Consider the definition of measurable cardinal (this definition was found in Neil Barton's paper, "Large cardinals and the iterative conception of set"):



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> Definition 8. A cardinal $\kappa$ is measurable iff it is the critical point of a non-trivial elementary embedding $j$: $V$ $\rightarrow$ $M$, for some transitive inner model $\mathfrak M$ = ($M$, $\in$ ).
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Given my limited understanding of set-theoretic potentialism, the above definition seems to me to rest on actualist assumptions (in particular, the assumption that $V$ actually exists).


This interpretation is born out of my understanding of current writings of set-theoretic potentialists, in particular, the slide presentation of Joel David Hamkins titled "Potentialism and implicit actualism in the foundations of mathematics" (his Jowett Society lecture, Oxford, February 2019). Consider the following, from his slide presentation:



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> A potentialist system $\mathcal W$ is *convergent*, with limit $M$, if
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> Every world in $\mathcal W$ is a substructure of $M$.
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> Every world in $\mathcal W$ can be extended so as to accomodate any desired individual of $M$.
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The archetypal limit structure would (at least to actualists) at first glance seem to be $V$. However, Prof. Hamkins in another slide, states the following:



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> Potentialist translation
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> For every $\psi$ in $\mathcal L$, form the potentialist translation $\psi^{\lozenge}$ by
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> replace $\exists$$x$ by $\lozenge$$\exists$$x$ replace $\forall$$x$ by $\Box$$\forall$$x$.
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> Theorem. If a potentialist system $\mathcal W$ has has limit $M$ then
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> $M$ $\vDash$ $\psi$($a$) $\Longleftrightarrow$ $W$ $\vDash\_{\mathcal W}$ $\psi^{\lozenge}$($a$),
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> for any world $W$ $\in$ $\mathcal W$ in which the individual $a$ exists.
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> Thus, actual truth in the limit structure amounts to potentialist truthe in the approximating structures. So the potentialist can in fact refer to th actual truth.
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> Proved by simple induction on formulas.
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Finally, he writes the following:



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> The potentialist translation shows that in convergent potentialism, the potentialist can nevertheless accurately refer to truth in the limit structure, which is not part of the potentialist ontology.
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> Convergent potentialism is thus a form of *implicit actualism*.
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> Although the actual limit structure does not exist, nevertheless one has a full account of the objects and truths of it in the potentialist language. It is as though the actual limit structure exists in all the ways that matter.
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But is this sufficient enough to derive the notion of measurable cardinal as stated above?



Is the notion of measurable cardinal definable from the perspective of set-theoretical potentialism?
Paring the philosophy away (which I think just obscures things) this seems to just be a question of **definability** - the key point being that Hamkins' recursively-defined translation **works for any formula in the language of set theory**. The elementary embeddings definition of measurability *isn't* such a formula since it involves quantification over classes, and so you may ask:



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> Is there a way to define measurability in ZFC alone? (And if so, how do we argue that this definition and the elementary embeddings definition actually coincide?)
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* Note that this is an important question *independent of* your stance on set-theoretic (non-)reality. This is why I think it's valuable to pare away the philosophy as much as possible: there's a perfectly fine mathematical question here, and throwing philosophy into the mix just makes it harder to discern.


Such a definition **does in fact exist**, and was how measurability was defined originally. Namely, a cardinal $\kappa$ is measurable iff there is a nonprincipal $\kappa$-complete ultrafilter on $\kappa$. This is a purely combinatorial definition, and whether $\kappa$ is measurable is determined entirely by $V\_{\kappa+2}$ - we don't need to "look at all of $V$."


Now, in what sense can we say that this definition equivalent to the elementary embeddings one? Well, what we do is pass to NBG, which can make perfect sense of both definitions and conservatively extends ZFC, and prove in NBG that the two definitions are equivalent.




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Other large cardinals have similar translations. For example, supercompactness has a "class-wise" definition 



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> $\kappa$ is supercompact iff for every ordinal $\lambda$ there is some inner model $M$ with $M^\lambda\subseteq M$ and some elementary embedding $j\_\lambda: V\rightarrow M$ with $crit(j)=\kappa$ and $j(\kappa)>\lambda$.
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and a "set-wise" one



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> $\kappa$ is supercompact iff for every $\mu\ge\kappa$ there is a normal measure over $[\mu]^{<\kappa}$.
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Again, the latter definition just makes reference to sets, and the equivalence of the two definitions is proved in NBG (where they each make sense).


At this point it's a good idea to try to translate supercompactness into the potentialist language *without* using Hamkins' explicit translation, to get a feel for how things relate. We reason as follows:


* First, suppose $\mathcal{W}$ had a limit $V$ and $\kappa$ were supercompact in $V$. Then for every $\mu\ge\kappa\in V$ there must be a $u\_\mu$ in $V$ which is a normal measure on $[\mu]^{<\kappa$}$ ... all in the sense of $V$.
* OK, now since $V$ is the limit of $\mathcal{W}$, everything in $V$ shows up in some world in $\mathcal{W}$. Obviously this includes $\kappa$ itself - the definition of "$\kappa$ is a $\mathcal{W}$-supercompact" needs to begin with "for some $M\in\mathcal{W}$, $\kappa\in M$" - but also the $\lambda$s and $u\_\lambda$s will "show up along the way."
* ... But maybe not at the same time. Whenever we have quantifier alternation we have to "move along $\mathcal{W}$" - e.g. the definition of "For all $\lambda\ge\kappa$ there is a $u\_\lambda$ such that ..." needs to begin "For each world $N\supseteq M$ and each $\lambda\ge\kappa$ in $N$, there is some further world $K\supseteq N$ and some $u\_\lambda\in K$ such that ..."
* Continuing in this way you wind up with a definition of "$\mathcal{W}$-supercompact" which works - that is, such that in any potentialist system $\mathcal{W}$ which has a limit $W$, "$\mathcal{W}$-supercompact" and "supercompact$^W$" are equivalent. But more than this, at this point the fully general potentialist translation Hamkins gives should be clear.


