fig1 a is a sagittal cross section of the spine and screws 102 , 104 used to anchor a spinal arthroplasty device ( not shown ). the screws are partially contained in the pedicles of the vertebrae . the screws , or other anchoring devices , could be placed in other areas of the vertebrae . fig1 b is a sagittal cross section of the spine and a dynamic stabilization device 110 . a suitable device is taught in my co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 412 , 896 , the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference . the dynamic stabilization device may be connected to the pedicle screws during a second operation several months after inserting screws 102 , 104 . fig2 is a sagittal cross section of the spine , anchoring components , and a facet replacement device 202 attached to the anchoring components during a second procedure after inserting the anchoring components . fig3 a is a coronal cross section of the spine and an artificial disc replacement ( adr ) 302 . the inferior adr component 304 is attached to the inferior vertebra 306 with a novel staple 308 . the holes in the adr force the arms of the staple to converge as the staple is driven into the adr . alternatively , the holes in the adr could force the arms of the staple to diverge as the staple is driven into the adr . the novel attachment device does not project anterior to the spine . prior - art cervical adrs attach the adrs to the front of the spine . devices that extend unto the anterior surface of the cervical spine place pressure on the esophagus . the staple may be made of a shape memory material such as nitinol . fig3 b is a sagittal cross section of the spine and the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 a showing how the arms of the staple course through the endplate of the vertebra below the adr . fig3 c is an anterior view of the spine and an exploded view of the adr and staple drawn in fig3 a . fig3 d is an inferior view of the inferior adr component . the arms of the staple are seen projecting from holes in the adr . fig3 e is a sagittal cross section of the adr and staple drawn in fig3 b . the holes in the adr force the arms of the staple to bend inferiorly as the staple is driven into the adr . fig3 f is a coronal cross section of the spine and an alternative embodiment of the invention , wherein both adr components are attached to the vertebrae with staples . fig4 a is an anterior view of the spine , an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of an adr incorporating novel spikes 402 , 404 used to attach the adr to the vertebrae . for example , the proximal end of the spikes could be threaded into threaded holes in the adr . a flexible drill could be used to drill pilot holes for the modular spikes . fig4 b is a sagittal cross section of the spine and the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig4 a . fig4 c is a coronal cross section of the spine and the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig4 a . the drawing illustrates a novel method of inserting the adr 180 degrees to the method used in fig4 a . the novel method allows the insertion of spikes into the vertebra above or below the adr . the lower adr component 404 is held in the disc space by the upper adr component . a convexity from one adr component fits into a concavity in the other adr component . the coupling between the adr components prevents one adr component from independently extruding from the disc space . fig4 d is a coronal cross section of the spine and an alternative embodiment of the invention drawn in fig4 c . the modular spikes diverge but may converge . fig5 a is an anterior view of a novel cutting and distraction device 500 used to prepare the disc space for an adr . the areas 502 , 504 represent slots in the device . fig5 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the device drawn in fig5 a . fig5 c is a lateral view of the device drawn in fig5 b and a tool 520 to hold the device . projections 522 , 524 from the holding tool fit into the slots of the cutting guide . fig5 d is an exploded lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig5 c . fig5 e is a view of the top of the cutting guide drawn in fig5 a . fig5 f is a view of the top of an alternative cutting guide which has walls 530 , 532 along the sides of the guide . fig5 g is a sagittal cross section of the spine and a portion of the device drawn in fig5 c . the cutting guide 500 and holding tool 520 have been impacted into the disc space . the wedge shape of the assembled device separates the vertebrae . prior - art distraction screws 540 , 542 are shown in the anterior portion of the spine . fig5 h is a sagittal cross section of the spine , a portion of the device drawn in fig5 g , and a prior - art distraction apparatus 550 . the superior component of the holding tool has been removed . the prior art distraction apparatus is used to maintain distraction of the disc space after the superior component of the holding tool has been removed . the prior - art distraction device fits over the distraction screws drawn in fig5 g . fig5 i is a sagittal cross section of the spine , a portion of the device drawn in fig5 g , a prior - art distraction device , a portion of a saw 560 and saw blade 562 . the saw blade fits into the slot in the cutting guide . the projection 564 from the posterior portion of the cutting guide helps maintain distraction of the disc space and prevents the saw blade from entering the spinal canal . fig5 j is a superior view of the cutting guide , a portion of the holding tool , and the saw drawn in fig5 i . fig6 a is a lateral view of the spine and a novel guide 602 used