the invention is directed to devices and methods to support soft tissue at the rostral aspect of the nasal cavity of domestic mammals . as used herein , domestic mammals include most non - human production and performance animals having a nose incorporated into the face , rather than projecting therefrom , that can benefit from a device according to the invention . such mammals include , for example , dogs , sheep , goats , cattle , horses , camels , llamas , etc . a device according to the invention can be particularly useful for an equine , that is , members of the equidae family including horses , donkeys , mules , zebras etc . ; camels , or other animals which are used for work . &# 34 ; work &# 34 ; includes activities such as pulling , driving , racing ( flat , steeple , barrel , cutting , etc . ), eventing , hunting , jumping , rodeoing , trail riding , endurance riding , etc . in general , the device can be used anytime it is desired to facilitate or enhance air intake through the nasal passages . this includes use in the treatment of respiratory ailments in adult or young animals such as foals or calves . for the present disclosure , the devices and methods of the invention are directed to supporting the unsupported region of the &# 34 ; vestibule &# 34 ; in the rostral nasal cavity . the disclosure provides &# 34 ; nasal support devices &# 34 ; ( nsd ) and methods which are suitable for securing to an animal nose and supporting the associated external soft tissues . as used herein , the term rostral refers to that aspect of the nose or other anatomical structure closest to the apex of the nose . caudal refers to that aspect of the nose closest to the poll or caudal aspect of the head relative to the apex . the &# 34 ; vestibule &# 34 ; refers to the rostral aspect of the nasal cavity that is defined by the nostrils rostrally , the incisive bone ventrally , the nasal bone dorsally , the caudal intersection of the incisive and nasal bones caudally , and the nasal septum medially . thus , supported regions of the vestibule are supported by bone or cartilage . the &# 34 ; unsupported &# 34 ; region of the vestibule is also referred to as the &# 34 ; lateral ( free ) wall &# 34 ; of the vestibule . the lateral wall of the vestibule is the unsupported soft tissue defined by the nostrils rostrally , the lateral free border of the nasal bone dorsally , the dorsal free border of the incisive bone ventrally , and the intersection of the nasal and incisive bone caudally . in the horse , the dorsal border of the unsupported region can include the dorsal lateral nasal cartilage and , in some species , the ventral border can include the ventral lateral nasal cartilage . herein , &# 34 ; soft tissue &# 34 ; has its general meaning including skin , muscle , fat , connective tissue and associated integumentary structures . in general , the nasal anatomy of &# 34 ; soft &# 34 ; muzzled mammals such as the horse and camel give rise to unique mechanical problems in supporting the surrounding soft tissues . for example , in the horse , the alar cartilages that are attached at the rostral border of the nasal septum supports the alar fold which gives rise to the blind cutaneous pouch referred to as the &# 34 ; false &# 34 ; nostril . providing structural support for the vestibule of the horse preferably includes support of the alar fold . a suitable support device according to the invention , preferably causes minimal irritation to the skin or other anatomic structures of the animal when in use . another factor considered in providing an nsd for support of the vestibule of a horse or camel is the equipment including saddlery or harnesses worn by the animal when working . generally , &# 34 ; saddlery &# 34 ; refers to bits , bridles , martingales , muzzles , headcollars , saddles and other equipment used with a riding animal . &# 34 ; harness &# 34 ; refers to equipment used with a driving animal . an nsd of the invention , preferably does not interfere with the functioning of saddlery or harnesses and the saddlery or harnesses preferably do not interfere with the functioning of the nsd . it should be noted that an nsd according to the present invention need only engage the lateral free wall of the vestibule . the nsd does not need to engage the nostril . in the horse , for example , the muscles of the nose and upper lip provide sufficient &# 34 ; flaring &# 34 ; of the nostril during labored breathing . generally , the nostril of the horse can expand to provide an opening to the nasal passage that is greater than the expandable size of the vestibular free wall . some exemplary embodiments of a device of the invention and its components are described below . throughout the specification guidance is provided by examples of representative groups , the groups are not meant to be limiting . the configuration of a nasal support device is determined by the configuration of the tissue to be supported and the amount of support needed typically , the unique nasal anatomy of domestic animals necessitates configurations , arrangements or dimensions which are different than that required for a human nose . some human nasal dilators such as disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 533 , 503 ; 5 , 546 , 929 ; 5 , 553 , 605 and re no . 