this invention is based on a theory of presbyopia different from the classical theory of helmholtz . although the scope of the invention is not to be bound or limited by the inventor &# 39 ; s theory , it is the inventor &# 39 ; s view that the presbyopic loss of accommodation is due to decreased working distance of the ciliary muscle . this theory is described in more detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 354 , 331 , referenced above and incorporated herein by reference . consequently , according to the invention , presbyopia is treated by increasing the effective working distance of the ciliary muscle . this is accomplished by increasing the distance between the ciliary muscle and the lens equator by increasing the diameter of the sclera in the region of the ciliary body . this invention is based on a theory of presbyopia , developed by the inventor , regarding the cause of the loss of amplitude of accommodation that constitutes presbyopia . according to this view , accommodation in the non - presbyopic eye is not due to relaxation of the lens and capsule when the zonular tension is relaxed as a result of the contraction of the ciliary body . on the contrary , the contraction of the ciliary body , exerts a tension on the zonular fibers that in turn actually results in an increase in the equatorial diameter of the lens . however , the increased zonular tension causes a decrease in the peripheral volume of the lens that in turn results in a corresponding increase in the central volume of the lens . these regional volume changes in the lens are responsible for the change in optical power of the lens . this view differs from all previous theories of the mechanism of accommodation and its loss in presbyopia , in particular from tscherning &# 39 ; s theory which required the vitreous and attributed presbyopia to an enlargement of the nucleus of the lens . from the inventor &# 39 ; s point of view , the difference between the change in the central anterior radius of curvature and the change in the central posterior radius of curvature which occurs in accommodation is explained by the force distribution generated by the zonular attachment to the lens and is not dependent on the topographical thickness of the elastic capsule of the lens , the vitreous , or pressure changes which occur between the anterior and posterior chambers , explanations which have been proposed in the prior art . according to the theory of this invention , presbyopia results when the distance between the ciliary body and the equator of the lens and its capsule becomes less with age as a result of the normal growth of the lens . the lens , being of ectodermal origin , continues to grow throughout life , albeit slowly . the rate of increase of the equatorial diameter is approximately 0 . 02 millimeters per year . on the other hand , the dimensions of the scleral shell of the eye , which is of mesodermal origin , do not increase significantly after about age 13 in a normally emmetropic , hyperopic or myopic eye . consequently , the radial distance between the equator of the lens and capsule and the ciliary body , i . e ., the distance measured perpendicularly to the optical axis in the plane of the ciliary body , decreases throughout life . it is well known in muscle physiology that as the length of the effective range of pull of a muscle , i . e ., its effective working distance , is reduced , its effective force is reduced in a linear fashion . since the distance between the ciliary body and the lens equator is decreasing throughout life , it is to be expected according to the theory of the invention that there would be a corresponding linear decrease in the amplitude of accommodation , as observed ( alpern , m ., in the eye , h . dayson , ed ., academic press , new york , 1969 , pp . 237 - 238 ), which would lead eventually to presbyopia . according to the invention presbyopia is treated by increasing the effective working distance of the ciliary muscle . a number of procedures are available to the surgeon which can accomplish this increase in effective working distance . a straightforward method of increasing the effective working distance of the ciliary muscle is to increase the distance between the equator of the crystalline lens and the inner diameter of the ciliary body in the presbyopic eye . this increased distance restores , at least to some extent , the distance through which the muscles of the ciliary body can contract , and thereby restores their ability to exert force on the lens and change its shape to accomplish accommodation . any method that increases the radial distance between the lens and the ciliary body is effective in the method of this invention . the effective working distance of the ciliary muscle can also be increased by shortening the zonules that connect the ciliary muscle to the equator of the crystalline lens . similarly , procedures that shorten the body of the ciliary muscle itself or move its insertions in the scleral spur and the choroid can be employed to increase the effective working distance of the muscle . finally , procedures that arrest the growth of the lens can