it should be noted that , in many of the figures , the cut surface created by the cutting tool in accordance with the techniques of the present invention are shown as having already been completed for the sake of clarity . similarly , the bones may be shown as being transparent or translucent for the sake of clarity . the guides / pins , cutting tool , bones , and other items disclosed are may be similarly represented for the sake of clarity or brevity fig1 and 2 show conventional surgical exposures and instrumentation being utilized . fig4 shows a reduced incision currently utilized in performing the current state of the art in ‘ minimally invasive ’ unicondylar knee replacement . the embodiments of the present invention are shown for femoral resection . for the sake of clarity , it should be noted that any combination of the forms of the present invention disclosed herein may be modified or combined to form constructs not specifically disclosed herein , but still within the scope of the present invention . the embodiments represented in fig2 and 30 are outstanding examples of this , as one of ordinary skill in the art would clearly recognize the applicability and benefits of this embodiment for tibial and / or femoral resection in unicondylar or bicondylar procedures , for bone resection in ankle replacement or arthrodesis ( fusion ), mandibular advancement procedures , high tibial osteotomy procedures , proximal femoral and acetabular preparation in hip arthroplasty , and a list of other applications too long to list in detail where reproducible and safe removal of living tissue during surgical intervention is beneficial . fig9 through 98 represent an implementation of the side cutting drill embodiment of the present invention for cutting tools . it is of interest to note that the milling handle shown could further be guided by the pbr guides of the present invention to further combine the accuracy and precision benefits of pbr with the soft tissue protection characteristics of tibially embedded femoral cutting tool . it should also be noted that the side cutting drill with a curved cutting profile , similar to that shown in fig1 , could also be used to attain cut geometries possessing simultaneously curved or curvilinear cutting profiles and cutting paths . in utilizing such , it would be critical that the side to side location of the cutting profile of the cutting tool be tightly controlled with respect to the desired side to side location of the implant as the side to side location of the implant would be dictated by the cut surfaces generated . alternatively , a cutting tool with a linear cutting profile , as shown in fig9 , could be utilized to create cut surfaces with a linear cutting profile and a curved cutting path , and then a second cutter with a curved cutting profile could be used to create a second , contiguous or noncontiguous , cut with a curved cutting profile and / or path whose mediolateral location was closely controlled to result in proper fit and location of the prosthesis attached to said cut surfaces . it should be noted that the cutting path of the second cutter could be located within a single plane , such as for a bilateral femoral component design , or could be curvilinearly divergent from the plane containing the cutting path of the first cut surface . this would be useful for unilateral femoral component designs ( ones which require separate left and right femoral implants ) so as to allow for the implant design to reflect out of plane patellofemoral kinematics and / or out of plane tibiofemoral kinematics most accurately . interestingly , this embodiment of kinematic resection style resection could be modified to allow the cutting tool to be directly or indirectly linked to the movement of the patella with respect to the femur , or directly connected to the patella , to enable cutting of patellofemoral articular surfaces on the femur while moving the tibia and patella through ranges of motion about the tibia . the embodiments of cutting tools for use in attaining this include curvilinear end cutting mills or face cutters , side cutting drills with linear or non - linear cutting profiles , and other cutting tools capable of cutting the femur while engaged , directly or indirectly , to the patella . the side - to - side location of such cutters could be determined by engagement or adjustment with respect to a pbr or other guide , or simply by the natural kinematic path of the patella about the femur during flexion - extension of the knee joint . fig1 represents a distal femur with the cuts shown for fixation to a conventional total condylar implant with the border of said cuts shown in black . fig1 through 146 show embodiments of the present invention for cutting the distal and posterior areas of the femur . fig1 shows an embodiment of the present invention constituting an improved oscillating saw design . as shown , this design possesses cutting teeth not only on the leading edge as is commonly known in the art , but also on an adjacent surface allowing the saw to cut both while plunging in a direction parallel its long axis and normal to its long axis . fig1 through 134 show this in use with a cutting guide in cutting the femur . it should be noted that the two smoother areas surrounding the cutting teeth of the saw are intended for bearing contact with a guide , but that bushings , or bearings could be added to facilitate ease of use and avoidance of debris generation . fig1 through 146 show an alternative cutting means . the small cutting tool best shown in fig1 is a small diameter ( 0 . 188 inches to 0 . 