the present inventors have recognized that using ( 1 ) an orthogonal measurement vector and ( 2 ) a non - orthogonal measurement vector , a relative measurement between ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) can be used to provide a more sensitive indication of fluid accumulation , such as to localize a region of fluid accumulation , or to distinguish between different regions of fluid accumulation . fig1 shows an example of an implantable or other ambulatory cardiac rhythm management ( crm ) device 100 . in an example , the crm device 100 can include an electronics unit 102 that can include a hermetically - sealed biocompatible housing 104 and a header 106 extending therefrom . the housing 104 can carry a power source and electronics . the header 106 can include one or more receptacles , such as for receiving the proximal ends of intravascular leads 108 a - c . in an example , the lead 108 a can be an intravascular rv lead that can extend from the superior vena cava ( svc ) into the right atrium ( ra ), and then into the right ventricle ( rv ). the lead 108 a can include an rv apical tip electrode 110 , a slightly more proximal rv ring electrode 112 , a still slightly more proximal rv shock coil electrode 114 , and an even more proximal ra or svc shock coil electrode 116 . the various electrodes can be used for delivering electrical energy or sensing intrinsic electrical heart signals . an intravascular cs / lv lead 108 b can extend from the svc into the ra , through a coronary sinus ( cs ) into the coronary vasculature , such as near a portion of a left ventricle ( lv ). in an example , this second cs / lv lead 108 b can include a distal electrode 118 and a proximal electrode 120 , from which electrostimulation energies can be delivered or intrinsic electrical heart signals can be sensed . an intravascular right atrial ( ra ) lead 108 c can extend from the svc into the ra , and can include a distal electrode 119 and a proximal electrode 121 . other electrodes ( e . g ., a housing electrode 105 on the housing 104 , a header electrode 107 on the header 106 , an epicardial electrode , a subcutaneous electrode located away from the heart , or an electrode located elsewhere ) or leads can be used . in an example , an implantable crm device 100 can include a communication circuit , such as to wireless communicate unidirectionally or bidirectionally with an external local interface 121 , such as a crm device programmer , repeater , handheld device , or the like . the local interface 121 can be configured to communicate via a wired or wireless computer or communication network 122 to a remote interface 124 , such as a remote computer or server or the like . fig2 shows an example of portions of the crm device electronics unit 102 . in an example , this can include a switching circuit 200 , such as for selectively connecting to the various electrodes such as on the leads 108 a - b or elsewhere . a sensing circuit 202 can be selectively coupled to various electrodes by the switching circuit 200 , and can include sense amplifiers , filter circuits , other circuits such as for sensing intrinsic electrical signals , such as intrinsic heart signals . a therapy circuit 204 can be selectively coupled to various electrodes by the switching circuit 200 , and can include therapy energy generation circuitry ( e . g ., capacitive , inductive , or other ) such as for generating , storing , or delivering an electrostimulation , cardioversion , defibrillation , or other energy . an impedance measurement circuit 206 can be selectively coupled to various electrodes by the switching circuit 200 , such as for measuring a lead impedance , a tissue impedance , a regional or organ impedance , or other impedance . in an example , the sensing circuit 202 , the therapy circuit 204 , or the impedance circuit 206 can be coupled to a processor circuit 208 . in an example , the processor 208 can perform instructions , such as for signal processing of signals derived by the sensing circuit 202 or the impedance circuit 206 , or for controlling operation of the therapy circuit 204 or other operations of the crm device 100 . the processor 208 can also be coupled to or include a memory circuit 210 , such as for storing or retrieving instructions or data , or a communication circuit 212 , such as for communicating with the local interface 121 . fig3 is a graph illustrating examples of experimentally - observed data of the fractional change in impedance observed before and after injecting saline fluid into a pocket into which a crm device electronics unit 102 was implanted , with the graph illustrating four different impedance vector configurations that were used . such injection of saline into the pocket is believed to be at least somewhat representative of conditions that would be observed if the pocket became infected , leading to localized fluid accumulation in the pocket . the example of fig3 shows impedance determined from : ( 1 ) an rv - can ( non - orthogonal ) electrode configuration , in which both the excitation vector and the response vector are provided between an rv electrode ( e . g ., 110 , 112 , or 114 ) and a can electrode ( e . g ., 107 or 106 ); ( 2 ) an ra - can ( non - orthogonal ) electrode configuration , in which both the excitation and the response vector are provided between an ra electrode ( e . g ., 119 or 121 ) and a can electrode ( e . g ., 107 or 106 ); ( 3 ) an lv - can ( non - orthogonal ) electrode configuration , in which both the excitation and the response vector are provided between an cs / lv electrode ( e . g ., 118 or 120 ) and a can electrode ( e . g ., 107 or 106 ); and ( 4 ) an ra - lv - can ( orthogonal ) electrode configuration , in which the excitation vector is provided between a cs / lv electrode ( e . g ., 118 or 120 ) and a can electrode ( e . g ., 107 or 106 ) and the response vector is provided between a cs / lv electrode ( e . g ., 118 or 120 ) and an ra electrode ( e . g ., 119 or 121 ). in this example , the three non - orthogonal vectors exhibited a fractional impedance change of about 15 %. the orthogonal vector exhibited a fractional impedance change of about 10 %. thus , the orthogonal vector was observed to be less sensitive to fluid accumulation around the pocket than the non - orthogonal vectors . the present inventors have recognized , among other things , that because of this relative difference , an orthogonal vector can be used together with a non - orthogonal vector to determine whether fluid accumulation is localized to the pocket or otherwise , as explained further below . fig4 is a graph illustrating experimental data indicating a fractional change in impedance resulting from lung fluid accumulation for the same four vectors as fig3 . unlike the case of fig3 for pocket fluid accumulation , the orthogonal vector exhibited a greater fractional change in impedance ( about 13 %) than the non - orthogonal vectors ( about 2 % to about 7 %). thus , as can be seen in fig4 , the orthogonal vector was observed to be more sensitive to pulmonary fluid accumulation than the non - orthogonal vectors . the present inventors have recognized , among other things , that because of this relative difference , an orthogonal vector can be used together with a non - orthogonal vector to determine whether fluid accumulation is localized to the lungs or otherwise , as explained further below . fig5 shows an example of a technique to determine whether fluid accumulation is present and , if so , whether such fluid accumulation is local to a pocket in which a crm device electronics unit 102 is implanted , which can be indicative of local pocket infection , hematoma or seroma , or the like . infection rates are believed to be increasing faster than crm device implant rates . infection can result in device removal , antibiotic treatment , or both , and can be very costly . in an example , the technique of fig5 can be performed all or in part by using the crm device 100 shown in fig1 . at 502 , a non - orthogonal first measurement vector and an orthogonal second vector can be monitored ( e . g ., trended over an acute or chronic period of time ). as illustrative examples , the non - orthogonal first measurement vector can include rv - can , ra - can , or lv - can , and the orthogonal second measurement vector can include ra - lv - can , some examples of such non - orthogonal and orthogonal measurement vectors are described above . the monitoring can include providing an excitation signal and measuring a response signal , such as to measure a tissue characteristic . in an example , the monitoring can include providing an excitation current of specified amplitude , and measuring a voltage response thereto , such as to provide an indication of tissue impedance . at 504 , it is determined whether a tissue characteristic meets a threshold . in an example , this can include detecting when a tissue impedance falls below a threshold value , indicating the presence of fluid accumulation . the threshold value need not be static or absolute , but can vary or be relative , such as an offset from a baseline long term value , for example . detecting whether the tissue impedance falls below a threshold value can be determined using a single measurement vector , or using a weighted or other combination of multiple measurement vectors , such as non - orthogonal vectors , orthogonal vectors , or a combination thereof . the comparison to a threshold can use a single measurement or multiple measurements , such as an average or other central tendency of multiple measurements obtained during a specified period of time . at 506 , if it has been determined at 504 that the tissue characteristic meets a threshold value ( e . g ., fluid accumulation is present ), then it can be determined at 506 whether a change in the tissue characteristic of the orthogonal vector is less than a change in the tissue characteristic of the non - orthogonal vector . for an example in which the tissue characteristic includes a tissue impedance , it can be determined at 506 whether a change in tissue impedance of the orthogonal vector is less than a change in tissue impedance of the non - orthogonal vector and , if so , then at 508 , the fluid accumulation is declared to be associated with local fluid in the pocket , and otherwise , at 510 , the fluid accumulation is declared to not be associated with local fluid in the pocket , but instead associated with fluid elsewhere ( e . g ., global fluid overload , pulmonary edema , etc .). local fluid in the pocket can be a sign of pocket infection , hematoma , or seroma . information about ( or based on ) whether the fluid accumulation is local to the pocket ( e . g ., fluid presence , fractional change in impedance , indication of infection , hematoma , or seroma , etc .) can be communicated to a user or automated process , such as to provide a diagnostic indication or for use in controlling a therapy provided by the crm device 100 , another implanted , ambulatory , or other medical device , or by a physician or other caregiver . such communication can be internal to the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , or can involve communication with the local interface 121 or with the remote interface 124 . the acts described in fig5 can be performed by the processor 208 or other circuitry in