female nm pupae were collected in spruce forests near prague , czech republic , and were placed into translucent plastic containers with screened lids and kept outdoors at natural photoperiodic and temperature conditions . two to four hours into the scotophase , pheromone glands of calling one to two - day old virgin females were removed and extracted for 5 - 20 minutes in hexane . nm males were laboratory - reared at the forestry and game management institute ( zbraslav ) and shipped to simon fraser university for use in pheromone analyses . analyzing aliquots of one female equivalent ( 37 ) of pheromone gland extract by gc with both flame ionization ( fid ) and electroantennographic detection ( ead : male nm or gm antennae ) revealed four ead - active compounds , of which only disparlure was fid - detectable ( fig1 ). fig1 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male l . monacha antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female l . monacha pheromone gland extract . ead - active compound 1 ( antennal response not visible in the depicted trace ) 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 were identified as z7 - octadecene z7 - 18hy ! ; 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene 2 - me - z7 - 18hy ! ; 7r , 8s -( and / or 7s , 8r )- epoxy - octadecane 7r , 8s -( and / or 7s , 8r )- epoxy - 18hy ! ; 2 - methyl - 7r , 8s -( and / or 7s , 8r )- epoxy - octadecane 7r , 8s -( and / or 7s , 8r )- disparlure ! and 7r , 8s -( and / or 7s , 8r )- epoxy - nonadecane 7r , 8s -( and / or 7s , 8r )- epoxy - 19hy !. only disparlure was previously known as an attractive sex pheromone component in l . monacha ( 9 ). chromatography : db - 23 column ; splitless injection , temperature of injection port : 220 ° c . and of the fid : 250 ° c . ; temperature program : 100 ° c . ( 1 min ) - 10 ° c ./ min to 200 ° c . based on their retention indices , ead - active compounds 1 , 2 , 3 and 5 were hypothesized to be z7 - octadecene , 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene , cis - 7 , 8 - epoxy - octadecane and homologous 7 , 8 - epoxy - nonadecane . rational syntheses of these compounds ( 38 ) and their analyses by gc - ead ( 39 ) at quantities equivalent to pheromone gland extracts resulted in retention times of antennal responses identical for female - produced and synthetic components , confirming structural assignments . synthetic 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane , 7r , 8s - disparlure and 7r , 8s - epoxy - nonadecane elicited antennal responses significantly exceeding those to their antipodes . experiments were conducted in mature spruce or oak forests near zbraslav , czech republic . for each experiment , delta traps ( 40 ) were suspended 1 . 5 m above ground from trees in randomized complete blocks with traps and blocks at 20 - 25 m intervals . traps were baited with rubber septa ( 41 ) impregnated with test chemicals in hplc grade hexane . in a 4 - treatment , 10 - replicate experiment , attractiveness of 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) to nm males increased with increasing proportions ( 0 . 1 , 1 or 10 μg ) of 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( fig2 ). fig2 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . monacha males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure alone ( 10 μg ) or in combination with 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 2 me - z7 - 18hy ) at increasing proportions ( 0 . 1 , 1 or 10 μg ). spruce forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 22 - 23 jul ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; anova on data transformed by log 10 ( x + 1 ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) in binary combination with 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ) was significantly more attractive to nm males than 7r , 8s - disparlure alone ( fig3 ). fig3 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . monacha males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) alone or in binary and ternary combinations with 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 10 μg ) and z7 - 18hy ( 10 μg ). spruce forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 24 - 26 jul ., 1995 ; 20 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) in ternary combination with 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 1 μg ) and 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 1 μg ) was significantly more attractive to nm males than 7r , 8s - disparlure alone or than binary combinations of disparlure with either of these compounds ( fig4 ). fig4 illustrates graphical data of cumulative captures of l . monacha males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) alone