040 inches ) side cutting drill , optionally for use in conjunction with a milling handle ( not shown ). as shown in these figures , a robustly guided cutting tool can be used to cut both condyles when guided by a guide either straddling only one condyle ( as shown ), or fixed to the medial side of the lateral condyle and the lateral side of the medial condyle . these embodiments may also be applied to cutting of only one condyle , and the cutting path of the guide shown modified to allow for standard or improved unicondylar use . also shown , the manipulation of the cutting tool while guided by a pbr guide can include plunging , sweeping and pivotally sweeping manipulations in completing the desired cuts . once these cuts have been completed , or partially completed and finished by other means , as shown in fig1 and 146 , alternate methods may be employed to complete the remaining cuts . it should be noted that methods allowing for the resection of the posterior femoral condyles and / or the distal femoral condyles in conjunction with the proximal tibia already having been cut , provide for a phenomenal amount of laxity of the soft tissues surrounding the joint allowing for a surgeon to more easily complete cutting of the anterior cut and anterior chamfer cut . looking at fig1 , it is of special interest to note that the cutting guide surfaces may be attached to a pliers like or milling handle like positioning device which is either guided manually or by a surgical navigation system to determine the ideal location of the rails with respect to the bone . once the rails were properly positioned , the positioning device could be actuated to cause fixation features ( perhaps small spikes , or a serrated or roughened surface capable gripping the bone to which it is in contact with ) to grip the bone thus robustly fixing the guide in place . it is also of interest to note that this method and apparatus may be used to position the rails along the sides of a single condyle ( as generally shown in fig1 ), and / or between the condyles ( where the gripping surfaces would expand mediolaterally to contact the lateral surface of the medial condyle and the medial surface of the lateral condyle ), and / or to the medial side of the medial condyle and the medial side of the lateral condyle ( and fixed in place using additional fixation features ), and / or about the medial side of the medial condyle and the lateral side of the lateral condyle . in those applications where the rails of the embodiments of the present invention were to be located under soft tissues such as the extensor mechanism , the gripping handle would benefit from the addition of the soft tissue accommodating contours disclosed in the copending provisional patent applications . fig1 to 161 show an embodiment of the present invention for performing femoral resection with an oscillating , radiofrequency , or ultrasonic driver . the cutting tool shown in fig1 and 155 is rotated about the centerline of the shaft within a limited arc of motion , similar to an oscillating saw driver , however the direction of cutting is parallel to the drive axis of the saw driver rather than normal to it as is conventionally known . in this manner , the cutting tool is capable of creating resected geometries closely mimicking natural anatomic bone shapes while enabling the resection of bone through minimal surgical exposures . as shown in comparing fig1 through 161 , instead of creating a flat posterior cut , this invention allows for the creation of cuts with a curved cutting profile . fig1 represents the ability of this concept to be used to simultaneously make all tibial and femoral cuts in a single plunging motion , and that this would be attained simply by modifying the thickness of the posterior femoral cutting portion of the cutter by the amount indicated in fig1 , perhaps making the difference between the radius responsible for femoral resection geometry and the radius responsible to tibial resection geometry of around 5 mm to 15 mm for a unicondylar replacement or 5 mm to 20 mm for cortical to conventional tricompartmental replacement . it should be noted that all of the femoral cuts , and optionally the proximal tibial cut , could be made in this manner and the location and orientation of the cuts would be based off of the guide hole shown in the distal femur in fig5 for making with the shaft of the cutter . alternatively , a shaft or other guide feature could be inserted into the distal femur and the cutting tool possess a mating female feature for that shaft . this invention offers significant improvements in both minimizing soft tissue displacement and intraoperative time savings as compared to the oxford unicondylar instrumentation . fig1 through 168 show an alternate but similar approach to the aforementioned . instead of basing the control of the cutting tool on a guide feature formed or positioned on the femur , this embodiment of the present invention shows tibial resection , and alternatively both tibial and femoral resection , guided by a tibially mounted cutting guide or feature . again , the cutting tool would be driven by a driver similar to an oscillating saw driver , although an alternative power means would be ultrasonically based to transmit ultrasonic energy along the length of the cutting tool to its curved or curvilinear cutting edge ( it should be noted that in an ultrasonic embodiment , the cutting profile of the cutting tool may be other than a single arc ). as shown in fig1 and 165 , this could work well with a pinplasty style guide , or could be optionally stabilized by implementation of cam pin features disclosed in copending provisional applications , and could as shown in fig1 and 168 , be used to cut both the tibia and the femur . it is of particular interest to note that what is described as the inner cutting radius and the outer cutting radius in fig1 could be ‘ thickened ’ as was described for the femoral mounted embodiment to allow for resection of both the tibia and a single cut on the femur in one plunging motion . alternatively , the cutter could be extended into the femur until the cutting profile of the cutting tool became tangent to the intended cutting path of the cuts to be made and the tibia manipulated to traverse a