The usual axiomatization of a topological space (in the sense of Bourbaki) goes by declaring certain subsets as being open and such that a few axioms are fulfilled by the family of open subsets.


It is trivial to get an equivalent axiomatization of a topological space in terms of declaring certain subsets as being closed (by choosing the complements of the open subsets and dualizing the axioms).


My question is whether there is a good axiomatization in use of what a locally compact Hausdorff space is in terms of what its compact subspaces will be.



Axiomatization of locally compact Hausdorff spaces via compact subspaces
This is as of now probably more of a really long comment than a complete answer.


There is a one-to-one correspondence between compact Hausdorff spaces with distinguished dense subspaces and structures called proximity spaces. Similarly, there is a more general correspondence between locally compact Hausdorff spaces with distinguished dense subspaces and structures called local proximity spaces. In essence, we obtain the notion of a compact (locally compact) Hausdorff space with a distinguished dense subspace from structures that appear at first glance to have nothing to do with compactness.


Intuitively, a proximity space is a set $X$ along with a binary relation $\mathcal{\delta}$ on $P(X)$ such that $\delta$ gives one the notion of whether two subsets of $X$ touch each other in some sense. For example, if $(X,d)$ is a metric space, then $(X,d)$ becomes a proximity space where $A\delta B$ if and only if $d(A,B)=0$. Every proximity space $(X,\delta)$ induces a completely regular topology on $X$ and with each proximity space $(X,\delta)$, we associate a compactification of $X$ known as the Smirnov compactification of $X$. From a proximity space and its Smirnov compactification, we obtain an equivalence between the category of proximity spaces and the category consisting of all pairs $(X,C)$ where $X$ is a proximity space and $C$ is a compactification of $X$. 


Furthermore, one can generalize the notion of a proximity space to the notion of a local proximity space to obtain a similar representation for locally compact spaces. Intuitively, a local proximity space is a set $X$ along with a notion of which subsets of $X$ are bounded and whether subsets of $X$ touch each other. The category of local proximity spaces is equivalent to the category of locally compact Hausdorff spaces along with a distinguished dense subset.


The reader is referred to the book [1] for more information on proximity spaces and local proximity spaces.


[1] Naimpally, S. A., and B. D. Warrack. Proximity Spaces. Cambridge [Eng.: University, 1970.


