in this section , some preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail sufficient for one skilled in the art to practice the present invention . it is to be understood , however , that the fact that a limited number of preferred embodiments are described herein does not in any way limit the scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims . referring to fig1 a , there is shown an example of a conventional cue stick 2 . the cue stick 2 has a grip end 4 and a striking end 6 . a player holds the cue stick with one hand on the cue shaft 8 proximate to the grip end 4 to thrust the striking end 6 toward a ball ( not shown ) while placing his other hand in sliding contact with the cue shaft 8 proximate the striking end 6 to guide the direction of the cue stick 2 during the thrust . a tip pad 10 is at the striking end 6 to contact the ball and transmit the thrust from the cue stick 2 to the ball . the tip pad 10 is fixed to a shaft ferrule 12 with a layer of adhesive ( not shown ) and the shaft ferrule 12 is in turn adhesively fixed to the cue shaft 8 . a bumper 14 is attached to the grip end 4 to protect that end of the cue stick 2 . referring to fig1 b , there is shown a cue stick 16 according to an embodiment of the present invention . like the conventional cue stick 2 , the cue stick 16 has a grip end 4 , a striking end 6 , and a shaft 8 . unlike the conventional cue stick 2 , the cue stick 16 has tip 18 which comprises a dome - seated tip pad 19 . fig2 shows a schematic cross - sectional view of a conventional tip pad 10 attached to a conventional shaft ferrule 12 . the interface 20 between the seating face of the tip pad 10 and the seating face of the shaft ferrule 12 is flat . the tip pad 10 consists of several glued together layers of leather , i . e ., layers 22 - 30 . the rounded shape of the tip pad 10 is achieved by machining the layers 22 - 30 . the plan top view of tip pad 10 given in fig3 illustrates the familiar bull &# 39 ; s eye pattern 34 that results from the machining . it is easily seen that the thickness of the tip pad 10 varies from a maximum tmax at the tip pad 10 center to a minimum tmin along the edges of the tip pad 10 . this thickness variation causes the impact cushioning effect to vary from location to location along the arc 32 from the tip pad 10 edge to center . fig4 shows a schematic cross - sectional view of a laminated leather dome - seated tip pad 40 attached to a domed tip ferrule 42 according to an embodiment of the present invention . the interface 44 between the respective seating faces of the dome - seated tip pad 40 and domed tip ferrule 44 is rounded in three dimensions and arcuate in the two - dimensional cross - section shown in fig5 . the dome - seated tip pad 40 consists of several glued - together layers of leather , i . e ., layers 46 - 54 . the rounded shape of the outer or striking face 56 of the dome - seated tip pad 40 results from the stacking of the layers 46 - 54 , rather than cutting . the plan top view of dome - seated tip pad 40 given in fig4 is an uninterrupted striking face 56 of outer layer 54 , rather than the bull &# 39 ; s eye pattern of a conventional tip pad . the rounded shapes of the seating face and the striking face of the dome - seated tip pad make the thickness variation from edge to center of the dome - seated tip pad significantly less than it is for the conventional flat - bottomed tip pad . this reduced thickness variation causes the impact cushioning effect of the domed tip pad to be substantially independent of the strike location upon the striking face of the dome - seated tip pad . for example , referring again to fig4 , the thickness of the dome - seated tip pad 40 remains approximately constant from the center ( thickness t 1 ) to the edge ( thickness t 2 ) of the dome - seated tip pad 40 . this approximately constant thickness permits the impact cushioning effect to be independent of the impact location along the arc 58 from the edge to the center of the dome - seated tip pad 40 . as mentioned above in the summary of the invention section , the curvedness of the seating faces of a domed tip ferrule and dome - seated tip pad ranges between a minimum and maximum arc circle segment for the present invention . this element of the present invention may be understood by reference to fig6 a and 6b , each of which shows a semi - circle 60 drawn about center point c . the semi - circle 60 conceptually represents the cross - sectional mid - plane of a rounded tip pad . dashed lines 62 and 64 represent the sides of the domed tip pad . these dashed lines 62 and 64 are spaced apart from the center point c by a distance r 1 and r 2 , respectively . the dashed lines 62 intersect the semi - circle 60 at points p 1 in fig6 a and dashed lines 64 intersect the semi - circle 60 at points p 2 in fig6 b , to define arc segments 66 a and 66 b , respectively . the magnitudes of arc segment 66 a and 