1. Cedar Shakes and Shingles.   1. The Cedar Shakes And Shingles Industry Is Highly  Vertically Integrated. .............................................................................. 14  1. Cedar Shakes and Shingles. ...................................................................... 9  2. The Market For Cedar Shakes And Shingles Is  Characterized By Inelastic Supply And Demand. .................................. 14  2. Cedar Shakes and Shingles Are Commodities........................................ 10  3. The United States Market For Cedar Shakes and Shingles  Is A National Market Worth Billions Of Dollars Annually. ................... 11  39. As noted above in paragraph 1, cedar shakes are rustic looking and used in  roofing, while cedar shingles are uniformly sawn for a consistent and even thickness and provide  a uniform machine-like look.  Shingles are used for both sidewalls and roofing.    4. The Price Of Cedar Shakes And Shingles Has Risen  Steadily Since 2009................................................................................. 11  5. Inventories Of Cedar Shakes And Shingles Have Increased  Substantially In Recent Years Compared To Manufacturing  Levels, Which Suggests An Output Restriction By  Manufacturers. ........................................................................................ 13 B. The Structure And Characteristics Of The Cedar Shakes And  Shingles Market, Together With Other Factors, Render The  Conspiracy Economically Plausible. .................................................................. 14  91. Plaintiff incorporate and reallege, as though fully set forth herein, each and every  allegation set forth in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint.   92. Beginning at a time currently unknown to Plaintiff, but at least as early as  February 27, 2015 (further investigation and discovery may reveal an earlier date), and  continuing through the present, the exact dates being unknown to Plaintiff, Defendants and their  co-conspirators entered into a continuing agreement, understanding, and conspiracy in restraint  of trade artificially to fix, raise, stabilize, and peg prices for cedar shakes and shingles in the  United States, in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1).   93. In formulating and carrying out the alleged agreement, understanding, and  conspiracy, the Defendants and their co-conspirators did those things that they combined and  conspired to do, including but not limited to the acts, practices, and course of conduct set forth  above, and the following, among others:  A. Fixing, raising, stabilizing, and pegging the price of cedar shakes and shingles;  and  B. Allocating among themselves and collusively reducing the production of cedar  shakes and shingles.   A. Background on Cedar Shakes and Shingles.......................................................... 9  A. Background on Cedar Shakes and Shingles.   VIII. ANTITRUST INJURY ................................................................................................... 27 IX. VIOLATION OF ARIZONA’S UNIFORM STATE ANTITRUST ACT,   ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 44-1401, ET SEQ.   (ON BEHALF OF THE ARIZONA CLASS)   VIOLATION OF THE NORTH CAROLINA UNFAIR TRADE AND BUSINESS  PRACTICES ACT,   N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1, ET SEQ. VIOLATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CONSUMER PROTECTION  PROCEDURES ACT,   D.C. CODE § 28-3901, ET SEQ. VIOLATION OF SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT 15 U.S.C. § 1   (ON BEHALF OF NATIONWIDE CLASS FOR INJUNCTIVE AND EQUITABLE  RELIEF)   VIOLATION OF THE FLORIDA DECEPTIVE AND  UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES ACT,   FLA. STAT. § 501.201(2), ET SEQ.