Let $\mathbf{Sch}\_k$ be the category of $k$-schemes of finite type, and let $K\_0(\mathbf{Sch}\_k)$ be the Grothendieck ring of $k$-schemes. Let $\mathbb{Z}[\mathbb{L}]$ the subring generated by the virtual Lefschetz motive $\mathbb{L} := [\mathbb{A}^1\_k]$. Is every element of $\mathbb{Z}[\mathbb{L}]$ the class of a $k$-scheme (or at least a $k$-constructible set) ? It might be convenient to recall that $K\_0(\mathbf{Sch}\_k)$ is generated by isomorphism classes of $k$-schemes $[X]$, and that $$[X] = [X \setminus C] + [C]$$
whenever $C$ is a closed subscheme in $X$; the product is given by $$[X] \cdot [Y] = [X \times Y].$$



Virtual mixed Tate motives
Here is a proof of the fact that over an infinite field $f(\mathbb{L})$ is a class of a scheme if and only if the leading term of $f$ is positive, as suggested by Will Sawin.


**Example.** For $f(t)=a\_nt^n+a\_{n-1}t^{n-1}+\dots+a\_0$ with $a\_n>0$ throw away from affine space of dimension $n$ planes $\mathbb{A}^i$ in amount $-a\_i$ for each negative $a\_i$ such that these planes are pairwise disojoint(this is possible due to the infinitness of the base field). Then take the disjoint union of the resulting complement with 
 $a\_n-1$ copies $\mathbb{A}^n$ and with $a\_j$ copies of $\mathbb{A}^j$ for each positive $a\_j$. The variety which we get clearly equals to $f(\mathbb{L})$ in $K\_0$(one can construct an irreducible example by doing blow-ups instead of disjoint unions).


**All other polynomials do not give a class of a scheme.** 1) First, consider the case $\mathrm{char}\, k=0$ and reduce by a Lefschetz principle type argument to the case $k=\mathbb{C}$. Assume that $[f(\mathbb{L})]=[X]$ and $a\_n<0$. This identity is a linear combination of a finite number of standard identities. There exists a subfield $F$ of $k$, finitely generated over $\mathbb{Q}$ such that all schemes involved in these identities are defined over $F$. Thus, we have $[p(\mathbb{L})]=[X\_F]$ already in $K\_0(Sch\_F)$. Then embedding $F$ into $\mathbb{C}$ and base changing to $\mathbb{C}$ we arrive at the case $k=\mathbb{C}$.


Over $\mathbb{C}$ we can use the following motivic measure(strictly speaking, this formula defines it only on $K\_0(Var\_{\mathbb{C}})$ but if I got the definition of $K\_0(Sch)$ right, the relations imply $[X]=[X\_{red}]$ -- there is still something to be said about not-separatedness, but let's omit that): $$\mu([X])=\sum\_{k,p,q}(-1)^k\dim H^k\_c(X,\mathbb{C})^{p,q}u^pv^q\in \mathbb{Z}[u,v]$$ where by $H^k\_c(X,\mathbb{C})^{p,q}$ I mean the piece of weight $(p,q)$ in the MHS on $H^k\_c(X)$. For an irreducible variety of dimension $n$ the leading term of $\mu([X])$ is $u^nv^n$ so it is at least positive for arbitrary varirty. But for $f(\mathbb{L})$ this motivic measure gives $f(uv)$, qed.


2)The case $\mathrm{char}\, k=p>0$. Exactly as in the first case, we may assume that we have a counterexample defined over a ring which is a finite extension of $\mathbb{F}\_p[t\_1,\dots,t\_n]$(say, Noether normalization). Specializing at some values of $t\_i$ we arrive at the case $k=\mathbb{F\_q}$ where we can use the motivic measure suggested by THC: $$\mu\_n([X])=\#X(\mathbb{F}\_{q^n})$$ and for $f(\mathbb{L})$ with negative leading coefficient there exists a big enough $n$ such that $\mu\_n(f(\mathbb{L}))<0$.


For finite fields everything seems more delicate -- a necessary condition is $f(q^{nm})\geq f(q^n)\geq 0$ for any $n,m$.