stop the steady loss of amplitude of accommodation , and such procedures are considered as fully within the scope of this invention . it is preferred to increase the lens - ciliary body radial distance by increasing the diameter of the sclera in the region of the ciliary body . any method that can accomplish such an increase in the diameter of the sclera is considered to fall within the scope of the invention . a preferred method of increasing the diameter of the sclera in the region of the ciliary body is to fasten to the sclera in that region a relatively rigid band having a diameter slightly larger than the section of the globe of the eye in the region of the ciliary body . in this way the sclera in that region is stretched and expanded so that the diameter of the circle describing the intersection of the plane of the ciliary body with the sclera is slightly increased . the ciliary body , located immediately inside the globe and attached to the sclera in this expanded region is thereby also increased in diameter . thus , the scleral expansion band of the invention adapted for fastening to the sclera of a human eyeball in the region of the ciliary body comprises an anterior rim and a posterior rim , the anterior rim being sized to lie adjacent to the anterior portion of a segment of the sclera of the human eyeball overlying the ciliary body of the eyeball and the posterior rim being sized to lie adjacent the posterior portion of the scleral segment , and rigid structural means extending between the rims and spacing said rims apart so that the anterior rim will lie outside the anterior portion of the scleral segment when the posterior rim lies outside the posterior portion of said scleral segment . the anterior rim , the posterior rim and / or the rigid structural means connecting the rims has a diameter greater than the exterior diameter of the scleral segment adjacent thereto . thus , the scleral expansion band of the invention is adapted to be fitted to the sclera of the globe in the region of the ciliary body . the band will have , at least in part , a diameter slightly greater than that of the sclera at the location where it is to be attached . when the band is fitted to the sclera and firmly attached thereto it will exert a radially outward tension on the sclera which expands the sclera and the underlying ciliary body . the scleral expansion band of the invention may be fastened to the sclera by any conventional surgical method . for example , the band may be a smooth solid band and be sutured to the sclera with sutures passing around the body of the band . a preferred band of the invention is provided with suturing holes through which the sutures may be passed . the band may also be fastened with conventional surgical staples or clips as are well known in the ocular surgery art . the band may be provided with projections or cut - out portions that can be used as anchoring points for sutures . the band may also be provided with projecting pins or the like which are inserted into or under the sclera to position the band and exert the appropriate radially outward tension . these pins may extend in an anterior and / or a posterior direction from the band , and may project from one or both rims of the band or from the web portion connecting the rims . the pins may also project in a generally tangential direction from the rims or the inside of the web and be provided with sharpened tips or the like whereby they will penetrate the sclera when the band is rotated and cause the sclera to be firmly fixed to the band and expanded . the band may also be adhesively fastened to the sclera with any physiologically acceptable surgical adhesive . a preferred surgical adhesive is a surgical grade cyanoacrylate adhesive . mussel adhesive protein may also be used as a suitable adhesive . a preferred embodiment of the scleral expansion band of the invention is illustrated in fig1 - 5 . the band 102 has a low frustoconical shape and has a posterior rim 106 and an anterior rim 108 , with a web 104 extending between the rims . the band may be provided with one or more holes 110 to assist in suturing the band to the sclera . the anterior rim 106 and the posterior rim 108 are both of generally circular shape . the taper in the diameter of the band is preferably selected in an individual case to fit the globe in the region of the ciliary body . accordingly , a preferred band has a low frustoconical having a circular base about 20 millimeters in diameter . the radial thickness of the band will be determined by the rigidity required in the band and the strength of the material from which it is made . typically the radial thickness of the band will be about 0 . 1 to 0 . 75 millimeters depending on the rigidity of the substance used to make the band . the diameter of the anterior rim 106 of the band will be determined by the size of the globe in the patient to be treated . accordingly , different sizes of band are available wherein the lesser diameter ranges from about 14 . 5 millimeters to about 18 . 0 millimeters in 0 . 