text:
ToneBox: a system for automated auditory operant conditioning
Nikolas Francis and colleagues from the Kanold Laboratory at the University of Maryland – College Park (moved to JHU in 2020) have developed and shared ToneBox, a system for high-throughput operant conditioning in a mouse homecage.
Data collection for operant conditioning studies can be time-consuming and sensitive to variability in experimental conditions. An automated approach would both reduce experimental variability and allow for high-throughput training and data collection. To solve this, Francis et al. developed and shares a user-friendly automated system for training up to hundreds of mice in an auditory behavioral task. This system features a custom Matlab GUI running on a desktop which connects to a Raspberry Pi to administer auditory stimuli from a USB soundcard and collects data auditory data as well as licking data from a water spout with commercially available capacitive sensors. The parts list and build instructions are readily available from the paper and associated GitHub repository and are straight-forward enough for new users to build and operate without extensive coding or design experience. This system can collect data 24/7 for weeks on end, which allows for insight into behaviors not otherwise observable by experimenters who need to eat and sleep instead of observing mice at all hours.
The developers show how their tool can be used by training 24 C57BL/6J mice to perform auditory behavioral tasks. They report their results and find that circadian rhythms modulated overall behavioral activity as expected for nocturnal animals. Details about this study, as well as about building the device and where to find resources to create your very own ToneBox can be gleaned from reading their full paper on eNeuro.
Read more about ToneBox in eNeuro!
Check out the GitHub repository for this project to learn more!
Keep up to date with the latest from the Kanold Lab by visiting the lab website!
Falcon: a highly flexible open-source software for closed-loop neuroscience
RPG: A low-cost, open-source, high-performance solution for displaying visual stimuli
MouseTRAP: Mouse Translational Research Accelerator Platform
OpenSync: An open-source platform for synchronizing multiple measures in neuroscience experiments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to reload a library in Codeigniter? *library is calling from 2 functions. when I call it second time it pick the data of first function. I want to reload the library in second function.
public function impnewsdetail($ref) {
    $url = array(
       'base' => $ref,
       'category' => ""
    );

    $this->load->library('crawler', $url);
    $nd = $this->crawler->getNewsDetail();
    $newsdetail = array(
      'detail_heading' => $nd['detail_heading'],
      'detail_tags' => $nd['detail_tags'],
      'detail_date' => $nd['detail_date'],
      'detail_image' => $nd['detail_image'],
      'detail_image_detail' => $nd['detail_image_detail'],
      'detail_text' => $nd['detail_text']
    );

    return $newsdetail;
}

A: If You don't wish to set different library names (as @mic suggests), You can unset the library to force the Loader to load again with another config:
$this->load->library ('crawler', $url_1);
unset ($this->crawler);
$this->load->library ('crawler', $url_2);

A: Try this I am not sure..
$this->load->library('crawler');
$mylib= new Mylib($url);
$mylib->somemethod();

A: maybe you could set a unique name for the object you are loading. This can be done like this:
function method1()
{
    $this->load->library('crawler', $url, 'crawler1');

    $this->crawler1->method();
}

function method2()
{
    $this->load->library('crawler', $url, 'crawler2');

    $this->crawler2->method();
}

Now each instance of it will be unique.
I hope this helps, Good Luck

A: Maybe someone will find this question, here is my solution:
you can define new method in your library with will change your library' option:
Example - In your library define:
function __construct($initParams = array())
        {
           //..somecode
           // init option here
           //........
           // end init
        }
//add this function to re-config:
function reloadConfig($initParams){
           //simple re-call init option code
           // init option here
           //........
           // end init
        }

In Use:
$this->load->library ('crawler', $option1);

//and when want to change option:
$this->crawler->reloadConfig($option2);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


He, Ez'ra, he came up from Bavel, and he one recording, being quick in being instructed of Mosheh that he gave, Y'hovah, Elohim of Yis'ra'el, and he gave to him, the one reigning, as hand of Y'hovah, Elohim of him, on him every request of him.
And they went up from sons of Yis'ra'el and from the priests, the L'viyim, and the ones singing, and the ones gatekeeping, and the temple servants, to Y'rushalaim in year of seven to Artachshas't, the one reigning.
And he came in Y'rushalaim in the month the one being fifth, she year of the one being seventh of the one reigning.
for Ez'ra he made ready heart of him to seek being instructed of Y'hovah, and to do and to teach in Yis'ra'el, being decreed and being judged.
from me being made command that every of one volunteering in being reigned of me from the people of Yis'ra'el, and priests of him, and Levaye, to go to Y'rushlem with you let him go.
All of because of this diligently you buy with the silver this oxen, rams, lambs, and ones being offered of them, and drink offerings of them and you bring near them on the altar that of house of Eloha of you that in Y'rushlem.
And what that to you and to brother of you he is good with rest of the silver and the gold to do, as will of Eloha of you, you do.
And the vessels that ones being given to you for service of house of Elaha of you make complete before Elah of Y'rushlem.
And rest of being needed of house of Elaha of you that he falls to you to give you give from house of ones being stored of the one reigning.
to silver rounds hundred, and to wheats korin hundred, and to wine batin hundred, and to batin oil hundred, and salt that of no writing.
All of what from command of Elah of the heavens let him be done diligently for house of Elah of the heavens for why let him be wrath against being reigned of the one reigning and sons of him?
And to you ones making known that any of the priests, and Levaye, the ones singing, the porters, the temple servants, and ones serving of house of Elaha this toll, tribute, and duty not one ruling to cast on them.
And you, Ez'ra, as wisdom of Elaha of you, appoint ones being judges and ones judging that they will be ones judging for all of the people that over across of the being flowed, to all of ones knowing of laws of Elaha of you, and who not knowing you make known.
Being praised Y'hovah, Elohim of fathers of us, who he gave as this in heart of the one reigning to glorify house of Y'hovah that in Y'rushalaim.
and to me he extended favour before presences of the one reigning and before all of ones commanding of the one reigning, the ones being mighty, and I, I was made strong as hand of Y'hovah, Elohim of me, ones on me and I gathered from Yis'ra'el heads to go up with me.


