14. Mr. Diamond is a public-school teacher in the Chichester School District,  where he has taught since 1990. Mr. Diamond refuses to join the PSEA or its affiliates  because he disapproves of their political advocacy as well as the excessive salaries paid  to even low-ranking members of the state union and its national affiliate.   15. Mr. Schwartz is a public-school teacher in the South Middleton School Dis- trict. He has taught in the Pennsylvania public schools since 1992. Mr. Schwartz re- fuses to join the PSEA or its affiliates because the union advocates for policies that  contradict his religious beliefs.   16. Ms. Ziegler is a retired public-school teacher who taught at Chestnut Ridge  Middle School in Bedford County for 24 years. Ms. Ziegler refused to join the PSEA  or its affiliates because the union advocates for policies that contradict her religious  beliefs.   17. Nevertheless, the collective-bargaining agreements negotiated by the PSEA  have compelled the representative plaintiffs and their fellow objectors to pay a financial  penalty for exercising their constitutional right to not join a union. Nonunion mem- bers must either: (1) Pay a “fair-share fee” directly to the union; or (2) Pay the equiv- alent of the “fair-share fee” to a nonreligious charity approved by the union. See 71  Pa. Stat. § 575(e), (h). Option (2) is available only to those who object to the union’s  activities on “bona fide religious grounds.” 71 Pa. Stat. § 575(e)(2), (h); see also 29 