the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , or by a processor or other circuitry associated with the local interface 121 or the remote interface 124 , or using some combination of the crm device 100 , the local interface 121 , or the remote interface 124 . at 506 , determining whether a change in the tissue characteristic of an orthogonal vector is less than a change in the tissue characteristic of the non - orthogonal vector need not involve comparing absolute actual changes in the tissue characteristic . for example , where the tissue characteristic includes a tissue impedance , it can involve comparing a fractional change in the impedance of the orthogonal vector to a fractional change in the impedance of the non - orthogonal vector or can involve scaling the impedance of the non - orthogonal vector or the orthogonal vector . where , in the above equation , δz o represents the change in impedance of the orthogonal vector , z o represents a baseline ( e . g ., long term ) value of the impedance of the orthogonal vector , δz o / z o represents a fractional change in impedance of the orthogonal vector relative to its baseline value , δz no represents the change in impedance of the non - orthogonal vector , z no represents a baseline ( e . g ., long term ) value of the impedance of the non - orthogonal vector , δz no / z no represents a fractional change in impedance of the non - orthogonal vector relative to its baseline value , and α represents a specified scaling factor for the comparison to be applied to a specified side of the relationship of the above comparison . this example is merely illustrative of the type of comparison that can be made . other comparisons , or variations on the above comparison can be made . for example , where the decrease in fluid impedance is expected to exhibit a slower time - course , a cumulative sum of difference ( e . g ., summing impedance deviations from the baseline over a specified time period ) or like technique can be used to determine the change the non - orthogonal and orthogonal impedances . fig6 shows an example of a technique to determine whether fluid accumulation is present and , if so , whether such fluid accumulation is local to a lung region or indicative of a more global fluid overload condition . this can be useful to distinguish between pneumonia , which can be indicated by fluid accumulation that is local to a lung region , and global fluid overload , which can be indicative of a chf decompensation episode . pneumonia is a risk factor for chf patients and is also a relatively prevalent ( e . g ., 15 %) comorbidity for chf patients being admitted for hospitalization . in an example , the technique of fig6 can be performed all or in part by using the crm device 100 shown in fig1 . at 602 , a non - orthogonal first measurement vector and an orthogonal second vector can be monitored ( e . g ., trended over an acute or chronic period of time ). in the example of fig6 , the non - orthogonal first measurement vector can include a vector that is substantially local within the heart ( e . g ., using rv tip electrode 110 and rv coil electrode 114 for delivering an excitation and measuring the response ) and the orthogonal second measurement vector can include ra - lv - can , such as described above . the monitoring can include providing an excitation signal and measuring a response signal , such as to measure a tissue characteristic . in an example , the monitoring can include providing an excitation current of specified amplitude , and measuring a voltage response thereto , such as to provide an indication of tissue impedance . at 604 , it is determined whether a tissue characteristic meets a threshold . in an example , this can include detecting when a tissue impedance falls below a threshold value , indicating the presence of fluid accumulation . the threshold value need not be static or absolute , but can vary or be relative , such as an offset from a baseline long term value , for example . detecting whether the tissue impedance falls below a threshold value can be determined using a single measurement vector , or using a weighted or other combination of multiple measurement vectors , such as non - orthogonal vectors , orthogonal vectors , or a combination thereof . the comparison to a threshold can use a single measurement or multiple measurements , such as an average or other central tendency of multiple measurements obtained during a specified period of time . at 606 , if it has been determined at 604 that the tissue characteristic meets a threshold value ( e . g ., fluid accumulation is present ), then it can be determined at 606 whether a change in the tissue characteristic of the orthogonal vector is less than a change in the tissue characteristic of the non - orthogonal vector . for an example in which the tissue characteristic includes a tissue impedance , it can be determined at 606 whether a change in tissue impedance of the orthogonal vector is less than a change in tissue impedance of the non - orthogonal vector and , if so , then at 608 , the fluid accumulation is declared to be associated with local fluid in the lungs , and otherwise , at 610 , the fluid accumulation is declared to not be associated with local fluid in the lungs ( e . g ., such as can arise from pneumonia ), but instead associated with fluid elsewhere ( e . g ., global fluid overload such as associated with a chf decompensation episode . information about ( or based on ) whether the fluid accumulation is local to the lungs ( e . g ., fluid presence , fractional change in impedance , indication of pneumonia , chf decompensation , etc .) can be communicated to a user or automated