the present invention encompasses the methods of use of the compounds of formula i in transdermal administration to animals and humans for the treatment of pain and inflammation and pharmaceutical compositions therefor suitable for external application to a live animal body . in the method of this invention , the compounds of formula i are applied externally to the skin of animals and humans in the form of creams , lotions , ointments , solutions , suspensions and occlusive devices . the rate of delivery may be modified or controlled by semi - permeable membranes , composition of matrix and by chemical enhancers . the carriers , occlusive devices and methods of administration are discussed more in detail hereinbelow . compared to oral and intravenous administrations , transdermal delivery of these agents prolongs duration of therapeutic activity and causes less gastric irritation than is found in oral administration . when the pharmaceutical compositions are in liquid form such as a cream or when the reservoir of an occlusive device contains the compound as a liquid pharmaceutical composition , the preferred composition has an oil - in - water - base carrier ( i . e ., over 50 % water ) and a ph of about 6 . 5 to 8 . 0 . obviously , one or more compounds of formula i may be employed . examples 1 - 76 given below of formula i illustrate compounds useful in the present invention but are not limiting . compounds of examples 1 - 59 were prepared as disclosed in the above references and are given below by name . compounds of examples 60 - 76 do not appear in the above references and preparation is given herein in detail . the structures of the compounds are in table i . examples 77 - 86 illustrate how some of the preferred compounds may be formulated and applied transdermally but they are not limiting . ______________________________________exampleno . name______________________________________ 1 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid . 2 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , hemihydrate . 3 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 5 - methoxybenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , sesquihydrate . 4 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , dihydrate . 5 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , ethyl ester . 6 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 7 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , potassium salt , monohydrate . 8 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , ethyl ester . 9 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - fluorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid . 10 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - fluorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 11 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methoxybenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid . 12 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , magnesium salt , trihydrate . 13 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , calcium salt , dihydrate . 14 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 15 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - fluorobenzoyl )- 5 - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 16 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 17 2 - amino - 3 -[( 4 - methylthio ) benzoyl ] benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 18 2 - amino - 3 -[( 4 - methylthio ) benzoyl ]- 5 - chlorobenzene - acetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 3 ]. 19 2 - amino - 3 -[( 4 - methylthio ) benzoyl ]- 5 - fluorobenzene - acetic acid , sodium salt . 20 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 4 - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 21 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 22 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 6 - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 23 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 5 - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 24 2 - amino - 3 -( 2 , 4 - dichlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 25 2 - amino - 3 -[ 4 -( methylthio ) benzoyl ]- 5 - methylbenzene - acetic acid , sodium salt dihydrate . 26 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methylbenzoyl )- 5 - methylbenzeneacetic acid . 27 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - fluorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 28 2 - amino - 3 -( 2 , 4 - dichlorobenzoyl )- 5 - methylbenzene - acetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 29 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 30 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - methoxybenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 31 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromo - 2 - chlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 32 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromo - 2 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzene - acetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 33 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 34 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - iodobenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 35 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - fluorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 36 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - bromobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 37 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - methoxybenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 38 2 - amino - 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 7 ]. 39 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - fluorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 40 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methoxybenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 41 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 42 2 - amino - 3 -( 2 - chlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate . 43 2 - amino - 3 -( 3 - chlorobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 44 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 5 - fluorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 45 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methylbenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 46 2 - amino - 3 -[ 4 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzoyl ] benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 47 2 - amino - 3 -( 2 - methylbenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 48 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 4 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 49 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 50 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - fluorobenzoyl )- 5 - fluorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 51 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methylbenzoyl )- 5 - fluorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 52 2 - amino - 3 -( 2 , 4 - dichlorobenzoyl )- 5 - fluorobenzene - acetic acid , sodium salt , 2 - propanol [ 2 : 1 ]. 53 2 - amino - 3 -( 2 , 4 - dimethylbenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt . 54 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - hydroxybenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , hydrate [ 4 : 3 ]. 55 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methylbenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 3 ]. 56 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - bromobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hemihydrate . 57 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - iodobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , hydrate [ 4 : 1 ]. 58 2 - dimethylamino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid . 59 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - α - methylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , dihydrate . ______________________________________ to a solution of 14 . 7 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt monohydrate in 125 ml of water was added a solution of 7 . 2 g ( 0 . 025 mole ) of zinc sulfate heptahydrate in 25 ml of water . the solid which precipitated was collected by filtration , washed with water and methyl alcohol , and dried to yield 12 . 5 g ( 86 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 144 ° c . ( with decomposition ). analysis : calculated for c 30 h 25 n 2 o 6 . 5 zn : c , 61 . 82 ; h , 4 . 32 ; n , 4 . 81 found : c , 61 . 47 ; h , 4 . 14 ; n , 4 . 88 . a solution of 3 . 12 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 - benzoyl - 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt in 250 ml of dry tetramethylfuran was treated with 44 g of ethyl iodide ( 0 . 3 mole ) under nitrogen and stirred for 2 hours . the resulting solution was then added to 1 liter of water and extracted several times with ethyl ether . the combined ether layers were washed with water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and stripped to yield a solid yellow residue . this material was recrystallized from absolute ethyl alcohol to give 1 . 5 g , yellow needles , m . p . 80 °- 82 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 16 clno 3 : c , 64 . 26 ; h , 5 . 08 ; n , 4 . 41 found : c , 64 . 17 ; h , 5 . 01 ; n , 4 . 39 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 51 . a combination of 10 . 7 g ( 0 . 038 mole of 7 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 180 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide gave , after recrystallization from 2 - propanol , 2 . 7 g ( 22 %) of title compound , bright yellow crystals , m . p . 130 °- 140 ° c . ( loses solvent ). analysis : calculated for c 16 h 13 clnnao 3 . 0 . 5c 3 h 8 o . 0 . 25h 2 o : c , 58 . 34 ; h , 4 . 90 ; n , 3 . 89 found c , 58 . 16 ; h , 4 . 96 ; n , 3 . 85 . a mixture of 6 . 6 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - chlorobenzyl )- 5 - fluoro - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 180 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide was heated at 100 ° c . under a nitrogen atmosphere for 12 hr . the mixture was diluted with about 600 ml of water , titrated to ph = 7 . 5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crystalline residue was triturated with hot absolute ethyl alcohol . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was again concentrated at reduced pressure . the residue was recrystallized from absolute ethyl alcohol and the resulting solid was rinsed with diethyl ether to give 2 . 7 g ( 38 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 155 °- 170 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 12 clfnnao 3 : c , 55 . 91 ; h , 3 . 52 ; n , 4 . 08 found : c , 56 . 07 ; h , 3 . 63 ; n , 4 . 02 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 63 . the combination of 8 . 6 g ( 0 . 0236 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - chloro - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 180 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide gave 5 . 5 g ( 58 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 175 °- 180 ° c . ( 2 - propanol ). analysis : calculated for c 16 h 12 brclnnao 3 : c , 47 . 50 ; h , 2 . 99 ; n , 3 . 46 found : c , 47 . 64 ; h , 3 . 34 ; n , 3 . 27 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 63 . a combination of 8 . 0 g ( 0 . 027 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 3 - ethyl - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 180 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide gave , after successive recrystallizations , from 2 - propanol and tetrahydrofuran , 4 . 1 g ( 45 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 140 °- 145 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 15 clnnao 3 . 0 . 25h 2 o : c , 59 . 31 ; h , 4 . 54 ; n , 4 . 07 found : c , 59 . 11 ; h , 4 . 44 ; n , 3 . 93 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 63 . a combination of 5 . 3 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 150 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide gave , after three recrystallizations from 2 - propanol and one recrystallization from 2 - propanol - methyl alcohol , 2 . 4 g ( 37 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 245 °- 247 ° c . with decomposition ( loss of solvent at 110 ° c .). analysis : calculated for c 16 h 13 brnnao 3 . 0 . 25h 2 o . 0 . 5c 3 h 8 o : c , 51 . 93 ; h , 4 . 36 ; n , 3 . 46 found : c , 51 . 92 ; h , 4 . 26 ; n , 3 . 50 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 63 . a combination of 11 . 2 g ( 0 . 035 mole ) of 7 -( 2 , 4 - dichlorobenzoyl )- 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 180 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide gave 8 . 5 g ( 58 %) of title compound , yellow crystals , m . p . 125 ° c . ( loss of solvent ) ( 2 - propanol ). analysis : calculated for c 16 h 12 cl 2 nnao 3 c 3 h 8 o : c , 54 . 30 ; h , 4 . 76 n , 3 . 33 found : c , 54 . 00 ; h , 4 . 66 ; n , 3 . 31 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 63 . a combination of 4 . 