I am working on some non-local differential equations that appear in geometric analysis.
One of which I posted [here](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/402372/existence-and-uniqueness-of-an-euler-type-ode-with-varying-parameters) and was answered by @WillieWong and @losifPinelis.


Consider this non-local differential equation on $[1,\infty)$.


$(r^2 - 2ar)f''(r) + 2(r-a) f'(r) - \left(\frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} + m(m+1)\right)f(r) = -\frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)}f(1)+ \frac{4a(1-2a)}{(1-a)r(r-2a)} C $


with initial conditions


$f'(1) = C, \qquad \lim\_{r\to \infty} f(r) = 0$


where $C$ is any real number, $m$ is a non-negative integer, and $a\in [0,\frac{1}{2})$


The follwoing is an ODE that is somehow related to the above non-local differential equation:


$(r^2 - 2ar)f''(r) + 2(r-a) f'(r) - \left(\frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} + m(m+1)\right)f(r) = -\frac{2a}{r(r-2a)} D $


with initial conditions


$\frac{2a}{1-2a}f(1) + \frac{2}{1-a}f'(1) = D, \qquad \lim\_{r\to \infty} f(r) = 0$


where $D$ is any real number.


If $a=0$, then both equations become the known Euler equation:


$r^2f''(r) + 2r f'(r) - (m(m+1))f(r) = 0 $


$ f'(1) = C, \qquad \lim\_{r\to \infty} f(r) = 0$


which we know the unique solution is:
$f(r) = \frac{-C}{\alpha r^{\alpha}}$
where $\alpha = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{1+4m(m+1)}}{2}$


Is there an explicit solution to these equations?


Can I prove existence and/or uniqueness for the $a>0$ case using some kind of continuity method?
I know for instance that injectivity is a continuous property for elliptic operators, and one has the method of continuity to prove surjectivity of a 1-parameter family of elliptic operators.
Is there something similar in this context?


Any help or references is appreciated.



Existence and uniqueness of an Euler-type ODE with varying parameters part 2
Reformulate
-----------


Supposing $f$ is a solution to your first formulation, with $f(1) = \lambda$. Let $\tilde{f}(r) = \lambda^{-1} f(r)$. Then $\tilde{f}$ solves the differential equation


$$ \tag{1} r(r-2a) \tilde{f}'' + 2(r-a) \tilde{f}' - m(m+1) \tilde{f} = \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} (\tilde{f} - 1) + \frac{4a(1-2a)}{(1-a)r(r-2a)} \tilde{C} $$


with


$$\tilde{f}'(1) = \tilde{C} \text{ and } \tilde{f}(1) = 1 \tag{2}$$
(Here $\tilde{C} = \lambda^{-1} C$.)


Hence your question is equivalent to asking


1. whether there exists some parameter $\tilde{C}$ such that the initial value problem (1), (2) admits a solution with a finite limit
2. whether said $\tilde{C}$ is unique
3. and what is the finite limit.




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For convenience of typing, I will drop all tilde signs below. Note that the $f$ I will refer to is therefore different from the $f$ in your original question.




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Third question
--------------


Let's answer the third question first. Suppose for a moment that a solution exists with a non-zero limit $f\_\infty = \lim f(r)$. Suppose first that $f\_\infty > 0$ (the argument will be similar if $f\_\infty < 0$.) Then there exists $R > 0$ such that for all $r > R$, we have


$$ r(r-2a) f'' + 2(r-a) f' > \frac{m^2}{2} f\_\infty$$


and $f(r) > \frac12 f\_\infty$. This shows that $f$ has no local maxima and hence must eventually be monotonic.


The same argument from my previous answer then shows that $\lim f'(r)$ exists (and hence must be zero) and that $|f'(r)|$ is at least size $1/r$ asymptotically. This contradicts the integrability of $f'(r)$.


**This shows that if a solution were to exist with a finite $f\_\infty$, then $f\_\infty = 0$ necessarily.**




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Second question
---------------


Decompose $f = g + h\_C$, where $g$ solves


$$ r(r-2a) g'' + 2(r-a) g' - m(m+1) g - \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} g = - \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} $$


with $g'(1) = 0$ and $g(1) = 1$, and $h\_C$ solves


$$ r(r-2a) h'' + 2(r-a) h' - m(m+1) h - \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} h = \frac{4a(1-2a)}{(1-a)r(r-2a)} C$$


with $h'(1) = C$ and $h(1) = 0$.


We see that the mapping $C \mapsto h\_C$ is linear. So let's concentrate on the case $C = 1$.