An alternative term for the basic colours used in heraldry as illustrated below - see 'tinctures'.
In heraldry see 'arched' and 'embowed'.
A medieval term, now obsolete, for a mounted standard bearer (see also 'balcanifer').
1. The term that is used when a continuous line, or number of smaller charges are placed in a circular (or near circular) pattern around a larger one - encompassed.
2. A term that is also used (albeit inaccurately) to describe a border set around a non-circular centre (such as a shield).
(adj) A heraldic term for where a division in the field of a banner of arms or shield, a border or the edge of an ordinary, is cut into a series of indented curves or half circles strung together - that is with the half-circles facing inward and points outward - ingrailed (see also 'armorial bearings', 'banner of arms', 'coat of arms', 'invected', 'ordinary' 'shield', and 'scalloped').
(adj) A term for a form of flag, now largely but not entirely obsolete, whose fly either came to a point or was extended by a central projection, but in which both sides form a concave arc (see also 'engrailed', 'ogival'), 'stepped fly' and 'schwenkel').
a) This is not an established term, but has been introduced by the Editors since no established alternative could be found.
b) At the time of writing it is unclear as to whether the flag having a straight-sided but angled fly (as illustrated below) should be considered as "engrailed" or "stepped" – see 'stepped fly'.
A heraldic term for when the main ordinary on a shield, banner of arms or flag is placed in a higher position than its proper place - raised (see also 'abased', 'banner of arms' and 'ordinary').
Please note however, that enhanced has a slightly different meaning when applied to the vexillological terms enhanced bend and enhanced bend sinister given below.
See 'north-south diagonal' (also 'Appendix IX').
See 'south-north diagonal' (also 'Appendix IX').


text:
package com.microsoft.azure.management.network;

import java.util.List;
import com.microsoft.azure.management.network.implementation.VpnClientRootCertificateInner;
import com.microsoft.azure.management.network.implementation.VpnClientRevokedCertificateInner;

/**
 * VpnClientConfiguration for P2S client.
 */
public class VpnClientConfiguration {
    /**
     * The reference of the address space resource which represents Address
     * space for P2S VpnClient.
     */
    private AddressSpace vpnClientAddressPool;

    /**
     * VpnClientRootCertificate for virtual network gateway.
     */
    private List<VpnClientRootCertificateInner> vpnClientRootCertificates;

    /**
     * VpnClientRevokedCertificate for Virtual network gateway.
     */
    private List<VpnClientRevokedCertificateInner> vpnClientRevokedCertificates;

    /**
     * Get the vpnClientAddressPool value.
     *
     * @return the vpnClientAddressPool value
     */
    public AddressSpace vpnClientAddressPool() {
        return this.vpnClientAddressPool;
    }

    /**
     * Set the vpnClientAddressPool value.
     *
     * @param vpnClientAddressPool the vpnClientAddressPool value to set
     * @return the VpnClientConfiguration object itself.
     */
    public VpnClientConfiguration withVpnClientAddressPool(AddressSpace vpnClientAddressPool) {
        this.vpnClientAddressPool = vpnClientAddressPool;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the vpnClientRootCertificates value.
     *
     * @return the vpnClientRootCertificates value
     */
    public List<VpnClientRootCertificateInner> vpnClientRootCertificates() {
        return this.vpnClientRootCertificates;
    }

    /**
     * Set the vpnClientRootCertificates value.
     *
     * @param vpnClientRootCertificates the vpnClientRootCertificates value to set
     * @return the VpnClientConfiguration object itself.
     */
    public VpnClientConfiguration withVpnClientRootCertificates(List<VpnClientRootCertificateInner> vpnClientRootCertificates) {
        this.vpnClientRootCertificates = vpnClientRootCertificates;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the vpnClientRevokedCertificates value.
     *
     * @return the vpnClientRevokedCertificates value
     */
    public List<VpnClientRevokedCertificateInner> vpnClientRevokedCertificates() {
        return this.vpnClientRevokedCertificates;
    }

