Let $G$ be an affine groups scheme over $\mathbb Z$. As such it has an associated Hopf algebra, $A=\mathbb Z[G]$ such that $G(R)$ is naturally identified with the set $\hom\_{Rng}(A,R)$ of ring homomorphisms, where the group operations (multiplication, inverse, unit) are given on this set from the co-operations of the algebra $A$. 


Fix $m\in\mathbb{N}$ and $p$ a prime number, and let $W\_m$ be the functor of $p$-typical Witt vectors of length $m+1$. The functor $W\_m$ is represenatble as well, with representing algebra $\mathbb{Z}[x\_0,\ldots,x\_m]$.


I am interested in the structure of the group scheme $R\mapsto G(W\_m(R))$. Greenberg's results imply that this functor is a an affine group scheme as well, and hence representable. Is there any known construction for the associated Hopf-algebra of $G\circ W\_m$?




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Some obvious facts-


In the case where the prime $p$ is invertible in $R$, the Witt ring $W\_m(R)$ is isomorphic to the product ring $\prod\_{i=0}^m R$. Since the group scheme $R\mapsto G(\prod\_{i=0}^{m} R)=\prod\_{i=0}^{m}G( R)$ is represented by the Hopf algebra $A^{\otimes m+1}=\underbrace{A\otimes\cdots\otimes A}\_{m+1\text{-fold}}$, I somehow expect there to exist a map between the representing algebra of $G\circ W\_m$ and $A^{\otimes m+1}$, which becomes an isomorphism under localization by $p$. 


On the other hand, in the complementary case, the group $G(W\_m(R))$ is usually nothing like $G(R)\times G(R)$. For example, in the case $G= GL\_n$, $R=\mathbb{F}\_p$ and $m=2$, we have an exact sequence
$$1\to M\_n(R)\to GL\_n(W\_2(R))\to GL\_n(R)\to 1.$$
In particular, $|GL\_n(W\_2(R))|\ne |GL\_n(R)\times GL\_n(R)|$, and one cannot expect any sort of bijection to exist between the two.




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I'm new to the subject, and my foundations on algebraic groups or algebraic geometry are not incredibly solid, so I apologize if anything I wrote above does not make complete sense, or is obviously false. 


I would very much appreciate any clue or reference to the construction of the Hopf algebra of $G\circ W\_m$, or any other interesting facts regarding the structure of $G\circ W\_m$. 


Thank you very much!
Shai 



Group schemes over ring of Witt vectors and their representing algebras
The Hopf algebra of $G\circ W\_m$ does have an explicit construction. It's appeared in a few of my papers and zillions of Buium's papers, and no doubt many others which aren't coming to mind right now. Some people call $G\circ W\_m$ the `order $m$ arithmetic jet space of $G$' and denote it $J^mG$. The reason is that the usual jet space is defined in the same way but where you replace $W\_m$ by the functor $R\mapsto R[t]/(t^{m+1})$. But one key difference is that any explicit description of the function algebra of the arithmetic jet space has to be fundamentally nonlinear because the addition law on Witt vectors is nonlinear. So you won't be able to write it down by combining multilinear constructions in a nice way.


So let $A\_m$ denote the function algebra $\mathscr{O}(J^mG)$. You want to describe $A\_m$ explicitly. It can be done in a few different ways, which roughly correspond to how you think about the Witt vectors. This is similar to how you can construct tensor products in different ways. In fact this is not an accident, as both are left adoints---in other words, constructions of objects which are free in a certain sense.


Let me start with the most concrete first. So fix a presentation $\mathbb{Z}[x\_i]/(f\_j)$ of the function algebra $A=\mathscr{O}(G)$. 


1. There's the way with the usual Witt components/coordinates. $A\_m$ is (canonically) $\mathbb{Z}[x\_i^{[k]}]/I^{[m]}$, where the notation is the following: $x\_i^{[k]}$ is an indeterminate, $k$ runs from $0$ to $m$, and $i$ runs over the indexing set of the original generators; $I^{[m]}$ is the ideal generated by all elements $f\_j^{[k]}$, as $j$ runs over the indexing set for the relations (and $k$ from $0$ to $m$) and where $f\_j^{[k]}$ comes in a certain purely syntactic way from the $k$-th Witt component of the expansion of $f\_j$. It's easier (for me) to explain it with examples: if $f=x\_1+x\_2$, then $f^{[0]}$ will be $x\_1^{[0]}+x\_2^{[0]}$, and $f^{[1]}$ will be $x\_1^{[1]}+x\_2^{[1]}+\sum\_{0<a<p}\frac{1}{p}\binom{p}{a}(x\_1^{[0]})^a(x\_2^{[0]})^{p-a}$. If $f=x\_1 x\_2$, then you get the Witt polynomials for multiplication. If $f=-x\_1$, you get the Witt polynomials for negation. In fact this determines everything for general $f$ because any polynomial is built out of iterated addition, multiplication, and negation.
2. There's the way with the Buium-Joyal $\delta$-components. Then similarly $A\_m$ is $\mathbb{Z}[x\_i^{(k)}]/I^{(m)}$, but now $I^{(m)}$ is generated by the `arithmetic derivatives' $f\_j^{(k)}$, where $f\_j^{(k)}$ is what you get by applying the procedure above for $k=1$ but done $k$ times. So instead of looking at the higher Witt components, you iterate what you do for the first component.
3. Then there's the purely formal, hands-off way, mentioned by Darij Grinberg in the comments. Then $A\_m$ is $\mathbb{Z}[f\circ g]/I\_m$. Here $f$ runs over all elements of the function algebra $\mathscr{O}(W\_m)\approx \mathbb{Z}[\theta\_0,\dots,\theta\_m]$, and $f\circ g$ is a formal symbol, and $I\_m$ is the ideal generated by all relations of the form $(f\_1+f\_2)\circ g = f\_1\circ g + f\_2\circ g$, similarly for multiplication, $f\circ (g\_1+g\_2)=P^+\_f(g\_1,g\_2)$, where $P^+\_f$ the what you get by applying `$f$'s Leibniz rule for addition' to the sum $g\_1+g\_2$. What does this mean? You see how $f$ pulls back under the addition map $W\_m\times W\_m \to W\_m$. This will give you a tensor $\sum\_\alpha f^1\_\alpha \otimes f^2\_\alpha$, which can then be coupled with the pair $(g\_1,g\_2)$ to give you $\sum\_\alpha (f^1\_\alpha \circ g\_1)\cdot (f^2\_\alpha\circ g\_2)$. This is $P^+\_f(g\_1,g\_2)$. You do the same thing for multiplication and scalar multiplication.


Approach 2 is given in pretty much every one of Buium's papers in the past twenty years, although he usually $p$-adically completes everything. See p 315 of his Duke paper "Differential characters of abelian varieties over p-adic fields". Approach 3, as Darij Grinberg pointed out, is given in my paper with Wieland. It's also essentially in the papers of Tall and Wraith from the 70s, Joyal's papers in the Canadian Comptes Rendus in the 80s, and the book by Bergman and Hausknecht. Approaches 1 and 2 are discussed together in my paper "Basic Geometry of Witt Vectors, I: the affine case", section 3.4.


Not sure how clear that is, and hopefully there are no typos. I'm happy to clarify it if needed.