or in binary and ternary combinations with 2me - z7 - 18hy ( 1 μg ) and 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 1 μg ). oak forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 25 - 28 jul ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars in each horizontal row superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ); & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . the blend of 7r , 8s - disparlure , 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene and 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane at a 10 : 1 : 10 ratio ( μg ) was significantly more attractive to nm males than ternary blends of these compounds at different ratios ( fig5 ). fig5 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . monacha males in traps baited with ternary blends of 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ), 2me - z7 - 18hy ( 1 or 10 μg ) and 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 1 or 10 μg ). spruce forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 30 - 31 jul ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; anova on data transformed by log 10 ( x + 1 ) ( 42 ); p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ), but not its antipode ( 10 μg ) enhanced attractiveness of 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) plus 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 1 μg ) to nm males ( fig6 ). fig6 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . monacha males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) and 2me - z7 - 18hy ( 1 μg ) plus either 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 10 μg ), 7s , 8r - epoxy - 18hy ( 10 μg ) or both ( 10 μg each ). spruce forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 2 - 3 aug ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; anova on data transformed by log 10 ( x + 1 ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . superior attractiveness to nm males of 7r , 8s - disparlure in ternary combination with 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 1 μg ) and 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ) was confirmed in a final nm experiment ( fig7 ). fig7 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . monacha and l . dispar males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) alone and in binary and ternary combination with 2me - z7 - 18hy ( 1 μg ) and 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 10 μg ). spruce forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 2 - 4 aug ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars in each horizontal row superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . in a 5 - replicate experiment , a blend of 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ), 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ) and 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 1 μg ) and a blend of racemic disparlure ( 20 μg ), 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ), 7s , 8r - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ) and 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 1 μg ) attracted on average 14 . 6 and 12 . 2 nm males , respectively ( u - test , mann - whitney test ), p & gt ; 0 . 05 ). this difference in trap catches was statistically not significant , suggesting that chiral and racemic epoxides were equally effective in attracting nm . 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene and 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane in combination enhanced attractiveness of rs - disparlure for nm males but reduced response of gm males ( fig7 ). spruce forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 2 - 4 aug ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars in each horizontal row superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . sr - disparlure ( 10 μg ), 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ) or 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 10 μg ) reduced attractiveness of 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ), and all compounds combined ( including 7s , 8r - epoxy - octadecane and z7 - octadecene ) completely suppressed attraction of gm males ( fig8 ). fig8 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . dispar males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) alone or in combination with either one or all of the following compounds at 10 μg each : 7s , 8r - disparlure ; 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ; 7s , 8r - epoxy - 18hy ; 2me - z7 - 18hy ; z7 - 18hy . oak forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 30 - 31 jul ., 1995 ; 10 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . in an oak forest , 7r , 8s - disparlure by itself attracted a total of 172 ( mean = 21 . 