66 b can be expressed in terms of their respective curvature angles 68 a and 68 b . the term “ arc segment ” when used hereinafter and in the appended claims is to be construed as referring to arc segments such as those depicted by arc segments 66 a and 66 b and as being expressed in terms of their curvature angles , e . g ., curvature angles 68 a and 68 b . the arc segments 66 a and 66 b depicted in fig6 a and 6b represent , respectively , the minimum and maximum arc segments of the present invention . arc segments smaller than the minimum arc segment 66 a and larger than the maximum arc segment 66 b provide poor shooting control . the inventor of the present invention has determined that the minimum arc segment 66 a is about 15 degrees and that the maximum arc segment 66 b is about 90 degrees . more preferably the arc segment is in the range of between about 20 degrees and about 70 degrees and more preferably is in the range of between about 22 and about 52 degrees . the dome - seated tip pad may be designed so that the arc segment of its striking face is the same as that of its seating face . however , it is not necessary for these two arc segments to be the same . however , too much of a difference between the arc segment values of the striking and seating faces results in the flattening of the striking face to a point where shooting control becomes poor . also , too much of a difference between the arc segment values of these striking and seating faces may an impracticable amount of leather stretching being necessary at one of these faces . preferably , the arc segment of the striking face is somewhat smaller than that of the seating face as this will reduce the amount of stretching needed for the striking face and will also decrease the amount of edge - to - center thickness variation for the dome - seated tip pad . it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that the dome - seated tip pad may consist of a single layer or multiple layers of leather . in either case , it is preferred that the leather be compressed to the conventional levels of density and hardness used for the particular game the dome - seated tip pad is intended to be used in . also in either case , the thickness of the dome - seated tip pad is to be selected according to the particular game the dome - seated tip pad is intended to be used in , as it is preferred that the thickness of the dome - seated tip pad be in the range of thicknesses used for conventional tip pads , the thickness being measured at the centers of the conventional and dome - seated tip pads . it is also preferred that the density and hardness of the dome - seated tip pad be selected according to the game in which the dome - seated tip pad is intended to be used . multi - layer dome - seated tip pads according to the present invention preferably have between two and eight layers , but any number of layers may be used . it is preferred that the thicknesses of each of the layers be the same , although different layer thicknesses may be used . a dome - seated tip pad according to the present invention is preferably made from a leather cylinder comprising the desired number of layers of compressed leather . the walls of the cylinder may be somewhat slanted to avoid the necessity of stretching the leather of the striking face of the dome - seated tip pad significantly more than that of the seating face . the cylinder thickness is selected to be approximately that of the desired thickness of the dome - seated tip pad . the leather cylinder is soaked at room temperature in a solution for approximately several hours to soften the leather , and , for multilayer leather cylinders , to soften the interlayer adhesive . a solution consisting of three parts ( by volume ) of household strength ammonia that has been diluted with one part water has been found to be useable for this purpose . after the soaking has been completed , one of the circular faces of the leather cylinder is placed against the convexly domed end of a first rod within a hollow cylinder having an internal diameter approximately equal to the desired outside diameter the resultant dome - seated tip pad . the concave end of a second rod is then fitted against the opposite circular surface of the leather cylinder . together , the convexly - and concavely - domed ends of the two rods and the walls of the hollow cylinder form a confinement chamber for the leather cylinder . the leather cylinder is then compressed between the two rods within the hollow cylinder for several hours at a sufficiently high pressure to cause the leather cylinder to take the shape of the confinement chamber . preferably , the confinement chamber is designed to allow fluid that has soaked into the leather cylinder to escape under the pressure . the leather cylinder , now having the shape of the confinement chamber is removed from the confinement chamber . a small amount of relaxation of the