35 , 408 have first and second enlarged ends joined by a narrow elongate intermediate section , giving a &# 34 ; dumbell &# 34 ; appearance . an nsd for domestic animals as disclosed herein , does not use such a tripartite arrangement . in a typical embodiment , an nsd disclosed herein for a domestic animal provides support to the right and left lateral vestibular walls of the animal . generally , the device includes a support layer having a right and left side piece which when secured to the nose of the animal are positioned to provide structural support to the right and left lateral vestibular walls . the &# 34 ; right and left &# 34 ; side pieces can also be referred to as &# 34 ; first and second &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; second and first &# 34 ; side pieces . the nsd is generally bilaterally symmetrical without a narrow elongate intermediate section between the side pieces . the side pieces of the device meet at about the midline of a midline region of the device . when the nsd is secured to a domestic animal , the intersection of the right and left side pieces at the midline region substantially straddles the left and right nasal bones of the animal . the side pieces and the midline region of an nsd each have a rostral end , a caudal end and a rostral - poll dimension . because of the size and related anatomy of the surface area of the vestibular free wall of , for example a horse , to provide sufficient support to benefit the animal , the rostral - poll dimension of the midline region of an nsd of the invention can be substantially equal to or greater than the rostral poll dimension of the side pieces that engage the vestibular free wall . hence , in one embodiment , the rostral - poll dimension of the midline region can be at least as great as the rostral - poll dimension of either of the side pieces . in an alternative embodiment , the rostral - poll dimension of the midline region is greater than the rostral - poll dimension of the right or left side piece . it is foreseen , however , that although an nsd of the invention configured for use on an animal nose , the unique configuration disclosed herein could provide an advantageous improvement in the lift effect of a dilator for a human nose . in some embodiments , the rostral end of the nsd at or near the midline region extends to the apex of the muzzle between the nostrils and is referred to as a &# 34 ; tongue &# 34 ;. this embodiment can provide externalizing lift support to the most rostral aspect of the cartilaginous nasal septum between the nostrils . the structural configuration and arrangement of an nsd can vary in some aspect ( s ) and still maintain the mechanical functioning of a device according to the invention . personalization of the design appearance of the invention can reflect aesthetics , personal tastes , racing colors , etc . the overall appearance of the embodiments illustrated in the present application are not exhaustive of those which are within the scope of the invention . examples of a few general configurations which are ornamental but maintain some or all of the functional aspects of the invention are shown in the top plan views of fig1 a - g , and 5 - 7 . generally , the bottom plan configuration of an nsd is substantially identical to the top plan configuration shown . the side plan view of an nsd generally is substantially void of ornamental features . as used herein , the term &# 34 ; support &# 34 ; refers to reducing the amount of narrowing of the nasal passage that can occur during inspiration or expiration of domestic animals . accordingly , &# 34 ; support &# 34 ; includes some drawing in of the vestibular free wall at the rostral nasal passage during inspiration , but less than that which would occur without a device of the invention . &# 34 ; support &# 34 ; also includes maintaining the position of external soft tissue over the rostral nasal passage in a neutral position . as used herein , &# 34 ; neutral &# 34 ; refers to a state where the unsupported vestibular tissues are neither drawn into the nasal cavity nor protruding externally . in some arrangements , &# 34 ; support &# 34 ; also includes maintaining the vestibular free wall in a &# 34 ; distended &# 34 ; outward position relative to the neutral position . because of the different nasal anatomy present in domestic animals than in humans , the configuration of a suitable nsd for animals takes into account the configuration and size of the vestibular free wall and the anatomical structures defining its borders . moreover , in most large domestic animals , the structural support necessary to support the lateral free wall also takes into account the weight of the tissue supported and the proper leveraging for distributing the weight supported without causing pressure sores or other irritation to surrounding tissues . the size of a device of the invention can vary . appropriately sized devices will typically correspond with muzzle size which can vary with the body size , breed , age , and sex , of the animal . it is foreseen that smaller sized nsds for young animals , such as calves and foals can be beneficial in treating diseases including , for example , upper respiratory ailments . in some presently preferred embodiments , the rostral - poll midline dimension of an nsd for an average sized adult horse is about 5 to 18 cm , and the right and left side piece rostral - poll dimension is about 5 to 8 cm . however , larger and smaller sizes may be used . the transverse dimension of an nsd can also vary . the &# 34 ; transverse dimension &# 34 ; is defined as the length of the device from the peripheral edge of one side of the device