Let $G$ be a finitely generated group and let $c(G)$ denote the minimal number of relations that we must add to a presentation fro $G$ in order to make $G$ abelian. I would like to find examples of groups where $c(G)$ is arbitrarily large but I do not know how to get lower bounds on $c(G)$. Do you know of such groups? There is no algorithm to compute $c(G)$ since $c(G) = 0$ implies $G$ is abelian - but I just want some examples where $c(G)$ is big. 


Actually, for an application I have in mind, I would like to find 3-manifold groups (or in particular knot complement groups) $G\_i$ where $c(G\_i) \to \infty$. 


I imagine there is a relation between $c(G)$ and some other invariants of groups and I am hoping someone can point these out to me. Maybe $c(G)$ has a name that I am totally unaware of... 



Minimum number of relations that must be added to make a group abelian
The question has been answered in the comments by SashaP and Derek Holt, taking the following definition of $c(G)$:



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> **Definition 1**. Let $G$ be a finitely generated group. We denote by $c(G)$ the minimal number of elements of $G$ required to normally generate a subgroup of $G$ that contains $G'$, the derived subgroup of $G$.
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The invariant $c(G)$ is related to both the *weight* $w(G)$ and the *deficiency* $\text{def}(G)$ of $G$.


The *weight $w(G)$* of a finitely generated group $G$ is the minimal number of elements required to generate $G$ as a normal subgroup. Clearly, we have $$d(G/G') \le w(G) \le d(G)$$ where $d(G)$ denotes the minimal number of generators of $G$.


Neil Hoffman has suggested another possible definition of OP's invariant.



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> **Definition 2.** For $G$ a finitely generated group, we define $c\_{ab}(G)$ as the minimal number of elements required to normally generate $G'$ as a normal subgroup of $G$.
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I will address Definition 1 first by wrapping up the hints provided in the comments attached to the question. Definition 2 will be addressed later in Claim 3.


The following is a combination of Derek Holt's and Neil Hoffman's observations.



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> **Claim 1.** Let $G$ be a finitely generated group. Then we have $$c(G) \le \min(w(G), d(G) - 1).$$ In particular, $c(G) = 1$ if $G$ is a non-Abelian knot group.
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The *deficiency $\text{def}(P)$ of a finite group presentation* $P = \langle x\_1, \dots , x\_n \vert \, r\_1, \dots, r\_m \rangle$ on $n$ generators and $m$ relators is the integer $n - m \in \mathbb{Z}$.
The *deficiency $\text{def}(G)$ of a finitely presented group $G$* is the maximum of the deficiencies of its finite presentations.


The following summarizes SashaP's observations.



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> **Claim 2.** If $G$ is a finitely generated Abelian group, then $\text{def}(G) \le 1$. In addition, we have 
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> * $\text{def}(G) = 1$ if and only if $G \simeq \mathbb{Z}^r$ for some $r \in \{1, 2\}$.
> * $\text{def}(G) = 0$ if and only if $G \simeq \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}, \mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$ with $n > 0$ or $\mathbb{Z}^3$.
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> *Proof.* Let $r = \dim(G \otimes\_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q})$. Therefore we can write $G = \mathbb{Z}^r \times H$. By [2, Lemma 1.2], we have $\text{def}(G) \le \dim\left(H\_1(G, \mathbb{Z}) \otimes\_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}\right) - d(H\_2(G, \mathbb{Z}))$. Actually, equality holds since $G$ is *efficient* by [2, Lemma 1.3]. As $d(H\_2(G, \mathbb{Z})) = d(\Lambda^2(G)) = d(\Lambda^2(\mathbb{Z}^r \times H)) \ge \frac{r(r-1)}{2}$, we deduce that $\text{def}(G) \le r - \frac{r(r-1)}{2} \le 1$. The remaining statements are easily inferred from the efficiency of finitely generated Abelian groups.
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We are now in position to answer the main question, that is, to provide a sequence of groups $(G\_n)$ with arbitrarily large values of $c(G\_n)$.



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> **Corollary 1.** Let $G$ be a finitely presented group. Then $c(G) \ge \text{def}(G) - 1$.
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> *Proof.* Consider a presentation $P$ of $G$ with deficiency $\text{def}(G)$. By adding $c(G)$ relators to $P$ we obtain the presentation $P'$ of an Abelian group. Thus $\text{def}(P') = \text{def}(G) - c(G) \le 1$ by Claim 2. The result immediately follows.
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Note that the free group on $n$ generator is the fundamental group of a 3-dimensional [handlebody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handlebody) of genus $n$. It is also the fundamental group of the connected sum of $n$ copies of $S^1 \times S^2$.



