Let $ZC$ be [Zermelo set theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo_set_theory) with choice, which differs from $ZFC$ in omitting the axiom scheme of replacement. **EDIT:** I think I want to include foundation in the axioms, which apparently isn't normally considered to be part of Zermelo set theory.


As is well-known, $ZC$ is much weaker than $ZFC$; for instance $V\_{\aleph\_\omega}$ models $ZC$. One way to measure the difference is by interpolating between the two with the theories $ZC\_n$ for $n \in \mathbb N$, where one adds an axiom or axiom scheme of $\Sigma\_n$ replacement; I believe one has $ZC = ZC\_0$ and informally $ZFC = ZC\_\omega$. At the extreme low end, I believe that $ZC$ doesn't even prove that every well-order is isomorphic to an ordinal, so if it makes things easier in the following to replace $ZC$ with $ZC\_1$, I don't think I'd object.


What I'd like to know is whether $ZC$ admits a "large cardinal hierarchy" resembling in some sense the familiar hierachy of large cardinal axioms one can add to $ZFC$, and which give another way of calibrating consistency strength of such theories.


When trying to adapt large-cardinal ideas from $ZFC$ to $ZC$, I imagine there are plenty of potential issues.


* For one thing, as usual equivalent formulations of a statement in $ZFC$ may become inequivalent in $ZC$, so one must think carefully about choosing "correct" formulations.
* More concerningly, the canonical example of a model of $ZC$ given by $V\_{\aleph\_\omega}$ suggests that perhaps one way $ZC$ differs from $ZFC$ is that in $ZC$ the universe *doesn't* necessarily "extend endlessly upward", and so "adding to the top" by hypothesizing "large cardinals" may simply be an ineffective way to generate stronger extensions of $ZC$ which are not extensions of $ZFC$.


So I think the somewhat-more-specific questions I have are:


**Question 1:** Is there anything analogous to the large cardinal hierarchy when it comes to theories which extend $ZC$ but not $ZFC$?


Or is it rather the case that anything recognizable as a "large cardinal axiom" in $ZC$ will likely imply replacement anyway?


**Question 2:** If so, does this hierarchy lie strictly below $ZFC$ in consistency strength?


Or is it rather possible to get a theory without replacement which is *stronger* than $ZFC$ in consistency strength, or even *incomparable*?


**Question 3:** What's an example of an analog of a large cardinal axiom in $ZC$? (Or if the answer to (1) is "no", then: what are some other interesting ways to get theories between $ZC$ and $ZFC$ other than the theories $ZC\_n$?)


My favorite large cardinal axiom happens to be Vopenka's principle. So for instance, is there a version of Vopenka in $ZC$, and if so, is the resulting theory weaker than $ZFC$?


I'd also be interested in asking similar questions about $BZC$, the material-set-theoretic analog of ETCS, where the language is modified so that there simply aren't any unbounded quantifiers at all. But perhaps that would be too radically different a setting from $ZFC$ to really get a grip on the question.



Large cardinals without replacement
Overall, the large cardinal axiom hierarchy is very similar between ZC (ZFC minus replacement; we are including regularity) and ZFC. A large cardinal axiom (unprovable in ZFC) satisfied by $κ$ typically implies in ZC that $V\_κ$ satisfies ZFC + weaker large cardinal axioms. However, the axioms typically do not imply additional replacement above $κ$ even for $Σ^V\_3$ axioms such as existence of a strong or a supercompact cardinal (and hence their strength is truncated accordingly); but an extendible or a proper class of strong cardinals gives $Σ\_2$ replacement, and a proper class of extendibles gives $Σ\_3$ replacement.


Equiconsistencies also typically carry over to ZC. For example, ZC + $L(ℝ)⊨\text{AD}$ is equiconsistent with ZC + $ω$ Woodin cardinals whose supremum exists.


However, there are some differences.


One is notational. ZC does not prove that $ω2=ω+ω$ exists as the transitive set. However, ZC interprets $Σ\_1$ replacement, and we can either add $Σ\_1$-replacement, or implicitly speak of codes for ordinals and other sets.


Defining HOD requires replacement. However, there are inequivalent first order definable approximations of OD in ZC, one of which is $∪\_{V\_κ \text{ exists}} \mathrm{OD}^{V\_κ}$.


The lack of singular infinite cardinals creates some strength differences. For example, ZC + $∀κ \, (κ^+)^L < κ^+$ is equiconsistent with ZC rather than ZC + $0^\#$. Still, there are other covering properties whose violation has high strength in ZC, and nonexistence of an inner model with a Woodin cardinal should still imply that the core model exists. Also, ZC($j$) + “$j$ is a nontrivial elementary embedding $V→V$” (called Wholeness Axiom; it proves ZFC without replacement for $j$-formulas) is consistent relative to the $\mathrm{I}\_3$ axiom, as opposed to the Kunen inconsistency in ZFC($j$) due to the axiom of choice and existence of $j^ω(\mathrm{crit}(j))$.


There are large cardinal axioms for ZC that are implied by ZFC. Borel determinacy is equivalent to $∀r∈ℝ \,∀α < ω\_1 \, ∃β \, L\_β(r) ⊨ \text{“} ω\_α \text{ exists”}$. Also, the least $α<β$ with $\mathrm{Theory}(V\_α)=\mathrm{Theory}(V\_β)$ are strictly between $ω\_1^L$ and $c^+$.


Bounded quantifier ZC (BZC, also called Mac Lane set theory) is useful for some equiconsistency statements, and as a minimal base theory. For example, BZC + a proper class of Woodin cardinals is conservative over $\text{Z}\_2 + \text{PD}$ (second order arithmetic with projective determinacy). In turn, key theorems about universally Baire sets relying on a proper class of Woodin cardinals can in fact be proved in BZC + a proper class of Woodin cardinals (even though it does not prove that the set of all universally Baire sets of reals exists).


By reflection, for every consistent axiom A, ZC+A has lower consistency strength than ZFC+A, but this need not apply to schemas. For example, Vopěnka's principle over ZC (or just BZC) implies ZFC.