to the peripheral edge of the other side of the device . the transverse dimension can vary in a single device depending if measured , for example , along the caudal edge , the rostral edge , the narrowest part or the widest part . in one embodiment of an nsd for an average size horse , the transverse dimension at the widest part can be about 10 cm to about 17 cm . generally , an nsd according to the invention includes at least a &# 34 ; support layer &# 34 ; which provides the majority of the support for the vestibular wall . the device also preferably includes an &# 34 ; engaging &# 34 ; layer for attaching the device to a domestic animal . in some embodiments a &# 34 ; surface layer &# 34 ; can be present to cover the side of the support layer that is away from the nose of the animal when the device is secured to the nose of an animal . some embodiments can also include one or more &# 34 ; pad layers &# 34 ; which can help reduce the chance of pressure sores caused by the device . according to the invention , the support layer provides the majority of the support for the vestibular free wall of the nasal passage . generally , support is provided in the support layer through the use of one or more &# 34 ; lift members .&# 34 ; as used herein a &# 34 ; lift member &# 34 ; can be prepared from any type of resilient material which provides the desired support to the vestibular free wall . examples of suitable materials for a lift member include thermoplastic resins , thermoset resins , shape memory metals or alloys , etc . the lift members can be an open mesh or solid material . of the thermoplastic resins , a variety of thermoplastic films can be used , including , for example , poly ( acrylonitrile - co - butadiene - co - styrene ) polymers , acrylic polymers such as the polymethylmethacrylate , poly - n - butyl acrylate , poly ( ethylene - co - acrylic acid ), poly ( ethylene - co - methacrylate ), etc . ; fluoropolymers including polytetrafluoroethylene ( teflon ), poly ( ethylene - co - tetrafluoroethylene ) copolymers , ( tetrafluoroethylene - co - propylene ) copolymers , polyvinyl fluoride polymers , etc ., polyamides such as nylon 6 , nylon 6 , 6 , etc . ; polycarbonates ; polyesters such as poly ( ethylene - co - terephthalate ), poly ( ethylene - co - 1 , 4naphthalene dicarboxylate ), poly ( butylene - co - terephthalate ); polyimide materials ; polyethylene materials including low density polyethylene ; linear low density polyethylene , high density polyethylene , high molecular weight high density polyethylene , etc . ; polypropylene , biaxially oriented polypropylene ; polystyrene , biaxially oriented polystyrene ; vinyl films including polyvinyl chloride , ( vinyl chloride - co - vinyl acetate ) copolymers , polyvinylidene chloride , polyvinyl alcohol , ( vinyl chloride - co - vinylidene dichloride ) copolymers , specialty films including polysulfone , polyphenylene sulfide , polyphenylene oxide , liquid crystal polyesters , polyether ketones , polyvinylbutyrl , etc . a preferred thermoplastic resin is a polyester such as mylar ® available from dupont films , wilmington del . preferably , the lift members are a uniform thickness throughout their length and width . the thickness will typically be selected based on the support needed . suitable thickness for a lift member prepared from mylar ® for an adult large animal such as a horse is about 0 . 008 to about 0 . 020 inches . in one presently preferred embodiment , the thickness of a support member for an average size adult horse is about 0 . 014 inches . the support layer can include one or more lift members . in one embodiment using a single lift member , the configuration of the peripheral edge of the lift member can define the external contours of the overall device . in other embodiments , two and preferably , three or more lift members are used . in this embodiment , a plurality of lift members can be arranged parallel along the transverse dimension of the device . alternatively , a plurality of lift members can be oriented perpendicular to one another such that one or more lift members are oriented parallel to the transverse dimension of the device and one or more lift members are oriented parallel to the rostral - poll dimension of the device . in yet another embodiment , two or more lift members can be oriented in a substantially criss - cross arrangement to form an &# 34 ; x &# 34 ; shaped appearance in top plan view . in some embodiments it is advantageous to provide lift members in a rostral - caudal direction . lift members oriented in a rostral - caudal direction can be located in the side pieces to further support the externalizing force of the nsd . in addition , or alternatively , lift members can be oriented in a rostral caudal direction at or near the midline intersection of the first and second side pieces . this arrangement of the lift members is particularly advantageous for nsd embodiments which extend rostrally to form a &# 34 ; tongue &# 34 ; for support of the soft tissue between the nostrils . the width , length and spacing of one or more lift members can vary based on the overall dimensions of the particular nsd . preferably , the length dimension of a lift member is sufficient to traverse the midline of the animal &# 39 ; s nose and extend to the right and left side pieces beyond the dorsal lateral nasal cartilages to support the right and left vestibular free walls . the members can vary in length to traverse some or all of the