stretched leather may occur after the removal , so it is preferred to wait until after this relaxation has occurred before adhesively attaching the dome - seated tip pad to a domed tip ferrule . albeit less preferred , another method of making a multilayered dome - seated tip pad according to the present invention is to individually form each leather layer into a domed shape and then bond the layers together under pressure . the domed tip ferrules of present invention may be made by machining , molding , casting or a combination thereof . in some embodiments of the present invention , the domed tip ferrule is the same as a conventional shaft ferrule , except of course , for the fact that it has a rounded seating face for the tip pad rather than a flat seating face . referring again to fig4 , the domed tip ferrule 42 is illustrative of such an embodiment . more preferred embodiments of the present invention , however , employ the rounded tip pad seating face feature in conjunction with the replaceable tip pad system disclosed in the present inventor &# 39 ; s co - pending patent application , u . s . ser . no . 12 / 070 , 634 . some of these preferred embodiments are described below . referring to fig7 , there is shown a schematic cross - sectional view of a tip ferrule 70 and a removable dome - seated tip pad holder 72 of a tip assembly 74 according to one embodiment of the present invention . the tip ferrule 70 has an outer cylindrical surface 76 and opposing first and second ends 78 , 80 . extending from the first end 78 is a mortise 82 for receiving a tenon end 84 of the cue shaft 8 ( see fig8 ). the second end 80 of the tip ferrule 70 has a conical surface 86 which extends to the outer cylindrical surface 76 of the tip ferrule 70 . at the apex of the conical surface 86 is a mortise 88 , which has threads 90 . the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 has an outer cylindrical surface 92 and opposing first and second ends 94 , 96 . the first end 94 has conical surface 98 which extends to the outer cylindrical surface 92 . at the apex of the conical surface 98 is a tenon 100 , which has threads 102 . these threads 102 and the threads 90 of the mortise 82 of the tip ferrule 70 are complementary so that the tenon 100 of the tip pad holder 72 can be screwed into the mortise 88 to seat the conical surface 98 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 on the conical surface 86 of the tip ferrule 70 , as is illustrated in fig8 . the second end 96 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 is adapted to seat the seating face 104 of a dome - seated tip pad 106 ( see fig8 ). the included angle of the conical surface 98 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 is selected to match that of the conical surface 86 of the tip ferrule 70 . preferably the included angle is in the range of about 45 degrees to about 140 degrees , and most preferably it is about 90 degrees . angles shallower than about 45 degrees lack the requisite amount of lateral force resolution to maintain joint tightness against loosening whereas angles steeper than about 140 degrees tend to unduly elongate the tip pad holder . referring to fig8 , there is shown a schematic cross - sectional view of the tip assembly 74 assembled on the end of cue shaft 8 . the dome - seated tip pad 106 , having a seating face 104 and a striking face 108 and an outer cylindrical surface 110 , is shown seated upon and adhesively attached to the second end 96 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 . the gap 112 indicates that the tenon 100 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 is shorter than the mortise 88 of the tip ferrule 70 . this gap 112 prevents the tenon 100 from contacting the end of the cue shaft 8 in a manner that would prevent the conical surface 98 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 from seating upon the conical surface 86 of the tip ferrule 70 . this seating is important to assure that the impact force resulting from the dome - seated tip pad 106 striking a ball is transmitted substantially uniformly across the diameter of the tip ferrule 70 and into the cue shaft 8 without a deflection of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 . the tip ferrule 70 is preferably adhesively attached to the cue shaft 8 . it is also preferred that the inside cylindrical surface 114 of the mortise 82 of the tip ferrule 70 ( see fig7 ) has small spiral striations ( not shown ) or other surface roughnesses to enhance the adhesive bonding between the tip ferrule 70 and the cue shaft 8 . although in the embodiment of the present invention shown in fig7 and 8 the conical surface 86 of the tip ferrule 70 is concave and receives the convex conical surface 98 of the dome - seated tip pad holder 72 , in other embodiments of the present invention , it is the conical surface of the dome - seated tip pad holder which is concave and receives a convex