Let $R[f](p,t)$ denote the Radon transform of smooth function $f(x) \colon \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}$ with compact support in $\mathbb{R}^n\_+$:
$$
 R[f](p,t) = \int\limits\_{x \cdot p = t} f(x) dx.
$$
In field of mathematical economics $p$ and $t$ may have meaning of prices and then be positive. Hence there arises a problem of recovery of function $f(x)$ via it's Radon transforms $R[f](p,t)$ with $p \in \mathbb{R}^n\_+$ and $t > 0$. I would like to know if there are some results on this topic.




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I was asked about economical interpretation of the Radon transform. A part of economical models consists of models of production. The simplest model of production is so called Leontieff model. Say, in some sector one produce some product and use $n$ other resourses. To produce $1$ unit of our product we have to use $x\_1$ units of first resourse, $x\_2$ units of second e.t.c., in other words, if we have $(u\_1,\ldots,u\_n)$ resourses we can produce $\min \left( \frac{u\_1}{x\_{1}},\ldots,\frac{u\_n}{x\_n}\right)$ units of our production. This function is called Leontieff production function. In real models there exists an effect of substitution of production factors at the microlevel and we have to modify the Leontieff production function by the appropriate neoclassic production function. But we will still talk about Leontieff model. Let $p\_0$ be a price of a unit of our production and $p=(p\_1,\ldots,p\_n)$ be a vector of prices of resourses, $\mu$ be a measure, that describes a distribution of available production powers over production technologies (any technology is given by a vector of resourses to produce a unit vector of our production, but we can use many technologies in production, see Hauthekker-Johaneson model) Then our profit function is a function
$$
 \Pi(p,p\_0) = \int (p\_0 - p \cdot x)\_{+} \mu(dx)
$$
and it gives us a maximal profit possible (it is a result of maximisation over distributions $\mu$ allowed by existing production powers). It's second derivative is exactly the Radon transform of measure $\mu$.



Inversion of Radon transform by incomplete data: specific case
I second the recommendations in the comments which suggest looking at the tomography literature and at the characterization of the problem as an ill-posed inverse problem. I, in particular, recommend these two references.


The first one contains a detailed exposition of the recovery of $f$ in the special case $n=2$ (chapter 5): 


* [Kabanikhin (2011). Inverse and Ill-posed problems. Theory and Applicatons](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/3110224003)


That book is quite neat in the sense that it presents a very wide and rigorous exposition of the field of ill-posed inverse problems. Thus, it constitutes an excellent entry point to the field.


There are also a lot of papers in statistics on that particular problem. The second reference that I recommend is a paper which might be of particular interest to you (since it is an econometric paper that studies inversion of Radon transforms for the purpose of some non-parametric estimation problem):


* [Hoderlein, Klemelä and Mammen (2010). Analyzing The Random Coefficient Model Nonparametrically](http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7746956)


**Edit**: I updated a link above for the actual published paper location of the second reference. A 2007 working paper version is available at the following [link](http://www.vwl.uni-mannheim.de/mammen/hoderlein/papers/Radon2007Feb.pdf).