25 millimeter increments . the axial width of the band will typically be about 2 millimeters . an alternate embodiment of the scleral expansion band of the invention adapted to be fixed to the sclera by pins is illustrated in fig6 and 7 . in this embodiment posterior pins 112 are fixed to the band and extend therefrom in a posterior direction while anterior pins 114 extend in an anterior direction . another embodiment of the band of the invention using interior tangentially - directed pins 114 is illustrated in fig8 and 9 . this embodiment can be easily installed by placing it in position on the globe and rotating it to cause the tangential pins to penetrate the sclera and fasten it firmly to the band . this embodiment can be easily removed at a later time by merely rotating it in the opposite direction to withdraw the pins from the sclera . the scleral expansion band of the invention is made of a material that is sufficiently rigid to exert a force on the sclera sufficient to produce the radial expansion required by the method of the invention and that is physiologically acceptable for long - term implantation or contact with the ocular tissues . such materials are well - known in the surgical art and include suitable metals , ceramics , and synthetic resins . suitable metals include titanium , gold , platinum , stainless steel , tantalum and various surgically acceptable alloys , and the like . suitable ceramics may include crystalline and vitreous materials such as porcelain , alumina , silica , silicon carbide , high - strength glasses and the like . suitable synthetic resins include physiologically inert materials such as poly ( methyl methacrylate ), polyethylene , polypropylene , poly ( tetrafluoroethylene ), silicone resins and the like . the band may also be made of composite materials incorporating a synthetic resin or other matrix reinforced with fibers of high strength material such as glass fibers , boron fibers , carbon fibers , alumina fibers or the like . thus , the band may be made of glass - fiber - reinforced epoxy resin , carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin , carbon fiber reinforced carbon ( carbon - carbon ), or the like . a preferred material is surgical grade poly ( methyl methacrylate ). the scleral expansion band of the invention may be manufactured by any conventional technique appropriate to the material used , such as machining , injection molding , heat molding and the like . the scleral expansion band may also be made in a plurality of parts that can be assembled prior to use or may be installed separately to form a complete band . the band may be adjustable in circumference . for example the band may be formed from a strip of material , e . g ., metal or synthetic resin , with overlapping ends so that the ends may slide past one another thereby adjusting the circumference of the band . the length of the overlap may be adjusted , for example , by means of a tangential screw mechanism to adjust the circumference of the band and thereby the amount by which the sclera is expanded . in practicing the method of the invention , the surgeon locates the proper region of the sclera to be expanded by measuring a distance of 1 . 5 millimeters posterior of the limbus . at this point the diameter of the circle of sclera surrounding the ciliary body is carefully measured and a band is selected having a minor diameter about 0 . 5 millimeter greater than the measured diameter . a circular incision is made through the conjunctiva completely around the globe at the selected region and the conjunctiva and tenon &# 39 ; s capsule are reflected to expose the substance of the sclera . for greatest accuracy in positioning the scleral expansion band , the diameter of the sclera as exposed by the reflection of the conjunctiva and tenon &# 39 ; s capsule is measured at a point 1 . 5 mm posterior to the limbus . alternatively the size of sclera can be measured before the conjunctiva is incised . the band is then placed on the surface of the globe and sutured thereto preferably with interrupted stitches as conventional in ophthalmological surgery . in order to facilitate suturing the band to the sclera , the band may be perforated with holes . for example , a total of sixteen holes may be placed equidistant around the band . it is also possible to expand the sclera in the region of the ciliary body by positioning a band within or just inside the sclera , the band having a diameter just greater than the natural diameter of the overlying tissue . in this way the interior band will expand the overlying tissue and produce the desired result of increasing the effective working distance of the ciliary muscle . other methods for increasing the diameter of the sclera in the region of the ciliary body may also be used in the treatment of presbyopia according to the invention . the sclera itself is a tough strong capsule comprised largely of collagen and held in a rigid state of tension by the internal ocular pressure ( iop ). if the sclera is weakened in the area adjacent to the ciliary body , the iop will cause that portion of the sclera to bulge outward , thereby increasing the diameter of the ciliary body and increasing the distance of the ciliary body from