    /**
     * Set the vpnClientRevokedCertificates value.
     *
     * @param vpnClientRevokedCertificates the vpnClientRevokedCertificates value to set
     * @return the VpnClientConfiguration object itself.
     */
    public VpnClientConfiguration withVpnClientRevokedCertificates(List<VpnClientRevokedCertificateInner> vpnClientRevokedCertificates) {
        this.vpnClientRevokedCertificates = vpnClientRevokedCertificates;
        return this;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Home » cfb » Western Kentucky Hilltoppers vs. Wisconsin Badgers Pick 8/31/18
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers vs. Wisconsin Badgers Pick 8/31/18
by Loot Levinson | Aug 31, 2018 | cfb
Updated Odds 1:05pm EST 8/31/2018:
With only 8 hours until kick-off the Wisconsin Badgers are now -36.5 and at some sportsbooks favored by 37 points. Analysts have been predicting Wisconsin can put up as much as 63 points while suggesting WK will be fortunate to get two touch downs. That, and ESPN headlines like "Badgers Offense Ready To Roll" is likely driving bettors and the line up on game day. It is not uncommon for the public team to become a bigger favorite as go-time nears.
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers (0-0 SU, 0-0 ATS) vs. Wisconsin Badgers (0-0 SU, 0-0 ATS)
College Football Week 1
Date and Time: Friday, August 31 at 8pm ET
Where: Camp Randall
TV: ESPN
Point Spread: WKU + 34.5/UW -34.5
Over/Under Total: 51
I am not sure how you all mark the passing of the seasons, but for me, the sports calendar is more important than anything else. In my opinion, Spring starts at The Masters and Fall starts with the first week of College Football. So, welcome to Fall. For the record, Summer begins when you turn on the A/C, and Winter starts when the furnace kicks in. There are only a few other acceptable theories on this matter.
The non-conference season is sprinkled with a few marquee matchups, but most of the contests are lopsided affairs. The Hilltoppers of Western Kentucky are getting a nice payday to head to Madison this week to tangle with the #4 Wisconsin Badgers. To make it all the better, WKU gets to take in the night game atmosphere at Camp Randall. Badgers fans are lathered up for 11a games so you can imagine what another nine hours of partying can lead to. Add up all, and you get Wisconsin as a 34.5 point favorite.
There are whispers and even some shouts from the talking heads that this is the Wisconsin team that can legitimately compete with Alabama's of the world. Those talking heads are the Lee Corso kind, not the 80's new-wave band kind. I'm showing my age with that reference, kiddos. Anyway, despite the unusual distractions that have come with the suspensions of Badger wideouts Quintez Cephus and Danny Davis, it seems that it will be business as usual for Wisconsin this week. Paul Chryst is business first and business second, so the only hope for the Hilltoppers this week may be the level of mercy UW is willing to show.
The Best Badgers Yet?
Wisconsin, a team expected to exceed 10 wins, has been within a few critical plays of the College Football Playoff in each of the last two seasons and all of the standard Badger strengths are present for 2018. Alex Hornibrook comes off a four-touchdown performance in the Orange Bowl, and he spent the summer impressing Peyton at the Manning passing camp. Jonathan Taylor averaged 6.6 yards per carry and rushed for nearly 2,000 yards as a freshman. He is a Heisman hopeful behind what is regarded as the best offensive line in the country. Kendric Pryor and A.J. Taylor will lead a wide-receiver corps through the first two weeks until Danny Davis returns, but Wisconsin has more legitimate pass catchers on the roster than perhaps ever. Defensive Coordinator Jim Leonhard passed on offers from the SEC and NFL to lead a defense he had inside the top-10 in both rushing and passing yards allowed. All signs point to Wisconsin as a championship hopeful, and all they need to do is hold their #4 preseason rank to snag that previously elusive playoff berth.
Sure every sportsbook has a bonus, but have you read the find print? We have for you - Check it out!
An Uphill Battle
Western Kentucky fell to a 6-6 regular season after winning Conference USA the previous two years and lost the Cure Bowl to Georgia State. Mike Sanford Jr. was not able to keep the momentum the program gained in 2015-16 and this year could bring more struggles with only eleven seniors on the roster. The Hilltoppers are predicted to finish fifth in their division, and there are major question marks at the quarterback position. Junior Drew Eckels will take over for Mike White, and WKU ranked 7th in pass offense behind White last year. Eckels has just 24 career pass attempts and his progression will need to be immediate as the WKU run game finished dead last in the NCAA in 2017. The offensive line struggled to put it kindly as the Hilltoppers averaged just 2.0 yards per rush and never had a run go longer than 19 yards. Sanford's 4-2-5 defense was a top-40 unit against the pass, but WKU only managed ten sacks on the season. This team is very young, unproven and potentially shallow in terms of playmakers. They may have better days ahead, but Friday is going to be tough.
Strength v. Weakness
Styles make fights, and Western Kentucky does not have the right style, unfortunately. Theoretically, they could play keep-away from Wisconsin and win the time of possession battle to keep things close, but Wisconsin led the NCAA in T.O.P last season, so that isn't likely. A strong run-defense can always put Wisconsin off their A-game, but WKU allowed 172 rush yards per game and 25 ground scores last year against teams that were not bringing the Badger's commitment to the run. Even if WKU can get Wisconsin pass-happy, the Badgers averaged 13.10 yards per completion, nearly two more yards than what the Hilltoppers averaged with a quarterback who is now in the NFL. There just doesn't seem to be even one bare thread to pull in favor of Western Kentucky this week.
I will stop piling on the Hilltoppers now and just tell you to take Wisconsin. I think Taylor running behind that All-American offensive line is enough, but Hornibrook is going to be the reason Wisconsin is dangerous this year if he can duplicate the improvements he made last season. This is a 49-10 drubbing so take the over as well.
Ted's Pick: Wisconsin -34.5
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Welcome to our mental health care blogs! At NeurOptimize in Colorado, we are passionate about helping people live their best life — both physically and mentally. Our brains are highly complex organs that control everything from what we do to how we feel. Imbalances in our brain can cause many mental health issues, such as, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and more. In this blog, you will find helpful tips, resources, and information about how the brain affects your mental health, neurofeedback vs. traditional therapy, mental health care tips, and more. Mental health care is crucial to living your best life and your caring team at NeurOptimize is here to help. Check out our mental health care blogs today.


Now you can outfit you whole 911/Public Safety and/or Dispatchers and Call Takers; shift, squad, Department, Office, watch, Union Group, etc.
A great way to show pride in your chosen profession of Public Safety or your general support for those brave men and women that protect each and everyone of us daily.
The Yellow Line signifies the dispatchers and 911 Center Staff. This design was suggested by one of our great customers, Mary Beth.
The Black background is a constant reminder of our fallen brothers and sisters in law enforcement and the fire service.
The lines are what Public Safety protects. The barrier between tyranny and a civilized society. Between order and chaos. Between respect for decency and lawlessness.
U.S. Made in the great State of Michigan from Genuine 550# paracord (approx. 8-10ft.) and includes a 1″ split key ring.