range of motion about the femur while cutting the femur while maintaining the cutting profile of the cutting tool tangent to the cutting path of the intended resected surface . this method is very applicable to the methods and apparatus described in the copending applications referenced herein , especially , wireplasty resection and pinplasty resection . alternatively , a guide like the one shown in fig1 could be used to incrementally form a series of discrete femoral cuts with the femur at different positions with respect to the tibia . fig5 through 11 concentrate on alignment guide and / or drill guide techniques . fig5 shows a manually operated alignment guide suitable for use with surgical exposures similar to that shown in fig2 ( it should be noted that surgical navigation sensors could be used to assist in determining final drill guide location and orientation ). fig6 and 7 show an improvement upon the embodiment shown in fig5 for enabling manual alignment guide use in less invasive incisions by providing soft tissue accommodating contours or reliefs . in other words , for a medial parapatellar incision , the alignment guide is configured to allow for appropriate contact and referencing of the distal and posterior femoral condyles , the im canal ( when not relying on an extramedullary reference or inference of the mechanical axis ) or im rod , the anterior cortex or anterior runout point of a given or proposed implant size ( via a stylus not shown ), and the epicondylar axis via palpitation or visual reference while the patellar tendon , patella , and / or quadriceps tendon is draped over the lateral side ( right side as shown in the figures ) of the alignment guide allowing insertion of the guide when the patella is neither everted not fully dislocated as in conventional techniques . it should be noted that initial alignment indicated by reference of the distal femur may be further adjusted in all six degrees of freedom as a fine tuning for final cut location and orientation . this simply calls for the inclusion of additional adjustment of the location and orientation of the crossbar mechanism and / or rotational alignment arm , with respect to the initial reference provide for by contact between the body of the guide and the bone ( optionally including the im rod ), in flexion - extension angulation , varus - valgus angulation ( rotational angulation and anterior - posterior location are already shown ), mediolateral location ( represented in this embodiment of the current invention by the cross bar mechanism in fig5 where drill guide mediolateral location is shown as being independently and infinitely adjustable ), and proximal - distal location ( as shown in fig5 , 6 , and 7 — it should be noted that this adjustment might be best embodied in an infinitely adjustable slide as opposed to the incrementally adjustable slide shown , and that simple marking would be present indicating the relative movement of the slide with respect to the body ). it may be desirable to only utilize only a medial drill guide plate with multiple drill guide bushings to create holes extending partially or completely across the femur depending upon the manner in which the guides are to be connected to the femur . fig8 , 9 , and 10 show an alternative alignment / drill guide embodiment of the present invention wherein a cannulated surgically navigated handle / drill guide is used to create fixation apertures in the bone for direct or indirect fixation of a cutting guide . as shown in fig8 , it may be advantageous to include tines for penetrating the bone to obtain initial stabilization of the handle in the location and orientation indicated by the surgical navigation system (“ surg nav ”— this term shall be used interchangeably with computer aided surgical system or image guided surgical system throughout this disclosure ) prior to extending the drill , represented in fig1 , into the bone to create the aperture . an alternate feature to the tines shown could be a smooth but thin walled cylindrical edge of sufficient thinness or sharpness allowing it to cut and penetrate the bone to achieve initial stabilization prior to drilling . it should be noted that the aperture , or hole , thus created could be blind or extended to a specific depth , or optionally extended entirely through the bone and out the furthest side of the bone . importantly , this process could be utilized transcutaneously through a small stab wound ( perhaps 4 mm in length ) through the skin to the bone surface , or through a preformed incision through which other instrumentation of the present invention or other devices including the prosthetic implant may be introduced during a procedure . further , although only one cannulation is shown , a single handle may desirably contain multiple cannulations , some or all of which could be adjustably extended into contact with the bone to reduce any wandering of the drill contacting oblique bone surfaces and improve the precision and accuracy of aperture creation ( thus allowing for the creation of apertures in the medial side of the femur , represented in fig1 , with a single surg nav handle — also , the apertures of the drill guide may be configured such that the femoral and tibial apertures shown in fig1 are all created using a single positioning step for the handle ). as represented in fig9 , there is very little distance over which the drill is cantilevered between its guidance within the cannulation ( s ) and its point of initial contact with the outer surface of the bone . this aspect of this embodiment of the current invention is critical in preserving the potential accuracy of surg nav systems , ie ; the navigation system ( the computer and the sensors ) may be capable of determining appropriate location and orientation to +/− 0 . 5 mm and +/− 0 . 