Any smooth $k$-manifold $M$ comes with a well-defined map $f:M\rightarrow BGL\_{k}(\mathbb{R})$ (up to homotopy) classifying its tangent bundle. Since $GL\_{k}(\mathbb{R})$ deformation-retracts onto $O\_k$, then $BGL\_{k}(\mathbb{R})\simeq BO\_k$, which is a cute way (though it's certainly overkill) of proving that every smooth manifold admits a Riemannian metric. An almost-complex structure, on the other hand, is equivalent to a reduction of the structure group from $GL\_{2n}(\mathbb{R})$ to $GL\_n(\mathbb{C})$, which is the same as asking for a lift of the classifying map through $BU\_n\simeq BGL\_n(\mathbb{C})\rightarrow BGL\_{2n}(\mathbb{R})$.



> 
> Can we detect the nonexistence of a
>  lift entirely using characteristic
>  classes? If not, what else goes into the classification?
> 
> 
> 


I'd imagine these don't suffice themselves. I know that $w\_{2n}(TM) \equiv\_2 c\_n(TM)$, so this holds in the universal case $H^\ast(BO\_{2n};\mathbb{Z}/2) \rightarrow H^\ast(BU\_n;\mathbb{Z}/2)$. And certainly there are necessary conditions like $w\_1(TM)=0$ (which of course just means that $TM$ is an orientable bundle, which is the same as asking that $M$ be an orientable manifold). But I have no idea of what sufficient conditions would look like. I've heard that this problem is indeed solved. Maybe it takes some characteristic class & cohomology operation gymnastics, or maybe it even needs extraordinary characteristic classes. Or maybe there's yet another ingredient in the classification?


**Edit**: Apparently I misquoted my source, and this is only known stably (which makes sense, in light of Joel's answer and Tom's comments on it).



How can we detect the existence of almost-complex structures?
**Edit:** Now updated to include reference and slightly more general result. 
**Edit 2:** Includes remark about integrability.


Similar to Francesco Polizzi's answer, there is the following Theorem concerning 6-manifolds.


A closed oriented 6-dimensional manifold $X$ without 2-torsion in $H^3(X,\mathbb{Z})$ admits an almost complex structure. There is a 1-1 correspondence between almost complex structures on $X$ and the integral lifts $W \in H^2(X, \mathbb{Z})$ of $w\_2(X)$. The Chern classes of the almost complex structure corresponding to $W$ are given by $c\_1 = W$ and $c\_2 = (W^2 - p\_1(X))/2$.


In fact, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an almost complex structure is that $w\_2(X)$ maps to zero under the Bockstein map $H^2(X,\mathbb{Z}\_2) \to H^3(X,\mathbb{Z})$. 


I think the reason for results such as this and the one mentioned by Francesco is the following. To find an almost complex structure amounts to finding a section of a bundle over $X$ with fibre $F\_n=SO(2n)/U(n)$. The obstructions to such a section existing lie in the homology groups $H^{k+1}(X, \pi\_k(F\_n))$. When $n$ is small I would guess we can compute these homotopy groups and so have a good understanding of the obstructions. For example, in the case mentioned above, n=3, $F\_n = \mathbb{CP}^3$ and so the only non-trivial homotopy group which concerns us is $\pi\_2 \cong \mathbb{Z}$. This is what leads to the above necessary and sufficient condition concerning 2-torsion. On the other hand when $n$ is large I don't know what $F\_n$ looks like, let alone its homotopy groups...


For the proof of the above mentioned result see the article "Cubic forms and complex 3-folds" by Okonek and Van de Ven. (I highly recommend this article, it's full of interesting facts about almost complex and complex 3-folds.)


It is worth pointing out that in real dimension 6 or higher there is *no known obstruction to the existence of an integrable complex structure*. In other words, there is no known example of a manifold of dimension 6 or higher which has an almost complex structure, but not a genuine complex structure. By the classification of compact complex surfaces, those 4-manifolds admitting integrable complex structures are well understood.