process , such as to provide a diagnostic indication or for use in controlling a therapy provided by the crm device 100 ( e . g ., cardiac resynchronization therapy ( crt )), by another implanted , ambulatory , or other medical device , or by a physician or other caregiver . such communication can be internal to the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , or can involve communication with the local interface 121 or with the remote interface 124 . the acts described in fig6 can be performed by the processor 208 or other circuitry in the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , or by a processor or other circuitry associated with the local interface 121 or the remote interface 124 , or using some combination of the crm device 100 , the local interface 121 , or the remote interface 124 . at 606 , determining whether a change in the tissue characteristic of an orthogonal vector is less than a change in the tissue characteristic of the non - orthogonal vector need not involve comparing absolute actual changes in the tissue characteristic . for example , where the tissue characteristic includes a tissue impedance , it can involve comparing a fractional change in the impedance of the orthogonal vector to a fractional change in the impedance of the non - orthogonal vector or can involve scaling the impedance of the non - orthogonal vector or the orthogonal vector . where , in the above equation , δz o represents the change in impedance of the orthogonal vector , z o represents a baseline ( e . g ., long term ) value of the impedance of the orthogonal vector , δz o / z o represents a fractional change in impedance of the orthogonal vector relative to its baseline value , δz no represents the change in impedance of the non - orthogonal vector , z no represents a baseline ( e . g ., long term ) value of the impedance of the non - orthogonal vector , δz no / z no represents a fractional change in impedance of the non - orthogonal vector relative to its baseline value , and a represents a specified scaling factor for the comparison to be applied to a specified side of the relationship of the above comparison . as described above , in the example of fig6 , the non - orthogonal first measurement vector can include a vector that is substantially local within the heart ( e . g ., using rv tip electrode 110 and rv coil electrode 114 for delivering an excitation and measuring the response ) and the orthogonal second measurement vector can include ra - lv - can , such as described above . this example is merely illustrative of the type of comparison that can be made . other comparisons , or variations on the above comparison can be made . for example , where the decrease in fluid impedance is expected to exhibit a slower time - course , a cumulative sum of difference ( e . g ., summing impedance deviations from the baseline over a specified time period ) or like technique can be used to determine the change the non - orthogonal and orthogonal impedances . in an example , the techniques of fig5 and 6 can be used together . for example , the technique of fig5 can be used to determine whether a fluid accumulation is due to local fluid accumulating in the pocket or something else , such as described above . if something else , then the technique of fig6 can be used to further determine whether the fluid accumulation is due to fluid accumulating in the lungs ( e . g ., from pneumonia ) or something else , such as a global fluid overload ( e . g ., from chf decompensation ). more generally , the examples of techniques described above with respect to fig5 and 6 can be applied more generally to detect various conditions such as by using a differential tissue characteristic between an orthogonal vector and a non - orthogonal vector . further , various orthogonal and non - orthogonal vectors can be used together in various permutations and combinations . table 1 below lists some examples . in table 1 , the orthogonal vectors use a measurement vector comprising an excitation vector that is different than the response vector . for a tripolar orthogonal vector , the configuration can be denoted ( x - y - z ), such as written in the examples of table 1 , where the excitation signal is provided between the electrodes y and z and the response signal is measured between electrodes x and y . in a vice - versa example , the excitation signal can be provided between the electrodes x and y and the response signal can be measured between the electrodes y and z . in the above examples , the orthogonal and non - orthogonal vectors have been explained , for illustrative clarity , with respect to the case in which the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 is implanted in a pocket in the left pectoral region of the subject . however , this is not always the case . in other examples , the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 can be implanted in a pocket in the right pectoral region , or abdominally , and the orthogonal vectors and non - orthogonal vectors can be adjusted accordingly for such different implant locations of the electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 . in an example , for a left - side pectorally implanted electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , examples of orthogonal vectors to the pocket location of the implanted electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 can include : ( 1 ) lv - can - ra ; or ( 2 ) rv - can - ra . for a right side pectorally implanted electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , examples of orthogonal vectors to the pocket location of the implanted electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 