3 g ( 0 . 013 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - chlorobenzoyl )- 5 - chloro - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 120 ml of 3n sodium hydroxide gave 4 . 2 g of yellow solid , which was purified by dissolving in acetone , filtering , concentrating the filtrate , and triturating the residue with hot ligroin to give 4 . 1 g ( 85 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 155 °- 170 ° c . ( with decomposition ). analysis : calculated for c 16 h 12 cl 2 nnao 3 : c , 53 . 36 ; h , 3 . 36 ; n , 3 . 89 found : c , 53 . 55 ; h , 3 . 50 ; n , 3 . 82 . a slurry of 35 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid in 500 ml of dimethylformamide was treated with 32 . 0 g ( 0 . 2 mole ) of ethyl iodide and stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was poured into 3 . 5 liters of water . the solid which precipitated was collected by filtration , washed with water and recrystallized from absolute ethanol to give 26 . 8 g ( 74 %) of title compound , gold needles , m . p . 107 °- 109 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 16 brno 3 : c , 56 . 37 ; h , 4 . 45 ; n , 3 . 87 found : c , 56 . 22 ; h , 4 . 42 ; n , 3 . 87 . this compound was prepared by the procedure used to synthesize the compound of example 63 . a combination of 12 . 5 g ( 0 . 036 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - fluoro - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 3 - methyl - 2h - indol - 2 - one and 120 m 3n sodium hydroxide gave 5 . 3 g ( 38 %) of title compound , yellow crytals , m . p . 162 °- 165 ° c . ( 98 % aqueous ethanol ). analysis : calculated for c 16 h 12 brfnnao 3 : c , 49 . 51 ; h , 3 . 12 ; n , 3 . 61 found : c , 49 , 29 ; h , 3 . 14 ; n , 3 . 50 . a solution of 6 . 36 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt in 100 ml of water was treated dropwise with a solution of 2 . 94 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate ( 0 . 01 mole ) in 100 ml of water . a precipitate instantly developed . the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and the precipitate filtered off to give 4 . 4 g of product , recrystallized from toluene - petroleum ether , m . p . 95 °- 140 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 30 h 24 n 2 o 6 zn : c , 62 . 79 ; h , 4 . 22 ; n , 4 . 88 found : c , 62 . 78 ; h , 4 . 17 ; n , 4 . 84 . a solution of 20 . 9 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate and 5 . 6 g ( 0 . 053 mole ) of anhydrous sodium carbonate in 350 ml of deionized water stirred vigorously was treated dropwise with a solution of 8 . 5 g ( 0 . 035 mole ) of aluminum trichloride hexahydrate in 85 ml of deionized water . after the addition was complete , the slurry was slowly heated to 70 ° c ., gradually cooled to 50 ° c . and collected by filtration . the filter cake was washed with methyl alcohol and then stirred in 100 ml deionized water , heated to 50 ° c . and collected by filtration . the filter cake was washed with water and then methyl alcohol and dried at 56 ° c . to yield 9 . 0 g ( 78 %) of title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 193 ° c . ( with decomposition ). analysis : calculated for c 15 h 15 alno 4 . h 2 o : c , 54 . 06 ; h , 4 . 84 ; n , 4 . 20 found : c , 53 . 77 ; h , 4 . 46 ; n , 4 . 15 . a solution of 11 . 8 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid sodium salt monohydrate in 100 ml of water was filtered and the filtrate treated with a solution of 5 . 2 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of cupric sulfate pentahydrate in 25 ml of water . a green solid immediately precipitated . the mixture was stirred for an additional 5 min , and the solid was collected by filtration , washed with water and methyl alcohol , and dried to give 10 . 2 g ( 89 %) of title compound , a yellow - green solid , m . p . 166 ° c . ( with decomposition ). analysis : calculated for c 30 h 26 n 2 o 7 cu : c , 61 . 06 ; h , 4 . 44 ; n , 4 . 75 found : c , 60 . 95 ; h , 4 . 17 ; n , 4 . 75 . to a stirred mixture of 2 . 37 liters of toluene and 0 . 79 liters of ethyl alcohol was added 344 g ( 1 . 0 mole ) of 7 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 1 , 3 - dihydro - 2h - indol - 2 - one . a nitrogen purge was started and maintained during the following reaction . sodium hydroxide 80 g ( 2 . 0 mole ) as 50 % aqueous solution was added in one portion . the deep red solution was heated to reflux and yellow solid began to precipitate . refluxing was continued for an additional 1 hr and a sample was taken for tlc analysis [ the tlc is run on silica gel plate using 5 % ethyl acetate in benzene as eluant . the product remains at the origin and the 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid has an rf of approxinately 0 . 40 ]. the tlc plate showed only a trace of the starting oxindole was present . the mixture was cooled to 35 ° c . and 3 . 2 liters of diisopropyl ether was added . the mixture was chilled for 8 - 12 hr and the product was collected by filtration to give a 93 % yield of crude product . the dried solid was sized by passing it through a 40 - mesh screen . the sized crude product was added to a mixture of 85 % dimethoxyethane and 15 % water at the rate of 1 g of crude per 6 ml of the solvent mixture . the entire mixture was then heated at reflux for 1 hr . the hot mixture was filtered to remove the undissolved solid . the filtrate was concentrated at reduced pressure to a damp sludge . the sludge was then slurried with 5 ml of diisopropyl ether per g of sludge . the solid was collected and dried to constant weight to give the title compound in 76 % yield , m . p . 284 °- 286 ° c . ( with decomposition ). analysis : calculated for c 15 h 14 no 4 . 5 brna : c , 47 . 02 ; h , 3 . 68 ; n , 3 . 66 found : c , 47 . 74 ; h , 3 . 57 ; n , 3 . 66 utilizing the method of example 74 , 7 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - chloro - 1 , 3 - dihydro - 2h - indol - 2 - one was converted to the title compound , a yellow powder , m . p . 261 °- 63 ° c . ( with decomposition ). analysis : calculated for c 15 h 10 no 3 brcl : c , 44 . 09 ; h , 2 . 96 ; n , 3 . 43 found : c , 43 . 85 ; h , 2 . 91 ; n , 3 . 36 . a solution of 40 . 9 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid , sodium salt , monohydrate in 400 ml of dimethylformamide was treated with 32 . 0 g ( 0 . 2 mole ) of ethyl iodide and the solution was let stand at ambient temperature overnight . the solution was poured in 3 . 