the therapeutic agent for ophthalmic diseases of the invention contains laennec as an active ingredient . laennec injections are already available commercially , and laennec preparations can be properly manufactured to be suited to the purpose of the invention . the therapeutic agent for ophthalmic diseases of the invention is preferably administered orally , or used as eye - drops . oral preparations can be manufactured in proper dosage by mixing the laennec injection or freeze - dried powder as required with pharmacologically acceptable additives ( for example , carrier , vehicle , diluent ), and examples of pharmaceutical preparation include tablet , powder , granule , and capsule . eye - drops are formulated by mixing laennec with purified water , isotonic agent ( for example , sodium chloride , glycerin ), surface active agent ( for example , polysorbate 80 , polyoxyethylene alkyl ether ), preservative ( for example , sodium edetate , sodium sorbate ), buffer agent ( for example , sodium phosphate ), ph regulator ( for example , hydrochloric acid , sodium hydroxide ), and other customary pharmaceutical components by ordinary methods . the liquid property is preferred to be near neutral ph ( ph 5 to 8 ), and the osmotic pressure is also preferred to be near 1 . the content of laennec in pharmaceutical preparation may be properly adjusted depending on the dosage form , disease to be treated , and patient &# 39 ; s age , body weight , and symptoms . the effective dose and schedule of administration of the medicine of the invention may be determined empirically , and are known to those skilled in the art . the dose is properly adjusted depending on the route , disease , and patient &# 39 ; s age , body weight , and symptoms , and in case of eye - drops , the medicine of about 0 . 001 to 3 % ( w / v , same hereinafter ), or preferably about 0 . 01 to 1 % is dropped once to several times a day . for internal use , the dose is selected in a range of 1 to 100 mg / kg body weight , preferably 2 . 5 to 50 mg / kg body weight , more preferably about 25 mg / kg body weight , which is divided in one to several portions a day . the therapeutic agent for ophthalmic diseases of the invention can be applied in ophthalmic diseases in a wide range , and is particularly effective for prevention and treatment of corneal disorder , dry eye , asthenopia , and inflammatorily ophthalmic disease ( for example , meibornian gland dysfunction , stevens - johnson syndrome , sjogren syndrome , uveitis ), and ophthalmic diseases caused by active oxygen ( for example , cataract , glaucoma , age - related macular degeneration , optic disc atrophy ). laennec , the active ingredient contained in the therapeutic agent for ophthalmic diseases of the invention , is useful and effective for prevention and treatment of various ophthalmic diseases as shown in examples below , and the therapeutic agent of the invention is useful for prevention and treatment of a wide range of ophthalmic diseases , and is very high in safety because the active ingredient is a biological substance . examples of the invention are described below , but the invention is not limited to these examples alone . in the following examples , the pharmaceutical preparation and testing methods are as specified below . preparation of oral dose : commercial laennec injection ( manufactured by japan bioproducts ind . co . ltd . ), 3 ampoules ( 6 ml ), was freeze - dried , and freeze - dried powder was obtained and applied in a capsule , and a preparation containing 350 mg of the powder in capsule was manufactured and used . preparation of eye - drops : commercial laennec injection , one ampoule ( 2 ml ), was mixed with about 8 ml of purified water , blended with preservatives or other additives as required , and dispensed in eye - drops containers disinfected by ethanol , and eye - drops preparations were manufactured and used . the ph of laennec injection is 5 . 5 to 6 . 5 , and the osmotic pressure ratio ( ratio to normal saline ) is about 1 . safety of the eye - drops - preparation was confirmed by 28 adult healthy volunteers ( 16 men , 12 women , aged 24 to 68 ). using 2 μl of a mixed solution of 1 % fluorescein and 1 % rose - bengal , the cornea and conjunctiva were stained , and the stained diagram was recorded , and the degree of staining was recorded by scoring , and results were entered in the investigation sheet . recording and scoring were evaluated objectively by using photographs as far as possible . more specifically , the mixed solution of 1 % fluorescein and 1 % rose - bengal was dropped by 2 μl by using a micropipette with a disposable tip . since the tip of the micropipette is disposable , it is low in risk of contamination , and a specific amount can be dropped , and the repeatability is high . further , biological staining by two dye stuff and tear film breakup time ( but ) measurement can be done at the same time . rose - bengal stains the epithelial cells having differentiation anomaly not covered with mucin on the cornea and conjunctiva . fluorescein stains weak adhesion portion of epithelium of cornea and conjunctiva ( barrier function broken portion ) or epithelial defective portion , and is useful for observation of superficial punctate keratopathy by dry eye , corneal epithelial defect , or corneal or conjunctival ulcer . in fluorescein staining , the stained portion can be observed by slit - lamp microscope through cobalt - blue filter . as shown in fig1 , in the corneal upper part , corneal middle part and corneal lower part , the rose - bengal staining degree was scored in three - point full marks , and the total points ( ad score ) were evaluated ( nine - point full marks ). more specifically , epithelial disorder of cornea and conjunctiva by dry eye was evaluated often by the criteria proposed by van bijsterveld ( diagnostic tests in the sicca syndrome , arch . ophthalmol ., 82 : 10 - 14 , 1969 ), which was known as ad score . in three events of ear - side conjunctiva , cornea , and nose - side conjunctiva , the staining degree was evaluated in three - point full marks , in a total of 9 points . namely , no staining is 0 point , slight and partial staining is 1 point , medium staining of about ⅔ is 2 points , and heavy sand full staining is 3 points . examples are shown in fig1 . after staining by using 2 μl of the mixed solution of 1 % fluorescein and 1 % rose - bengal , the tear film was observed by slit - lamp microscope . thickness of tear film reaches the maximum right after blinking , the tear fluid flows downward , and the thickness on the cornea decreases gradually . this is intended to measure the time until the tear film covering the ocular surface dried . normally it is 10 seconds or more , and dry eye is suspected if shorter than 5 seconds . wattman no . 