can include ( 1 ) rv - can - ra ; or ( 2 ) lv - can - ra ; or ( 3 ) lv - can - rv . in an example that includes a lead - connected or other pulmonary artery pressure ( pap ) sensor that includes a pulmonary artery ( pa ) electrode , this provides more possibilities for providing orthogonal vectors , for a left - side implanted electronics unit 102 or a right - side implanted electronics unit 102 , e . g ., pa - can - x , wherein x can include an intracardiac electrode , such as any of the intracardiac electrodes described above . in an example , for a left - side pectorally implanted electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , examples of orthogonal vectors to the heart can include : ( 1 ) can - rv - ra ; or ( 2 ) can - lv - ra . for a right side pectorally implanted electronics unit 102 of the crm device 100 , examples of orthogonal vectors to the heart can include ( 1 ) can - rv - lv ; or ( 2 ) can - lv - rv ( where lv can represent any one of the different electrodes that are typically associated with the left ventricle ). the above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings , which form a part of the detailed description . the drawings show , by way of illustration , specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced . these embodiments are also referred to herein as “ examples .” such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described . however , the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided . moreover , the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described ( or one or more aspects thereof ), either with respect to a particular example ( or one or more aspects thereof ), or with respect to other examples ( or one or more aspects thereof ) shown or described herein . all publications , patents , and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety , as though individually incorporated by reference . in the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference , the usage in the incorporated reference ( s ) should be considered supplementary to that of this document ; for irreconcilable inconsistencies , the usage in this document controls . in this document , the terms “ a ” or “ an ” are used , as is common in patent documents , to include one or more than one , independent of any other instances or usages of “ at least one ” or “ one or more .” in this document , the term “ or ” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or , such that “ a or b ” includes “ a but not b ,” “ b but not a ,” and “ a and b ,” unless otherwise indicated . in the appended claims , the terms “ including ” and “ in which ” are used as the plain - english equivalents of the respective terms “ comprising ” and “ wherein .” also , in the following claims , the terms “ including ” and “ comprising ” are open - ended , that is , a system , device , article , or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim . moreover , in the following claims , the terms “ first ,” “ second ,” and “ third ,” etc . are used merely as labels , and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects . method examples described herein can be machine or computer - implemented at least in part . some examples can include a computer - readable medium or machine - readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples . an implementation of such methods can include code , such as microcode , assembly language code , a higher - level language code , or the like . such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods . the code may form portions of computer program products . further , the code may be tangibly stored on one or more volatile or non - volatile computer - readable media during execution or at other times . these computer - readable media may include , but are not limited to , hard disks , removable magnetic disks , removable optical disks ( e . g ., compact disks and digital video disks ), magnetic cassettes , memory cards or sticks , random access memories ( rams ), read only memories ( roms ), and the like . the above description is intended to be illustrative , and not restrictive . for example , the above - described examples ( or one or more aspects thereof ) may be used in combination with each other . other embodiments can be used , such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description . the abstract is provided to comply with 37 c . f . r . § 1 . 72 ( b ), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure . it is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims . also , in the above detailed description , various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure . this should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim . rather , inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment . thus , the following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description , with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment . the scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims , along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled .
a differential or relative measurement between an orthogonal measurement vector and another measurement vector can be used to determine the location where fluid accumulation is occurring or the local change in such fluid accumulation . this can help diagnose or treat infection or hematoma or seroma at a pocket of an implanted cardiac rhythm management device , other implanted medical device , or prosthesis . it can also help diagnose or treat pulmonary edema , pneumonia , pulmonary congestion , pericardial effusion , pericarditis , pleural effusion , hemodilution , or another physiological condition .