5 ) gm males and 1 ( mean = 0 . 1 ) nm males , whereas a blend of nm pheromone components attracted no gm and 41 nm ( mean = 5 . 1 ) males ( fig9 ). fig9 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . monacha and l . dispar males in traps baited with 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ) alone or in combination with one , two , three or all of the following compounds at 10 μg each : 7s , 8r - disparlure ; 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ; 7s , 8r - epoxy - 18hy ; 2me - z7 - 18hy ; z7 - 18hy . oak forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 31 jul ., 1995 ; 8 replicates . bars in each horizontal row superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane , the synergistic nm pheromone component , more strongly than its antipode reduced attraction of gm males to (±)- disparlure , but both enantiomers combined were significantly most effective ( fig1 ). fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . dispar males in traps baited with (±) ( 7r , 8s + 7s , 8r )- disparlure ( 20 μg ) alone and in binary combinations with 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 10 μg ), 7s , 8r - epoxy - 18hy ( 10 μg ) or 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy plus 7s , 8r - epoxy - 18hy at 10 μg each . oak forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 4 - 5 aug ., 1995 ; 8 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; anova on data transformed by log 10 ( x + 1 ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), p & lt ; 0 . 05 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . the best blend for attraction of nm males ( compare fig5 & amp ; 6 ) 7r , 8s - disparlure ( 10 μg ), 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ( 10 μg ) and 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ( 1 μg )! plus 10 μg of sr - disparlure ( indifferent to nm ; see example # 7 ) were 10 times less attractive to gm males than rs - plus sr -(= racemic ) disparlure ( fig1 ). fig1 illustrates graphical data of captures of l . dispar in traps baited with (±) ( 7r , 8s + 7s , 8r )- disparlure ( 20 μg ) alone and in binary or ternary combinations with 7r , 8s - epoxy - 18hy ( 1 or 10 μg ) and 2me - z7 - 18hy ( 1 μg ). oak forest near zbraslav , czech republic , 3 august , 1995 ; 8 replicates . bars superscripted by the same letter are not significantly different ; nonparametric analysis of variance by ranks ( friedman &# 39 ; s test ) followed by comparison of means ( student - newman - keuls test ) ( 42 ), f & lt ; 0 . 05 . ratio in the binary blend was based on results in fig5 . compound abbreviations as in fig1 . based on results presented in fig1 - 11 , female nm produce a multiple component sex pheromone blend which attracts nm males significantly more strongly than 7r , 8s - disparlure alone , and effectively suppresses cross - attraction of gm males ( fig1 ). fig1 illustrates graphical depictions of the components comprising the pheromone blend of l . monacha and their attractive (+), inhibitory (-) or indifferent ( indif .) effect on l . monacha and l . dispar males . all compounds may become part of a commercial lure ( formulation ) for manipulating , pheromone - based monitoring and / or control of nm and / or gm . as will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure , many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof . accordingly , the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims . 1 . jensen , t . s . & amp ; nielsen , b . o . j . appl . entomol . 98 , 399 - 413 ( 1984 ). 3 . bejer , b . in dynamics of forest insect populations : patterns , causes , implications ( ed . berryman , a .). plenum publ . corp ., new york , usa . 603 pp . ( 1988 ). 4 . grjpma , p . 1988 . in proceedings , lymantriidae : a comparison of features of new and old world tussock moths ( tech . coords . wallner , w . e ., mcmanus , k . a .). dept . of agr , forest service , northeastern forest experiment station , gen . tech . rep . ne - 123 . 554 pp . ( 1988 ). 5 . sliwa , e ., sierpinski , z . anz . schadlingskde ., pflanzenschutz , umweltschutz 59 , 81 - 86 ( 1986 ). 6 . majunke , c ., haussler , d ., walter , c . beitr . forstwirts . 19 , 89 - 91 ( 1985 ). 7 . wellenstein , g . & amp ; schwenke , w . in schwenke , w . the forest pests of europe . parey viii : 334 - 368 ( 1978 ). 9 . bierl , b . a ., beroza , m ., adler , v . e ., kasang , g ., schroter , h . & amp ; schneider , d . z . naturforsch . 30c , 672 - 675 ( 1975 ). 10 . hochmut , r ., hrdy , i ., kolk , a ., liska , j ., rodziewicz , a ., vrkoc , j . & amp ; zdarek , j . lesnictvi 35 , 535 - 548 ( 1989 ). 12 . jensen , t . s ., forest ecol . and manage . 39 , 29 - 34 ( 1991 ). 