in general , the instant invention relates to irrigated ablation electrode assemblies , to catheter assemblies , as well as ablation systems employing the irrigated ablation electrode assemblies , 10 and 10 ′, in connection with catheter assemblies . for purposes of this description , similar aspects among the various embodiments described herein will be referred to by the same reference number . as will be appreciated , however , the structure of the various aspects may differ with respect to alternate embodiments . as generally shown in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , the ablation electrode assembly 10 may comprise part of an irrigated ablation catheter assembly 12 . the embodiments describe rf ablation electrodes and assemblies , but it is contemplated that the present invention is equally applicable to any number of other ablation electrodes and assemblies where the temperature of the device and the targeted tissue area may be factors during the procedure . fig3 - 8 as discussed in more detail below , illustrate ablation electrode assemblies 10 , 10 ′ according to alternate embodiments of the present invention . in accordance with an embodiment , fig1 generally illustrates an ablation electrode assembly 10 connected to catheter shaft 14 as part of irrigated ablation catheter assembly 12 . the assembly 12 includes at least one fluid delivery tube 16 . ablation electrode assembly 10 includes a proximal member 18 , also referred to as an irrigation member or manifold , and a distal member 20 , also referred to as an ablation electrode member . proximal member 18 and distal member 20 are configured to be connected together . the orientation of members 18 , 20 are generally such that distal member 20 , which provides an ablation electrode or an ablative surface , is situated at the distal end of assembly 10 . proximal member 18 , or irrigation member , is located at the proximal end of assembly 10 , although for some embodiments the orientation could be reversed . proximal member 18 includes an outer surface 22 . proximal member 18 further includes at least one fluid or irrigation passageway 24 , also referred to as proximal passageway 24 , that extends from an inner lumen 26 , for example as generally shown in fig5 - 7 , to outer surface 22 of proximal member 18 . inner lumen 26 is in fluid communication with fluid delivery tube 16 . as can be further seen in fig2 - 4 , distal member 20 includes a distal passageway 28 that extends to distal end 30 of electrode assembly 10 . fluid passageways 24 of proximal member 18 and distal passageway 28 allow for increased irrigation of electrode assembly 10 during the ablation of tissue . proximal passageway 24 is separated from and does not come in contact with distal member 20 . distal member 20 , as shown in fig3 and 4 , is generally comprised of an electrically , and potentially thermally , conductive material known to those of ordinary skill in the art for delivery of ablative energy to target tissue areas . examples of electrically conductive material include gold , platinum , iridium , palladium , stainless steel , and various mixtures and combinations thereof . in an embodiment , the distal member may be hemispherical or semispherical in shape , although other configurations may be used . distal member 20 may further include an inner cavity 32 for receiving a portion of proximal member 18 , as further discussed below . distal member 20 further includes an aperture 34 therein forming distal passageway 28 . aperture 34 extends through distal member 20 to distal end 30 therein providing an opening or outlet for distal passageway 28 on the surface of distal member 20 . distal member 20 may further be configured with one or more component cavities 36 for receiving and / or housing additional components within distal member 20 . as can be seen in fig4 , at least one temperature sensor 38 , also referred to as a temperature or thermal sensing device , may be provided within a portion ( e . g ., cavity 36 ) of distal member 20 . in an alternate embodiment , two temperature sensors may be provided within cavities 36 of distal member 20 . various configurations of distal member 20 may include temperature sensor 38 in different locations and proximities within distal member 20 . in an alternate embodiment , the temperature sensor 38 may be either partially or completely surrounded by or encapsulated by an insulation liner 40 that is made of thermally conductive and electrically non - conductive materials . insulation liner 40 may be provided in various configurations , such as provided by a tube - like configuration , as shown in fig4 . liner 40 may be comprised of various materials , such as for example polyimide tubing . as generally illustrated in fig4 , distal member 20 , may further include an insulating member 42 , i . e . thermal liner , disposed within aperture 34 , forming distal passageway 28 of distal member 20 . insulating member 42 may be comprised of a non and / or poor thermally conductive material . such material may include , but is not limited to , high - density polyethylene , polyimides , polyaryletherketones , polyetheretherketones , polyurethane , polypropylene , oriented polypropylene , polyethylene , crystallized polyethylene terephthalate , polyethylene terephthalate , polyester , polyetherimide , acetyl , ceramics , and various combinations thereof . insulating member 42 may be generally provided in a configuration that reflects the size and shape of aperture 34 , although the insulating member 42 generally extends to meet and connect to inner lumen 26 of proximal member 18 . distal passageway 28 is therein created for the flow of fluid from proximal member 18 , for example , as