I am consulting some papers (references below) about the *Carleson's problem* for the pointwise convergence of the Schrödinger group 
\begin{equation}
S\_t=e^{i t \Delta}. 
\end{equation}
In this context it is important to obtain $L^p$-estimates for the *maximal function* 
\begin{equation}
S^\star f(x)=\sup\_{t\in(0,1)}\lvert \left(S\_tf\right)(x)\rvert,
\end{equation}
where $f\in H^s(\mathbb{R})$. Precisely, we want to find conditions on $s\ge 0$ such that the following inequality holds for some $p\in [1, \infty)$ and all $f\in H^s(\mathbb{R})$:
\begin{equation}\tag{1}
\lVert S^\star f\rVert\_{L^p(\left[-1, 1\right])}\le C \lVert f\rVert\_{H^s(\mathbb{R})}.
\end{equation}



> 
> **Question**. Both referenced papers claim without further explanation that (1) follows from 
>  \begin{equation}\tag{2} \left\lVert \left(S\_{t(x)}f\right)(x)\right\rVert\_{L^p([-1,1], dx)}\le C \lVert f\rVert\_{H^s(\mathbb{R})}, \qquad \forall t\colon \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\ \text{measurable}.\end{equation}
>  Can you prove the implication $(2)\Rightarrow (1)$ in full detail?
> 
> 
> 


I guess that we should begin by assuming that $f$ is Schwartz, so that $S\_tf(x)$ is a continuous function of $(x, t)$. In this case we can use selection theorems (cfr. [this answer by Ilya on MathSE](https://math.stackexchange.com/a/429965/8157)) to write 
$$S^\star f(x)=\left\lvert S\_{t(x)}f(x)\right \rvert,$$
for a Borel-measurable function $t=t(x)$, and so obtain (1) from (2). This answers the question *when $f$ is Schwartz*. 


I am not sure on how to eliminate this restriction. Can you help me?




---


References:


* B. Dahlberg, C. Kenig, "A note on the almost everywhere behaviour of solutions to the Schrödinger equation", Harmonic Analysis (Minneapolis, Minn. 1981), Lecture Notes in Math., vol. 908, Springer, Berlin, 1982, pp.205-209;
* K. Rogers, A. Vargas, L. Vega, "Pointwise convergence of solutions to the nonelliptic Schrödinger equation", Indiana University Mathematics Journal, Vol. 55 No. 6 (2006) pp. 1893-1906.



To give an estimate for the maximal function associated to the Schrödinger group by using a measurable selector function
I have had the opportunity to have a chat with some of the authors, so that I am now able to answer this question myself.


For the sake of clarity let us formulate the answer as a theorem. 


**Theorem** Notation for $S\_t$ and $S^\star$ being as above, and $\mathscr{S}$ denoting the Schwartz class, the following propositions are equivalent: 


1. There exists an absolute constant $C>0$ such that $$\lVert S^\star f\rVert\_{L^p([-1, 1])}\le C \lVert f\rVert\_{H^s},\qquad \forall f\in H^s(\mathbb{R}).$$
2. The following inequality holds true (where $C>0$ is the same constant as in 1.): $$\lVert S^\star f \rVert\_{L^p([-1,1])}\le C \lVert f \rVert\_{H^s},\qquad \forall f \in \mathscr{S}(\mathbb{R}).$$
3. The following inequality holds true (where $C>0$ is the same constant as in 1 and 2): $$\left\lVert \left(S\_{t(x)} f\right)(x) \right\rVert\_{L^p([-1,1], dx)}\le C \lVert f \rVert\_{H^s},\qquad \forall f \in \mathscr{S}(\mathbb{R}),\ \forall t\colon \mathbb{R}\to (0,1)\ \text{Borel-meas.}$$


*Proof* (sketch) We need to prove the implications $3.\Rightarrow 2. \Rightarrow 1.$


$3.\Rightarrow 2.$ This is a consequence of the existence of Borel-measurable selectors (cfr. [this aforementioned link](https://math.stackexchange.com/a/429965/8157)). Actually, it is enough to prove the existence of *approximate selectors*. That is, for fixed $f\in \mathscr{S}(\mathbb{R})$ we can prove that for every $\varepsilon>0$ there exists a Borel measurable function $t\_\varepsilon\colon \mathbb{R}\to (0,1)$ such that $$\left\lVert \left(S\_{t(x)}f\right)- S^\star f\right\rVert\_{L^p([-1, 1], dx)}\le \varepsilon.$$


$2.\Rightarrow 1.$ Let $f\_j\to f $ in $H^s$ and all $f\_j$ are Schwartz. Since 
\begin{equation}
\left\lvert S^\star f\_j -S^\star f\_l \right\rvert \le S^\star(f\_j-f\_l), 
\end{equation}
the sequence $S^\star f\_j$ is $L^p$-Cauchy and so, exchanging $f\_j$ for a subsequence if necessary, 
\begin{equation}
\lim\_{j\to \infty} S^\star f\_j(x)\ \text{exists a.e.}
\end{equation}
Now fix $t\in (0,1)$. Since $S\_t$ is $L^2$-continuous, there exists a subsequence $f\_{j\_k}$ (with $j\_k$ depending on $t$) such that 
\begin{equation}
S\_tf(x)=\lim\_{k \to \infty} S\_t f\_{j\_k}(x),\qquad x\text{-a.e.}
\end{equation}
So 
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\left \lvert S\_tf (x)\right\rvert &= \lim\_{k\to\infty} \left\lvert S\_t f\_{j\_k}(x)\right\rvert \\ 
&\le \limsup\_{k\to\infty} S^\star f\_{j\_k}(x) \\ 
&= \lim\_{j\to \infty} S^\star f\_j(x).
\end{split}
\end{equation}
Taking the $\sup$ for $t\in (0,1)$ we get  

$$S^\star f(x)\le \lim\_{j\to \infty} S^\star f\_j(x)$$ 
and applying Fatou's lemma 
\begin{equation}
\left\lVert S^\star f\right\rVert\_{L^p([-1, 1])}\le \lim\_{j \to \infty} \left\lVert S^\star f\_j\right\rVert\_{L^p([-1, 1])}\le C\lVert f \rVert\_{H^s}.
\end{equation}