dorsal - ventral dimension of the vestibular free wall . in some embodiments , the lift members can extend beyond the ventral edge of the vestibular free wall to a point lateral to the incisive bone . generally , the lift members provide a &# 34 ; lift &# 34 ; effect on the vestibular free wall to reduce the drawing of the vestibular free wall into the nasal passage during respiration . however , if the lift members extend beyond the ventral edge of the vestibular free wall to the lateral aspect of the incisive bone , the incisive bone can act as a &# 34 ; stint &# 34 ; to facilitate the reduction of the drawing in of the vestibular wall into the nasal cavity that is provided by the lift members . this may be particularly advantageous in large animals during significantly labored breathing . it is believed that an nsd of the invention can be particularly advantageous if fatigue induced muscle relaxation causes the vestibular wall to relax significantly , for example , near the end of a race . when two or more lift members are used , the width of the lift members and the spacing between lift members are selected for the nsd to provide the desired support to the vestibular wall with sufficient flexibility to reduce the chance of irriation due to localized pressure at leveraging points on the animal &# 39 ; s nose . in one embodiment of an nsd for an average size adult horse , the length of the lift members can be about 4 - 18 cm , the width can be about 0 . 2 to 2 cm and the spacing between lift members about 0 . 2 to 2 cm . an nsd preferably includes an engaging layer . the engaging layer provides for securing a nasal support device ( nsd ) to the animal . typically , the engaging layer can secure the nsd to the nose by use of an adhesive . preferably , the adhesive is biocompatible and provides minimal or no contact irritation when applied to the external tissues of an animal . suitable materials for the adhesive layer are known . one example of an adhesive containing material suitable as an engaging layer is no . 1509 double sided adhesive available from 3m co ., st . paul , minn . the support layer can mount directly to the engaging layer . however , in some embodiments , it may be preferable to provide a &# 34 ; pad layer &# 34 ; between the engaging layer and support layer . the pad layer can be formed of any suitable known material . one preferred material is a polyester material that allows the skin of the vestibular wall beneath the device to breathe . an example of a suitable pad layer is the product sontara ® ( style nos . 8004 , 8005 , 8027 etc .) available from e . i . dupont nemours & amp ; co ., dupont nonwoven division , old hickory , tenn . sontara ® is a nonwoven , spunlaced , breathable polyester fabric . if no pad layer is used , the support layer can mount to the engaging layer . if the engaging layer is a double sided adhesive material , the lift members of the support layer can be adhered directly to the engaging layer . alternatively , the lift members can be adhered to a non - adhesive side of the engaging layer , or to a nonadhesive pad layer using a double sided adhesive such as 3m no . 1509 , 3m inc ., st . paul , minn . in some preferred embodiments , an nsd can include a surface layer . the surface layer is the layer farthest from the soft tissues of the animal . the side of the surface layer closest to the soft tissue of the animal can include an adhesive to adhere the surface layer to the support layer , to the top side of the engaging layer that may be exposed between lift members , or to the pad layer if used . the surface layer can provide additional support to the vestibular wall and help maintain unity of the components of an nsd . a suitable surface material is preferably breathable and includes a biocompatible adhesive . an example of a material suitable as a surface layer is 3m no . 1533 available from 3m inc ., st . paul , minn . the surface layer can include an ornamental design color , pattern , logo etc . if desired . alternatively , an ornamental veneer layer can be applied to the exposed surface of a surface layer or support layer or no surface layer is present . the engaging layer , surface layer , or pad layer ( if used ) can closely follow the external contours defined by the support layer . alternatively , the periphery of the engaging or other layers can extend beyond the contours defined by the support layer . in one preferred embodiment , extending the periphery of the engaging layer beyond the contours defined by the support layer can provide improved attachment of the nsd to the animal . generally , the overall thickness of the device is uniform . some variation in thickness can occur due to differences in thickness of those regions of the device including the support members and those regions including spacing between support members . however , the thickness of the device preferably does not vary due to non - uniformity of the thickness of the lift members themselves . some anatomical reference points and a few embodiments of an nsd according to the invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings using the horse as an example . like reference numerals represent like parts and assemblies throughout the several views . reference to the drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the invention . fig1 a - g are each a top view of a configuration of an embodiment of an nsd which incorporates the functional aspects of the invention . the embodiments