generally shown in fig5 - 7 , through distal passageway 28 to distal end 30 of assembly 10 . an alternate embodiment of distal member 20 includes a cavity 44 for receiving a power wire 46 ( see , e . g ., fig5 - 7 ) for connecting distal member 20 to an energy source , such as an rf energy source . in an alternate embodiment , cavity 44 may further include a non and / or poor thermally conductive material . furthermore , in an alternate embodiment , power wire 46 may be soldered directly to distal member 20 , or attached and / or connected to distal member 20 through the use of an adhesive or any other connection method known to one of ordinary skill in the art . fig5 - 7 generally illustrate alternate embodiments of electrode assembly 10 , 10 ′ of the present invention . as previously described , proximal member 18 , 18 ′ and distal member 20 are configured to be connected and / or coupled together with one another . proximal member 18 , 18 ′ is comprised of a thermally nonconductive or reduced ( i . e . poor ) thermally conductive material that serves to insulate the fluid from the remaining portions of electrode assembly 10 , in particular distal member 20 . moreover , proximal member 18 , 18 ′ may comprise an electrically nonconductive material . comparatively , overall , proximal member 18 , 18 ′ may have lower thermal conductivity than distal member 20 . in an embodiment , proximal member 18 , 18 ′ is made from a reduced thermally conductive polymer . a reduced thermally conductive material is one with physical attributes that decrease heat transfer by about 10 % or more , provided that the remaining structural components are selected with the appropriate characteristics and sensitivities to maintain adequate monitoring and control of the process . one reduced thermally conductive material may include polyether ether ketone (“ peek ”). further examples of reduced thermally conductive materials useful in conjunction with the present invention include , but are not limited to , high - density polytheylene , polyimides , polyaryletherketones , polyetheretherketones , polyurethane , polypropylene , oriented polypropylene , polyethylene , crystallized polyethylene terephthalate , polyethylene terephthalate , polyester , polyetherimide , acetyl , ceramics , and various combinations thereof . moreover , proximal member 18 is substantially less thermally conductive than distal member 20 . as a result , the irrigation fluid flowing through proximal member 18 has very little thermal effect on distal member 20 due to the poor thermal conductivity of proximal member 18 ( e . g . less than 5 % effect ), and preferably nearly 0 % effect . in general , characteristics and descriptions ( e . g . composition and materials ) regarding proximal member 18 and 18 ′ may be used interchangeably , among various embodiments except for the specific descriptions provided regarding the design of proximal member 18 ′ in accordance with the embodiment provided in fig7 . the proximal member 18 may further be configured to include a coupling portion 48 that extends into inner cavity 32 of distal member 20 . proximal member 18 may be generally cylindrical in shape . moreover , for some embodiments , distal member 20 of ablation electrode assembly 10 may have a generally cylindrical shape terminating in a hemispherical distal end 30 . the cylindrical shape of proximal member 18 and distal member 20 may be substantially similar to one another and generally have the same overall diameter , which can provide or create a smooth outer body or profile for electrode assembly 10 . distal member 20 may be configured to accept portion 48 of proximal member 18 for attachment thereto . the distal member 20 may be connected by any known mechanism including adhesives , press - fit configurations , snap - fit configurations , threaded configurations , or any other mechanism known to one of ordinary skill in the art . proximal member 18 may further include an inner lumen 26 that is connected to fluid delivery tube 16 . the inner lumen 26 may act as a manifold or distributor for transporting and / or distributing fluid throughout electrode assembly 10 . in particular , proximal member 18 may be configured to receive a fluid delivery tube 16 carried within at least a portion of catheter assembly 12 . proximal member 18 includes a plurality of passageways 24 . proximal member 18 may serve as a manifold or distributor of fluid to electrode assembly 10 through the use of passageways 24 . proximal passageways 24 may extend from inner lumen 26 axially toward outer surface 22 of proximal member 18 . in an embodiment , a plurality of passageways 24 are substantially equally distributed around proximal member 18 to provide substantially equal distribution of fluid to the targeted tissue area and / or the outside of electrode assembly 10 . electrode assembly 10 may be configured to provide a single , annular passageway 24 , or a number of individual passageways 24 equally distributed around the proximal member 18 . moreover , the passageways 24 may be generally tubular and may have a constant diameter along the length of the passageway . alternate configurations having various diameters along all or portions of the length of the passageways may be used . as shown in fig5 - 7 , proximal passageways 24 may be directed towards or extend towards distal member 20 of electrode assembly 10 at an angle ( θ ) less than 90 degrees from the central longitudinal axis of proximal member 18 . in an embodiment , passageways 24 extends at an angle ( θ ) between about 20 to about 70 degrees , and for some embodiments , between about 30 to about 60 degrees . alternate positions and angles of the passageway ( s ) 24 may be provided