In 2019, we: - incorporated conduct risk management into our risk culture framework and stepped up risk culture communication efforts Group-wide, with an emphasis on the Tone from the Top and Tone from Above; - implemented a risk culture dashboard to provide regular updates to the Board and senior management; - introduced measures to assess the results of the various risk culture initiatives, including feedback from senior management committees and an annual self-assessment exercise for key business and support units. We also included more questions on risk culture in the Bank's Employee Engagement Survey. UOB is also a member of the Culture and Conduct Steering Committee, established by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Association of Banks in Singapore (ABS) to promote sound culture and to raise conduct standards among banks in Singapore; - benchmarked our Three Lines of Defence (3LOD) framework against industry best practices to strengthen our current approach further. We also established a new 3LOD Working Group to drive and to implement identified key initiatives, which aim to define ownership for new areas of risks, to harmonise risk management and controls across the 3LOD, to integrate the assurance methodology and to create a single robust governance, risk and compliance reporting framework; - replaced the Value-at-Risk (VaR) measure with Expected Shortfall (ES) limits monitoring. The latter takes into account the spread of the tail losses in the process of historical simulation and can provide a more accurate picture of risk and capture large movements in the event of financial market stress, which the VaR measure was unable to do. We also enhanced our Market Risk Aggregation Limits system to automate fully the market risk limits monitoring for all market risk asset types and limits; and - tightened our Responsible Financing Policy in relation to the financing of carbon-intensive sectors in recognition of the rising threat posed by climate change. We established a Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) Working Group to oversee and to drive the adoption of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures recommendations. We endeavour to build our capability on climate risk management and stress-testing through active engagement with regulators, industry associations and climate specialists. We also maintained a strong focus on our capacity-building efforts, of which a key initiative was the successful roll-out of the ABS e-learning module on responsible finance to our colleagues in Singapore.