Recall that a prime $\mathfrak{p}$ is called nonsingular (regular) if the localization at that prime is a regular local ring. If all primes of a ring $R$ are nonsingular, $R$ is called regular. Let $S\subseteq R$ be a ring extension, and let $\mathfrak{q}$ be a prime ideal of $S$. Then $R$ is called regular above $\mathfrak{q}$ if any prime contracting to $\mathfrak{q}$ is nonsingular. 


Recall that a ring $R$ is said to have regular fibre over $\mathfrak{q}$ if the scheme-theoretic fibre $R\otimes\_S \frac{S\_\mathfrak{q}}{\mathfrak{q}S\_\mathfrak{q}}=R\otimes\_S \kappa(\mathfrak{q})$ is regular. 


Are these conditions equivalent? There is an obvious implication that regularity above $\mathfrak{q}$ implies regularity of the fibre, but the converse is not obvious to me. If it's not true in general, is it true when $R$ is a subring of a number field and $S=\mathbf{Z}$ (with $\mathfrak{q}$ a nonzero prime)?



Does regularity of a prime ideal in the fibre imply regularity of the prime?
First note that it is not true that regularity above $\mathfrak q$ implies regularity of the fibre.


For example, consider the map $\mathbb k[s] \to \mathbb k[t]$ given by $s \mapsto t^2$.
Each prime in $k[t]$ is regular, and so in particular each prime of $k[t]$ above
the prime $(s)$ is reqular. (In fact there is just one of them, namely $(t)$.) On the other hand, the fibre over $(s)$ is the ring $k[t]/(t^2)$, which is a non-regular
local ring.


If you want an arithmetic example instead, consider the inclusion 
$\mathbb Z \subset \mathbb Z[i]$, and take the prime $\mathfrak q = (2)$ downstairs,
which has a unique prime $(1+i)$ lying over it. Again, every prime in the PID $\mathbb Z[i]$
is regular, but the fibre $\mathbb Z[i]/2 = \mathbb Z[i]/(1+i)^2$ is a non-regular local
ring.


(The general phenomenon is that a map $X \to Y$ between smooth spaces can have
non-smooth fibres: these occur at the critical points of the map.) 


As for your question, your asking if the fact that a map $X\to Y$ has
a smooth fibres over some point implies that the target is smooth at that point.


This is also false in general.


Consider for example the identity map
$k[t^2,t^3] \to k[t^2,t^3]$. The fibre over $(t^2,t^3)$ is just $k$, which is a regular local ring. But $K[t^2,t^3]$ is not regular at $(t^2,t^3).$ (Of course this example is cheap, but its existence foreshadows the existence of many other counterexamples, for example for any etale map $k[t^2,t^3] \to R$, of which there are many non-trivial examples,
as well as my trivial example.)


On the other hand, when the base is Spec $\mathbb Z$, which is very nicely behaved
(regular, Noetherian, excellent, perfect residue fields, ... ), if the map
$X \to $ Spec $\mathbb Z$ is flat and of finite type (e.g. arising from an inclusion
$\mathbb Z \subset R$ of the form you envisage) then having regular (and hence smooth) fibre
at one point implies being smooth in a neighbourhood of that point, and a smooth map over
a regular base has a regular total space --- thus $X$ will be regular in a neighbourhood of the regular fibre. In particular, the points of the regular fibre will themselves be regular in $X$. 


In particular, in your special case $\mathbb Z \subset R$, the answer is "yes".


Edit: I should note that in your situation, where $R$ is a subring of a number field,
this "yes" is easily proved directly: one combines the fact that $R/\mathfrak q$ is
regular with the fact that it is *a priori* finite (in cardinality) to see that
it is a product of finite field extensions of $\mathbb Z/\mathfrak q$, and hence
that the completion of $R$ at $\mathfrak q$ is a product of DVRs, and hence that
$R$ is a DVR --- and thus regular --- after localization at each prime above $\mathfrak q$.
The point of the more highbrow explanation above is to indicate how one thinks about 
such questions geometrically --- which is normally the easiest way to see what should
be true and what should be false for these kinds of questions.