in alternate embodiments of electrode assembly 10 . distal passageway 28 is provided for and extends along the central longitudinal axis of proximal member 18 through distal member 20 to distal end 30 of electrode assembly 10 . as shown in fig5 and 6 , distal passageway 28 may further be fully or partially surrounded by a thermally non - conductive material , such as that provided by insulating member 42 . insulating member 42 prevents saline or any other biocompatible fluid from coming in contact with distal member 20 . insulating member 42 may be comprised of a thermally non - conductive material such as , but not limited to , high - density polyethylene , polyimides , polyaryletherketones , polyetheretherketones , polyurethane , polypropylene , oriented polypropylene , polyethylene , crystallized polyethylene terephthalate , polyethylene terephthalate , polyester , polyetherimide , acetyl , ceramics , and various combinations thereof . distal passageway 28 extends from inner lumen 26 provided by proximal member 18 . in general , the diameter of distal passageway 28 is less than the diameter of inner lumen 26 of proximal member 18 . accordingly , in one embodiment , inner lumen 26 and distal passageway 28 may be connected by a tapered transition portion 50 therein providing constant fluid communication . the angle of the tapered transition portion may vary depending on the diameters of the inner lumen 26 and distal passageway 28 , as well as the length of proximal member 18 . the presence of the tapered transition portion 50 between inner lumen 26 and distal passageway 28 prevents air bubbles from being trapped inside the proximal member during fluid flow through the lumen and passageways . in an embodiment , distal passageway 28 is slightly larger in diameter than passageways 24 provided by the proximal member . the diameter of passageways 24 and distal passageways 28 may vary depending on the configuration and design of electrode assembly 10 . in an embodiment , distal passageway 28 includes a diameter within the range of about 0 . 012 to about 0 . 015 inches , more particularly about 0 . 013 to about 0 . 014 inches . in another embodiment , proximal passageways 24 include a diameter within in the range of about 0 . 011 to about 0 . 014 inches , more particularly about 0 . 011 to about 0 . 013 inches . in another embodiment , the inner surface of inner lumen 26 may be either coated with a hydrophilic coating or surface treated to create a hydrophilic surface . the treatment of inner lumen 26 with a hypdrophilic surface or coating results in another method of preventing air bubbles from becoming trapped inside proximal member 18 . the hydrophilic coating materials may include , but are not limited to , block copolymers based of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide , polymers in the polyethylene glycol family and silicone . for example , those materials selected from the group including pluronic ® from basf , carbowax ® from dow chemical company and silastic mdx ® from dow corning . alternate embodiments of the present invention provide the incorporation of at least one temperature sensor 38 in combination with distal passageway 28 . in particular , an embodiment , as shown in fig5 , includes two temperature sensors 38 provided within cavities 36 of distal member 20 . in an alternate embodiment , as shown in fig6 , one temperature sensor is provided within a single cavity 36 . temperature sensors may include various temperature sensing mechanisms , such as a thermal sensor , disposed therein for measurement and control of electrode assembly 10 . the temperature sensor 38 can be any mechanism known to one of skill in the art , including for example , thermocouples or thermistors . the temperature sensor 38 may further be surrounded , or encapsulated , by a thermally conductive and electrically non - conductive material , as previously discussed . this thermally conductive and electrically non - conductive material can serve to hold temperature sensor 38 in place within distal member 20 and provide improved heat exchange between temperature sensor 38 and distal member 20 . this material may be comprised of a number of materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art , including for example , thermally conductive resins , epoxies , or potting compounds . in another embodiment of electrode assembly 10 , as seen in fig7 , proximal member 18 ′ includes proximal end 52 and an extended distal end 54 that is received within aperture 34 of distal member 20 when proximal member 18 ′ and distal member 20 are configured for connection . distal member 20 provides a proximal surface 56 and well the surface 60 provided by inner cavity 32 that may be connected to proximal member 18 ′ through the use of bonding or adhesive 58 , therein coupling and / or connecting proximal member 18 ′ with distal member 20 . inner lumen 26 ′ extends from proximal end 52 to distal end 54 of proximal member 18 ′. accordingly proximal member 18 is configured to provide the insulating portion of distal passageway 28 through distal member 20 . as a result , the non - thermally conductive material of the proximal member , as previously described above , insulates distal passageway 28 through distal member 20 . proximal member 18 ′ further includes proximal passageways 24 , as described above that allow fluid flow from inner lumen 26 ′ to outer surface 22 ′ of proximal member 18 ′. passageways 24 are directed towards distal member 20 to increase the fluid flow around the intersection of the proximal member to the distal member . the flow of fluid through inner lumen 26 ′ provided by fluid tube 16 and ultimately through proximal passageways 24 and distal passageway 28 is