fig1 shows a diagram of a measuring apparatus according to the invention . the apparatus can consist of a measuring unit 1 , a storage unit 2 and a display unit 3 . these communicate with each other using wireless or wired connections . some of the units , or all of them , can be integrated in the same casing or unit . the measuring unit is attached close to the human body , e . g . close to the middle . the measuring unit is typically positioned at some garment of the moving person , like e . g . a piece of clothing , a piece of headwear , the neck , a pocket , or close to the middle , i . e . close to the body &# 39 ; s center of gravity , e . g . at the belt . the display unit is typically located in a clearly visible position . it can be integrated , for example , in a measuring and storage unit , or it can be separate . it can also be part of a watch , a satellite navigator , a mobile terminal , a radio receiver , a player , or the like . any calibration data for the measuring device are stored in one unit or in several units . fig2 shows a view of a measuring unit according to the invention . the measuring unit 1 can comprise an acceleration sensor 4 of 1 to 3 axes , a unit 5 for analysis and diagnostics of the acceleration data , a volatile and a nonvolatile memory 6 , a communication unit 7 , and a power supply 8 , e . g . a battery , an accumulator , a harvester or some similar device . the analysis unit can , for example , be based on a microprocessor or a dsp ( digital signal processor ). the memory stores , for instance , user data , calibration data , measurement data and other log data . the communication unit comprises , for example , a transfer protocol generator , a required interface , or a radio transmitter , a receiver and an antenna . the measuring unit can be positioned fastened close to the human body , like , for example , close to the middle , i . e . close to the body &# 39 ; s center of gravity . the measuring unit is , typically , positioned at the clothing of the moving person , like , for instance , a piece of clothing , a piece of headwear , the neck , a pocket , or the belt . fig3 shows a view of an alternative measuring unit according to the invention . if , in addition to the speed and the distance covered , one wants to know the traveled route , a magnetometer 11 of 2 or 3 axes can be added to the alternative measuring unit for the compass direction to be determined for each step , or once in a while . in the solution according to the invention , the acceleration of the cyclic motion of progress is being measured in one or more directions . from the vertical acceleration values measured during each step cycle , a characteristic maximum acceleration a max occurring during the positive half cycle or the acceleration stage and , respectively , a characteristic minimum acceleration a min occurring during the negative half cycle or the braking stage are being determined . as values of the characteristic maximum acceleration a max and the characteristic minimum acceleration a min accelerations are defined , that clearly differ from zero , whereby the influence of the zero point error in the acceleration sensor or of the coupling of gravitation , caused by inclination , on the metering signal is minimal , since they are clearly lower than the values a max and a min . in the solution according to the invention , the characteristic maximum acceleration a max and the characteristic minimum acceleration a min can be defined , for example , directly as the maximum and / or the minimum of the vertical acceleration value from the raw data measured by the acceleration sensor . alternatively , in the solution according to the invention , the values a max and a min can be defined by filtering the acceleration sensor signal a in analogically by , for example , mechanical damping of the signal a in . further , alternatively , in a solution according to the invention , the values a max and a min can be defined by filtering the acceleration sensor signal a in digitally , by means of , for example , an rc filter . in this case , in the digital filtering , the function used in the first stage filtering could be , for instance : a out = a in /√{ square root over ([ 1 +( f / f 0 ) 2 ])}, where f = frequency and f 0 = the boundary frequency for − 3 db and the values a max and a min can be defined based on this filtered signal as , for example , the maximum and / or the minimum of the filtered acceleration value . further , alternatively , in the solution according to the invention , the values a max and a min can be defined by filtering the acceleration sensor signal a in by means of digital weighting . here , the function to be used in the digital weighting could be , for instance : a out ( n )=( 1 − k )* a out ( n − 1 )+ a in * k , where n indicates the n : th sample and k is the weighting factor . further , alternatively , in a solution according to the invention , the values a max and a min can be defined by using a mean value calculated from the measured acceleration value over times selected during the positive and / or the negative half cycle . the time used up for one step t step is obtained as the time interval between two equivalent points , such a maximum , a minimum , or a point of exceeding or falling below a certain value , on the acceleration graph given by the measured values of vertical acceleration . the time t c spent in ground contact during a step is obtained based on the length of time of zero acceleration in the acceleration graph derived from the measured vertical acceleration values . for running , it has been noted that the speed is proportional to the inverse of the contact time and to the force produced in the take off . since the average vertical acceleration of the body is zero , t c · a max +( t step − t c )· a min = 0 , the speed of locomotion v is obtained based on the characteristic maximum acceleration a max , in other words , where g is the acceleration caused by gravitation , f ref is a reference frequency and the characteristic maximum acceleration a max is the maximum value of the vertical acceleration strongly filtered at , for instance , the boundary frequency f 0 = 6 hz . in running , the characteristic maximum acceleration a max of the middle or some other part of the body is a good measure of the speed of progress . for walking , the speed is obtained based on the characteristic minimum acceleration a min of the vertical acceleration , in other words , the factors k depend , to some extent , on the boundary frequency in the filtering of the acceleration data . in walking , the characteristic minimum acceleration a min of the middle or some other part of the body is a good measure of the speed of progress . in the solution according to the invention , the step length s step can be calculated using the formula : and , correspondingly , the step rate or the cadence f step can be calculated using the formula : in the solution according to the invention , running and walking can be distinguished from each other based on step rate and speed of progress . at low running speeds , a non - linear model can be used , and running and walking can be adapted to each other . in the solution according to the invention , the step count n can be calculated on the basis of the number n of equivalent points , such a maximum , a minimum , or a point of exceeding or falling below a certain value , on the acceleration graph given by the measured values of vertical acceleration . further , in the solution according to the invention , the distance covered s can be calculated as the sum of the step lengths : in the solution according to the invention , a single acceleration sensor of one axis can be used , and thus , implementing the calculations of the formulae presented above is a simple task by means of , for example , a microcontroller . this enables a small , low cost , and low power sensor solution , by means of which a precision sufficient for consumer products is achieved . without individual calibration , the relative error , at distances exceeding one kilometer , is less than 10 %. in the solution according to the invention , an acceleration sensor of many axes can be used as well , and that enables , for example , diagnosing stationary running . in the solution according to the invention , a magnetometer of two axes can also be used , by means of which the length and direction of every step can be obtained . there will be inclination compensation as well , since the inclination of the body is more or less constant . calibration of direction and speed can be done by running a straight line back and forth . in the solution according to the invention , the speed estimate suffers a minimal impact from the zero point error in the acceleration sensor or from gravitation coupling into the metering signal caused by inclination , when using the characteristic maximum acceleration a max and the characteristic minimum acceleration a min , which values are large numbers in comparison with those . the ways of progress , e . g . walking , running , and skiing , can be distinguished from each other based on the characteristic maximum acceleration a max , the characteristic minimum acceleration a min , and / or the step rate . in the solution according to the invention , based on the acceleration values measured during the step cycles , characteristic maximum acceleration and characteristic minimum acceleration values a max and a min for each step cycle are defined , by means of which values the speed , the step rate , the step length , and the distance can be calculated with low power consumption using simple arithmetic , for example by using a polynome . the system , even if not calibrated , provides good precision . in order to improve precision , individual calibration can be made for different modes of progress , e . g . running , walking , pole walking , or cross - country skiing . this can be done over a known distance using one speed or a multitude of speeds . by repeating the calibration , errors in speed and distance caused by stochastic errors are reduced , whereby precision is further improved . new calibration data can be added to the old data by suitable digital filtering . in addition , for further improvement of the precision , information about the characteristic maximum and minimum acceleration values a max and a min can be combined with contact time data , with change in altitude and terrain inclination data obtained from an altimeter , and / or with satellite navigation . a complete step - by - step navigation unit is provided by adding to the step data the compass direction obtained from a magnetometer . the magnetometer can be calibrated , e . g . by rotating about a vertical axis . a direction error in the installation can be calibrated away by , e . g . walking a selected calibration route back and forth . absolute coordinate data is obtained by combining this navigation unit with satellite navigation . precision is further improved by combining the navigation unit with a map database and with an altimeter , since plausibility checks of the coordinates and movement can be made based on the altitude and changes in altitude . by using an acceleration sensor signal perpendicular to the principal metering direction , a measure of the efficiency of locomotion is obtained . in the solution according to the invention , characteristic maximum acceleration and characteristic minimum acceleration values a max and a min and / or maximum and / or minimum acceleration values obtained from an acceleration sensor of one or more