the lens . any method of weakening the structure of the sclera is suitable . for example enzymatic degradation of the collagen by collagenase may be employed . the collagenase may be carefully injected in to the appropriate region of the sclera or may be applied topically . equivalent enzymes or other chemical treatments that weaken the collagen of the sclera can also be used . certain antimitotic drugs such as mitomycin are known to cause a softening of the sclera ( scleromalacia ), and these drugs can be applied to the region of the sclera adjacent to the ciliary body , either topically or by injection , to effect the desired weakening of the sclera . other antimitotic pharmaceutical agents , e . g ., methotrexate , azaribine , 6 - mercaptopurine , 5 - fluorouracil , daunorubicin , doxorubicin , cytarabine , the vinca alkaloids and the like , can also be applied to the sclera to weaken it and permit it to be expanded by the intraocular pressure . alternatively , the sclera in the region of the ciliary body may be weakened by surgical means . the sclera may be thinned or weakened by the surgical removal of a portion of its collagenous substance , as , for example by ablating a portion of the thickness of the sclera . this thinning can be accomplished by paring or by abrading the surface or by ablating the surface with laser irradiation . the sclera can also be weakened by incisions carefully placed at appropriate angles in the region overlying the ciliary body . the diameter of the sclera overlying the ciliary body can also be increased by making a complete periglobular incision and grafting into the incision appropriate tissue and / or physiologically acceptable structural material to increase the dimensions of the sclera . thus an artificial scleral alloplant made of purified human collagen may be engrafted into such an incision . other known biocompatible materials , e . g ., poly ( ethylene terephthalate ), that are conventionally used in the construction of prosthetic devices may also be used for engrafting into such an incision . it is also possible to excise a small strip of sclera from the region overlying the ciliary body and replace it with a scleral alloplant as described above to provide an appropriate increase in the diameter of this region . alternatively the sclera in the region overlying the ciliary body can be weakened by irradiation with a laser beam to decompose partially the collagen fibers . suitable lasers include those conventionally used in ocular surgery such as carbon dioxide lasers , helium - neon lasers , helium - cadmium lasers , argon ion lasers , krypton ion lasers , xenon lasers , nitrous oxide lasers , iodine lasers , holmium doped yttrium - aluminum garnet ( yag ) lasers , excimer lasers , chemical lasers , harmonically oscillated lasers , dye lasers , nitrogen lasers , neodymium lasers , erbium lasers , ruby lasers , titanium - sapphire lasers , diode lasers and the like . any irradiative treatment with ionizing or non - ionizing radiation that weakens the sclera may be used . for example irradiation with electrons , protons , or x - rays and the like , or irradiation with ultrasonic waves or the like can be used . thermal burning and / or scarring in the appropriate area may also be used to induce an enlargement of the sclera in the area adjacent to the ciliary body . treatments designed to weaken the sclera in the region overlying the ciliary body can also be combined with application of the scleral expansion band of the invention . for example , the sclera can be treated with collagenase , mitomycin , or other antimitotic agent , as described above and the scleral band subsequently applied and fastened to the sclera . the band itself , its components and / or the sutures may also be coated or impregnated with the sclera - weakening agents whereby they can come into contact with the sclera and exercise their effect when the band is applied . in some cases the band may be later removed to leave the patient with a suitably expanded sclera . just as the distance between the ciliary body and the equator of the lens can be increased by expanding the sclera and ciliary body , the distance can be maintained and the progress of presbyopia arrested by stopping the growth of the crystalline lens . while such a treatment cannot reverse the course of presbyopia , it can arrest the progress of the symptoms , and is appropriate for treatment of patients in whom the presbyopia has not progressed very far . the growth of the lens can be arrested by administration of pharmaceutical compounds which stop cell division and growth . for example , colchicine can be administered to prevent cell division , thereby stopping the growth of the lens . conventional antimitotic drugs may also be used to arrest the growth of the lens . such drugs are well known and include , for example , methotrexate , azaribine , 6 - mercaptopurine , 5 - fluorouracil , daunorubicin , doxorubicin , cytarabine , the vinca alkaloids and the like . such drugs may be applied topically or by injection into the appropriate structure of the eye where they will come into contact with the lens and exercise