text:
IOC Sustainability Report highlights 2017−2020 achievements across the Olympic Movement
By News-Market	 On Dec 6, 2021 55
Mesures de protection contre la COVID−19 pour Beijing 2022
Beijing 2022 Pre−Games Sustainability Report outlines…
06 Dec 2021 – The third International Olympic Committee (IOC) Sustainability Report notes that the IOC has achieved 15 of its 18 sustainability objectives for the period 2017-2020, raising its ambition to address climate change and helping to make sustainability mainstream across the Olympic Movement.
The report also reveals the organisation's 17 new objectives for 2021-2024, focusing on climate, biodiversity and the circular economy, and further advancing sustainability across the Olympic Movement.
Highlights of the 2017-2020 objectives achieved include:
IOC as an organisation
IOC as owner of the Olympic Games
Ensuring that sustainability is addressed as a strategic topic with cities from the earliest stages of the Future Host process.
Reinforcing sustainability commitments in the Host Contract, including for all upcoming Games editions to be carbon neutral, and climate positive from 2030 onwards
IOC as leader of the Olympic Movement
Co-launching and leading on the implementation of the UN Sports for Climate Action Framework
Ensuring the exchange of information and best practices between Olympic Movement stakeholders
"We can confidently state that sustainability is now firmly embedded as an executive priority within the IOC, and this ethos flows into our corporate ways of working, our focus on ensuring sustainable Olympic Games, and how we engage with the wider Olympic Movement," writes HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco, Chair of the IOC's Sustainability and Legacy Commission, in the foreword to the report.
Addressing the climate crisis
While COVID-19 has been the most disruptive factor affecting the IOC, most notably through the postponement of Tokyo 2020, the fast-accelerating climate crisis is likely to represent one of the future's greatest challenges, the report says.
Having achieved carbon neutrality for the period 2017-2020, the IOC has committed to reducing its carbon emissions by 50 per cent by 2030, and to becoming climate positive by the end of 2024. This means that it will be removing more carbon from the air than it emits. From 2030, all Olympic Games are required to be climate positive, too.
The creation of an Olympic Forest as part of Africa's Great Green Wall is an integral part of the IOC's climate positive commitment, while the 2019 opening of the IOC's new headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland – which has been certified as one of the most sustainable buildings in the world – has been another highlight.
The UN Sports for Climate Action Framework, co-launched in 2018 by the IOC and UN Climate Change, has so far garnered almost 300 signatories. They are now required by UN Climate Change to reduce their carbon emissions by 50 per cent by 2030, and aim to achieve net zero by 2040. The IOC continues to lead on the implementation of the Framework.
Mainstreaming sustainability
To facilitate its sustainability work, the IOC has recently integrated the themes of sustainability, legacy, gender equality and inclusivity, and human rights into one Corporate and Sustainable Development Department.
Sustainability has also become further integrated into the process for selecting future hosts of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Both the Olympic Games Paris 2024 and Los Angeles 2028 have sustainability at the centre of their Games concepts.
To advance the sharing of information across the sports world, the IOC has produced a series of guidance documents on topics such as carbon footprinting, sustainable sourcing and biodiversity. Aimed at Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and International Federations (IFs), these resources represent a valuable open-source information tool for the broader sports sector. The IOC has also supported the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) in the launch of the Sustainability.Sport platform, which is intended to be used as a library by sports organisations.
An increasing number of IFs now have a publicised strategic commitment to sustainability, and more are working with the IOC to develop a strategy. Going forward, the IOC will continue its work guiding and supporting the IFs in the development of their sustainability strategies.
Looking ahead: IOC's Sustainability Objectives 2021-2024
IOC: carbon reduction and Olympic Forest
Of the 17 new objectives, four relate to the IOC as an organisation, and cover carbon emissions, the Olympic Forest, sustainable sourcing and training for IOC staff. They include work on reducing the IOC's CO2 emissions in line with the Paris Agreement, with a 30 per cent reduction by 2024; and creating an Olympic Forest to support the IOC's climate positive commitment, while delivering long-term social and biodiversity benefits to communities in Mali and Senegal.
Olympic Games: climate-positive Games and "no-go" in protected areas
There are five objectives for the Olympic Games, which focus on climate, biodiversity, human rights and sustainable tourism. These include assisting and accelerating the transition to climate-positive Olympic Games, and a requirement that no permanent Olympic construction occurs in statutory nature and cultural protected areas or UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Olympic Movement: sustainability strategies and empowering athletes
The eight objectives in the IOC's role as leader of the Olympic Movement include working with the IFs to have a sustainability strategy in place by 2024; assisting the IFs and NOCs in joining the UN Sports for Climate Action Framework; and working with athletes and other role models within the sports world to raise awareness about sustainability.
achievementshighlightsIOCMovementOlympicReportSustainability
Le rapport du CIO sur la durabilité met l'accent sur les réalisations du Mouvement olympique dans ce domaine pour la période 2017−2020
Las Vegas Spreads Holiday Cheer with Festive Décor and Exciting Events
Beijing 2022 Pre−Games Sustainability Report outlines climate solutions, development…
Vincent Pereira nommé responsable des sports virtuels


text:
S: (v) run down (run_down%2:40:00::), exhaust (exhaust%2:40:00::), play out (play_out%2:40:00::), sap (sap%2:40:00::), tire (tire%2:40:00::) (deplete) "exhaust one's savings"; "We quickly played out our strength"
S: (v) play out (play_out%2:36:00::) (perform or be performed to the end) "How will the election drama be played out?"
S: (v) play out (play_out%2:33:00::) (play to a finish) "We have got to play this game out, even thought it is clear that we have last"
S: (v) play out (play_out%2:30:00::) (become spent or exhausted) "The champion's strength played out fast"


