I posted the following question at Mathe Stack Exchange.[link text](https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/146668/definition-of-reshetikhin-turaev-tqft) But it has not yet answered. I am sorry if you check both sites but I also want people here to look at this problem.


I am studying Reshetikhin-Turaev TQFT. In their paper or in the book " Quantum invariants of knots and 3-manifolds", they first define an invariant $\tau(M)$ for a closed orientable 3-manifold $M$ and then they extend it to a TQFT.


First, let me briefly describe how to define this TQFT in the followings.


Let $(M, \partial\_{-}M, \partial\_{+}M)$ be a cobordism. Let $\Omega$ be a ribbon graph in $M$. To define a TQFT, we first glue standard handlebodies with standard ribbon graphs $R$ (defined below) inside to the bottom boundary $\partial\_{-}M$ by a given parametrization and also glue them to the top boundary $\partial\_{+}M$ by a composition of a given parametrization and reflection map.


Then we get a closed 3 manifold with a ribbon graph $\Omega'$, which is obtained by gluing $\Omega$ and $R$. We apply the invariant $\tau$ to this closed 3-manifold to obtain a TQFT.


My question is that when we glue standard handlebodies to the boundaries, how do we define a framing of ribbon graphs, which are images of $R$. We need to know framing to calculate $\tau$.


$R$ consistes of a coupon (a rectangle) and $g$ cap like bands attaching the coupon and several bands attaching one end to this coupon and the other end attached to the boundary of the handlebody. Here $g$ is a genus of the handlebody.


If a hundlebody is genus $1$, then I think the framing can be determined by the image of meridian. But if a genus is greater than $1$, I don't know how to define a framing.


The book and the paper don't mention how to define framings. 


Any help is apprecited. Thank you in advance



Framings in the definition of Reshetikhin-Turaev TQFT
I think you are confused about what "framing" means in this context, based on your clarification of the question in the comments.


A framing of a graph inside a 3-manifold $M$ is, by definition, a choice of (isotopy class of) ribbon whose core is the original graph. *If* the graph is a single loop and *if* $M$ is an integer homology sphere, then we can identity framings with integers (the linking number of a boundary component of the ribbon with its core). Otherwise we can't. So saying that the "standard ribbons in the standard handlebody has framing 0" is incorrect -- you can't describe a framing in a handlebody with an integer (such as 0).


If we glue two handlebodies together to form a closed 3-manifold $M$, and if each handlebody contains a ribbon graph, then image under gluing of the union of these two ribbon graphs is a ribbon graph in $M$, i.e. a framed graph in $M$.