5 degrees , but if the location and / orientation of the aperture created represents some path of least resistance in bone which is followed by the drill , the resultant location and orientation of cut surfaces , and thereby the location and orientation of the prosthesis attached thereto , will likely be seriously in error . at the end of the day , if the aperture creation step is not carefully controlled , you will have a very expensive alignment system whose stated purpose is to increase reproducibility , and whose method of implementation compromises this stated purpose . it should also be noted that the methods described herein are applicable to the methods demonstrated in provisional patent application ser . no . 60 / 536 , 320 “ methods and apparatus for pinplasty bone resection ”, and provisional patent application ser . no . 60 / 540 , 992 , entitled “ methods and apparatus for wireplasty bone resection .” it should also be noted that another embodiment of the present invention , represented in fig8 - 92 , benefits from the apparatus and principles of operation outlined above . as shown in fig8 , an aperture and a plane are created in bone which actually act as the cutting guide in controlling the location and orientation of the cutting tool within a specific plane during the creation of a cut surface . in this embodiment of the present invention , the cannulated drill guide will , in either manual or surg nav techniques , be used to guide a forstner style drill bit ( the ‘ guide surface ’ shown in fig8 could have been created by a modified drill with a leading section 15 mm long by 4 mm in diameter , responsible for the pivot aperture , and a 10 mm diameter following section which was about 10 mm long , responsible for the pivot reference surface ) to create a larger diameter cylindrical aperture the bottom of which would define a pivot reference surface parallel to the cut surface to be created , and a smaller diameter cylindrical aperture to form a pivot aperture for maintaining the body of the bushing shown in fig8 - 91 in the proper location and orientation while cutting . importantly , the technique outlined above is beneficially applied to tibial resection or any other planar or curvilinear resection technique as well . fig1 through 106 are an embodiment of the present invention that may prove to be a very usefully alternative to conventional rectilinear based referencing techniques . in essence , conventional alignment techniques , once having established appropriate flexion extension angulation and varus valgus angulation of desired implant location , reference the anterior cortex , distal most femoral condylar surface , and posterior most condylar surface ( indicated in fig1 by stars ) to dictate the anterior posterior location , proximal distal location ( otherwise known as distal resection depth ), and appropriate implant size in determining the ‘ perfect ’ location and orientation for the appropriately sized implant ( mediolateral location is normally ‘ eyeballed ’ by comparison of some visual reference of the mediolateral border surrounding the distal cut surface and some form of visual guide reference ). these conventional techniques fail to directly reference the distinctly different anatomic bone features which dictate the performance of distinctly separate , but functionally interrelated , kinematic phenomena , and they also attempt to reference curvilinear articular surfaces by way of rectilinear approximations . the embodiment of the present invention is an alternative alignment technique with an object to overcome the errors inherent in prior art . as shown in fig1 , the femur possesses two distinct kinematic features and functions that lend themselves to physical referencing ; the patellofemoral articular surface and the tibiofemoral articular surfaces , both of which are curved , more specifically these surfaces represent logarithmic curves that may be effectively approximated by arcs . the one codependency between the two articular functions , and therefore any geometric approximation made of them in referencing , is that they must allow for smooth kinematically appropriate articulation of the patella as it passes from its articulation with the trochlear groove ( shown in blue in fig1 ) to its articulation with intercondylar surfaces between the femoral condyles ( shown in red in fig1 ). thus , knowing that three points define an arc and may be used to approximate a curve or sections of a curve , what is proposed is to use a referencing device which contacts at least one femoral condyle at three points to determine both an approximation of arc radius and centerpoint location , while independently or simultaneously referencing the trochlear groove at three points to determine both an approximation of arc radius and centerpoint location . the referencing system would further need to provide for the need of the articular surfaces of the trochlear articular surfaces to smoothly transition to those of the intercondylar surfaces . armed with this information , a surgeon may most appropriately determine appropriate implant location and orientation . this embodiment of the present invention is especially useful in determining the proper location , orientation , and implant size for modular tricompartment components , non - modular implants , and standard implants where the appropriate size , location , and orientation would be determined by that which best mimics existing articular bone surfaces thus resulting in optimal postoperative kinematic function . alternatively , surgical navigation methods could be implemented in registering these articular surfaces and determining the resulting idealized implant location ( s ) and orientation ( s ) as reflected by the geometry and / or kinematics of the joint . the following patents and patent applications describing various surgical navigation system and alignment and cutting guide systems that are beneficially utilized in whole or in part with the embodiments of the present invention are herein incorporated by reference : u . s . pat . nos . 