Let $K$ be a knot in $S^3$. Let $N(K)$ be a tubular neighborhood of $K$, a solid torus. On $\partial N(K)$, we may specify a *preferred* longitude $\lambda$, i.e., a simple closed curve whose linking number with $K$ is $0$. Also, we can choose a canonical meridian $\mu$ whose linking number with $K$ is $1$.


A $p/q$-*surgery* on $S^3$ along $K$ is a closed oriented $3$-manifold given by $$S^3\_{p/q} (K) = (S^3 - \mathrm{int}(N(K))) \cup\_\varphi (D^2 \times S^1)$$ where $\varphi: S^1 \times S^1 \to S^1 \times S^1$ is a homeomorphism that sends $\partial D^2 \times \{ 0 \}$ to $p \mu + q \ell$.


I want to understand the generalization of this process to an arbitrary closed oriented $3$-manifold $M$.


1. The concept of integral surgery makes sense for any $M$? If yes, how?
2. Here, the choice of $\lambda$ is not obvious. How about the rational surgeries?


**P.S.** I checked several reference books about the knot theory. I couldn't find a precise approach for this generalization. Any reading advise will be appreciated.



Integral surgeries on $3$-manifolds
Two places in which this is discussed are Gompf and Stipsicz's book *4-manifolds and Kirby calculus* (Sections 5.2 and 5.3) and Ozbagci and Stipsicz's *Surgery on contact 3-manifolds and Stein surfaces* (Chapter 2). The reason this is not discussed in many knot theory references is that this is more of a 3.5-dimensional issue (that is, in between dimension 3 and dimension 4) than a knot-theoretical one.


1. Yes, this makes sense in arbitrary 3-manifolds, since the fact that $q=1$ is independent of your choice of longitude. The meridian is always well-defined, and any two longitudes differ by a multiple of the meridian, so having an expression of the form $p\mu + \lambda$ is independent of which $\lambda$ you choose. (The $p$ will vary, of course.) A different, arguably "better" perspective is that this corresponds to attaching a 4-dimensional 2-handle to $M \times I$ along $K$, which is what the two references I gave you are mostly about.
2. I'm not sure what you mean by "how about", so I'll at least tell you that the construction you have for knots in $S^3$ is completely general, and it goes by the name of "Dehn surgery". You can do it for any knot in any 3-manifold, and the datum you need is just the choice of (the homology class of) a simple closed curve in $\partial N(K)$, also called the slope (which is your $(p,q)$ or $p/q$). The only drawback is that if $K$ and $M$ are arbitrary you don't have a canonical way to translate this slope into a rational number, unless $K$ is null-homologous in $M$ (see below).


About 2., let me add that the choice of $\lambda$ is not only non-obvious, but also not possible in general. The only instance in which there is a canonical choice of $\lambda$ is when the knot $K$ is null-homologous in $M$, i.e. $[K] \in H\_1(M;\mathbb{Z})$ vanishes. Then you have a preferred longitude (still called the Seifert longitude), which is the only curve on $\partial N(K)$ (up to isotopy) whose homology class dies in $H\_1(M\setminus K; \mathbb{Z})$.


In general, whenever you have a knot $K \subset M$, you always have a rank-1 subgroup of $H\_1(\partial N(K); \mathbb{Z})$ which dies in $H\_1(M \setminus K; \mathbb{Z})$. This group needs not be generated by a primitive element, so there might be no simple closed curve on $\partial N(K)$ that bounds a surface in $M \setminus {\rm int}(N(K))$. It will be generated by a longitude if and only if $K$ is null-homologous in $M$.


