According to the study , if all this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means , it would have cost about $ -LRB- US dollars -RRB- to develop in the LOCATION@1 .

According to the study , if all this software had been developed by proprietary means , it would have cost about NUMBER@1 billion dollars -LRB- year NUMBER@2 LOCATION@2 dollars -RRB- to develop in the LOCATION@1 .