to align the prior - art distraction screws drawn in fig5 g . the guide 602 assures the distraction screws are placed parallel to one another . fig6 b is a partial sagittal view of the spine and the novel guide drawn in fig6 a . distraction screws 604 , 606 can be seen coursing through the guide and into the spine . fig6 c is a partial sagittal view of the spine after insertion of the distraction screws . fig6 d is a partial sagittal view of the spine , distraction screws , and a novel distraction apparatus 610 . the sleeves of the distraction apparatus diverge as the sleeves approach the body of the apparatus . the novel shape of the distraction apparatus force the spine into a lordotic position as the sleeves are placed over the distraction screws . fig6 e is partial sagittal view of the spine , the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig6 d , an adr 620 , and a novel adr holder 622 . the novel adr holder has a projection 624 that cooperates with the anterior portion of the spine to assure proper placement of the adr . for example , the projection could assure the adr is recessed 2 mm into the disc space . alternatively , the projection could assure the front portion of the adr is flush with the anterior surface of the spine . the projection also prevents inadvertent insertion of the adr into the spinal canal . fig7 a is superior view of an adr and an alternative embodiment of the invention providing pliers - like holder 702 used to grasp the side of an adr 704 . the novel holder may also have a component that cooperates with the anterior surface of the spine . fig7 b is a superior view of a novel “ slap hammer ” that may be used with the holder drawn in fig7 a to extract the adr . the portion 710 slides along the shaft 712 of the device . fig7 c is a view of the assembled devices drawn in fig7 a and 7b . the hook 720 of the slap hammer device fits into the axilla of the adr holder . a nut 722 on the holder is advanced to hold the two tools together . fig7 d is an exploded lateral view of an adr 730 and a portion of the pliers - like device drawn in fig7 a . arms from the holder attach to both adr components . projections from the holder fit into holes in the adr . the drawing illustrates use of round and square holes 740 , 742 and a projection 744 . fig7 e is lateral view of an assembled adr and holder . the holding tool holds the adr components in a wedge shape . fig7 f is lateral view of the spine and the adr and holder drawn in fig7 e . the adr has been impacted into the disc space . fig8 a is lateral view of the cutting guide drawn in fig5 f . fig8 b is a coronal cross section of the cutting guide drawn in fig8 a , a saw blade 802 , and a portion of the holding tool 804 drawn in fig5 c . the walls along the side of the cutting guide prevent the saw blade from cutting too lateral in the disc space . the walls of the cutting guide also help maintain distraction of the disc space . fig8 c is lateral view of the spine , and the embodiment of the device drawn in fig8 b . fig9 a is an anterior view of a novel component 902 used to prevent movement of adrs . fig9 b is a lateral view of the device drawn in fig9 a . fig9 c is a lateral view of an adr and the device drawn in fig9 b . the modular device 902 is attached to the front of an adr . fig9 d is an exploded lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig9 c . fig9 e is a partial sagittal view of the spine , the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig9 c , and plates and screws . the novel invention is used to immobilize the spine after adr insertion . for example , the device may be used in conjunction with other spinal fixation devices 990 to achieve a spinal fusion . fig1 a is a lateral view of a novel adr , wherein the posterior portion of the superior adr component has been beveled or rounded at 1002 to better fit patients &# 39 ; anatomy . for example , the novel adr shape fits the cervical disc space better than prior - art adrs . fig1 b is a lateral view of an alternative embodiment wherein the posterior portion 1004 of the inferior adr component has been beveled or rounded . the novel shape fits the lumbar disc space better than prior - art adrs . fig1 a is an anterior view of an alternative embodiment of the adr drawn in fig1 b wherein both adr components 1102 , 1104 have holes that accept a single screw or spike . fig1 b is a lateral view of the adr drawn in fig1 a . screws 1106 , 1108 have been inserted into the adr . the screws are attached to the adr . the screws preferably diverge to hold the adr in the disc space . fig1 c is an anterior view of the spine showing how the screws or spikes are offset to avoid impingement between adjacent screws or adjacent adr endplates . fig1 is a superior view of a pliers - like holder that fits into triangular or other shaped depressions in the sides of the adr 1212 . the posterior portion 1220 of the adr may be tapered to facilitate insertion into the disc space . fig1 a is a lateral view of an alternative distractor / cutting guide according to the invention . fig1 b is a lateral view of the spine and the device . the handle 1302 of the guide has been folded inferiorly to allow insertion of a saw 1304 . the saw blade 1306 fits through a slot in the anterior portion of the guide . fig1 c is a partial sagittal cross section of the spine and the device drawn in fig1 b . the saw is used to remove a portion of the vertebra superior to the adr . saw blades may be provided in various lengths in accordance with the level of the spine or other physical considerations . note how the saw impinges against the front of the guide to limit the depth of saw