 3 , 4 - dimethoxyphenyl )- propyl ]- 4 - hydrazino - 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 177 g , 0 . 50 mmol ), indole - 3 - carboxaldehyde ( 0 . 073 g , 0 . 50 mmol ), and acoh ( 20 mg , cat .) was stirred at 70 ° c . for 4 hours . solvent was removed and the crude residue was purified using flash chromatography to give compound 1 as a light brown solid ( 0 . 21 g , 0 . 42 mmol , 84 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 57 ( br s , 1h ); 8 . 45 ( br s , 1h ); 8 . 29 - 8 . 32 ( m , 1h ); 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 39 - 7 . 43 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 23 - 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 74 - 6 . 80 ( m , 3h ); 6 . 30 ( s , 1h ); 3 . 86 ( s , 3h ); 3 . 85 ( s , 3h ); 3 . 78 - 3 . 84 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 67 - 3 . 70 ( m , 4h ); 2 . 63 - 2 . 71 ( m , 4h ), and 2 . 03 - 2 . 13 ( m , 2h ). to a solution of 2 , 4 , 6 - trichloro pyrimidine ( 25 g , 136 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 500 ml ) at − 78 ° c ., morpholine ( 11 . 89 ml , 136 mmol ) was slowly added , followed by dipea ( 25 ml , 143 mmol ). the obtained reaction mixture was stirred at − 78 ° c . for 5 h , and then warmed up to room temperature . the reaction mixture was washed with water . the obtained organic phase was dried over na 2 so 4 . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the crude residue , 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( morpholin - 4 - yl ) pyrimidine , was recrystallized from etoac to give white crystals ( 24 . 7 g , 77 %) 15 g . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 6 . 40 ( s , 1h ); and 4 . 0 - 3 . 5 ( m , 8h ). to a solution of n - butanol ( 0 . 633 g , 8 . 54 mmol ) in anhydrous dmf ( 50 ml ) at 0 ° c . under the n 2 , nah ( 0 . 307 g , 12 . 8 mmol ) was added quickly . the obtained suspension was stirred for 0 . 5 h at 0 ° c . 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( morpholin - 4 - yl ) pyrimidine ( 2 g , 8 . 54 mmol ) was added to the suspension . after the suspension was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 12 h , the reaction mixture was quenched with ice / brine and extracted with 200 ml etoac . the extract was washed with brine , and dried over na 2 so 4 . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the crude residue was purified using flash chromatography ( silica ; etoac / hexane : 1 / 6 ) to yield 1 . 4 g of 2 - n - butoxy - 4 - chloro - 6 -( morpholin - 4 - yl ) pyrimidine ( white solid , 60 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 6 . 20 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 26 ( t , j = 6 . 6 hz , 2h ); 3 . 78 - 3 . 70 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 66 - 3 . 56 ( m , 4h ); 1 . 80 - 1 . 68 ( m , 2h ); 1 . 54 - 1 . 40 ( m , 2h ); and 0 . 96 ( t , 6 . 9 , 3h ). to a solution of 2 - n - butoxy - 4 - chloro - 6 -( morpholin - 4 - yl ) pyrimidine ( 1 . 38 g , 5 . 1 mmol ) in dioxane ( 50 ml ), anhydrous hydrazine ( 1 . 6 ml , 50 mmol ) was added . the obtained reaction mixture was heated to 95 ° c ., and stirred for 12 h under n 2 . after cooling to room temperature , the reaction mixture was quenched with ice - brine and extracted with etoac ( 200 ml ). the organic extract was washed with brine , water , and dried over na 2 so 4 . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the crude residue was recrystallized from methanol to obtain 2 - n - butoxy - 4 - hydrazino - 6 -( morpholin - 4 - yl ) pyrimidine as white crystals ( 1 . 10 g , 81 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 5 . 89 ( br s , 1h ), 5 . 49 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 26 ( t , j = 6 . 6 , 2h ), 3 . 84 - 3 . 78 ( m , 6h ), 3 . 62 - 3 . 47 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 82 - 1 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 55 - 1 . 42 ( m , 2h ), and 0 . 96 ( t , j = 6 . 9 , 3h ); to a solution of 2 - n - butoxy - 4 - hydrazino - 6 -( morpholin - 4 - yl ) pyrimidine ( 200 mg , 0 . 748 mmol ) in meoh ( 20 ml ), indole - 3 - carboxaldehyde ( 108 . 6 mg , 0 . 748 mmol ) and acetic acid ( a drop ) were added sequentially . the obtained reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h . white precipitate was formed , collected , and washed with 2 ml methanol to give 200 g of compound 2 ( 68 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 36 ( br s , 1h ), 8 . 30 ( dd , j = 6 . 6 , 1 . 8 , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 44 - 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 24 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 26 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 6 ), 3 . 84 - 3 . 78 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 64 ( m , 4h ), 1 . 80 - 1 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 54 - 1 . 42 ( m , 2h ), and 0 . 96 ( t , j = 6 . 9 , 3h ); a mixture of 4 - ethoxy - 4 - oxo - butylzinc bromide ( 50 ml 0 . 5m in thf , 25 mmol ), 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 4 . 68 g , 20 . 0 mmol ) and trans - benzyl ( chloro ) bis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) ( 0 . 15 g , 0 . 2 mmol ) in thf ( total volume 80 ml ) was stirred at 60 ° c . for 2 days . after routine workup , flash chromatography purification was performed to obtain 4 - chloro - 2 -( 4 - ethoxy - 4 - oxo - butyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine as a white solid ( 2 . 073 g , 6 . 60 mmol , 33 . 0 %). to a solution of 4 - chloro - 2 -( 4 - ethoxy - 4 - oxo - butyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 1 . 108 g , 3 . 54 mmol ) in 50 ml thf at − 78 ° c ., a diisobutylaluminum hydride ( dibal ) solution ( 4 . 72 ml 1 . 5 m in toluene , 7 . 08 mmol ) was slowly added . after addition , the obtained reaction mixture was warmed up slowly to 0 ° c . and kept at 0 ° c . for 10 min . after routine workup , flash chromatography was performed to obtain 4 - chloro - 2 -( 4 - hydroxybutyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 76 g , 2 . 