From Chang and Keisler's "Model Theory", section 7.2, we know that:


1. There is a sentence $\sigma$ in a suitable language $L$ such that for all infinite cardinals $\alpha$, $\sigma$ admits $(\alpha^+,\alpha)$ iff there exists a tree $T$ of height $\alpha^+$, with at most $\alpha$ elements at each level $\xi<\alpha^+$, and with no branch of length $\alpha^+$.
2. There is a sentence $\sigma$ in a suitable language $L$ such that for all infinite cardinals $\alpha$, $\sigma$ admits $(\alpha^{++},\alpha)$ iff there is a (Kurepa) family $F$ of subsets of $\alpha^+$ such that $|F|=\alpha^{++}$ and for every $\xi<\alpha^+$,
$\lvert\{X\cap\xi\mid X\in F\}\rvert=\alpha.$


My question: Are there any "natural" statements that would be equivalent to a sentence $\sigma$ admitting $(\alpha^{+n},\alpha)$, $3\le n<\omega$? For Chang and Keisler, $\sigma$ has to be first-order. For our purposes, even $L\_{\omega\_1,\omega}$ is good enough.


Addition: **Definition** A sentence $\sigma$ in a language with a unary predicate $P$ admits $(\kappa,\lambda)$, if $\sigma$ has a model $M$ such that $\lvert M\rvert = \kappa$ and $\lvert P^M\rvert=\lambda$. Of course, $\lambda\le\kappa$. So, not only we need a model of a specific size, but we need the predicate $P$ to have a specific size too.



Is there a statement equivalent to a sentence admitting $(\alpha^{+n},\alpha)$?
Letting $\alpha$ be an infinite cardinal and $3\leq n\lt\omega$,
I think Peter Komjath's proposed statement $2^\alpha\geq\alpha^{+n}$ is the simplest and most natural equivalent of a first-order sentence admitting $(\alpha^{+n},\alpha)$: just let $\sigma$ say a binary relation is extensional with domain given by a predicate and range equal to the universe. However, you asked for a GCH example in your comment, so I suggest the following statement, that a generalized kind of Kurepa family exists.


* $(\*\_{\alpha,n})$ says there exists $\mathcal{X}\subset\mathcal{P}(\alpha^{+n-1})$ of size $\alpha^{+n}$ such that $|\{X\cap A: X\in\mathcal{X}\}|\leq\alpha$ for all $A\subset\alpha^{+n-1}$ of size $\leq\alpha$.


To get our first-order sentence $\sigma$, we use the fact that $[\alpha^{+n-1}]^{\leq\alpha}$ has nice cofinal subsets, and the equivalence of $(\*\_{\alpha,n})$ to its formal weakenings where $A$ is quantified over a cofinal set. Our first-order sentence $\sigma$ says that


1. the universe is $L\_n$,
2. $(L\_0,\lt\_0),\ldots,(L\_n,\lt\_n)$ are linear orders,
3. $f\_i(x,\bullet)\colon L\_i \rightarrow \{ y : y\leq\_{i+1} x\}$ is always onto,
4. $g(x,\bullet)\colon L\_{n-1}\rightarrow \{0,1\}$ for all $x\in L\_n$,
5. $g(x,\bullet)\not=g(y,\bullet)$ for all $x\not= y$,
6. $h(x\_{n-1},\ldots,x\_0,\bullet)\colon L\_0\rightarrow 2$
for all $x\in\prod\_{i=0}^{n-1} L\_i$, and
7. every $g(x\_n,f\_{n-2}(x\_{n-1},f\_{n-3}(x\_{n-2},\cdots,f\_0(x\_1,\bullet)\cdots)))$
equals some $h(x\_{n-1},\ldots,x\_0,\bullet)$.


$(\*\_{\alpha,n})$ holds iff $\sigma$ has a model with size $\alpha^{+n}$ with $L\_0$ of size $\alpha$.


Jensen proved that something stronger than $(\*\_{\alpha,n})$ holds if $V=L$.


* KH($\kappa,\lambda$) says that there exists $\mathcal{F}\subset\mathcal{P}(\kappa)$ of size $\kappa^+$ such that $|\{X\cap A:X\in\mathcal{F}\}|\leq|A|+\aleph\_0$ for all $A\subset\kappa$ of size $\lt\lambda$.


Clearly, KH($\alpha^{+n-1},\alpha^+$) implies $(\*\_{\alpha,n})$.


Jensen proved that if $V=L$, then KH($\kappa,\lambda$) holds for all regular uncountable $\kappa$ and all uncountable $\lambda<\kappa$. In particular, $(\*\_{\alpha,n})$ is always true in $L$. Jensen proved that $V=L$ also implies KH($\kappa,\kappa$) for all regular uncountable cardinals that are not ineffable.
Jensen and Kunen proved that if $\kappa$ is ineffable,
then KH($\kappa,\kappa$) fails. Devlin's exposition of the proofs
is available [here](https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0059301 "Devlin, K.J. (1973). In: Aspects of Constructibility. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol 354. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg."); see the chapter "Ineffable cardinals and the generalised Kurepa hypothesis."


On the other hand, $(\*\_{\alpha,n})$ is directly refuted by the [Chang conjecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27s_conjecture) variant $(\alpha^{+n},\alpha^{+n-1})\twoheadrightarrow(\alpha^+,\alpha)$.
For regular $\alpha$, we can force this Chang conjecture easily using the method of [Levinski-Magidor-Shelah](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02937302 "Chang's conjecture for \aleph_\omega. Israel J. Math. 69, 161–172 (1990). zbMATH review at https://zbmath.org/0696.03023") (MR1045371).
Assume GCH and epsilon more than a huge embedding: $j\colon V\prec N\supset {}^{\lambda^+}N$ where $\kappa=cp(j)$ and $\lambda=j(\kappa)$. Since $N$ knows that $j''\mathfrak{A}\prec j(\mathfrak{A})$ for all structures $\mathfrak{A}$ of the form $(H(\lambda^+),\in,P)$, we have $(\lambda^+,\lambda)\twoheadrightarrow (\kappa^+,\kappa)$ in $V$ by elementarity of $j$.
The two-step iteration $\mathbb{P}=\mathrm{Coll}(\alpha,\kappa)\*\mathrm{Coll}(\kappa^{+n-2},\lt\lambda)$ preserves GCH and forces $(\alpha^{+n},\alpha^{+n-1})\twoheadrightarrow(\alpha^+,\alpha)$. The key point is that because there are only $\lambda$-many nice $\mathbb{P}$-names for elements of $\lambda$, this set of names Chang-transfers to a $\kappa$-sized set of names for elements of $\lambda$, implying our desired transfer from $\alpha^{+n-1}$ to $\alpha$ in the generic extension $V[G]$:
if in $V$ we have


* $\mathbb{P}\in M\prec(H(\lambda^+),\in,\dot{P})$,
* $|M|=\kappa^+$, and
* $|M\cap\lambda|=\kappa$,


then in $V[G]$ we have


* $M[G]\prec(H(\lambda^+),\in,\dot{P}\_G)=(H(\alpha^{+n}),\in,\dot{P}\_G)$,
* $|M[G]|=\kappa^+=\alpha^+$, and
* $|M[G]\cap\alpha^{+n-1}|=|M[G]\cap\lambda|=|\kappa|=\alpha$.