5 liters of cold water and a solid gradually crystallized . the solid was collected by filtration , washed with water , and recrystallized from absolute ethanol to yield 36 . 2 g ( 91 %) of title compound , a yellow solid , m . p . 92 °- 94 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 15 brclno 3 : c , 51 . 48 ; h , 3 . 81 ; n , 3 . 53 found : c , 51 . 34 ; h , 3 . 68 ; n , 3 . 55 . an oil - in - water cream such as , for example , is prepared in formula a below ( ph = ca 7 . 0 ) containing 5 wt % of the active agent of examples 21 and 74 , namely , 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid as its sodium salt is administered in the amount of about 4 g of cream ( 200 mg active agent ) to an area of approximately 15 cm 2 of skin of a human or animal suffering from pain and inflammation to obtain relief therefrom starting about 2 - 4 hr after administration and continuing for about 2 - 4 days , after which time more cream is applied to obtain further relief . when in the procedure of example 77 , the compound of example 1 , namely , 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid as its sodium salt is substituted as the active agent , pain and inflammation are controlled in the same manner . when in the procedure of example 77 , the compound of example 5 , namely , 2 - amino - 3 - benzylbenzeneacetic acid ethyl ester is substituted as the active agent , pain and inflammation are controlled . when in the procedure of example 77 , the compound of example 55 , namely , 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - methylbenzoyl )- 5 - chlorobenzeneacetic acid as its sodium salt is substituted as the active agent , pain and inflammation are controlled . when any compound in examples 1 - 76 ( other than those already used in examples 77 - 80 ) is substituted in the procedure of example 77 as the active agent , relief from pain and inflammation is also expectable . a hydrogel preparation such as for example , in formula c below , containing 5 wt % of the active agent of examples 21 and 74 , namely , 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzyl ) benzeneacetic acid as its sodium salt is administered in the amount of about 4 g of hydrogel ( 200 mg active agent ) to an area of about 15 cm 2 of skin of a human or animal suffering from arthritic symptoms to obtain relief from pain and inflammation starting about 2 - 4 hr after administration and continuing for about 2 - 4 days after which time more of the hydrogel is applied to obtain further relief . when in the procedure of example 82 , the compound of example 1 namely 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylacetic acid as its sodium salt is substituted as the active agent , pain and inflammation are controlled in the same manner . when other compounds in the examples 1 - 76 are substituted in the procedure of example 83 , relief from pain and inflammation is expectable . an oil - in - water cream such as , for example , is prepared in formula a below ( ph = 7 , 0 ) containing 5 wt % of the active agent of examples 21 and 74 , namely , 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , as its sodium salt in the amount of about 4 g of cream ( 200 mg active agent ) and contained in an occlusive device selected from those described below under &# 34 ; pharmaceutical compositions and methods of administration &# 34 ; is administered to a human or animal to provide relief from pain and inflammation when such symptoms exist . when in the procedure of example 85 , the compound of example 1 , namely 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acid , as its sodium salt is substituted as the active agent , pain and inflammation are controlled in the same manner . when any other compound in examples 1 - 76 are substituted in the procedure of example 85 , relief from pain and inflammation is also expectable . table 1__________________________________________________________________________ ## str3 ## ex . no . r . sup . 1 r . sup . 2 r . sup . 3 r . sup . 4 r . sup . 5 x y m . p .,° c . literature__________________________________________________________________________ reference1 h h h h h h h 122 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 32 h ( b ) 5 - cl h h h h h 85 - 87 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 63 na . sup .+ 5 - och . sub . 3 h h h h h 265 * u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 74 na . sup .+ h ( g ) h h h h h -- u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 85 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h h h h h 77 - 78 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 96 na . sup .+ h ( d ) h h h 4 - cl h 265 * u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 147 k . sup .+ ( d ) h h h h h h -- u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 168 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h h h 4 - cl h 101 - 102 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 219 h h h h h 4 - f h 136 - 137 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 2210 na . sup .+ h ( d ) h h h 4 - f h 240 - 250 * u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 2311 h h h h h 4 - och . sub . 3 h 117 - 118 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 2412 mg . sup .++ ( h ) h h h h h h 150 - 190 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 2513 ca . sup .++ ( g ) h h h h h h 160 - 240 * u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 2614 na . sup .+ h ( d ) h h h h h 254 - 255 . 5 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 126 , 635 ex . 2715 na . sup .+ 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h 4 - f h 140 - 160 gb 2 , 093 , 027 ex . 116 na . sup .+ 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h 4 - cl h 262 gb 2 , 093 , 027 ex . 217 na . sup .+ h ( d ) h h h 4 - sch . sub . 3 h 244 - 247 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 503 , 073 ex . 418 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 4 - sch . sub . 3 h 259 - 260 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 503 , 073 ex . 1019 na . sup .+ 5 - f h h h 4 - sch . sub . 3 h 241 - 244 u . s . pat . no . 4 , 503 , 073 ex . 1220 na . sup .+ 4 - ch . sub . 3 h h h h h 206 - 207 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 14321 na . sup .+ h h h h 4 - br h 285 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , - 1379 - 1388 ex . 15822 na . sup .+ 6 - ch . sub . 3 h h h h h 235 - 238 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , - 1379 - 1388 ex . 14523 na . sup .+ 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h h h 252 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , - 1379 - 1388 ex . 