shown are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of configurations that incorporate the principles of the invention . fig1 c shows the several dimensions used to describe an nsd according to the invention wherein letters followed by a subscript &# 34 ; t &# 34 ; are the transverse dimensions including : c t is the caudal edge transverse dimension , r t is the rostral edge transverse dimension , n t is the narrowest part transverse dimension and w t is the widest part transverse dimension . s is the rostral - poll dimension of the side piece and m is the rostral poll dimension of the midline region . bony anatomical structures which surround the vestibular free wall in the horse that is supported by a device of the invention are described with reference to fig2 - 4 . fig2 is a perspective view of the bony and cartilaginous structures of the rostral nasal cavity of the horse . fig3 is a profile view of the bony anatomy and fig4 is a top view of the same rostral anatomy of fig3 . fig3 and 4 do not show cartilaginous anatomy of the adult horse . the lateral free wall of the vestibule is defined dorsally by the dorsal lateral nasal cartilage 1 which is at the lateral most aspect of the nasal bone 2 . the ventral border of the vestibular free wall is defined by the dorsal free wall 3 of the incisive bone 4 . the caudal aspect of the vestibular free wall is defined by the intersection 5 of the nasal 2 and incisive 4 bones . the rostral aspect of the vestibular free wall is bordered by the nostril ( not shown ) which is supported dorsally by the lamina 6 and ventrally by the cornu 7 of the alar cartilage 8 . the medial accessory cartilage 9 and the lamina 6 of the alar cartilage support the &# 34 ; false &# 34 ; nostril of the horse . the cartilaginous rostral nasal septum 10 is shown in fig2 . fig5 - 7 illustrate three different embodiments of an nsd ( 15 , 16 , 17 ) according to the invention . the surface layer is removed in each of these figures to expose the top side of the support layer 20 and the top side of the pad layer 21 which covers the engaging layer ( not shown ). the support layer 20 includes transverse lift members 22 in fig5 - 7 and longitudinal lift members 23 in fig7 . the lift members 22 of fig5 are narrower but greater in number than the lift members 22 of fig6 . in the embodiment of fig2 . the transverse dimension of the lift members range from 9 cm to 14 cm , the width of the transverse members is about 0 . 6 cm , the spacing between members is about 0 . 6 cm and the thickness of the lift members is about 0 . 14 inches . in the embodiments of fig5 - 7 , the peripheral contours of the pad layer ( and engaging layer ) extend beyond the lift members . as shown in fig5 - 7 , an nsd includes a first side piece 24 and a second side piece 25 that intersect at the midline 26 of the midline region 26a of the device . in use , the rostral end 27 of the device is oriented towards the apex of the nose and the caudal end 28 of the device is oriented towards the eyes of the animal . as shown in fig5 the midline rostral - poll dimension m at the midline 26 is at least equal to the side piece rostral - poll dimension s of side pieces 24 and 25 . also as shown in the embodiments of fig5 - 7 , preferably , the rostral - poll dimension of the nsds at the midline m are greater than the rostral - poll dimensions s of the first or second side pieces 24 , 25 . in fig7 the nsd includes a rostrally extending center piece or &# 34 ; tongue &# 34 ; 29 that can extend rostrally to engage the nose between the nostrils . in use , an nsd is secured to the animal &# 39 ; s nose oriented generally as shown in fig8 and 9 . fig8 is a front view of a horse 30 having an embodiment of an nsd 31 having an external configuration as shown in fig5 and 6 ( 25 and 26 , respectively ) secured to its nose 32 . fig9 is a front view of a horse 30 having an embodiment of an nsd 17 as shown in fig7 secured to its nose 32 . as can be seen in fig9 the tongue 29 of the nsd 17 extends between the nostrils 33 of the horse 30 . fig1 is an exploded perspective view of the components making up an embodiment of an nsd 15 as shown in fig5 . according to this embodiment , the engaging layer 40 includes an adhesive surface 41 to secure the nsd 15 to an animal &# 39 ; s nose . a pad layer 42 is adhered to the engaging layer 40 . the pad layer 42 can have an adhesive layer or be adhesive free . in the embodiment shown , the engaging layer 40 is a double sided adhesive such that the top side 43 of the engaging layer will adhere to the pad layer 42 . the support layer 44 includes lift members 45 . the lift members 45 can be adhered to the pad layer 42 using , for example , a double sided adhesive 46 . a surface layer 47 can be applied over the support layer 44 to provide unity , additional strength or a canvas for applying an ornamental design to the device . suitable materials for each of the layers have been described previously . it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made in the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims .
a device and method for facilitating air flow in the nasal passage of a domestic animal . the device is a nasal support device useful for facilitating air flow during rest , physical exertion , respiratory ailment , etc . in one embodiment the nasal support device secures to the nose of a domestic animal to support the unsupported lateral vestibular walls of the nasal passages by lifting or stinting .