I have a question about Ahlfors's proof of modular function being a covering space of the twice punctured plane .See Ahlfors' complex analysis, second edition, page 272. You can either explain or suggest a better reference.


Let $\Omega$ be defined by the open domain in $\mathbb{H} $ bounded by the lines $\Re(\tau)=0,\Re(\tau)=1, $ and the circle $|z-1/2|=1/2 $. ( $\Re$ means real part. )


In Ahlfors's complex analysis, second edition, page 272, Ahlfors proves that the modular function $\lambda $ maps $\Omega $ ( which is the open right half of the fundamental domain of the congruence subgroup modulo 2 group $\Gamma(2)$ ) conformally onto the upper half plane $\mathbb{H} $ ( which, while combined with the fact $\lambda \circ \phi = \lambda \forall \phi \in \Gamma(2) $ and that $\Omega \cup \Omega^\* $$\cup $ {positive y-axis} is a fundamental domain for $\Gamma(2)$,( $\Omega^\*$ is the reflection of $\Omega $ in the positive y- axis ) and that $\lambda$ is surjective,proves that $\lambda$ is a covering space for $\mathbb{C}\backslash\{0,1\}$. 


I have some questions regarding the proof of covering space :


1. How exactly do we prove that $\lambda : \mathbb{H} \to \mathbb{C}\backslash \{0,1\} $ is surjective ? I think this should follow from the my queston # 2.
2. I am also unable to follow Ahlfors's argument on the first paragraph of P. 273, apparently which seems rather sketchy to me ( see P. 272 ) that $ \forall w\_0\in \mathbb{H}, \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int\_\Gamma \frac{\lambda'(\tau)}{\lambda(\tau)- \ w\_0}d\tau = 1 $ and $ \forall w\_0\in \mathbb{H^\*}, $ ( the lower half plane )$ \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int\_\Gamma \frac{\lambda'(\tau)}{\lambda(\tau) -\ w\_0}d\tau = 0 $ , where $\Gamma$ is obtained by taking the boundary of the truncated region bounded by $\Re(\tau)= t\_0 > 0,\Im (\tau) =0, \Im(\tau)=1$ where $t\_0$ is sufficiently large, and two sufficiently small circles tangent to the x-axis at 0 and 1 respectively. This will prove, by argument principle, that $\lambda$ takes each $ w\_0 \in \mathbb{H} $ exactly once in $\Omega$. But why are the integrals 1 and 0 in the two above cases ? Could you please explain that in more detail ? Or suggest a better reference that is easier to follow ?


Thanks very much !



A question about Ahlfors's proof of modular function being a covering space of the twice punctured plane
1. Ahlfors explains that $\lambda(\Omega) = \mathbb H$, $\lambda(\Omega^\ast) = \mathbb H^\ast$ and $\lambda(\overline{\Omega} \backslash \Omega) = \mathbb R\backslash \{0,1\}$ (here $\overline{\Omega}$ is the closure of $\Omega$ in $\mathbb H$). Thus $\lambda$ maps $\overline{\Omega} \cup \Omega^\ast$, which is a fundamental domain for $\Gamma(2)$, onto $\mathbb C \backslash \{0,1\}$.
2. The point is this: $\lambda$ maps $\overline{\Omega}$ into $\{y \geq 0\}$. So the image of the truncated region (i.e. what you call $\Gamma$) will roughly look like a semicircle in $\mathbb H$ with its base on the real line but with two semicircular "dents". (These "dents" will be above the points $0$ and $1$.) Thus, if we choose $t\_0$ appropriately, $\lambda(\Gamma)$ will contain a nonreal $w\_0$ in its interior iff $w\_0 \in \mathbb H$, and in this case $\lambda(\Gamma)$ will wind around $w\_0$ once, as you can verify.