14424 na . sup .+ h ( b ) h h h 2 - cl 4 - cl 235 - 240 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16225 na . sup .+ 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h 4 - sch . sub . 3 h 225 - 260 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16826 h 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h 4 - ch . sub . 3 h 118 - 120 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16727 na . sup .+ 5 - f ) h h h 4 - cl h 237 - 240 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 17628 na . sup .+ 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h 2 - cl 4 - cl 185 - 188 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 17229 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 4 - br h 264 - 266 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 18230 na . sup .+ 5 - och . sub . 3 h h h 4 - cl h 215 - 220 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16531 na . sup .+ h ( b ) h h h 2 - cl 4 - br 125 - 130 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16432 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 2 - cl 4 - br 235 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 18533 na . sup .+ 5 - ch . sub . 3 h h h 4 - br h 267 - 270 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 17134 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 4 - i h 275 - 278 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 18335 na . sup .+ 5 - f ) h h h 4 - br h 244 - 247 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 17736 na . sup .+ 5 - br h h h 4 - br h 268 - 269 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 18737 na . sup .+ 5 - och . sub . 3 h h h 4 - br h 245 - 250 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16638 na . sup . + ( f ) h h h h 3 - cl 4 - cl 260 - 265 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 16339 na . sup .+ h h h h 4 - f h 260 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 , 1379 - 1388 ex . 15440 na . sup .+ h ( b ) h h h 4 - och . sub . 3 h 230 - 232 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 14941 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h h h 260 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 14842 na . sup .+ h ( d ) h h h 2 - cl h 260 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 15543 na . sup .+ h ( b ) h h h 3 - cl h 259 - 260 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 15644 na . sup .+ 5 - f ) h h h h h 253 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 14645 na . sup .+ h h h h 4 - ch . sub . 3 h 264 - 264 . 5 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 15346 na . sup .+ h ( b ) h h h 4 - cf . sub . 3 h 265 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 15147 na . sup .+ h ( a ) h h h 2 - ch . sub . 3 h 268 - 272 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 15248 na . sup .+ 4 - cl h h h h h 229 - 231 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 14749 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 4 - cl h & gt ; 260 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 18150 na . sup .+ 5 - f h h h 4 - f h 118 - 124 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 17551 na . sup .+ 5 - fa ) h h h 4 - ch . sub . 3 h 239 - 244 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 17452 na . sup .+ 5 - f ) h h h 2 - cl 4 - cl 215 - 217 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 17853 na . sup .+ h h h h 2 - ch . sub . 3 4 - ch . sub . 3 240 * journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 16154 h ( c ) 5 - cl h h h 4 - oh h 87 - 90 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 18455 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 4 - ch . sub . 3 h 259 - 260 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 18056 na . sup .+ 5 - br h h h 4 - cl h 270 - 275 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 18657 na . sup .+ h ( a ) h h h 4 - i h 280 - 282 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1984 ) 27 1379 - 1388 ex . 15958 h h h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h 144 - 146 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1982 ), 25 , 446 - 451 ex . 2659 na . sup .+ h ( g ) ch . sub . 3 h h h h 95 - 103 journal of medicinal chemistry ( 1982 ), 25 , 446 - 451 ex . 1560 zn . sup .++ ( b ) h h h h h h 144 -- 61 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 5 - cl h h h h h 80 - 82 -- 62 na . sup .+ h ( a ) ( i ) ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - cl h 130 - 140 -- 63 na . sup .+ 5 - f ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - cl h 155 - 170 -- 64 na . sup .+ 5 - cl ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - br h 175 - 180 -- 65 na . sup .+ h ( a ) ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - cl h 140 - 145 -- 66 na . sup .+ ( a ) ( i ) h ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - br h 245 - 247 * -- 67 na . sup .+ h ( j ) ch . sub . 3 h h 2 - cl 4 - cl 125 -- 68 na . sup .+ 5 - cl ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - cl h 155 - 170 * -- 69 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h h h 4 - br h 107 - 109 -- 70 na . sup .+ 5 - f ch . sub . 3 h h 4 - br h 162 - 165 -- 71 zn . sup .++ h h h h h h 95 - 140 -- 72 al ( oh ). sub . 2 ( d ) h h h h h h 193 * -- 73 cu . sup .++ ( d ) h h h h h h 166 * -- 74 na . sup .+ h ( e ) h h h 4 - br h 284 - 286 * -- 75 na . sup .+ 5 - cl h h h 4 - br h 261 - 263 * -- 76 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 5 - cl h h h 4 - br h 92 - 94 -- __________________________________________________________________________ footnotes to table i * = with decomposition ( a ) = 0 . 25 h . sub . 2 o ( b ) = 0 . 5 h . sub . 2 o ( c ) = 0 . 75 h . sub . 2 o ( d ) = . h . sub . 2 o ( e ) = 1 . 5 h . sub . 2 o ( f ) = 1 . 75 h . sub . 2 o ( g ) = 2 h . sub . 2 o ( h ) = 3 h . sub . 2 o ( i ) = . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch ( oh ) ch . sub . 3 - ( j ) = . ch . sub . 3 ch ( oh ) ch . sub . 3 - r . sup . 1 , r . sup . 2 , r . sup . 3 , r . sup . 4 , r . sup . 5 , x and y are as in formula i . ______________________________________cream preparation - formula a ( natural ph = 7 . 0 ). see footnotes . weight , ingredient grams______________________________________1 . oil phase composition methyl glucose sesquistearate . sup . ( a ) 16 . 0 methyl gluceth - 20 sesquistearate . sup . ( b ) 24 . 0 methyl gluceth - 20 . sup . ( c ) 40 . 0 acetylated lanolin . sup . ( d ) 20 . 0 cetearyl alcohol . sup . ( e ) 50 . 0 emulsifying wax , n . f .. sup . ( f ) 50 . 0 heavy mineral oil . sup . ( g ) 10 . 