Then $m(m+1) h + \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} h + \frac{4a(1-2a)}{(1-a)r(r-2a)} > 0$ whenever $h \geq 0$. So $h$ cannot have a positive local maximum. Since $h$ is initially increasing and $h(1) = 0$, this means that $h$ is strictly increasing. And hence $\lim h(r)$ exists in $(0,\infty]$ by the monotone convergence theorem; in particular, $\lim h(r) \neq 0$.


**This answers question 2**. Suppose with the value $C\_0$, we find $f$ a solution to the original problem. If $D \neq 0$, then the solution $\hat{f}$ using the value $C\_0 + D$ will have limit $\lim \hat{f}(r) = \lim f(r) + \lim h\_D(r) \neq 0$. And hence $C\_0$ is unique. Furthermore, since we established that there can be no finite limit besides $0$, this means that $\lim h\_D$ is necessarily $\pm \infty$.




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First Question (Partial answer)
-------------------------------


I will use the functions $g$ and $h\_C$ as the previous part.


The equation satisfied by $g$ can be written as


$$ [(r^2 - 2ra)g']' = m(m+1) g + (g-1) \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} $$


Note that if $g(r) \geq 1$ then the RHS is positive. And once $g'$ turns positive, then $g$ is increasing. So it is not too hard to argue in fact that $(r^2-2ra)g'$ is strictly increasing on $[1,\infty)$, and hence $g$ is also monotonically increasing.


As we noted before, $h\_1$ (and hence $h\_C$ for any $C > 0$) is also monotonically increasing.


1. First, I claim that for any $C > 0$ we have that $h\_C$ and $g\_C$ intersects at most once. Suppose the two curves intersect the first time at $r\_0$. Then since $g(1) > h\_C(1)$ we have that $h'\_C(r\_0) \geq g'(r\_0)$. But their difference satisfies the equation
$$ [ r(r-2a) (h'\_C - g')]' = [ m(m+1) + \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} ] (h\_C - g) + \frac{4a(1-2a)}{(1-a)r(r-2a)} C + \frac{4a^2}{r(r-2a)} $$
which shows that after $r\_0$ the value $h'\_C - g'$ will be always positive.
2. For $r > 1$, let $C(r)$ be the unique value such that $h\_{C(r)}(r) = g(r)$; in other words let $C(r) = \frac{g(r)}{h\_1(r)}$. The analysis in step 1 indicates that $C(r)$ is a decreasing function of $r$.
3. By the monotone convergence theorem $\lim C(r)$ converges to a finite, non-negative limit $C\_\infty$.


I believe that $f = g - h\_{C\_\infty}$ is the desired solution.


* It is clear from construction that $g - h\_{C\_\infty}$ is everywhere strictly positive. And hence for any $C < C\_\infty$, we have that $\lim\_{r\to\infty} g - h\_{C} = +\infty$, using that $\lim h\_1 = +\infty$.
* It is also clear from the construction that $\lim\_{r\to\infty} g - h\_C = -\infty$ for any $C > C\_\infty$.
* So if there exists a solution, it must correspond to $C\_\infty$.


I don't have the time to work out all the details, so here's a sketch for what needs to be done to prove that $C\_\infty$ works.


1. Suppose that at some point $r$ you have that $f(r) > \frac{4a}{m(m+1)r(r-2a)}[ a + \frac{1-2a}{1-a} C\_\infty]$. and $f'(r) > 0$. Then for some sufficiently small $\epsilon$ we have $f - h\_\epsilon$ is still everywhere positive. Here we use that we can choose $\epsilon$ small enough and take advantage of the strict positivity of $f$ on $[1,r]$, and that on the interval $[r,\infty)$ the initial conditions $f(r) - h\_\epsilon(r) > \frac{4a}{m(m+1)r(r-2a)}[ a + \frac{1-2a}{1-a} (C\_\infty + \epsilon) ]$ and $f'(r) - h\_\epsilon'(r) > 0$ implies that $f - h\_\epsilon$ is strictly increasing beyond that point. But this would contradict the definition of $C\_\infty$.
2. So for every $r$ we must have at least one of $f'(r) \leq 0$ or $f(r) < \frac{4a}{m(m+1)r(r-2a)}[ a + \frac{1-2a}{1-a} C\_\infty]$ holds. This can be seen to imply that the larger of $f(r)$ and the decaying envelope (RHS of the inequality for $f(r)$) is a decreasing function. By the monotone convergence theorem this has a limit.
3. If the limit is non-zero, this means $f$ is eventually larger than the envelope, and hence the limit is the limit of $f$. But this contradicts the answer to Question 3. And hence the limit is 0. By comparison this shows that this is also the limit of the positive function $f$.


