I originally posted this on math.SE (<https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3438528/concrete-examples-of-freyd-mitchell-embedding>) but since it's been a few days I figured I would crosspost it here. If this isn't the right level I'm happy to delete.


By the Freyd-Mitchell Embedding Theorem, any Abelian category admits an exact embedding into the category of modules over some ring. I'm not (currently) hoping to learn a proof, but instead I want to know if there are specific cases of this, aside from the obvious ones, which we can work out explicitly.


For example: is there a reasonably explicit way to describe the category of sheaves of Abelian groups on some space as a category of modules? Or the category of chain complexes of Abelian groups? Let's say the threshold for explicit is, at minimum, that we can cleanly describe the ring over which everything is a module.



Concrete examples of Freyd-Mitchell embedding
For some abelian categories it is also very easy to describe such a ring quite explicitly if the category you start with is similar enough to a module category.


Let's say you consider $\mathsf{Ch}(A\mathsf{-mod})$ and that $A$ is a $\mathbb{Q}$-algebra. Then $\mathsf{Ch}(A\mathsf{-mod})$ embeds as a full subcategory into $B-\mathsf{mod}$ where
$$B:=A \otimes \mathbb{Z}\langle z,d\rangle / ([z,d]=d, d^2=0)$$
by mapping a chain complex $(X\_\ast,\partial)\in\mathsf{Ch}(A\mathsf{-mod})$ to $\bigoplus\_{n\in\mathbb{Z}} X\_n$ and defining the $B$-action by
$$\forall x\in X\_n: z\cdot x := nx, d\cdot x := \partial(x).$$


In particular $z$ acts diagonalisable on this $B$-module, has spectrum $\mathbb{Z}$ and $X\_n$ is exactly the eigenspace of $z$ for the eigenvalue $n$. It is easy to verify that every chain-map defines a $B$-linear map and vice versa so that this construction gives an equivalence between $\mathsf{Ch}(A\mathsf{-mod})$ and the full subcategory of $B\mathsf{-mod}$ consisting of those $B$-modules on which $z$ acts diagonalisable with spectrum $\mathbb{Z}$.




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One can remove the condition $\mathbb{Q}\subseteq A$ by using slightly more complicated algebras, like
$$C:=A \otimes \mathbb{Z}\langle e\_n, d | n\in\mathbb{Z}\rangle / (e\_i e\_j = \delta\_{ij} e\_i, d e\_n = e\_{n-1} d, d^2=0)$$
This also algebra also acts on $\bigoplus\_n X\_n$: $e\_n$ is the projection onto the $n$-component and $d x\_n =\partial(x\_n)$ for all $x\_n\in X\_n$.


In this way $\mathsf{Ch}(A\mathsf{-mod})$ gets identified with the full subcategory of $C\mathsf{-mod}$ of all those modules that satisfy $M=\sum\_{n\in\mathbb{Z}} e\_n M$.


This second construction can be generalised: $C$ is a special case of a category algebra of an $\mathsf{Ab}$-enriched category $\mathsf{Ch}$: It has object set $\mathbb{Z}$ and $Hom(n,m)=\mathbb{Z}\partial$. The category of chain complexes of $A$-modules is nothing else than the functor category (of additive functors) $Fun\_\mathbb{Z}(\mathsf{Ch},A\mathsf{mod})$.


Generally: Every category that happens to be the functor category (of $k$-linear functors) $Fun\_k(\mathsf{C},A\mathsf{-mod})$ from some $k$-linear category $\mathsf{C}$ into a module category can be embedded into $(A\otimes\_k k[\mathsf{C}])-\mathsf{mod}$ in a similar spirit.


Even more generally: If $\mathsf{A}$ is an abelian category which you already know how to embed into a module category, then you can adapt this construction to get an embedding of $Fun\_k(\mathsf{C},\mathsf{A})$ into a module category as well. 


Even more generally yet: Any category can be embedded into a free $\mathbb{Z}$-linear category (using the same objects but the free abelian group generated by the original Hom-sets as new Hom-sets). Using this construction one can embed the category of *all* functors $Fun(\mathsf{C},\mathsf{A})$ into a module category. In particular you can do this with the category of open sets $\mathsf{Ouv}\_X$ of a topological space $X$ and get an embedding of the category of $A\mathsf{-mod}$-valued sheafs on $X$ into $A \otimes \mathbb{Z}[\mathsf{Ouv}\_X]\mathsf{-mod}$.