blade insertion . fig1 d is a lateral view of the spine . the dotted line represents the portion of the superior vertebra that is cut from the superior vertebra . fig1 a is a lateral view of the spine and an alternative distractor / guide 1402 which is limited to the front portion of the disc space . fig1 b is a partial sagittal cross section of the spine and the device drawn in fig1 a . the drawing illustrates the use of a saw to remove a portion of the vertebra superior to the adr . fig1 c is view of the top of a portion of the guide drawn in fig1 a . fig1 d is a view of the top of the guide drawn in fig1 c . a saw blade 1404 has been inserted through the slot in the front of the guide . fig1 a is an anterior view of an alternative adr including screws used to attach the adr to the vertebra above 1502 , 1504 and below 1506 the adr . the screws are connected to the adr by hinged plates as described in my co - pending application , u . s . ser . no . 60 / 538 , 179 . the invention teaches the use of a single screw to hold one of the adr endplates . fig1 b is a lateral view of the adr drawn in fig1 b . fig1 a is an anterior view of an alternative embodiment wherein a single screw is used in each adr component . fig1 b is a lateral view of the spine and the embodiment of the adr drawn in fig1 a . the screws 1602 , 1604 pass through a angled portion of the adr . the angled portion of the adr courses between the vertical anterior surface of the adr and the horizontal intradiscal portion of the adr . fig1 c is a lateral view of the spine and an alternative embodiment which does not extend forward of the vertebral bodies 1610 , 1612 . fig1 a is a view of the bottom of the upper adr endplate ( adr ep ) drawn in fig1 a . the area 1702 represents a concave articulating surface in the upper plate . the area 1704 represents a hole the adr . the hole cooperates with a tool that aligns the adr in the disc space . fig1 b is a view of the top of the lower adr ep drawn in fig1 b . the area 1710 represents a convex articulating surface in the lower plate . fig1 c is a coronal cross section of the adr drawn in fig1 a . the alignment holes 1720 , 1722 are directly opposite of one another . fig1 d is a lateral view of an instrument 1730 used to align the adr eps drawn in fig1 c . fig1 e is a coronal cross section of the adr drawn in fig1 c and the alignment tool drawn in fig1 d . the tool cooperates with the holes in the adr eps to align the adr eps . fig1 is an anterior view of an alternative embodiment wherein the anterior surfaces of the adr eps have grooves or surface markings to align the adr eps . the tool drawn in fig1 d may fit into the grooves on the anterior surfaces of the adr eps . fig1 a is an exploded lateral view of an adr and alternative embodiment of the invention related to that drawn in fig9 d . the device 1900 is attached to the upper and the lower adr endplates ( eps 1902 , 1904 ). screws 1910 may be used to attach the device to the adr eps . alternative methods may be used to fasten the device to the adr eps . for example , the fastening method could include the use of shape memory materials such as nitinol . fig1 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig1 a and an adr . the component 1900 prevents the adr eps from moving towards one another . for example , if the component was placed on the posterior portion of an adr it would prevent spinal extension through the adr . the screws and the component cooperate to prevent other motions such as lateral bending and axial rotation . the screws cooperate with the component to prevent the adr eps from separating . thus , posterior placement of the device also prevents spinal flexion through the device . the device is preferably made of a biocompatible metal such as titanium or chrome cobalt . the device can also made of other biocompatible materials . fig1 c is a posterior view of the device and an adr . fig2 is the view of the top of an adr and embodiments of the invention drawn in fig1 a , showing how devices may be placed on the anterior 2002 , posterior 2004 , lateral 2006 , and / or posterior - lateral portions 2008 of an adr . fig2 is a posterior view of a an adr having holes 2102 , 2104 to receive the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig1 a . the adr also has novel projections 2110 , 2112 from the adr eps . the projections are placed directly over the holes in the adr eps . surgeons could use fluoroscopy to identify the projections from the adr eps . the location of the projections directs surgeons to the holes in the adr eps . surgeons could use the alignment apparatus to minimize the length of the incision required to insert the device . fig2 is a lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention and a sagittal cross section through a novel adr 2204 . the device 2202 has elastic properties . the device is impacted over the adr eps to arrest movement through the adr . like the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig1 a , the device fastens to the adr eps to prevent flexion , extension , lateral bending , translation , and / or axial rotation through the adr . fig2 a is an exploded lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein threaded hook component 2302 passes through a blocker component 2304 and a hook component 2306 . fig2 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a and an adr . the assembled device is tightened to clamp onto the upper and lower adr eps . the hook portions of the device may fit into recesses or holes in the adr eps . the device is tightened over the adr by advancing the nut along the threaded portion of the superior hook component . fig2 