Suppose $p\geq 5$ is a prime, and $C$ a genus-one curve, defined over $\mathbf{Q}$. Is there always an extension $K/\mathbf{Q}\_{p}$ whose degree divides a power of $6$, so that
$C(K)$ is not empty?
(I posted that question before, but it was badly formulated. I hope there is no mistake this time.)



Local nontriviality of genus-one curves over extensions of degree dividing $6^n$
I am just posting my comment above as an answer. As JSE points out, surely there are more methodical approaches to the cohomology groups $H^1\_{ \acute{e}t }(\text{Spec}(\mathbb{Q}\_p),E)$. However, already the Brauer group of a field gives many nontrivial elements of these cohomology groups. Let $r$ be an integer. Let $Q$ be a field that contains a primitive $r^\text{th}$ root of unity $\zeta$. Let $a,b\in Q^\times\setminus (Q^\times)^r$ be units. There is a *symbol algebra* that is the quotient of the free associative $Q$-algebra generated by symbols $u$ and $v$ by the left-right ideal generated by the following relations, $$ u^r = a, \ v^r = b, \ vu = \zeta uv.$$ When $r$ equals $2$, this is the usual quaternion algebra. When $Q$ does not contain a primitive $r^\text{th}$ root of unity, there is a generalization of this notion called a *cyclic algebra* that serves a similar role (and this should extend the examples below to primes $p$ that are not congruent to $1$ modulo $r$). The symbol algebra $A$ is a $Q$-vector space of dimension $r^2$ with monomial basis $u^mv^n$ for $0\leq m,n < r$.


For the symbol algebra $A$, there is a $Q$-scheme $P$ whose Yoneda functor on the category of affine $Q$-schemes $\text{Spec}(R)$ is naturally isomorphic to the functor of left ideals in $A\otimes\_Q R$ that are locally direct summands of $A\otimes\_Q R$ of constant rank $r$. For every field extension $K/Q$ such that $A\otimes\_Q R \cong \text{End}\_R(V)$ for a locally free $R$-module $V$ of rank $r$, then $P\times\_{\text{Spec}(Q)}\text{Spec}(R)$ is isomorphic to the projective space $\mathbb{P}\_R(V) = \text{Proj} \text{Sym}^\bullet\_R V^\vee$ via the natural transformation that associates to every locally direct summand $L\subset V$ of rank $1$ the annihilator of $L$ as a left ideal of $\text{End}\_R(V)$. In particular, the Picard group of $P\otimes\_Q Q^{\text{sep}}$ is $\mathbb{Z}$ with trivial Galois action. The obstruction to finding an element in $\text{Pic}(P)$ whose base change is a generator of $\mathbb{Z}$ is an element in the Brauer group $\text{Br}(Q)$ that equals (up to a sign) the Brauer class of the algebra $A$.


In particular, assuming $\overline{a}$ has order $r$ in $K^\times/(K^\times)^r$, then $K=Q[\alpha]/\langle \alpha^r - a\rangle$ is a field extension of $Q$ of order $r$ such that $A\otimes\_Q K$ is isomorphic to a matrix algebra. Thus, there exists a $Q$-morphism $u:\text{Spec}(K) \to P$ whose base change to $P\otimes\_{\text{Spec}(Q)}\text{Spec}(K)\cong \mathbb{P}^{r-1}\_K$ consists of $r$ distinct, linearly independent $K$-points that are cyclically permuted by the action of the Galois group $\text{Aut}(K/Q) \cong \mu\_r(Q)$. Having chosen a generator $\zeta$ of the group of $r^\text{th}$ roots of unity, there is a unique curve in $P\otimes\_{\text{Spec}(Q)}\text{Spec}(K)$ whose image in $\mathbb{P}^{r-1}\_K$ is the union of the $r$ lines obtained as the spans of consecutive pairs from among the $r$ cyclically ordered points. This is a projective, geometrically connected, nodal curve of arithmetic genus $1$. Since it is unique, it satisfies the descent condition to equal the base change $C'\_Q\otimes\_{\text{Spec}(Q)}\text{Spec}(K)$ of a curve $C'\_Q \subset P$. Finally, the Hilbert scheme over $K$ parameterizing such curves in $P$ is smooth at this $Q$-point, and the unique irreducible component of the Hilbert scheme parameterizing this $Q$-point has a dense open subset $U$ that parameterizes smooth, projective, geometrically connected curves in $P$ of genus $1$.


In the special case that $Q$ equals $\mathbb{Q}\_p$, then $Q$ is what is called a "big" or "large" or "ample" field by various authors such as Florian Pop, János Kollár, etc. The point is, because of Hensel's lemma applied to an integral model of the Hilbert scheme over $\text{Spec}(\mathbb{Z}\_p)$, the open set $U$ has $\mathbb{Q}\_p$-points. Each such $\mathbb{Q}\_p$-point gives a smooth, projective, connected curve $C\_Q\subset P$ that is of arithmetic genus $1$. For every field extension $L/\mathbb{Q}\_p$ such that $C\_Q(L)$ is nonempty, in particular $P(L)$ is nonempty. The field extensions that "split" the symbol algebra $A$ all have degree divisible by the order $r$ of $[A]$ in the Brauer group.


Finally, by local class field theory (or Grothendieck's exposes on the Brauer group), $\text{Br}(\mathbb{Q}\_p)[r]$ is a cyclic group of order $r$ generated by the class of a symbol algebra. Thus, there exists a smooth, projective, geometrically connected, genus $1$ curve over $\text{Spec}(\mathbb{Q}\_p)$ such that for every finite field extension $K/\mathbb{Q}\_p$ with $C(K)$ nonempty, $r$ divides the degree of $K/\mathbb{Q}\_p$.