1 filer paper ( 35 mm × 5 mm ) was used as schirmer &# 39 ; s paper . at inferior tarsal ear side , schirmer &# 39 ; s paper was applied for measurement of tear secretion during 5 minutes of natural blinking . the length of tear soaking in 5 minutes was measured . normal value is 10 mm or more . tear meniscus is a tear stagnant position spreading like a band along the tarsal margin , the stagnant amount of tear is said to occupy about 70 to 95 % of the entire ocular surface . in tear meniscus , the tear quantity was measured by meniscometry ( yokoi n . et al ., br . j . ophthalmol ., 83 : 92 - 97 , 1999 ). in meniscometry , since tear meniscus is a concave plane , assuming a concave mirror , by projecting a target of horizontal lattice fringe , the mirror reflection image is analyzed by optical format , and radius ( r ) of curvature of tear fluid meniscus is measured without making contact . as qualitative evaluation of tear volume or flow , various methods are known clinically , but the evaluation of tear meniscus height is highest in repeatability and is considered to be most useful for screening of dry eyes . in 13 patients having subjective symptoms , for example , no lacrimation to external stimulation , irritation , fatigued condition , repeated eye rash , itchiness of eye , excess discharge of fat in eye , eye pain and urtication , upon obtaining their consent , 2 capsules of the laennec preparation were orally administered after dinner every day ( laennec group ). in 3 patients having similar subjective symptoms , placebo was administered ( placebo group ). oral administration continued for 28 consecutive days . as shown in table 1 , the oral preparation of laennec acted locally , and was effective for treatment of various ophthalmic diseases . in particular , it was effective as remedy for meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye . especially , a notable effect was recognized in increase of tear volume , subjective symptoms were improved in all patients in laennec group . throughout the test , no side effect was found in laennec group . in one case showing nerve drusen : known as an initial sign of age - related macular degeneration , the drusen disappeared . in other case , optic disc atrophy was noted , but it tended to be improved . in other words , regeneration of optic nerve was suggested ( improvement of optic disc recess ratio ). in 3 patients having similar subjective symptoms as in example 1 , after obtaining consent , the eye drops preparations of laennec were administered , one drop each , 4 times a day at intervals of 3 to 4 hours . the term of treatment was 8 weeks , and the results were investigated every 2 weeks ( by cornea staining and others ). as a result , subjective symptoms were improved in all 3 patients . in schirmer &# 39 ; s test ( tear fluid dynamic ), symptoms were improved in 2 cases and unchanged in 1 case . tear meniscus ( tear volume ) was improved in all 3 patients . state of corneal and conjunctival epithelium was judged in 3 items ( fluorescein and rose - bengal staining , but and conjunctival ; hyperemia ), and was improved in all 3 cases . as a result , eye drops preparations of laennec are effective for various ophthalmic diseases , and are particularly effective for dry eye . no side effect was noted throughout the test . thioredoxin ( trx ) naturally existing in the human body functions to protect the human cells and tissues from active oxygen inducing various diseases , and the stress on the human body can be estimated by measuring trx concentration in the body . it is estimated that trx concentration is high in a state of strong inflammation . by obtaining the consent of 3 patients , tear fluid of patients was sampled before and after dropping of the eye drops preparation of laennec , and the concentration of trx contained in tear fluid was measured by using a commercial elisa kit ( only the right eye was tested in patient 3 ). as shown in table 2 , by dropping the eye drops preparation of laennec , trx concentration dropped dramatically , and it is confirmed that laennec has an antioxidative activity like trx , soothes inflammation , and reduces the stress on the eye . in patients with severe dry eye ( 3 cases 1 6 eyes ) not improved sufficiently in symptoms by general eye drops , after obtaining prior consent , the eye drops preparation of laennec was dropped four times a day . the underlying diseases of these patients were sjogren syndrome , stevens - johnson syndrome and dry eye . before dropping , and in 8 weeks of dropping in every 2 weeks , the patients were tested by tear meniscus test , measurement of tear film breakup time ( but ), biological staining ( fluorescein staining , rose - bengal staining ) and schirmer &# 39 ; s test , and the radius ( r ) of curvature of meniscus , but , ad score , and value of schirmer &# 39 ; s test were measured . average values of 3 cases ( 6 eyes ) are shown in fig2 , fig3 , fig4 and fig . 5 . as shown in fig2 to fig5 , the symptoms were improved . in particular , ad score was remarkably decreased , and the epithelial disorder was dramatically improved . therefore , the eye drops preparation of laennec is confirmed to have effects of increasing the tear fluid , and stabilizing the ocular surface .
a therapeutic agent for ophthalmic diseases containing laennec as an active ingredient . laennec , the active ingredient , exhibits a therapeutic effect on a wide variety of ophthalmic diseases by increasing tears and the like and is highly safe even though it is an animal - derived component . therefore , the therapeutic agent is applicable to the prevention and / or treatment of various types of ophthalmic diseases , particularly corneal disorders , dry eye , asthenopia , inflammatorily ophthalmic diseases and ophthalmnic diseases caused by active oxygen .