80 mmol , 79 %) as light yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 6 . 33 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 76 - 3 . 79 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 61 - 3 . 68 ( m , 6h ); 2 . 76 ( t , j = 7 . 8 hz , 2h ); 1 . 81 - 1 . 91 ( m , 2h ); and 1 . 60 - 1 . 74 ( m , 3h ). following the typical procedure , 4 - chloro - 2 -( 4 - hydroxybutyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 542 g , 2 . 00 mmol , 1 . 00 equiv .) was reacted with hydrazine and indole - 3 - carboxaldehyde to give compound 3 as an off - white solid ( 0 . 75 g , 1 . 90 mmol , 95 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 47 ( s , 1h ); 10 . 64 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 25 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 18 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 1h ); 7 . 71 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 43 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ); 7 . 17 - 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 16 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 37 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ); 3 . 72 ( br s , 4h ); 3 . 55 ( br s , 4h ); 3 . 41 - 3 . 45 ( m , 2h ); 2 . 49 - 2 . 54 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 66 - 1 . 76 ( m 2h ); and 1 . 42 - 1 . 53 ( m 2h ). compound 4 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 1 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 46 ( s , 1h ); 10 . 64 ( s , 1h ); 8 , 25 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 18 ( d , j = 6 . 6 hz , 1h ); 7 . 71 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 43 ( d , j = 6 . 0 hz , 7 . 5 hz , 1h ); 7 . 16 - 7 . 19 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 15 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 58 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 1h ); 4 . 00 ( dd , j = 11 . 4 hz , 4 . 5 hz , 2h ); 3 . 64 - 3 . 72 ( m , 6h ); 3 . 54 ( br s , 4h ); 2 . 50 - 2 , 59 ( m , 2h ); 1 . 80 - 1 . 94 ( m , 3h ), and 1 . 33 ( d , j = 9 . 6 hz , 1h ). following the procedure for the synthesis of n -( 2 -( 4 - hydroxybutyl )- 6 - morpholin - 4 - yl - pyrimidin - 4 - yl )- n ′-( 1h - indol - 3 - ylmethylene )- hydrazine ( compound 3 ), 4 - chloro - 2 -( 3 - hydroxypropyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 81 g , 3 . 15 mmol ) was synthesized , methylated with sodium hydride ( 0 . 48 g , 6 . 30 mmol ) for 10 min , and mei ( 0 . 895 g , 6 . 30 mmol ) for 5 h in 30 ml thf at 0 ° c . to give 4 - chloro - 2 -( 3 - methoxypropyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine as colorless viscous oil ( 0 . 792 g , 3 . 03 mmol , 96 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 6 . 32 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 75 - 3 . 79 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 61 - 3 . 64 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 44 ( t , j = 6 . 6 hz , 2h ); 3 . 34 ( s , 3h ); 2 . 78 ( t , j = 7 . 8 hz , 2h ); and 2 . 00 - 2 . 09 ( m , 2h ). following the typical procedure , 4 - chloro - 2 -( 3 - methoxypropyl )- 6 - morpholinopyrimidine ( 0 . 783 g , 3 . 00 mmol ) was treated with hydrazine and indole - 3 - carboxaldehyde sequentially to yield 0 . 89 g of compound 5 ( 2 . 26 mmol , 75 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 46 ( s , 1h ); 10 . 64 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 26 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 17 - 8 . 20 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 72 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 1h ); 7 . 43 ( dd , j = 6 . 0 hz , 2 . 4 hz , 1h ); 7 . 15 - 7 . 21 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 16 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 73 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 52 - 3 . 56 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 37 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ); 3 . 23 ( s , 3h ); 2 . 50 - 2 . 57 ( m , 2h ), and 1 . 88 - 1 . 97 ( m , 2h ). compound 6 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 48 ( s , 1h ); 10 . 68 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 26 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 15 - 8 . 18 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 73 ( d , j = 2 . 1 hz , 1h ); 7 . 42 - 7 . 44 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 16 - 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 1h ); 3 . 65 - 3 . 71 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 48 - 3 . 56 ( m , 6h ); 3 . 06 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), and 1 . 76 - 1 . 85 ( m , 2h ). compound 7 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 34 ( s , 1h ); 10 . 48 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 45 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ); 8 . 25 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 64 ( d , j = 2 . 7 hz , 1h ); 7 . 40 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ); 7 . 05 - 7 . 19 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 60 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 1h ); 3 . 50 - 3 . 68 ( m , 10h ); 3 . 20 - 3 . 30 ( m , 2h ); and 1 . 78 - 1 . 86 ( m , 2h ). compound 8 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 38 ( br s , 1h ); 8 . 30 ( dd , j = 7 . 2 , 1 . 8 , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( br s , 1h ); 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 44 - 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 32 - 7 . 26 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 14 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 51 - 4 . 42 ( m , 2h );, 4 . 22 - 4 . 12 ( m , 2h ); 3 . 96 - 3 . 91 ( m , 1h ); 3 . 84 - 3 . 79 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 70 - 3 . 64 ( m , 4h ); 1 . 47 ( s , 3h ); and 1 . 38 ( s , 3h ). compound 9 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 43 ( bs , 1h ); 8 . 30 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz 1h ); 8 . 