conical surface of the tip ferrule . some such embodiments are depicted in the embodiments shown in fig9 - 12 . referring now to fig9 and 10 , there is shown a tip assembly 120 consisting of a tip ferrule 122 and a dome - seated tip pad holder 124 . the tip ferrule 122 has a conical surface 126 , which has at its apex a threaded tenon 128 . the dome - seated tip pad holder 124 has a conical surface 130 , which has at its apex a threaded mortise 132 adapted to receive the threaded tenon 128 . in fig9 , the tip ferrule 122 is shown as being mounted upon the end of the cue shaft 134 . in fig1 , the dome - seated tip pad holder 124 is shown as having attached to it a dome - seated tip pad 136 . fig1 shows the tip pad assembly 120 in its assembled state wherein it removably attaches the dome - seated tip pad 136 to the cue shaft 134 . in the embodiments depicted in fig9 and 10 , the tip ferrule 122 has a non - threaded tenon 138 that is received within the non - threaded mortise 140 of the cue shaft 134 . some additional arrangements of attaching the tip ferrule to the cue shaft are shown in fig1 and 12 . fig1 shows an embodiment of the present invention wherein the tip ferrule 142 has a threaded tenon 144 which is received within the threaded mortise 146 of the cue shaft 148 . referring now to fig1 , the tip ferrule 150 has a threaded mortise 152 which receives the threaded tenon 154 of the cue shaft 156 . the means of connecting the tip ferrule and the domed tip holder are not restricted to the use of threaded mortise / tenon joints such as those described for the embodiments of the present invention shown in fig7 - 12 . for example , a bayonet - type of connection or a cam - lock connection , e . g ., such as the cam - lock connection disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 934 , 883 , may be used with some embodiments of the present invention . in still other embodiments of the present invention , a polygonal mortise / tenon , e . g ., a square mortise receiving a square tenon , is used in conjunction with a strip of adhesive tape surrounding the junction of the outside cylindrical surfaces of the tip ferrule and the domed tip holder . in still other embodiments of the present invention , the respective conical surfaces of the tip ferrule and the domed tip holder extend to an apex . in such embodiments , the connection between the tip ferrule and the domed tip pad holder may be maintained by the use of removable strip of adhesive tape surrounding the junction of the outside cylindrical surfaces of the tip ferrule and the domed tip holder and / or through the use of an adhesive layer at the interface of the respective conical surfaces of the tip ferrule and the domed tip holder . where such an adhesive layer is used , it is to be chosen so that it may be broken when a preselected amount of torque is applied to the outer cylindrical surface of the domed tip pad holder , yet providing sufficient strength to maintain the domed tip pad holder fixed in position during play . also , other means of connecting the tip assembly to the cue shaft than those depicted in fig7 - 12 are within the contemplation of the present invention . for example , fig1 shows a schematic cross - section of a tip ferrule 160 according to an embodiment of the present invention . the first end 162 of the tip ferrule 160 forms a tenon that is adapted to fit within a mortise of a shaft ferrule ( not shown ). the outer cylindrical surface 164 of the first end 162 is preferably roughened , e . g ., with spiral striations ( not shown ), so as to enhance an adhesive bond with the corresponding shaft ferrule mortise . alternatively , the outer cylindrical surface 164 may be threaded so as to screw into the threads of a corresponding shaft ferrule . another means of connecting the tip assembly to the cue shaft is to adapt the tip ferrule to connect to a conventional shaft ferrule , examples of which are shown in fig1 and 18 . referring to fig1 , there is shown an embodiment of the present invention comprising a tip ferrule 210 which is attached to cue shaft 212 by way of shaft ferrule 214 . the discussion of fig1 is deferred for the moment and is presented after the following two paragraphs below . it should be understood that although in the embodiments of the present invention described with regard to fig7 - 13 the conical surface of the tip ferrule , e . g ., conical surface 86 tip ferrule 70 in fig7 - 8 , terminates on an outer cylindrical surface of the tip ferrule , e . g ., outer cylindrical surface 92 of tip ferrule 70 , in some other embodiments of the present invention , the tip ferrule does not have an outer cylindrical surface and the conical surface terminates at the outer radial periphery of the tip ferrule . fig1 shows such an embodiment . there , the conical surface 170 of tip ferrule 172 terminates at the outer radial periphery 174 of the tip ferrule 172 . it is also to be understood