Let $A$ be a commutative ring which is not an integral domain. I try to find a polynomial $P$ of $A[X]$ such that $d°P = 1$ and $P$ admits no root in any ring $B$ such that $A$ is a subring of $B$.



Polynomial without roots in a ring
Take a ring $A$ that is not an integral domain, and let $d\in A$ be a zero-divisor. Consider the polynomial $dx-1$. Since $d$ is a zero-divisor in $A$, it is a zero-divisor in every ring $B$ containing $A$ as a subring. In particular, $d$ is not a unit in any such $B$. Therefore, the polynomial $dx-1$ cannot have a root in any $B$.


