referring more specifically to the drawings , for illustrative purposes an embodiment of a heated and cooled chair for energy efficient personal comfort of the present invention is depicted generally in fig1 through fig4 . it will be appreciated that the system may vary as to the elements , specific steps and sequence and the apparatus structure may vary as to structural details , without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein . turning now to fig1 through fig3 , an embodiment of a chair 10 with an occupant heating and cooling system is schematically shown . the chair 10 used to illustrate the invention is a typical office desk chair with a generally horizontal seat 12 and a generally vertical back rest 14 that are mounted to a base 16 . the seat 12 and the back rest 14 can be separate features as shown in fig1 through fig3 or the seat and the back rest can be joined together on one edge . although a desk chair design is used to illustrate the invention , it will be understood that the heating and cooling system can be adapted to many different chairs , couches , vehicle seats or other articles of furniture that support the body of an occupant in a sitting or reclining position . such furniture could include , for example , chairs used in homes , offices , places of business , auditoriums , schools , and vehicles . in the office desk chair embodiment of fig1 through fig3 , the base 16 has a central column 18 that is supported by five legs 20 and wheels 22 that allows the chair to be moved easily . the seat 12 can also rotate axially on the column 18 . optionally , seat 12 can have a left arm rest 24 on one side and a right arm rest 26 on the opposite side of the seat . the arm rests 24 , 26 can be vertically and horizontally adjustable and may provide support for sensors , control features , communication features or power components such as batteries . the outer covering 28 of the structure of seat 12 and the outer covering 30 the back rest 14 are preferably composed of a moisture permeable , lightweight , fabric material . the seat and back rest coverings 28 , 30 can be porous or non - porous to air and can be made from any moisture permeable material . the preferred moisture permeable material of the coverings 28 , 30 of the chair 10 inherently have a very low thermal capacity compared to an insulated chair , and so the conductive heating and cooling sensations that are so important when people first sit down are minimized . the outer coverings 28 , 30 of the seat 12 and back rest 14 may be optionally supported by an internal framework such as ribs or by an outer frame for stretching a mesh or other seat surface material . the outer coverings may also be supported by an inner mesh support 32 , 34 of metal or by fiber strands as seen in fig2 . however , the internal structure 32 , 34 of the seat 12 or back rest 14 should allow the underside of the outer coverings 28 , 30 to be open to the interior of the plenums in the seat and back rest structures . as shown in the side view of the seat 12 and backrest 14 of fig2 , the back of the structure of seat 12 includes an enclosure forming a plenum 36 . likewise , a plenum 38 is formed in the back portion of the structure of the back rest 14 . the volume of the plenum 36 or plenum 38 will vary depending on the dimensions of the seat 12 or backrest 14 . integrated into the chair 10 are one or more fans . in this illustration , three 1 . 2 watt fans are used for an aggregate power consumption that preferably does not exceed 3 . 6 watts . these fans provide a source of air flow into the plenum portions of the chair . the seat section forming plenum 36 has two fans , a left side fan 40 and a right side fan 42 . the backrest 14 has one fan 44 in the embodiment shown in fig1 through fig3 . an airstream is provided by the fans 40 and 42 in the plenum 36 of seat 12 that travels across the side of the moisture permeable fabric that is opposite to the side of the fabric engaging the body of a user . the airstream does not require flow through openings in the fabric to provide cooling to the user . the transmission of moisture through the cover 28 and away from the occupant can be evaporated or moved by the airstream in plenum 36 allowing control over rate of sweat evaporation and removal . similarly , fan 44 directs a stream of air across the interior surface of the outer covering of moisture permeable material 30 in the plenum 38 of the backrest 14 . it should be noted that the airflow on the underside of the coverings 28 , 30 very effectively cools the body positioned on the front of the material . conventional perforated automotive ventilated seats push or pull air through holes in the seat surface and do not use an airstream across the backside of the seat fabric / leather to provide the main cooling of the occupant . this is an important feature of the present invention because the fan system has a much smaller pressure drop and thus can operate more efficiently and function more effectively . it has been observed that the body sitting in the chair 12 does not perceive any air movement , just cooling , because the air movement is on the other side of a porous or non - porous fabric from that contacting the skin . this makes the cooling effect of the invention very pleasurable compared to perforated seats . the back wall forming the interior of plenum 36 of seat 12 preferably has an infrared reflective liner 46 and the plenum interior may also be insulated . a similar liner 48 of an infrared reflector and optional insulation is placed in the plenum 38 of the backrest 14 . the plenum backplane liners 46 , 48 with interior reflective surfaces are provided to : 1 ) focus and / or direct the sources of heating toward the user and to prevent thermal losses to the environment behind the chair ; and 2 ) the reflective backplane also isolates unwanted heating from hot surroundings behind the chair especially in vehicles in the summer . the interior of each of the plenums 36 , 38 is preferably unobstructed by supports or insulation as much as possible to maximize airflow and air circulation provided within the plenum by the fans , and to minimize the thermal capacity of those portions of the seat that thermally interact with the occupant . also depicted in fig1 and fig3 are a plurality of heating elements that are below or integrated into the material coverings 28 , 30 of the seat 12 and backrest 14 . these heating elements provide a source of heating through the covering material in the chair . in this embodiment , heating tapes 50 are disposed below or in the material of outer covering 28 or in the interior of plenum 36 of the seat 12 . the heating element 50 can be activated to produce a range of temperatures . likewise , heating tape 52 is