Quantum Field Theory is a branch of mathematical physics which is begging for a better understanding.
In fact there are no rigorous constructions of interacting QFT in four dimensions. By a rigorous
construction I mean a construction of the quadruple $(\mathcal{H},U,\Omega,\phi)$ where $\mathcal{H}$ is
the Hilbert space of states, $\Omega$ the vacuum vector, $U$ a unitary representation and $\phi$ an
operator valued distribution. These data have to satisfy certain axioms which are called the [*Wightman* axioms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wightman_axioms).
However this program of explicitly constructing QFT turned out to be too difficult and the other strategies
emerged: one of them is concerned with the construction of the functional integral, i.e. the problem
boils down to the construction of certain measure on the space of distributions. However any interacting
QFT is governed by a Lagrangian: I don't see where exactly this Lagrangian enters in the above reasoning.
So to be slightly more precise:



> 
> **Question 1**. Suppose that we want to construct QFT following the „original approach” (i.e. constructing it
> directly). Which one of the Wightman axioms tells us which QFT we have really constructed (i.e. what is the form
> of the interaction part of a Lagrangian)?
> 
> 
> 


And concerning the functional integral approach:



> 
> **Question 2**. Is there a precise form/conditions for a desired measure (which can be read from the Lagrangian) or is it given only at the heuristic level
> via some density function with respect to a Gaussian measure (but in the end this measure may turn out to be singular
> to a Gaussian measure)? If it is given only on a heuristic level how it is possible to know whether we have succeed
> in our construction?
> 
> 
> 



How do you know that you have succeeded-Constructive Quantum Field Theory and Lagrangian
The axioms don't tell you what theory you constructed. For that you need to go beyond the construction of correlation functions of the elementary field $\phi$ (the basic chapter on renormalization in QFT textbooks) and produce, e.g., by a point-splitting procedure, correlations with insertion of composite fields like $\phi^3$. You should then identify your theory via the equation of motion, e.g., $-\Delta\phi+m^2\phi=-\lambda\phi^3$ holding inside correlations. To see how this is done rigorously, see the article by [Feldman and Rączka in Ann. Phys. 1977](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003491677903578) or the [recent article by Gubinelli and Hofmanová](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.01700).


Also, an interesting example is the following. Let ${\rm Conf}\_n(\mathbb{R}^2)$ denote the configuration space of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^2$, i.e., the set of tuples $(x\_1,\ldots,x\_n)$ made of $n$ *distinct* points in $\mathbb{R}^2$.
Consider the functions $S\_n:{\rm Conf}\_n(\mathbb{R}^2)\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ given by
$$
S\_n(x\_1,\ldots,x\_n)=\sqrt{\sum\_q\ \prod\_{1\le i<j\le n}|x\_i-x\_j|^{\frac{q\_iq\_j}{2}}}
$$
where the sum is over "neutral configurations of charges" $q=(q\_1,\ldots,q\_n)\in\{-1,1\}^n$ such that $\sum\_i q\_i=0$.


One can show that $\forall n,\exists K\_n>0,\forall (x\_1,\ldots,x\_n)\in{\rm Conf}\_n(\mathbb{R}^2)$,
$$
S\_n(x\_1,\ldots,x\_n)\le K\_n\prod\_{i=1}^{n}\left(\min\_{j\neq i}|x\_j-x\_i|\right)^{-\frac{1}{8}}\ .
$$
The quickest proof I know for this inequality is following the optimal matching argument in Appendix A of ["Complex Gaussian multiplicative chaos"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00220-015-2362-4) by Lacoin, Rhodes and Vargas. Then it is not hard to show that for every Schwartz function
$f\in\mathscr{S}(\mathbb{R}^{2n})$, the integral
$$
\int\_{{\rm Conf}\_n(\mathbb{R}^2)}S\_n(x\_1,\ldots,x\_n)\ f(x\_1,\ldots,x\_n)\ d^2x\_1\cdots d^2x\_n
$$
converges and defines a temperate distribution in $\mathscr{S}'(\mathbb{R}^{2n})$.
This is explained in Section 2 of my CMP article ["A Second-Quantized Kolmogorov-Chentsov Theorem via the Operator Product Expansion"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00220-019-03665-4).


Now it is a fact that the resulting distributions $S\_n\in \mathscr{S}'(\mathbb{R}^{2n})$ satisfy the Osterwalder-Schrader Axioms, and therefore can be analytically continued into Wightman distributions satisfying the Wightman Axioms and thus via a GNS type construction, give in the end a quadruple $(\mathcal{H},U,\Omega,\phi)$ obeying the Gårding-Wightman Axioms. The $S\_n$ are also the moments of a probability measure on $\mathscr{S}'(\mathbb{R}^{2})$.


**Quiz:** What is the Lagrangian of this theory?


I will come back later with an answer, but regarding the construction via probability measures, I explained this already so I will not repeat myself and refer to


[Reformulation - Construction of thermodynamic limit for GFF](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/362040/reformulation-construction-of-thermodynamic-limit-for-gff/362118#362118)


[A set of questions on continuous Gaussian Free Fields (GFF)](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/364470/a-set-of-questions-on-continuous-gaussian-free-fields-gff/365144#365144)


[A roadmap to Hairer's theory for taming infinities](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/260854/a-roadmap-to-hairers-theory-for-taming-infinities/260941#260941)




---


**Quiz answer:** It is the Ising CFT. Note that I tried to see if one has an equation of motion of $\phi^4$ type but my computations got out of hand rather quickly when looking for an explicit $\phi^3$.