Gland, Switzerland (08.10.2004) IUCN-The World Conservation Union. The European Bison or wisent, is one of Europe's largest and most impressive mammals, symbolic of earlier times, when Europe's then primeval forests supported a variety of large herbivores, such as the aurochs (wild ox) and tarpan (wild horse). Unfortunately, these two species became extinct in historical times and the European Bison almost suffered the same fate. Formerly widespread throughout Europe until the 5th century, from the Pyrenees through to the Caucasus, it became extinct in the wild by the beginning of the 20th century, as a result of hunting and habitat loss.
Rescuing the European bison from extinction began after the First World War, with 54 captive animals, all descended from only 12 founders. Today, with a total population of over 3,000 animals, the immediate danger of extinction has passed. Approximately 60% are in 31 free-roaming/semi free-roaming herds with the remainder spread amongst 200 captive herds.
This Action Plan, produced by the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Bison Specialist Group, contains a wealth of information on the biology, genetics, ecology and population structure of the species. It also identifies the most important threats, notably fragmentation, decreasing genetic variability, disease and inappropriate management. The importance of international cooperation is clearly highlighted, and the Action Plan shows that future conservation and management of the European bison should be aimed at increasing the number of animals in order to continue the re-introduction process and save genetic diversity.
A major initiative currently underway is the establishment of a meta-population of European bison in the Carpathian region of Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Unlike the majority of European mountain ranges and lowland forests, this region remains comparatively under-developed and is a very suitable wildlife refuge. European bison were introduced here, during the 1960s and 1970s, to two sites in Poland and three in the Ukraine, and now total over 300 free-ranging animals. Unfortunately, these groups are geographically distant and there is no contact between them.
Initially, this project targets two existing free-ranging populations, one in the Polish Bieszczady Mountains and the other in the Zubrovica Reserve in the Ukrainian Bukovina region. It began with the release of four young European bison to Bieszczady, from selected Scandinavian breeding centres, to increase genetic diversity. Five more animals will soon be released in the Poloniny National Park, Slovakia and further introductions are planned along the Ukrainian Carpathians, in order to create links between herds. This should result in the creation of truly self-sustaining and wild population of the European bison in the centre of the continent. For such a wide program, international cooperation is essential and the project has got off to a promising start thanks to the involvement and enthusiasm of the many people involved.
The European Bison Action Plan is the result of many experts working together as part of IUCN's Species Survival Commission to develop programs to study, understand and manage wisely the European Bison and its habitat. For those interested in the biology and conservation of the species, this publication represents a new benchmark of knowledge in the field.


text:
Colonic diverticulosis is not a risk factor for colonic adenoma
Authors Hong W, Dong L, Zippi M, Stock S, Geng W, Xu C, Zhou M
Accepted for publication 12 December 2017
Published 13 March 2018 Volume 2018:14 Pages 531—537
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S146194
Editor who approved publication: Professor Deyun Wang
Wandong Hong,1,2,* Lemei Dong,1,* Maddalena Zippi,3,* Simon Stock,4 Wujun Geng,5,* Chunfang Xu,2 Mengtao Zhou6
1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; 2Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; 3Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy; 4Department of Surgery, World Mate Emergency Hospital, Battambang, Cambodia; 5Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; 6Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Background and aims: Colonic diverticulosis may represent a risk factor for colonic adenomas by virtue of the fact that evolving data suggest that these 2 conditions may share common risk factors such as Western dietary pattern and physical inactivity. This study aims to investigate the association between colonic diverticulosis and colonic adenomas in mainland China.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on patients who underwent colonoscopic examination between October 2013 and December 2014 in a university hospital in mainland China. Age, gender, colonic adenomas, advanced adenomas, and distribution of diverticulosis were recorded during the procedures. Multivariate logistic regression and stratified analysis were used to evaluate the associations between the prevalence of diverticulosis and age, sex, and presence of colonic adenomas and advanced adenomas.
Results: A total of 17,456 subjects were enrolled. The prevalence of colonic diverticulosis and adenoma was 2.4% and 13.2%, respectively. With regard to distribution of diverticula, most (365/424, 86.1%) were right-sided. Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that age and male gender were independent risk factors for adenoma and advanced adenoma. There was no relationship between diverticulosis or location of diverticulosis and presence of adenoma and advanced adenoma adjusting by age and gender. In a stratified analysis according to age and gender, similar results were also noted.
Conclusion: There was no statistical relationship between diverticulosis and the risk of adenoma and advanced adenoma. Our results may not be generalized to the Western population due to the fact that left-sided diverticular cases were very small in our study.
Keywords: colonic adenoma, advanced adenoma, colonic diverticulosis, prevalence, risk factor


Resources and Case Studies from the PCAL website can be found below.
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Band photos can be tricky, but even if you're camera-shy, they're an absolute necessity for your press kit. If you're working with a label, they may subsidize a photo shoot with a professional photographer, which is the best way to guarantee you'll end up with well-composed and useful band photographs. For some artists this isn't an option though, and hiring a pro can seem like an unnecessary expenditure if you've got a friend with a decent eye and a DSLR.


