Consider a torsion-free congruence subgroup $\Gamma\le SL\_2(\mathbb{Z})$ (for example, $\Gamma(N)$ for $N\ge 3$, or $\Gamma\_1(N)$ for $N\ge 4$).


By a meromorphic modular form for $\Gamma$ of weight $k$, I mean a holomorphic function $f$ on $\mathcal{H}$ with $f(\gamma z) = (cz+d)^kf(z)$ for $\gamma\in\Gamma$, which is meromorphic at the cusps.


Let $M\_k(\Gamma)$ be the $\mathbb{C}$-vector space of meromorphic modular forms for $\Gamma$ of weight $k$. Is the graded ring $\bigoplus\_{k\ge 0} M\_k(\Gamma)$ generated in degree 1?


I believe this follows from the geometric interpretation of modular forms as sections of line bundles on moduli stacks (at least when the moduli stack is representable), but I just wanted to check that this is also known from an analytic perspective as well.


Also, if the above is true, then can someone explain roughly why this fails if $\Gamma$ is not torsion-free? (ie, are line bundles on stacks, viewed as the Spec of the symmetric algebra of the corresponding invertible module *not* necessarily generated in degree 1? Perhaps I don't have the right definition of a line bundle on a stack)



Is the ring of meromorphic modular forms on a fine modular curve generated in degree 1?
Tyler basically answered the question in the comments, but I might as well fill in an answer. Your definition of "meromorphic modular form" is often called "weakly holomorphic modular form" in the literature, to distinguish such forms from those that may have poles in the interior of the half-plane.


Weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight $k$ are algebraic sections of some line bundle $\Omega^{k/2}$ on the affine quotient $Y = \Gamma \backslash \mathfrak{H}$, and by affineness, the space of sections $\Gamma(Y, \Omega^{k/2}) \cong M\_k(\Gamma)$ is given by the $k$th tensor power of $\Gamma(Y, \Omega^{1/2})$ as a $\Gamma(Y, \mathcal{O})$-module. Multiplication then yields a ring isomorphism $\operatorname{Sym}^\*\_{\Gamma(Y, \mathcal{O})} \Gamma(Y, \Omega^{1/2}) \cong \bigoplus\_{k \geq 0} M\_k(\Gamma)$.


When $\Gamma$ has torsion, the stack quotient is no longer an affine curve, and the line bundle $\Omega^{1/2}$ is nontrivial. We can see this concretely as follows: if $\Gamma$ has an element $\left( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b \\ c & d \end{smallmatrix} \right)$ of finite order $n > 1$, then it has a fixed point $x \in \mathfrak{H}$, and $(cx + d)^1$ is not equal to 1. Thus, all elements of $M\_1(\Gamma)$ vanish at $x$. For example, if $\Gamma$ contains $\left(\begin{smallmatrix} -1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{smallmatrix} \right)$, then any weight 1 form satisfies $$f(\tau) = f\left(\frac{-\tau}{-1}\right)= (-1)^1 f(\tau)=-f(\tau),$$
at all $\tau$, so weight 1 forms for $\Gamma$ necessarily vanish everywhere. Since there are positive weight level 1 forms like $\Delta$ that vanish nowhere, there must exist generators whose weight is greater than 1.