2 ( bs , 1h ); 8 . 02 ( d , j = 2 . 7 hz , 1h ); 7 . 46 - 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 30 - 7 . 26 ( m , 2h ); 6 . 82 ( d , j = 1 hz , 3h ); 4 . 45 ( d , j = 3 . 6 hz , 1h ); 4 . 45 ( t , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2h ); 3 . 87 ( d , j = 3 . 9 hz , 3h ); 3 . 86 ( d , j = 3 . 9 hz , 3h ); 3 . 81 ( s , 4h ); 3 . 67 ( s , 4h ); and 3 . 04 ( t , j = 5 . 0 hz , 2h ). compound 10 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 9 . 3 ( bs 1h ); 8 . 66 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 55 - 8 . 53 ( m , 1h ); 8 . 28 - 8 . 26 ( m , 1h ); 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 62 - 7 . 57 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 41 - 7 . 10 ( m , 6h ); 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 64 ( t , j = 6 . 6 hz , 2h ); 3 . 76 ( s , 4h ); 3 . 62 ( s , 4h ); and 3 . 26 ( t , j = 6 . 6 hz , 2h ). compound 11 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 1 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 47 ( s , 1h ); 10 . 65 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 50 ( d , j = 4 . 5 hz , 1h ); 8 . 26 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 20 - 8 . 18 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 72 - 7 . 68 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 45 - 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 29 - 7 . 18 ( m , 4h ); 6 . 17 ( s , 1h ); 3 . 73 ( s , 4h ); 3 . 5 ( s , 4h ); 2 . 79 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ); 2 - 58 - 2 . 51 ( m , 2h ); and 2 . 18 - 2 . 06 ( m , 2h ). compound 12 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), λ ( ppm ): 8 . 55 - 8 . 48 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 71 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 65 - 7 . 55 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 49 - 7 . 42 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 30 - 7 . 15 ( m , 4h ); 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 64 ( t , j = 6 . 6 hz , 2h ); 3 . 81 - 3 . 75 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 64 - 3 . 61 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 25 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 2h ); and 2 . 38 ( s , 3h ). compound 13 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 58 - 8 . 50 ( m , 1h ); 8 . 43 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 95 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 64 - 7 . 58 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 30 - 7 . 25 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 18 - 7 . 05 ( m , 3h ); 6 , 07 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 65 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ); 3 . 80 - 3 . 76 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 64 - 3 . 61 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 26 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ); 2 . 40 ( q , j = 7 . 6 hz , 2h ); and 1 . 45 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 3h ). compound 14 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 1 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 9 . 6 ( bs , 1h ); 8 . 53 ( d , j = 4 . 5 hz , 1h ); 7 . 76 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 56 ( t , j = 6 hz , 1h ); 7 . 49 - 7 . 47 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 28 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 18 - 7 . 06 ( m , 3h ); 6 . 26 ( s , 1h ); 3 . 81 - 3 . 79 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 69 - 3 . 67 ( m , 4h ); 2 . 89 ( t , j = 7 . 8 hz , 2h ); 2 . 71 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ); 2 . 39 ( s , 3h ); and 2 . 22 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ). compound 15 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 56 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 66 - 7 . 46 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 32 - 7 . 26 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 16 - 7 . 14 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 44 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 69 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ), 3 . 80 - 3 . 77 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 63 - 3 . 60 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 31 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ), 2 . 39 ( s , 3h ). compound 16 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 9 . 35 ( bs , 1h ); 8 . 54 ( dd , j = 0 . 9 , 4 . 2 hz , 1h ); 8 . 33 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h ); 7 . 93 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 58 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1h ); 7 . 36 - 7 . 33 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 27 - 7 . 120 ( m , 4h ); 6 . 49 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 6 8 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ); 3 . 76 - 3 . 73 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 60 - 3 - 57 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 50 ( s , 3h ); and 3 . 33 - 3 . 28 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 2h ). compound 17 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 56 - 8 . 53 ( m , 1h ); 8 . 45 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 62 - 7 . 50 ( m , 3h ); 7 . 38 - 7 . 26 ( m , 3h ); 7 . 18 - 7 . 10 ( m , 1h ); 6 . 17 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 68 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ); 3 . 80 - 3 . 76 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 67 - 3 . 64 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 29 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2h ); and 2 . 41 ( s , 3h ). compound 18 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ ( ppm ): 11 . 82 ( bs , 1h ); 8 . 81 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 50 ( d , j = 4 . 5 hz , 1h ); 8 . 04 ( d , j = 6 . 9 hz , 1h ); 7 . 93 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 72 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 1h ); 7 . 