reflected in fig7 . in particular , fig8 provides an irrigation flow visualization wherein the fluid from proximal passageways 24 is directed at a 30 degree angle from the central longitudinal axis of proximal member 18 , as shown in fig7 . the flow visualization further shows the flow of fluid out of distal passageway 28 , as shown in fig5 - 7 , from distal end 30 of electrode assembly 10 ′. fig9 graphically depicts bench test results for ablation electrode assemblies in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . the purpose of the testing was to confirm that adequate temperature control was being accomplished through the use of the irrigated electrode including a distal passageway as the ablation system was subjected to an overall increase in power ( w ) ( e . g . wattage ). overall , the testing was performed using an embodiment of the present invention wherein ablation was being performed using an electrode assembly that maintained irrigation flow of fluid was 13 ml / m at a perpendicular orientation to the muscle tissue being ablated . the testing showed , as reflected in fig9 , that an adequate temperature response was exhibited by the ablation electrode assembly , upon the continued increase of power ( w ) provided to the ablation system . overall , the ablation electrode , as provided by the present invention , having a distal irrigation passageway was able to maintain adequate temperature control , for performing ablation , while at the same time sufficiently cooling the electrode tip . accordingly , it is desirable to provide an irrigated ablation electrode assembly in accordance with the present invention that can achieve adequate temperature response within a desired range for performing ablation procedures . as previously discussed , the ablation electrode assembly 10 , 10 ′ of the present invention may comprise part of an irrigated ablation catheter assembly 12 , operably connected to a pump assembly and an rf generator assembly which serves to facilitate the operation of ablation procedures through monitoring any number of chosen variables ( e . g . temperature of the ablation electrode , ablation energy , and position of the assembly ), assist in manipulation of the assembly during use , and provide the requisite energy source delivered to the electrode assembly 10 , 10 ′. although the present embodiments describe rf ablation electrode assemblies and methods , it is contemplated that the present invention is equally applicable to any number of other ablation electrode assemblies where the temperature of the device and the targeted tissue areas is a factor during the procedure . in addition to the preferred embodiments discussed above , the present invention contemplates methods for improved measure and control of a temperature of an irrigated ablation electrode assembly 10 , 10 ′ or a target site and minimization of coagulation and excess tissue damage at and around the target site . according to one method , an ablation electrode assembly 10 , 10 ′ is provided , having at least one temperature sensor 38 within distal member 20 and proximal member 18 is separate from distal member 20 . an irrigation pathway 24 is provided within the proximal member 18 for delivery of fluid to the outer surface 22 of the proximal member 18 . a distal passageway 28 is further provided for delivery of fluid to the distal end of distal member 20 , thereby allowing for the benefits of irrigation of the target site and external portions of electrode assembly 10 , such as minimizing tissue damage , such as steam pop , preventing rising impedance of the ablation assembly , and minimizing blood coagulation . other embodiments and uses of the devices and methods of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein . the specification and examples should be considered exemplary only with the true scope and spirit of the invention indicated by the following claims . although a number of embodiments of this invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity , those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention . all directional references ( e . g ., upper , lower , upward , downward , left , right , leftward , rightward , top , bottom , above , below , vertical , horizontal , clockwise , and counterclockwise ) are only used for identification purposes to aid the reader &# 39 ; s understanding of the present invention , and do not create limitations , particularly as to the position , orientation , or use of the invention . joinder references ( e . g ., attached , coupled , connected , and the like ) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a connection of elements and relative movement between elements . as such , joinder references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other . it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting . changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims .
the present invention relates to improved ablation electrodes and catheter assemblies , as well as methods useful in conjunction with irrigated ablation catheters . an irrigated ablation electrode assembly includes a proximal member having an outer surface , an inner lumen and a proximal passageway . the proximal passageway extends from the inner lumen to the outer surface of the proximal member . the assembly further includes a distal member having a distal end and a distal passageway extending from the inner lumen through the distal member to the distal end . embodiments of the present invention include an irrigated catheter assembly configured to direct irrigation fluid to target areas where coagulation is more likely to occur to , among other things , better minimize blood coagulation and associated problems .