that although in the embodiments of the present invention described with regard to fig7 - 14 the outer radius of the tip ferrule is the same as that of the cue shaft , it is within the contemplation of the present invention for the outer radius of the tip ferrule to be either greater or less than that of the of the cue shaft . for cosmetic purposes , it is sometimes preferred that the outer radius of the tip ferrule be less than that of the cue shaft . such an embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 , in which the outer radius 180 of the tip ferrule 182 is shown to be less than the outer radius 184 of the cue shaft 186 . in such embodiments , it is important to make sure that the conical surface 188 , which is part of the cue shaft 186 , be constructed so as not to interfere with the seating of the conical surface 190 of the tip ferrule 182 with the conical surface of the corresponding dome - seated tip pad holder . preferably , the conical surface 188 of the cue shaft 186 is an extension of the conical surface 190 so it completes the seating of the conical surface of the corresponding dome - seated tip pad holder . referring to fig1 , there is shown an embodiment of the present invention in which the tip ferrule 220 is attached to the cue shaft 222 by way of a shaft ferrule 224 . in this embodiment , the outer diameter 226 of the tip ferrule 220 is less than the local outer diameter 228 of the shaft ferrule 224 . in such embodiments , it is important to make sure that the conical surface 230 of the shaft ferrule 224 is constructed so as not to interfere with the seating of the conical surface of the tip ferrule 220 with the conical surface of the corresponding dome - seated tip pad holder . preferably , the conical surface of the conical surface 230 of the shaft ferrule 224 is an extension of the conical surface 232 of the tip ferrule 220 so that it completes the seating of the conical surface of the corresponding dome - seated tip pad holder . the domed tip ferrules , tip ferrules , and domed tip pad holders of the present invention may be made of any suitable material for use in the game in which the cue stick to be played . characteristics to be taken into consideration in making the material selection are the density of the material ( and hence the resulting weight of these components ), the material &# 39 ; s impact strength , its machinability or formability , and its resistance to impact fatigue fracture . also important is the material ability to produce an aesthetically pleasing surface . preferably these items are made from a metal or a plastic . preferable metals include aluminum alloys and brass . they also may be made of carbon fiber composites . in embodiments of the present invention which include a removable dome - seated tip pad , various means may be utilized for loosening and tightening the dome - seated tip pad . for example , as shown in fig1 which shows a schematic of a cross - section of a dome - seated tip pad holder 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention has a small hole 202 extending inwardly from its outer cylindrical surface 204 . the hole 202 is adapted for removably receiving a rod which can be used to apply torque for loosening or tightening the dome - seated tip pad holder . another example is to provide a tip pad holder tool that is adapted for attaching and removing the tip holder to the tip ferrule , such as the tool described in the present inventor &# 39 ; s co - pending patent application u . s . ser . no . 12 / 070 , 634 . the present invention also includes embodiments comprising domed tip ferrules or tip assemblies of tip ferrules and domed tip pad holders of the types described in the above embodiments of the present invention in combination with a cue stick . in some such embodiments , the domed tip ferrule or tip assembly is attached directly to the cue stick shaft , e . g ., as is shown in fig4 , 8 - 12 , and 14 and 15 , or is attached to some intermediate structure , such as a shaft ferrule , e . g ., as is shown in fig1 and 18 . while only a few embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications may be made thereunto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims . all united states patents and published united states patent applications referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full herein .
dome - seated tip pads and domed tip ferrules for cue sticks obviate the conventional problem of strike - location pad thickness variability . these items have arc segments in the range of between about 15 and about 90 degrees . these items may be provided in the form of a cue tip assembly that permits the easy replacement of the domed - seated tip pad . such cue tip assemblies include a domed tip pad holder having a conical surface which seats upon a mating conical surface of a tip ferrule . cue sticks having the dome - seated tip pads are also disclosed .