their pharmacological activity . if the drugs are sufficiently free of side effects , they may also be administered systemically , either by mouth or parenterally . the growth of the lens may also be arrested by physical treatments directed at the newly forming cells in the epithelium of the lens , particularly in the equatorial region of the lens . treatments that prevent further division of the cells are appropriate for preventing further lens growth . thus , the epithelial cells may be heated by laser radiation or ultrasonic irradiation , or inactivated by laser irradiation with a laser capable of directly disrupting chemical bonds within the structures of the cells . sharply focused laser beams or irradiation with microscopic diode lasers positioned close to the equator of the lens are suitable for applying this radiation . irradiation with electrons , protons , x - rays or the like may also be used to stop the further division of the epithelial cells of the lens . these treatments should be directed only to the portion of the lens structures that are composed of cells capable of dividing and should not be directed toward the substance of the lens where they might provoke the formation of cataracts . surgical methods that work more directly on the ciliary muscle may also be used to increase the effective working distance of the muscle . the body of the muscle itself may be shortened , for example by scarring induced by irradiation with suitable laser beams or beams of ionizing or non - ionizing radiation such as ultrasound or electron or proton beams or x - rays . the effective working range of the muscle may also be increased by moving its insertions to increase the distance between them . the ciliary muscle is inserted anteriorly into the scleral spur and posteriorly into the choroid . treatment of either of these insertions to cause them to move apart from the complementary insertion will increase the effective working range of the ciliary muscle and improve the amplitude of accommodation according to the invention . selective scarring of adjacent tissue planned to cause retraction of either insertion of the ciliary muscle is effective to accomplish this result . the scarring can be accomplished by thermal or radiative treatment of the tissue by the means and methods generally outlined above . the methods of the invention which increase the amplitude of accommodation may also be of benefit in treatment of hyperopia in certain patients . some youthful hyperopes can achieve relatively normal vision by compensating for their hyperopia through the natural accommodative ability of the eye . however , as this ability declines with age , they find that it becomes more difficult to attain normal vision by this process , and they begin to experience headaches and other symptoms , even at an age somewhat less than usual for the onset of presbyopia . evidently , increasing the amplitude of accommodation by the method of this invention would be useful in restoring the ability of these patients to compensate for their hyperopia . the method of this invention also has utility in the treatment of primary open - angle glaucoma , which shows a correlation with age in certain individuals . it has been found that , in general , iop exhibits a linear increase with increasing age . ( armaly , m . f ., on the distribution of applanation pressure i . statistical features and the effect of age , sex , and family history of glaucoma , archives of ophthalmology , vol . 73 , pp . 11 - 18 ( 1965 ).) among the general population is found a group of individuals who develop abnormally high intraocular pressures as a result of primary open angle glaucoma , a disease which is one of the most prevalent causes of blindness in the world . according to the theory of this invention , the linear increase in iop with age is a direct result of the decrease in distance between the lens equator and the ciliary muscle and the resulting linear decrease in the effective pull of the ciliary muscle . since the ciliary muscle inserts into the trabecular meshwork , the decrease in pull will decrease the size of the trabeculum and / or the drainage pores and result in a linear increase of intraocular pressure with age . in this view , the patients who develop primary open angle glaucoma may have a congenital predilection to narrower pores and / or smaller trabecular meshwork , so that when the ability of the ciliary muscle to exert force declines , after the age of 40 or thereabouts , they tend to develop excessively elevated iop . the method of the invention which increases the effective working distance of the ciliary muscle , and thereby increases the force that it can exert when it contracts , restores the level of force which the ciliary muscle exerts on the trabecular meshwork to a value characteristic of a more youthful eye . in this way it is expected that the tendency of an eye that is disposed to develop primary open angle glaucoma as it ages would be overcome and the onset of this disease would be prevented or at least postponed . the ability of the ciliary muscle to exert tension on the lens by means of the zonules can