Suppose I am given a morphism $f:BG\to BGL\_1(R)$ for $R$ some at least $E\_1$-ring spectrum and $G$ a loop space. Then This corresponds, I believe, to an action of $G$ on $R$, coming from a morphism $G\to GL\_1(R)$. The first part of my question is: does this imply a map of spectra $R[G]\wedge R\to R$ or something like this? The second part of my question is regards the Thom spectrum $Mf$ associated to $f$. There are several standard constructions of $Mf$ from the given data, but I'm particularly interested in the interpretation of $Mf$ as $R/G$, the "quotient" of $R$ by the $G$ action (the first place I saw this discussed was in the preprint of Ando, Blumberg, Gepner, Hopkins and Rezk on units of ring spectra). Specifically, can $R/G$ be constructed by some specific bar construction, or something along these lines, in the $\infty$-category of spectra? ABGHR seem to indicate that the construction of the Thom spectrum as the colimit of the $BG$-shaped diagram inside of $R$-modules makes it obvious that we should call it $R/G$, but it's not as clear to me. 



Bar Construction Model of Ring Spectrum Quotient
For your first question, the answer is yes. A map $BG\to BGL\_1(R)$ gives you a map $G\to GL\_1(R)$. Since $GL\_1(R)$ is a set of component of $\Omega^{\infty}(R)$, this gives you a map $G\to \Omega^{\infty}(R)$ or equivalently a map $\mathbb{S}[G]=\Sigma\_+^\infty G\to R$. The multiplication map $R\wedge R\to R$ gives you by adjunction a map $R\to F(R,R)$. Postcomposing with that map gives you a map $\mathbb{S}[G]\to F(R,R)$. The target has an $R$-module structure given by the map:


$$F(R,R)\wedge R\cong F(R,R)\wedge F(\mathbb{S},R)\to F(R,R\wedge R)\to F(R,R)$$
where the second map is just smashing the two functions spectra. We have an adjunction $-\wedge R:Spec\leftrightarrows Mod\_R:forget$. Thus the map $\mathbb{S}[ G]\to F(R,R)$ is the same data as a map of $R$-module spectra $R[G]:=R\wedge\Sigma\_+^\infty G\to F(R,R)$. Again by adjunction, you get from this a map $R[G]\wedge R\to R$.


Regarding your second question. A map $BG$ to an $\infty$-category $C$ is exactly the data of an object $X$ of $C$ together with a map $G\to Map\_{C}(X,X)$. Now by definition the colimit of this diagram in $C$ is an object $Y$ of $C$ with a map $X\to Y$ which is $G$-equivariant when you give $Y$ the trivial $G$ action and which is initial with that property. In other word, the data of an other object $Z$ with a $G$-equivariant map $X\to Z$ (where $Z$ is equipped with the trivial $G$-action) should be the same as the data of a map $Y\to Z$. I think it is clear that $Y$ has to be $X/G$.


One explicit point set level method for constructing $R/G$ is the following. Pick a model for $G$ that is a strictly associative simplicial group and a map $G\to Map(R,R)$ (say you work in symmetric spectra). Then you can do a Bar construction $B(\*,G,R)$. This is a simplicial object in the category of symmetric spectra whose $n$-simplices are the spectrum $\Sigma\_+^{\infty}G^n\wedge R$. Then if $R$ is a cofibrant spectrum, the resulting simplicial object is Reedy cofibrant and computes $R/G$.