49 ( d , j = 6 . 9 hz , 1h ); 7 . 33 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ); 7 . 30 - 7 . 18 ( m , 3h ); 6 . 22 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 57 ( t , j = 6 . 3 hz , 2h ); 3 . 67 ( s , 4h ); 3 . 56 ( s , 4h ); and 3 . 15 ( t , j = 6 . 3 hz , 2h ). compound 19 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr : ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 9 . 20 ( br s , 1h ); 8 . 30 ( br s , 1h ); 8 , 29 ( t , j = 3 . 3 hz , 1h ); 8 . 18 - 8 . 12 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 44 - 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 26 - 7 . 18 ( m , 5h ); 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ); 4 , 66 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 2h ); 4 . 29 ( t , j = 5 . 0 hz , 2h ); 3 . 80 - 3 . 76 ( m , 4h ); and 3 . 67 - 3 . 62 ( m , 4h ). compound 20 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 55 ( s , 1h ); 8 , 34 ( br s , 1h ); 8 . 30 - 8 . 23 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 50 - 7 . 47 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 32 - 7 . 24 ( m , 1h ); 7 . 20 - 7 . 17 ( m , 3h ); 6 . 14 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 66 ( t , j = 5 . 0 hz , 2h ); 4 . 35 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 2h ); 3 . 83 - 3 . 80 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 68 - 3 . 65 ( m , 4h ); and 2 . 40 ( s , 3h ). compound 21 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 2 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ppm : 8 . 41 ( bs , 1h ), 8 . 33 - 8 . 30 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( bs , 1h ), 7 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 41 - 7 . 37 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 29 - 7 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 65 ( t , j = 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 83 - 3 . 80 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 62 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 36 ( dd , j = 6 . 3 , 13 . 5 hz , 2h ), 1 . 60 - 1 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 35 - 1 . 33 ( m , 4h ), 0 . 92 - 0 . 87 ( m , 3h ). to a solution of 3 - hydroxypyridine ( 950 mg , 10 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 50 ml ) at 0 ° c . under the nitrogen protection was added nah ( 60 % in oil ) ( 480 mg , 12 mmol ). the suspension was stirred for 0 . 5 h at 0 ° c ., and 2 , 4 , 6 - trichloropyrimidine ( 1 . 84 g , 10 mmol ) was added . after the mixture warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 h , the reaction was quenched by ice brine and extracted with etoac ( 300 ml ). the organic phase was washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered , evaporated in vacuo . the cure product was purified by flash chromatography on a column of silica gel ( etoac - hexane , 1 : 7 ). the product ( 1 . 80 g , 7 . 4 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 150 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added slowly morpholine ( 2 . 5 g , 28 mmol ). the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 1 h and another 1 h at room temperature . the mixture was washed with water . the organic phase was dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and evaporated in vacuo and presented three isomers . the isomers was separated by flash chromatography on a column of silica gel ( etoac - hexane , 1 : 7 and 1 : 3 ) to obtain 4 -[ 6 - chloro - 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- pyrimidin - 4 - yl ]- morpholine ( 320 mg , 14 . 7 %). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 51 ( d , 1h ), j = 2 . 7 hz ), 8 . 44 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 5 , j = 3 . 3 hz ), 7 . 53 - 7 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 3 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 25 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 71 - 3 . 67 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 51 - 3 . 48 ( m , 4h ). to a solution of 4 -[ 6 - chloro - 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- pyrimidin - 4 - yl ]- morpholine ( 295 mg , 1 mmol ) in thf ( 10 ml ) was added anhydrous hydrazine ( 0 . 320 ml , 10 mmol ) under the nitrogen protection . the mixture was heated at 70 ° c . for 15 min . after cooling to room temperature , the reaction mixture was quenched by ice brine and extracted with etoac ( 100 ml ). the organic phase was washed with brine ( 10 ml ) and water ( 10 ml × 2 ), dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered , evaporated , and purified by flash chromatography on a column of silica gel ( ch 2 cl 2 and ch 2 cl 2 - meoh , 95 : 5 ) and to give [ 6 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- pyrimidin - 4 - yl ]- hydrazine ( 180 mg ) in 62 % yield . m / z ( m + 1 ) 289 . 2 to a solution of [ 6 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- pyrimidin - 4 - yl ]- hydrazine ( 180 mg ) ( 145 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and m - tolylaldehyde ( 72 mg , 0 . 6 mmol ) in meoh ( 10 ml ) was added acetic acid ( 1 drop ). the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h and white solid was precipitated . the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with little amount of metanol and to give 125 mg of compound 22 in 64 % yield . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 71 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 57 ( d , 1h , j = 2 . 4 hz ), 8 . 44 ( dd , 1h , j = 1 . 5 , 3 . 2 hz ), 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 56 - 7 . 52 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 46 - 7 . 43 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 26 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 17 ( d , 1h , j = 8 . 1 hz ), 6 . 17 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 76 - 3 . 73 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 57 - 3 . 54 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 38 ( s , 3h ). benzamidine hydrochloride ( 7 . 