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500 Startups Unveils Start-Up Accelerator Program
by Liz Gannes
500 Startups, the angel fund led by the voluble marketer Dave McClure, is taking the wraps off its start-up accelerator program, which is already hosting 11 participants in Mountain View, Calif., and is focused on helping them with design and distribution.
("Start-up accelerator" is the trendy iteration of "start-up incubator," connoting a short-term program where participants gather and have some kind of curriculum, in the model of Y Combinator.)
500 Startups is led by McClure and former YouTube and Google product manager Christine Tsai. The existing class will hold a "demo day" for investors in the first week of April. The accelerator has no formal application process, but accepts new participants through referrals, including those who have already participated in a different start-up accelerator or already have outside investments.
In addition to ongoing events and the support of an extensive mentor network, participating start-ups get $25,000 to $100,000 in exchange for five percent of equity. That's more money than elsewhere, but not as much as the $150,000 Yuri Milner and SV Angel are now offering to all Y Combinator participants.
Below are descriptions of the first 11 start-ups from 500 Startups' jokey press release:
InternMatch
? InternMatch's mission is to help college students discover amazing internships.
? Founded by: Andrew Maguire, Nathan Parcells, and Kyle Wilkinson
? Hails from: Seattle, WA
? Fun facts: Andrew Maguire spent countless hours during his college years playing speed chess on the streets of NYC, instead of studying for class. Nathan Parcells once spent 3 months on a 50 foot boat sailing to the Arctic Circle with his uncle. When he's not coding to the break of dawn, Kyle Wilkinson plays guitar in punk band Shoot the Hostage.
Baydin
? Baydin's mission is to facilitate purposeful communication. Right now, we're building a personal trainer for your email, and let me tell you, Sue Sylvester's got nothing on The Email Game.
? Founded by: Alexander Moore, Mike Chin, and Aye Moah
? Location: We started in Boston. Our team hails from Alabama, Connecticut, and Burma.
? Fun facts: For the times when there's no saving it and email gets out of hand, we also make the Drunkerator (http://drunkerator.appspot.com), a hackathon project that lets you generate a drinking game for any reason. Take off your thinking hats and put on your drinking hats!
955 Dreams
? 955 Dream makes magical experiences on mobile devices.
? Founded by: Kiran Bellubbi and Kyle Oba
? Location: Mountain View, CA
? Fun facts: Both Kyle and Kiran have babies. Babies rule. And we have as many dogs in our office as humans. Dogs rule.
? Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKphAh701Js
YongoPal
? YongoPal is focused on conversational English education for university students in Asia. Rather than creating a new learning method or providing tools for helping students prepare for specific exams, YongoPal focuses on boosting language competency through peer relationships — matching students of English in Asia with their peers at top-tier American universities for live online conversation practice and cultural exchange.
? Founded by: Darien Brown, Daron Hall, and Brian Suchland
? Fun fact: The YongoPal founders, Darien Brown, Daron Hall and Brian Suchland, currently share a two bedroom apartment with two university students from Korea. A no-kimchi-in-the-fridge policy is strictly enforced.
Spoondate
? Spoondate is a dating website that allows food-loving singles to meet and go on
awesome food dates with like-minded eaters.
? Founded by: Raissa Nebie and Van Nguyen
? Hails from: San Francisco. Raissa is from Abidjan, Ivory Coast via New York City. Van is from Delaware
? Fun facts: Raissa is a banker turned chef and has cooked a meal in over 10 countries across 4 continents. Van won first place at two "game jams" (where nerds build computer games in less than 48 hours).
Ninua
? Ninua collects the world's stories, delivers them across platforms, and connects people around them.
? Founded by: Waleed Abdulla
? Hails from: Mountain View, CA
? Fun fact: Ninua's main product, NetworkedBlogs, started as a weekend hackathon project to learn how to build an app on the Facebook platform. Its name at the time was "Blogs I Read".
Crowdrally
? Crowdrally's mission is to provide social influencers with organic digital
endorsements, so they can get paid without selling out.
? Founded by: Evan Kuo and Andy Chen
? Hails from: We are Berkeley and Stanford students born and raised in the heart of silicon valley.
? Fun fact: Evan has an absolutely terrible sense of direction and once engineered a GPS enabled tactile feedback belt to communicate realtime orientation through a ring of vibrational cellphone motors. Andy previously started an online marketplace for professional chefs to indulge his demanding eating habits.
Rewardli
? Rewardli lets business owners use leverage their social graph in new and interesting ways. Stay tuned for more.
? Founded by: George Favvas
? Hails from: Montreal, Quebec. O Canada!
? Fun fact: George sealed the deal by recording himself giving his Keynote presentation outside in snowy -10 degree weather. He had calculated that it took about 15 minutes for his fingers to freeze, which was a good incentive to keep his presentation nice and tight.
? Stay in touch with friends and colleagues. Over lunch. On Wednesdays. For an invite to the beta, email an old friend with whom you'd like to stay in better touch and copy lunch@wednesdays.com.
? Founded by: Andy Chen
? Hails from: Silicon Valley
? Fun fact: The Wednesdays founders were inspired by a Scientific American article which said that lunches and other social support activities are important to staying healthy and happy, and ultimately increase survival by 50%.
[Super Secret Startup]
? Stew Langille, former VP of marketing at Mint.com, is starting a new media
company. More to be unveiled soon!
SpeakerGram
? SpeakerGram wants to connect people with a story to tell with an audience that
wants to hear them.
? Founded by: Sam Rosen
? Hails from: The concrete jungle… New York City!
? Fun fact: Sam Rosen is an amateur competitive eater. His personal bests include
a medium Papa John's pizza in 2:24 and 45 BBQ wings in 8 minutes.
Return to: 500 Startups Unveils Start-Up Accelerator Program
URL: http://allthingsd.com/20110210/500-startups-unveils-start-up-accelerator-program/
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Analysis of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Soil
Cereals are the world's major source of food for human nutrition and rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the predominant cereal crop and represent staple diet for more than two fifth of the world population. To feed the ever increasing human population, the world's yearly rice manufacturing to be bound by an obligation act out of 560 million tonnes to 760 million tonnes by 2020. The future increase in rice production has to come from the same or even reduced land area and the productivity yield (per ha) must be greatly enhanced by providing additional nutrient input and through effective control of phytopathogens. Blast disease of rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of rice causing loss up to 90% and has a ubiquitous occurrence in almost all the rice growing countries (Mehrothra, 1980).
Phosphorus has been called "the key of life" because it is directly involved in most of the life processes. Next to nitrogen it is invariably classified as one of the macronutrients and it is a key element in frequency of use as fertilizer. It serves as a primary energy source for microbial oxidation. It is a constituent substance in life processes. Soil cannot give high yields if it is deficient in phosphate.