also be increased by shortening the zonules , a procedure which increases the effective working range of the ciliary muscle . this shortening can be produced by heating the zonules by ultrasonic irradiation or laser irradiation . the zonules may also be treated with electrons , protons , x - rays and the like which may cause changes in the structure of the zonules resulting in shortening . the shortening of the zonules may also be brought about by application of chemical compounds that act to cause a shrinkage of the collagenous zonules . the invention will be illustrated by the following examples which are intended for illustration only and are not to be interpreted as limiting the claims . this example illustrates the feasibility of increasing the diameter of the ciliary body by suturing an external band to the sclera . human cadaver eyes were selected for experimentation . the diameter of the sclera was measured using a shadow graph at distances of 1 . 5 millimeters and 3 . 5 millimeters from the limbus . the diameters were found to be 16 . 2 mm and 20 mm respectively . bands were made from medical grade poly ( methyl methacrylate ) having a low frustoconical shape and a radial thickness of 0 . 5 mm . the internal diameter of the larger ( posterior ) side was 20 mm , and the smaller ( anterior ) diameters varied from 14 . 5 mm to 18 . 0 mm in 0 . 25 mm steps . a band was selected having a major diameter of 20 mm and a minor diameter of 18 . 0 mm . the band was placed on the sclera of a human cadaver eye so that the 18 . 0 mm diameter end of the band was 1 . 5 mm from the limbus and the 20 mm diameter end was 3 . 5 mm from the limbus . the band was sutured through the holes with 16 interrupted 6 - 0 polyester ( mersilene , ethicon , inc .) stitches to the sclera . this resulted in a clearly observable stretching of the sclera in the region of the ciliary body . the pupil became dilated by about 1 . 5 mm . since the iris inserts into the ciliary body , the pupillary dilation demonstrated that the induced scleral stretching was also moving the ciliary body outward , thereby increasing its diameter and its distance from the equator of the lens . following informed consent , six presbyopic patients with otherwise normal eyes , except for minimal refractive errors , had scleral expansion bands of the invention sutured to the sclera in the region of the ciliary body . their age ranged from 47 to 60 years , there were three males and three females , and their preoperative amplitude of accommodation varied from 1 . 3 to 2 . 7 diopters . the ophthalmological examination including biomicroscopy was normal . following local infiltration into the conjunctive with prilocalne hcl for injection ( citanast ( astra ), 40 mg / ml ), a 360 degree limbal based peritomy was performed and the sclera was cleaned of tenon &# 39 ; s capsule . using vernier calipers , a distance of 1 . 5 mm posterior to the limbus was measured from the limbus and the scleral diameter was measured at that location . a band of the type made in example 1 was selected having a minor diameter of from 0 . 5 mm to 1 . 5 mm greater than the measured diameter of the sclera . the band was sutured to the sclera with 16 interrupted 6 - 0 polyester ( mersilene , ethicon , inc .) stitches . the patients were given antibiotic - steroid drops to use for five days . postoperatively , the patients were followed daily for five days and then weekly . the results are presented in table 1 below . fig1 shows a method for treating presbyopia and other eye disorders . as shown in fig1 , at least a portion of the sclera in a patient &# 39 ; s eye is irradiated , thereby weakening the sclera , at step 1002 . the diameter of the sclera overlying the ciliary body of the patient &# 39 ; s eye is increased at step 1004 . the working distance of the ciliary muscle of the patient &# 39 ; s eye is increased at step 1006 . during this process , the thickness of the sclera in the region of the ciliary body of the eye is reduced without forming an opening completely through the sclera . the invention having now been fully described , it should be understood that it may be embodied in other specific forms or variations without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . accordingly , the embodiments described above are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive , the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description , and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein .
a segmented scleral expansion band adapted for implantation within or fastening to a segment of the sclera of an eye lying outside of and adjacent to the ciliary body of the eye , is formed from a number of arcuate segments , curved to match the curvature of the globe of the eye , and joined together at each end to form a complete scleral expansion band . the band is implanted in the sclera of the eye by forming circumferential tunnels , inserting the band segments through the tunnels , and joining the ends of the segments to form a complete scleral expansion band . the scleral expansion band is useful in treating presbyopia and other ocular disorders .