long: Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the NUMBER@1 , but by the NUMBER@2 had been largely replaced by transistor-based machines , which were smaller , faster , cheaper to produce , required less power , and were more reliable .
  
short: Computers that used vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the NUMBER@1 . Vacuum tube electronics were largely replaced in the NUMBER@2 by transistor-based electronics , which are smaller , faster and cheaper to produce .
  