0 white petrolatum u . s . p .. sup . ( h ) 50 . 0 glyceryl monostearate . sup . ( i ) 50 . 0 stearic acid , n . f .. sup . ( j ) 25 . 02 . water phase composition 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester *. sup . ( k ) 1 . 8 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester . sup . ( l ) 0 . 2 magnesium aluminum silicate . sup . ( m ) 15 . 0 deionized water 648 . 0 total 1000 . 03 . active agent variable______________________________________ mix oil phase ingredients ( 1 . above ) and warm to 80 ° c . until the mixture melts . separately , warm preservatives and water to 85 ° c . to dissolve and add and disperse the magnesium aluminum silicate to form the water phase ( 2 . above ). add the water phase to stirred oil phase at 85 ° c . to obtain oil - in - water - based cream . evenly disperse active agent in desired proportion , usually up to 6 wt % in the cream . ______________________________________cream preparation - formula b ( ph adjusted to 3 . 5 ). see footnotes . weight , ingredients grams______________________________________1 . oil phase same as formula a same as formula a ( 335 . 0 g ) 2 . water phase sodium benzoate ** 1 . 0 sodium propionate ** 1 . 0 deionized water 632 . 0 magnesium aluminum silicate 15 . 0 hcl ( as 1n solution to ph 3 . 5 ) 16 . 0 total 1000 . 03 . active agent variable______________________________________ footnotes to formulas a and b : . sup . ( a ) amerchol glucate ss ® produced by amerchol corp ., p . o . box 351 , edison , n . j . 08817 . . sup . ( b ) amerchol glucamate sse20 ®, amerchol corp . . sup . ( c ) amerchol glucam ® - amerchol corp . . sup . ( d ) amerchol modulan ® - amerchol corp . . sup . ( e ) crodacol cs50 ® produced by croda , inc ., 51 madison avenue , n . y ., n . y . 10010 . . sup . ( f ) palarwax ® - croda , inc . . sup . ( g ) kaydol ® produced by witco chem . corp ., sonneborn div ., 277 park avenue , n . y ., n . y . 10017 . . sup . ( h ) see the united states pharmacopeia , 21st ed . ( 1984 ). . sup . ( i ) cerasynt s . d . ® produced by van dyk & amp ; co ., inc ., main and william streets , belleville , n . j . 07109 . . sup . ( j ) see the national formulary , 16th ed . . sup . ( k ) methyl paraben , n . f . see the national formulary , 16th ed . . sup . ( l ) propyl paraben . see the national formulary , 16th ed . . sup . ( m ) veegum k ® produced by r . t . vanderbilt co ., inc ., 30 winfield street , norwalk , connecticut 06855 * 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid esters are effective preservatives at ph = 7 . ** sodium benzoate and sodium propionate are effective as preservative under acid conditions . same as for formula a , except the hydrochloric acid is added to adjust to ph 3 . 5 . ______________________________________hydrogel preparation - formula c . weight , ingredients gram______________________________________hydroxyethylcellulose , n . f .. sup . ( a ) 20water 480active agent of formula i variable______________________________________ footnote to formula c : . sup . ( a ) natrosol produced by hercules , inc ., 910 market street , wilmington , del . 19899 warm the distilled water to about 80 ° c . rapidly stir the water to create a vortex and add lump - free hydroxyethylcellulose to the vortex and continue stirring until a smooth viscous gel is obtained . the gel is poured into individual bottles which are then autoclaved at 121 ° c ., 15 psig . for 15 minutes . active ingredient is added prior to test use by levigation . levigate known amount of active agent of formula i in known amount of white petrolatum , u . s . p . initial tests by an in vitro method with formulas a , b , c and d above , using skin excised from hairless mice , involving diffusion tests by a method similar to that described by holland , j . m . et al . in toxicology and applied pharmacology 72 : 272 - 280 ( 1984 ), gave transdermal flux with 1 % wt % concentrations of the compound of example 74 in the following order : formula a ( ph = 7 . 0 )& gt ; formula b ( ph = 3 . 5 )& gt ; formula c ( hydrogel )& gt ; formula d ( petrolatum ). in addition , formula a gave the most reproducible flux . in the kinetic evaluation method the formulations a , b , c and d were applied in separate tests to the epidermal side of the excised mouse skin mounted on a perfusion cell while a culture medium [ hank &# 39 ; s balanced salts solution with 50 mm hepes buffer , ph = 7 . 40 ( flow laboratories , dublin , va .) gassed with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 at 37 ° c . and protected with antibiotics ] was pumped through the perfusion chamber against the dermal side of the skin at 2 ml / hr . perfusate samples were collected for 18 hr . the net μg of compound ( ex . 74 ) transferred to the perfusate was plotted versus time to give a sigmoidal curve . the linear portion of the curve was determined by inspection and the slope and intercepts of this line segment was calculated by linear regression analysis . from this and the known area of skin , the flux of the drug was calculated and results given in table 2 . table 2______________________________________transdermal flux of compound of example 74using hairless mouse skinformulation flux , μg / hr / cm . sup . 2 ( a ) ______________________________________formula a ( ph = 7 . 0 ) 0 . 52 ± 0 . 01formula b ( ph = 3 . 5 ) 0 . 37 ± 0 . 20formula c ( hydrogel ) 0 . 18 ± 0 . 02formula d ( petrolatum ) 0 . 07 ± 0 . 02______________________________________ . sup . ( a ) linear period of permeation . mean ± standard deviation , n = 2 on the day prior to the test , an area of about 1 &# 34 ;× 1 &# 34 ; of the lower back just above the tail of each of the rats was shaved and depilated with the commercially available hair removal preparation -- nair ®. the rats were returned to the vivarium for feed and water . the following day each rat was weighed and the volume of the left hind limb recorded . the rats were randomized into groups . creams were applied in the following manner : 0 . 2 ml of the cream vehicle ( control -- no active agent ) or formulation containing active ingredient was rubbed thoroughly onto the shaved depilated area of the rat &# 39 ; s back for 10 - 15 seconds . the rats were immediately placed into plexiglass observation cylinders to restrict movement so as to prohibit accidental oral ingestion of the cream . the rats were then placed in a quiet room for 4 hr . four hours after dosing , 0 . 