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This entry was posted in Elementary Schools Events Featured Story High School Middle School Need to know News Parents Press Release Schools Students and tagged Food for children Summer Meals on May 23, 2018 by jgeigner (updated 124 days ago)
Urbana School District #116 will once again participate in the Seamless Summer Food program sponsored by the federal government. Free meals will be offered Monday through Thursday during the month of June and part of July at three locations. Breakfast and lunch are offered to all children, 18 years of […]
The mission of Urbana School District 116, a multicultural community committed to educational excellence, is to ensure that all learners acquire knowledge, develop skills, and build character to achieve personal greatness and help create a better global society, by providing innovative, comprehensive programs, respecting individual learning styles and cultural differences, and fostering caring and nurturing relationships, while engaging each student, every family and the entire community.
In Mississippi University for Women, the Supreme Court noted that insofar as MUW’s policy discriminated on the basis of sex, it was subject to scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause. Over the years, the Court developed three tests to determine whether state policies are unconstitutional. Strict scrutiny, applied in cases involving fundamental rights such as those protected under the federal Constitution for suspect classes such as those composed of members of a certain race, is the most difficult test for a state to overcome, because it requires a compelling governmental interest that is narrowly tailored. Rational basis, on the other hand, requires a state only to demonstrate the presence of a rational relationship to a legitimate state interest; it is usually easy for states to meet this burden. A third test, intermediate scrutiny, is discussed below.
As the dispute made its way to court, a federal trial court in Mississippi University for Women applied the rational basis test in upholding the female-only admission policy. However, the Supreme Court reasoned that the proper test was not rational basis, but rather, the so-called intermediate scrutiny test. Intermediate scrutiny requires that a state show that a gender-based classification is substantially related to an important government objective. By using the intermediate test, the Court recognized there might be limited circumstances that would allow a state to treat men and women differently. The Court was of the opinion that the judiciary will attempt to look at gender-based classifications without resorting to stereotypes about the proper roles for men and women in society.
Utilizing the intermediate scrutiny test, the Court determined that the admission policy at MUW was unconstitutional. First, the Court found that the Equal Protection Clause prohibits any discrimination on the basis of sex, whether manifested in unequal treatment of men or women. Thus, to the Court, the fact Hogan was male was inconsequential. Second, the Court explained that a defending institution has the burden of demonstrating an “exceedingly persuasive justification” for the discrimination. The Court rejected Mississippi’s argument that it was justified in admitting only women to compensate for discrimination against women. In rejecting this claim, the Court determined that this was not a persuasive justification, because women were not being discriminated against in the nursing profession, and the policy, in fact, perpetuated the stereotype that nursing was “women’s work.”
Third, the Court indicated that an institution must prove that the actions serve “important governmental objectives” and that the actions are “substantially related to the achievement of the goal.” The Court observed that the record showed that males were allowed to attend and audit nursing classes but not allowed to take course work for credit. This fact, according to the Court, undermined MUW’s argument because there was a lack of evidence that the presence of men in the classroom negatively impacted women.
In a more recent case, U.S. v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court considered whether a state military, all-male school unconstitutionally discriminated against women. Using the intermediate scrutiny test and reasoning similar to the analysis it applied in Mississippi University for Women, the Court declared the male-only admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause.
Mississippi University for Women, along with more recent Court cases regarding male-only military schools, provides insight on gender discrimination. Even so, it is important to keep in mind that Title IX, the primary vehicle for combating gender-based discrimination, explicitly limits what types of educational institutions are allowed to have single-sex admission policies. Private undergraduate programs are generally exempt from Title IX’s prohibition of single-sex admission policies as are religious institutions if they obtain waivers. For most institutions, Title IX provides more guidance regarding discrimination based on sex and gender equity.
This document suggests a way of converting the Meter corpus, as distributed on CD ROM at the Lancaster CL-2001 conference, into a TEI conformant structure. It is a report of work in progress, and has no normative standing. The initial approach taken has been to identify the path of least resistance towards making the Meter corpus parse against the existing TEI DTD. No attempt has yet been made to define a specialised view of that DTD more appropriate to the Meter corpus, desirable though that objective is.
The first problem in building any TEI corpus is deciding what its overall structure should be. The TEI has rather specific notions of how electronic documents should be constructed, offering a range of choices in support of them. Making the right choice for a particular corpus is not always an easy choice -- not so much because the distinctions are imprecise as because it's often hard to think through their implications. I will try to justify my suggestions below.
First observation: the Meter corpus is not made up of complete newspapers, or even categories of stories. It is composed of stories selected from those available under a specific strapline, in various places on a certain day in one of two categories. A particular combination of strapline, day and category constitutes a major structural unit, and it is probably more appropriate to combine all stories with a common strapline than it is all those with a common data.
Second observation: such metadata as is available (and there is very little) applies at the level of particular sources (e.g. date and title of source newspaper). There is much less to be said about individual stories (just page numbers, as far as I can see). So we can use the TEI Header at quite a high level.
Third observation: most structural information about the corpus as currently delivered is embedded within the file structure used to store it, rather than explicitly within its markup. Conversion to any form of SGML or XML markup, but in particular to TEI, makes this policy at best unnecessary, and at worst infringes the TEI commandment "Thou shalt have no other encoding scheme besides me".
which shows that story number 144 comes from the Daily Mirror, has the strapline ‘Zeta’ , date 07.01.00, and is in the showbiz category. (Unfortunately, the story numbers are not unique across the collection, so they cannot be used as identifiers).