06 g , 0 . 045 mol ) and dimethyl methylmalonate ( 6 . 0 g , 0 . 041 mol ) were dissolved in methanol ( 100 ml ). sodium methoxide ( 21 . 5 ml , 0 . 099 mol , 25 wt % solution in methanol ) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 h . the volume of solvent was reduced to approximately 50 ml under reduced pressure , then poured onto ice water . this solution was neutralized with hoac which produced a white precipitate . this precipitate was collected and dried to produce a white solid ( 6 . 1 g , 74 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ ( ppm ) 1 . 68 ( s , 3h ), 7 . 70 - 7 . 87 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 21 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz ). 5 - methyl - 2 - phenyl - pyrimidine - 4 , 6 - diol ( 3 . 3 g , 0 . 016 mol ) and pocl 3 were heated to 60 c for 3 hrs . the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature then poured onto ice . the resultant white precipitate was filtered and dried to produce the desired compound as a white solid ( 810 mg , 21 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ ( ppm ) 2 . 40 ( s , 3h ), 7 . 51 - 7 . 56 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 23 ( d , 8 . 4 hz ). 4 , 6 - dichloro - 5 - methyl - 2 - phenylpyrimidine ( 2 . 5 g , 0 . 010 mol ) and morpholine ( 2 . 93 g , 0 . 031 mol ) were dissolved in thf ( 50 ml ) and heated to reflux for 3 hrs . the solution was allowed to cool then etoac ( 100 ml ) and water ( 100 ml ) were added . the etoac layer was washed with water ( 3 × 100 ml ), dried over mgso 4 , filtered and solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the resultant solid was used without further purification ( 2 . 66 g , 92 %). 4 -( 6 - chloro - 5 - methyl - 2 - phenylpyrimidin - 4 - yl ) morpholine ( 439 mg , 1 . 51 mmol ) was dissolved in thf ( 50 ml ). hydrazine ( 0 . 25 ml , 7 . 96 mmol ) was added and the solution was heated to reflux for 18 hrs . the reaction was allowed to cool the solvent was removed under reduced pressure . etoac ( 100 ml ) and water ( 100 ml ) were added . the etoac layer was washed with water ( 3 × 100 ml ), dried over mgso 4 , filtered and solvent was removed under reduced pressure to produce a white solid ( 374 mg ). this solid was redissolved in thf ( 50 ml ) and m - tolualdehyde ( 157 mg , 1 . 31 mmol ) was added . the solution was heated to reflux for 4 hrs then allowed to cool . solvent was removed under reduced pressure then etoac ( 100 ml ) and water ( 100 ml ) were added . the etoac layer was washed with water ( 3 × 100 ml ), dried over mgso 4 , filtered and solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the crude product was purified by silcagel column chromatography , eluting with 25 % etoac / hexane to produce the pure desired product as a yellow solid ( 313 mg , 53 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ ( ppm ) 2 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 36 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 35 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 75 - 3 . 78 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 20 ( d , j = 6 . 9 hz ), 7 . 33 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz ), 7 . 47 - 7 . 52 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 19 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 35 - 8 . 38 ( m , 2h ), 10 . 60 ( s , 1h ). compound 24 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 23 . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 36 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 76 ( s , 4h ), 4 . 07 ( s , 4h ), 6 . 36 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz ), 7 . 32 j = 8 . 1 hz ), 7 . 47 - 7 . 57 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 30 - 8 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 11 . 02 ( s , 1h ). to a solution of 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethanol ( 3 . 48 g , 25 mmol ) in 40 ml of anhydrous thf at room temperature under the n 2 , 2 , 4 , 6 - trichloro pyrimidine ( 4 . 56 g , 25 mmol ) was added followed by portionwise addition of nah ( 60 % suspension in oil , 1 . 1 g , 27 . 5 mmol ). after 30 min of stirring reaction was quenched with water , water layer extracted with etoac , combined organic solutions washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . purification using flash chromatography ( silica ; dichloromethane / acetone / methanol : 3 / 1 / 0 . 1 ) afforded mixture of 4 , 6 - dichloro - 2 - and 2 , 6 - dichloro - 4 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxy ]- pyrimidines ( 3 . 72 g , 52 %), ( nmr ratio 1 : 1 . 2 ) as an oil . to a solution of the above mixture ( 3 . 72 g , 13 mmol ) in 20 ml of 1 , 4 - dioxane was added dipea ( 2 . 49 ml , 14 . 3 mmol ), followed by 2 , 3 - dimethyl - 5 - amino - indole ( 2 . 08 g , 13 mmol ) and a mixture was refluxed for 1 hour . solvent was removed under reduced pressure and reaction mixture was separated using column chromatography ( silica ; dichloromethane / acetone / methanol : 3 / 1 / 0 . 1 ) to afford { 6 - chloro - 2 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxy }- pyrimidin - 4 - yl }- amine ( 2 . 07 g , 39 %). an mixture of { 4 - chloro - 6 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxy ]- pyrimidin - 4 - yl }- amine and { 2 - chloro - 6 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxy ]- pyrimidin - 4 - yl }- amine ( 2 . 5 g , 47 %) was also obtained and used in another reaction . a solution of { 6 - chloro - 2 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxy ]- pyrimidin - 4 - yl }- amine ( 2 . 07 g , 5 . 05 mmol ) and morpholine ( 1 . 32 ml , 15 . 15 mmol ) in 1 , 4 - dioxane was heated at 110 ° c . for 24 hours . solvent was removed under reduced pressure and reaction mixture was purified using flash chromatography ( silica ; dichloromethane / acetone / methanol : 3 / 1 / 0 . 1 ) to afford compound 25 ( 2 g , 86 %) as a colorless solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 34 ( br s , 1h ), 8 . 23 ( dd , 1h , j = 3 . 