all of the cox - 1 inhibitors described herein have been well known in the art for many years and may be either purchased commercially or synthesized using standard methods . similarly , a variety of thromboxane a2 receptor antagonists have been disclosed and methods for synthesizing these compounds have been described for bicycloheptane substituted prostaglandin analogs ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 100 , 889 ; rosenfeld , et al ., cardiovascular drug rev . 97 - 115 ( 2001 )), benzenealkonic acids ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 618 , 941 ), and benzenesulfonamide derivatives ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 597 , 848 ). any of these prior methods may be used to obtain agents suitable for use in the present invention . the methods and compositions discussed above are compatible with any dosage form or route of administration . thus , agents may be administered orally , intranasally , rectally , sublingually , buccally , parenterally , or transdermally . dosage forms may include tablets , trochees , capsules , caplets , dragees , lozenges , parenterals , liquids , powders , and formulations designed for implantation or administration to the surface of the skin . the most preferred dosage forms are tablets or capsules for oral administration . all dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art ( see e . g ., remington &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences , 16th ed . a . oslo . ed ., easton , pa . ( 1980 )). active ingredients may be used in conjunction with any of the vehicles and excipients commonly employed in pharmaceutical compositions , e . g ., talc , gum arabic , lactose , starch , magnesium stearate , cocoa butter , aqueous or non - aqueous solvents , oils , paraffin derivatives , glycols , etc . coloring and flavoring agents may also be added to preparations designed for oral administration . solutions can be prepared using water or physiologically compatible organic solvents such as ethanol , 1 - 2 propylene glycol , polyglycols , dimethyl sulfoxide , fatty alcohols , triglycerides , partial esters of glycerin , and the like . parenteral compositions containing active ingredients may be prepared using conventional techniques and include sterile isotonic saline , water , 1 , 3 - butanediol , ethanol , 1 , 2 - propylene glycol , polyglycols mixed with water , ringer &# 39 ; s solution , etc . the combinations of cox - 1 inhibitors and thromboxane receptor antagonists described herein are especially useful in the treatment and prevention of peripheral arterial disease , arterial or venous thrombosis , unstable angina , transient ischemic attacks and hypertension . thus , the invention includes methods of treating these conditions by administering a thromboxane a2 receptor antagonist in combination with a cox - 1 inhibitor . these agents should be given in a co - timely manner and should be delivered in an amount sufficient to reduce the symptoms of the underlying disease . preferably the agents are delivered together in a unit dosage form as described herein . with respect to therapeutic agents , it is expected that the skilled practitioner will adjust dosages on a case by case basis using methods well established in clinical medicine . general guidance concerning appropriate amounts of a variety of agents is provided above . however , these are simply guidelines since the actual dose will be carefully selected and titrated by the attending physician based upon clinical factors unique to each patient . the optimal daily dose will be determined by methods known in the art and will be influenced by factors such as the age of the patient , the disease state , side effects associated with the particular agent being administered and other clinically relevant factors . in some cases , a patient may already be taking medications at the time that treatment with the present combination is initiated . these other medications may be continued provided that no unacceptable adverse side effects are reported by the patient . daily dosages may be provided in either a single or multiple regimen with the latter being generally preferred . all references cited herein are fully incorporated by reference . having now fully described the invention . it will be understood by one of skill in the art that the invention may be performed within a wide and equivalent range of conditions , parameters and the like , without affecting the spirit or scope of the invention or any embodiment thereof .
the invention is directed to methods and compositions that can be used in the treatment of inflammation , pain , and cardiovascular disorders . methods and compositions are described involving the combination of a thromboxane a2 receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase - 1 .