the present invention works in conjunction with a standard interference screw such as a bioscrew ( made by linvatec ) or an rci screw ( made by smith and nephew ). the invention provides a jamming retainer which is attached to a ligament . the jamming retainer is positioned in a bone tunnel , and then , preferably , secured relative to the walls of the bone tunnel with an interference screw . more particularly , in one preferred embodiment , the interference screw urges the jamming retainer laterally against , and into , the wall of the bone tunnel . interference between the jamming retainer and the walls of the bone tunnel fixes the ligament in the bone tunnel without ligament necrosis . the interference screw also bears some of the load imparted on the jamming retainer by the ligament during normal use of the joint . thus , even if the interference screw does not create a direct fixation between the jamming retainer and the wall of the bone tunnel , any slippage of the ligament will cause the jamming retainer to abut against the interference screw and thus any further slippage is prohibited . thus , by closely positioning the jamming retainer and interference screw in the bone tunnel slippage of the ligament can be substantially prohibited . the jamming retainer may bear some or all of the load of the ligament , depending on the degree of direct fixation of the ligament imparted by the interference screw ( and depending on the degree of the load carried by the suture ). referring to fig3 and 4 , one embodiment of a jamming retainer 100 is a substantially rigid spherical body with longitudinal bores 105 for receiving suture . as shown in fig5 and 6 , suture s passes through one longitudinal bore 105 , encircles a ligament l , and passes through the other longitudinal bore 105 . once the ligament is snugged against the jamming retainer 100 , as shown in fig6 , the suture is secured with a knot 110 . referring to fig7 and 8 , once the ligament l and jamming retainer 100 are secured , the ends of the suture s may be used to tow the jamming retainer 100 and ligament l into position in a bone tunnel c . once positioned , as shown in fig8 , an interference screw i traps , secures or fixes the position of the jamming retainer 100 ( and thus the ligament l ) in the bone tunnel c . in the event that the interference screw i is inserted just short of contact with the jamming retainer 100 , the ligament l may slip slightly with load applied to it . the ligament slippage will cause the jamming retainer 100 to migrate towards the interference screw i . further migration of the ligament l and the jamming retainer 100 is prevented when the jamming retainer 100 abuts against the interference screw i . the interference screw i encroaches the wall of the bone tunnel c , thus fixing the position of the interference screw i relative to the bone tunnel c . preferably , the interference screw i is inserted sufficiently far into bone tunnel c to urge the jamming retainer 100 laterally so as to encroach the wall of the bone tunnel c , thus securely fixing the position of the jamming retainer 100 ( and hence the ligament l ) relative to the bone tunnel c . referring to fig9 and 10 , another embodiment of a jamming retainer 200 is a substantially rigid spherical body with longitudinal bores 205 for receiving suture . as shown in fig1 and 12 , suture s passes through one longitudinal bore 205 , encircles a ligament l , and passes through the other longitudinal bore 205 . the jamming retainer 200 has a recess 215 , which complements the shape of a folded ligament , as shown in fig1 . once the ligament is snugged against the jamming retainer 200 , the suture is secured with a knot 210 . similar to the jamming retainer 100 as shown in fig7 and 8 , once the ligament l and jamming retainer 200 are secured , the ends of the suture s may be used to tow the jamming retainer 200 and ligament l into position in a bone tunnel c . once positioned , an interference screw i traps , secures or fixes the position of the jamming retainer 200 ( and thus the ligament l ) in the bone tunnel c . referring to fig1 and 14 , a further embodiment of the invention is a threaded - body jamming retainer 300 of substantial rigidity with longitudinal bores 305 for receiving sutures . as shown in fig1 and 16 , suture s passes through one longitudinal bore 305 , encircles a ligament l , and passes through the other longitudinal bore 305 . once the ligament is snugged against the jamming retainer 300 , as shown in fig1 , the suture is secured with a knot 310 . referring to fig1 and 18 , once the ligament l and jamming retainer 300 are secured , the ends of the suture s may be used to tow the jamming retainer 300 and ligament l into position in a bone tunnel c . once positioned , an interference screw i traps , secures or fixes the position of the jamming retainer 300 ( and thus the ligament l ) in the bone tunnel c . in one preferred embodiment of the invention , the geometry of the threads of jamming retainer 300 corresponds to the geometry of the threads of interference screw i , whereby jamming retainer 300 and interference screw i can be intermeshed with one another ( e . g ., in the manner shown in fig1 ) if so desired . one modification of the present invention is the provision of one or more transverse holes or loops in the jamming retainer , through which the ligament and / or sutures can be threaded . in this case , retaining sutures and the suture retainer ( see fig2 - 30 ) would not be required . such an alternative embodiment is shown in fig1 , where the jamming retainer 400 is in the form of a sphere , and where a bore 405 in the upper part of the sphere is provided for engagement of the pull - through suture s . the ligament l is passed through a bore 410 ( or a loop , described below ) that is incorporated as part of the retainer 400 . when the interference screw i is advanced , as shown in fig2 , it will push the spherical retainer 400 sideways and cause it to be partially embedded in the soft cancellous bone of the bone tunnel c . alternatively , advancement of interference screw i may be stopped short of causing lateral movement of spherical retainer 400 , in which case interference screw i will simply trap the spherical retainer in the bone tunnel . referring to