6 , 2 . 1 ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 21 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 98 ( dd , 1h , j = 8 . 4 , 1 . 8 hz ), 6 . 60 ( brs , 1h ), 5 . 36 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 65 ( t , 2h , j = 5 . 1 hz ), 4 . 34 ( t , 2h , j = 5 . 1 hz ), 3 . 66 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 42 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 37 ( s , 3h ), and 2 . 20 ( s , 3h ). reaction of a mixture of { 4 - chloro - 6 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxyl - pyrimidin - 4 - yl }- amine and { 2 - chloro - 6 -[ 2 -( pyridin - 3 - yloxy )- ethoxy ]- pyrimidin - 4 - yl }- amine ( 2 . 5 g , 47 %) and ( 2 . 5 g , 6 . 1 mmol ) with morpholine was carried out as described in example 24 . purification by flash chromatography and recrystallization from ether - pentane gave 0 . 3 g of compound 26 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 36 ( br s , 1h ), 8 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 14 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 78 ( brs , 1h ), 5 . 42 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 68 ( t , 2h , j = 5 . 1 ), 4 . 31 ( t , 2h , j = 5 . 1 ), 3 . 70 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 54 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 35 ( s , 3h ), and 2 . 18 ( s , 3h ). compound 27 was prepared in a similar manner as described in example 1 . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), δ ( ppm ): 8 . 22 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 69 ( s , 1h ); 8 . 07 ( s , 1h ); 7 . 47 ( m , 2h ); 7 . 28 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h ); 7 . 17 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h ); 6 . 23 ( s , 1h ); 4 . 13 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ); 3 . 78 - 3 . 81 ( m , 4h ); 3 . 62 - 3 . 65 ( m , 4h ); 2 . 98 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ); 2 . 77 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ); 2 . 39 ( s , 3h ); 1 . 24 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ). reagents . staphylococcus aureus cowan i ( sac ) was obtained from calbiochem ( la jolla , calif . ), and lipopolysaccharide ( lps , serratia marscencens ) was obtained from sigma ( st . louis , mo .). human and mouse recombinant ifnγ were purchased from boehringer mannheim ( mannheim , germany ) and pharmingen ( san diego , calif . ), respectively . human in vitro assay . human pbmc were isolated by centrifugation using ficoll - paque ( pharmacia biotech , uppsala , sweden ) and prepared in rpmi medium supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum ( fcs ), 100 u / ml penicillin , and 100 μg / ml streptomycin . pbmc were plated in wells of a 96 - well plate at a concentration of 5 × 10 5 cells / well , and primed by adding ifnγ ( 30 u / ml ) for 22 h and stimulated by adding lps ( 1 μg / ml ), or by adding ifnγ ( 100 u / ml ) and then stimulated by adding sac ( 0 . 01 %). a test pyrimidine compound was dissolved in dmso , and added to wells of the 96 - well plate . the final dmso concentration was adjusted to 0 . 25 % in all cultures , including the compound - free control . human thp - 1 cells were plated in wells , primed by adding ifnγ ( 100 u / ml ) for 22 h and stimulated by adding sac ( 0 . 025 %) in the presence of different concentrations of the pyrimidine compound . cell - free supernatants were taken 18 h later for measurement of cytokines . cell viability was assessed using the bioreduction of mts . cell survival was estimated by determining the ratio of the absorbance in compound - treated groups versus compound - free control . the supernatant was assayed for the amount of il - 12p40 , il - 12p70 , or il - 10 by using a sandwich elisa with anti - human antibodies , i . e ., a human il - 12 p40 elisa kit from r & amp ; d systems ( berkeley , calif . ), and a human il - 12 p70 or il - 10 elisa kit from endogen ( cambridge , mass .). assays were based on the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions . murine in vitro assay . balb / c mice ( taconic , germantown , n . y .) were immunized with mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra ( difco , detroit , mich .). the splenocytes were harvested 5 days and prepared in rpmi medium supplemented with 10 % fcs and antibiotics in a flat bottom 96 - well plate with 1 × 10 6 cells / well . the splenocytes were then stimulated with a combination of ifnγ ( 60 ng / ml ) and sac ( 0 . 025 %) [ or lps ( 20 μg / ml )] in the presence of a test compound . cell - free supernatants were taken 24 h later for the measurement of cytokines . the preparation of compound and the assessment of cell viability were carried out as described above . mouse il - 12 p70 , il - 10 , il - 1β , and tnfα were measured using elisa kits from endogen , according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions . the biological activities of pyrimidine compounds were tested on human pbmc or thp - 1 cells . many of the compounds have ic 50 values of 5 μm or less . unexpectedly , some of the test compounds have ic 50 values as low as 1 nm . treatment of adjuvant arthritis in rats : adjuvant arthritis ( aa ) was induced in female lewis rats by the intracutaneous injection ( base of the tail ) of 0 . 1 ml of a 10 mg / ml bacterial suspension made from ground , heat - killed mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra suspended in incomplete freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant . rats were given a test compound orally once a day for 12 days , starting the day following the induction . the development of polyarthritis was monitored daily by macroscopic inspection and assignment of an arthritis index to each animal , during the critical period ( days 10 to 25 post - immunization ). the intensity of polyarthritis was scored according to the following scheme : ( a ) grade each paw from 0 to 3 based on erythema , swelling , and deformity of the joints : 0 for no erythema or swelling ; 0 . 