Different mechanisms have been suggested for the solubilization of inorganic phosphorus by phosphate solubilize. It is usually accepted that the important mechanism of mineral phosphate solubilization is the movement of organic acids the combination of various thing into one whole by soil microorganisms (Halder et al., 1990). Manufacturing of organic acids results in acidification of the microbial cell and its lying on the outskrits.
Resultant, inorganic phosphate may be released from a mineral phosphate by proton addition for Calcium ion (Goldstein, 1994). The production of organic acids by PSB has been deep notifified. Among them, gluconic acid seems to be the most repeated occurance agent of mineral phosphate solubilization.
Being an in specified microorganism is known to be involved in the solubilization of insoluble phosphates (Alexander, 1977). These phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms render insoluble phosphate into soluble group formed completely the series of acidification and chelation of some reactions. This process not only compensates for higher cost of manufacturing fertilizers in industry but also mobilizes the fertilizers added to soil (Rodriguez and Reynaldo, 1999). Therefore, many researchers have tried to increase the plant-available phosphate fraction by means of Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) such as Achromobacter sp, Agrobacterium sp, Alcaligens sp, Bacillus cereus, B. polymyxa, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas striata and Xanthomonas sp and Fungi like Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp.
Several mechanisms of plant – microbe interaction may participate in the association and affect plant growth, including IAA, Siderophore production and biocontrol against Pyricularia oryzae. Thus, the Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) affect the plant growth through direct promotion by producing plant growth promoting substances and through indirect promotion by acting against plant pathogenic microorganisms (Kloepper et al., 1989).
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are free – living, soil – borne bacteria, which enhance the growth of the plant either directly or indirectly (Kloepper et al., 1980; Glick and Ibid, 1995). The direct mechanisms involve nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, HCN production, manufacturing of phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins, and lowering of ethylene concentration (Glick and Ibid, 1995; Glick et al., 1999). Bacteria belonging to the genera Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Rhizobium as well as Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae, Acetobacter diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum have been shown to that which is produced auxins which help in inducing plant growth increase (Patten and Glick, 2002).
There are many reports on plant growth promotion and yield enhancement by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Lugtenberg et al., 2001). The mechanisms of plant growth increase the promotion by PGPR include: the ability to produce phytohormones, N2 fixation, antagonism against phytopathogens and solubilization of insoluble phosphates (Lugtenberg and Kamilova, 2009). It was also suggested that the PGPR can also prevent the deleterious effects of stresses from the environment (Paul and Nair, 2008).
Composting is a biotechnological process by which different microbial communities convert organic wastes into a stabilized form. During the process, temperatures arise because of the heat released due to biological activity. These temperatures are responsible for pathogen inactivation. Composting is an aerobic process that requires O2, optimal moisture and enough free air space and C:N ratio within certain limits. The treatment by composting leads to the development of microbial populations, which causes numerous physicochemical changes within mixture. These changes could influence the metal distribution through release of heavy metals during organic matter mineralization or the metal solubilization by the decrease of pH, metal biosorption by the microbial biomass or metal complexation with the newly formed humic substances or other factors (Rahul Kumar et al., 2010).
One of the most effective means of recycling any organic wastes for agricultural use is by means of composting, an accepted practice in India and elsewhere. In many cases in India, it is valuable to add nutrients to compost to increase its fertilizer value. Although, sugar industry wastes are relatively high in nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium, they are generally deficient in phosphorus, iron and zinc when compared to fertilizers commonly used in India. Further, the possibility of enriching organic wastes with micronutrients like Fe and Zn, which have become critical in crop production, have been studied and their effectiveness is increased appreciably through combined application of organics with FeSO4 and ZnSO4 in addition to N, P, K fertilizers (Deepa Devi, 1992; Sennimalai, 1994). Therefore, it is appropriate to develop composting systems that are capable of converting these agroindustrial wastes into valuable organic fertilizers.
Among the microbes, bacteria are the most important one for decomposing waste. Bacteria use press mud for their metabolism and finally they produce some simple and useful compounds from them which are important for soil health, plant growth and over all to keep well balance of natural ecosystem (Zaved et al., 2008). Moreover, efficiency of bacterial in bioconversion or organic compounds is well documented (Petre et al., 1999; Suhaimi et al., 2012). Unfortunately, knowledge on physico-chemical and microbial diversity of bacteria on bioconversion of sugarcane press mud is limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor the chemical and biological changes during composting of sugarcane press mud with cattle manure in order to get high quality stabilized product within the goal of shortening the stabilization time.
The pressmud biocompost contains appreciable amount of plant nutrients viz., organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium along with traces of micronutrients viz., Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn (Banulekha, 2007). The beneficial effect of the organic matter for enhancing the soil fertility and thereby improving the crop productivity is well established (Laird et al., 2001).
Objectives of the present study
To collect the soil samples from ten different locations in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India.
To isolate and identify the Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Enterobacter asburiae) from collected soil samples.
To screen the efficient Phosphate solubilizing bacterial isolates based on production of plant growth promoting substances.
Composting of sugar mill waste (pressmud) by Phosphobacterial isolates and analysis of nutrient status of compost mixtures.
To study the combined effect of efficient phosphobacterial isolates and compost mixture for the growth and yield of Paddy BPT-5804(Oryza sativa L.)
Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin become or make less indicate in the present study during the bacterial consortium based composting process. Singh and Sharma (2002) reported rapid decomposition of wheat straw with a mixture of cellulolytic fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger along with nitrogen fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum. The simulated activity of bacterial consortium present in the waste substrate ability to do have characterised by intensity cellulolysis and lignolysis as advised done by Loquet et al. (1984).
Hemicellulosic residue of pressmud contains a large quantity of xylans. Xylanase are enzymes that are capable of degrading xylan units yielding large quantities of monomeric xylose units. The xylanases activities during composting. The xylanase activity in all the treatments was found to be on the 30th day and thereafter a sharp decline was noticed. During 90th days maximum xylanase activity recorded in CM – 8 (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) (5.91 U ml-1 of protein) followed by CM -5 (4.93 U ml-1 of protein), CM – 6 (3.91 U ml-1 of protein), CM – 3 (3.89 U ml-1 of protein), CM – 2 (3.00 U ml-1 of protein), CM – 4 (2.92 U ml-1 of protein) and CM – 6 (2.00 U ml-1 of protein). The minimum amount of xylanase activity recorded in CM – 1 (pressmud alone) (1.82 U ml-1 of protein).
