This question was posted to MSE but didn't get any answers, so I am posting it here. [Original post](https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3784248/applications-of-the-infinitesimal-lifting-property)


Hartshorne in his book gives the 'Infinitesimal Lifting Property' as an exercise in chapter 2, section 8 and mentions this to be very important in the deformation theory of nonsingular varieties. For completeness, I record the statement below:



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> Let $ k $ be an algebraically closed field and $ A $ a finitely generated $ k $-algebra such that $ \operatorname{Spec} A$ is a nonsingular variety over $ k $. Let $ B $ be a $ k $-algebra and $ B' $ a square-zero extension of $ B $ by $ I $, i e., there is an exact sequence $$ 0 \rightarrow I \rightarrow B' \xrightarrow{\pi} B \rightarrow 0 $$ where $ B' $ is a $ k $-algebra and $ I $ is an ideal such that $ I^2 = 0 $. Let $ f : A \rightarrow B $ be a $ k $-algebra homomorphism. Then there is a lift $ g : A \rightarrow B' $, i.e. a $ k $-algebra homomorphism $ g $ such that $ \pi \circ g = f $.
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As someone starting with deformation theory, I would like to know how/why this result is very important as well as some applications of this result. Does this result have applications while studying moduli problems/moduli spaces?


For instance, Hartshorne gives one application: For $ X $ a nonsingular variety over $ k $ and $ \mathcal{F} $ a coherent sheaf on $ X $, the set of Infinitesimal extensions of $ X $ by $ \mathcal{F} $ upto isomorphism is in one to one correspondence with $ H^1(X, \mathcal{F} \otimes \mathcal{T}\_X) $ where $ \mathcal{T}\_X $ is the tangent sheaf.



Applications of the Infinitesimal Lifting Property
This is known as the formal criterion for "formal smoothness." In [this stacks project entry](https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/02GZ) they prove that a morphism of schemes (in your case $\text{Spec }A \to \text{Spec }k$) is smooth if and only if it's formally smooth and locally finite presentation.


Aside from philosophical importance, it's often easier/more intuitive to check this formal criterion than to check the dimension of $\Omega\_{\text{Spec }A/\text{Spec }k}$ or use a Jacobian. In the same stacks project tag, they say:



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> Michael Artin's position on differential criteria of smoothness (e.g., Morphisms, Lemma 01V9) is that they are basically useless (in practice).
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Let's suppose $\text{Spec }A$ were instead a moduli space $\overline{M}$, e.g. of curves. Then to check $\overline{M}$ is smooth (if we know finite presentation), we need only consider an infinitesimal extension $S \subseteq S'$ coming from $B' \to B$ as in your question, and try to extend a curve over $S$ to a curve over $S'$.


If you want to build the cotangent complex of $X = \text{Spec } A$ (or equivalently the "normal sheaf") but $A$ is not smooth, the first step is to replace $A$ by a smooth $k$-algebra mapping to it, say $k[A]$. Even if some $A \to B$ doesn't factor through $B'$, $k[A] \to A \to B$ certainly will (by choosing a set-theoretic preimage in $B'$ of the image of $A$ in $B$) and so the "problem" obstructing a factorization of $A \to B$ can be traced to the kernel of $k[A] \to A$. I highly recommend [this stacks project article](https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/08KW) that carries this out as concretely as possible.


You can get specific cohomological obstructions to such a factorization by continuing with a simplicial resolution: $\cdots k[k[A]] \rightrightarrows k[A] \to A$. One can even think of this as "covering $A$ by smooth algebras" in a topological sense using [this Jonathan Wise article](https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.4069).


EDIT: I can be a bit more precise about the connection to ordinary differentials. Suppose $f : A \to B$ is fixed and we're trying to find a map $\widetilde{f} : A \to B'$ such that $A \overset{\widetilde{f}}{\to} B' \to B$ is $f$. First, pullback along $f$ to get another squarezero extension
$$0 \to I \to B' \times\_B A \to A \to 0.$$
Our old search for $\widetilde{f}$ translates to finding a section of the map $B' \times\_B A \to A$. We've reduced to the case $f = id\_B : A = B$.


Given *one* section $s$ of $B' \to B$, this splits the underlying sequence of *modules* and lets us write $B' =\_{modules} B \oplus I$. But what's the ring structure? One computes $(b, i)\*(b', i') = (bb', bi' + b'i)$, i.e. $B' = B + I\epsilon$ is the trivial squarezero extension!


If I have two sections $s, t$ of $B' \to B$, they'll give very different isomorphisms $B' \simeq B + I \epsilon$, inducing an automorphism $\varphi$ of $B + I \epsilon$ over $B$. Such automorphisms are precisely derivations! Indeed $\varphi$ must be the identity on $B$ and send $I$ to itself, but $\varphi - id\_{B'}$ will be a map from $B \to I$ (using co/kernel univ props on the short exact sequence) which you can check is a derivation.


*If* sections exist, they all differ by a unique derivation $s-t$. A fancy way to say this is that "sections form a pseudo-torsor under $\text{Der}(B, I)$." If sections really do (locally) exist, you call it a plain torsor.