5 if swelling is detectable in at least one joint ; 1 for mild swelling and erythema ; 2 for swelling and erythema of both tarsus and carpus ; and 3 for ankylosis and bony deformity . maximum score for all 4 paws was thus 12 . ( b ) grade for other parts of the body : for each ear , 0 . 5 for redness and another 0 . 5 if knots are present ; 1 for connective tissue swelling ( saddle nose ); and 1 for the presence of knots or kinks in the tail . the highest possible arthritic index was 16 . experiments with the aa model were repeated four times . oral administration of pyrimidine compounds of this invention ( e . g ., compound 12 ) reproducibly reduced the arthritic score and delayed the development of polyarthritis in a dose - dependent manner . the arthritis score used in this model was a reflection of the inflammatory state of the structures monitored and the results therefore show the ability of the test compound to provide relief for this aspect of the pathology . treatment of crohn is disease in dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid - induced inflammatory bowel syndrome model rats : wistar derived male or female rats weighing 200 ± 20 g and fasted for 24 hours were used . distal colitis was induced by intra - colonic instillation of 2 , 4 - dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid ( dnbs , 25 mg in 0 . 5 ml ethanol 30 %) after which air ( 2 ml ) was gently injected through the cannula to ensure that the solution remained in the colon . a test compound and / or vehicle was administered orally 24 and 2 hours before dnbs instillation and then daily for 5 days . one control group was similarly treated with vehicle alone while the other is treated with vehicle plus dnbs . the animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the final dose of test compound administration and each colon was removed and weighed . colon - to - body weight ratio was then calculated for each animal according to the formula : colon ( g )/ bw × 100 . the “ net ” increase in ratio of vehicle - control + dnbs group relative to vehicle - control group was used as a base for comparison with test substance treated groups and expressed as “% deduction .” pyrimidine compounds of this invention ( e . g ., compound 12 ) reproducibly had about 30 % deduction . a 30 % or more reduction in colon - to - body weight ratio , relative to the vehicle treated control group , was considered significant . rats treated with test substance orally showed a marked reduction in the inflammatory response . these experiments were repeated three times and the effects were reproducible . treatment of crohn is disease in cd4 + cd45rb high t cell - reconstituted scid colitis model mice : spleen cells were prepared from normal female balb / c mice . for cell purification , the following anti - mouse antibodies were used to label non - cd4 + t cells : b220 ( ra3 - 6b2 ), cd11b ( m1 / 70 ), and cd8α ( 53 - 6 . 72 ). all antibodies were obtained from biosource ( camarillo , calif .). m450 anti - rat igg - coated magnetic beads ( dynal , oslo , norway ) were used to bind the antibodies and negative selection was accomplished using an mpc - 1 magnetic concentrator . the enriched cd4 + cells were then labeled for cell sorting with fitc - conjugated cd45rb ( 16a , pharmingen , san diego , calif .) and pe - conjugated cd4 ( ct - cd4 , caltag , burlingame , calif .). cd4 + cd45rb high cells were operationally defined as the upper 40 % of cd45rb - staining cd4 + cells and sorted under sterile conditions by flow cytometry . harvested cells were resuspended at 4 × 10 6 / ml in pbs and injected 100 μl intraperitoneally into female c . b - 17 scid mice . pyrimidine compounds of this invention ( e . g ., compound 12 ) and / or vehicle was orally administered once a day , 5 days per week , starting the day following the transfer . the transplanted scid mice were weighed weekly and their clinical condition was monitored . colon tissue samples were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin . sections ( 4 μm ) collected from ascending , transverse , and descending colon were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin . the severity of colitis was determined based on histological examination of the distal colon sections , whereby the extent of colonic inflammation was graded on a scale of 0 - 3 in each of four criteria : crypt elongation , cell infiltration , depletion of goblet cells , and the number of crypt abscesses . lp lymphocytes were isolated from freshly obtained colonic specimens . after removal of payer &# 39 ; s patches , the colon was washed in ca / mg - free hbss , cut into 0 . 5 cm pieces and incubated twice in hbss containing edta ( 0 . 75 mm ), dtt ( 1 mm ), and antibiotics ( amphotericin 2 . 5 μg / ml , gentamicin 50 μg / ml from sigma ) at 37 ° c . for 15 min . next , the tissue was digested further in rpmi containing 0 . 5 mg / ml collagenase d , 0 . 01 mg / ml dnase i ( boehringer manheim ), and antibiotics at 37 ° c . lp cells were then layered on a 40 - 100 % percoll gradient ( pharmacia , uppsala , sweden ), and lymphocyte - enriched populations were isolated from the cells at the 40 - 100 % interface . to measure cytokine production , 48 - well plates were coated with 10 μg / ml murine anti - cd3ε antibody ( 145 - 2c11 ) in carbonate buffer ( ph 9 . 6 ) overnight at 4 ° c . 5 × 10 5 lp cells were then cultured in 0 . 5 ml of complete medium in precoated wells in the presence of 1 μg / ml soluble anti - cd28 antibody ( 37 . 