The survival and microbial activity during the entire composting process was studied by estimating dehydrogenase activity. During 90th day, maximum dehydrogenase activity recorded in CM – 8 (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) (3.09 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1) followed by CM – 7 (2.95 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1), CM – 6 (2.39 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1), CM – 5 (2.30 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1), CM – 4 (1.71 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1), CM – 3 (1.70 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1) and CM – 2 (1.68 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1). Lower amount of dehydrogenase activity recorded in CM – 1 (Pressmud alone) (1.00 mg formazon formed h-1 g-1).
In general, percentage cellulose reduction increased thereafter decrease in the period of decomposition in press mud up to end of 90days. The initial cellulose content of pressmud was 15.75 % explained. During 90th day, maximum cellulose reduction recorded in CM – 8 (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) (3.81%) followed by CM – 5 (3.88%), CM – 6 (3.99%), CM – 7 (4.09%), CM – 3 (4.2%), CM – 2 (4.62%) and CM – 4 (4.65%). The minimum cellulose reduction recorded in CM – 1 (pressmud alone) (5.62%).
Changes in reduction of hemicellulose content during composting of pressmud are studied. From the results, it was noticed that the reduction of hemicellulose content increased thereafter decreased in all treatments. During 90th day, reduction in hemicellulose content recorded in CM – 8 (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis +Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) (7.76%) followed by CM – 6 (7.85%), CM – 5 (7.90%), CM – 7 (7.92%), CM – 3 (7.95%), CM – 2 (9.22%) and CM – 4 (9.37%). Least amount of reduction in hemicellulose content recorded in CM – 1 (Pressmud alone) (13.00%).
Inoculation levels were found to have significant effect on reduction in lignin content. During 90th day, reduction of lignin content in triple inoculants compost mixture recorded in CM – 8 (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis +Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) (6.10%), followed by CM – 5 (6.31), CM – 6 (6.64%), CM – 7 (6.69%), CM – 2 (6.81%), CM – 2 (7.60%) and CM – 4 (7.70%). The lowest reduction in lignin content recorded in CM – 1 (Pressmud alone) (8.24%).
Faryal et al. (2006) have suggested the effects of inoculation with three thermophilic species of Bacillus on the composting activity of drainage water that passes through sewers sludge amended with black combustible mineral fly the grey soft remains as the causer or source.
The bacteria population present in the compost mixtures were estimated quantitatively during the 90th day. In all the treatments the bacterial population was more in CM – 8 (29.32 × 106 cfu g-1) and less in CM-1 (15.00 × 106 cfu g-1).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on plant height of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was measured. Among the various treatments tested, the highest plant height was recorded in the treatment T8 (75% NPK + Compost Mixture – 8 + BS + BM + EA) (121 .98 cm). The least plant height was recorded in T9 (Control) (89.30 cm).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on Dry matter production of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the dry matter production was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM+BS+BM+EA) (8.12 t ha-1). The lowest chlorophyll content was recorded in T9 (Control) (4.00 t ha-1).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on Leaf area index at flowering of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the Leaf area index at flowering was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM+BS+BM+EA) (6.42 cm). The lowest grain yield was recorded in T9 (Control) (3.98cm).
The Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on chlorophyll content of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the chlorophyll content was maximum in the treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM+BS+BM+EA) (3.09 mg/g of leaf). The lowest chlorophyll content was recorded in T9 (Control) (3.00 mg/g of leaf).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on number of tillers plant–1 of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the number of tillers plant -1 was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM+BS+BM+EA) (18.86). The treatment T1 (100% NPK) (18.52) was on par with the treatment T8. The lowest tillers plant–1 was recorded in T9 (Control) (10.56).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on Number of tillers panicles hill -1 of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the Number of tillers panicles hill -1 was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM+BS+BM+EA) (6.37). The treatment T1 (100% NPK) (6.01) was on par with the treatment T8. The minimum tillers panicles hill -1 was recorded in T9 (Control) (3.00).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on Number of filled grains panicles -1 of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the Number of filled grains panicles-1 was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM+BS+BM+EA) (73.03). The treatment T1 (100% NPK) (72.78) was on par with the treatment T8. The lowest filled grains panicles-1 was recorded in T9 (Control) (57.24).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on Number of thousand grain weight of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the No of thousand grain weight was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM + BS + BM + EA) (21.56). The treatment T1 (100% NPK) (21.01) was on par with T8. The minimum grain weight was recorded in T9 (Control) (14.23).
The effect of Compost mixture (Pressmud + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium + Enterobacter asburiae) and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on grain yield and straw yield of paddy var BPT – 5804 (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated. Among the nine treatments tested, the grain yield and straw yield content was maximum in treatment T8 (75% NPK + CM + BS + BM + EA) (47.36), (63.76) and the treatment T1 (100% NPK) (46.88), (63.24) was on par with the treatment T8. The lowest grain yield was recorded in T9 (Control) (25.23), (49.76).
The effect of Compost mixture and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on nutrients uptake (N, P & K) was determined. Among the treatments tested, maximum NPK uptake was recorded in the treatment T8 (75% NPK + BS + BM + EA) (121.56 kg ha-1), (22.86 kg ha-1), (118.73 kg ha-1). The treatment T1 (100% NPK) (121.02 kg ha-1), (22.41 kg ha-1) and (118.31 kg ha-1) was on par with the treatment T8. The lowest NPK was recorded in T9 (Control) (92.85 kg ha-1), (11.77 kg ha-1) and (89.82 kg ha-1).
The effect of Compost mixture and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on nutrients uptake (N, P & K) was determined. Among the treatments tested, maximum NPK uptake was recorded in the treatment T8 (75% NPK + BS + BM + EA) (72.85 kg ha-1) (18.73 kg ha-1) and (81.67 kg ha-1). The treatment T1 (100% NPK) (72.43 kg ha-1), (18.51 kg ha-1) and (81.47 kg ha-1) was on par with T8. The minimum NPK was recorded in T9 (Control) (46.21 kg ha-1), (08.05 kg ha-1) and (56.12 kg ha-1)
The effect of Compost mixture and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on bacterial population was studied. Highest bacterial population was recorded in the treatment T8 (Bacteria – 36.66 × 106 cfu g-1 and the lowest bacterial population (19.27 × 106 cfu g-1).