I have a (noncommutative) division algebra D which is finite dimensional over its center F. I know that every subfield of D which contains F properly is a maximal subfield of D. What can we say about D? 


Is there any characterization of such division algebras? 


Does anybody know any book or paper that discusses this? 


By the way, the set of such division algebras is obviously not empty because, for example, the (real) quaternion algebra (or any division algebra of prime degree) is in that set.


(The degree of D is the square root of the dimension of D over F.)


I hope my question is not too trivial! Thanks. 



Division algebras in which every proper subfield is maximal
The short answer is that not too much is known about this situation, beyond the easy observations that I will now list. I will call $D$ *irreducible* if it has the property you are interested in, i.e., every (commutative) subfield that properly contains the center is a maximal subfield.


1. If $D$ has prime degree, then $D$ is irreducible. This is obvious because every subfield is contained in a maximal subfield, and the maximal subfields all have the same dimension over $F$.
2. If the degree of $D$ has at least two prime factors, then $D$ is reducible. In this case you can factor $D$ as a tensor product of two division algebras of relatively prime degrees. Then you just take a maximal subfield in one of the two factors. This reduces us to considering algebras $D$ whose degree is a prime power.
3. If $D$ has composite degree and $D$ is a crossed product, then $D$ is reducible. Recall that $D$ is a crossed product if it has a maximal subfield $L$ that is Galois over $F$. So suppose that the Galois group is $G$, necessarily of composite order. Then there is a nonzero proper subgroup of $G$, hence $D$ is reducible. (This deduction sounds foolish, because the theorem that something is a crossed product is much stronger than what you are asking about. But asking if something is a crossed product is a standard question, so in this way you can connect your question to standard results.)
4. As a consequence of #3, every $D$ of degree 4 is reducible, and every $D$ of degree 8 and exponent 2 is reducible. That is because such algebras are cross products under $Z/2 \times Z/2$ (Albert) and $Z/2 \times Z/2 \times Z/2$ (Rowen) respectively.
5. If $D$ has degree $p^r > p$ for some $p$ prime and it happens that every finite extension of $F$ has dimension a power of $p$, then $D$ is reducible. Indeed, by Galois theory every maximal subfield contains proper subfields.


So the first open case is where $D$ has degree 8 and exponent at least 4 in the Brauer group, and the base field has extensions of degree not a power of 2.


Translation in terms of algebraic groups
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Your question is closely related to the question of whether the group $SL\_1(D)$ has nonzero, proper connected subgroups. Well, $SL\_1(D)$ always contains maximal tori. So the question is: Are there others? (If your field has nonzero characteristic, probably one should only consider reductive subgroups.) Subfields of $D$ correspond to tori in $SL\_1(D)$, so your question is the same as asking: For what $D$ are maximal tori the only nonzero, proper reductive subgroups of $SL\_1(D)$?


These sorts of questions are addressed in my joint paper with Philippe Gille *Algebraic groups with few subgroups*, J. London Math. Soc., vol 80 (2009), 405-430. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jlms/jdp030> See especially section 4.


Also, the paper *Irreducible tori in semisimple groups* by Gopal Prasad and Andrei Rapinchuk (IMRN 2001, #23, 1229-1242) <http://ams.rice.edu/leavingmsn?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/S1073792801000587> discusses a similar question for tori. Your maximal subfield has no proper intermediate fields if and only if the corresponding torus is irreducible in their sense. This is why I called your $D$ irreducible above.


