Let $X$ be a (finite if you want) set and form the simplicial set $F^{\bullet}(X)$ with 
$$
F^{n}(X) = \mathrm{Hom}\_{\mathrm{set}} ([n], X)
$$
where the right hand side denotes arbitrary maps of sets (of course
it wouldn't make sense to say order preserving as $X$ doesn't come
with an order).


I'm wondering about a description of $F^{\bullet}(X)$. For example if $X = \{0,1\}$ then there are 2 0-simplices, may as well call them $[0] and [1]$ and 2 1-simplices $[0, 1]$ and $[1,0]$ glued together to form a copy of $S^1$. 


**Edit**: as pointed out in Goodwillie's answer, this is not the end of the story, there are way more higher dimensional non-degenerate simplices.


Is there an analogous description when $X = \{0, 1, 2\}$?


A closely related question is whether there's a right adjoint to the
forgetful functor from the simplex category $\Delta$ (finite ordered
sets) to, say, finite (unordered) sets -- and if so what is it. 


*Example where such simplicial sets arise*: given a map of topological spaces $f: X
\to Y$ we can always form a
simplicial object $\mathcal{S}^{\bullet}(f)$ with 
$$
\mathcal{S}^{n} = \prod\nolimits\_{X}^{n} = \underbrace{X \times\_{Y}
\cdots \times\_{Y} X}\_{n\text{ times }}
$$
with face and degeneracy maps given by projections and diagonals
respectively. Taking connected components gives a simplicial set. 


When $Y$ is the union $\bigcup\_{i=1}^{N} H\_{i}$ of the coordinate
hyperplanes in $\mathbb{C}^{N}$ and $f: X=\coprod\_{i=1}^{N} H\_{i} \to
\bigcup\_{i=1}^{N} H\_{i}=Y$ is the obvious map, I believe the simplicial
set we get is $F^{\bullet}(\{1, \dots, n\})$.



Simplicial set represented by an (unordered) set
You are overlooking some nondegenerate simplices. For example, when $X={0,1}$ there are the $2$-cells $[0,1,0]$ and $[1,0,1]$. In fact, the thing you call $F^\bullet(X)$ is infinite dimensional if $X$ has more than one element. 


It is contractible whenever $X$ is non-empty; this can be seen by identifying it with the nerve of a category, a category equivalent to the point category with one morphism. 


If $X=G$ has a group structure then $F^\bullet(G)$ is often called $EG$; it is a contractible space with free $G$-action.