fig2 and 22 , an additional embodiment of the present invention provides a threaded - body jamming retainer 500 of substantial rigidity , where a bore 505 in the upper part of the jamming retainer 500 is provided for engagement of a pull - through suture ( not shown ). a ligament ( also not shown ) is passed through a bore 510 incorporated as part of the retainer 500 . referring to fig2 , another embodiment of the invention includes a spherical jamming retainer 600 , where a ring 605 in the upper part of the jamming retainer 600 is provided for engagement of a pull - through suture s . a ligament l is passed through a loop 610 incorporated as part of the retainer 600 . referring to fig2 and 25 , an additional embodiment of the invention provides a threaded - body jamming retainer 700 of substantial rigidity , where a bore 705 in the upper part of the jamming retainer 700 is provided for engagement of a pull - through suture ( not shown ). a ligament ( also not shown ) is passed through a loop 710 incorporated as part of the retainer 700 . the ligaments may be tied to yet another embodiment of a jamming retainer 800 , shown in fig2 . a suture s t is used for towing the jamming retainer 800 through a bone tunnel . a suture s l is used for retaining a ligament l to the jamming retainer 800 . in another form of the invention , a jamming retainer 900 includes two parts : a substantially rigid threaded body 905 and a suture retainer part 910 , both shown in fig2 . the threaded body 905 is tapered externally on one end 915 . the external threads have the same pitch as a mating interference screw i ( shown in fig3 ). the threaded body 905 has a partially tapered bore 920 complementary to the tapered body 925 of the suture retainer part 910 ( fig2 ). the partially tapered bore is widest at the end 930 opposite to the externally tapered end 915 . the suture retainer part 910 has a tapered body 925 to fit inside the partially tapered bore 920 of the threaded body 905 . a ring part 935 ( fig2 and 28 ) is for retaining suture s l tied to the ligament l . one or two # 2 sutures maybe used . the ring part 935 is also for passage of the pull - through suture s t . it should be noted that the complementary taper of the bore 920 of the threaded body 905 , and the tapered body 925 of the suture retainer 910 , helps to protect the knot 940 of the retaining suture s l . tension in the suture s l distal to the tip of tapered body 905 will tend to draw the suture retainer 910 farther into the tapered bore 920 . this will cause increased binding of the portion of the suture s l as it is squeezed between the wall of the tapered body 910 and the wall of the tapered bore 920 , thus resisting slippage of the suture s l and protecting the knot 940 . referring also to fig2 and 30 , as the interference screw i is advanced from below , it first engages the ligament l , compressing it against the wall of the bone tunnel c . the interference screw i also engages the wall of the bone tunnel c , both by threading mechanics and also by compression of the cancellous bone of the bone tunnel c . as the interference screw i is advanced farther , it engages the threaded body of the jamming retainer 900 . as the combined width of the interference screw and the jamming retainer is much larger than the diameter of the bone tunnel c , the advancing interference screw i pushes the jamming retainer 900 sideways . as the jamming retainer 900 is urged sideways , the threads in the threaded body 905 become embedded in the cancellous bone of the bone tunnel c . the engagement of the jamming retainer with the wall of the bone tunnel c , and with the threads of the interference screw i , enhances the fixation of the ligament l via the retaining sutures s t and s l . the two disadvantages of the two - piece jamming retainer 900 are : 1 . valuable surgery time is taken up in tying the retaining sutures ; and 2 . the knots may loosen . thus , it is advantageous during manufacture to provide a means for engaging the ligament . this can be in the form of a transverse bore , as shown in fig1 , or in the form of a bore or loop incorporated as part of the jamming retainers , as shown in fig2 - 25 . the bore can be an integral part of the jamming retainer , as shown in fig2 and 22 . a flexible loop made of suture material such as dacron or other suture material can be incorporated into the retainer during manufacture of the retainer of fig2 - 25 . the jamming retainer can be made of metal , plastic or bioabsorbable materials . although the threaded cylindrical shape , and the non - threaded spherical shape , of the jamming retainer are illustrated here , jamming retainers of other shapes are also possible . although the various embodiments of jamming retainer have been shown to have different shapes , it is to be appreciated that all the embodiments disclosed will function both in the blocking mode and in the sideways compression mode so as to enhance fixation of the ligament l in the bone tunnel . referring to fig3 and 32 , rather than towing a jamming retainer and ligament into position , which necessitates additional incisions and increased drilling , the jamming retainer and ligament may be pushed into position with a ligament inserter li . the ligament inserter li comprises a handle h , a slender shaft t and means for engaging the jamming retainer or the distal portion of the ligament . the ligament inserter li uses prongs p 1 and p 2 for maintaining the jamming retainer or ligament during insertion of the jamming retainer and ligament in a bone tunnel . as shown in fig3 , the ligament l , having been attached to a jamming retainer j , is urged with the jamming retainer through a bone tunnel c . the jamming retainer may then be secured in the bone tunnel using an interference screw in the manner previously discussed .
a jamming retainer for fixing a ligament in a bone tunnel without excessive sideways pressure on the ligament that may result in tissue necrosis the jamming retainer including a substantially rigid body with a bore or loop for receiving a ligament or tendon and a bore or ring for receiving a suture for towing the jamming retainer and ligament or tendon through a bone tunnel . once positioned , the jamming retainer is fixed in the bone tunnel with an interference screw .