I have posted this question [in mathSE](https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2082244/determining-the-rate-of-spread-of-geodesics-when-the-sectional-curvature-is-zero) a few weeks ago (and proposed a bounty) but so far got no response.


In the book Riemanian geometry (by do-Carmo), the following result is proved (Corollary 2.9 page 115):


$\text{(1) } \|J(t) \|^2=t^2-\frac 13kt^4+R(t)$ where $(\frac{R(t)}{t^4}) \stackrel{t\rightarrow 0}{\longrightarrow} 0$.


($J(t)$ is a Jacobi field, $k$ is the sectional curvature of the relevant plane)


**An immediate corollary (2.10 in the book) is:**


$\text{(2) } \|J(t) \|=t-\frac 16kt^3+\tilde R(t)$ where $(\frac{\tilde R(t)}{t^3}) \stackrel{t\rightarrow 0}{\longrightarrow} 0$


**Question:**


In the case $k=0$ (I only assume $K\_p(\sigma)=0$, i.e the sectional curvature at a given point w.r.t a given plane is zero), how can we determine if the geodesics spread faster or slower compared to the Euclidean case? (Then $ \|J(t) \|=t$). 


**In other words, what governs the next term of the taylor expansion?**


(Perhaps the values of the sectional curvature in nearby points or its derivatives?)




---


The proof of $\text{(1)}$ was via calculation of the derivatives of $f(t)=\|J(t)\|^2 $ (using the metricity of the connection). It turns out that: $$f(0)=f'(0)=f^{(3)}(0)=0, f''(0)=2 ,f^{(4)}(0)= -8k.$$


**I am asking what is $f^{(5)}(0)$?**


If $J(t)=\exp\_p(tv(s))$, $v(0)=v,v'(0)=w, \sigma = \operatorname{span} \{v,w\}\subseteq T\_pM $, then: $J(0)=0,J'(0)=w$.


By Jacobi's equation $J''(0)=J^{(2)}(0)=0$ as well. An easy calculation shows that:


$$ f^{(5)}(0)= 20 \langle J^{(2)}(0),J^{(3)}(0) \rangle + 10 \langle J^{'}(0),J^{(4)}(0) \rangle + 2 \langle J(0),J^{(5)}(0) \rangle = 10 \langle w,J^{(4)}(0) \rangle$$


**So, the question amounts to calculating $J^{(4)}(0)$.** 


I have tried to differentiate the Jacobi equation twice, but couldn't obtain anything useful. (do-Carmo differentiated it once, in order to calculate $J^{(3)}(0)=-R(v,w)v$).



Determining the rate of spread of geodesics when the sectional curvature is zero
I'm not 100% sure this works, since I haven't carried it out carefully. Here's what I would do:


1. Fix an orthonormal frame $e\_1, \dots, e\_n$ that is parallel along the geodesic and $e\_n = T$ is tangent to the geodesic.
2. Let $J\_1, \dots, J\_n$ be the Jacobi fields along the geodesic such that $J(0) = 0$ and $\nabla\_TJ\_k(0) = e\_k$
3. Then $J\_i = A\_i^ke\_k$, where the matrix $A$ satisfies the second order ODE
$$
A'' + KA = 0,\ A(0) = 0,\ A'(0) = I
$$
where $K$ is a symmetric-matrix-valued function given in terms of the curvature tensor.
4. It is now straightforward to compute a power series solution to the matrix ODE in terms of the power series of $K$, which can in turn be written as a power series whose coefficients are given by covariant derivatives of the curvature tensor.


