Which are the rigid suborders of the real line? 


If A is any set of reals, then it can be viewed as an order structure itself under the induced order (A,<). The question is, when is this structure rigid? That is, for which sets A does the structure (A,<) have no nontrivial order automorphisms? 


For example, the positive integers are rigid under the usual order. More generally, any well-ordered subset of R is rigid. Similarly, any anti-well-ordered set, such as the negative integers, is also rigid. 


It is also true that the order sum of any well-order plus an anti-well-order is rigid. For example, a sequence converging upward to 0 plus a sequence converging downward to 0 will have order type ω+ω\*, which is rigid. (Whereas it is easy to see that the sum of an infinite anti-well-order and an infinite well-order will not be rigid, since it has a copy of Z in the center.) A more elaborate example will be a well-ordered sum of anti-well-orders, such as the set consisting of k+1/n for any positive integers k and n. 


All these examples are countable; are there uncountable examples? 


Perhaps there will be some ZFC independence for certain types of examples? I am primarily interested in the situation under ZFC. In ZF without the Axiom of Choice, there can be weird anomalies of uncoutable sets that are Dedekind finite. All such sets are rigid, as I explained in [this question](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/6262/#6725). But if someone can provide a ZF characterization, that would also be interesting.



Which are the rigid suborders of the real line?
Here is a simple example of size continuum. Do the ordinary middle-third construction of the Cantor set, except that whenever you delete the $n$-th (numbered by level and then left to right, say) middle-third interval leave in exactly $n$ points from that interval. Let's call the resulting set $X$. Any automorphism of $X$ must map (resp. left-, right-) isolated points to (resp. left-, right-) isolated points. Since we left a different number of points in each middle-third interval, the automorphism must fix every inner point of each middle-third interval as well as its two endpoints. By density, it follows that the automorphism fixes every point of $X$.


All of your examples are scattered, I checked the Rosenstein's *Linear Orderings* to see if he had anything good to say about which scattered linear orders are rigid. To my dismay, this is what I found: "These considerations seem to make impossible an inductive argument (on $F$-rank or $VD$-rank) to determine which scattered types are rigid." (p. 133) However, he does cite a result of Anne Morel (*Ordering relations admitting automorphisms*, Fund. Math. 54 (1964), 279-284.) which says that a linear order $A$ is not rigid if and only if $A \cong A\_1 + A\_2\times\mathbb{Z} + A\_3$ for some linear orderings $A\_1,A\_2,A\_3$, with $A\_2$ nonempty.


Dense examples of rigid subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ would be interesting to see. This is probably not too difficult to construct under CH. But a ZFC example might have to deal with important barriers such as Baumgartner's result that *All ${\aleph\_1}$-dense subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ can be isomorphic*, Fund. Math. 79 (1973), 101-106. Maybe there are some examples in this classic paper of Sierpinski *Sur les types d'ordre des ensembles linéaires*, Fund. Math. 37 (1950), 253-264.


All three papers can be found [here](http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/spis.php?wyd=1&jez=en).




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Addendum (after sdcvvc's comment): For the sake of completeness, I'm including a simplification of the Dushnik-Miller argument that produces a dense subset $X$ of $\mathbb{R}$ which is rigid (though not the stronger result that $X$ has no self-embeddings).


To ensure density, the set $X$ will contain all rational numbers. Note that an automorphism $f$ of $X$ is then completely determined by its restriction to $\mathbb{Q}$. Indeed, since $f[\mathbb{Q}]$ must be dense (in $X$ and) in $\mathbb{R}$, we always have


$f(x) = \sup\{f(q):q \in (-\infty,x)\cap\mathbb{Q}\} = \inf\{f(q):q \in (x,\infty)\cap\mathbb{Q}\}.$


There are only $c = 2^{\aleph\_0}$ increasing maps $f:\mathbb{Q}\to\mathbb{R}$ with dense range. Let $\langle f\_\alpha:\alpha<c \rangle$ enumerate all such maps, except for the identity on $\mathbb{Q}$.


We will define by induction a sequence $\langle (x\_\alpha,y\_\alpha) : \alpha<c \rangle$ of pairs of irrational numbers. The $x\_\alpha$ will be points of $X$ while the $y\_\alpha$ will be in the complement of $X$. For each $\alpha$, we will have $f\_\alpha(x\_\alpha) = y\_\alpha$ (in the sense of the inf/sup definition above).


Suppose we have defined $(x\_\beta,y\_\beta)$ for $\beta<\alpha$. Since $f\_\alpha$ is not the identity, there is a rational $q$ such that $f\_\alpha(q) \neq q$. Let's suppose that $f\_\alpha(q) > q$ (the case $f\_\alpha(q) < q$ is symmetric). Since the real interval $(q,f\_\alpha(q))$ has size $c$ and the extension of $f\_\alpha$ to all of $\mathbb{R}$ is injective, we can always pick


$x\_\alpha \in (q,f\_\alpha(q)) \setminus(\mathbb{Q}\cup\{y\_\beta:\beta<\alpha\})$


such that $y\_\alpha = f\_\alpha(x\_\alpha) \notin \mathbb{Q}\cup\{x\_\beta:\beta<\alpha\}$. Note that $x\_\alpha < f\_\alpha(q) < y\_\alpha$ so $x\_\alpha \neq y\_\alpha$.


In the end, we will have 


$\{x\_\alpha: \alpha < c\} \cap \{y\_\alpha : \alpha<c\} = \varnothing$


and any set $X$ such that


$\mathbb{Q}\cup\{x\_\alpha:\alpha<c\} \subseteq X \subseteq \mathbb{R}\setminus\{y\_\alpha:\alpha<c\}$


is necessarily rigid since $f\_\alpha(x\_\alpha) = y\_\alpha \notin X$ for each $\alpha<c$. 