51 ). purified antibodies were obtained from pharmingen . culture supernatants were removed after 48 h and assayed for cytokine production . murine ifnγ was measured using an elisa kit from endogen ( cambridge , mass . ), according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions . histological analysis showed that oral administration of pyrimidine compounds of this invention ( e . g ., compound 12 ) reduced colonic inflammation as compared to vehicle control . the suppressive effect was dose - dependent with a substantial reduction at a dose of 10 mg / kg . the calculated colon - to - body weight ratio was consistent with the histological score , showing attenuation by treatment with the test compound . furthermore , analysis of cytokines from lp cells in response to anti - cd3 antibody and anti - cd28 antibody demonstrated that lp cells from vehicle control produced an augmented level of ifnγ and treatment with test substance greatly diminished the production . these results clearly demonstrated the potential of the test substance in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease represented by crohn &# 39 ; s disease . the compounds of the invention inhibit the expression of p40 that is a subunit of both il - 12 and il - 23 . therefore , inhibition of il - 23 in addition to il - 12 is expected . in order to confirm the hypothesis , an assay was established to specifically detect il - 23 using polyclonal antibodies recognizing p19 ( r & amp ; d systems , mn ), an il - 23 specific subunit . a 96 - well plate was coated with the antibodies at and after washing incubated with the supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( pbmc ). the culture was stimulated with 1 μg / ml of liposaccharide ( lps ) ( fig2 ) or 0 . 025 % of s . aureus cowan i ( sac ) ( fig1 ) in the presence of test compound after ifn - γ priming . the captured il - 23 was then detected by a biotinylated goat anti - human p40 antibody that binds to p40 subunit of human il - 12 and il - 23 as a monomer or in the context of the respective heterodimer ( part 840099 of product dy1240 from r & amp ; d systems ). the plate was developed by incubation with streptavidin - hrp and then substrate solution ( r & amp ; d systems cat # dy999 ). recombinant il - 23 ( r & amp ; d systems ) was added as standard in the assay . the estimated detection range is from 0 . 1 to 10 ng / ml , and 1 ng / ml recombinant il - 12 heterodimer ( cell sciences , ma ) and p40 monomer ( r & amp ; d systems ) were under detection limit . to compare with the inhibition of il - 23 , the supernatant was also analyzed for il - 12 heterodimer and total p40 proteins using il - 12 specific elisa kit ( cell sciences ) and p40 elisa kit ( r & amp ; d systems ) respectively . il - 23 was significantly induced in ifn - γ / sac and ifn - γ / lps - stimulated human pbmc , and was inhibited by compound 12 in a dose - dependent manner . the inhibitory activity of compound 12 against il - 23 was comparable to that against p40 and slightly lower than that against il - 12 . gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after treatment with a compound of the invention changes in gene expression patterns of peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( pbmc ) are studied using a gene chip microarrays ( affymetrix , inc .). pbmc are stimulated with ifnγ plus sac , then dosed with 0 . 1 , 1 . 0 , 10 , 100 , or 1000 nm of a compound of the invention for 3 h . control pbmc are stimulated with infγ alone and ifnγ plus sac . changes in gene expression patterns between the control samples and the samples dosed with a compound of the invention are compared . in order to know the kinetics in the expression , pbmc with ifnγ / sac are further studied at different time points ( 20 min , 1 . 5 h , 3 h , 6 h , and 16 h ) after the addition of the stimulus . in addition , pbmc preparations can be fractionated into t - cell enriched and monocyte - macrophage enriched populations , in order to distinguish the effects of a compound of the invention on these cell populations , following ifnγ / sac stimulation . genes preferentially expressed in monocyte / macrophage cells include first and foremost , those encoding the p40 subunit of il - 12 and il - 23 , as well as the p35 subunit of il - 12 . the expression of ebi3 is induced after stimulation with ifnγ / sac , and is expected to be dose - dependently inhibited by a compound of the invention because il - 27 is a heterodimer formed from subunits ebi3 and p28 , and ebi3 shares 27 % amino acid sequence homology with il - 12 p40 and p28 is a protein related to the p35 subunit of il - 12 . all of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination . each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same , equivalent , or similar purpose . thus , unless expressly stated otherwise , each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features . from the above description , one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention , and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof , can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions . for example , compounds structurally analogous a pyrimidine compound described in the specification also can be made , screened for their inhibiting il - 12 activities , and used to practice this invention . thus , other embodiments are also within the claims .
this invention features pyrimidine compounds of formula : r t is aryl , or heteroaryl ; each of r 2 and r 4 , independently , is halogen , nitro , cyano , isothionitro , sr c , or or c ; or r 2 and r 4 , taken together , is carbonyl ; r 3 is r c , alkenyl , alkynyl , or c , ocr c , so 2 r c , sr c , snr c r d , nr c r d , nr c cor d , nr c cor d , nr c cnr c r d , nr c so 2 r d , cor c , cor c , or cnr c r d ; r 5 is h or alkyl ; n is 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , or 6 ; x is o , s , s , s , or nr c ; y is a covalent bond , ch 2 , c , c ═ n — r c , c ═ n — or c , c ═ n — sr c , o , s , s , s , or nr c ; z is n or ch ; one of u and v is n , and the other is cr c ; and w is o , s , s , s , nr c , or ncr c ; in which each of r a and r b , independently , is h , alkyl , aryl , heteroaryl ; and each of r c and r d , independently , is h , alkyl , aryl , heteroaryl , cyclyl , heterocyclyl , or alkylcarbonyl . the featured compounds inhibit the production of il - 12 , il - 23 and il - 27 and are useful for treating disorders associated with il - 12 , il - 23 and il - 27 overproduction or misregulation , such as inflammatory and immune disorders ,