disposed below or in the outer covering 30 of the backrest 14 . the aggregate power consumption of the heating tapes 50 , 52 preferably does not exceed 14 watts in one embodiment . although the heating elements 50 , 52 in this illustration are tapes , the heating elements can take several forms including resistive wires , cartridge heaters and even small reflector lamps focusing radiation from their filaments toward the skin . a control 54 with an interface allows the activation of fans and heating elements and to adjust the amount of heating or cooling as well as the timing of activation events . in one embodiment , the control of the fan actuation and fan motor speeds and the actuation and power level to the heating elements is under analog control with the control 54 incorporating potentiometers and switches for voltage control . one preferred voltage control configuration that is power efficient is a buck converter configuration . the control 54 may be located on the arm rest of the seat if the seat as shown in fig1 through fig3 , is equipped with armrests . however , the control 54 can be located at many different locations such as on the left edge or right edge of the seat 12 to give the occupant easy access to the control and display functions of the seat . the control 54 may also be detachable and wireless in one embodiment . in another embodiment , the control 54 is a digital control . the digital controller controls the power to the heating strips and the fans but does not incorporate a potentiometer in this embodiment . one digital controller uses pulse width modulation to control events rather than by voltage control . another digital controller 54 embodiment also includes a programmable remote control device such as a tablet , smart phone or a dedicated device with an interface that can display and execute control functions , user preferences and chair status . in another embodiment , the chair has both a controller 54 on the chair and a remote control that allows the controller 54 to be controlled remotely by the remote control as well as controlled directly by the occupant . power is preferably provided to the chair components with rechargeable batteries that can be connected to a power supply from a conventional outlet . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , the batteries are in a battery pack 56 that has a socket so that the batteries can be charged while the battery back 56 is in place in the chair . in another embodiment , the battery pack 56 is replaceable with a second battery pack that can be charged at a different location than the chair . although a rechargeable battery 56 is illustrated , any suitable power source could be used in the alternative to provide power to the chair . the control 54 of chair 10 may also be equipped with an apparatus with sensors that measure and collect information about chair occupancy , air temperature , and the occupant &# 39 ; s choice of control settings . this information can be sent through cable or wireless communications to a server or other devices , and can be used to control the operation of third - party devices such as the building &# 39 ; s central conditioning system as illustrated in fig4 . in one embodiment , the chair 10 is fitted with one or more sensors 58 that can be monitored and influence the heating or cooling components of the chair . for example , sensors of temperature , relative humidity , occupancy , infrared radiation and optionally sensors of co 2 or volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) can be placed at a variety of locations on the chair to monitor the local environment surrounding the chair . in one embodiment , a pressure - activated microswitch is placed in the seat to shut off power when the chair is unoccupied . the controller 54 can also have a communications subsystem that is configured to send and receive data from sensors , network computers and remote control devices such as smart telephones . in one embodiment , the controller 54 has a communications link that communicates with a remote control interface that displays the status of the sensors and allows remote activation of the fans and chair temperature controls . the communications capability of the control 54 also allows the chair 10 to become part of a network of chairs and devices that can control the local environment around each chair as well as the general interior environment of the building in a coordinated fashion . the complexity of the network can vary from a single chair and room to many chairs and many rooms or zones . dynamic control over the local environment surrounding a chair is possible with an integrated network . control communications allow building environment management systems to receive command instructions as well as sensor information from individual chairs in addition to the normal thermostat inputs . the integration of such a system with building management systems allows the optimization of the building &# 39 ; s heating , cooling and ventilating airflow based on occupancy , or heating and cooling based on occupant comfort . a network system makes possible automatic adjustments of settings based on the local environment , such as a heating setting which is only active when the environmental temperature is below a selected threshold . one system configuration 100 with one chair 102 is schematically illustrated in fig4 . the chair 102 in this system configuration has a remote control with interface and display 104 . the remote control 104 sends and receives commands and sensor data 106 wirelessly from the controller of the chair 102 . although a wireless control / interface 104 is preferred , a wired interface with a computer can also be used , for example . the remote control / display interface 104 may have command programming for controlling the fan and heating / cooling functions of the chair 102 through the chair controller and can record user environmental preferences such as a preferred temperature ranges . the communication link 106 allows automatic synchronization of control between remote control interface 104 and the local control in chair 102 . in one embodiment , the controller of chair 102 is also in communication 108 with a room or building thermostat or environmental control system 110 . sensor data and on / off commands from chair 102 or remote control 104 can be communicated to the thermostat to initiate or override the thermostat settings and start or stop 120 the activity of the air cooling or heating machinery of the building . in one simple network embodiment , the network is only composed of one or more chairs 102 in communication with a single room or building thermostat 110 . the heating or cooling of the air in the room and the activation of the chair