Can we summarize string theory (in its actual state) in some principles and fundamental equations like electromagnetism, general relativity, quantum mechanics and classical mechanics ? 


I am looking for a book for string theory for mathematicians similar to the book of Von Neumann for QM. 



book about string theory a la Von Neumann
Not a book, but an informative and enjoyable summary has been given by Robbert Dijkgraaf:


[The mathematics of string theory](http://www.bourbaphy.fr/dijkgraaf.pdf)



> 
> String theory can be considered as a two-parameter deformation of
>  classical geometry, where one parameter controls the generalization
>  from points to loops, and the other parameter controls the
>  quantization in terms of the sum over topologies of Riemann surfaces.
>  The final formulation of non-perturbative string theory, which is not
>  yet there, will have to bring together geometry, non-commutative
>  algebra and loop spaces.
> 
> 
> 


