When I see results in analytic number theory, I often have trouble seeing how they relate and their relative strength. Here is a specific question that should help me (and hopefully others too).


Here is my understanding, please correct anything that is wrong here.


An $L$ function $L(s)$ comes with an analytic conductor $q$. I will also write $s = \sigma + it$ ($\sigma,t\in\mathbb{R}$). We believe that it satisfies a Riemann hypothesis:


$L(s)\neq 0$ whenever $\sigma>\frac12$


and a Lindelöf hypothesis:


$|L(1/2+it)|\ll |qt|^\epsilon$.


Ignoring real zeroes, we have bounds towards the Riemann hypothesis, i.e. zero-free regions of the form:


$L(s)\neq 0$ whenever $\sigma > 1-\frac{c}{\log(q(1+|t|))}$ and $t\neq 0$,


and sometimes improved zero-free regions


$L(s)\neq 0$ whenever $\sigma > 1-\frac{c}{\log(q(1+|t|))^a}$ and $t\neq 0$, for some $a<1$.


We also have bounds towards the Lindelöf hypothesis, i.e. convexity bounds


$L(1/2+it) \ll |qt|^{1/4}$,


and sometimes subconvexity bounds, i.e.


$L(1/2+it) \ll |qt|^{1/4-\delta}$ for some $\delta>0$.


Both zero-free regions and subconvexity bounds are related to bounding the values of the $L$-function in the critical strip and to bounding certain sums (character/exponential/...). However, I don't see very well how they relate: for instance, I found out that in the $q$-aspect for Dirichlet $L$-functions, subconvexity bounds are known (Burgess) but improved zero-free regions are not (according to the answer to [this question](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/211251/best-known-zero-free-region-for-dirichlet-l-functions-in-the-q-aspect)).



> 
> Can you clarify the relations between:
> 
> 
> 1. bounds of various sums
> 2. subconvexity bounds
> 3. zero-free regions?
> 
> 
> 


Feel free to separate the $t$-aspect from the $q$-aspect if you think that it will clarify the answer.



Subconvexity bounds and zero-free regions
Let's just discuss the $t$-aspect, i.e. bounds for the zeta function and its zeroes.


Let $T$ be a large ordinate, and let $H$ be a medium-sized quantity (much larger than $1$, but much less than $T$). Roughly speaking, subconvexity bounds at ordinates $t = T + O(H)$ measure the *average* failure of the Riemann hypothesis in this region, whilst zero-free regions at these ordinates measure the *worst-case* failure of the Riemann hypothesis here.


Indeed, consider a rectangular contour with corners $\frac{1}{2}+\varepsilon+iT$, $\frac{1}{2}+\varepsilon+i(T+H)$, $2 + i(T+H)$, and $2+iT$ for some very small $\varepsilon>0$. Suppose first that there are no zeroes of $\zeta$ in this rectangle, so we have a holomorphic branch of $\log \zeta$ in this rectangle. By Cauchy's theorem, the integral of $\log \zeta$ on this rectangle is zero. For medium-sized $H$ (and perturbing $T$ and $H$ slightly if needed), the contribution of the short horizontal edges of the rectangle are small, and from elementary bounds the contribution of the right vertical edge is $O(H)$. Sending $\varepsilon \to 0$, and taking real parts, we conclude (heuristically at least) that


$$ \frac{1}{H} \int\_T^{T+H} \log |\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+it)|\ dt = o( \log T )$$


(in fact we can get a better error term here than $o(\log T)$). This is a cousin of the well known fact that the Riemann hypothesis implies the Lindelof hypothesis.


Now suppose we have some zeroes $\sigma\_j + i t\_j$ in the rectangle. To maintain a holomorphic branch of $\log \zeta$ in the rectangle, we need to cut out some slits connecting $\frac{1}{2}+it\_j$ to $\sigma\_j + it\_j$. If one does so and performs the usual contour integration calculations, one eventually arrives (heuristically at least) at the Jensen-type formula


$$ \frac{1}{H} \int\_T^{T+H} \log |\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+it)|\ dt = \frac{2\pi }{H} \sum\_{T \leq t\_j \leq T+H} (\sigma\_j-\frac{1}{2})\_+ + o( \log T ).$$


Recall from the Riemann-von Mangoldt formula that there are about $\frac{H}{2\pi} \log T$ zeroes $\sigma\_j+it\_j$ with $T \leq t\_j \leq T+H$; by the functional equation, they are symmetric around the critical line. The expression $ \frac{2\pi }{H} \sum\_{T \leq t\_j \leq T+H} (\sigma\_j-\frac{1}{2})\_+$ is thus at worst about $\frac{1}{4} \log T$, which is attained when about half of the zeroes have abscissas $\sigma\_j$ close to 1, and the other half have abscissas close to zero. This is basically a slightly averaged form of the convexity bound $\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+iT) \ll T^{1/4+o(1)}$.


More generally, a subconvexity bound of the form $\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+iT) \ll T^{\alpha+o(1)}$ is basically asserting that near the ordinate $T$, the quantities $(\sigma\_j-\frac{1}{2})\_+$ have average value at most $\alpha+o(1)$, thus as mentioned previously subconvexity controls the average failure of the Riemann hypothesis. In particular, if the Lindelof conjecture is true, $\alpha=0$ and most of the zeroes at ordinates near $T$ are within $o(1)$ of the critical line (this observation is I believe due to Backlund).


Meanwhile, zero-free regions are upper bounds on $(\sigma\_j-\frac{1}{2})\_+$, that is to say worst-case failure of the Riemann hypothesis near a given ordinate $T$. The worst-case bounds the average-case, so a really good zero-free region does give some subconvexity bound, but this is extremely inefficient (in particular, the best zero-free region currently available unconditionally does not come anywhere close to implying the best subconvexity bounds currently known).


I like to formalise the above discussion using limiting profiles of the log-zeta function: <https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/254a-supplement-7-normalised-limit-profiles-of-the-log-magnitude-of-the-riemann-zeta-function-optional/> . I think Titchmarsh's book also has some discussion of these topics.


Finally, $\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+it)$ can be related to partial sums $\sum\_{n \leq N} \frac{1}{n^{1/2+it}}$ by elementary arguments (or the approximate functional equation), and by dyadic decomposition and summation by parts these partial sums can in turn be related to exponential sums such as $\frac{1}{N^{1/2}} \sum\_{N \leq n \leq 2N} \frac{1}{n^{it}} = \frac{1}{N^{1/2}} \sum\_{N \leq n \leq 2N} e( - \frac{t}{2\pi} \log n )$. A subconvexity bound $\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+iT) \ll T^{\alpha+o(1)}$ is basically the same thing as an exponential sum bound $\sum\_{N \leq n \leq 2N} e( - \frac{t}{2\pi} \log n ) \ll N^{1/2} T^{\alpha+o(1)}$ (see e.g. [these notes of mine](https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2015/02/07/254a-notes-5-bounding-exponential-sums-and-the-zeta-function/) for some more rigorous statements of this form).


