I have been thinking of a way to apply the derived algebraic geometry of Toen-Vezzosi to construct virtual fundamental cycles on moduli spaces of pseudo-holomorphic curves. This seems to be the natural setting for which to define symplectic topological invariants when the relevant moduli spaces aren't necessarily cut out transversally. Indeed, Joyce adopts this philosophy in his "D-orbifolds" project. There, Joyce defines a d-orbifold to be a kind of Deligne-Mumford $C^{\infty}$- stack equipped with a sequence of quasi-coherent sheaves on this stack that should be thought of a cotangent complex. Should one expect that this "cotangent complex" is a literal cotangent complex for some derived geometric $C^{\infty}$ - stack? More precisely - should there correspond, to a D-orbifold, a derived stack $\mathcal{X}^{der}$ which is a derived extension of some geometric stack $\mathcal{X}$, and where this derived structure is the analog of a perfect obstruction theory?



Derived algebraic geometry and virtual fundamental cycles: cotangent complexes
I don't know how to define a VFC for the moduli of pseudoholomorphic curves other than using Pardon's paper. Nevertheless here's the general picture (couldn't tell from your question whether you're familiar with this story).


Let $X$ be a Deligne-Mumford stack. Say we want to define the virtual fundamental class $[X]^{vir}$. The optimal way to proceed is to construct a quasi-smooth derived stack $X^{der}$ whose classical truncation is $X$. For historical and cultural reasons there are various shadows of the notion of quasi-smooth derived stack people came up with that are "good enough", meaning that you can still define a VFC out of that data. Perfect obstruction theories and d-orbifolds are examples of such approximations. The relevant point here is that a QS derived DM stack gives you a perfect obstruction theory via the cotangent complex.
Quasi-smooth means that the cotangent complex of $L\_{X^{der}}$ is a perfect complex concentrated in degrees $-1$ and $0$ (Tor-amplitude $[-1,0]$).
Therefore the canonical thickening map $i : X \to X^{der}$ induces a morphism of complexes
 $$ i^\*(L\_{X^{der}}) \to L\_X $$
which is a perfect obstruction theory for $X$. The d-orbifold construction is similar (presumably). Anyway then you can follow any of the usual paths to get your VFC.


The question of how to define $X^{der}$ deserves to be addressed. The stack $X$ defines some moduli problem, say $X$ is the moduli of thingamajiggies. So for every affine scheme $Spec(R)$, you have a groupoid $X(R)$ of thingamajiggies over $Spec(R)$. The way to define $X^{der}$ is to figure out how to define the space $X^{der}(R)$ of thingamajiggies over $Spec(R)$ when $R$ is a *derived* commutative ring. If you do this correctly (it's a "you'll know it when you see it" kinda thing) then you'll end up with something quasi-smooth, hopefully actually with the cotangent complex you expected, and you'll be good to go.


A relevant example of this general picture, for the moduli of stable maps (GW-theory), is worked out in the paper of Toen, Vezzosi, Schuerg in Crelle. They define a derived moduli stack classifying derived stable maps and "surprise surprise", it's quasi-smooth and gives the expected perfect obstruction theory and VFC.


To answer your question, it is reasonable to expect that every perfect obstruction theory arising in practice actually comes from a qs derived structure (there's no reason it shouldn't). At the same time there's also no reason to believe that an arbitrary/abstract perfect obstruction theory necessarily comes from a qs derived structure (this is highly unlikely IMO).


