Let $R$ be a ring. Let $Mod(R)$ be the category of left $R$-modules, and let $Proj(R) \subseteq Mod(R)$ be the full subcategory of projective $R$-modules. Let's say that *$R$-projectives are closed under highly-filtered colimits* if there exists a cardinal $\kappa$ such that $Proj(R)$ is closed under $\kappa$-filtered colimits in $Mod(R)$. For example,


* When $R$ is a field (or division ring), we have $Proj(R) = Mod(R)$, and so vacuously we have that $R$-projectives are closed under highly-filtered colimits.
* When $R = \mathbb Z$, the question (perhaps surprisingly) [depends on set theory](https://math.stackexchange.com/a/1851485/45082)


	+ Under the anti-large cardinal hypothesis $V=L$, Eklof and Mekler showed that there exist aribtrarily large non-free abelian groups all of whose smaller subgroups are free and it follows that $\mathbb Z$-projectives are *not* closed under highly-filtered colimits.
	+ Whereas if there exists a strongly compact cardinal, then it follows from the powerful image theorem of Makkai and Pare that free abelian groups are an accessible, accessibly embedded subcategory of all abelian groups, and in particular $\mathbb Z$-projectives *are* closed under highly-filtered colimits.


The positive result of Makkai and Pare generalizes immediately to show that if $R$ is a PID (in the noncommutative case I'm not sure of the terminology, but the hypothesis is that every submodule of a projective $R$-module is free), then assuming the existence of a sufficiently-large strongly compact cardinal (I think the cardinal just has to be bigger than the cardinality of $R$) we have that $R$-projectives are closed under highly-filtered colimits.


In fact, [Rosicky and Brooke-Taylor's "$\lambda$-pure" version](https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.01986) of the powerful image theorem shows that if there is a sufficiently large strongly compact cardinal, then projective $R$-modules are closed under highly-filtered colimits provided that $R$ is of global projective dimension $\leq 1$ (every submodule of a projective module is *projective* rather than free), so this result holds even for some $R$ which are not domains.


**Question:**


1. What are some other rings $R$ for which we can say (perhaps under set-theoretical hypotheses) whether $R$-projectives are closed under highly-filtered colimits?
2. Are there any rings $R$ other than division rings for which the question "are $R$-projectives closed under highly-filtered colimits?" is decidable in ZFC?
3. Is the precise large-cardinal strength of "$\mathbb Z$-projectives are closed under highly-filtered colimits" -- or (equivalently, I think) "any sufficiently-large abelian group all of whose smaller subgroups are free, is free" -- known?



When are projective modules closed under highly-filtered colimits?
1. Let $R$ be a ring and $\kappa$ be a strongly compact cardinal such that $|R|<\kappa$. Then the class of all projective $R$-modules is closed under $\kappa$-filtered colimits.
This is Theorem 3.3 in the recent preprint of J. Šaroch and J. Trlifaj "Test sets for factorization properties of modules", <https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03749>
2. For any left perfect ring $R$ (which includes both all left Artinian and all right Artinian rings), all flat left $R$-modules are projective, so the class of projective left $R$-modules is closed under $\aleph\_0$-filtered colimits. For example, this applies to all the rings $\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z$, $n\ge2$ (many of which are not division rings).


