By 2100, the percentage of land area hospitable to malaria could increase between 12 and 46% (optimistic vs. catastrophic scenarios). The disease would remain as epidemic and not pandemic. This extension would mostly aff ect Critical illness and Health covers, but the eff ects can be highly reduced by improvements in socio-economic conditions, irrigation, drainage and better healthcare. The impact of climate change on pandemic risk is also being explored, but as of today no clear link has been demonstrated.