2004 / 0122436 , 2003 / 0069591 , 2004 / 0039396 , 2004 / 0153083 , 5 , 810 , 827 , 6 , 595 , 997 , 2003 / 0069585 , 2003 / 0028196 , jp74214 - 2002 , u . s . pat . nos . 2003 / 0208122 , 6 , 725 , 080 , 2004 / 0122305 , 6 , 685 , 711 , 2004 / 0153085 , 2004 / 0152970 , 6 , 694 , 168 , wo04100758 , wo04070580 , wo04069036 , u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 799 , 055 , 6 , 236 , 875 , 6 , 285 , 902 , 6 , 340 , 363 , 6 , 348 , 058 , 6 , 430 , 434 , 6 , 470 , 207 , 6 , 477 , 400 , 6 , 491 , 699 , 6 , 697 , 664 , 6 , 701 , 174 , 6 , 711 , 432 , 6 , 725 , 080 , 6 , 796 , 988 , and 6 , 827 , 723 . image guidance techniques typically involve acquiring preoperative images of the relevant anatomical structures and generating a data base which represents a three dimensional model of the anatomical structures . the relevant surgical instruments typically have a known and fixed geometry which is also defined preoperatively . during the surgical procedure , the position of the instrument being used is registered with the anatomical coordinate system and a graphical display showing the relative positions of the tool and anatomical structure may be computed in real time and displayed for the surgeon to assist the surgeon in properly positioning and manipulating the surgical instrument with respect to the relevant anatomical structure . as is known in the art , the relevant dimensional data concerning an anatomical structure of interest , e . g ., a femur , may be determined using data acquired from images of the anatomical structure to generate a data base representing a model of the anatomical structure . the model of the anatomical structure may be a three dimensional model which is developed by acquiring a series of two dimensional images of the anatomical structure . alternatively , the model of the anatomical structure may be a set of two dimensional images having known spatial relationships or other data structure which can be used to convey information concerning the three dimensional form of the anatomical structure . the model of the anatomical structure may then be used to generate displays of the anatomical structure from various perspectives for preoperative planning purposes and intraoperative navigational purposes . a variety of technologies which may be employed to generate such a model of an anatomical structure are well known in the art and include computed tomography ( ct ), magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), positron emission tomography ( pet ), ultrasound scanning and fluoroscopic imaging technologies . in one embodiment , the present invention contemplates a computer - based method of generating a surgical plan comprising reading digital data associated with a 3d ( three - dimensional ) model of a patient &# 39 ; s bone , wherein the digital data resides in a memory in a computer ; and generating a surgical plan for the patient &# 39 ; s bone based on an analysis of the digital data associated with the 3d model . a surgical planner / simulator module in the computer assisted orthopedic surgery planner software makes a detailed surgical plan using realistic 3d computer graphics and animation . the simulated surgical plan may be viewed on a display seen of a personal computer . the planner module may also generate a pre - surgery report documenting various aspects of the bone surgery fig4 through 49 concentrate on mediolaterally , or ‘ side to side ’ oriented pins . although any kind of cutting tool or milling handle could be engaged to these pins , a sagittal saw and an oscillating saw are shown . a wire or gigli saw could also be used in conjunction with the pins or guides disclosed herein as the cutting profile of such a saw affects the same linear cutting profile as a planar saw blade . similarly , any of the following cutting tools effecting a linear cutting profile could also be used : rotating or oscillating or reciprocating cutters , linear milling tools , garrotes ( thin , highly tensioned wire cutter ), powered rasps or broaches , manual rasps or broaches , jack hammers , chisels , chain saws , osteotomes , abrasive wire cutters , oscillating / reciprocating / chain / gigli / coping / scroll / band / circular / hack / jig / sagittal saws , belt cutters , or cutting tools that combine elements of the aforementioned cutting tools . in one embodiment , cutting tools may be plunged across , along , or through the pin guides of the present invention in any direction desirable . the directions of tool movement with respect to the pins include those generally oblique , normal , or parallel to the long axis of any pin , guide , or guide surface of this invention . furthermore , the cutting tools may move linearly with respect to the bone and / or guide , or may be manipulated to move in circular , nonlinear , or ‘ sweeping motions . furthermore , although the pins can have the upper surface of the guide pins having been used to guide the cutting tool to create the cut surface , the pins could easily be located in a more anterior location allowing their ‘ underside ’ to act as the guide surface . this concept could be referred to as ‘ undercutting .’ the technique of cutting while engaged to the ‘ upper side ’ of the pins could be referred to as ‘ overcutting ’ ( a term not to be confused with removing too much bone ). fig4 through 49 show an alternative or adjunct / modular guide for use with the pins . this modular guide could be integrally formed with the pins or seperably attached thereto . the modular guide surfaces could help the surgeon initially align the cutting tool with respect to the pins and / or the cut to be created and / or / also to maintain that relationship during a portion of or the entirety of the cutting process used to create the cut . undercutting is also beneficial in this form of the present invention , as is the split pin , hollow pin , and hollow split pin embodiments of the present invention . fig5 shows that a cutting tool ( in the instance shown , an oscillating saw blade ) could be located , oriented , and / or moved / manipulated along , across , and / or through the pins / guides of the present invention in any manner desired . fig1 and 109 show the distal femur having been prepared to receive the cutting guide forms of the present invention that could be used to complete the remainder of the cuts . beneficially , a single guide could be used to complete all the cuts by being incrementally attached to the bone at the appropriate locations as shown in fig1 , 110 through 118 , 120 and 121 . alternatively , a modified ‘ 4 in 1 ’ cutting block designed to engage the pins of the present invention could be used . the modified ‘ 4 in 1 ’ block could further be modified by being vertically cut in half and having the pins extending laterally of the block to provide guidance of the cutting tool laterally beyond the location of the conventional guide surfaces . fig1 through 121 show a capture feature added to the guides previously shown in fig1 . note that fig1 demonstrates that despite the abbreviation of the laterally located guide surfaces ( to facilitate medial incision based procedure ), the cutting tool remains robustly guided by the guide of the present invention when both the medial and lateral side of a bone is cut . note that this design is shown to facilitate a medial approach and thus the guide has been ‘ medialized ’ to minimize necessary incision size -- if a lateral approach were implemented , a ‘ lateralized ’ form of the present invention could be made available . fig1 through 127 show some of the combinations of the forms of the present invention in use to complete the posterior cut . as shown in fig1 , 125 , and 127 , two pins are located in overcutting mode , while two other pins are shown in undercutting mode . the combination of these pins acts to constrain motion of the cutting tool from traveling beyond the plane to be cut . for the sake of clarity , any combination of the forms of the present invention disclosed herein may be modified or combined to form constructs not specifically disclosed herein , but still within the scope of the present invention . tibial resection in tka can be somewhat frustrating to a certain percentage of orthopedic surgeons . this frustration appears to stem from the high demands upon the surgeon &# 39 ; s manual skills or craftsmanship . the forms of the present invention may help alleviate this issue by providing positive guidance of the cutting tool throughout all or most of the cutting process . also , it should be noted that these concepts allow for implementation with very small incisions . fig1 through 130 forms of overcutting type pins / guides . cutting tool captures are not shown , but could be seperably attached or formed integrally with the guide or pins . it is important to note the extent to which this and other forms of the present invention allow for contact with and guidance of the cutting tool . this creates a very stable surface for guiding the cutting tool . it should be noted that undercutting forms of the present invention could be used with guides or pins of similar configurations . preferably , pin guide members are made of materials that are more durable than bone material and also at least as durable , if not more durable , than the materials of the planar saw blade of the cutting tool . materials could be harder or softer than the material comprising the cutting tool , and in some cases the cutting tool and the pins could be the same material -- this is especially viable for ceramics which have very nice bearing characteristics . certain surface treatments for metal may also be advantageous ( titanium nitride , ceramic or non - metallic coating ). preferably , the cutting tool is prevented from cutting or abrading the cutting guide to avoid debris generation . although pulsating lavage will normally clean any debris from the cut surfaces , the possibility of a foreign body , allergic , or other adverse reaction should be avoided . in certain situations , however , it may be desirable to construct the pin member guides of allograft or autograft bone tissue , such as when used in cortical bone tissue where it may be acceptable to cut the pin member guides . diamond , or other carbon - based materials , could also be utilized , cost permitting . also , the pin guides could be constructed of plastics , liquid metal , or some other form of injection moldable material thereby reducing cost levels to an extent enabling the pins to be offered on a disposable or semi - disposable basis . fig1 - 176 show various depictions of the placement of pin members and operation of a cutting tool in accordance with alternate embodiments of the present invention . fig1 and 173 show yet another embodiment of the cutting guides of the present invention . this embodiment could be described as a hollow , divergent , split pin configuration cutting guide . in this embodiment of the present invention , the divergent angle of the pin axes are set to approximately 20 degrees , but divergent angles of up to 130 degrees are considered to be within the scope of the present invention as are pins that coact to form axes that intersect within the border of the resected surface ( s ) to be created as viewed from a direction normal to the resected surface to be created . one feature of critical benefit to mis procedures with respect to this embodiment of the present invention is the ability of the split pin to incorporate a stop feature ( as shown in fig1 ) where critical structures such as ligaments , tendons , capsule , veins , arteries , or nerves may be prevented from direct contact with the cutting tool &# 39 ; s cutting surfaces by limiting the depth to which the cutting tool may be extended in the direction of those critical structures prior to contacting the stop feature . another important feature of this