functions can be coordinated according to occupant comfort preferences and local environmental conditions . network connected control of heating and cooling alongside local thermostat settings can be produced via the touchscreen of the remote 104 in one embodiment . in the more complex network illustrated in fig4 , the chair 102 and the remote control / display 104 communicate with a network server 114 . the remote 104 can send and receive command and data communications 112 to the network server 114 . preferences , locations , and specifications of chair 102 can be uploaded 112 to the network server 114 through the remote control / display 104 . the chair 102 can also send and receive data and command communications 116 directly with the network server hub 114 so that the activity of the chair 102 can be specifically controlled by the server 114 . the network server 114 preferably has programming that directly or indirectly controls the building heating and cooling systems 122 and the individual chair system activity based on the local sensor data and preference commands from chairs that are in communication with the server 114 . for example , the network server 114 could send command communications 118 to the building thermostat 110 to signal 120 the building air cooling or heating system 122 to activate or deactivate and provide temperature modified air to the location of a specific chair 102 for a specific duration or until the chair sensors indicate a preferred room temperature has been reached . at the same time , the programming of the server 114 can communicate commands 116 to chair 102 to activate fans or heating elements according to selected preferences until a selected chair temperature has been achieved . the sensor data from each of the chairs 102 and from the thermostat or other environment management system 110 can be monitored or sampled periodically by the programming of server 114 . in this embodiment , the server programming initiates the activity of the chair to heat or cool the chair when condition parameters are exceeded . the various networked systems have the flexibility to provide dynamic control of chair temperatures , timing and control of both local and general environmental conditions . in addition to the level of control over conditions provided by the chair 102 and network control features , it is possible to regulate the total energy used by the whole environmental control system and still accommodate the comfort levels of the occupants of individual chairs . environmental conditions surrounding each chair and building location over time can be monitored and regulated over time . by providing local heating or cooling at the level of the chair rather than by simply conditioning the air of the building over time , the cost of providing a pleasant interior environment can be managed . energy efficiency of the chair can also be optimized with the selection of low energy consumption components as well as the duration of usage events . for example , in one embodiment of the chair uses three low wattage fans ( 1 . 2 w each ) and spot heating ( 14 watt ) and a pressure switch to turn off the chair when it is not occupied . limits to the temperature and duration of the heating or cooling elements and the range of air temperatures can also be optimized and imposed to reduce the overall energy usage of the system . for example , the environmental comfort conditions may be limited to the range of approximately 60 ° f . and approximately 80 ° f . from the discussion above it will be appreciated that the invention can be embodied in various ways , including the following : 1 . a heating and cooling system for a seat , comprising : ( a ) a seat body with at least one plenum , the plenum having one or more plenum openings ; ( b ) a plurality of fans configured to create an airstream in the plenum ; ( c ) a moisture - permeable material covering the plenum openings ; ( d ) at least one heating source ; and ( e ) a power supply for powering the heating source and the fans ; ( f ) wherein the airstream cools the moisture - permeable material of the seat body by convective and evaporative heat exchange . 2 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a plenum backplane with infrared radiation reflective surfaces for directing heating and cooling to the user of the seat . 3 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a plenum lined with thermal insulation . 4 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , wherein the heat source comprises a resistive heat strip . 5 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , wherein the power supply comprises rechargeable batteries . 6 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans . 7 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a sensor selected from the group of sensors consisting of temperature , relative humidity , infrared , occupancy , co 2 and volatile organic compounds ( vocs ). 8 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a delay circuit to reduce the amount of short - term cycling of heating / cooling power . 9 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising : a chair controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans ; and a remote control operably coupled with the chair controller . 10 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising : a chair controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans ; at least one building thermostat ; and a remote control with a communications link operably coupled with the chair controller and thermostat ; wherein the chair controller and thermostat functions are controlled by the remote control . ( a ) a network computer server with programming and a communications link ; ( b ) a plurality of thermostats operably connected to the server through the communications link ; and ( c ) one or more seats , the seats comprising : ( i ) a seat body with at least one plenum , the plenum having one or more plenum openings ; ( ii ) a plurality of fans configured to create an airstream in the plenum ; ( iii ) a moisture - permeable material covering the plenum openings ; ( iv ) at least one heating source ; ( v ) a power supply for powering the heating source and the fans ; ( vi ) a seat controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans , the seat controller operably connected to the server through the communications link ; ( d ) wherein server programming controls thermostat functions and seat controller functions ; and ( e ) wherein the plenum airstream cools the moisture - permeable material of the seat body by convective and evaporative heat exchange . 12 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a remote control interface operably connected to the seat controller and operably connected to the server through the communications link . 