1 ml of 1 % carrageenan was injected into the left hind limb of each rat . the rats were returned to their observation cylinders and placed in the quiet room for an additional 3 hr time , after which the volume of the left hind limb was determined . the degree of edema was determined by subtracting limb volume at 0 time from the volume determined 3 hr after carrageenan injection . two tail dunnett &# 39 ; s t - tests were used to compare the edema of the treated groups with the appropriate controls ( dunnet , c . w . ( 1955 ); j . am . stat . assoc . 50 : 1096 - 1121 ). several compounds of formula i were mixed with the creams as prepared above so as to obtain cream containing 3 . 2 weight percent of each compound based on the weight of free acid or the ester . rats in groups of 6 ( randomized ) were each treated with 0 . 2 ml of the cream containing the compound using the foregoing carrageenan induced rat - paw edema test . the control rats were treated with cream having no test compound . results are in table 3 . table 3______________________________________carrageenan - induced rat - paw edema study - various compounds in transdermaladministrationtest measurementcompound cream of edema ( example formula at 3 hr . % signi - no .) formula . sup . ( a ) ( ml ± s . d .) change ficance______________________________________control b , ph = 3 . 5 0 . 98 ± 0 . 18 -- 74 . sup . ( b )( c ) b , ph = 3 . 5 0 . 38 ± 0 . 18 - 61 p = & lt ; 0 . 05control b , ph = 3 . 5 0 . 86 ± 0 . 30 -- 74 . sup . ( b )( c ) b , ph = 3 . 5 0 . 48 ± 0 . 17 - 44 p = & lt ; 0 . 05control a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 82 ± 0 . 13 -- 75 . sup . ( b )( c ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 47 ± 0 . 21 - 43 p = & lt ; 0 . 05control a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 80 ± 0 . 28 -- 75 . sup . ( b )( c ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 20 ± 0 . 15 - 75 p = & lt ; 0 . 05control a , ph 7 . 0 0 . 93 ± 0 . 32 -- 5 . sup . ( b ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 27 ± 0 . 18 - 71 p = & lt ; 0 . 0519 . sup . ( b )( c ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 55 ± 0 . 14 - 41 p = & lt ; 0 . 0555 . sup . ( b )( c ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 33 ± 0 . 20 - 64 p = & lt ; 0 . 0557 . sup . ( b )( c ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 40 ± 0 . 14 - 57 p = & lt ; 0 . 0569 . sup . ( b ) a , ph = 7 . 0 0 . 50 ± 0 . 20 - 46 p = & lt ; 0 . 05______________________________________ . sup . ( a ) 0 . 2 ml of cream . . sup . ( b ) cream contains 3 . 2 % by weight of compound . . sup . ( c ) calculated on the basis of free acid . in addition , one preferred compound was tested further using the foregoing carrageenan - induced rat - paw edema test at various concentrations in the cream of formula b ( ph = 3 . 5 ). results are in table 4 . table 4______________________________________carrageenan - induced rat - paw edema study - varied concentration of 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromo - benzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid , sodium salt hydratetransdermal application concentration of test compoundtest in cream dose , 3 hr . edema , % compound % ( w / w ). sup . ( a ) mg / kg ml ± s . d . change______________________________________control -- -- 0 . 98 ± 0 . 18 -- ex . 74 3 . 16 36 . 5 0 . 38 ± 0 . 18 . sup . ( b ) - 61 &# 34 ; 1 . 0 11 . 9 0 . 42 ± 0 . 10 . sup . ( b ) - 57 &# 34 ; 0 . 32 3 . 7 0 . 37 ± 0 . 19 . sup . ( b ) - 62 &# 34 ; 0 . 10 1 . 1 0 . 42 ± 0 . 21 . sup . ( b ) - 57 &# 34 ; 0 . 032 0 . 37 0 . 73 ± 0 . 33 - 26control -- -- 0 . 86 ± 0 . 34 -- ex . 74 3 . 16 31 . 5 0 . 48 ± 0 . 17 . sup . ( b ) - 44 &# 34 ; 1 . 0 10 . 3 0 . 37 ± 0 . 05 . sup . ( b ) - 57 &# 34 ; 0 . 32 3 . 0 0 . 42 ± 0 . 15 . sup . ( b ) - 52 &# 34 ; 0 . 10 0 . 94 0 . 55 ± 0 . 20 - 36 &# 34 ; 0 . 032 0 . 32 1 . 05 ± 0 . 22 + 22 &# 34 ; 0 . 01 0 . 10 0 . 88 ± 0 . 33 + 3______________________________________ . sup . ( a ) calculated on the basis of the free acid . . sup . ( b ) significantly different from the control ; p & lt ; 0 . 05 , dunnetts &# 39 ; ttest . in another comparative study , using the carrageenan - induced rat - paw - edema test , the compound of example 74 in formula b cream , above ( ph = 3 . 5 ) was found to be about as active applied dermally as it was orally for a given dose , whereas indomethacin was found to be markedly less active when applied dermally than when given orally for a given dose . the compound of example 74 , applied dermally to rats , was more active against the edema than indomethacin applied dermally or orally . active agent was incorporated into the cream described under formual a above ( ph = 7 . 0 ) at various concentrations calculated on a free acid basis . mice were prepared for the test by shaving an area measuring 3 / 4 &# 34 ;× 3 / 4 &# 34 ; on their backs behind their heads and then depilating with nair ®, a cosmetic hair remover . the mice were given free access to feed and water prior to the experiment . on the following day the mice were weighed and fitted with a cardboard collar ( 13 / 4 &# 34 ;× 13 / 4 &# 34 ; with a 1 / 2 &# 34 ; hole in the center ) around the neck to prevent ingestion of applied compounds . the mice were randomized into groups of 10 using random tables generated by the ibm scrambler . a table of random permutations of blocks of order 3 was used to select the control and treated groups . the randomized mice were fed and placed in individual observation cages 1 hr prior to application of 50 microliters of the cream ( by rubbing onto the skin for approximately 10 seconds ). the mice acting as controls were treated with cream having no test compound in it . four hours after the application of the cream to the depilated area , acetylcholine bromide was injected intraperitoneally at 6 mg / kg ( 10 ml / kg in saline ) with a plastic syringe with a 5 / 8 inch , 25 - gauge disposable needle . each mouse was immediately placed under an inverted 1 liter beaker and observed for 3 minutes for the presence of abdominal constriction . if no abdominal constriction was observed during this period , the response was considered blocked . ed 50 and 95 % confidence limits were determined by computer using a probit analysis method . ten mice were used at each concentration , including controls . the following results in table 5 were obtained using the foregoing method using the cream of formula a ( ph = 7 . 0 ) as described above having mixed therein the compound of example 74 in comparison to controls wherein no test compound was present . table 5______________________________________dose relationship of dermally appliedcream containing 2 - amino - 3 -( 4 - bromobenzoyl ) benzeneacetic acid sodium salt hydrateto analgetic effect . sup . ( a ) ed . sub . 