The question is pretty much the title. I'm wondering if anything is known about the smallest size $\kappa$ of a non-measurable subset of the real numbers (regarding the Lebesgue measure). Since we have $\kappa\geq\aleph\_0$ and $\kappa\leq\mathfrak{c}$ with $\kappa=\mathfrak{c}$ at least being consistent (under CH or MA), it might be an interesting cardinal invariant to look at.



Smallest size of a non-measurable set of reals
I am just going to compile the comments into an answer so i can close this question.


Claim: The smallest size of a non-measurable set is $\text{non}(\mathcal{L})$:


$\geq$: If $A$ is non-measurable, then $A$ is not null.


$\leq$: If $A$ is not null and not of size continuum, then $A$ has to be non-measurable, because the difference set of any set of positive measure has to contain an interval around $0$ (<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhaus_theorem>) and therefore be of cardinality $\mathfrak{c}$. Because furthermore, the cardinality of the difference set is less than or equal to the cardinality of $A\times A$ which is equinumerous with $A$, $A$ is of cardinality $\mathfrak{c}$.


Therefore either $\text{non}(\mathcal{L})=\mathfrak{c}$ and $\leq$ is trivial or there is a non-null set of cardinality $<\mathfrak{c}$ which, by the argument above, also is a non-measurable set.