13 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , wherein the seat further comprises at least one sensor connected to the seat controller and to the server through the communications link . 14 . the system as recited in any previous embodiment , wherein the sensor is selected from the group of sensors consisting of temperature , relative humidity , occupancy , infrared radiation , co 2 and volatile organic compounds ( vocs ). 15 . a personal comfort chair apparatus , comprising : ( a ) a seat body with at least one seat plenum , the seat plenum having one or more plenum openings ; ( b ) a backrest body with at least one backrest plenum , the backrest plenum having one or more plenum openings ; ( c ) a moisture - permeable material covering the seat plenum openings ; ( d ) a moisture - permeable material covering the backrest plenum openings ; ( e ) a plurality of fans configured to create an airstream in the seat plenum and the backrest plenum ; and ( f ) a power supply powering the fans ; ( g ) wherein the fans provide an airstream across the side of the moisture - permeable material opposite the side of the material that is against the body of a user ; and ( h ) wherein the airstream cools the moisture - permeable material by convective and evaporative heat exchange . 16 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising at least one heating source powered by the power supply . 17 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , wherein the heat source comprises : a first resistive heat strip mounted to the moisture - permeable material of the seat body ; and a second resistive heat strip mounted to the moisture - permeable material of the seat body . 18 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a plenum backplane with infrared radiation reflective surfaces for directing heating and cooling to the user of the chair . 19 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a plenum lined with thermal insulation . 20 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans . 21 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , the controller further comprising a delay circuit to reduce the amount of short - term cycling of heating / cooling power . 22 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising an occupancy sensor that switches off power during periods when the chair is unoccupied . 23 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising one or more sensors selected from the group of sensors consisting of temperature , relative humidity , occupancy , infrared , co 2 and volatile organic compounds ( vocs ). 24 . the apparatus as recited in c any previous embodiment , further comprising : a chair controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans ; and a remote control operably coupled with the chair controller . 25 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , the remote control further comprising a display . 26 . a personal comfort chair apparatus , comprising : ( a ) a seat body with at least one seat plenum , the seat plenum having one or more plenum openings ; ( b ) a backrest body with at least one backrest plenum , the backrest plenum having one or more plenum openings ; ( c ) a moisture - permeable material covering the seat plenum openings ; ( d ) a moisture - permeable material covering the backrest plenum openings ; ( e ) a plurality of fans configured to create an airstream in the seat plenum and the backrest plenum ; ( f ) at least one heating source ; ( g ) a power supply powering the heating source and fans ; ( h ) a controller connected to the heating source , fans and power supply configured for controlling power levels to the heating source and fans ; and ( i ) an occupancy sensor that switches off power during periods when the chair is unoccupied ; ( j ) wherein the fans provide an airstream across the side of the moisture - permeable material opposite the side of the material that is against the body of a user ; and ( k ) wherein the airstream cools the moisture - permeable material by convective and evaporative heat exchange . 27 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising at least one sensor selected from the group of sensors consisting of temperature , relative humidity , occupancy , co 2 and volatile organic compounds ( vocs ). 28 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a thermally insulated plenum backplane with infrared radiation reflective surfaces for directing heating and cooling to the user of the chair . 29 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , further comprising a remote control operably coupled with the controller . 30 . the apparatus as recited in any previous embodiment , the remote control further comprising a display . although the description above contains many details , these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention . therefore , it will be appreciated that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art , and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims , in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “ one and only one ” unless explicitly so stated , but rather “ one or more .” all structural , chemical , and functional equivalents to the elements of the above - described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims . moreover , it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention , for it to be encompassed by the present claims . furthermore , no element , component , or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element , component , or method step is explicitly recited in the claims . no claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 u . s . c . 112 , sixth paragraph , unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “ means for .”
articles of furniture with a system of heating and cooling that can be integrated into a building environmental control network are provided . the heating / cooling system of the article has surfaces of a porous or non - porous , moisture - permeable material allowing convective and evaporative heat exchange from the body surface to the environment . the material covers a plenum that has reflective surfaces to reduce radiant losses and low - wattage fans to circulate air that convectively cools the occupant . resistance heating may be incorporated at key occupant contact areas in the seat and backrest . temperature , occupancy and other sensors can be incorporated . a control interface controls the actions of the heating / cooling system of the article and can interact with a network server to transmit measurements of environmental temperatures and occupant selection of control settings that are useful for control of the building &# 39 ; s indoor environment .