14 . mason , r . r . in proceedings , lymantriidae : a comparision of features of new and old world tussock moths ( tech . coords , wallner , w . e ., mcmanus , k . a .). dept . of agr . forest service , northeastern forest experiment station , gen . tech . rep . ne - 123 . 554 pp . ( 1988 ). 15 . jensen , t . s . mitt . dtsch . ges . alg . angew . entomol . 4 , 146 - 149 ( 1984 ). 16 . zdarek , j ., vrokoc , j ., hochmut , r . & amp ; kolk , a . j . chem . ecol . 14 : 537 - 547 ( 1988 ). 17 . bierl , b . a ., beroza , m . & amp ; collier , c . m . science 170 , 87 - 89 ( 1970 ). 18 . bierl , b . a ., beroza , m . & amp ; collier , c . m . j . econ . entomol . 65 , 659 - 664 ( 1972 ). 20 . vite , j . p ., klimetzek , d ., loskant , g ., hedden , r . & amp ; mori , k ., naturwissenschaften 63 , 582 - 583 ( 1976 ). 21 . miller , j . r ., mori , k . & amp ; roelofs , w . l . j . insect physiol . 23 , 1447 - 1453 ( 1977 ). 22 . carde , r . t ., doane , c . c ., granett , j ., hill , a . s ., kochansky , j . & amp ; roelofs , w . l . environ . entomol . 6 , 765 - 767 ( 1977 ). 23 . plimmer , j . r ., schwalbe , c . p ., paszek , e . c ., bierl , b . a ., webb , r . e ., marumo , s . & amp ; iwaki , s . environ . entomol . 6 , 518 - 522 ( 1977 ). 24 . carde , r . t ., doane , c . c ., baker , t . c ., iwaki , s . & amp ; marumo , s ., environ . entomol . 6 , 768 - 772 ( 1977 ). 25 . carde , r . t ., roelofs , w . l . & amp ; doane , c . c . nature 241 , 474 - 475 ( 1973 ). 28 . bierl , b . a . a beroza , m . methods of increasing the attraction of the gypsy moth , porthetria dispar . u . s . pat . no . 3 , 876 , 772 ( 1975 ). 29 . kupper , f . - w . & amp ; streck , r . process for the preparation of 7 , 8 - epoxy - 2 - methyloctadecane . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 036 , 858 ( 1977 ). 30 . eiter , k . preparation of cis - 7 , 8 - epoxy - 2 - methylocta - decane . u . s . pat . no . 3 , 975 , 409 ( 1976 ). 31 . leonhardt , b . a ., devilbiss , e . d . & amp ; mastro , v . c . pvc / twine dispenser for (+)- disparlure . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 324 , 618 ( 1994 ). 32 . payne , c . c . sprayable adhesive for gypsy moth pheromone beads . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 324 , 517 ( 1994 ). 33 . briese , m . w . insect trap for gypsy moth and other flying insects . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 133 , 150 ( 1992 ). 34 . seidenberger , j . w . method and apparatus for trapping flying insects exhibiting phototropic behaviour , particularly gypsy moth . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 400 , 903 ( 1983 ). 35 . browne , l . e . method and apparatus for forming a collapsible trap for flying insects . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 442 , 624 ( 1984 ). 36 . kuchenbecker , m . w . gypsy moth trap . u . s . pat . no . 3 , 885 , 341 ( 1975 ). 37 . gas chromatographic ( gc ) or gc - electroantennographic ( ead ) analyses employed a hewlett packard 5890b gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m × 0 . 25 or 0 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 210 , db - 23 or db - 5 ( j & amp ; w scientific , folsom , calif .). 38 . a detailed description of synthetic procedures and complete chemical characterizations of all compounds field tested will be given elsewhere . 39 . arn , h ., stadler , e . & amp ; rauscher , s . z . naturforsch . 30c , 722 - 725 ( 1975 ). 40 . delta traps consisted of a delta - shaped 2 - liter plasticized milk carton prepared by rg and gg . the inner 855 cm 2 surface was covered with adhesive tangle -- trap ( tanglefoot company , grand rapid , minn .) to retain moths approaching the chemical lure in the middle of the trap . 41 . grey sleeve stoppers ( west company , phoenixville , pa .) served as release device . 42 . sas / stat user &# 39 ; s guide , 1988 , release 6 . 04 edition , sas inst . inc ., cary , n . c ., 27513 .
this invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of nun moth , lymantria monacha and gypsy moth , lymantria dispar . more particularly , this invention relates to the preparation and use of chiral and racemic disparlure , chiral or racemic cis - 7 , 8 - epoxy - octadecane , 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene and z7 - octadene for manipulating the behaviour of nun moth and gypsy moth . a composition of chemicals for manipulating the behavior of nun moth and / or gypsy moth , said composition comprising two or more chemicals selected from the group consisting of : 2 - methyl - 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ; 2 - methyl - 7s , 8r - epoxy - octadecane ; 7r , 8s - epoxy - octadecane ; 7s , 8r - epoxy - octadecane ; 2 - methyl - z7 - octadecene ; and z7 - octadecene .