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> **Corollary 2.** Let $F\_n$ be the free group on $n$ generators. Then $c(F\_n) = n - 1$.
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> *Proof.* By Claim 1, we have $c(F\_n) \le n - 1$. It follows from Corollary 1 that $c(F\_n) \ge n - 1$, hence the result.
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In order to address Definition 2, further definitions are required.
If $M$ is a finitely generated module over a unital ring $R$, we denote by $d\_R(M)$ the minimal number of generators of $M$.
Let $G$ be a group. Then the conjugation action of $G$ on the Abelian group $M \Doteq G'/G''$ induces an action of $G\_{ab}$ on $M$ so that $M$ is naturally a $\mathbb{Z}[G\_{ab}]$-module.



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> **Claim 3.** Let $G$ be a finitely generated group and let $n = d(G)$. Then the following holds
>  $$d\_{\mathbb{Z}[G\_{ab}]}(G'/G'') \le c\_{ab}(G) \le c\_{ab}(F\_n).$$
>  In addition, we have $$c\_{ab}(F\_n) = \frac{n(n - 1)}{2}.$$
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> *Proof.* The first two inequalities follow easily from the definitions. Clearly, we have $c\_{ab}(F\_n) \le \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$. The reverse inequality follows from [3, Theorem 3]. Indeed, set $M \Doteq F\_n'/F\_n''$, $(F\_n)\_{ab} = \mathbb{Z}^n$ and let $I$ be the augmentation ideal of $\mathbb{Z}[(F\_n)\_{ab}]$. Then by [3, Theorem 3] the group $M$ is a $\mathbb{Z}[(F\_n)\_{ab}]$-module generated by $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ elements and we have $M/IM \simeq \mathbb{Z}^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}$. As $(F\_n)\_{ab}$ acts trivially on $M$, this module cannot be generated by less than $\frac{n(n - 1)}{2}$ elements.
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A similar reasoning applies to the integral [Alexander module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_polynomial) $A(K)$ of a classical $1$-knot $K \subset \mathbb{S}^3$. Recall that the Alexander module $A(K) \Doteq G'/G''$ is a module over $\mathbb{Z}[t^{\pm 1}] \simeq \mathbb{Z}[G\_{ab}]$ where $G = \pi\_1(\mathbb{S}^3 \setminus K)$.



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> **Claim 4.** Let $K$ be the [knot sum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_sum) of $n$ copies of an oriented knot with a non-zero Alexander module. Let $G = \pi\_1(\mathbb{S}^3 \setminus K)$. 
>  Then we have $c\_{ab}(G) \ge n.$
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Claim 4 is an easy consequence of 



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> **Lemma 1.** Let $K\_1$ and $K\_2$ be two oriented $1$-knots. Then $A(K\_1 \# K\_2) = A(K\_1) \times A(K\_2)$.
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> *Proof.* This is a straightforward consequence of the two following facts:
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> * If $V$ is a [Seifert matrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifert_surface) of a $1$-knot $K$, then $V - tV^{T}$ is a presentation matrix of $A(K)$ where $V^T$ denotes the transpose of $V$.
> * If two $1$-knots $K\_1$ and $K\_2$ admit $V\_1$, resp. $V\_2$, as a Seifert matrix, then the block-diagonal matrix $\text{diag}(V\_1, V\_2)$ is a Seifert matrix of $K\_1 \# K\_2$.
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We are now in position to prove Claim 4.



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> *Proof of Claim 4.* Write $K = K\_0 \# K\_0 \# \cdots \# K\_0$ with $A(K\_0) \neq \{0\}$. By Lemma 1, the Alexander module $A(K)$ of $K$ is the direct product of $n$ copies of $A(K\_0)$. Considering a maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$ of $\mathbb{Z}[t^{\pm 1}]$ such that $A(K\_0)$ surjects onto the field $\mathbb{Z}[t^{\pm 1}]/\mathfrak{m}$, we see that $A(K)$ cannot be generated by less than $n$ elements. 
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[1] E. Rapaport, "On the commutator subgroup of a knot group", 1960.  

[2] D. Epstein, "Finite presentations of groups and 3-manifolds", 1961.  

[3] S. Bachmuth, "Automorphisms of free metabelian groups", 1965. 


