Suppose that $\pi:X\to S$ is a *smooth projective* morphism of relative dimension 1. If $S$ is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field, then it is known that $X$ embeds into $\mathbb{P}^3\_S$.


**Question**: Can a similar statement be made for more general $S$?


I am primarily interested in Dedekind schemes $S$, but would also like to understand the general situation.


Let us assume that $X$ is geometrically integral, to try to account for the algebraically-closedness hypothesis. ([Edit]: In light of Jef's comment, I will strengthen this to "There is a section $S\to X$".)
Let us also assume any standard finiteness condition that could be helpful: Noetherian, quasi-compact, etc.


If the statement is not true in this generality, what if we add some cohomological niceness properties: $X/S$ is cohomologically flat, or maybe even $S$ affine.


**Question**: If we assume the fibers of $\pi$ are curves of genus $0$, can we embed $X$ into $\mathbb{P}^2\_S$?


I think this is true over Dedekind schemes, using the ample anti-canonical sheaf $\omega\_{X/S}^\vee$, since $\pi\_\*\omega\_{X/S}^\vee$ is locally free of rank 3, but I am not certain.


I would be completely content with an answer for Dedekind schemes $S$, but I would appreciate any help.



Does a smooth relative curve $X/S$ embed into $\mathbb{P}^3_S$?
This answer addresses the second question: "If we assume the fibers of $\pi$ are curves of genus $0$, can we embed $X$ into $\mathbb{P}^2\_S$?"


The answer to this is also **no** (providing there is a singular fibre).


Let $\pi: X \to \mathbb{P}^1$ be a conic bundle surface over an algebraically closed field $k$, i.e. $X$ is regular and every fibre is isomorphic to a plane conic (possibly singular).


Consider the relative anticanonical bundle $\omega\_{X/\mathbb{P}^1}^{-1}$. This is very ample when restricted to each fibre, and the pushforward to $\mathbb{P}^1$ is a vector bundle $V$ of rank $3$. We obtain an embedding


$$X \to \mathbb{P}(V)$$
which respects $\pi$, where $\mathbb{P}(V)$ denotes the corresponding $\mathbb{P}^2$-projective bundle over $\mathbb{P}^1$.


Now every vector bundle on $\mathbb{P}^1$ splits as a direct sum of line bundles, so we can write


$$V = \mathcal{O}(a\_1) \oplus \mathcal{O}(a\_2) \oplus \mathcal{O}(a\_3).$$


We obtain the trivial projective bundle if and only if $a\_1 = a\_2 = a\_3$. So we just need to give an example where this doesn't hold.


Firstly, if every fibre is smooth, then $X$ is a ruled surface. By the classification of ruled surfaces $X$ is a Hirzebruch surface $\mathbb{F}\_n$ for some $n$. But $\mathbb{F}\_n$ embeds into $\mathbb{P}^2 \times \mathbb{P}^1$ as
$$x\_0^n y\_0 = x\_1^n y\_1.$$
So to get a counter-example we need to consider a conic bundle with a singular fibre.


I take $X$ to be a smooth cubic surface in $\mathbb{P}^3$. For any line $L \subset X$, there is an associated conic bundle given by taking the residual intersection of the pencil of planes through $L$. This has exactly 5 singular fibres as $L$ meets exactly 10 other lines of $X$.


Now take $Y$ a conic bundle surface in $\mathbb{P}^2 \times \mathbb{P}^1$. This has bidegree $(2,d)$ for some $d$. Considering the discriminant of the associated quadratic form one sees that this has $3d \neq 5$ singular fibres, as required.


Incidently, one can show that any smooth cubic surface embeds into $\mathbb{P}(V)$ where $V = \mathcal{O}(0) \oplus \mathcal{O}(0) \oplus \mathcal{O}(1).$