axes can be used for estimating the speed of progress of a person . the signal of the acceleration sensor can be suitably filtered by means of mechanical , electronic , analog and / or digital filtering such , that the speed estimate is as exact and reliable as possible . in the solution according to the invention , step time , step rate , step length , and distance accumulated from the steps can be calculated based on the speed and the time interval between consecutive maxima or minima . in the solution according to the invention , walking , running , and skiing , or some other way of progress can be distinguished from each other based on , for example , the maximum and minimum acceleration of the middle of the body , the characteristic maximum and minimum acceleration values a max and a min and / or the step rate . in the solution according to the invention , the parameters for an average person running and walking can be utilized without individual calibration of the measuring system . the measuring system can be calibrated by means of individual calibration for one speed or for a multitude of speeds for a certain way of progress , e . g . running or walking . in the solution according to the invention , the calibration of the measuring system can be repeated such , that new data is combined with the old data by digital filtering . the precision of the measuring system can be improved by combining contact time data with the maximum and minimum acceleration data . in the solution according to the invention , the direction of each step or the direction of the distance covered observed from time to time can be determined by combining the speed estimate with the compass direction obtained from a magnetometer of 2 or 3 axes . a magnetometer and an installation direction error can be compensated for by rotating about a vertical axis and by walking a selected calibration route back and forth . in the solution according to the invention , the efficiency of the locomotion can be estimated by combining with the characteristic maximum acceleration values and the characteristic minimum acceleration values a max and a min and / or with the maximum and minimum acceleration value data , acceleration values measured at right angles to those . by means of the method and device according to the invention , a precision is achieved equal to that of the best methods presented above , by an implementation solution of significantly greater simplicity , utilizing one acceleration sensor without inclination compensation . by means of the method and device according to the invention , the complicated algorithms of prior systems are avoided , and low cost , low power consumption , and small size are achieved . the low power consumption of the method and device according to the invention allows a small battery and gives it long life , or even a battery - free solution based on , for example , recovery of the kinetic energy occurring in the measuring device ( harvesting ). the simple measuring algorithm of the method and device according to the invention allows the computations to be performed entirely in the measuring unit , which reduces the need for data transfer from the measuring unit , and thus , the power consumption of data transmission utilizing radio traffic . the small size of the measuring unit of the solution according to the invention allows the unit to be positioned , for example , at a piece of garment of the moving person , like , for example a piece of clothing , a piece of headwear , the neck , a pocket or close to the middle of the body , i . e . near the center of gravity of the body , at the belt , for instance . the method according to the invention is applicable , for example , to both slow and fast running , to walking at various speeds , pole walking , cross - country skiing , downhill sports , roller skiing , roller - skating and skating . the method and device according to the invention can be used for measuring a moving person &# 39 ; s speed , the step length , and the distance covered , based on maximum and minimum acceleration values of the body , given by an acceleration sensor of one axis for vertical acceleration and / or characteristic maximum and minimum acceleration values a max and a min . in the solution according to the invention , the acceleration signal can be optimally filtered such , that the acceleration signal gives as good a picture of the speed as possible . in the solution according to the invention , the ways of locomotion of the moving person , like walking and running , can be distinguished from each other based on the cadence and the speed of locomotion . in the solution according to the invention the parameters for an average person walking and running can be utilized without any individual calibration of the measuring system . the solution according to the invention enables calibration of the single point measuring system for walking and for running . the solution according to the invention enables diagnosing stationary running by means of a sensor of longitudinal acceleration . the solution according to the invention enables the direction of each step and the distance covered to be determined by means of a compass of two or three axes . the solution according to the invention enables calibration of the installation error of the compass by traveling the same route back and forth .
embodiments of the invention provide a method and a device for measuring the progress of a moving person . the method calculating at least one of the following quantities describing the progress of the moving person : speed , step rate , step count , step length , distance and way of progress , based on values of a vertical acceleration of a body of the moving person measured by an acceleration sensor over a measured time .