Let $g:[0,\infty) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an increasing function. Is there a way to construct an entire function $f(z)$ such that $f(x)=g(|x|)$ for all real $x$?



Real function to entire functions
You should keep in mind analytic continuation. Let $f:\mathbb R\rightarrow\mathbb R$
 be a $C^\infty$ function ; if there exists an entire function extending $f$, then


(1) It is unique by analytic continuation,


(2) The function $f$ must be real-analytic.


Of course (2) is not sufficient: think about the real-analytic $x\mapsto\frac{1}{1+x^2}$, which does NOT have an entire extension, since by analytic continuation, that extension should coincide with $\mathbb C\ni z\mapsto \frac{1}{1+z^2}$, which has poles at $\pm i$. For a real-analytic $f$, you can formulate a criterion dealing with the size of derivatives. Such a function has an entire extension iff
$$\forall R>0,\exists C\_R,\forall n\in\mathbb N,\quad
\vert f^{(n)}(0)\vert\le C\_R\frac{n!}{R^n}.
$$
On the other hand, real-analyticity of a $C^\infty$
$f$ on the real line is equivalent to
$$
\forall x\in \mathbb R,\exists r>0,\exists C>0, \exists R>0,\forall n\in\mathbb N,\quad
\Vert f^{(n)}\Vert\_{L^\infty(B(x,r))}\le C\frac{n!}{R^n}.
$$