50 as % concentrationcompound used concentration of agent inin ph = 7 . 0 cream of agent cream ( 95 %( formula a ) in 50 μl cream % confidencevehicle wt . % block limits ) ______________________________________control ( cream 0 0only ) ex . 74 0 . 01 0 0 . 032 20 0 . 128 0 . 10 60 0 . 32 80 ( 0 . 06 - 0 . 29 ) 1 . 0 80 3 . 16 90______________________________________ . sup . ( a ) 4 hr pretreatment time with cream prior to challenge with acetylcholine bromide . pharmaceutical compositions for transdermal administration to animals and humans are comprised of at least one of the compounds of formula i as active agent and a carrier which is not unduly destabilizing to the active agent and which is non - toxic to the skin and allows delivery of the agent for systemic absorption into the blood stream via the skin . the carrier may take any number of different forms such as creams and ointments , pastes , gels and occlusive devices . as stated above , the carrier should not be unduly destabilizing to the active agent . inasmuch as the 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acids and esters thereof tend to degrade to benzoyl - indolin - 2 - ones under acidic conditions , low ph of the carrier + active agent should be avoided . considering also that high ph above about 8 is irritating to the skin , the ph of the pharmaceutical composition is ideally between about 6 . 5 and about 8 . 0 . therefore , a ph of about 6 . 5 to about 8 . 0 is preferred . most preferably the ph of the carrier plus active agent is about 7 . 0 . the creams and ointments may be viscous liquid at semisolid emulsions of either the oil - in - water or water - in - oil type , preferably the oil - in - water type . pastes comprised of absorptive powders dispersed in petroleum or hydrophilic petroleum containing the active agent may be used . various gels known in the art and illustrated by formula c above are suitable carriers . a variety of types of occlusive devices ( plasters ) may be used to release active agents of formula i to the skin of animals and humans . one type of device may be comprised of an impermeable outer backing covering the top and sides of a reservoir containing the active agent in the form of creams , ointments , and the like , a semipermeable membrane ( release control membrane ) across the bottom of the reservoir and a contact adhesive on the edges of the sides around the reservoir formed by the outer backing and an impermeable peel strip over the semipermeable membrane and against the adhesive edges . such an occlusive device is illustrated in physicians &# 39 ; desk reference , 39th ed . ( 1985 ), pages 873 - 874 . silicone membrane may be suitably employed as the semipermeable membrane . another type of suitable occlusive device may have a reservoir comprised of a firmer matrix containing the active agent of formula i , which act as a reservoir and eliminates the need for a semipermeable membrane , i . e ., the matrix acts as a reservoir and a release controlling system combined . the device will have an impermeable membrane over the top and sides and a contact adhesive on the edges of the sides around the reservoir . one such matrix is provided by a mixture of glycerine , water , lactose , polyvinyl alcohol , polyvinyl pyrrolidinone and preservatives comparable for one system used for delivery of nitroglycerine . see physicians &# 39 ; desk reference , 39th ed . ( 1985 ), page 1050 . still another type of occlusive device may be comprised of an impermeable outer backing over an adhesive which contains the active ingredient of formula i and an impermeable peal strip over the adhesive . in this type the drug is dispensed from the adhesive . the occlusive devices may be attached to the skin in any outer part of the body , preferably so as not to interfere with movement of appendages . likewise , creams and ointments may be applied to the skin in any part of the body . any of the carriers may contain penetration enhancers , i . e ., materials that have a direct effect on the permeability of the skin . the preferred creams formulas a and b contain a large amount of water which is one type of penetration enhancer . other suitable penetration enhancers are eugenol , dimethylformamide , dimethylsulfoxide , dimethylacetamide , n , n - diethyl - m - toluamide ( deet ) and 1 - dodecylazacycloheptan - 2 - one ( azone advantageously , the compositions are formulated or dispensed as dosage units , each unit being adapted to supply a fixed dose of active ingredients . unit doses of creams or ointments may be supplied in small packets , e . g ., sealed foil packets , which may be torn open on an end and material in carrier squeezed out or measured from a tube . the occlusive devices as described above automatically become unit dosages . it is only necessary that the active ingredient constitute an effective amount , i . e ., such that a suitable effective dosage will be consistent with the dosage form employed . the exace individual dosages , as well as daily dosages , will of course be determined according to standard medical principles under the direction of a physician or veterinarian . based on limited tests with animals , for example , formula a above , application of a cream ( ph 6 . 5 - 8 . 0 ) containing 3 to 6 wt % active agent ( formula i ) in the amount so as to contain a total of 50 - 300 mg for an adult human and spread over 5 - 15 cm 2 area of skin will be sufficient to relieve pain and inflammation starting at 4 hr after administration and up to 72 hr . administration contemplated is once every 2 - 4 days . delivery of similar amounts by other vehicles and occlusion devices as unit dosages is contemplated . however , the scope of the invention is not to be limited by these contemplations due to uncertainty in transposing from animal data .
a method is disclosed for treating pain and / or inflammation by transdermal administration of 2 - amino - 3 - benzoylbenzeneacetic acids , salts and esters having the formula ## str1 ## wherein r 1 is hydrogen , loweralkyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation ; r 2 is hydrogen , halogen , loweralkyl or loweralkoxy ; r 3 , r 4 and r 5 are hydrogen or loweralkyl ; x is hydrogen , halogen , loweralkyl , hydroxy , loweralkoxy , nitro , trifluoromethyl or loweralkylthio ; y is hydrogen , loweralkyl , loweralkoxy , nitro or trifluoromethyl and hydrates and alcoholates thereof .