a is an exploded lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a . fig2 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a and a novel adr . the device 2402 is fastened to the adr eps with screws 2410 . the stiffness of the device and the rigid attachment to the adr eps prevents movement through the adr . fig2 c is a view of the top of the embodiment of the adr drawn in fig2 b . the rectangular opening 2402 represents a space in the adr ep that is filled with a bone growth promoting substance . bmp soaked collagen sponges could be used to promote fusion across the adr . rectangle 2404 with the dots represents the embodiment of the device drawn in fig2 a . the two rectangles 2406 , 2408 represent novel removable plugs in the adr eps . the plugs prevent bone from growing into the openings in the adr eps . the plugs are removed during revision surgery to place the embodiment of the device drawn in fig2 a and to insert bone growth promoting substances . fig2 d is a posterior view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 c . fig2 a is an exploded lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention , and fig2 b is a sagittal cross section of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a and an adr . screws 2502 , 2504 are threaded through the blocker component 2510 represented by the dotted area of the drawing and into threaded holes in the adr eps . alternatively , shape memory technology could be used to attach the device to the adr eps . fig2 a is an exploded lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention , and fig2 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a and a sagittal cross section through an adr . the hook portions 2602 of the device 2604 pass through holes or slots in the adr eps 2610 , 2612 . the hook portions of the device attach the device to the adr and hold a blocker component between the adr eps . the inferior hook component slides along the shaft extending from the superior hook component . a set - screw passes through the lower hook component and against the shaft of the upper hook component . the screw is tightened to clamp the device 2620 to the adr . fig2 a is an exploded lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention and an adr . fig2 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a . the rectangular shaped component 2702 fits into slots in the adr eps . the screws 2704 prevent the rectangular shaped component from backing out of the adr . fig2 c is a posterior view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 b . the screws have not been inserted into the adr eps . fig2 d is a partial posterior view of an alternative embodiment of the invention related to that drawn in fig2 c . the superior and inferior surfaces of the rectangular shaped component have projections 2730 , 2732 that cooperate with the slots in the adr eps to help lock the component in the adr eps . fig2 a is an exploded lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention , and fig2 b is an exploded view of the top of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a . fig2 c is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 b and an adr . the wedge component 2802 is drawn in its first position . fig2 d is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 c . the wedge component has been rotated 90 degrees . the wedge component preferably fits into slots in the adr eps . the walls of the slots may be configured to facilitate rotation if the wedge component in one direction . fig2 e is a view of the top of an adr ep and the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 b . a forked - shaped component 2810 is attached to the adr ep . the arms of the forked shaped component straddle the sides of the wedge component to prevent counter rotation of the wedge component . fig2 f is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 e , wherein the forked shaped component has been fastened to the adr eps . the wedge component may course from anterior to posterior or obliquely across the adr eps in alternative embodiments of the invention . fig2 a is a lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein a wedge - blocker component 2902 expands after placement of the device between the adr eps . expansion of the device in - situ eliminates the need to rotate the device in - situ . fig2 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a . a threaded wedge component 2904 has been advanced to expand the tip of the blocker component . the device is placed between adr eps to prohibit movement across the adr . fig2 c is a sagittal cross section of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 b . fig3 a is a lateral view of the tip of an alternative embodiment of the invention , and fig3 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 a . the tip of the device 3002 expands as the screw 3004 is rotated . fig3 c is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 b and an adr . the device has been drawn in its contracted shape . the contracted shape facilitates insertion of the device . fig3 a is a lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the device drawn in fig2 a . a screw 3102 is advanced from a hole in one adr ep . the screw impinges against the second adr ep 3104 to prevent motion across the adr . fig3 b is a view of the top of the inferior adr ep drawn in fig3 a . the adr ep has two holes . fig3 c is a view of the top of the inferior adr ep drawn in fig3 b . screws have been advanced partially through the holes in the adr eps . one or more screws may be advanced across the superior and or inferior adr eps . the screws may impinge against the second adr ep . alternatively , the screws may be threaded into holes in the second adr ep . fig3 a is a view of the articulating side of the adr ep drawn in fig2 a . the wedge component 3202 courses obliquely across the adr . fig3 b is a view of the articulating side of an alternative embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 a . the wedge component 3204 courses from anterior to posterior . the wedge component may be limited to one half of the adr . alternatively , the wedge component may be limited to one quarter of the adr . for example , the wedge component may be limited to the posterior half of the left side of the adr . fig3 c is a view of the articulating side of an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein multiple wedge components 3210 , 3212 course across the adr . fig3 d is a view of the articulating side of an alternative embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 c . the wedge component 3220 passes into the articulating surface of the adr . a portion of the articulating surface may be removed to allow insertion of the wedge component . for example , a portion of a polyethylene component may be removed to insert a device according to the invention . fig3 is a lateral view of an adr and an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein an in - situ curing polymer 3302 is injected between the adr eps . for example , polymethylmethacrylate ( pmma ) may be injected between the adr eps . dye may be injected into the space between the adr eps prior to injecting the pmma . injection of a radio - opaque dye helps surgeons determine where the pmma will flow . alternatively , in - situ curing polyurethane or other polymer may be injected between the adr eps . the cured polymer is preferably stiff . fig3 a is a lateral view of an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein a frame - like device 3402 is made of a shape memory material . for example the device could be made of nitinol . the device expands in - situ as the temperature of the body heats the device . fig3 b is a lateral view of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 a . the device has expanded . fig3 c is a lateral view of an adr and the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 b . the device is drawn in its expanded shape . the device expands after it is placed between the adr eps . the device may be used with other embodiments of the invention . for example , the in - situ curing pmma drawn in fig3 could be injected into the adr after inserted the shape memory frame . fig3 is the view of the top of an alternative embodiment of the invention drawn in fig2 a . the rectangular component has an elastic spring clip projection . the clip holds the component in the adr ep . the clip eliminates the need for screws to hold the component in the adr . such spring - loaded mechanisms could alternatively be incorporated into the adr eps . elastic locking mechanisms could be incorporated into other embodiments of the invention . fig3 a is an oblique view of an alternative embodiment of the invention drawn in fig1 a . fig3 b is a view of the posterior aspect of an alternative embodiment of the adr drawn in fig5 a of my co - pending application u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 741 , 290 , the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference . fig3 c is a view of the posterior aspect of the embodiment of the adr drawn in fig3 b and the posterior aspect of the embodiment of the invention drawn in fig3 a . the arms of the device drawn in fig3 a fit into holes 3602 of the adr . the elastic properties of the device cooperate with the holes in the adr to lock the device in the adr . the device prevents movement through the adr . fig3 d is a sagittal cross section through the embodiment of the adr drawn in fig3 b . the holes 3602 receive the arms of the device drawn in fig3 a . the holes also allow bone to grow across the adr . bone growth material may be placed between the holes . for example , a bmp soaked collagen sponge could be placed between the holes in the adr eps . a drill may be passed diagonally from a hole in one adr to a hole in the second adr ep . the drill causes the vertebrae to bleed . the blood from the vertebrae and the bone growth material stimulate spinal fusion across the adr . the device drawn in fig3 a immobilizes the adr eps . immobilization of the adr eps facilitates fusion across the adr eps . the holes could be filled with polyethylene . the polyethylene prevents bone from growing across the adr eps . the polyethylene may be removed with a drill during revision surgery . bmp soaked sponges may be packed into the freshly drilled holes in the adr eps and the holes drilled into the vertebrae .
this invention is directed to improved methods and devices to attach arthroplasty devices , particularly the spine , distract the disc space , machine the disc space to improve the fit between adrs and the vertebrae , to hold and remove adrs , and to facilitate spinal fusion for a failed adr surgery . one aspect of the invention places anchor devices in the spine during a first operation . spinal devices are connected to the anchoring devices during a second procedure . the second procedure is generally performed months after the insertion of the anchoring devices . the time between the two procedures allows bone to grow into the anchoring devices . minimal forces are exerted on the anchoring devices between the procedures . other embodiments are described where a previously implanted adr having a pair of opposing endplates is immobilized using a device the attached to the endplates , fits between the endplates , or both .