embodiment of the present invention is the flexibility of the divergent guide that enables the cutting guide to be squeezed by the surgeon to initially line up and insert the tips of the pin features into the divergent apertures and then push the pins into the location desired . it should also be noted that the two divergent pins could be constructed as independent constructs as opposed to the unitary structure shown in fig1 and optionally provide features for attachment of a bridging feature . fig1 , 175 , and 176 show an embodiment of the present invention that in essence provides for the apertures formed in the bone to act as the cutting guide in coacting with a carriage linked to a saw blade or other cutting tool . beneficially , the saw blade and carriage ( hereinafter referred to as the “ cutting tool / pin guide ”) may be packaged together as an assembly intended for single use only , or a limited number of uses , and / or as sterile or non - sterile . in essence , the retention feature of the cutting tool / pin guide enables the cutting tool and carriage components to coact to continuous guide the cutting tool as it traverses the surfaces within , along , and about the apertures formed in the bone to create the resected surfaces with respect to which the implant is to be fixed . this embodiment also possesses an effective stop feature preventing the cutting teeth from inducing catastrophic damage to soft tissue structures . fig1 describes another embodiment of the present invention . the device overcomes the drawbacks of the inability to easily and accurately secure existing alignment or guide systems to a desired location or position , a problem often referred to as the fiddle factor problem . the fiddle factor problem extends intraoperative time , creates surgeon frustration and can lead to implant mal - alignment due to inaccurate alignment guide or cutting guide positionings . an example of the fiddle factor problem in existing alignment and guide systems is shown , for example , in the device by grimm described in u . s . patent publ . no . 2004 / 0122436 ( herein incorporated by reference ). the actuation of the locking mechanism to fix the carriage with respect to the sphere will actually cause the carriage to rotate with respect to sphere . thus in use , the surgeon would attain the correct location and orientation of the cutting tool guide of grimm , as indicated on the computer display , and then attempt to lock varus valgus , flexion extension , and internal / external rotational alignment by way of the actuation of locking mechanism , but in doing so , the carriage , and thereby the cutting tool guide would shift from the desired orientation . this dynamic will force the surgeon to iteratively tighten the lock , adjust the carriage , tighten the lock a little more , adjust the carriage a little more , tighten the lock even more , adjust the carriage a little more , etc ., until intraoperative time constraints would compel the surgeon to move forward with the procedure with alignment that is suboptimal . these problems can be compounded by several additional adjustments and locking mechanisms to similarly fiddle that need to be made prior to making the first cut . simply put , the major problem with the majority of surgically navigated “ anchor - cutting guide linkage ” type devices is that the act of locking the orientation and location of the cutting guide in place with respect to the anchor and / or the desired implant location and orientation actually causes the location and orientation of the cutting guides to change , in some cases radically . as the ultimate objectives of surgical navigation are to improve accuracy and promote and facilitate minimally invasive implantation , the fiddle factor problem clearly runs counter to these objectives . this embodiment of the present invention solves the fiddle factor problem by providing for an elegant locking mechanism that secures a plurality of translation and rotational degrees of freedom in a manner which fails to shift the location and orientation of the cutting tool guide while it is being secured . more precisely , the sum of the force moment couples acting about the center of mass of the cutting tool guide ( s ) by the actuation of the locking mechanism are governed by the following equation : . sigma . m . sub . ( x , y , z )+. sigma . f . sub . ( x , y , z )= 0 ( 1 ), where m = moments about three mutually orthogonal axes and f = forces about three mutually orthogonal axes . the primary components of this embodiment of the present invention are shown in fig1 . these include the anchor , the locking sleeve , the split sphere , the cutting tool guide and the surgical navigation sensor ( not shown for the sake of clarity and will herein be referred to simply as a “ sensor ”). the anchor possesses four primary features , either alone or in combination with the primary components of this embodiment of the present invention . those features include a bone penetrating and anchor stabilizing feature ( indicated as the anchor thread in fig1 and the drill tip in fig1 ), a locking feature ( indicated as the conical lock in fig1 ), a linkage engagement feature ( indicated as the locking channel in fig1 ), and a quick release feature ( indicated as the release tabs in fig1 ). in use , the anchor may be drilled into and fixed to a face of the bone in one continuous or semi - continuous step , or an aperture may be predrilled to which the anchor is subsequently fixed . if pre - drilling is used , a simple template ( not shown ) including a faux guide surface , drill guide aperture , and handle may be used for the purpose of facilitating the surgeon &# 39 ; s “ eyeball ” placement of the pre - drilled aperture ; in other words , the faux guide surface acts as a general indication of where the surgeon thinks the cut is to be located simply based on how it looks relative to the bone based on the surgeon &# 39 ; s judgment / experience to facilitate pre - drilled aperture placement for the anchor enabling minimal adjustment of the cutting tool guide with respect to the anchor . the locking sleeve possesses three primary features alone or in combination with the primary components of the embodiment of the present invention including a drag feature , a locking feature , and a surgeon grasping surface . these features coact to enable rapid and effective locking and quick release of the cutting tool guide with respect to the anchor . the drag feature coacts with the anchor , split sphere , and cutting tool guide to affect frictionally resisted movement of the cutting tool guide with respect to the anchor about 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , or 8 degrees of freedom . the split sphere , in this embodiment of the invention , possesses three primary features alone or in combination with the primary components of the embodiment of the present invention including an articulation aperture feature , a spherical articulation feature , and a relief feature . as may be seen in fig1 , the articulation aperture feature of the split sphere coacts with the articular post of the cutting tool guide to enable frictionally resisted movement and frictionally affected locking of the cutting guide with respect to the split sphere . when enabling frictionally resisted movement ( herein described as “ drag mode ”), the amount of force against which this mechanism must resist movement of the cutting tool guide with respect to the anchor is at least equivalent to the force affected by way of gravity , and in preferred embodiments , is at least equivalent to the combination of force affected by gravity and the force affected by soft tissue contacting the device . when enabling frictionally affected locking ( herein described as “ locking mode ”), the amount of force against which this mechanism must resist movement of the cutting tool guide with respect to the anchor , in a preferred embodiment , is at least equivalent to the force moment couples the applied to the device by the combination of gravitational , soft tissue , and cutting tool contacting forces . to further facilitate the effectiveness of these modes , the internal and external surfaces of the split sphere , and optionally the features of the present invention that come into contact with them , are textured to facilitate robust fixation . such textures include , but are in no way limited to , # 7 to # 20 grit blast , tecotex . tm ., knurling , and other means known in the art for effectively increasing the surface area of a smooth surface . the spherical articulation feature of the split sphere enables both tri - axial rotational and single axial translational manipulation of the split sphere with respect to the anchor and along its long axis , as well as simultaneous locking of those degrees of freedom , and an additional axial translational degree of freedom of the articulation post of the cutting tool guide with respect to the articulation aperture feature of the split sphere . locking is attained by compression of the locking channel feature ( see fig1 ) of the anchor against the spherical articulation feature and , by way of the relief feature of the split sphere , the articulation post feature of the cutting tool guide . the relief feature of the split sphere enables two distinct functions . the relief feature enables elastic compression of the split sphere against the articulation post of the cutting tool in response to force applied to the split sphere by the locking channel feature in response to actuation of the conical lock feature . in the context of tibial resection for the embodiment of the present invention , the sphere articulates with respect to the anchor in 4 degrees of freedom ( anterior to posterior , varus - valgus , internal external rotation , and flexion - extension ) while the articulation post , and thereby the cutting tool guide , articulate with respect to the split sphere , and thereby the anchor and bone , in at least one additional degree of freedom ( proximal - distal ). the second function of the relief feature is to optionally allow the articulation post of the cutting tool guide to be rotationally keyed to the split sphere to enable the split sphere and cutting tool guide to be rotated in tandem with respect to the locking channel of the anchor . in another embodiment of the present invention ( not shown ), the articulation post of the cutting tool guide could be split along its long axis and coact with an articulation feature on the cutting tool guide to enable mediolateral translation and locking of the cutting tool guide with respect to the bone wherein effective locking of the mediolateral degree of freedom would also be affected by actuation of the cone lock feature in addition to the aforementioned 5 degrees of freedom . the complete disclosures of the patents , patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated . various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention . it should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein .
a cutting tool is provided with an arcuate cutting blade that preferably engages a guide tool to create a curved resected surface during an arthorplasty procedure . in one embodiment , a depth of the cutting blade is sufficient to permit the simultaneous creation of resected surfaces on two bones that articulate , such as both the femor and the tibia for a given condyle , without the need to reposition the guide or the leg . in another embodiment , a cutting member has a generally rectangular cross - section along a longitudinal axis with a first and second surface having cutting teeth defined thereon and a third and fourth surface adapted to interface with a cutting guide positioned proximate the bone . in this embodiment , the cutting tool can resect the bone in two different directions without reorienting the cutting member .