I propose to make part of this hierarchy explicit within the XML markup structure, thus making it independent of the storage medium, and also simplifying a wider range of analyses. I do not however consider that the "showbiz/courts" distinction need be represented within the structure: it is simply an attribute of the stories concerned and should be represented along with other metadata. I also propose to ignore the distinction between annotated and original, since I am concerned here only with encoding the annotated form of the corpus.
I propose to map individual stories to TEI <div> elements and straplines to TEI <text> elements. All <text>s on a given date are regarded as constituting a <group>, which is the <body> of a (higher-level) <text>. So the example cited would fit into a structure like this:
Note that the PA story for the given strapline is included at the same level as the other stories derived (or not) from it.
Other possibilities are not hard to imagine: for example, one could take the "divs all the way down" approach:
However, from my reading of the corpus design, it makes sense to regard all the stories for a given strapline on a given date as a unitary item, complete in some sense. The key distinction, in TEI terms, between <div> and <text> is that the latter is complete in a way that the former is not. Hence my preference for the first of these two possible mappings.
The TEI is unusual amongst encoding standards in that it has fairly detailed and explicit minimum requirements for metadata which should be supplied for a conformant text. This takes the form a <teiHeader> element which should be attached to each <TEI.2> element, and (in the case of a corpus) additionally to the whole corpus. The corpus header documents information specific to the whole corpus (and which does not therefore need to be repeated in each of its constituent parts), but otherwise conforms to the same minimum structure. The following indicates the minimal content of a TEI header for the Meter corpus:
A good header should make ancillary documentation unnecessary. The above structure is expandable to include all manner of other information, ranging from classification definitions and code tables, to change logs and alternative titles. In the example below, I have used the following additional features of the TEI Header:
The <classDecl> (classification declaration) element of the corpus header is used to define codes used in each individual text header to indicate its derivativeness and also its domain
A <textClass> element in each text header is used to specify the domain classification for its associated <text>; individual divisions of that text specify their derivativeness codes by means of an ANA (analysis) attribute. If further analytic codes are required, they can be added in the same way.
The body of each story consists of an optional title, followed by a page number and a series of paragraphs. As mentioned previously, I think segmenting paragraphs into smaller sentence-like units may be desirable, but is not essential. (The advantage of doing so is the increase in granularity with which one can reference parts of the corpus).
Within a story, stretches of text may be characterized as `verbatim' `rewrite' or `new' and optionally linked to a PA Source. Other than that, no markup beyond word separation is currently envisaged (but see further below).
Stretches marked as verbatim, rewrite, or new should be marked using the <seg> element, using the TEI ana (analysis) attribute to mark their assigned status. (Alternatively, extra elements with the same names could be defined as syntactic sugar). The existing TEI corresp attribute should be used to specify the identifier of the corresponding segment in the PA corpus where this is known. The correspondence may be specified at any convenient level: if a whole sentence, paragraph, or even text has a corresponding PA source, then the ana and corresp attributes should be specified on the corresponding <s>, <p>, or <div>, as appropriate. Note that stretches marked as verbatim etc. must be well-behaved with respect to the hierarchy.
Sequence numbers should be supplied as identifiers to mark the internal structure of each story using an appropriate scheme for the n (non-unique) or id (unique) attributes. A suggested scheme is described below.
A quick glance through the sample data suggests a few useful regularizations which could be carried out:
The PA texts carry several headings: it would be useful to distinguish the title from a byline and both of these from the actual strapline. The type attribute on <head> should be used for this purpose.
Various styles of quotation marks are used, including single quotes, back ticks, and double quotes. It might be helpful to normalize all of these, and to distinguish opening and closing quotes in some consistent way.
Some of the texts appear to use iso-8859-1 encoding: this is OK, but it must be stated within the XML PI. Several of the PA texts have lines of hyphens in them, which will upset any XML or SGML parser.
The AP stories lack identifying numbers, and may contain separate fragments of a given story, alternate versions of the same story, or both.
Each group of stories from a given date (i.e. each outer <text>) is allocated an identifier in the form Mmmdd (e.g. M0129). It might be better to number months from 1 rather than use the calendar month number, not just to avoid Y2K problems, but also to allow date comparison.
A composite identification is also supplied for each story. Firstly, each newspaper story (<div>) is given an arbitrary but unique number which is used as the value for its id attribute, prefixed with the letter M. Secondly, its n attribute carries a reference in the form xxxx-Mmmdd-j where the suffix is identical to the identifier of the strapline group to which the story belongs, and the xxxx is the alphabetic code for the newspaper concerned
I propose to handle AP stories in basically the same way, but they present an additional problem in that they are often split across several discrete files. The simplest way of handling that is simply to treat each file as a (further) nested <div> element within the story-level div. However, it is probably important to distinguish between files which are continuations of a previous one, and files which are substitute versions: this could be done using the type attribute on the relevant <div>. In the long run I think I would prefer to combine files of a single story into a single <div> of type AP, and combining any alternate versions into a distinct <div> of type AP-SUB,
To simplify transition, I suggest that a driver file be created, which will embed the contents of each file at the appropriate point. I am in the process of creating such a file to test out the design.
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